Current Research Journal of History, Volume 01 Issue 01-2020 10 Current Research Journal of History Published: December 15, 2020 | Pages: 10-14 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/crjh/Volume01Issue01-3 ABSTRACT This article deals with the historical, philosophical and didactic work of the famous Khorezm scholar Makhmud Zamakhshari, “Rabi' al-Abrar” written in Arabic and the issues raised in it. This work is one of the great works of Makhmud Zamakhshari and is dedicated to various issues encountered in society. In particular, the work contains information about religious, social, political, medical, and natural and wildlife and geographical locations and different regions. This article tells about the descriptions of famous people about the cities of Khorezm and Samarkand in Central Asia. KEYWORDS Ilm al-muhadarat, society, “Rabi' al-Abrar”, hadith, quotation, four gardens in the world, bozinj, paradise. INTRODUCTION The importance of works that have a long history in human society, reflect the nature and the past of society at a certain stage, the dynasties that ruled in different periods, the socio-political, economic and cultural relations in society. Such works, first of all, give us information and lessons from history, and secondly, the various events and social issues described in the works encourage people to be creative and strive for the future in the image of universal values and high spirituality. We must emphasize the importance of historical, literary and didactic works, especially in the coverage of social and Depiction Of The Cities Khorezm And Samarkand In The Work Of “Rabi' Al- Abrar” Laziz Abdivali ugli Turaev PhD student Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies Uzbekistan, Tashkent city, Uzbekistan Current Research Journal of History, Volume 01 Issue 01-2020 11 Current Research Journal of History Published: December 15, 2020 | Pages: 10-14 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/crjh/Volume01Issue01-3 cultural life in history. Because all the issues rose in such works are aimed at the development of every society, the well-being, peace and prosperity of people. One such work is “Rabi' al-Abrar” (The Spring of the Good). THE MAIN FINDING AND RESULTS “Rabi' al-Abrar” belongs to the great thinker and scholar Makhmud Zamakhshari. Makhmud Zamakhshari wrote works not only on linguistics, lexicography and theology, but also on historical, didactic, moral and social issues. His work “Rabi' al-Abrar” is devoted to such issues. The scholar wrote this work in 528 AH, after completing his famous work, Al- Kashshaf. We can learn the purpose of the work and its significance from the introduction to the work. “I aim to gather the memories of the readers of “Al-Kashshaaf 'an Haqa'iq at-Tanzil” and to soothe their weary minds and comfort their hearts as they reflect on the intricacies and mysteries of the commentary. For those who find it difficult to read Al-Kashshaf, I have created for them a garden rich in flowers and fruits, and from this garden1 those who wish to eat sweet fruits will enjoy the juice, others who wish to enjoy the scent of beautiful flowers, and those who wish to enjoy the beautiful scenery, the ears enjoy the murmur of the lush waters of the garden. Those who read the work will be free from any assembly and will not have to learn anything else. Whoever seeks wealth and knowledge should read this book, then he will have much. He who despises himself will increase his self- esteem and become beautiful. If something wills in a wish, that wish will come true. Anyone looking for information will be a messenger of this work. In it you will read ghazals and poems about the friendship of Malik and Uqail and Kusair Azza and Jamil ibn Abdullah ibn Muammar. If you want sadness, 1 Makhmud Zamakhshari likens “Rabi' al-Abrar” to a beautiful garden that is, if you want to relax, you will find tearful messages, sermons, if you want to be happy, if you want to laugh, you will find funny news-anecdotes. Whoever is close to him will not be in need, and whoever is friends with him will not need another friend”, said Makhmud Zamakhshari in the introduction to his work. [1, p.1b] In compiling the book, Makhmud Zamakhshari first read the hadiths of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) on the subject, then the words of the Companions, then the sayings of the followers and the Arabs and Russians, the sayings of the ascetics, the ascetics, the sages