







































 

 

 
19 

© 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

Growth response of nursery raised cashew seedlings to light clay soil amended with inorganic 
fertilizers   

 

 

 Aremu-Dele 
Olufemi1+ 
Sobowale Ibrahim  
Olalekan2 
Nduka Beatrice  
Abanum3 
Ogbeide Christerbeth 
Edugie4 
Salisu, Umar5 

 

1,3,4,5Agronomy & Soil Division, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Idi-
Ayunre, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. 
1Email: aremudeleolufemi@gmail.com  
3Email: beatricenduka@yahoo.com  
4Email: ogbehidechristerbet@yahoo.com  
5Email: likitabuna@gmail.com      
2Crop Improvement Division, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Idi-
Ayunre, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria. 
2Email: sobolekky@gmail.com  

 

 
(+ Corresponding author) 

 ABSTRACT 
 
Article History 
Received: 23 February 2024 
Revised: 5 April 2024 
Accepted: 26 April 2024 
Published: 14 June 2024 
 

Keywords 
Cashew seedlings 
Clay soil 
Inorganic fertilizer 
Nursery 
Single super phosphate  
Urea. 

 
This study aims to evaluate the performance of light clay soil amended with inorganic 
fertilizer in the early cashew seedling growth phase. The two month experiment was 
set up in a screenhouse at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria. The experiment was 
laid out in Complete Randomized Design. The first factor consists of cashew biotypes 
(large and medium) while the second factor includes 2 fertilizer combinations (Urea and 
Single-Super-Phosphate (SSP)). The treatments include Large + 0 (L0 as control), 
Large + 40kg/ha Urea + 30kg/ha SSP (L1), Large + 80kg/ha Urea + 60kg/ha SSP 
(L2), Medium + 0 (M0 as control), Medium + 40kg/ha Urea + 30kg/ha SSP (M1), and 
Medium + 80kg/ha Urea + 60kg/ha SSP (M2). We applied the treatments one month 
after sowing. One nut seed per nursery polythene bag was sown using a light clay soil 
growing medium. The physicochemical properties of the growing media were analyzed 
while data on seedling emergence, growth parameters, and % seedling survival were 
recorded. Data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance, and treatment means were 
separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 0.05% probability level. 
Seedlings with no fertilizer treatments, L0 (4.5) and M0 (4.0), had the best seedling 
vigour, while L2 (2.5) and M2 (2.0) had the lowest, respectively, in a 5-grade score. The 
control, jumbo, and medium biotypes recorded a survival rate of 100%, 33.33%, and 
16.67%, respectively. The application of the inorganic fertilizers to the light clay soil 
used negatively influenced cashew seedling growth.  
 

Contribution/Originality: The preliminary results from this study show that the application of Urea and 

Single-Super-Phosphate inorganic fertilizers is not suitable for raising cashew seedlings when using light clay soil 

as the growing medium in the nursery. The use of organic fertilizers is recommended for cashew-growing areas in 

Nigeria with such soils. 

  

1. INTRODUCTION 

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is an economically important tropical crop that has found a thriving home in 

Nigeria's diverse agro-ecological zones [1]. It is a commercially important nut-bearing tree, known for its high 

nutritional value and economic significance. As one of the leading cashew-producing countries in the world, Nigeria 

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences 
2024 Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 19-26 
ISSN(e): 2312-6418 
ISSN(p): 2313-3716 
DOI: 10.18488/cras.v11i1.3776 
© 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2535-2189
mailto:aremudeleolufemi@gmail.com
mailto:beatricenduka@yahoo.com
mailto:ogbehidechristerbet@yahoo.com
mailto:likitabuna@gmail.com
mailto:sobolekky@gmail.com
https://www.doi.org/10.18488/cras.v11i1.3776


Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 11(1): 19-26 

 

 
20 

© 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

has recognized the potential of cashew, not only as a source of foreign exchange but also as an essential driver of 

rural development and poverty reduction [2]. 

As the demand for cashew products continues to rise globally [3] there is a growing need to enhance cashew 

cultivation methods to meet market demands. One critical aspect of successful cashew cultivation lies in the 

production of healthy and vigorous seedlings in nurseries, as nursery management plays a crucial role in the early 

stages of cashew production, influencing the overall growth, vigour, and productivity of the trees in later stages on 

the field after field establishment [4]. 

