




































CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(7): 26-33, July 2021      
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-07-06 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 23th July, 2021 &  Published 28thJuly, 2021  

 

 
 

 

CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY                           
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EARLY STAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE KASHKADARYA OASIS 
 

Nilufar Rajabova 

Associate Professor, Department Of World History, Karshi State University, Uzbekistan 

 

INTRODUCTION 

In the history of archeology, attention to 
historiographic topics has increased in recent 
years. Of course, the study of the formation of 
archaeological science is of particular 
importance in history. 

Uzbekistan is a country of the richest history and 
culture, captured in written historical sources 
and in monuments of material culture - from 

primitive sites to the ruins of cities and 
settlements, outstanding examples of 
architecture dating back many millennia and 
included in the golden fund of the country's 
cultural heritage, many of which are 
masterpieces of world culture. According to 
preliminary data of scientists, today on the 
archaeological map of the republic it is possible 
to single out more than 5 thousand monuments 
of different eras. 

The priority goal of studying these monuments 

ABSTRACT  
 
The article analyzes the first stages of studying the archaeological sites of the Kashkadarya oasis from a 
historical point of view. Beginning in the 18th century, Europeans began to record information about the 
Kashkadarya oasis. Their main focus is on highlighting the lifestyle of the population, as well as information 
on historical monuments. In particular, in memoirs, reports and brochures, A. Burns, N. Khannykov, V.V. 
Bartold, N. Maev, V. Krestovsky, B. Litvinov, D. Logofet, A. Validov, I. Kastane, L. Zimin, you can get a lot of 
information on this topic. Despite this, the first studies were mostly brief. Most importantly, the attention of 
architects and art critics is focused on the history of architectural structures in Shakhrisabz, built during the 
reign of Amir Temur and the Temurids. However, attempts to shed light on the history of the cities of Karshi 
and Shakhrisabz based on written sources consisted in a collection of the first archaeological observations, 
historical artifacts and manuscripts. 
Noteworthy is the information written by N. Khannykov, V.V. Bartold, N. Mayev. Subsequent studies also 
made extensive use of their memoirs. B. Litvinov's information about the Kashkadarya oasis was 
supplemented by his drawings. According to Logofet, the history of the city of Shakhrisabz is emphasized, 
and archaeological excavations show that its history goes back two thousand years. 
D. Logofet pays great attention to the medieval history of Karshi, cites various historical sources. 
It is important for I.Kastana and L.Zimin to describe the archaeological monuments preserved in the vicinity 
of Karshi from the point of view of that period and compare them on the basis of ancient and medieval 
written sources. 
 
 
KEYWORDS: - Kashkaraya oasis, archaeology, Karshi, Shakhrisabz, European sources, orientalist, 
Abdullakhan, Takhta-Karacha pass, Kalai Zakhaki Moron, Shullyuk-tepa, Nakhsheb, Amir Temur, Temurids. 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(7): 26-33, July 2021      
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-07-06 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 23th July, 2021 &  Published 28thJuly, 2021  

 

 
 

 

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is, in our opinion, the reconstruction of the 
historical past of the peoples of Uzbekistan on 
the basis of the study of material traces of human 
activity through systematic, purposeful field 
archaeological research and scientific processing 
of the accumulated materials. 

Along with the specific study of the region's 
monuments, one of the urgent tasks for today is 
the historiographic generalization of the studies 
of this region. As noted by the famous historian 
of Central Asia B.V. Lunin, and we agree with 
him, historiography helps to answer the question 
“what was done, by whom and how, what was 
covered well enough and correctly, and what is 
weaker, and what the researchers still have to 
do” [1]. 

MAIN PART 

The study of the archaeological sites of 
Kashkadarya is part of the general study of the 
archaeological heritage of Central Asia and the 
level of knowledge of the region should be 
presented against the background of general 
archaeological work in the Central Asian 
Mesopotamia. 