and the poets, had brought. He also quoted the words of the prophets and others from the Children of Israel. He also quoted news and stories about the history of the Arabs, their kings, caliphs, emirs, governors, singers and poets. The scholar quoted from the best of the messages so that those who were aware of these messages would be moral and polite. The method of classifying a work using such quotations is “Ilm al-muhadarat”2, one of the twelve sciences in Arabic literature. In his work, Makhmud Zamakhshari draws on the history, culture, values of the Arab, Persian, Greek and Indian peoples, as well as the hadiths of the prophets, famous people in the fields of science and religion, caliphs, kings, commanders, scholars, sages, poets and singers, made effective use of his narrations and poems. The work also includes conversations between kings and ministers, major cities of Arab and non-Arab peoples, various legends, myths, historical events. In the play, the author gives information about the history, climate and culture of different countries and cities belonging to Muhammad (s.a.v.), caliphs, historians- scholars and sages. Including Mecca, Medina, Tibet, Sin (China), Ruha (Odessa), Silhun, Baghdad, Basra, Kufa, Gur (Kura Ardasher, 2 Ilm al-muhadarat-quotation art, science of lectures. Current Research Journal of History, Volume 01 Issue 01-2020 12 Current Research Journal of History Published: December 15, 2020 | Pages: 10-14 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/crjh/Volume01Issue01-3 Firozabad), Balkh, Ahvaz, Khorasan, Sham (Damascus), Nishapur, Sano, Khorezm and gives information about ancient cities such as Samarkand, descriptions of them. Below are the descriptions given in the play about Samarkand and Khorezm regions, which are today the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. وشادر أصل موجود، وقد يصعدون الشعر للن ويدبرونه حتى يستحكم استحكام النوشادر وال يغادر شيئا من [p.111 ,2] عمله، وهو من خصائص سمرقند Ammonia is an available chemical element, when the smell is noticeable and when the ammonia is fully dispersed into the air, the peculiar pungent odor can be clearly felt, then it dissipates as fast as if nothing had happened, which is one of the peculiarities of Samarkand. الملح الكشي من خصائص سعد سمرقند، يكون أحمر، فإذا دق [p.118 ,2] كان أشد بياضا من غيره The color of Kesh3 salt is red, but when crushed it turns white, which is one of the peculiarities of Samarkand Sogdiana. ر األبلة، وشعب بوان، نهو غوطة دمشق،: جنان الدنيا أربع [p.205 ,2] وسعد سمرقند There are four gardens-paradises in the world: Damascus’s Ghuta Valley4, Al-Ubilla Oasis5, the people of Bawan6, and Samarkand Sugdi. سمرقند : وما هما؟ قال: ما فعل الجناحان؟ قيل: الحسن قال إلسالم، وما داما حصن اإلسالموخوارزم، هما جناحا ا [2, p.272] Al-Hasan said, “What do the two wings do?” people asked him, “What are two wings? Al-Hasan said, “They are Samarkand and 3 The name of one of the ancient cities 4 The Guta Valley in Damascus is famous for its fertile land and quality water 5 A small town to the west of the Tigris River in Basra 6 The people of Bavan are one of the most beautiful gardens in the world; it is located near the city of Bavon with many trees and water Khorezm. They are the two wings of Islam. So that both of them are the strongholds of Islam. أسسها أفراسياب، وبنى بعضها كيخسرو وأتمها : مرو االسكندر، وسمرقند أسسها كيكاوس بن قباذ وفرغ منها ابنه [p.294 ,2] سياوخش Mero: Afrasiab founded and some places were built by Kaykhusraw, Alexander completed it. The foundation of Samarkand was laid by Kaykavus ibn Kubad, and his son Siyavush also completed the rest of the construction. حمل البازنج من خوارزم إلى مرو للمأمون على البريد، فأستطابه جدًا، واشتهى أن يجتنيه غًضا من منابته، فتقدم بحمل ا، فأمر بنقل التراب على الجمال من بهبرزه إلى مرو ليزرع ل الماء من جيحون، فلم يأت كما ظن، فعلم أن خوارزم، ثم يحم [p.227 ,2] الطيب من قبل الهواء For Ma'mun, camels were brought to Marv from Khorezm from Khorezm to cultivate a seed of watermelon called bozinj. Then water was brought from the river Jaihun. But the result was not as expected. He realized that the weather in Khorezm was necessary for watermelon to be good and sweet. ا نهإ: كتب الحجاج إلى قتيبة بالعود إلى خوارزم، فقال [p.272 ,2] شديدة الكلب، قليلة السلب Asking Hajjoj Qutayba to return to Khorezm, he wrote: “Demand is high in Khorezm and looting will be less”. طوبى لمن بات ليلة : قال رسول هللا ملسو هيلع هللا ىلص: أبو هريرة وطبى لمن وقع عليه غبار خوارزم، وطوبى بمن . في