







































 

 

 
1 

© 2025 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

Screening of legumes against pulse beetle [Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), Coleoptera: 
Bruchidae] under storage condition in Chitwan, Nepal   

 

 

 Janak Pant1+ 

 Bhuwan Poudel2 

 Dinesh Phuyal3 

 Prem Pandey4 
Richa Devkota5 

 Subash 
Bishwakarma6 

 Suman Khanal7 

1,2,4,5,6,7Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Chitwan, Nepal. 
1Email: Janakpant500@gmail.com  
2Email: agribhuwan.notes@gmail.com  
4Email: pandeyprem73@gmail.com   
5Email: devkotaricha83@gmail.com   
6Email: agbksubash@gmail.com  
7Email: sumankhanalshow@gmail.com 
3Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal. 
3Email: phuyaldines@tamu.edu  

  

 
(+ Corresponding author) 

 ABSTRACT 
 
Article History 
Received: 3 December 2024 
Revised: 6 January 2025 
Accepted: 15 January 2025 
Published: 21 January 2025 
 

Keywords 
Damage 
Grains 
Host 
Legumes 
Resistant 
Treatment. 

 
The study was carried out to find out the host preference of pulse beetles against 
different legumes at the entomology laboratory. It is found that the major cause of 
heavy loss of grain legumes in the storage condition is the pulse beetles (Callosobruchus 
chinensis L.). Farmers grow large scale of legumes, however, due to the pest especially 
Callosobruchus chinensis, the productivity of grain legumes is low, so the study focused on 
finding the susceptible and resistant legumes. Study carried out at the entomology 
laboratory of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Rampur, Chitwan. The 
experiment was carried out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three 
replications. Seven different legumes were used as treatment in the experiment. After 
20 days of treatment chickpea seems most susceptible legumes than other as the 
average number of beetles were highest in chickpea (35.666) and least number of beetles 
was found in kidney bean (3.333) which denotes the most resistant legumes against 
pulse beetle after 20 days after treatment. Later, the average number of pulse beetles 
increased rapidly in lentils till last recording and the pulse beetle number in kidney 
beans seems to be null. After 100 DAT (Days After Treatment), the total number of 
damaged grains per 100 seeds is found maximum in Pea (10.68) and Cowpea (10.68) 
minimum in Soybean (0.00) and Kidney bean (0.00). Based on host preferences lentil 
was best host and was most susceptible to pulse beetle and kidney bean as least 
susceptible to the pulse beetle.  
 

Contribution/Originality: The study focuses on numerous legumes together to identify their resistance level 

and infestation by the grain pest. The level of pest resistance was different in varying legumes. Research carried for 

a long period in the laboratory with the application of treatments and reflects the practical challenges of farmers at 

field level.  

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Grain legumes are the most important type of food after cereals in world, especially southeast Asia. Legumes 

are ideal for various cropping system, human nutrition, crop diversification, soil nitrogen management, 

intercropping and adaptability to marginal land. Pulses are a major part of the dietary protein as they are cheaper to 

animal protein source.  Various types of leguminous crop are cultivated throughout the country. They have been 

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences 
2025 Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-9 
ISSN(e): 2312-6418 
ISSN(p): 2313-3716 
DOI: 10.18488/cras.v12i1.4043 
© 2025 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3278-1016
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5328-4846
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9936-0002
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8533-6829
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6017-9565
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0237-8601
mailto:Janakpant500@gmail.com
mailto:agribhuwan.notes@gmail.com
mailto:pandeyprem73@gmail.com
mailto:devkotaricha83@gmail.com
mailto:agbksubash@gmail.com
mailto:sumankhanalshow@gmail.com
mailto:phuyaldines@tamu.edu
https://www.doi.org/10.18488/cras.v12i1.4043


Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 12(1): 1-9 

 

 
2 

© 2025 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

playing a significant role in Nepalese Agriculture for meeting the dietary protein need s of the people. Besides these 

crop residue and byproducts such as fodder, feeds and firewood are valuable [1]. 