Kashkadarya region is located in the south-west 
of Uzbekistan. In the north, it is bounded by the 
Zarafshan ridge, in the east and south by the 
forts of the Gissar ridge, and in the west by the 
Karshi sandy steppe. 

Many Western travelers and ambassadors visited 
the Kashkadarya Valley, as evidenced by 
European sources. Among the first and most 
extensive descriptions of the Kashkadarya region 
by European travelers is the book by A. Burns 
(Borns), widely known at the time.  

He was a Lieutenant in the East India Company 
and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Great Britain. 
A. Burns was sent to find out the most 
convenient ways to collect information about 
Central Asia. Having visited Karshi, A. Burns 

writes that “... Karshi, which lay 60 miles south of 
Samarkand, is an oasis formed by a river flowing 
from the neighboring region of Shahr-Sabza and 
depleted from the fertilization of this district ...”. 
Between Karshi and Oks, he notes several 
separate hills, which, in his opinion, are the 
remains of dwellings: “The country north of Oks 
is inhabited by shepherd tribes and not at all 
cultivated; but the remains of water pipes and 
other structures, especially between Karshi and 
Bukhara, testify to a happier century in these 
now abandoned lands” [2]. 

Thus, the books about his travels written by A. 
Burns captivatingly attracted the attention of 
wide readership of the countries of Western 
Europe and Russia. 

In 1841-1842 yy. orientalist N.V. Khanykov spent 
eight months in Bukhara, which resulted in his 
well-known and well-deserved recognition of his 
work dedicated to the Bukhara Emirate. He 
described Karshi as a city consisting of three 
parts: a citadel, an old city and a new city. He 
gave a description of the city gates, mosques, the 
old bridge built by Abdullakhan across the 
Kashkadarya River. N.Khanykov calls Karshi the 
second capital city in the emirate after Bukhara, 
writes about the presence of a permanent 
garrison in it. The traveler left evidence of the 
presence of archaeological monuments in the 
vicinity of Karshi [3]. 

According to V.V. Bartold, “the exceptional merits 
of  N.V. Khanykov is even more surprised if we 
remember that the author was a little over 20 
years old during his stay in Bukhara. V.V. Bartold 
called “Description of the Bukhara Khanate” a 
classic work of a historical and geographical 
character. O. A. Sukhareva noted that the work of 
N.V. Khanykova, “executed for her time at a great 
scientific height, has not lost its significance for 
our days” [4]. 

Of the subsequent early researchers of 
Kashkadarya, it is necessary, of course, to note 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(7): 26-33, July 2021      
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-07-06 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 23th July, 2021 &  Published 28thJuly, 2021  

 

 
 

 

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N.A. Maev is a famous Russian historian, 
ethnographer, journalist, geographer, explorer of 
Central Asia. From 1870 he worked in Tashkent; 
in 1870 - 1892 was the first editor of 
“Turkestanskie vedomosti”, and in 1872 – 1874 - 
editor of the collections “Materials for statistics 
of the Turkestan region”. On the N.A. Mayev was 
one of the organizers of the first local history 
museum and public library in Tashkent. In 1871-
1872 and in 1874-1878 he went to inspect the 
paths to the Amu Darya, in 1872 he was 
seconded to the south of the Bukhara Emirate, in 
order to study the geography of the Gissar region 
and the Kulyab bek state. He described a 
mountain range, into which the wide Fergana, 
Zerafshan valleys and Shakhrisabz, Takhta-
Karacha pass, on the road from Samarkand to 
Kitab, rise 5,180 feet (1,788 m). The lowering of 
the Tien Shan was noted as it approached the 
Guzar and the banks of the Amu Darya, the Ak-
rabat pass, the highest point of the massif of 
4,590 feet absolute height, which was 
interrupted by the road from Karshi to Shirabad. 
During the trip, N.A. Maev studied hydrography 
and hydronyms of the region. The Gissar 
expedition led by N.A. Maeva received significant 
geographical materials necessary for further, 
including archaeological research.  

