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© 2021 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

EFFICIENCY OF ZINC IN PLANTS, ITS DEFICIENCY AND SENSITIVITY FOR 
DIFFERENT CROPS   

 

 

 Laaraib Tayyiba1 

 Hooria Zafar2 

 Aqarab Husnain  
Gondal3+ 

 Qammar Farooq4 

 Muhammad  
Muzammil Mukhtar5 

 Rizwan Hussain6 

 Nauman Aslam7 

 Amna Muzaffar8 
Ismat Sattar9 

 

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of 
Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 
1Email: laraibtayyiba228@gmail.com Tel: +923077814908 
2Email: huriazaffar48@gmail.com Tel: +923084121125 
3Email: aqarabhusnain944@gmail.com Tel: +923415831944 
4Email: qammarfarooq742@gmail.com Tel: +923160688683 
5Email: Mukhtar.muzamil23@gmail.com Tel: +9233036356001 
6Email: rizwanhussain038@gmail.com Tel: +92305-8189086 
7Email: nauman.aslam2016@gmail.com Tel: +923414446782 
8Email: amna.muzaffar111@gmail.com Tel: +923410760093 
9Email: sattarjutt786@gmail.com Tel: +923345033337 

 
 

 
(+ Corresponding author) 

 ABSTRACT 
 
Article History 
Received: 17 August 2021 
Revised: 12 October 2021 
Accepted: 23 November 2021 
Published: 29 December 2021  
 

Keywords 
Micronutrient 
Plant growth 
Yield 
Deficiency. 

 
Optimal crop nutrition is a significant factor in increasing agricultural vintage and 
quality of products. Zinc (Zn) is an immobile important micronutrient, which is taken 
up by plants in Zn2+ form to complete their life cycle efficiently. It plays a critical 
metabolic role in plants and is an important constituent of proteins and other large-
molecules, and serves as structural and functional unit, or controlling cofactor for a 
wide range of enzymes. The Zn is needed in small and in appropriate amounts 
for plants main physiological processes to work normally. These processes play critical 
roles in photosynthetic activity of plants and forming carbohydrates, synthesis of 
protein, reproduction and seed development, growth, and disease protection. After Zn 
deficiency in plants, these physical functions are decreased, and plant health and 
productivity suffer greatly, subsequent in reduced production or even failure of crops 
and often bad quality of crop products. Plant Zn deficiencies occur on variety of soils 
and are severe due to a combination of symptoms like chlorosis, resetting, dieback and 
suppressed or irregular vegetative development. In addition, various crops require 
varying amount of Zn. So the knowledge regarding this is not up to date. The present 
review discusses the Zn importance in plants, its deficiency in soil and required level of 
Zn for crops.  
 

Contribution/Originality: The present review describes the efficiency of Zn in plants, its deficiency and 

sensitivity for different crops. This study is one of the very few studies that have investigated Zn importance in 

growth related processes and its effect on yield. 

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Zinc (Zn) is most essential nutrients that plants require in very small amount, for normal growth and 

development. It is one of the eighth micronutrients needed by plants. In plants, Zn is taken up and transferred in 

the form of Zn2+. The Zn with enzymes and proteins play an important role in metabolism of carbohydrates, auxin, 

protein synthesis, gene expression, pollen production, protection of cell membranes, and provide protection against 

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences 
2021 Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 128-134. 
ISSN(e): 2312-6418 
ISSN(p): 2313-3716 
DOI: 10.18488/journal.68.2021.82.128.134 
© 2021 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
 
 

 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 

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mailto:laraibtayyiba228@gmail.com
mailto:huriazaffar48@gmail.com
mailto:aqarabhusnain944@gmail.com
mailto:qammarfarooq742@gmail.com
mailto:Mukhtar.muzamil23@gmail.com
mailto:rizwanhussain038@gmail.com
mailto:nauman.aslam2016@gmail.com
mailto:amna.muzaffar111@gmail.com
mailto:sattarjutt786@gmail.com
https://www.doi.org/10.18488/journal.68.2021.82.128.134


Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 8(2): 128-134 

 

