







































 

 

 
41 

© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

The effect of organic matter on soil organic carbon and water spinach grown in gold mine 
tailings   

 

 

 Zahra Ardelia 
Aprila1+ 

 Reginawanti 
Hindersah2 

 Emma Trinurani 
Sofyan3 

 

1,2,3Agrotechnology Study Program, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, 
Sumedang Regency, West Java, Indonesia. 
1Email: zahra19015@mail.unpad.ac.id  
2Email: reginawanti@unpad.ac.id  
3Email: emma.trinurani@unpad.ac.id  

 
(+ Corresponding author) 

 ABSTRACT 
 
Article History 
Received: 22 March 2023 
Revised: 28 June 2023 
Accepted: 17 July 2023 
Published: 4 August 2023  
 

Keywords 
Cow manure 
Plant growth 
Mining waste 
Organic amendment 
Organic carbon content 
Water spinach 
Yield. 

 
The disposal of tailings generated from mining activities poses environmental 
challenges due to their low fertility and limited suitability for plant growth. This study 
aimed to investigate the potential of cow manure application in improving the organic-
C content of tailings and enhancing the growth of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans). This 
experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with five treatments and five 
replications. The treatments involved the application of cow manure at different doses 
and control, which consisted of; (A) Control, (B) 150 g, (C) 300 g, (D) 450 g, (E) 600 g. 
The results revealed a significant increase in the organic-C content of tailings following 
the application of cow manure. The highest organic-C content of 7.47% was achieved 
with the application of 600 g of cow manure. The application of 150 g of cow manure 
resulted in the tallest plants with higher fresh and dry weights. The findings from this 
study underscore the importance of organic amendments in enhancing the organic-C 
content and promoting plant growth in low fertility growth medium. Further research 
on the long-term effects and optimization of cow manure application in tailing-based 
growth substrates is recommended to enhance soil fertility and maximize plant 
productivity. 
 

Contribution/Originality: The findings contribute to knowledge on sustainable utilization of mining waste and 

the potential of organic amendments to transform a low fertility medium into fertile growth substrates. 

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Mining activities can lead to environmental damage, especially when illegal mining operations neglect post-

mining land rehabilitation. Illegal mining activities are recognized as a significant cause of environmental 

degradation, resulting in issues such as water pollution, soil degradation, and limited access to agricultural land 

[1]. In Indonesia, illegal gold mining, commonly known as PETI (unlicensed gold mining activity) is undertaken 

by individuals, groups of people, or legal entities that lack permits from central or regional government agencies 

as stipulated by relevant regulations [2]. In Karanglayung Village, Karangjaya District, Tasikmalaya Regency, 

gold mining activities were conducted by rural communities. These operations utilized underground methods and 

employed the amalgamation technique with the use of mercury (Hg), resulting in the generation of mercury (Hg) 

contimated tailings as waste material. Tailings refer to the residual material remaining after valuable elements 

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences 
2023 Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 41-49 
ISSN(e): 2312-6418 
ISSN(p): 2313-3716 
DOI: 10.18488/cras.v10i1.3415 
© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8751-2064
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-2363
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-0611
mailto:zahra19015@mail.unpad.ac.id
mailto:reginawanti@unpad.ac.id
mailto:emma.trinurani@unpad.ac.id
https://www.doi.org/10.18488/cras.v10i1.3415


Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 10(1): 41-49 

 

 
42 

© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

are separated from ores through a mineral processing and extraction process [3]. 

Gold mine tailings possess unfavorable physical and chemical characteristics [4]. The tailings dominantly 

consist of sandy to silty materials and have low water storage capacity, along with low cation exchange capacity 

(CEC) and nutrients content [5]. Mine tailings characterized by extreme pH, which can be highly acidic or 

extremely alkaline [4] and considered to have low fertility for supporting plant growth optimally. Therefore, it is 

necessary to improve the quality of the tailings before cultivating crops in tailings. This can be achieved by 

increasing the levels of organic matter and nutrients within the tailings. 

