




































 

 

 
1 

© 2021 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

CULTIVATION AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF Moringa Oleifera LAM. PRODUCED 
UNDER DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES IN SEMI-ARID REGION IN NORTHEAST BRAZIL   

 

 

 Ana Luiza de Melo  
Lucena1+ 

 Manoel Bandeira 
de Albuquerque2  

 Magnolia Martins  
Alves3 

 Raul Santos Rocha  
de Araujo4  

 Cassio Ricardo  
Goncalves da Costa5 

 

1,2,3,4Department of Phytotechnics and Environmental Sciences, Federal 
University of Paraiba, Brazil. 

  
5Federal Rural University of the Semi, Arid, Brazil. 

 
 

 
(+ Corresponding author) 

 ABSTRACT 
 
Article History 
Received: 8 January 2021 
Revised: 4 February 2021 
Accepted: 26 February 2021 
Published: 17 March 2021 
 

Keywords 
Moringa oleifera Lam 
Emergency 
Substrate 
Organic fertilization. 
. 

 
The Moringa oleifera Lam. it is a perennial, arboreal species, rapidly growing, resistant 
to drought and with leaves, flowers and edible fruits. With this research the objective 
to evaluate the effect of different substrates in the emergence and development of 
seedlings of Moringa. The experiment was carried out at the Plant Ecology Laboratory 
of the Department of Phytotechnics and Environmental Sciences, at the Center for 
Agricultural Sciences, at the Federal University of Paraíba. The experimental desing 
was completely randomized, with eight treatments T1= sand washed (control), 
T2= sand + coconut fiber, T3= sand + rice bark, T4= sand + bovine manure, 
T5= sand + pine powder, T6= sand + chicken manure, T7= sand + vegetable ash and 
T8= quail, with four repetitions of 25 seeds totaling 100 seeds for each 
treatment. The substrates were used in proportion 3:1, and these proportions were 
determined in terms of weight and all the sieved substrates, arranged in 6 cm x 29.5 cm 
x 45.5 cm trays, with an approximate capacity of 7 liters of substrate. The following 
parameters were evaluated: the emergence percentage, first count, emergence speed 
index, seedling height, plant height, root length, number of leaves, dry leaf biomass, 
stalk, root and total. The germination and initial development of M. oleífera seedlings 
were satisfactory in sand and favored when fibrous materials of vegetable origin 
(coconut fiber, rice bark or pine powder) or bovine manure were added to the substrate. 
The addition of manure sand from birds (chicken and quails) and vegetable ash did not 
favor the substrate for germination of Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds.  
 

Contribution/Originality: In search of alternatives to reduce costs and maintain the yield and quality of the 

production of Moringa oleifera Lam, we tested the use of alternative natural substrates. The influence of using 

different substrate alternatives on the nutritional quality of this crop is an economically viable and beneficial to the 

environment. 

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Popularly known as moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), It is a species belonging to the Moringaceae family [1]. It 

is an arboreal vegetable that reaches 8 to 12 meters in height, has slight growth, the ability to resist in poor soils, 

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences 
2021 Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1-10. 
ISSN(e): 2312-6418 
ISSN(p): 2313-3716 
DOI: 10.18488/journal.68.2021.81.1.10 
© 2021 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
 
 

 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9824-6065
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1871-0046
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8406-2764
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5007-5663
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-342X
https://www.doi.org/10.18488/journal.68.2021.81.1.10


Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 8(1): 1-10 

 

 
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© 2021 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

requiring minimal attention in long periods of drought Höhn, et al. [2]. Souza and Lorenzi [3] consider this 

species as a rustic plant, resistant to drought and with leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds and roots are edible and have 

vitamins A, B and C, all essential amino acids, in addition to being rich in important minerals , among them iron, 

calcium and magnesium [4]. 

 It presents oilseeds [5] which gives it great potential for the extraction of oil for the production of biofuel. 

