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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

New acaricide toxicity on tetranychus urticae koch, selectivity and side effect evaluations on 
the predatory mite phytoseiulus persimilis athias-henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)   

 

 

 Hanan Salah El-
Din Taha Diab 

 

Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 
Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 
Email: Hanansalah412@yahoo.com  

  
 ABSTRACT 
 
Article History 
Received: 7 November 2022 
Revised: 20 December 2022 
Accepted: 5 January 2023 
Published: 17 January 2023  
 

Keywords 
Acaricids toxicities 
Phytoseiulus persimilis 
Population increase 
Tetranychue. 

 
The novel mode of action and newer pesticides product molecules is a promising 
component for agriculture management programs. For this argument some acaricide 
toxicity evaluations were completed on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-
Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in laboratory rearing for two generation under acaricide 
sublethal effect. Toxicity results showed that chlorfenapyr was the most toxic acaricide 
for Tetranychus urtica Koch and etoxazole was the lesast and for P. persimilis, etoxazole 
was the most toxic and fenproxymat was the least. Relative toxicity recorded was 
higher in etoxazole and fenproxymat (7.916 and 5.058 times) respectively. Selectivity 
data approved that abamectin was the most selective acaricide and etoxazole was the 
least (8.24 and 0.268) respectively. Effect on first generation of P. persimilis growth 
fertility and productivity declined, consequently, R0 and rm values where in LC25 
attained values ranged from 0.59 to 0.66 for cyflumetofene and hexythiazox, ri data 
ranged from 0.29 to 0.36 for fenproxymate and cyflumetofene and R0 ranged from 0.53 
to 6.0 for cyflumetofene and hexythiazox respectively. But in the second generation 
similar results attained because declined toxicity where rm in LC25 was from 0.93 and 
1.13 for fenproxymat and etoxazole and in LC50 was 0.90 and 1.18 for cyflumetofene 
and hexythiazox respectively. A high effect on No of eggs /female/day produced, 
shortened in total time of the generation at LC50 level of treatment more than LC25, and 
sex ratio resulted more male number emerged than female. The high acaricide 
concentrations used can kill more T.urtica than P.persimilis.  
 

Contribution/Originality: The contribution of the instaneous rate of population increase ri equations were 

make data more precise than the ordinary life table parameters like R0 and lxmx (survival functions) because it 

measure the minute amount of differences on the intrinsic population increase rm that affected by insecticide 

treatment as a stress of population exposure. 

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a worldwide destructive pest on 

many plant species and agricultural crops. This pest has series biological characteristics like outbreak or resurgence 

that causes severe plant damage. The effective control is using insecticides and acaricides that all mostly inefficient 

due to the resistance phenomenon build up and the suppression by natural enemies that considered the effective way 

[1, 2]. The Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a predaceous mite which can provide 

effective biological control of tetranychid mites on a wide variety of crops. Beside the traditional way of acaricide 

toxicity quantifications to pest and to beneficial arthropods traditionally require the determination of the median 

lethal dose or concentration (LC50), that refer to the deleterious effect of the toxicant exposure [3, 4]. However, the 

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences 
2023 Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-10. 
ISSN(e): 2312-6418 
ISSN(p): 2313-3716 
DOI: 10.18488/cras.v10i1.3255 
© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8735-0606
mailto:Hanansalah412@yahoo.com
https://www.doi.org/10.18488/cras.v10i1.3255


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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

sub lethal effects on pests and its natural enemies can affect physiology and behavior, that possible to measure [5]. 

Many scientist fingered on this point of searches in many reports of published papers like Kim and Yoo [6]. The 

discrimination between acaricides effect on non-target arthropods is selectivity tests to identify products that have 

low toxicity on beneficial organisms and natural enemies. Mite lifecycle can assess by a cohort life table, individuals 

born within the same short interval of time and continue passing developmental stages until death [7]. The 

population fluctuations over time as result of acaricide exposure repeat is necessary for achieving effective control 

operations in pest management programs Shaw [8]. Several authors evaluated the life table parameters, growth 

rate studies, rate of population increase and density dependent mortality factor that regulate population growth 

according to increasing mortality or decreasing fecundity (like Alipour, et al. [9]). The intrinsic rate of increase (rm), 

and the instantaneous rate of increase, or (ri), is a measure began from initial individuals stages to estimate 

population growth ability to increase exponentially or logarithmically in an unlimited environment and over time, 

occasionally used in the assessment of lethal and sublethal effects of acaricides on pests and natural enemies and 

give accuracy of data more than the traditional methods of lifetable analysis. It considered a direct measure of 

population growth, survival and fecundity trailer [10-12]. Adding more ecologically applicable than the traditional 

LC50, because it integrates age-specific survivorship and fecundity into a single parameter Walthall and Stark [13] 

and Wyatt and White [14]. The modes of action of new insect control agents represent new chemistries that affect 

unique target sites in Unknown Systems as (Pyrroles, phenylpyrazoles, neo-nicotinoids and juvenoids), while others 

represent new target sites within Known Systems (Insect nervous system) as (Diacylhydrazines, oxadiazines) [15]. 