The application of manure has been found to significantly enhance soil quality by increasing the level of soil 

organic carbon (SOC) [6]. Organic matter present in manure serves as a source of energy for soil 

microorganisms, which significantly increases microorganisms activity and the availability of nutrients supply 

[7]. A study by Gross and Glaser [8] showed that out of 276 treatments of manure application on agricultural 

soil, the average increase in organic carbon was 35.4%. Soil organic matter enhances soil physical, chemical, and 

biological processes and properties Blanco-Canqui, et al. [9]. Agbede, et al. [10] reported that the application of 

20 and 30 mg ha ̵ ¹ of manure resulted in a 31% and 36% increase in soil total porosity. The improvement of soil 

porosity creates an optimal medium for root development and facilitates adequate air supply to the roots [11]. 

The utilization of cow manure as a fertilizer is highly to enhance plant productivity on tailings. Cow manure 

contains plant nutrients, such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and Magnesium (Mg) 

which stimulate plant growth and provide the necessary nutrients for increased biomass yield [12]. Both macro 

and micronutrients can be directly supplied to the growth media by organic amendment input [13]. The 

availability of soil nutrients affects root growth and development. Bauer [14] stated that soil organic matter also 

affects bulk density, with higher organic matter content leading to lower bulk density in the soil. The application 

of manure improves soil structure, enhancing the plants ability to absorb water and nutrients, thereby promoting 

plant growth [15]. 

In order to increase the nutrient content in tailing for supporting plant growth and yield of leafy vegetable, 

application of cow manure is needed. Water spinach plant (Ipomoea reptans), commonly known as Kangkung in 

Indonesia, is extensively cultivated in Indonesia. The plant that belong to the family Convolvulaceae is easy to 

cultivate,  and have high nutritional value, including energy, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and 

vitamin A, B, C [16]. This plant can thrive in lowland and highland areas and typically are harvested at 

approximately 4-5 weeks after sowing  [17]. The objective of this pot experiment was to investigate the potential 

of cow manure application in improving the organic carbon content of tailings and enhancing the growth and yield 

of water spinach plant. 

 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 

2.1. Experimental Implementation 

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located at the experimental field at Faculty of Agriculture 

Universitas Padjadjaran, from November 2022 until February 2023. The altitude of experimental field was 

approximately 752 m above sea level. The gold mining tailings used in this experiment were collected from PETI 

area in Karanglayung Village, Karangjaya District, Tasikmalaya Regency, Indonesia which located in tropical 

region (Figure 1). The geographic coordinates of goldmine area are approximately 7˚26’40.574608’’S and 

108˚21’23.417662’’E with an elevation of 430 m above sea level. 

The tailings were obtained from 3-months-old stockpiles. Prior to treatment, various properties of the tailings 

were determined to assess tailings characteristics. The determinations included, organic-C, total-N, C to N ratio, 

available P, P potential, K potential, exchangeable cations, exchangeable Al, exchangeable H, cation exchange 

capacity (CEC), and texture. 

 



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43 

© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
Figure 1. Illegal gold mine in Karanglayung Village, Karangjaya District, Tasikmalaya Regency where Tailings was Collected. 

 

Cow manure was obtained from a cattle farm from Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran. 

Characteristics of pH, organic-C, total-N, C to N ratio, total-P, total-K, and water content of cow manure are 

presented in Table 2.  The water spinach varieties utilized in this study was water spinach cv Bangkok LP1 

produced by East West Seed Indonesia Co. The seeds were sown on mixed growing media comprising 1 kg of 

tailings combined with varying doses of cow manure. The plants were cultivated in polybags measuring 25 cm in 

depth and 25 cm in diameter. 