In the world, grain legumes are grown in 69.29 million ha with production of 64 million tons and productivity 

of 924 kg per ha during 2009 [2]. India is the largest grower with 30 % share in area and 23% share in production. 

In Nepal grain legumes collectively rank 4th place in terms of area and production after rice, maize, and wheat. They 

cover 10% of total cultivated area and grown in 319, 472 ha. With production and productivity of 262, 357 ton and 

821 kg per ha respectively [2]. 

Nepal contributes about 0.4% of world pulse area and production. In recent year, the area and productivity has 

been slowly increasing, which increase to 334323 ha of crop land with production of 319769.8 ton and productivity 

of 956 kg per ha [3]. In Nepal per capita consumption of pulses is around 10 kg / capita / annum, which is very low 

compared to the standard of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommendation of 18 kg / capita / annum 

(or 50 gm./ capita /day) [4]. Legume is grown in the Terai, Inner Terai, mild hill, high hill after rice and maize. It 

is traditionally grown either as sole crop or as mixed crop with mustard wheat and / or linseed on marginal land 

with poor, management [5]. 

Lower production and productivity of grain legumes is due to the various biotic and abiotic constraints [6, 7]. 

Among many productions constraints insect pest ranked third based on losses and the storage losses is estimated to 

be 9% in developed country and 20% or more in developing county [8]. Many species of insect are found in store 

grains but only few causes damage and loss. The pulse beetles (Callosobruchus spp) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a 

major economically important pest of grain legumes [9, 10]. In Nepal, it was reported that 10.12 % of the total 

production of pulses destroyed during post-harvest operation [11]. Annual grain loss in storage due to insect is 

about 15% [12]. 

For the management of this insect pest various physical, mechanical, and chemical methods have been practice 

globally. In Nepal, the farmers intensively use chemical pesticides to control pulse beetle in grain legumes [13]. 

The most used pesticides in storage are Aluminum Phosphide [14]. Nearly 1500 pesticide poisoning related death 

annually in the county over the last five years [15]. Majority of cases are due to intentional poisoning and a 

significant number of accidental poisonings is with the use of storage pesticides [16]. Chemical method of insect 

pest control has several problems, including health hazard to the farmers as well as grain consumers. Therefore, 

plant product with insecticidal properties can be best alternatives to the chemical pesticides that are extensively 

being used in developing countries [17, 18]. Present study was conducted to determine pest intensity and their loss 

in storage pest (Callosobrochus chinensis). 

 

1.1. Objectives  

1.1.1. Broad Objectives 

• Documentation of pest intensity and losses due to storage pest (Callosobrochus chinensis) in storage. 

 

1.1.2. Specific Objectives 

• To identify the most economical storage pest in legumes. 

• To evaluate the intensity of infestation of pulse beetle in different legumes. 

 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 

The research was conducted in entomology laboratory of Institute of Agriculture and Animal science (IAAS, 

Rampur Campus, Rampur Chitwan) from September 2015 to January 2016. 

 

 

 



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2.1. Maintenance of Insect Culture 

Insect specimen of Callosobruchus chinensis L. was obtained from Rampur Gurung community for the 

maintenance of insect culture, mass rearing of Callosobruchus chinensis L. was performed at room temperature for one 

generation on bulk of chickpea variety.  

 

2.2. The Seed 

The different legumes seeds (lentil, chickpea, cowpea, pea, black gram, kidney bean and soybean) were obtained 

from nearby shop.  

 

2.3. Major Tools and Equipment  

Aluminium sheet bin, Binocular Microscope, magnifying hand lens, muslin cloth, rubber band, aspirators, 

sieves, net, etc. were the major tools and equipment used during the experiment.  