The newly introduced insecticides and acaricides as fenproxymat, etoxazole, cyflumetofene and hexythiazox are 

considered new modes of action non-similar to the old some as (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by 

organophosphates and carbamates or opening of voltage-gated sodium channels by pyrethroids) and thus present 

new opportunities [16]. Cyflumetofen is a novel benzoylacetonitile acaricide developed by Otsuka Agri Techno Co., 

Ltd. it has excellent efficacy and exhibited long persistence against mites even that developed resistance levels, 

mode of action is complex II in the mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitor Hayashi, et al. [17]. The 

compound is safe to natural enemies and beneficial arthropods, and safe for the environment, Takahashi, et al. [18] 

and no cross-resistance were detected between cyflumetofen and other acaricides, It highly selectively against 

Tetranychus, but did not to lepidopteran or homopteran insects. The LC50 values against T. urticae adults and larvae 

were 4.8 and 0.9 ppm, respectively, and treated adults were paralyzed within 24 hr [18]. In this study, evaluation of 

some new product acaricides effect on the development, reproduction, and population growth and selectivity on the 

predatory mite P.persimilis were investigated. 

 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 

2.1. Mite Sources and Maintenance 

The twospotted spider mite, T. urticae Koch and The P.persimilis collected from greenhouses eggplants heavily 

infested and abandoned from acaricide exposure. Each leaf contain adults and nymphs of both prey and predator 

individuals. The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) leaf samples taken in plastic containers transferred to the 

laboratory and both spider adult and nymph stages transferred by fine brush separately under binocular to clean 

eggplant leaf that cut to discs at seven diameters for adult or larvae feeding through bioassay steps and acaricide 

response assessments that carried out immediately.  

 

2.2. Acaricide Resources and Information 

Selected acaricides were obtained from the imported chemicals of the central agriculture pesticide laboratory 

manufactured by china agrochemical companies, belongs to different groups of chemicals and mode of actions and 

some information presented in Table 1. 

 



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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

Table 1. Acaricides information and application rate. 

Ai% Common name Trade 
name 

Field rate Chemical class Structure  Site of action  

20%SC Cyflometofene  Danisraba 40cm/100l Beta-ketonitrile C24H24F3NO4 Respiration 
targets 

10%EC Hexythiazox  Minova 50m/100l Thiazolidinones  C17H21CIN2O2S Growth 
regulators 

10%SC Etoxazole Barouq 25ml/100l Oxazoline C21H23F2NO2 Growth 
regulators 

5%SC Fenproxymat Artox 50cm/100l Pyrazole C4H27N3O4 Energy 
metabolism 

24%SC Chlorfenapyr Exmite 600ml/l Pyrroles C15H11BrCIF3N2O Disrupting  
adenosine 
triphosphate 
(ATP) 

1.8%EC Abamectin  Itamec  50 ml/l Actinomycete C95H142O28 Glutamate-
gated-chloride 
channels 
blocker 

Note: Ai=Active ingredient, EC= Emulsifiable concentrate and SC=Suspension concentrate. 

 

2.3. Acaricide Toxicity Evaluations on Both Mite 

The principal toxicity tests carried out by wide acaricide concentrations range preparations to get the limits of 

biological response to determine LC50, 90 values (Lethal concentrations) on the short-term mortality count equal 24 

hour on adult female each mites separately. Uninfected eggplant leaf discs in 7 cm diameters were sprayed by 

diluted concentrations and let to air dry for 1 h in laboratory. The leaf disks were placed gently on 1 cm agar-agar 

filled in Petri dishes (5 cm diameter) bottom, covered with other piece of the dish and tight with rubber band. Then 

25 young adult females of T.urticae or P.persimilies were transfers by fine Bruch using binocular to each leaf disc. 