Because it is very drought tolerant, it can be cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions, with annual rainfall below 300 

mm, in addition to being cultivated in almost all classes of soils, except in those where waterlogging is possible [6]. 

Seedling transplanting is an option to minimize losses and ensure benefits such as greater crop uniformity, 

elimination of thinning, reduced crop cycle, economy of inputs [7]. Good quality seedlings develop better and, 

consequently, will provide good formation of the root system, with better ability to adapt to the new location after 

transplantation, positively affecting its production [8]. 

The use of fertilization in the production of tree seedlings has been extensively researched, and in most cases, 

the results demonstrate the importance of fertilization to obtain more vigorous seedlings and with a better stand 

after planting in the field [9].The production of seedlings is conditioned to the use of substrates that must have 

desirable physical, biological and chemical properties [10]. 

The substrates are essential in the quality of the seedlings, and they must present good conditions of humidity, 

macropores and microporosity, availability of nutrients and water, capacity to exchange cations and good 

association with the roots [11, 12] in addition to being free of pathogens and having a low salt content. Currently, 

there are several commercial substrates ready for use, but their added value compromises the producer's income 

[13]. In search of alternatives to reduce costs and maintain yield and quality in production, the producer has 

adopted the use of alternative substrates [11]. 

In this way, the performance of experiments to test the influence of different substrate alternatives on the 

behavior of this culture should gain greater attention so that in the future it is possible to explore this culture in an 

economically viable way and with a minimum of aggression to the environment. 

Given the above, the objective of this research was to evaluate the development of seedlings of Moringa oleífera 

Lam. Submitted to the planting of different substrates. 

 

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 

The experiment was carried out at the Plant Ecology Laboratory of the Department of Phytotechnics and 

Environmental Sciences, of the Agricultural Sciences Center of the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), located 

in the municipality of Areia, Paraíba. The moringa seeds used came from matrices located at Sítio Carnaúba, 

municipality of Nazarezinho-PB. 

The experimental design used was completely randomized with eight treatments T1 = washed sand (control), 

T2 = sand + green coconut fiber, T3 = sand + rice husk, T4 = sand + bovine manure, T5 = sand + pine powder, 

T6 = sand + chicken manure, T7 = sand + vegetable ash and T8 = sand + quail litter and four repetitions of 25 

seeds, totaling 100 seeds for each treatment. Using an eight-liter bucket, the sand was mixed with the other 

substrates in a 3: 1 ratio, these proportions were determined in terms of weight and all the sieved substrates, 

arranged in trays with dimensions of 6 cm x 29, 5 cm x 45.5 cm, with an approximate capacity of 7 liters of 

substrate, these were kept moist, being watered according to need, then twice a day until the end of the experiment. 

Chicken manure and quail litter (produced from sugarcane cultural remains) were collected at the Aviary 

belonging to the Center for Agricultural Sciences / UFPB, in Areia-PB. The substrates: rice husk, cattle manure, 

pine powder, vegetable ash and coconut fiber were obtained commercially. Seedling collection was performed fifteen 

days after sowing, when the emergency stabilized. 

The evaluated variables were: 



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 Seedling emergence: where the emerged seedlings were monitored daily and the percentage of emergence was 

calculated using the ratio: Number of seedlings emerged / Total number of seeds x 100. 

 Emergency speed index (IVE): calculated at the end of the test from the daily data on the number of normal 

seedlings using the formula: 

                            IVE =      

Where: 

IVE = emergency speed index. 

G1, G2, Gn = number of normal seedlings computed in the first, second and so on, until the last count. 

N1, N2, Nn = number of days after sowing, in the first, in the second and so on, until the last count. 

 First Count: Corresponding to the accumulated percentage of seeds emerged until the third day after the start 

of the test. 

 Seedling height and root length: Both parameters were measured with a graduated ruler, the height of the 

seedling stem to the upper end of the last leaf emitted and the length of the seedling root root to the lower end 

of the main root, values expressed in centimeters. 