In 1874 N.A. Mayev makes a trip to Shakhrisabz, 
which he perceived as a city - the birthplace of 
Amir Temur, ancient Kesh. He paid special 
attention to the architectural monuments, among 
which the ruins of Aksaray were most of all 
interested: “The luxurious palace of Timur 
Aksaray now presents only ruins, like all 
Bukhara buildings of this era. But these ruins are 
striking even now with their original beauty. 
From the south side, traces of the dome that 
crowned the entire building are clearly visible; 
this dome has now collapsed, leaving only two 
high walls, decorated with tiled mosaics and 
inscriptions”. 

He describes Karshi as a city connecting the 

Bukhara oasis with the Shakhrisabz and Gissar 
ones: “Due to its happy position, Karshi has 
become an important transit point for the huge 
Bukhara market. Everything that goes to 
Bukhara from the east and south - east will not 
escape Karshi ...” [5]. For the first time among the 
visitors N.A. Mayev noted the sardoba, which was 
located on the south side of the city. He also left a 
description of the provinces. For the first time he 
comes across information about the villages of 
Kasan (today a district), Kasbi (today a district), 
Yabi, Kitay, which still exist.  

In 1878, a number of messages appeared on the 
pages of the Turkestanskie vedomosti 
newspaper, which were devoted to N.A. Maev to 
study the paths to the Amu Darya. These are: 1) 
the road to Darbent, Shirabad and crossings 
through the Amu Darya, Karakamar and Kelif; 2) 
the road from Kelif between the mountains, 
directly to Guzar. N.A. Maev was the first of the 
Europeans who went along these directions [6]. 
During a trip through Guzar, he examined the 
mountain path leading from the Tenga-Haram 
tract to the large and prosperous village of 
Kuytan, through the Akbash pass and along the 
Kerchakdarya valley [7].  

In general, in the works of N.A. Maev contains a 
significant amount of information on 
geographical, ethnographic, archaeological and 
architectural plans, which later served as 
important material for travelers and specialists 
interested in the Kashkadarya oasis. 

In December 1882, the city of Karshi and 
Shakhrisabz was visited by an official for special 
assignments under the Turkestan Governor-
General, writer V.V. Krestovsky. In Shakhrisabz, 
he examined the monuments that were built 
during the reign of Temur and Temurids [8]. An 
important detail is contained in the description 
of his trip in January 1883 in the vicinity of 
Karshi, when the traveler visited the ruins of an 
ancient city called Shulluk. This allows V.V. 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(7): 26-33, July 2021      
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-07-06 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 23th July, 2021 &  Published 28thJuly, 2021  

 

 
 

 

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Krestovsky, the discoverer of this archaeological 
site. Everyone who came to Karshi after him 
certainly visited Shulluktepa, which, as it was 
later established, is the ruins of the medieval city 
of Nasaf. 

Visited in 1895 and 1910 in Karshi, the officer-
artist B.N. Litvinov noted that the city was one of 
the most profitable regions for the Bukhara 
Emirate, in the past Karshi was connected by 
excellent caravan routes with all the main points 
of the region - with Bukhara, Samarkand, Termez 
through Guzar, with Balkh and Herat through 
Kerki [9]. Having studied the surroundings of the 
city, he also described Shulluktepa: “... We must 
not forget that modern Karshi has moved 
somewhat to the south-west from the old habitat. 
Of course, the present Karshi also has more than 
half a thousand years of its existence; but ancient 
Nakhsheb, old Karshi, was on the site of a natural 
boundary called Shullyuk-tepa by the natives. It 
was a vast hill with clear and grandiose traces of 
the past ...” [10]. 

Much of what B.N. Litvinov, later repeated in one 
of his books border guard officer D.N. Logofet, 
which visited Karshi in the first decade of the XX 
century. He drove from Samarkand to 
Shakhrisabz, Yakkabag and Karshi through the 
Takhta-Karacha pass and left many notes about 
the architectural and archaeological monuments 
of the region. 