Five replicates were used for each species, and 5 concentrations. Pollen of Resinus communis was provided for 

P.persimilies dishes initially. Mortality counted after 24 h of treatment for both mites. Dishes were maintained in lab 

rooms at 20 ± 2 C°, 60 ± 10% R.H. and 14:10 (light/dark) photoperiod. The index of differential selectivity was 

obtained by dividing the LC50 of the predator by the LC50 of the prey and its confidence limits (95%) were calculated 

according to Takahashi, et al. [18].  

 

2.4. Sublethal Concentration Experiment on P. Persimilis Population 

The experimental procedure of ri estimation procedures by using the plant leaf discs sprayed by the LC25 and 

LC50 separately that defined from the initial bioassay Table 2. In this experiment, the daily offspring assessed until 

10 days following initial exposure (Long-term or sublethal effects). About 100 P. persimilis adult females and placed 

in an eggplant leaf discs were tested per replicate (10 leave), and left for 24 h (at 25°C room temperature), to get 

around 300 ovipositing eggs. After emergence, 10 adult female of P.persimilis was transfer from each leaf disc to a 

new one infested with T.urticae, infestation ratio was (1:1) and sprayed by acaricide concentrations using hand 

atomizer, and kept 10 days after treatment under laboratory conditions at 25±2°C and 14 h photoperiod. Control 

were sprayed by water only. Five replicates were performed per acaricide. Some male was added to each to fertilize 

the females. Small amounts of pollen from castor bean flowers R.communis were daily provided to feed the predators. 

The number of eggs, immatures and adults of P.persimilis counted daily until ten days, and the viability of eggs were 

checked.  

 

2.5. Rate of Increase Statistics and Calculations 

The net reproductive rate (R0) was calculated for P.persimilis according to Jia, et al. [19] is:  

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00121
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00121
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00121
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00121


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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

R0 = Nn + 1/Nn Where Nn is the population quantity (neonate larvae number) of the parent generation and Nn+1 

is that of the next generation. Moreover, the intrinsic rate of population increase, (rm) was calculated according to 

Birch [10]  is Rm= R0/T, Where  T is the growth time from eggs to adult. Survival analysis was performed 

according to basic formula, R0= (lx.mx) specific fertility (mx) and survival probability (lx). The Instantaneous rate of 

increase (ri) calculated for P.persimilis according to Stark, et al. [20]; Walthall and Stark [13]: ri=ln (Nf /N0)/Δt. 

Where Nf is the final number of mites at time 0, N0 is the initial number of live mites at time t and Δt is the time 

interval between the start and end of the bioassay or the change in time. Positive values of ri indicate that 

population is growing, ri = 0 indicates that population is stable, and negative ri values indicate that the population is 

in decline according to Teodoro, et al. [21]; Sato, et al. [3]; Lima, et al. [4]; Van Leeuwen, et al. [2]. 

 

3. DATA STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 

All data subjected to excel worksheet (2010) for calculation preformation. The mite mortality data were accessed 

by Probit analysis [22] using Polo (LeOra Software) to calculate the LC50’s and LC90’s. The RT50 (Relative 

Toxicity) and DSI50 (Differential Selectivity Index) were completed. The means, standard errors, and variance of 

the population parameters were calculated using Aca Stat Demo-statistical software program 2021-(version 9.1.8). 

Data for the instantaneous rate of increase were analyzed using one way ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) and means 

were compared using Tukey’s HSD (Honestly Significant Differences) test (a = 0.05) by SPSS [23] software.  

 

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

4.1. Toxicity Test for Both Mites 

Data for the initial toxicity bioassay of both mites, relative toxicity and selectivity index were found in Table 2. 

LC50 values recorded for both mites approved that little amount of each acaricide used in this study can kill 50 % of 

the pest population T.urtica. However, the other side if this little amount of acaricide were doubled then it will be 

able to kill the same percentage of the natural enemy P. persimilis. Then we must obligate the recommended dose of 

any acaricide uses to control any pest. Results showed that chlorfenapyr was the most toxic acaricide and etoxazole 

was the less toxic for T.urtica and etoxazole was the most toxic and fenproxymat was the less toxic for P. persimilis. 

While data of relative toxicity recorded was too much in etoxazole and fenproxymat (7.916 and 5.058 times) 

respectively. Results of selectivity data approved that abamectin was the most selective acaricide and etoxazole was 

the less selective (8.24 and 0.268 from DSI index) respectively. 

 

Table 2. Relative and selective toxicity of acaricides to T.urtica and P.persimilis. 