 
129 

© 2021 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

biotic and abiotic stresses [1-4]. It is needed in small but essential for the normal operation of several main plant 

physiological paths [5]. Furthermore, it is a necessary component of crop production and fruit size, as well as the 

carbonic enzyme found in all photosynthetic tissues and compulsory for biosynthesis of chlorophyll [6-8]. In 

plants, Zn is an important micronutrient for synthesis of proteins; it is also a component of cell organelle like 

ribosomes and is needed for their formation. Pollen duct is one of the sites for synthesis of proteins, which contains 

150 micrograms of Zn per gram of dry matter. Furthermore, Zn aid pollination by influencing pollen tube 

formation [9, 10]. The Zn can be linked to phospholipids of membranes or important constituent of sulfhydryl 

groups, or it can form compounds which are tetragonal in nature, with residues of Cysteine polypeptide chain, 

protecting proteins and lipids from oxidation damage [11]. 

 The Zn is also a vital component of certain enzymes that are involved in the formation of enzymes of plants; 

additionally, it is involved in a variety of enzymatic reactions [12]. It is also plays a major role in alcohol 

dehydrogenase enzyme activity which contains two Zn atoms in which one atom play a catalytic role, while the 

other plays a role in building. This alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme catalyzes the acetaldehyde conversion into 

ethanol. Under aerobic conditions, higher plants produce ethanol in the root tips of meristematic tissue; however, 

deficiency of Zn reduces the activity of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, resulting in reduced root growth [13]. 

The Zn, is an important part of macromolecules, enzymes and proteins, and serves as operational, functional, or 

regulatory cofactor for an extensive range of enzymes. . It plays an important role in stabilization of RNA and DNA 

structure, DNA synthesizing enzyme activity maintenance, and RNA degrading enzyme activity regulation. As a 

result, Zn can play a role in regulation of gene expression [14]. Hence, Zn is a vital nutrient for plants due to its 

significant role in plant development and development as shown in Figure 1. 

 

 
Figure-1. Role of Zn in plants growth. 

 

Very minute quantity of Zn is present in soil and on average it varies between 0.2 - 0.002 µg Zn per gram of 

soil. Due to fixation, high pH and other factors, its availability to plants is less [15]. In addition, the artificially 

applied Zn becomes fixed with soil by reacting with soil matrix. Furthermore, chelated Zn EDTA is extremely 

effective and accessible to maintenance of the plant progress, resulting in advanced production [16].  

 

 



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130 

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1.1. Zn Deficiency in Plants  

 Zn deficiency reduces amino acid accumulation in plant tissues and protein synthesis. Most of the physiological 

changes are caused by Zn deficiency, which are associated with disturbances in normal enzyme function; hence, Zn 

deficiency cause photosynthesis suppression accompanied by an activity of essential photosynthetic enzymes has 

decreased. The Zn shortage also leads to membrane dielectric breakdown by inhibiting the involvement of enzymes 

involved in the removal of harmful reactive oxygen species [17]. Sorghum plants are particularly vulnerable to zinc 

(Zn) deficiency, which can cause oxidative stress, increased cellular osmotic potential, and a reduction in colour 

production and protein synthesis [18]. The Zn is immobile, so the deficiency symptoms occur first on new leaves of 

plants because it cannot be moved from older to younger leaves [19]. Stunted growth is one of the most common 

acute zinc deficiency symptoms. Other deficiency indicators of plants exhibit light green color of leaves, yellow, or 

bleached spots in interveinal parts of older leaves; young leaves are smaller in size, sometimes referred to as "little 

leaves," and exhibit resetting, in which the intermodal distance becomes so small that all the leaves appear to come 

out of the same single point [20] and the remaining symptoms and diseases as shown in Table 1. 

 

Table-1. The Zn deficiency symptoms and diseases of various crops. 

Crops Symptoms and Diseases References 

Maize 
 

Chlorosis 
Rosetting  
White bud of maize 

Alloway [1] 
McCoy, et al. [21]  
Ata, et al. [22] 
Lutts, et al. [23] 

Rice khaira disease 
Hudda Disease 
Bronzing 

Kushwaha [24] 
Lutts, et al. [23] 

Sorghum, Soybean Bronzing  Lutts, et al. [23] 
 

Apple Rosetting/Little leaf  Lutts, et al. [23] 
Sugarbeet  Motieeian, et al. [25] 
Grapefruit Mottle-leaf Freidberg [26] 
Tung Leaf bronzing 

Necrosis 
Spotting 

Batchelor [27] 
 

Barley Chlorosis Yang [28] 
Cotton Leaves chlorotic with necrotic areas Suvo, et al. [29] 
Potato Leave spot 

Curling of leaves 
Kambale [30] 

Broad bean Leaves and flower buds shed Demski [31] 
Tomato Leaves mottled and necrotic, leaflets small Hamid [32] 

Garden pea Lower leaves have necrotic edges and tips; stems 
stiff and erect; flowers none. 