 

2.2. Experimental Design 

The experimental design employed in this study was a Randomized Block Design, consisting of five treatments 

and five replications. The treatments involved the application of cow manure at different doses and control, which 

consisted of; (A) Control, (B) 150 g manure + 1000 g tailings, (C) 300 g manure + 1000 g tailings, (D) 450 g 

manure + 1000 g tailings, (E) 600 g manure + 1000 g tailings.  The control plants did not receive the manure.  To 

set up the experiment, polybags were filled with one kilogram of tailings, then the manure was added according to 

the respective treatment doses. The mixture was incubated for three days. In each polybag, three water spinach 

seeds were sown into individual planting holes. The planting holes had a depth of 5 cm, and there was a 5 cm 

spacing between each planting hole. 

Application of N-P-K compound fertilizer (16-16-16) was carried out at 15 days after planting. The fertilizer 

was incorporated into a 5-cm deep hole at the dose of 2.25 gram per polybag. The plants were maintained for 35 

days in the greenhouse. 

 

2.3. Experimental Parameters 

At 35 days after planting (DAP), the plants were harvested. Three intact plants were selected for harvesting. 

The plant roots were carefully separated from the soil and rinsed with tap water. Excess water was removed using 



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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

kitchen paper. The fresh weight of the shoots (leaves and stems) and roots was measured. Both the shoot and root 

biomass were placed in paper bags and dried in an oven at 70°C for 2 days or until a constant weight was achieved. 

The shoot height of the plants was measured once a week, starting from one week after planting until the time of 

harvest. To determine the organic carbon content of the substrate, the Walkley and Black method was employed. 

Prior to analysis, the substrate samples were homogenized, air-dried, mashed, and passed through a 2-mm 

laboratory sieve. 

2.4. Data Analysis 

All the data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the impact of cow manure 

dosage on the experimental parameters. If the results indicated a significant influence, further analysis was 

conducted using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significance level of 5%. The statistical analysis was 

performed using the SPSS software. 

 

3. RESULTS 

3.1. Tailings and Cow Manure Properties 

Table 1 shows the pH values of the tailings, with a pH (H₂O) of 8.08 and a pH (KCl) of 7.76. The slight 

difference of less than 0.5 between these two values indicates that the tailings are predominantly composed of 

variable charge minerals. The organic carbon content of the tailings is relatively low which only 1.57%. 

Similarly, the total nitrogen content is low at 0.16%, resulting in a low C:N ratio of 9.81%. The availability of 

phosphorus in the tailings is classified as moderate, with a content of 9.45 ppm. However, the P potential 

content is high at 42.49 mg/100g, while the K potential content is low at 12.28%. The exchangeable cations of 

tailings are low for K⁺ and Na⁺, while high for (Ca⁺² and Mg⁺²). The tailings exhibit a very low cation exchange 

capacity of 3.51 cmol/kg. In terms of texture, the tailings have a silty clay texture, consisting of 2% sand, 57% 

silt, and 41% clay. 

 

Table 1. Chemical and physical properties of Tailings at Karangjaya District. 

No. Parameter Result Method 

1 pH (H₂O) 8.08 Potentiometry, pH meter (1:5) 

2 pH (KCl 1N) 7.76 Potentiometry, pH meter (1:5) 
3 Organic-C (%) 1.57 Walkley and Black 
4 Total-N (%) 0.16 Kjeldahl, Titrimetry 
5 C:N ratio 9.81 Calculation 
6 Available P (ppm P) 9.45 B/O Extract, Spectrophotometry 
7 P potential (mg/100g) 42.49 25% HCl Extract, Spectrophotometry 
8 K potential (mg/100 g) 12.28 25% HCl Extract, AAS 

9 

Exchangeable cations: 

K (cmol/kg) 0.18 NH₄OAc (pH 7), AAS 

Na (cmol/kg) 0.21 NH₄OAc (pH 7), AAS 

Ca (cmol/kg) 15.03 NH₄OAc (pH 7), AAS 

Mg (cmol/kg) 6.82 NH₄OAc (pH 7), AAS 
10 Al-dd (cmol/kg) 0.25 KCl 1 M Extract, Titrimetry 
11 H-dd (cmol/kg) 0.19 KCl 1 M Extract, Titrimetry 

12 Cation exchange capacity (cmol/kg) 3.51 NH₄OAc (pH 7), Titrimetry 

13 

Texture 
Sand (%) 2  

Hydrometry Silt (%) 57 
Clay (%) 41 

14 Texture Silty clay 
 

 

Based on proximate analysis, tailings typically exhibit a low fertility status. The low nutrient content in 

tailings can hinder plant growth. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the properties of tailings by applying cow 



Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 10(1): 41-49 

 

 
45 

© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

manure, which can increase fertility and support plant growth. The cow manure utilized in this experiment 

contains high levels of nutrients that are beneficial for plant growth Table 2. 