Acaricides Slope Intercept LC25 (95 % CI). LC50 (95 % CI). LC90 (95 % CI). χ2 RT DSI 

T.urticae 

Cyflometofene  1.27±0.16 5.6 0.16(0.079-0.33) 0.56(0.27-1.13) 5.9(2.9-12.1) 0.867 2.333 2.589 

Abamectin 1.47±0.13 5.9 0.086(0.047-0.155) 0.25(0.14-0.44) 1.8(1.0-3.27) 0.45 1.041 8.24 

Etoxazole 1.8±0.12 4.48 0.81(0.47-1.4) 1.9(1.1-3.3) 9.9(5.7-17.1) 0.66 7.916 0.268 

Fenproxymat 2.08±0.10 5.72 0.215(0.13-0.346) 0.45(0.28-0.73) 1.86(1.157-3.0) 0.21 1.875 5.733 

Chlorfenapyr 1.5±0.132 5.93 0.086(0.048-0.175) 0.24(0.13-0.44) 1.68(0.92-3.0) 0.32 1.0 4.583 

Hexythiazox  1.93±0.106 4.71 0.63(0.39-1.0) 1.4 (0.87-2.28) 6.5(4-10.56) 0.992 5.83 2.71 

P. persimilis 

Cyflometofene  1.03±0.14 4.7 0.42(0.23-0.79) 1.45(0.78-2.7) 15.3(8.2-28.6) 0.943 2.843 -- 

Abamectin 1.88±0.12 4.9 0.9(0.44-1.36) 2.06(1.37-2.7) 9.8(6.7-18.8) 3.12 4.039 -- 

Etoxazole 1.18±0.20 5.3 0.137(0.054-0.34) 0.51(0.2-1.2) 6.1(2.4-15.3) 0.72 1 -- 

Fenproxymat 1.4±0.135 5.51 0.24(0.147-0.39 2.58(1.58-4.2) 0.54(0.33-0.88) 0.13 5.058 -- 

Chlorfenapyr 1.68±0.12 4.9 0.43(0.25-0.75) 1.1(0.63-1.9) 6.3(3.6-11.0) 0.94 2.156 -- 

Hexythiazox  1.1±0.167 4.35 0.93(0.44-1.99) 3.8(1.78-8) 54.5(25.6-115.9) 0.994 7.45  

Note: CI=Confidence intervals (95 % CI). The relative toxicity (RT) and differential selectivity index (DSI) estimated following Robertson and Preisler [24]. 



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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

The status of acaricide resistances of any pest in any crop field mostly affect life table parameter and fitness of 

the pest, that giving changeable results. In such experiments worked about resistance and field efficacy comparison 

between acaricide applications status against T. urticae from Greece attained resistance folds ranged from 1000 to 

5000 folds for abamectin clofentezine, etoxazole but slight resistance ranged from 20 to 30 folds for fenpyroximate, 

pyridaben, spirodiclofen and spirotetramat, respectively. But cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen resistance, was 500 

folds respectively [1]. Also in Khalighi, et al. [25] study a strains of T. urticae selected by cyflumetofen results 

showed high resistance in laboratory and negative cross resistance with cyenopyrafen was detected in field strains, 

and LC50 values exceeding the registered field dose. Synergism experiments suggested that P450 monooxygenases 

are involved in resistance, considered this compounds an appreciated new mode of action. The same result attained 

by Wang, et al. [5] where resistance ratio in Tetranychus cinnabarinus, reached 21.33 after selection by cyflumetofen, 

and resistant genes already existed in field populations thus activity of detoxifying enzymes were increased. 

 

4.2. Demographic Analysis of Treated P. persimilis 

Data of net reproductive rate (R0), Intrinsic (rm) and instantaneous rate of increase (ri) at two generation of P. 

persimilis individuals exposed to some selected acaricides were found in Table 3 and 4. It can be realized that data of 

LC25 is different from the data of the LC50 applied as a sublethal dose, where the fertile life table parameter was 

decreased or increased according to mortality percentage happens during two generation lifecycle that affected by 

acaricide concentration decreases or increases. Values of all parameters in the second generation was much similar 

to each other where rm in LC25 was from 0.93 and 1.13 for fenproxymat and etoxazole but in LC50 was 0.90 and 

1.183 for cyflumetofene and hexythiazox. But in the first generation acaricide effect was much sharp that affect 

fertility and productivity that affect R0 and rm values where in LC25 attained values ranged from 0.59 to 0.66 for 

cyflumetofene and hexythiazox respectively, ri data ranged from 0.29 to 0.36 for fenproxymate and cyflumetofene 

and R0 ranged from 5.3 to 6.0 for cyflumetofene and hexythiazox respectively.  