Smith, et al. [33] 
 

Garden bean Leaves and flower buds shed. Demski [31] 
Oat Leaves pale green 

Necrosis extends down leaf, remainder of leaf gray 
to bronze-green. 

Idota, et al. [34] 

Squash Leaves mottled with necrotic areas Benson and Grimstead 
[35] 

 

Overall, Zn deficiency has a greater impact on shoot growth than on root growth [2, 7]. Plant hormone 

metabolism, such as Indole acetic acid and tryptophan, declines in Zn deficiency, due to which leaf development 

ceases. In fact, zinc is required for tryptophan synthesis, which is required for the formation of auxin; hence, zinc 

deficiency reduces the amount of auxin [36]. 

By using fertilizers containing zinc and other micronutrients improves crop production, however when these 

elements are present in inadequate amount, this cause degeneration of photosynthesis process and the destruction of 

RNA, carbohydrates solution and protein synthesis decreases, lowering crop productivity and quality [37]. 



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1.2. Zn Deficiency in Soil  

Raulin discovered the biological function of Zn in 1869, when he observed that Aspergillus niger (a common 

bread mold) was unable to grow in Zn absence. Soon after, Zn was discovered to be a common part of both tissues 

of animal and plant. This discovery sparked Zn studies in crops, and in plants the first demonstration of deficiency 

of Zn occurred in 2021 [38]. Now, Zn deficiency has been most common micronutrient insufficiency in soils and 

crops around the world, resulting in significant crop losses and nourishing quality degradation. Nearly half of the 

world's soils are zinc deficient [39]. According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 50 percent 

of the world's cereals growing soils are Zn deficient. It also predicts that by 2050, food manufacture will need to 

increase by 70% to feed the world's population of over 9 billion people [40]. Mostly Zn deficiency problems 

are found in calcareous, and weathered acidic soils. In these soils, iron deficiency is often followed by deficiency of 

Zn. The adsorption of Zn from soil solution by clay and limestone particles causes Zn deficiency in these soils. A 

depletion of organic matter in eroded soils causes n deficiency. It can also be linked to conditions of weather; more 

common when weather is cold & wet and may be attributed to a lack of root development in cool soils, as well as 

reduced microbe activity and Zn release from organic materials [7, 41]. Excessive bicarbonate (HCO3) 

concentrations inhibit zinc uptake by plant shoots [42]. 

 

1.3. Zn Sensitivity of Different Crops 

Numerous plant species, including, maize, bean, rice, wheat, tomatoes and rice, are considered to be less 

resistant to zinc deficiency and show major crop losses when compared to more tolerant plant species like carrots, 

rye and peas Table 2 [43]. The relative susceptibility of different crops to deficiency of zinc varies [1]. 

 

Table-2. Zn sensitivity of different crops. 

Low Sensitive Medium Sensitive  Highly Sensitive 

Asparagus  Alfalfa  Bean  
Carrot  Barley  Citrus  
Forage grasses  Clover  Cowpea  
Mustard  Cotton  Maize  
Oat  Sorghum  Millet  
Pea Sugar beet  Onion  
Rye  Sugar can  Rice  
Wheat  Sunflower  - 
Paper mint  - - 

 

 

2. CONCLUSION 

The Zn is required by plants in smaller amount and allow plants to perform their functions normally, mostly 

physiological. World’s soils are usually deficient in Zn to meet the requirements of plants. To overcome the zinc 

deficiency there is need to raise awareness among farmers community about its importance with the help of 

extension workers and trying to correct zinc deficiency would increase yields and farmer income while also 

enhancing nutritional quality of crops and ultimately human nutrition. For higher crop yields, balanced fertilizer 

use with micronutrients such as zinc is needed.  

 

Funding: This study received no specific financial support.    
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.  
Acknowledgement: All the authors are highly thankful to Institute of Soil and Environmental 
Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan for their moral support. 

 

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