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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

Effect of cow manure on instead mon the growth of water spinach in gold mine tailings   
 
 

 Nadia Alifa Putri1+ 

 Reginawanti 
Hindersah2 

 Pujawati 
Suryatmana3 
 

1,2,3Agrtochology Program, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 
West Java, Indonesia.  
1Email: nadia19001@mail.unpad.ac.id   
2Email: reginawanti@unpad.ac.id    
3Email: pujawati@unpad.ac.id  

 
 

(+ Corresponding author) 

 ABSTRACT 
 
Article History 
Received: 15 March 2023 
Revised: 19 June 2023 
Accepted: 6 July 2023 
Published: 4 August 2023  

 
Keywords 
Biomass  
Matter  
Nutrients  
Organic  
Plant growth 
Spinach 
Tailing  
Water 
Yield. 

 
 

 
Gold mining activities produce abundant tailings waste. The negative impacts of tailing 
pollution on agriculture include soil profile loss, soil compaction, depletion of essential 
nutrients, organic matter, and soil pH, making it difficult for plants to grow. Cow 
manure (CM) is a well-known soil amendment to improve soil quality and facilitate root 
growth. Animal manure fertilizers contain a complete range of macro and 
micronutrients required by plants. In addition to its ability to enhance soil fertility, CM 
can also promote plant growth in former mining areas or mineral tailings. The 
objective of this study was to determine the effect of CM application rates on water 
spinach plant growth improvement. The experimental design used was a Completely 
Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with four treatments and six replications. The 
experimental treatments consisted of a control (without treatment), 10 t ha-1, 20 t ha-1, 
and 30 t ha-1 of CM. The results of the experiment showed that CM application 
increased plant height, leaf count, stem diameter, and wet weight of water spinach 
plants. The application of 10 t ha-1 CM showed the highest growth improvement in 
terms of plant height, leaf count, stem diameter, and wet weight of plants grown in gold 
mining tailings compared to other treatments. This experiment highlights the 
importance of CM for water spinach cultivation in tailing areas. 
 

Contribution/Originality: Tailing has low levels of organic matter and nutrients, making it difficult to use tailing as 
a planting medium to support plant growth. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of using 
various types and doses of CM fertilizer in gold mine tailing planting media for tailing rehabilitation in water spinach 
cultivation. 
 

1. INTRODUCTION 
Mining is an activity carried out by humans that causes the most damage to the ecosystems. A negative impact of 

tailing to the environmental is the decline in the quality of soil due to the deposition of tailing, such as mine waste 
materials. Piles of tailing can eliminate soil profiles, increase soil density, reduce levels of essential nutrients and 
organic matter, and change low pH [1]. Tailings are generated in large quantities during gold mining activities. 
Large-scale mining companies can produce up to 2.500 t of tailing per day. Therefore, it is necessary to rehabilitate 
tailing land [2]. 

Gold mine tailing have a sandy or clayey texture that has very low water holding capacity, limited plant nutrient 
content, extreme acidity, and high micronutrient content [3]. In addition, gold mine tailing have low organic matter 
content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) [4]. The nature characteristic of these tailing does not support plant 
growth, therefore it is necessary to rehabilitate the quality of tailing on ex-mining land. The challenge in rehabilitating 
tailing is to increase carbon content and macro nutrients. 

Organic matter is an important part of the soil system, has an important role in retaining water so that the 
availability of water in the soil becomes higher, and helps retain ions, thereby increasing ion exchange capacity or 
nutrient availability in the soil [5]. In addition, organic matter plays an important role in increasing soil fertility, 

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences 
2023 Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 33-40. 
ISSN(e): 2312-6418 
ISSN(p): 2313-3716 
DOI: 10.18488/cras.v10i1.3414 
© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9164-1341
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-2363
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4012-8645
mailto:nadia19001@mail.unpad.ac.id
mailto:reginawanti@unpad.ac.id
mailto:pujawati@unpad.ac.id
https://www.doi.org/10.18488/cras.v10i1.3414


 
 
 
 

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 10(1): 33-40 

 
34 

© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

improving soil structure, increasing soil water holding capacity, enlarging soil pores, and increasing and supporting 
the development of soil microbial activity [6]. 

Manure derived from animal manure contains completely the nutrients, both macro and micro nutrients needed by 
plants [7]. The animal manure can improve soil fertility, such as the CMcan increase the growth and yield of water 
spinach. The most important thing about CMis its nutrient content. The nutrient contents of CMthat are important 
for plants are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) [8]. The nutrient content contained in CMis needed by 
plants and soil fertility. 