 

Table 2. Chemical properties of cow manure used in the study. 

No. Parameter Result Method 

1 pH 6.05 Potentiometry, pH meter (1:5) 
2 Organic-C (%) 41.09 Walkley and Black 
3 Total-N (%) 2.06 Kjeldahl, Titrimetry 
4 C:N Ratio 19.95 Calculation 

5 Total-P (%) 0.56 25% HCl Extract, Spectrophotometry 
6 Total-K (%) 0.29 25% HCl Extract, Spectrophotometry 
7 Water content (%) 19.03 Oven dry 

 

 

3.2. Organic Carbon Content 

The effect of cow manure application at different doses on the organic carbon content of the tailing-based 

substrate is presented in Figure 2. As the dose of manure application increases, the organic-C content of the growth 

substrate also increases. The application of 600 g manure polybag ̵ ¹ resulted in the highest C-organic level in the 

growth substrate. The organic-C content of the tailing-based substrate experienced a significant increase of 376%, 

rising from 1.57% before the experiment to 7.47% after the treatment. In contrast, the control treatment, which did 

not receive the manure, exhibited the lowest organic carbon content. However, it still showed an increase of 25% 

from 1.57% before the experiment to 1.96%. 

 

 
Figure 2. The effect of manure application on organic carbon content of tailing-based substrate grown with water Spinach. 

Note:  Different letters on the top of standard-deviation bars indicated the significant difference based on the Duncan Multiple Range Test at p ≤ 0.05. 
 

 

3.3. Plant Height (cm) 

Figure 3 shows the results of Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 95% confidence level for the average 

height of water spinach plants at 7, 14, 28, and 35 days after planting (DAP). The application of cow manure at 

different doses has varying effects on the average height of water spinach plants. The highest plant height was 

observed in the treatment where 150 g of manure was applied per polybag, resulting in an average height of 21.83 

cm. The application of the highest doses of cow manure produced plants with a height of 18.9 cm, which did not 

show a significant difference compared to the application of 300 g and 450 g of manure. Control plants exhibited the 

lowest height compared to the plants that received different doses of manure application. 



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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
Figure 3. The effect of manure application on shoot height of 5-weeks old water Spinach. 

Note:  Different letters on the top of standard-deviation bars indicated the significant difference based on the Duncan Multiple Range Test at p ≤ 0.05. 
 

 

3.4. Plant Fresh and Dry Weight (g) 

The effect the cow manure application on fresh and dry weight of water spinach plants showed in Figure 4. 

Manure application at a dose of 150 g polybag ̵ ¹ produced the highest fresh and dry weights. This treatment 

showed a significant difference compared to the control treatment and the application of 300 g, 450 g, and 600 g 

manure polybags ̵ ¹. The growth and yield of the control plants were the lowest compared to the plants that were 

applied manure at various doses (Figure 5). 

 
Figure 4. The effect of manure application on fresh and dry weight of 7-weeks old water spinach. 

Note:  Different letters on the top of standard-deviation bars indicated the significant difference based on the Duncan Multiple Range Test at p ≤ 0.05. 

 

 
Figure 5. Performance of water spinach plant on harvest time at 35 days after sowing. 

 

4. DISCUSSION 

Soil organic carbon is a main component of soil organic matter. The application of manure can enhance the 

organic matter content of soil [18]. In this study, the organic carbon content in the tailings increased as the result 

of the manure application which had a very high organic-C content (29.25%). This experiment shows that increasing 



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47 

© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

the dose of manure applied to the tailings resulted in higher organic carbon content. 

