




































CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(6): 20-26, June 2021      
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-05 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 11th June, 2021 &  Published 16thJune, 2021  

 

 
 

 

CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY                           
ISSN – 2767-472X 

20 

   https://masterjournals.com/index.php/CRJH 

 

THE INFLOW OF RUSSIAN CAPITAL AND INDUSTRY INTO THE BUKHARA EMIRATE 
IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES 
 

Fayzulla Ochildiev 

Associate Professor, National University Of Uzbekistan Named After Mirzo Ulugbek, Uzbekistan 

 

INTRODUCTION 

The end of the XIX century To the beginning of 
the XX century in the Emirate of Bukhara were 
established a number of friendly and joint-stock 
companies of Russia and Europe. These societies 
were engaged in the construction of cotton gins 
and oil mills in the emirate, as well as the 
purchase of products such as cotton, astrakhan 
leather, wool, and silk. 

In the early twentieth century, a number of 
shopping centers and societies were established 
to purchase cotton and export it to Russia. In 
particular, the Eastern Bukhara Society, the 
Russian Society and the Caucasus Mercury 
Society in the Emirate were engaged in the 
purchase of cotton and sent large quantities of 
cotton to Russia[1]. 

The Russian-Bukhara trade and industrial 

partnership initially had a capital of 2.25 million 
rubles. Half of these funds went to the Bukhara 
government and half to the Ivan Stekheev and KO 
Friendship Society. The company mainly built 
and financed mills, factories, mills and trade 
enterprises in the Bukhara Emirate[2]. 

The Russian government is beginning to pay 
more attention to the development of cotton and 
karakul farming in the emirate. As a result, 
cotton fields expanded, and there were problems 
in processing the raw material grown and 
transporting it to Russia. He began to focus 
primarily on the construction of ginneries, which 
were associated with cotton growing. At the 
same time, oil mills, wool, silk, leather, and 
intestinal processing plants and enterprises 
began to cooperate. 

In 1890, the first in the emirate, a large ginnery 
was built in the new Bukhara by the large 
Yaroslavl manufactory and the MG Falaksman 

ABSTRACT  
 
Beginning in the 80 years of 19th century , the Russian government and entrepreneurs began to invest in the 
development of protected and gray lands in the emirate, as well as in the expansion of cotton fields. It also 
introduced an industry related to the processing of raw cotton grown in the emirate. It also pursued a policy 
of relocating the military and Russian citizens to major cities in the emirate. 
 
 
KEYWORDS: - Emirate of Bukhara, Russia, industry, partnerships, joint stock companies, factories, silk, 
cotton gin, karakul leather, wool, ruble, telegraph. 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(6): 20-26, June 2021      
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-05 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 11th June, 2021 &  Published 16thJune, 2021  

 

 
 

 

CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY                           
ISSN – 2767-472X 

21 

   https://masterjournals.com/index.php/CRJH 

Friendship Society. After that, N.V. Kiseleva built 
and put into operation a meat processing and 
crushing plant in Chorjoi[3]. The products of this 
plant are completely exported abroad. Many 
grape varieties were grown in the horticulture, 
which led to the construction of wineries in the 
emirate. 

For example, General M.G. Annenkov built a 
winery in Karakul. Also, in 1893, new wineries 
were built in Bukhara, Yakatut, Kyzyltepa and 
Chorjoi, and lemonade factories in Termez and 
new Bukhara[4]. After the migration of Russian 
citizens to the cities of the Emirate and the 
establishment of Russian villages, a winery was 
also built in Karakol by a French citizen Goethe 
[5]. 

DISCUSSION 

In 1899, L.N. Levin, I.N. Sharipov and Belyak on 
the Kiziltepa, and Gutsevich in Karmana built 
ginneries near the Karakol station. The cost of 
ginned cotton in ginneries was much cheaper 
than hand-ginned cotton, at 60 pounds per 
pound. It was also possible to gin large quantities 
of cotton at ginneries. 

In 1902, an oil refinery was built and put into 
operation in Merv and Karki. These plants had a 
production capacity of 5,000 pounds of oil per 
year [6]. In 1902, another large oil mill was put 
into operation in Murgab, which had the capacity 
to turn 4,000 pounds of seeds into oil per day. An 
oil refinery was also built in New Bukhara by the 
Great Yaaraslovl Manufactory and the M.G. 
Volksman Friendship Society, which had the 
capacity to oil 3,600 pounds of seeds per day [7]. 