Sandy loam and loamy soils are generally ideal for raising cashew seedlings [5] due to their good drainage, 

nutrient retention, aeration, and root penetration properties. These soil types provide a solid foundation for 

producing healthy and robust cashew seedlings ready for transplantation into the cashew orchard. Both sandy loam 

and loamy soils provide favorable conditions for cashew seedlings to develop into vigorous young plants [6].  

Light clay soils are soils within the range of 35% to 45% clay, according to Peverill [7]. Despite their 

preference for well-drained sandy loam or loamy soil, cashew trees can thrive in areas dominated by light clay soils, 

but they struggle to grow on heavy clay soils [8, 9]. It's important to note that while cashew trees can grow on 

light clay soils, proper soil management practices, such as improved drainage and soil fertility enhancement, are 

necessary to ensure successful cashew cultivation [10]. Despite poor aeration observed in clay soils, they are 

generally also known to be low in essential plant nutrients [11, 12]. 

In light clay-dominated areas where cashew is grown, bringing in sandy loam or loamy topsoil incurs 

additional labour and costs for the farmers. Furthermore, it is important to evaluate the performance of light clay 

soils in the early seedling growth phase to encourage the adoption of seedling production value chain for farmers in 

light clay-dominated areas as a tangible source of income. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the growth and 

development of cashew seedlings raised using light clay soil in the nursery.  

 

2. MATERIALS AND METHOD 

The two-month experiment was set up in a screen house at Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) 

Headquarters, Ibadan, located around the rainforest belt of Nigeria. The experiment was a two-factorial experiment 

laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications. The first factor consists of cashew biotypes, 

which are large and medium nuts, while the soil amendment is the second factor, which consists of 2 fertilizer 

combinations (Urea and SSP) at 3 levels: 0 (control), 40kg/ha Urea + 30kg/ha SSP (to meet the critical nutrient 

level), and 80kg/ha Urea + 60kg/ha SSP (above critical nutrient level). The fertilizers were applied one month after 

sowing (MAS). The nuts were sown at 3cm depth using 1 nut seed per 25cm by 12.5cm polythene nursery bag 

using a 2mm sieved clay soil collected within 0-15cm from the soil surface as the growing medium. The treatments 

include Large + 0 (L0 as control), Large + 40kg/ha Urea + 30kg/ha SSP (L1), Large + 80kg/ha Urea + 60kg/ha 

SSP (L2), Medium + 0 (M0 as control), Medium + 40kg/ha Urea + 30kg/ha SSP (M1), and Medium + 80kg/ha 

Urea + 60kg/ha SSP (M2). 

The physicochemical analysis of the soil used was carried out before sowing, while the report of Egbe, et al. 

[13] was used to check for the sufficiency level of the plant nutrients available in the soil. We recorded data on the 

percentage of emergence at 2 and 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) to verify the first factor. Data on growth traits such 

as plant height (cm), number of leaves, leaf area (cm2), and stem diameter (cm) were taken at 4, 6, and 8 WAS, and 

also, seedling vigour (5-Excellent, 4-Good, 3-Average, 2-Below Average and 1-Poor) as used by Olasan, et al. [14] 

was observed at 8 WAS to check the second factor. Growth parameters collected were subjected to Analysis of 

Variance (ANOVA) using GenStat Statistical Software, while % emergence, seedling vigour, and % seedling 

survival were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Treatment means were separated using the Duncan Multiple 

Range Test (P<0.05). At 4th WAS, the medium-sized biotype had 91.67% mean emergence, while the jumbo 

biotype had 75.00%. 



Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 11(1): 19-26 

 

 
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© 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 

3.1. Physicochemical Properties of the Clay Soil Used 

Table 1 displays the physicochemical characteristics of the light clay soil utilized as the growth medium for this 

experiment, before the implementation of fertilizer treatments. The soil's pH measures 4.25, indicating acidity, 

though it falls within the pH range of 4 to 7, which [15] identifies as optimal for cashew growth. Referring to 

Egbe, et al. [13] findings, the soil's Organic Carbon (0.38g/kg), total Nitrogen (0.08g/kg), and available 

phosphorous (2.96mg/kg) levels were all below the critical threshold, indicating insufficiency, which corresponds to 

the findings of Salami and Osonubi [11] and Adeyemo, et al. [12]. On the other hand, Potassium (K) levels were 

adequate, surpassing the critical level. This outcome prompted the application of Urea to supply Nitrogen and 

Muriate of Potash to enhance Phosphorus supply in this research. The soil's textural classification places it within 

the light clay category, comprising 32.8% sand, 24.0% silt, and 43.2% clay. 

 

Table 1. Physicochemical properties of the soil used. 

Parameters  Values  Critical level 

Chemical properties 

pH (1:2 H20)               4.25 (Acidic) - 
Organic carbon (g/kg) 0.38 Below 
Total nitrogen (g/kg) 0.08 Below 
Available phosphorous (mgkg-1) 2.96 Below 
K (cmol kg-1 ) 0.49 Above 
Soil texture 
Sand (%) 32.8 - 
Silt (%) 24.0 - 
Clay (%) 43.2 - 

Textural class Clay - 

 

3.2. Cashew Seedling Mean % Emergence 

The emergence of seedlings from the two different cashew biotypes became evident two weeks after sowing 

(WAS), as illustrated in Figure 1.  

 

 
Figure 1. Cashew seedling % emergence as influenced by biotype. 

 



Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 11(1): 19-26 

 

 
22 

© 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

The medium-sized biotype exhibited a significantly higher % mean emergence rate of 41.67% compared to the 

jumbo biotype, which demonstrated an emergence rate of 16.67%. This observation suggests that the medium-sized 

biotype demonstrated a swifter emergence than the jumbo biotype. By the 4th WAS, the medium-sized biotype 

continued to maintain its dominance in % mean emergence, recording 91.67%, whereas the jumbo biotype exhibited 

an emergence rate of 75.00%.  

This phenomenon aligns with findings from other studies indicating that medium-sized cashew biotypes tend to 

exhibit faster emergence than jumbo biotypes [16, 17] which is consistent with the outcomes of this current study. 

This suggests that the early emergence of medium-sized cashew seedlings is not primarily influenced by the 

properties of the growth medium, but rather represents an inherent trait of the cashew biotype. Additionally, 

research has shown that smaller cashew nut sizes tend to emerge faster than their larger counterparts [18]. 

 

3.3. The Inorganic Fertilizer Effect on Cashew Seedlings 

Generally, the application of the inorganic fertilizers at both levels on the two biotypes was detrimental to 

cashew seedling morphology, vigour, and seedling survival as a result of this study.  

One of the factors observed in this study that could be responsible for this negative result was poor infiltration 

of water into the soil after watering, creating a high concentration of the fertilizer on the soil surface and increasing 

the chances of fertilizer contact with the plant, which is injurious to the seedlings, and in very extreme cases, can 

lead to seedling death.  

Water takes ample time to infiltrate clay-dominated soils due to poor porosity and compactness of the soil 

which is responsible for the poor infiltration of water experienced in this study after routine watering of the 

seedlings. Panda and Biswal [19] also observed similar results on clay soils in their study. Another factor could 

likely be an increase in soil acidity as a result of the inorganic fertilizers applied. 

 

3.4. Cashew Seedlings Growth Parameters 

Table 2 reveals that there were no statistically significant disparities in the height of cashew seedlings observed 

throughout the entire observation period. However, at the 8th week after sowing (WAS), the medium biotype 

treatments’ control treatment M0 (20.7 cm) displayed the tallest seedling height among the medium biotype 

treatments, while a similar outcome was noted, while the three large biotype treatments showed a similar outcome, 

with L0 (21.0 cm) having the greatest seedling height.  

This suggests that the two levels of inorganic fertilizer application did not yield improvements in the height of 

cashew seedlings for both biotypes when cultivated on light clay soil. The concentration of inorganic fertilizer 

solutions such as urea has been observed to cause acidity [20] which can be detrimental to the growth of crops 

[21]. 