 Number of Leaves: Counting the number of leaves (NF) in all seedlings of each treatment. 

 Biomass: When the seedlings were 15 days after sowing, they were harvested, leaves, stem and root separated. 

The roots were washed in running water and packed in Kraft paper bags, and dried in an oven with forced air 

circulation, at approximately 65ºC, until constant weight was obtained. Subsequently, dry mass of the leaf 

(DML), dry mass of the stem (DMS) and dry mass of the root (DMR) were evaluated, determined on an 

analytical balance with an accuracy of 0.001g and the data are expressed in g plant-1. From the primary data, 

the total dry mass (DMT) was determined.  

 The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means compared using the Tukey test at 5% 

probability. Statistical analyzes were performed using the R Core Team software (2020) and the averages 

contrasted by Anova. 

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Regarding seedling emergence, it was observed that it is of the epigeal type and started on the fourth day after 

sowing. First, the curved hypocotyl appeared on the surface, after one day, the leafy cotyledons emerged, as can be 

seen in Figure 1. All treatments obtained seed emergence on the fifth day, except for treatment T7 (sand + 

vegetable ash) in which there was no seed emergence during the experiment. Terra, et al. [14] growing lettuce in 

the soil + vegetable ash substrate found the smallest emergence with an average of 7.83% in this substrate and 

considered the high soil correction potential of this material, a fact confirmed by the pH value, which due to the 

addition of ash vegetation increased from 5.91 to 10.51. 

It was observed that the seedling emergence of all treatments did not differ statistically, as can be seen in 

Figure 2. Such average values were: the control T1- sand (96%), T2- coconut fiber (99%), T3 - rice husk, T4 - cattle 

manure and T5 - pine powder (98%), T6 - chicken manure (94%) and T8 - emergency quail bed (92%). A similar 

result was obtained by Bezerra, et al. [15] in the Moringa emergency using the coconut fiber substrate with 98.3%. 

Lower values were found by Noronha, et al. [16] evaluating the physiological quality of Moringa seeds on 

germitest paper with emergence of 86, 89, 48 and 88%. In studies carried out with moringa seeds, Pereira, et al. [9] 

estimated that for commercialization of a seed lot, it must have at least 80% emergency. 

 

 



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Figure-1. Emergence on the fifth day after sowing as a function of treatments: T1- sand, T2- sand + coconut fiber, T3- Sand + rice husk, T4- 
sand + bovine manure, T5- sand + pine powder, T6- sand + chicken manure and T8- sand + quail litter. Source: Ana Luíza de Melo Lucena, 
Areia-PB 03/01/2020. 

 

 

 
Figure-2. Average values of emergence according to the substrates. Same letters do not differ from each other by the Tukey 
test (P<0.05). 



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According to Alves, et al. [17] studying Adenanthera pavonina (L.), obtained 67% emergency using 75% sand + 

25% bovine manure. However Honorio, et al. [18] obtained 91.7% of emergence using the same proportion of the 

substrate for the species Euterpe oleraceae Mart., Whereas in the present study, the T4 treatment with the same 

proportion, obtained satisfactory result for Moringa, presenting 98% of emergence . It should be noted that the 

condition of the best substrate is variable for each species, in which different results can be obtained according to 

the species under study, that is, seeds of different species may require different physical and chemical conditions to 

achieve satisfactory germination rates or emergency [19]. 

The first count and the Emergency Speed Index can be used to identify batches with faster emergence in the 

field or in the greenhouse, thus minimizing the adverse conditions that occur during germination and seedling 

establishment [20]. The first count Figure 3 was performed on the fourth day after sowing, achieving better results 

between treatments T1 to T5 with averages of 85% to 67% and lower results in treatments T6 and T8, 26 and 27% 

respectively, as we confirm in Figure 1. 

 

 
Figure-3. Average values of the first count according to the substrates. Same letters do not differ from each other by the Tukey test (P<0.05). 