Construction of ginneries in the Emirate grew 
rapidly. In 1905, there were 9 ginneries in the 
Emirate, which could process 2,500,000 pounds 
of cotton during the season. 3 of them were built 
in the new Bukhara [8].  

During the First World War, the number of 

ginneries in the Emirate of Bukhara increased. 
Cotton ginning plants were built in Old Bukhara, 
Gijduvan, Chorjoi, Zirbulak and other places. 
These ginneries were able to gin 2 wagons of 
local cotton and as much American cotton per 
day [9]. 

In old Bukhara in 1904-1908 VG Durshmidt, 
Pushnyanesko and Ibragimov built a gut re-
cleaning plant. They also had a wool cleaning 
shop, a clover seed cleaning machine, and a flour 
mill in old Bukhara. The annual turnover of these 
entrepreneurs amounted to 250-300 thousand 
rubles [10]. 

Also in the old Bukhara L. Zalm, Kilma and K °, as 
well as Polish tanneries, and a tannery near 
Ziyodin station[11]. The hides processed in these 
mills were completely exported. As a result of the 
expansion of cities in the emirate and the 
construction of new cities, more than 10 brick 
factories were built and put into operation[12]. 
Davronov Khushvakhtsho notes that before the 
First World War there were about 60 factories 
and enterprises in the Bukhara Emirate, and 
later their number increased to 70. 

A.I. Ishanov acknowledged that before the First 
World War, more than 60 factories, enterprises 
and various societies were operating in the 
Bukhara Emirate by the Russian government and 
entrepreneurs. For example, in the Emirate of 
Bukhara "Eastern Joint Stock Company", 
"Russian Transport Company". There were joint-
stock companies such as the “Caucasus and 
Mercury Company”, “Gerard and Gay”. These 
societies served the merchants of Russia and 
Bukhara in the sale and purchase of products 
[13]. 

The seasonal operation of ginneries in the 
Bukhara Emirate began in August-September. He 
worked from March to April when the harvest 
was good and from January to February when 
the harvest was not good. The working season of 
the plants was 155-160 days. One machine could 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(6): 20-26, June 2021      
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-05 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 11th June, 2021 &  Published 16thJune, 2021  

 

 
 

 

CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY                           
ISSN – 2767-472X 

22 

   https://masterjournals.com/index.php/CRJH 

gin up to 33 pounds of cotton fiber in a 12-13 
hour workday. In factories, one machine had the 
capacity to gin about 5,000 pounds of cotton 
during the season. One person could manually 
clean 10 pounds a day and 100 pounds during 
the season [14]. 

In the Emirate of Bukhara, most production 
facilities are located in Russian-populated cities. 
According to the data, until 1916 in Termez there 
were more than 30 trade and industrial 
enterprises related to the cotton industry, which 
were at the disposal of Russian and Bukhara 
entrepreneurs[15]. 

In 1912 in Termez there were several trade and 
industrial enterprises, including:  

1. "Eastern Society of Warehouse Insurance, 
Transportation and Lending" (which had 6 
employees: 5 of them were Russian citizens, 
1 of them was from Bukhara, 4 of them one 
was Muslim, 2 were Orthodox, 2 were 
uzbeks, 2 were Tatar, and 2 were Russian); 

2. Termez Court of the Caucasus Mercury 
Society (there were 6 employees in this 
court: 5 Russian citizens, 3 Muslims, 2 
Orthodox, 1 Jew and 1 Turkmen)[16]; 

3. Engineer AG Ananev's ginnery (a total of 37 
workers worked at the plant: 26 Russians, 3 
Bukhara, 8 Iranians, 23 of them Orthodox, 13 
Muslims, 1 Lutheran, 22 Russians , 8 
Persians, 3 uzbeks, 2 Ossetians, 1 German, 1 
Montenegrin)[17]; 

4. The Makhanbaev brothers' ginnery (all 13 
workers at the plant are Russian citizens, 
including 10 Orthodox, 3 Muslims, 9 
Russians, 1 uzbek, 1 Tatar, 1 Tajik, and 1 
qualified citizen. worked); 5. 
“K.Sh.Shamsuddinov and K0 company 
ginnery” (initially the number of employees 
was 12, all Russian citizens, 7 Muslims, 5 
Orthodox, 7 Tatars, 5 Russians) was built and 
put into operation [18]. 