D.N. Logofet paid considerable attention to 
history, noting that the city of Kesh or 
Shakhrisabz was one of the main cities of the 
land of Ostrushany (from the point of view of 
D.N. Logofet - N.R.). In the notes of D.N. Logofet 
contains information about archaeological sites 
in the vicinity of Shakhrisabz - an ancient 
fortress 25 versts from Shakhrisabz, near the 
village of Yartepa and in the village of 
Tashkurgan.  

Having visited Yakkabag, I noted its fortress and 
several burial mounds in the vicinity. The 

researcher suggested that Yakkabag, which arose 
in the period before the Christian era, was for a 
long time one of the points in which Parsism (the 
outdated definition of Zoroastrianism - N.R.) 
firmly developed, which then only after a long 
and stubborn struggle gave way to Buddhism, in 
turn ousted by Nestorian Christianity, and then 
already absorbed almost without a trace by 
Islam. D.N. Logofet wrote that: “... the repeatedly 
destroyed and re-emerging city and fortress of 
Yakkabag stood on the remnants of their former 
life, covered with a thick layer of earth. 
Archaeological surveys and excavations could 
provide great material for illuminating the past 
of this place, which existed for almost 2 thousand 
years”.  

In Shakhrisabz, the researcher described four 
gates: Darvaze Agenin, Darvaze Abdulakh, 
Darvaze Kasabon and Darvaze Sharistan, and 
under the administrative institutions, he noticed 
a prominent hill below them - archaeological 
remains. In general, during a trip to the upper 
regions of Kashkadarya, D.N. Logofet tried to pay 
attention to all aspects of the life of the region: 
geography, history, ethnography and archeology. 

The same applies to his trip to the western part 
of Kashkadarya, where he described, located on a 
hilly plain and having the appearance of an 
ancient Muslim city of Karshi, that the area was a 
hilly plain. At the end, which opens before them 
Karshi, the second most important city of the 
Bukhara Khanate, considered almost equal to the 
capital in its historical past. This city, which 
appeared more than two thousand years ago, 
was called Nakh-Sheba, being the main trade 
point from Bukhara to Balkh. Having survived a 
long era of the Greco-Bactrian civilization, he 
subsequently, with the appearance of the Uzbeks 
on the plains of Central Asia, turned into one of 
the important strongholds of the new rulers. In 
1318, the Chagatai prince Kebek built a fortress 
in it, and since then Nakh-Sheb, having lost its 
important name, became known under the name 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(7): 26-33, July 2021      
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-07-06 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 23th July, 2021 &  Published 28thJuly, 2021  

 

 
 

 

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Karshi, that is, a castle or a fortress.  D.N. Logofet 
noted that Karshi was widely spread on both 
sides of the high-water Kashkadarya River and 
was connected by several bridges; Urda was 
fortified with a brick wall with towers, all 
buildings in the center were enclosed in a 
fortress wall with several gates overlooking the 
main streets, near which there were high towers 
with guards to guard the entrances. He did not 
disregard the political and ethnic ties of the 
region's population with other cities and regions, 
and described the handicrafts of Karshi.  

D.N. Logofet notes that the modern city was built 
southwest of the place where ancient Nachsheb 
was. Not being an archaeologist, he could not 
identify the remains of the fortress built by 
Kebekhan in the relief of Karshi. This led him to 
the conclusion about the localization of the city 
of this time on the site of the settlement of Kalai 
Zahoki Moron. Describing Shulluktepa, he noted 
that the locals almost all the time were engaged 
in excavating various things in the form of 
utensils and coins [11].  

In general, it should be emphasized that D.N. 
Logofet was the first researcher who visited the 
Kashkadarya valley to pay such great attention to 
the archaeological sites located on its territory. 