 

2.4. Experiment on Host Preference of Callosobruchus Chinensis L. 

Seven different types of legumes were tested for the host preference of insect. All the legumes were procured 

from shop before experiment each grain legumes were washed thoroughly with tap water and shade dried, to 

maintain moisture level of seed. Seeds were made free from dirt, dust, chemicals etc. After that the study was 

replicated three times with seven treatments. 200gm seed of each legume was kept separately in clean aluminum 

sheet bin (23cm height and 12.5cm diameter). Adult species of Callosobruchus chinensis were taken from the mass 

culture using aspirator in the glass Petri dish (9cm diameter) and five pairs of pulse beetle was released in the center 

of bin. Then the mouth of seed bin was capped with fine meshes cotton cloth fastened with rope tightly. Thereafter 

the experiment was left for observation. Data was recorded in each twenty days intervals. 

The experiment was designed on completely Randomized Design (CRD) and consist of seven treatments with 

single factor with three replications (Table 1). 

 

Table 1. Legumes included in host preference study with moisture content measured by moisture meter. 

Treatments Legumes Moisture content at experimentation 

Trt1 Lentil  12% 
Trt2 Pea 13% 
Trt3 Cowpea 11% 
Trt4 Soybean 10% 
Trt5 Chickpea 13.5% 
Trt6 Black gram 12% 
Trt7 Kidney bean 9% 
Note: TRT: Treatment, %: Percentage. 

 

2.5. Design of Experiment 

The experiment was design on completely randomized design (CRD), which consists of seven treatments with 

three replications. The aluminum metal bins were selected as storage structure and cowpea, lentil, chickpea, black 

gram, soybean, pea, and kidney bean were seven treatments. Thus, there were altogether 21 aluminum bins used 

and each metal bin was an experimental unit containing 200 gm of each legumes seed (Table 2). 

 

Table 2. Description of treatment and quantity used. 

Note: G: Gram. 

Treatment Quantity used 

T1 (Lentil)    200g per aluminum sheet bin 
T2 (Pea)  200g per aluminum sheet bin 
T3 (Cowpea)   200g per aluminum sheet bin 
T4 (Soybean)   200g per aluminum sheet bin 
T5 (Chickpea) 200g per aluminum sheet bin 
T6 (Black gram)   200g per aluminum sheet bin 
T7 (Kidney bean)   200g per aluminum sheet bin 



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2.6. Layout of the Design 

Table 3 presents that the layout of the research consists of seven treatments (i.e., lentil, pea, cowpea, soybean, 

chickpea, black gram, kidney bean), and were replicated 3 times. Each treatment were replicated for three times. 

 

Table 3. Layout of design. 

T1R2 T2R3 T1R1 

T6R3 T5R2 T3R2 

T4R1 T7R3 T2R1 

T6R1 T3R1 T7R2 

T2R2 T4R3 T7R1 

T5R3 T3R3 T5R1 

T6R2 T1R3 T4R2 
Note: T: Treatment used in the experiment, R: Replication number. 

 

2.7. Observation and Data Recording  

The total number of live adult insect after treatment setup was recorded at 20 days after treatment (DAT). At 

the same time, number of dead insects, number of holes per 100 seed from each experimental unit were also 

recorded. 100 seeds were randomly selected from each experimental unit. Dead insects counted at each observation 

were thrown out and live insects were kept in respective metal bins.              

 

2.8. Weather Records  

Maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall and humidity were also recorded throughout the experimental 

period and the daily weather was recorded and presented in Appendix. 

 

2.9. Data Management and Analysis 

The recorded data was arranged and analyzed by using M. S. Excel 2013 and R studio. 

 

Table 4. Total no of insects in different legumes at every 20 days interval in lab condition at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. 