Continuing with the findings from Table 2, no noteworthy distinctions in the stem diameter of cashew 

seedlings were observed among the treatments at 4 WAS and 6 WAS. However, by 8 WAS, comparable differences 

emerged among the treatments, while no substantial distinctions were observed within treatments of the same 

biotype. Within each biotype, M2 (5.90 mm) exhibited a slightly thicker stem diameter, but this difference was not 

markedly significant when compared to M0 (5.26 mm) and M1 (4.69 mm), while L2 (6.56 mm) displayed a slightly 

thicker stem diameter but was not notably different from L1 (6.55 mm) and L0 (6.54 mm). This suggests that the 

application of the two levels of inorganic fertilizers did not lead to noteworthy enhancements in the stem diameter 

of cashew seedlings when cultivated in light clay soils, as findings according to Akanbi, et al. [22] revealed 

otherwise, as NPK fertilizer applied, which is an inorganic fertilizer gave the best result in stem diameter when 

applied to sandy clay loam soil to raise cashew seedlings. 

 

 



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© 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

Table 2. Cashew seedling height and stem diameter as influenced by amended clay soil. 

Cashew biotype Treat 
Plant height 

(cm) 
Stem diameter 

(mm) 

WK 4 WK 6 WK 8 WK 4 WK 6 WK 8 

Medium 
M0 16.9a 18.3a 20.7a 4.31a 4.87a 5.26ab 
M1 11.5a 12.0a 13.3a 2.24a 3.37a 4.69a 
M2 15.3a 16.6a 17.4a 4.78a 5.31a 5.90ab 

Large 
L0 15.9a 18.5a 21.8a 5.20a 5.81a 6.54b 
L1 14.6a 15.3a 16.4a 4.41a 4.90a 6.55b 
L2 17.1a 17.4a 19.6a 5.03a 5.78a 6.56b 

Note: M0= Medium + 0; M1= Medium + 40kg/ha Urea + 30kg/ha SSP; M2= Medium + 80kg/ha Urea + 60kg/ha SSP; L0= Large + 0; L1= 
Large + 40kg/ha Urea + 30kg/ha SSP; L2= Large + 80kg/ha Urea + 60kg/ha SSP; WK= Week; Treatments with the same letter (s) are 
not significantly different @ 0.05% probability level. 

 

Table 3 shows significant difference was observed among the treatments in the number of leaves at 6 and 8 

WAS. However, no significant variations in the number of leaves were observed among treatments of the same 

biotype. At 8WAS, M0 and M2 both had 7 leaves which was more than what M1 (4.5) had among the medium 

biotype treatments while L0 (9.5) had the highest number of leaves among the large biotype treatments. The two 

levels of fertilizers applied on both biotypes did not influence the cashew seedling leaf area all through the period of 

observation as further revealed in Table 3. Though no significant difference was observed, the fertilizer treatments 

all had smaller leaf areas in both biotypes when compared with their corresponding control treatments which could 

also be a result of the toxicity of the fertilizer applied as a result of poor infiltration experienced after watering on 

the light clay soil used. In addition, Xiang, et al. [21] reported that inorganic fertilizers tend to cause soil acidity 

which can affect plant growth negatively. The observations of the growth parameters generally suggest no 

improvement occurred in the growth and development of cashew seedlings of the two biotypes at both rates used in 

this study when inorganic fertilizers were used on clay soil growth medium. 

 

Table 3. Cashew seedling height and stem diameter as influenced by amended clay soil. 

Cashew 
biotype 

Treat 

No. of leaves Leaf area 

(cm2) 

WK 4 WK 6 WK 8 WK 4 WK 6 WK 8 

Medium 
M0 5.0a 6.5ab 7.0ab 33.4a 35.4a 36.6a 
M1 4.0a 4.5a 4.5a 17.9a 13.2a 15.4a 
M2 6.0a 7.0ab 7.0ab 34.1a 35.3a 35.4a 

Large 
L0 6.5a 8.5b 9.5b 40.8a 37.8a 40.1a 
L1 6.0a 7.0ab 7.5ab 27.4a 27.8a 26.8a 
L2 5.5a 8.0b 8.5b 43.7a 43.1a 37.8a 

Note: M0= Medium + 0; M1= Medium + 40kg/ha Urea + 30kg/ha SSP; M2= Medium + 80kg/ha Urea + 60kg/ha SSP; L0= Large 
+ 0; L1= Large + 40kg/ha Urea + 30kg/ha SSP; L2= Large + 80kg/ha Urea + 60kg/ha SSP; WK= Week;  Treatments with 
the same letter (s) are not significantly different @ 0.05% probability level.  