After the creation of the Turkestan circle of 
archeology amateurs, the Kashkadarya Valley at 
first was not of great interest to its members. In 
1914 A.D.Validov was sent by the Russian 
Committee to study Central and East Asia and the 
Imperial Academy of Sciences to Bukhara to 
collect information about local collections of 
manuscripts. Expecting to stay in the Bukhara 
Khanate for several months, he decided to visit 
more and more important cities.  

In Bukhara, he bought one manuscript about 
Temur in the amount of 75,000 tenge. In 
Shakhrisabz A.Z. Validov meets with many 
people who had expensive manuscripts at their 
disposal. He also drew attention to the 

monuments of the Temurid period, which had 
tiled inscriptions in Arabic. In Guzar and Karshi, 
he also collected a large number of manuscripts. 
A. Validov noted that in Karshi, Mullah Najmiddin 
preserved all the works of Mawlian Hussein ul-
Voiz Kashifi, a contemporary of Sultan Hussein 
Baykara [12].  

In 1916, a member of the Turkestan circle of 
archeology amateurs I.A. Castanie began route 
trips to the archaeological sites of the Karshi 
oasis. He noted a large number of kurgans 
located in rings around the city of Karshi and 
stretching in dense rows along the cultural strip 
of the Kashkadarya valley. Their total number 
and enormous size amazed the researcher's 
imagination.  

Several versts from the city, at the very railway 
station, he noted an ancient fortress of 
impressive size, known as Kalai Zahoki Moron. 
He drew up a schematic plan of the fortress, 
“consisting of three quadrangles, separated by 
two deep ditches: the outer quadrangle is about 
1000 steps on each side, the height of the first 
rampart is up to 3 sazhens, the width of the 
rampart on top is one and a half sazhens ...  

In the center, at the highest point there was a 
citadel where traces of excavations of treasure 
hunters were noted”.  

I.A. Kastanie and his companion N. Goloshevich 
counted about 54 kurgans - tepa along the 
railway from the fortress Kalai Zakhoki Moron to 
Kasan station, and three versts to the station, a 
large tepa was noted in the steppe (Shullyuktepa 
fortress - N.R.) [13].  

I.A. Castagnie was the first researcher to try to 
connect the information of ancient authors with 
archaeological sites on the territory of 
Kashkadarya. Near the city of Karshi, he localized 
Nautaka, where the Macedonians captured Bess, 
and where Alexander the Great spent the winter. 
The researcher believed that Kebek built the city 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(7): 26-33, July 2021      
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-07-06 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 23th July, 2021 &  Published 28thJuly, 2021  

 

 
 

 

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on the site of modern Karshi, and the Kalai 
Zakhaki Moron fortress was built by Amir Temur 
and dated back to the XIV-XV centuries. 

Although, most of the archaeological sites in the 
region underwent only a superficial examination 
(without exact sizes and dates), nevertheless, I.A. 
Castagnier left a significant amount of 
information on its archeology and ancient 
history. 

Another member of the Turkestan and Trans-
Caspian circles of archeology amateurs, 
orientalist L.A. Zimin together with the 
photographer P.M. Nikiforov visited the Karshi 
oasis in late May - early June 1916. He visited the 
settlement of Shulluktepa, which, in his opinion, 
was first encountered in the literature of the 
18th century. Knowing very well the medieval 
sources, L.A. Zimin noted the coincidence of their 
information with the modern topography of the 
settlement: the location of the city on both sides 
of the river and the absence of the walls of the 
shahristan and expressed the opinion that Nessef 
and Nakhsheb are one city that was located in 
the lower part of the Kashkadarya River before 
the conquest of Mavaraunnahr by the Arabs, and 
then and later [14]. 

Another object of observation L.A. Zimin was the 
settlement of Kalai Zakhoki Moron. According to 
his notes, it was a typical remnant of a fortress 
like Kalai Dabus. Just like I.A. Castagnier, L.A. 
Zimin claimed that Amir Temur built the fortress. 