S.no. Treatment 20DAT 40DAT 60DAT 80DAT 100DAT 

1.  Lentil 26.000 bc 106.00a 167.000a 252.666a 958.333a 
2.  Pea 15.000 cd 52.666 bc 103.000b 37.333b 73.666b 

3.  Cowpea 19.000cd 62.666 ab 28.333c 24.000b 100.000b 
4.  Soybean 16.666cd 12.666 bc 1.333c 1.333b 0.000b 
5.  Chickpea 44.333a 48.333 bc 82.333b 70.000b 33.333b 
6.  Black gram 36.666ab 17.333bc 14.333c 3.666 b 0.333b 
7.  Kidney bean 10.000d 0.000c 0.666c 0.000b 0.000b 
8. Grand mean 23.952 42.809 56.714 55.571 166.523 
9. C.V. 29.008 65.049 40.456 82.058 55.950 
10. LSD 12.360 49.540 40.817 81.124 165.749 
11. P. value 0.0005 *** 0.008** 7.04e-06 *** 0.000198 *** 2.09e-07 *** 
Note: a, b, c, d means in a column having same letter(s) do not differ significantly at 5% probability by DMRT, DAT: Days after treatment, C.V: Coefficient of 

variation, LSD: Least significant difference, P. value: Probability value., *** means they are statistically different at probability values of P 0.001, 
respectively. 

 

3. RESULTS 

3.1. Host Preference of Callsobruchus Chinensis L. to Different Legumes 

After 20 days of treatment, the number of pulse beetle is statistically higher in chickpea (44.33) followed by 

Black gram (36.66), Lentil (26.00), Cowpea (19.00) at par with Soybean (16.66), Pea (15.00) and lowest number of 

pulse beetle is found in Kidney bean (10.00). 

After 40 days of treatment, the number of pulse beetle is statistically higher in Lentil (106.00) followed by 

cowpea (62.66) at par with pea (52.66), chickpea (48.33), black gram (17.33) and lowest number of pulse beetle is 

found in kidney bean (0.00). 



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After 60 days of treatment the number of pulse beetle is significantly higher in lentil (167.00) followed by pea 

(103.00) as par with chickpea (82.333) followed by cowpea (28.333) which is as par with black gram (14.333), 

soybean (1.333) and least number of pulse beetle is reported in kidney bean (0.666) (Figure 1). 

After of 80 days of treatment, the number of pulse beetle is highest in Lentil (252.666), followed by chickpea 

(70.000) which is as par with pea (37.333), cowpea (27.000), black gram (3.666), soybean (1.333) and least number of 

pulse beetle is found in kidney bean (0.000). 

After 100 days of treatment, the number of pulse beetle is statistically higher in Lentil (958.333) followed by 

pea (100.000), cowpea (73.666) as par with chickpea (3.333), black gram (0.333), soybean (0.000) and kidney bean 

(0.000) (Table 4). 

 

 
Figure 1.  Total no of insects after every 20 days interval in lab condition. 

 

Table 5. Total number of live insects at different legumes in every 20 days interval in lab condition at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. 

S.no. Treatment 20DAT 40DAT 60DAT 80DAT 100DAT 

1.  Lentil 23.666 bc 69.000 a 71.333  a 217.333 a 742.000 a 
2.  Pea 13.333 cd 42.666 abc 14.666 bc 24.666 b 58.666 b 
3.  Cowpea 16.333 bc 49.000 ab 6.666  c 20.000 b 92.000 b 
4.  Soybean 12.666 cd 0.000  c 0.000  c 0.000 b 0.000 b 
5.  Chickpea 35.666  a 36.000 abc 68.666 ab 32.333 b 7.666 b 

6.  Black gram 27.000 ab 4.666  bc 0.666  c 0.333 b 0.000 b 
7.  Kidney bean 3.333  d 0.000   c 0.000 0.000 b 0.000 b 
8.  Grand mean 18.857 28.761 23.142 42.095 128.619 
9. C.V. 31.212 82.765 131.486 106.198 58.357 
10. LSD 10.470 42.348 54.134 79.528 133.529 
11. P. value 0.001 ‘**’ 0.020 * 0.0335 * 0.000643 *** 3.16e-07 *** 

Note: a, b, c, d means in a column having same letter(s) do not differ significantly at 5% probability by DMRT, DAT: Days after treatment, C.V: Coefficient of 
variation, LSD: Least significant difference, P. value: Probability value, *, **, and *** means they are statistically different at probability values of P ≤ 
0.05, ≤ 0.01 and ≤ 0.001, respectively. 
 