Water spinach (Ipomoea reptans) is the most popular leafy vegetable in most parts of Indonesia. Water spinach 
belongs to the Convolvulaceae family that grows in lowlands and highlands [9]. Water spinach requires a substrate 
rich in organic matter to support its growth. The organic matter needed by water spinach plants can obtained from the 
crop or the animal residues composted. A good substrate must be able to hold moisture but not too moist which can 
trigger the growth of fungi and diseases [10]. According to Westphal [11] water spinach can grow optimally in soil 
that contains a lot of organic matter, has a high water content with a neutral to slightly acidic pH of 5.3-6.0, and plants 
that have a lot of nutritional content such as calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, 
sodium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, carotene, hentriacontane, and sitosterol [12]. 

Water spinach has the ability to absorb metals from its growth media. Some metals that can be absorbed by water 
spinach include copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) [13]. The rapid growth rate 
of water spinach plants and the absorption of water is relatively high, so that it can be easily to absorb the nutrients 
and many of minerals.  

The roots of water spinach plants can be a place for filtration and adsorption of suspended solids and microbial 
growth [14]. The experiment aimed was focused on the investigated the effect of using the variation of the 
CMcomposition to increasing plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and shoot wet weight of water spinach 
plants (Ipomoea reptans) in gold mine tailing.  
 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 
2.1. Experimental Implementation 

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located at Jatinangor (Figure 1). Faculty of Agriculture, 
Padjadjaran University, at an altitude of ± 725 meters above sea level. The research site is located in the tropics, with 
climatic conditions in the research area generally influenced by tropical monsoon winds, having two seasons, namely 
the dry season and the rainy season.  

The research was conducted from November 2022 to February 2023.’ 
 

 
Figure 1. The pot experiment in a greenhouse. 

 
The tailing samples were taken in Karanglayung Village, Karangjaya Sub-district, Tasikmalaya Regency. The 

tailing used had a slightly alkaline pH (8,08), relatively low organic matter content (1.57%), and low K2O (12,28 
mg/100g). The CM was obtained from the Beef Cattle Farm, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University 
with characteristics of organic carbon (C-organic) (29,25%), nitrogen (N) (1,47%), C/N ratio (19,89), and pH (6,05). 

Water spinach cv Bangkok LP1 produced by East West Seed. A planting medium used was a mixture of gold 
mine tailing adding the CM at a variation composition of 1 kg per polybag. The tailing was previously dried then 
grinding was carried out for break ing the large tailing particle to fine particles size, then it was filtered using a 2 mm 
sieve.  

Furthermore, was added by the CM, then mixed by stirring until homogeneous then put into polybags until each 
polybag contained a mixture of tailing and CM as much as 1 kg and incubated for 3 days at field capacity before 
planting (Figure 2). 

 



 
 
 
 

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35 

© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
Figure 2. Stages of tailing preparation before used as plant growth media. 

 
2.2. Gold Mine Tailing Collection 

The tailing location was determined based on based on the Former Gold Mine Land Distribution Study Map 
Tailing was collected from Karangpaningal, Karanglayung Village, Karangjaya District, Tasikmalaya Regency, West 
Java, Indonesia with coordinates of  7°23'11"S 108°15'27"E (Figure 3). 
 

 
Figure 3. Location of gold mine tailing collection. 

 
The mine material was extracted from a depth of 56 meters, then the gold was extracted using a grinding 

machine (drum) by amalgamation using mercury (Hg) as illustrated in Figure 4. After that, the tailing was 
deposited in a pond or sump under the grinding machine for 1 month and the tailing were stored in a stockpile. 

 

 
Figure 4. Gold mine tailing processing process gold mine tailing processing process. 



 
 
 
 

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 10(1): 33-40 

 
36 

© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

2.3. Experimental Method 
The experiment was arranged in a group randomized design consisting of four treatments of CM with six 

replications. The CM treatment consisted of four treatments, namely: 
A: 1000 g tailing (control). 
B: 950 g CM + 50 g tailing (5% CM). 
C: 850 g CM + 150 g tailing (10% CM). 
D: 800 g CM+ 200 g tailing (15% CM). 
This experiment data analyzes was using SPSS statistical by testing the normality of the observed data to 

determine the normality distribution. Furthermore, for normally distributed data, analysis of variance was 
conducted to determine the effect of treatment on the measured response at the 5% significance level. Treatments 
that have a real effect are further tested with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to determine the difference in 
the mean value of the response between treatments. 
 