In 1927, his article on the history of the city of 
Karshi was published, in which archaeological 
sites, including Shulluktepa, were described in 
detail. He was the first of the researchers who 
noted the palace of Kazankhan – 
“Zandzhirsaray”, burned down in 1387 by the 
troops of Tokhtamysh. He also mentioned a large 
settlement in the middle of the steppe 
(Yerkurgan - N.R.). 

Analyzing ancient sources, he concluded that the 

path from Bactria to Sogdiana had to pass 
through the Kashkadarya valley. He argued that 
it was here that one should look for Nautaka, 
mentioned by historians describing the campaign 
of Alexander the Great. As I.A. Castanier, he 
localized this city in the Karshi oasis. L.A. Zimin 
was the first to draw on Chinese sources, in 
which the names of ancient and medieval cities 
located in the Kashkadarya valley - Tsi-shek and 
Nashebo, respectively Kesh and Nakhshab were 
encountered [15]. In Karshi and its environs, L.A. 
Zimin took many photographs and several 
sketches. 

Of particular importance in terms of attracting 
written sources, for comparison with 
archaeological and topographic data, are the 
classic works of Academician V.V. Barthold. On 
their basis in the Kesh region, he allocated 16 
rustak volosts for the Middle Ages and cities such 
as Subakh, Naukad-Kureish, Iskifagn, Bazda and 
Kasba with the approximate location of these 
cities: Subakha - on the site of the present Guzar, 
Iskifagna - on the site of the village of Karabag, 
and Bazdy and Kasby - in the lower reaches of 
the Kashkadarya [16].  

V.V. Bartold visited the Kashkadarya valley 
several times. Together with the archaeologist 
V.L. Vyatkin, he was sent to Shakhrisabz to clarify 
the information of A.L. Kun on the construction 
of the Kuk Gumbaz madrasah by Shahrukh. The 
researchers managed to read the inscription on 
the portal, which mentioned 839 AH. and the 
name of Ulugbek, which allowed them to come to 
the conclusion about the construction of the Kuk 
Gumbaz madrasah not by Shakhrukh, but by 
Ulugbek [17]. Another task - to clarify the 
location of the graves of Bakhadyr Taragay and 
Zhahangir, the father and son of Amir Temur, 
could not be solved due to the short duration of 
the trip. Despite the fact that V.V. Bartold did not 
directly study the archaeological sites in the 
Kashkadarya valley, but his work in 
archaeological and topographic terms has not 



CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(7): 26-33, July 2021      
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-07-06 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
  Accepted 23th July, 2021 &  Published 28thJuly, 2021  

 

 
 

 

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lost its significance to this day. Undoubtedly, the 
greatest contribution of V.V. Bartold in the study 
of the ancient history of Kashkadarya is the 
proposed localization of cities and large villages 
on the trade routes from Bukhara to Merv and 
Balkh. His hypotheses were later confirmed 
during stationary work. The works of this 
researcher-orientalist made it possible to 
present a general picture of the historical events 
that took place after the conquest of Central Asia 
by the Arabs and Mongols, as well as during the 
reign of Amir Temur and the Temurids. 

An important direction in the study of antiquities 
in the Kashkadarya valley in the first decades of 
the XX century was the study of architectural 
monuments of Shakhrisabz, which aroused the 
greatest interest of architects and art critics. 

 

CONCLUSION 

As for the archaeological study of the 
Kashkadarya valley during these years, they 
should be characterized as the systematic 
collection and registration of local information 
and objects. Until the 20s of the XX century 
inclusive, archaeological events, even when 
carried out by central organizations, were mostly 
random episodes. Their topics, differing in some 
narrowness and archeological approach, as a 
rule, depended on the interests of individuals. 

 

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CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(7): 26-33, July 2021      
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-07-06 
ISSN 2767-472X 
©2021 Master Journals 

   
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