After 20 days of treatment, the number of live pulse beetle is statistically higher in chickpea (35.666) followed 

by black gram (27.000), Lentil (23.666) as par with cowpea (18.333), pea (13.333, soybean (12.666) and least number 

of pulse beetle is found in kidney bean (3.333). 

After 40 days of treatment, the number of live pulse beetle is statistically higher in Lentil (69.00) followed by 

cowpea (49.00), pea (42.666), chickpea (36.000), black gram (4.666) and least number of pulse beetle is found in 

soybean (0.000) and kidney bean (0.000). After 60 days of treatment, the number of live pulse beetle is found higher 

in lentil (71.333) followed by chickpea (68.666), pea (14.666), cowpea (6.666), black gram (0.666) and least number 

of pulse beetle is found in soybean (0.000) and kidney bean (0.000) (Figure 2). 



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After 80 days of treatment, the number of live pulse beetle is found higher in Lentil (217.333) followed by 

chickpea (32.333), pea (24.666), cowpea (20.000), black gram (0.333) and least number of live pulse beetle is found in 

soybean (0.000) and kidney bean (0.000). 

After 100 days of treatment, the number of live pulse beetle is found higher in Lentil (742.000) followed by 

cowpea (92.00), pea (58.666), chickpea (7.666) and least number of live pulse beetle is reported in soybean (0.000), 

black gram (0.000) and kidney bean (0.000) (Table 5). 

 
Figure 2. Total no of live insects after every 20 days interval in lab condition. 

 

Table 6. Total no of holes in 100 seeds of the legumes. 

S.no. Treatment 20DAT 40DAT 60DAT 80DAT 100DAT 

1.  Lentil 1.666 ab 4.333 ab 4.333 bc 3.666 b 7.3333 ab 
2.  Pea 1.333 ab 7.667a 8.666 ab 11.333 a 10.667 a 
3.  Cowpea 2.000 a 2.333 bc 4.000 bc 5.666 ab 10.667 a 
4.  Soybean 0.666ab 0.000 c 0.000 c 0.000 b 0.000 b 
5.  Chickpea 0.333 b 2.333 bc 14.333 a 12.666 a 10.333 a 
6.  Black gram 1.333 ab 1.000 bc 0.666 c 0.000 b 0.333 b 
7.  Kidney bean 1.000 ab 0.333 bc 4.000 bc 0.000 b 0.000 b 
8. Grand mean 1.1904 2.571 5.142 4.761 5.6190 
9. C.V. 70.199 83.508 62.888 79.372 79.841 
10. LSD 1.486 3.820 5.753 6.723 7.981 
11. P. value 0.288 0.0111 * 0.002 ** 0.003 ** 0.017 * 
Note: a, b, c, d means in a column having same letter(s) do not differ significantly at 5% probability by DMRT, DAT: Days after treatment, C.V: Coefficient of 

variation, LSD: Least significant difference, P. value: Probability value, * and ** means they are statistically different at probability values of P ≤ 0.05 
and ≤ 0.01 respectively. 

 

3.2. Total Number of Holes In 100 Seeds of Different Legumes at 20 Days Interval 

By observing the data above, it is found that after 20 days of treatment the maximum average no of holes in 100 

seeds is found in cowpea (2 seeds with holes) at par with lentil (1.66) followed by pea (1.33), black gram (1.33), 

kidney bean (1.00) and least number of holes in 100 seeds is found in chickpea. 