2.4. Experimental Establishment 

Water spinach seeds are planted in planting holes 5 cm deep and each polybag consists of 3 planting in each 
hole with a distance of 5 cm. After all seeds were inserted into each planting hole, then cover the planting hole again 
using soil around the planting area and water ing with as much as 50 mL in each polybag. The distance between 
polybag is of 20x20 cm (Figure 5). Water spinach plants were planted in polybags for 35 days after planting 
(DAP). The N-P-K compound fertilizer (16-16-16) was applied at 15 DAP by incorporationg 2,25 g per plant to the 
circular holes approximately 2,5 cm from the stem. The plant height, stem diameter, and number of water spinach 
leaves were measured at 1 to 5 weeks after planting (WAP). At the end of experiment, the plants were harvested. 

 

 
Figure 5. Pot experiment of water spinach on mixed tailing and CM substrate. 

 

3. RESULTS 
3.1. Plant Height (cm) 

The height growth of water spinach plants aged 1−5 WAP each treatment of CM is presented in Table 1. The 
treatment of 10 t ha-1 water spinach plants showed higher growth in the observation every week compared to the 
treatment of 20 t ha-1 and 30 t ha-1. The treatment without the application of CM (control) revealed the plants very 
slow growth. The plants did not respond to the addition of organic matter, resulting in slow growth of plant height. 

The results of Duncan's further test in Table 1 shows that the application of CM has no significant effect on the 
height of water spinach plants at the age of 1 WAP and 2 WAP, but has a significant effect on plants at 5 WAP. 
The treatment of 10 t ha-1 is the highest plant height, it is 54,67% higher than the control at 5 WAP and the lowest 
height plant of water spinach plants are found in the treatment of 30 t ha-1, as is 21,74% lower than the control 
treatment at the age of 5 WAP. The height of water spinach plants in each gross fertilizer treatment at 3 WAP and 
4 WAP was significantly different from the control. 

 
 



 
 
 
 

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37 

© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

Table 1. Effect of CM application on the height of water spinach planted in tailing with various concentrations of CM. 

Treatment Plant height (cm) 

1 WAP 2 WAP 3 WAP 4 WAP 5 WAP 

Control 6.21 ± 0.67 8.14 ± 0.84 8.98a ± 0.55 4.56a ± 0.29 11.45a ± 1.39 
10 t ha-1 7.73 ± 3.56 10.46 ± 2.60 14.57d ± 1.15 16.21d ± 0.96 17.71c ± 0.75 
20 t ha-1 5.81 ± 2.09 8.73 ±1.73 12.07c ± 1.41 13.84c ± 2.22 15.17b ± 1.19 
30 t ha-1 7.01 ± 0.97 8.63 ± 0.80 10.47b ± 0.34 11.86b ± 0.55 13.94b ± 0.96 
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter indicate no significant difference based on the 5% significance level (Multiple Range Test, Duncan's post hoc test). 

 
3.2. Number of Leaves (Sheet) 

The growth pattern of the number of water spinach leaves at the age of 1 to 5 WAP with various doses of CM. 
The growth of the leaf count shows a relatively uniform pattern across different levels of CM dose treatment. Water 
spinach plants treated with a dose of 10 t ha-1 of CM have a higher number of leaves. The average number of water 
spinach leaves at the age of 1-5 WAP due to the CM dose treatment is presented in Table 2. 

The analysis of variance results in Table 2 indicate that the application of CM does not have a significant effect 

on the number of water spinach leaves at the age of 1−2 weeks after planting (WAP), but it does have a significant 

effect at 3−5 WAP. The treatment with 10 t ha-1 of CM at 5 WAP is the best treatment as it shows a 36,72% 
increase compared to the control, while the lowest number of water spinach leaves is found in the treatments of 20 t 
ha-1  and 30 t ha-1, which are 9,57% lower than the 10 t ha-1 treatment. 
 

Table 2. Effect of CMapplication on the number of water spinach leaves planted on tailing with various 
concentrations of cow manure. 