Similar investigation study about prey and predator fitness under acaricide uses of control was for Abdel-

Rahman and Ahmed [26] where in two-season experiment showed that abamectin was more toxic to the predatory 

mite, P. persimilis than other acaricides. While cyflumetofen was more toxic to spider mites T. urticae and followed 

by abamectin and bifenazate and in field trials cyflumetofen was not as harmful as other compounds. Additional 

results of him was in life-table parameters of both mites treated with LC50 of cyflumetofen showed considerable 

negative effects on T. urticae life-tables but low effects on P. persimilis. 

 

Table 3. The net reproductive rate, intrinsic and instantaneous rate of increase (R0, rm and ri) (Mean±SE) of P. persimilis first generation 
of individuals exposed to acaricides. 

Acaricides 
Intrinsic rate of increase(rm) Instaneous rate (ri) Net reproductive rate (R0) 

LC25 LC50 LC25 LC50 LC25 LC50 

Cyflometofene 0.59±0.025 0.59±0.0025 0.36±0.02 0.36±0.03 5.3±0.050 5.3±0.05 
Etoxazole 0.66±0.015 0.68±0.0-15 0.31±0.015 0.35±0.015 0.59±0.051 6.1±0.15 
Fenproxymat 0.54±0.015 0.63±0.010 0.29±0.025 0.35±0.015 4.8±0.252 5.7±0.2 
Hexythiazox  0.66±0.01 0.70±0.025 0.32±0.010 0.35±0.02 6.0±0.20 6.3±0.15 
Control 0.86±0.015 0.86±0.005 0.34±0.053 0.34±0.015 7.7± 7.7±0.20 

 

Note:  Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey HSD test (P0.05). 

 

4.3. Insectcicide Effects on P. Persimilis Population Growth 

Data of P. persimilis population growth parameters measured according to treatments with sublethal acaricide 

concentrations were found in Table 5. Acaricide treatments gives high effect on number of eggs /female/day and 

shortened total time of the generation at LC50 level of treatment more than LC25, and sex ratio resulted more male 

number emerged than female with increasing concentration. Mostly, all acaricide tested gives high mortality to this 

predator (Figure 3).  

 



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Table 4. The net reproductive rate, intrinsic and instantaneous rate of increase (R0, rm and ri) (Mean±SE) of P. persimilis second generation of 
individuals exposed to acaricides. 

Acaricides Intrinsic rate of 
increase(rm) 

Instaneous rate (ri) Net reproductive rate (R0) 

LC25 LC50 LC25 LC50 LC25 LC50 

Cyflometofene 1.01±0.146 0.90±0.03 0.243±0.013 0.165±0.0015 9.0±0.40 8.12±0.24 
Etoxazole 1.13±0.136 1.11±0.247 0.163±0.0025 0.18±0.002 10.2±0.30 10.04±0.38 
Fenproxymat 0.93±0.025 1.09±0.156 0.165±0.0005 0.18±0.004 8.43±0.01 9.82±0.035 
Hexythiazox  1.065±0.169 1.183±0.16 0.167±0.0005 0.182±0.0025 9.58±0.03 10.65±0.020 
Control 1.36±0.07 1.36±0.12 0.177±0.002 0.177±0.002 12.31±0.04 12.31±0.19 

 

Note: Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey HSD test (P0.05). 

 

Table 5. Sex ratio, generation time and no of egg/female/day (Mean ±SE) of the predator P. persimilis exposed to different acaricides. 

Acaricides Sex ratio Generation time No.egg/female/day 
LC25 LC50 LC25 LC50 LC25 LC50 

Cyflometofene 1.53±0.026 1.63±0.025 10.96±0.016 10.43±0.022 0.932±0.084 0.668±0.0168 
Etoxazole 1.66±0.0118 1.68±0.048 10.23±0.011 9.78±0.023 1.0±0.269 0.95±0.319 
Fenproxymat 1.85±0.016 1.8±0.026 10.22±0.01 10.0±0.016 0.78±0.134 1.0±0.336 
Hexythiazox 1.75±0.0179 1.81±0.036 9.9±0.014 9.3±0.03 0.93±0.185 1.14±0.168 
Control 1.88±0.0287 1.88±0.0287 10.0±0.02 10.0±0.041 1.25±0.219 1.25±0.219 

 

Some factor affect the predation rate and ability of attacking prey that cited in literatures as Alipour, et al. [9] 

concluded that the performance of P.persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii as predators of T.urtica was better on the 

resistant rose cultivar (Roulette) than on the susceptible cultivar. 