Similarly, after 40 DAT the maximum average number of holes are observed in pea (7.667) at par with lentil 

(4.33) and followed by cowpea (2.33), chickpea (2.33), black gram (1.00), kidney bean (0.333) and least number of the 

holes are found in soybean (0). 

After 60 DAT the maximum average number of the holes are found in chickpea (14.333) at par with pea (8.666) 

followed by lentil (4.333), cowpea (4), kidney bean (4) and the least number of holes are found in black gram (0.666), 

and soybean (0). 



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After 80 DAT the average no of holes in chickpea is found maximum (12.666), at par with pea 11.333) followed 

by cowpea (5.666), lentil (3.666) and least number of average holes is found in black gram (0), soybean (0) and 

kidney bean (0) (Figure 3). 

Finally, after 100 DAT the average number of the holes in 100 seeds is maximum in pea (10.667) and cowpea 

(10.667) at par with chickpea (10.333) and followed by lentil (7.333), black gram (0.333) and average number of 

holes in 100 seeds is found least in soybean (0) and kidney bean (0) (Table 6). 

 

 
Figure 3. Total number of damaged grains by pulse beetle in 20 days interval in lab condition. 

 

4. DISCUSSIONS 

The growth and development of the pulse beetle in different seeds of the legumes depends on the quality, 

compactness, and size of the seed. Similarly, the factors influencing on oviposition, which consequently delays pulse 

beetle development [19, 20]. The pulse beetle prefers chickpea, but it was also reported that it feeds several other 

legumes named lentil (lens esculenta), cowpea (Vigna ungulata), blackgram (phaseolus mungo. L.), soybean (Glycine max 

Merr), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)  and garden pea (Pisium sativum) [21]. Similarly in a study of host 

preference of C. chinensis they found that lentil was the best host substrate followed by gram, pea and cowpea for 

oviposition and adult emergence. Present study revealed that the response of different legumes against pulse beetle 

and might be its ovipositional behavior of beetle on legumes. As in our experiment the total number of pulse beetle 

were recorded maximum in lentil [21]. 

Although the total number of insects were found maximum in lentil but the number of damaged grains in lentil 

were comparatively lower than the other legumes because most of the small, seeded legumes are less preferred than 

the large, seeded legumes by pulse beetle for their oviposition. It was also reported by Pandey, et al. [22]. The 

maximum number of insects were recorded in lentil followed by chickpea, pea, cowpea, black gram, soybean, and 

least number of beetles were recorded in kidney bean. Significantly very few numbers of beetle were recorded in 

kidney bean and soybean due to the poor adult emergence in those legumes whose seed coat is hard and thick. 

 

5. CONCLUSION 

The research was conducted to determine potentiality of pest and losses due to striae pest. After 20 days of 

treatment chickpea seems most susceptible legumes than other as the average number of beetles is highest in 

chickpea (35.666) and least number of beetles was found in kidney bean (3.333) which denotes the most resistant 

legumes against pulse beetle after 20 days after treatment. Later, the average number of pulse beetles increases 

rapidly in lentils till last recording and the pulse beetle number in kidney beans seems to be null. Overall 



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experiment signifies that based on host preferences lentil was best host and is most susceptible to pulse beetle and 

kidney bean was least susceptible to the pulse beetle. 

 

6. RECOMMENDATION 

Farmers are recommended to pay intense attention while storing lentils than other legumes. The findings also 

proved that other legumes are also highly infested by pulse beetles so special care should be given while storing 

grains and legumes. 

Researchers who are intended to do research in storage pests, especially in pulse beetles are recommended to 

find the most suitable storing structure for storing grains and legumes, not only this they should recommend the 

proper management of the pulse beetle. 

 

Funding: This study received no specific financial support.    
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 
Transparency: The authors state that the manuscript is honest, truthful, and transparent, that no key 
aspects of the investigation have been omitted, and that any differences from the study as planned have been 
clarified. This study followed all writing ethics. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. All 
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 

 

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