 

In Figure 4, it is possible to observe the effect of substrates on the emergence speed index of seeds of this 

species, with no significant differences being observed, that is, the tested substrate combinations are statistically 

equal to the 5% probability level. , with averages between 24.7 and 22.6 between treatments T2 and T8, probably 

because they provide good drainage and porosity, allowing the entry of air and water with adequate amounts for the 

establishment of seedlings. 

 
Figure-4. Average values of the emergency speed index as a function of the substrates. Same letters do not differ from each other 
by the Tukey test (P<0.05). 

 



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This result can be justified by Barbosa [21] who states that the substrate can indirectly influence the 

emergency capacity, since its physical and chemical properties such as high porosity and the presence of electrical 

charges provide greater water absorption, at the same time. That maintains a good aeration. As a result, there is 

enough water in the seeds to help break down tegumentary dormancy, in addition to activating the enzymes 

responsible for the germination process. 

Regarding the height of seedlings, it is observed in Figure 5 that the best performances were obtained with the 

treatments T1 (sand), T2 (sand + coconut fiber) and T4 (sand + bovine manure) with averages 25.9; 26.2; 25.8 cm 

respectively, statistically correlating with treatment T3 (sand + rice husk), which showed an average of 24.9 cm, 

but differing from treatments T5 (sand + pine powder), T6 (sand + chicken manure) and T8 (sand + quail bed) in 

which they presented lower performances with averages of 22.5; 14.5 and 15.4 cm. In an emergency study with 

Campomanesia pubescens, Periotto and Gualtieri [22] using the substrate sand + coconut powder obtained shorter 

lengths in height. Guimarães, et al. [23] evaluating substrates containing different organic residues and mineral 

fertilizers for the production of castor beans, concluded that the substrate composed of bovine manure provided the 

best growth of castor. Results obtained by Farfan, et al. [24] prove that the use of compost based on mango leaves 

and bovine manure enriched with agricultural plaster promoted greater height of moringa seedlings. Mexal and 

Lands [25] report that the plant height presents a good estimate of the initial seedling growth in the field, being 

accepted as a good measure of the plant's performance potential. 

The highest mean values of root length Figure 5 were obtained with treatment T2 (sand + coconut fiber), 

followed by treatments T3, T4, T1 and T5, in which they presented averages between 6.81, 6.6, 5.83, 5.76 and 5.41 

cm respectively. Lower average values found in treatments T6 (sand + chicken manure) and T8 (sand + quail litter) 

with averages 3.96 and 3.24 cm, with these values it is possible to confirm that there was not a good performance in 

the plant development of both treatments, in agreement with what was observed by Neves, et al. [26] who 

concluded that at the seedling level, substrates from poultry manure were the ones that showed the lowest 

phylotechnical efficiency for all the characteristics evaluated in the production of moringa. In Figure 5, we can 

examine the difference in seedling growth between treatments T6 (sand + chicken manure) and T2 (sand + coconut 

fiber), where treatment T6 has a shorter length. 

 

 
Figure-5. Mean values for seedling height and root length as a function of substrates. Same letters do not differ by Tukey's test (P <0.05). 

 



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In Figure 6, it is possible to observe results referring to the number of leaves, where the treatments T1, T2, 

T3, T4 and T5 did not differ statistically, however the treatment T4 obtained an average number of leaves higher 

than the others (15.4). The treatments T6 and T8 obtained inferior results. As seen in the variables previously 

analyzed, the substrates T1 to T5 behaved similarly, with the exception of treatments T6 and T8, which both 

showed an average reduction of 18.5% in leaves when compared to the other treatments, when observing the 

structure of these seedlings, we noticed that the leaf blade and the entire plant structure were not well developed, 

resulting in several consequences when exposed to the field. Various ecological actions can influence, in different 

ways and intensity, growth, reproduction, survival and plant abundance. 