In the development of light industry in Bukhara 
was a leader in silk weaving. There are 46 silk 
weaving shops in Bukhara, which employ a total 
of 197 people. The products they made cost 
100,000 balls, with a total value of half a million 
rubles. This accounted for half of the silk woven 
in Central Asia [19]. 

T.G. Tukhtametov noted that at the beginning of 
the XX century in the Emirate of Bukhara there 
were 35 cotton gins, 3 oil mills, 3 intestinal 
plants, 3 licorice (etmak) root grinding plants, 1 
wool cleaning plant [20]. 

These factories were distributed throughout the 
emirate as follows: 12 ginneries and 1 oil mill in 
New Bukhara[21], 6 factories in Chorjuy, 
including 3 gins, 1 oil mill, 1 licorice mill, 1 wool 
ginnery, 1 in Karakol. ginnery, 2 ginneries at 
Kyzyltepa station, Mustafa khoji ginnery in old 
Bukhara, 3 ginners in Karmana, 2 ginners in 
Ziyavuddin, 4 ginners in Karki, 2 ginners in 
Termez, 1 There was an oil refinery, 1 gin in 
Gijduvan, 2 gins in Zirabulak, and 1 gin in 
Jillikul[22]. 

Davronov notes that before the First World War, 
there were 27 ginneries in the Bukhara Emirate, 
of which 20 belonged to Russia, 3 to the Emir of 
Bukhara, 4 to local entrepreneurs, and 1 to Mirza 
Muhiddin Mansurov. 

A.I. Ishanov writes that before the First World 
War, the emirate had 26 ginneries, a ginnery and 
oil mill in Kogan, a total of 15 factories and 
enterprises in the railway workshop, 10 factories 
in Chorjoi, a workshop of the Amudarya flotilla 
and other manufacturing enterprises [23]. 

A.P.Fomchenko at the beginning of the XX 
century in the new Chorjoi more than 300 
different trade enterprises, more than 10 
factories, railway workshop, Amudarya flotilla 
office, military chief's office, finance, Russian 
school, dispensary, post and telegraph office, 
customs departments, in New Bukhara. (Kogan) 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(6): 20-26, June 2021      
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-05 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 11th June, 2021 &  Published 16thJune, 2021  

 

 
 

 

CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY                           
ISSN – 2767-472X 

23 

   https://masterjournals.com/index.php/CRJH 

stated that 7 cotton gins, oil and wine factories, 
and a tobacco factory of economic importance 
have been put into operation [24].  

RESULT 

During this period, in the Russian-populated 
cities of the Bukhara Emirate, one could find 
many shops associated with trade. For example, 
in Termez there are large shops of Shalman, 
Bakhtadze, Mgaloblishvili, Avanov, Karimov, 
Akhnazarov, Aganosov, Aryutyunov, Ayrapetov, 
Gozarov and Davidov, which sell a variety of 
imported industrial goods[25]. 

Russian citizens and officials were also involved 
in gold mining in the Bukhara Emirate. In 1894, 
mining engineer Jorovko Pokorsky came to East 
Bukhara in search of gold-bearing areas. He then 
asks the government for permission to search for 
gold in the Yah-Su, Safetdarya and Mozorsuv 
areas[26]. On February 24, 1896, he received 
permission from the Russian government to 
mine gold. In 1896-1899, he mined more than 2 
pounds of gold along the Safetdarya. 

In 1901-1909, G.A. Sirass conducted gold mining 
in the territories of the principalities of Darwaz 
and Baljuon[27]. Russian General Pokotilo has 
also been involved in gold mining for 10 years, 
handing over 32 pounds of gold to the Bukhara 
government [28]. N.N. Levashev and Moiseenko 
were also engaged in gold mining for some time 
in the Darvaz principality[29]. 

At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 
20th centuries, the Russian Empire partially 
repaired the emirate's internal roads and carried 
out a number of construction works[30]. For 
example, paved roads were built and repaired 
from Charjou to the border of Khiva, Karshi-
Guzar, Kalif, from Charjoy-Karki, from Guzar 
through Darband to Sherabad and Termez, from 
Samarkand to Termez. In eastern Bukhara, a 
number of trade routes were repaired and 
rebuilt at the expense of Russian capital. In 1900, 

a road was built from Termez to Kulob, which 
was convenient for horse-drawn carriages. 