Treatment Number of leaves (Sheet) 

1 WAP 2 WAP 3 WAP 4 WAP 5 WAP 

Control 2.00 ± 0.00 3.50 ± 0.18 3.94a ± 0.14 4.22a ± 0.27 5.61a ± 0.61 
10 t ha-1 2.00 ± 0.00 4.00 ± 0.52 5.33c ± 0.30 6.61c ± 0.25 7.67c ± 0.30 
20 t ha-1 1.89 ± 0.27 3.94 ± 0.14 4.94b ± 0.39 6.17b ± 0.28 7.00b ± 0.56 
30 t ha-1 2.00 ± 0.00 3.83 ± 0.46 5.17bc ± 0.18 6.11b ± 0.17 7.00b ± 0.30 
Note: Caption: Numbers followed by the same letter indicate no significant difference based on the 5% significance level (Multiple Range 

Test, Duncan's post hoc test). 
 
3.3. Stem Diameter (mm) 

The stem diameter growth of water spinach plants at the age of 1−5 WAP in the treatment of CM. The growth 
of stem diameter of water spinach plants in the treatment of CM 10 t ha-1 at the age of 5 WAP showed a higher stem 
diameter compared to the treatment of CM 20 t ha-1 and 30 t ha-1, while the lowest stem diameter was found in 
water spinach plants that were not treated with CM. 

The results of Duncan's further test in Table 3 show that the application of CM has no significant effect on 

the diameter of water spinach stems at the age of 1−3 WAP, but has a significant effect on plants at the age of 4−5 
WAP. At 5 WAP, the 10 t ha-1 treatment was 38,32% higher than the control, while 30 t ha-1 was significantly 
different from the control because it was 23,35% smaller, but not significantly different from the 20 t ha-1 treatment 
because it was 0,48% smaller at 5 WAP. 
 

Table 3. Effect of CMapplication on the diameter of water spinach stems planted on tailing with various concentrations 
of CM. 

Treatment  Stem diameter (mm) 

1 WAP 2 WAP 3 WAP 4 WAP 5 WAP 

Control 0.91 ± 0.26 1.17 ± 0.11 1.34 ± 0.20 1.64a ± 0.05 1.67a ± 0.03 
10 t ha-1 1.06 ± 0.21 1.28 ± 0.06 1.52 ± 0.11 2.05c ± 0.17 2.31c ± 0.14 
20 t ha-1 1.08 ± 0.15 1.2 ± 0.11 1.38 ± 0.14 1.86b ± 0.07 2.07b ± 0.18 
30 t ha-1 1.17 ± 0.21 1.3 ± 0.09 1.48 ± 0.06 1.74ab ± 0.10 2.06b ± 0.19 

 

Note: Caption: Numbers followed by the same letter indicate no significant difference based on the 5% significance level (Multiple 
Range Test, Duncan's post hoc test). 

 
3.4. Fresh Weight of Shoots (g) 

The treatment effect of CM to the wet weight of water spinach plants aged 35 days after planting (DAP). The 
highest of fresh weight of water spinach plants is found in the treatment of 10 t ha-1 with a weight of 1,80 gram, 
while the smallest crown wet weight was found in the control treatment with a weight of 1,06 gram. This is because 
the wet weight of water spinach plants at 20 t ha-1 and 30 t ha-1 decreased. 

The results of Duncan's post hoc test in Figure 6 indicate that the application of CM has a significant effect on 
the wet weight of water spinach plants. The wet weight in the treatment of 10 t ha-1 is significantly different from 
the wet weight without CM (control), as it is 69,81% higher. 

 



 
 
 
 

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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

  
Figure 6. Fresh weight of shoots of water spinach at 1−5 WAP grown in tailing with various doses of CM. 

 
3.5. Plant Pests and Diseases. 

During water spinach cultivation, pests and diseases commonly encountered include the armyworm and leaf 
spot disease (Figure 7). The armyworm is a leaf-feeding pest, and damage symptoms occur when the larvae feed on 
the leaves. They start eating from the leaf edges until only the midrib remains. Mechanical control is employed by 
manually removing the armyworms from the leaves. 

Leaf spot disease in water spinach is caused by the fungi Cercospora bataciola and Fusarium sp. Disease symptoms 
manifest as brown to black spots on the leaves. Among the treated plants, those subjected to a dosage of 30 t ha-1 
showed a higher incidence of leaf spot disease compared to plants under other treatments. Without intensive control 
measures, this disease can cause significant damage. Disease control is carried out mechanically by uprooting the 
affected water spinach plants and removing them from the cultivation area to prevent the spread of the leaf spot 
disease to other water spinach plants. 