The amount of soil organic matter and soil organic carbon are the major drivers of biodiversity in the soil and 

used as an energy and nutrient source for soil microorganism which important for soil biological processes [19]. 

The application of organic matter stimulates the activity of soil microorganisms by increasing their populations and 

nutrient availability, especially for nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and 

magnesium (Mg), which are essential for plant growth [20]. The addition of manure to the soil also enhances the 

biomass and diversity of beneficial soil microorganisms, which play important roles in soil nutrient cycling. The 

presence of soil beneficial microbes can accelerate the decomposition processes of organic substances and mineralize 

the organic N and P into inorganic, so it can be absorbed by the plants [7]. 

The growth and yield of plant grown in marginal soil have to be improved by the application of organic matter 

as fertilizer which could increase soil microorganism population and the availability of nutrients [12]. Plant height 

could increase due to the supply of nutrients contained on cow manure absorbed by the plants. The availability of 

macronutrient, especially nitrogen required during the initial growth stages of plants. Nitrogen plays a vital role in 

promoting plant growth, especially in the vegetative phase, such as the development of roots, stems and leaves, as 

well as enhancing the rate of photosynthesis [21, 22]. A better root development system expands the area of 

nutrient uptake and increased the water and nutrient uptake [23]. 

The organic input to the tailings can improve soil aggregate stability by increasing microbial activity [24]. 

During the decomposition process of organic matter, the microbes produced large amounts of polysaccharides 

which have a function to stick soil particles together into aggregates and leads to the soil structure improvement 

[9]. Enhanced soil aggregate stability improves soil porosity, allowing for better nutrient and water storage 

capacity, while also reducing soil erosion and nutrient loss [25]. The improvement in soil particles and structure 

also enhances soil porosity, which is important for supporting plant growth and development. Adequate soil 

porosity allows for better root penetration, nutrient uptake, and water movement, ultimately leading to increased 

crop yields [26]. 

Adequate supplies of macronutrients and micronutrients are essential for achieving high crop yields in 

agricultural cultivation [27]. The application of manure in this experiment resulted in increased crop yields, as 

shown in Figure 5. The increased of plant growth can lead to higher fresh and dry weights of the plants [28]. The 

application of manure can enhance vegetative growth by improving soil water holding capacity, promoting good 

aeration and drainage, and facilitating root growth. These factors contribute to better nutrient absorption and 

translocation within the plant [29]. By improving soil fertility and nutrient availability, manure application 

supports optimal plant growth, leading to increased yields in agricultural crops. 

Fresh and dry weights are the result of the accumulation of organic compounds synthesized through 

photosynthesis and nutrient absorption. The application of manure can increase the nitrogen content in the soil, 

which in turn enhances the nitrogen content in leaf tissues. Nitrogen is an essential component of plant metabolism, 

and its availability can influence various physiological processes, including photosynthesis and nutrient assimilation 

[30]. Dry weight represents the net assimilation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) by the plant, which is influenced by 

factors such as solar radiation absorption and the efficiency of energy utilization for photosynthesis. Carbohydrates 

produced during photosynthesis are translocated from photosynthetically active tissues to other plant organs such 

as roots, flowers, and seeds, contributing to dry matter accumulation [31]. 

 

5. CONCLUSION 

The application of cow manure increased organic carbon content on tailing-based growth substrate, plant 

growth, and yield of water spinach plants grown in the tailing-based medium.  

 

 



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© 2023 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

Funding:   This research is supported by the Academic Leadership Grant of Universitas Padjadjaran (Grant 
number: 2203/UN6.3.1/PT.00/2022). 
Institutional Review Board Statement: The Ethical Committee of the Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia 
has granted approval for this study. 
Transparency: The authors state that the manuscript is honest, truthful, and transparent, that no key 
aspects of the investigation have been omitted, and that any differences from the study as planned have been 
clarified. This study followed all writing ethics. 
Data Availability Statement: The corresponding author may provide study data upon reasonable request. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. All 
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 

 

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