At the beginning of the 20th century, at the 
initiative of Russian entrepreneurs, at the 
expense of the Emir of Bukhara, they began to 
build a telegraph line and postal telegraph offices 
in the emirate. The telegraph line connected the 
cities of Kattakurgan with Bukhara, Kalif, 
Charjou, Kerki, Patta Gissar, Samarkand, Termez, 
Karshi, Guzar, Kitab[31]. 

As a result of the telegraph line, post and 
telegraph offices were built and put into 
operation in Bukhara, the new Bukhara (Kogon), 
Shakhrisabz, Guzar, Karshi, Sherabad, Kulob, 
Saray, Chorjoi, Karki, Kalif and Termez[32]. In 
1902, the Sherabad Joint Stock Company 
allocated 277,000 rubles for the post office and 
telegraph in Termez [33]. Thus, all cities in the 
emirate were able to communicate with any city 
in Russia. 

Beginning in the 1980s, the Russian government 
and entrepreneurs began to invest in the 
development of protected and gray lands in the 
emirate and the expansion of cotton fields. 

The Russian government has sent specialists to 
the Emirate of Bukhara to conduct research to 
expand cotton fields and develop new lands. 
They presented their findings to the Russian 
government. 

Until the 1980s, the emirate was planted with 
local cotton, and from 1888, the emirate began to 
grow American cotton. By the beginning of the 
twentieth century, the area under cotton in the 
Bukhara Emirate expanded significantly. By 
1901, the area under cotton had reached 65,000 
acres, and by 1915, the area under cotton had 
reached 100,000 acres, of which 51.3 acres had 
been planted with American cotton. By this time, 
the area under cotton in the emirate had 
increased fivefold[34]. 

In the Bukhara Emirate, farmers faced major 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(6): 20-26, June 2021      
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-05 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 11th June, 2021 &  Published 16thJune, 2021  

 

 
 

 

CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY                           
ISSN – 2767-472X 

24 

   https://masterjournals.com/index.php/CRJH 

obstacles in planting and selling cotton. One of 
the main obstacles was the dyeing system, in 
which the usurers gave the dye to the farmers 
and demanded that they return the dye with 
cotton instead of cash. At the end of the 19th and 
the beginning of the 20th centuries, a number of 
friendly and joint-stock companies of Russia and 
European countries were established in the 
Bukhara Emirate. These societies were engaged 
in the construction of cotton gins and oil mills in 
the emirate, as well as the purchase of products 
such as cotton, astrakhan leather, wool, and silk. 

CONCLUSION  

The Russian government has been paying great 
attention to the development of cotton and 
karakul farming in the emirate. As a result, 
cotton fields expanded, and there were problems 
in processing the raw material grown and 
transporting it to Russia. In order to overcome 
the problems that arose, the government began 
to focus on the construction of ginneries related 
to cotton. At the same time, they began to build 
factories and enterprises for processing oil, wool, 
silk, leather, and intestines. 

In the Emirate of Bukhara, ginneries and other 
industrial enterprises were built in Russian-
populated cities such as Old Bukhoro, Termez, 
Gijduvan, Chorjoi, Zirbulak. The work done by 
the Russian government and businessmen in the 
Emirate is primarily from an imperial point of 
view. 

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning 
of the 20th century, the internal roads of the 
emirate were partially repaired and a number of 
construction works were carried out. 

REFERENCES 

 

1. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, 1 fund, 1 list, 12 works, 2 sheets. 

2. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, 3 funds, 2 lists, 440 cases, 50-52 
pages 

3. Tukhtametov T.G. Russia and the Emirate of 
Bukhara at the beginning of the XX century .- 
Dushanbe., 1977 .-. P-122. 

4. Khakimova K.Z The peasantry of the 
Bukhara Emirate at the end of the XIX-
beginning of the XX century. -T .: Fan, 1991.-
P.74. 

5. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, 2nd fund, 1st list, 24th work, 1st 
sheet. 

6. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, I-1 Fund, 11th List, 1372 Case, 
16th Sheet. 

7. Khakimova K.Z., Kravets L.N. Socio-
economic relations and class struggle in pre-
revolutionary Uzbekistan. T. - 1980.P. 73. 

8. Gubarevich Rodobylsky A. Economic sketch 
of Bukhara and Tunisia. SPb. 1905.P. 73-74. 

9. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, I-3 Fund, List 1, Case 563, 13th 
Sheet. 

10. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, I-3 Fund, List 1, Case 424, Sheet 
19. 

11. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, I-126 fund, list 2, case 703, sheet 
2. 

12. Tukhtametov T.G. Russia and Bukhara 
emirate in the beginning of XX century.- 
Dushanbe., 1977.P-123. 

13. Ishonov A.I. People Republic of Bukhara. 
Tashkent. 1969.P.79. 

14. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, I-3 Fund, List 1, Case 1372, 
Sheet 16. 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(6): 20-26, June 2021      
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-05 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 11th June, 2021 &  Published 16thJune, 2021  

 

 
 

 

CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY                           
ISSN – 2767-472X 

25 

   https://masterjournals.com/index.php/CRJH 

15. Ochildiev, F. B. (2008). Socio-political and 
economic changes in the principalities of the 
Surkhandarya oasis. P.107-117. 

16. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan , I3-fund, 1-list, 437-work, 17-
sheet. 

17. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, I3-fund, 1-list, 437-work, 18-
sheet. 

18. Ochildiev, F. B. (2008). Socio-political and 
economic changes in the principalities of the 
Surkhandarya oasis. P.107-117. 

19. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, R-47 Fund, List 1, Case 115A, 29 
Sheets. 

20. Tokhtametov.T.G. Russia and the Bukhara 
Emirate in the early twentieth century. - 
Dushanbe. 1977. P.121. 

21. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, 1 fund, 12 lists, 2079 cases, 1-7 
pages 

22. Tokhtametov .T.G. Russia and the Bukhara 
Emirate in the early twentieth century. - 
Dushanbe. 1977. P.123. 

23. Ochildiev, F. B. (2019). THE СREATION OF 
THE AMUDARYA FLEET. Theoretical & 
Applied Science, (10), 583-586. 

24. Fomchenko A.P. Russian settlements in 
Bukhara Emirate Tashkent.1958. P.14-15 

25. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan,, Fund 3, List 1, Case 181, page 
57. 

26. Ochildiyev, F. (2019). TRADE RELATIONS 
BETWEEN BUKHARA AND RUSSIA IN THE 
SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY-THE 
BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY//Social 
Sciences: Achievements and Prospects 
Journal 3 (11), 2019/OEAPS Inc.(Open 
European Academy of Public Sciences); 

Chief Editor Mark Freeman-Barcelona, 
Spain. 16.03. 2019: OEAPS Inc., 2019.-pp. 
55-60. 

27. Tukhtametov T.G. Russian and Bukhara 
relations in XIX–XX century. T.1966.P.125. 

28. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, I-3fund, List 1, Case 259, 7th 
Sheet 

29. Tukhtametov T.G. Russian and Bukhara 
relations in XIX–XX century. T.1966.P.126. 

30. Tukhtametov, T. Russia and the Bukhara 
Emirate at the beginning of the twentieth 
century. - Dushanbe. 1977. p. 71. 

31. Tukhtametov T.G. Russian Bukhara relations 
at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX 
century T. 1966. P.108. 

32. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, I-2, list 1, case 330, 2-6 pages. 

33. National archive of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan, I-3fund, List 1, Case 678, Sheet 
319. 

34. FayzullaOchildiev, (2021). Cotton 
Production Development In Bukhara 
Emirate During The Late XIX – Early XX 
Centuries. The American Journal of Social 
Science and Education Innovations, 3(02), 
119-125. 

35. Парманов, Ш. Э. (2017). ИЛК ЎРТА 
АСРЛАР ДАВРИ СЎҒД ШАҲАРЛАРИ 
ТАРИХИДАН. Научная дискуссия: 
вопросы социологии, политологии, 
философии, истории, (6), 40-45. 

36. МУХАМЕДОВ, Ё. (2021). ЧОЧ 
ҲУКМДОРЛИГИНИНГ СИЁСИЙ-
МАЪМУРИЙ БОШҚАРУВИ 
ТАРИХШУНОСЛИГИ. In Uzbek Conference 
Publishing Hub (Vol. 1, No. 01, pp. 508-512). 

37. Muhamedov, Y. K. (2019). The history of 
commercial economical–cultural relations of 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(6): 20-26, June 2021      
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-05 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 11th June, 2021 &  Published 16thJune, 2021  

 

 
 

 

CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY                           
ISSN – 2767-472X 

26 

   https://masterjournals.com/index.php/CRJH 

Tashkent oasis. ISJ Theoretical & Applied 
Science, 10 (78), 579-582. 