 

 
Figure-6. Average values for the number of leaves depending on the substrates. Same letters do not differ by Tukey's test (P <0.05). 

 

Lower values were found by Neves, et al. [27] studying the germination of Moringa in substrates sand and 

75% earth + 25% bovine manure with an average of 7.47 and 7.17 leaves. Medeiros, et al. [28] when evaluating 

different sources of organic matter in the production of seedlings, found that the plants of Jatropha curcas L. had 

higher height, in addition to the greater number of leaves and leaf area, in the treatments that contained bovine 

manure when compared to those produced in substrate containing chicken litter. 

For Biomass, it is observed that the dry mass of the leaf (DML), dry mass of the stem (DMS), dry mass of the 

root (DMR) and total dry mass (DMT), obtained significant interactions between the different substrates. The MSF 

Figure 7 obtained maximum production of 3.53 g plant-1 with the substrate sand + bovine manure, correlating 

with the substrates of the T1, T2, T4 and T5 treatments, in which they obtained averages close to the T3 treatment 

(sand + manure). The minimum production was found in the substrates T6 and T8, where the plants presented a 

degree of atrophy, due to the level of stabilization of the substrates. 

For DMS the maximum production was found in treatment T3 presenting 1.50 g plant-1, corroborating with 

treatment T2 (sand + coconut fiber), which proved to be a good substrate for the germination of this species. Then 

treatments T1, T4 and T5 with averages between 1.09 and 0.98 g plant-1, lower results found for treatments T6 

and T8 where the stem biomass was equivalent to 0.2 g plant-1. 

The DMR showed a slightly different behavior from the others, with the maximum production found in T3 

(sand + rice husk) with 1.34 g plant-1, which can be explained by the properties of the rice husk in terms of 

retention capacity of water. According to Guerrini and Trigueiro [29] substrates with a mixture of carbonized rice 

husks in a proportion between 40% to 70% are considered the most suitable for the production of forest essence 

seedlings because they present an adequate balance between density, porosity and water retention. Afterwards, he 



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obtained a median growth in treatments T2, T4 and T5, again treatments T6 and T8, with lower growth values at 

the end of the experiment. 

Regarding the T1 treatment, due to the sand showing several structural qualities such as high porosity, good 

water drainage and aeration, which are fundamental factors for improving the architecture of the root system, this 

substrate shows a good performance when used only for germination or incorporated into other substrates, in 

agreement with Cavalcanti, et al. [30] who states that the sand has been used by several researchers in tests with 

emergence and growth of various species, in any size. Sand is an important conditioner of the soil structure. Its 

physical properties provide conditioning and the aeration and permeability of the soil will depend on it. 

 

 
Figure-7. Average values of dry mass of leaf, stem, root and total depending on the substrates. Same letters do not differ by Tukey's test (P 
<0.05). 

 

We can observe the highest accumulation of total biomass (DMT) in the T4 treatment (sand + cattle manure), 

which can be attributed to the chemical fertility of the substrate associated with the porosity of the sand, which 

allowed for good aeration, water retention and the continuous availability of nutrients for plants, minimizing the 

probability of nutritional deficiencies during the period of seedling formation. Such behavior was also verified for 

Sesbania virgata grown with organic compost made of bovine manure [31]. In the case of the T7 treatment, as it is 

only a mixture of sand and vegetable ash, it should be noted that in this case there is an absence of nitrogen in the 

substrate (lost due to volatilization in the burning of the plant material), which may explain the low performance in 

this treatment in the most of the measured variables. 

 

4. CONCLUSION 

Germination and initial development of M. oleífera seedlings were satisfactory in sand and favored when fibrous 

materials of vegetable origin (coconut fiber, rice husk or pine powder) or bovine manure were added to the 

substrate. The addition of manure sand from poultry (chicken and quail) and vegetable ash did not favor the 

substrate for germination of Lam Moringa seeds. 

 

Funding: This study received no specific financial support.    
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.  
Acknowledgement: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. 

 



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