 

 
Figure 7. Attacks of plant disrupting organisms Attacks of plant disrupting organisms. 

 
4. DISCUSSION 

The results of the study showed that the CM dosage had a significant effect compared to the absence of CM. 
The utilization of CM can enhance soil fertility and improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the 
soil [15], which in turn leads to increased growth and development of water spinach plants. Cow manure (CM) 
contains essential nutrients for plant growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, as well as micronutrients 
including sulfur, magnesium, and calcium. These nutrients play a crucial role in the growth and development of 
water spinach plants, and they are present in sufficient quantities in CM for plant growth [16]. 



 
 
 
 

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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

Organic matter is a vital component of the soil system. It plays a significant role in water retention, thereby 
increasing the availability of water in the soil. It also aids in retaining ions, enhancing the ion exchange capacity and 
nutrient availability in the soil [17]. Additionally, organic matter contributes to improving soil fertility, enhancing 
soil structure, increasing water retention capacity, enlarging soil pores, and supporting the development of soil 
microbial activity [18]. Cow manure (CM) is a potential material that can be utilized as organic fertilizer [19]. 

The organic carbon and nitrogen content in the soil are crucial factors for water spinach growth since organic 
carbon increases nutrient availability for plants [20]. This research demonstrates that the application of CM can 
improve the growth of water spinach plants in tailing media. A study conducted by Samkol [21] showed that a high 
content of organic carbon contributes to increased growth and production of water spinach. These findings are 
further supported by the research conducted by Yan, et al. [22], which indicates that a high organic carbon content 
enhances nutrient availability for water spinach plants. The optimal dose of CM for the growth of water spinach 
plants, as compared to other CM dosage treatments, is 10 t ha-1. This is because excessive dosages can lead to 
suboptimal absorption of nutrients, which hinders the promotion of water spinach plant growth [23]. Applying 
excessive amounts of cow manure (CM) can also increase the C/N ratio, resulting in nutrient competition in plants, 
particularly nitrogen. Excessive nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can damage the plant's root 
system and interfere with the photosynthesis process, leading to leaf yellowing and even plant death [24]. Cow 
manure (CM) in excessive amounts can cause toxicity in water spinach plants. The high concentration of nutrients 
in CM can be harmful to water spinach plants because the plants cannot efficiently absorb these nutrients, which can 
damage plant cells [25]. Therefore, the application of an appropriate dose of CM is an important consideration for 
plant growth. Soil microorganisms play a role in decomposing organic matter, releasing nutrients in a form that can 
be used by plants, degrading toxic residues, promoting plant growth, and enhancing the production of growth 
hormones, vitamins, and organic acids. They also play a crucial role in stimulating root growth [26]. Additionally, 
microorganisms contribute to soil fertility and play an important role in plant growth and health. High microbial 
populations in the soil can lead to favorable soil physical and chemical properties [27] . Microbes have significant 
roles in nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production, which enhance plant growth. 
Microbes such as Rhizobium and Azotobacter bacteria aid in nitrogen fixation by converting atmospheric nitrogen 
into compounds that can be utilized by plants, thereby increasing the availability of nitrogen for plants [28]. On the 
other hand, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (CMA) help plants absorb phosphorus from the soil by producing organic 
acids and phosphatase enzymes. This demonstrates that CMA can increase phosphorus availability for plants and 
enhance plant productivity [29]. 
 
5. CONCLUSION 

This research shows that the application of CM to gold mine tailings contributes to an increase in plant height, 
leaf number, stem diameter, and shoot fresh weight in the growth of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans). The application of 
10 t ha-1 of CM resulted in the highest growth improvement of water spinach in gold mine tailings. Excessive 
application of CM can lead to high nutrient concentrations that can be detrimental to water spinach plants by 
damaging plant cells [25]. Therefore, the application of the appropriate dose of CM is an important consideration for 
plant growth. 
 

Funding: This research is supported by the Academic Leadership Grant from Universitas Padjadjaran 
(Grant Number: 2203/UN6.3.1/PT.00/2022). 
Institutional Review Board Statement: The Ethical Committee of the Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia 
has granted approval for this study (Ref. No. 2203/UN6.3.1/PT.00/2022). 
Transparency: The authors state that the manuscript is honest, truthful, and transparent, that no key 
aspects of the investigation have been omitted, and that any differences from the study as planned have been 
clarified. This study followed all writing ethics. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. All 
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 

 
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