 

 
Figure 1. Exponential regression of P. persimilies population growth treated with two sublethal concentration (LC25,50)of four acaricides 

(Cyflumetofene, Etoxzole, Hexythiazox and Fenproxymate) according to the equation of Δ=rN, and achieved slight differences between each 
acaricide concentrations and how affect population dynamic from day one to day 20 after treatment. 

 

4.4. Survival Analysis of P. Persimilis Individual in Treatments 

The box plot Figure 1 showed difference between acaricides treatment of P.persimilis and control mortality. 

The spread of group looks differences as well as the fill weight of acaricide treatment boxes (Figure 3). Median and 

general weight of groups not similar. In addition, there is differences between the centers of the group. Skewed 



Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 10(1): 1-10 

 

 
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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

data, the majority of data located in high side of the graph. The the Kaplan-Meier graph is the hazard ratio of the 

survival individual count over time intervals (Survival function and hazard ratio statistics) until experiment finished 

and showed toxicity effect of acaricide treatment (Figure 2). 

 

 
Figure 2. Survival analysis of each acaricide concentrations treatement for P. persimilis representd by hazard ratio 
and survival function of the experiment. 
 

 
Figure 3. Mortality recorded at difference in acaricide concentrations of P. persimilis treated population plus control. 

 

 



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Table 6. Hypothesis testing statistics for detecting differences between acaricide treatments and the 
level of significance through the assumption of null (Ho) and alternative hypothesis (Ha) accepted or 
rejected. 

Acaricide  Coefficients Standard error T-stat P-value H0 (5%) 

Cyflu25 0.27 0.10 2.59 0.02 Rejected 
Cyflu50 -0.43 0.45 -0.94 0.36 Accepted 
Fenprox25 -0.13 0.27 -0.47 0.64 Accepted 
Fenprox50 0.26 0.40 0.66 0.51 Accepted 
Etoxa25 0.82 0.51 1.62 0.12 Accepted 
Etoxa50 0.40 0.55 0.72 0.48 Accepted 
Hexyth25 1.41 0.45 3.11 5.58E-3 Rejected 
Hexyth50 -1.24 0.42 -2.94 8.04E-3 Rejected 

 

Hypothesis testing (the maximum allowable probability of making a type I error) is a statistical procedure and 

calculation completed to analyze the data to finish analysis of variance accomplishment, to determine if the acaricide 

concentration as factor has a statistically significant effect on the response variable (Table 6).  

 

Table 7. Analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA), between and within acaricide treatments and non-linear regression analysis with 
residual effect, F value and the standard errors. 

Source of variation d.f. SS MS F P-value F crit Omega sqr. 

Between groups 21 1,568.3333 74.6825 1.7323 0.2558 3.8649 0.3545 

Within groups 6 258.6667 43.1111     
Regression 8. 6,456.45 807.06 12.84 2.35E-6   
Residual 20. 1,257.55 62.88     

Residual standard error 6.5659       
Hartley fmax (d.f. = 22, 2) 289.0000       
Cochran C (d.f. = 22, 2) 0.5866       
Bartlett chi-square (d.f.=21) 6.8662       
P-value 0.9984       

 

The homogeneity similarity and consistency were detected from the regression analysis that give precise 

estimation between different variance, study relationships, and discover the changes in data properly studies (Table 

7). Through the power of the Cochran is to test the slope function of the response probabilities over group score. P 

values decrease while result of linear regression remained stable. In addition to hypothesis testing (H0) for 

acceptance or rejection of the significance of the data validation and t test. 

 

5. CONCLUSION 

Insecticide and acaricides efficacy evaluations is the important laboratory and field work for assessing the 

significance of insecticide product, in addition the biological inquiries were the most precise examination to consider 

pest status that affected by the treatment particularly the life table analysis can predict actual minute changes in the 

proper population of the pest under study through time and space. In addition, survival analysis and selectivity test 

is the best tools to investigate toxicity effect to any pest and to its natural enemies under studies. This because 

following population growth over time and detect minute changes at a particular time and define when it happens, 

and detect the hazard of chemical compound residue long time maintenance and affect survival and growth. 

 

Funding: This study received no specific financial support.    
Competing Interests: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interests regarding the publication 
of this paper. 

 

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answerable for any loss, damage or liability etc. caused in relation to/arising out of the use of the content. 

 

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