 

Figure 2 revealed that seedlings with no fertilizer treatments L0 (4.5) and M0 (4.0) had the best seedling 

vigour, with approximately excellent and good scores, respectively. Looking at the medium biotype treatments, M0 

(4) was not notably different from M1 (2.5), which had an approximately average vigour score, but notably different 

from M2 (2.0), which had a below-average vigour score. A similar trend was also observed among the large biotype 

treatments, as L0 (4.5) was not significantly different from L1 (3.0) with an average vigour score but significantly 

different from L2 (2.5), which had an approximately average vigour score. From this result, it was observed that the 

application of the inorganic fertilizers negatively affected cashew seedling vigour, and in addition, an increase in the 

rate of the inorganic fertilizer applied decreased cashew seedling vigour of the two cashew biotypes. Inorganic 

fertilizers, such as urea as used in this experiment, have been observed to increase soil acidity when used over a 

period of time in excess [23, 24]. The decrease in cashew seedling vigour could be a result of the increase in the 



Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 11(1): 19-26 

 

 
24 

© 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

acidity of the soil, which has been observed to be acidic initially, as shown in Table 1. Cashews have also been 

shown to react negatively to extreme soil acidity.   

 

 
Figure 2. Cashew seedling vigour as influenced by amended clay soil. 

Note:  Treatments with the same letter (s) are not significantly different @ 0.05% probability level. 

 

Figure 3 shows cashew seedling survival after the application of the inorganic fertilizer treatments. It was 

observed that no seedling loss was observed in M0 (100%), and L0 (100%) which were control treatments with no 

fertilizer applied through the period of observation. A significant decline in seedling survival was recorded in M1, 

with seedling losses ranging from 100% to 33.33% and 16.67% at 6 WAS and 8 WAS, respectively. M2 also 

experienced a significant decline in cashew seedling survival, as seedling loss from 100% at 4 WAS to 16.67% at 6 

WAS and 8 WAS was observed. L1 and L2 both recorded seedling losses from 100% to 33.33% at 8 WAS. The 

acidic nature of the soil along with the acidic effect of the application of urea can be a factor behind this poor result, 

as inorganic fertilizers are capable of causing soil acidity [20, 21]. The influence of the inorganic fertilizers at both 

rates was more severe on the medium biotype, recording a survival rate of 16.67% than the large biotype, which had 

a survival rate of 33.33%. Other studies, such as those by Abinde, et al. [25] and Desai and Singh [26] have 

established that seedlings raised from larger nut sizes have more vigour and resistance to stress than seedlings 

raised from smaller nut sizes. 

 

 
Figure 3. Survival count after the application of inorganic fertilizers. 

Note:  Treatments with the same letter (s) are not significantly different @ 0.05% probability level. 



Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 11(1): 19-26 

 

 
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© 2024 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

4. CONCLUSION  

Medium and large cashew biotype emergence was not influenced by the growing medium used in this study, as 

emergence was as expected as the medium biotype emerged faster and more than the large biotype. The inorganic 

fertilizers applied to the clay growth medium negatively influenced cashew seedling growth and also resulted in a 

seedling loss of 66.67% and 83.33% of large and medium cashew seedlings, respectively, when raised in nursery 

polythene bags. It is suggested that organic fertilizer can be used in place of the inorganic fertilizers used in this 

study due to the peculiarity of the soil type used, as organic fertilizers are known to also supply plant nutrients, 

buffer soils, increase soil porosity, and increase water infiltration.  

 

Funding: This study received no specific financial support.    
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 
Transparency: The authors state that the manuscript is honest, truthful, and transparent, that no key 
aspects of the investigation have been omitted, and that any differences from the study as planned have been 
clarified. This study followed all writing ethics. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. All 
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 

 

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