خوارزم [p.289 ,2] صلى ركعتين في خوارزم Abu Hurayra (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (May peace be upon him) said: It is blessed to spend a night in Khorezm. Whoever prays two rak'ahs in Khorezm is happy”. ر نهمدينة بالمشرق يقال لها خوارزم، على شاطئ : عن الحسن تلكيقال له جيحون، ملعون الجانبين، أال وأن Current Research Journal of History, Volume 01 Issue 01-2020 13 Current Research Journal of History Published: December 15, 2020 | Pages: 10-14 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/crjh/Volume01Issue01-3 دي تهدي إلى الجنة كما تهالمدينة محفوفة مكفوفة بالمالئكة، اتهالعروس إلى بيت زوجها، يبعث هللا من مقبر [p.289 ,2] مائة ألف شهيد، كل شهيد منهم يعدل شهيد بدر Al-Hasan said, “There is a city in the east. It is called Khorezm. It is located on the banks of a river called Jayhun, which is said to be cursed on both sides. Be careful! The city is surrounded by angels, and the bride is led to heaven as she is led to the bridegroom's house. Allah will resurrect a hundred thousand martyrs from their graves there. Each of them is equal to the martyr of Badr”. مدينة بخراسان يقال لها خوارزم، ما : وعن مكحول داموا كفاًرا فالمسلمون منهم في شدة وتعب، فإذا أسلموا كانوا جناًحا من أجمحة المسلمين، وترسا من [p.289 ,2] ترستهم Makhul7: There is a city in Khorasan called Khorezm, its inhabitants are infidels and its Muslims are in trouble and persecution. If they embrace Islam, they will be a wing and a shield for the Muslims. فيصير أنه سأل رج ً ال من أهل : وعن ابن عمر الرجل منا يغسل وجهه، الماء خوارزم عن بالده، فوصف له أن بشر تلك الوجوه بالجنة: على وجهه ثلًحا، فقال [2, p.290] Ibn 'Umar asked a man from Khorezm about his country. He said, "If a man from our country washes his face with water, the water will freeze on his face." Ibn 'Umar said to him, "Give those faces the prophecy of Paradise." ولخوارزم فضائل ال : وقد عدد ابن سمقة الكاتب فضائلها فقال يوجد مثلها في سائر األقطار وخصال محمودة ال تتفق في غيرها من األمصار هي ثغر من ثغور اإلسالم، قد اكتنفها أهل م دائم، والقتال ا قبائل الترك، فغزو أهلها معهبهالشرك، وأطافت م، وأمضوا فيه تهفيما بينهم قائم، قد أخلصوا في ذلك بيا م، وقد تكفل هللا بنصرهم في عامة األوقات، زمنحهم تهطويا الغلبة في كافة الوقعات، ثم حصنها هللا بجيحون، بواد عسير المعبر يعيد المسالك، غزير الماء كثير المهالك، فال يتوغلها ته، وال يسلك منافذها سالك إال كان على متوغل إال خاطر بمهج يأس من سالمته؛ وأهلها أهل بسالة، وقلوب جرية، ونفوس أبية؛ قد فشا عنهم ذلك فجبن العدو عن مكحافحتهم، وفشل عن مناوشتهم، وفيهم الرمي بالنشاب ال تخطئهم إصابة، وال تكاد تسقط ألحد منهم نشابة، مع استقاللهم بأنواع السالح، من 7 He is a jurist and hadith scholar يوف والرماح؛ ولهم السداد والديانة، وعندهم الوفاء واألمانة، الس م في أصناف الخير ظاهر، تهوضمائرهم نقية طاهرة، ورغبا ودينهم محبة األخيار، ومقت األشرار، واألحسان إلى الغرباء، والتعطف على الضعفاء؛ وخصائص آخر ال تسقصى، وال تعد روقة والخيل وال تحصى؛ ومما اختصت به أنواع الرقيق ال الهميج الفرهة، وضروب الضواري من البزارة والصقور، وأجناس الوبر وألوان الثياب؛ وثمارها أطيب الثمار وأشهاها، وألذها وأحالها، وأمرأها وأنماها في األبدان؛ وهواؤها أصح هواء، وماؤها أعذب ماء، ألنه يجري من عيون عذبة، على ال يوجد مثله إال في الجنةطيبه؛ وناهيك ببطيخها الذي ترب [2, p.290] The writer Ibn Samaqa, enumerating his (Khorezm) virtues, says: Khorezm, for example, has qualities that are not found in all countries, and praiseworthy qualities that are not found in other cities. It is one of the leading cities in the Islamic world. Allah Himself guaranteed to help them at all times, always rewarding them with victory. Then Allah fortified Khorezm with Jayhun and the valley that restored the roads, with the abundant water that was dangerous. The people of Khorezm are a brave people. They have a fearless heart and a proud instinct. These rumors about Khorezmians are widespread, so the enemy is afraid to fight them. Another reason they lose when they collide is that there are sniper archers who don’t make mistakes even if they get injured. None of them had a bow in their hands. They also mastered the use of swords and spears. They have honesty, piety and fidelity to the trust. Their consciences are clear and pure, their motivation to do good is evident. Their religion is to love the good, to hate the bad, and to give alms to the poor and kindness to the weak. You can't list other features. It is preferred by its various bright ways, flying horses, wild, wild falcons, types of fur, and color of clothing. The fruits are the best and most appetizing, delicious and sweet. They are the most useful and powerful fruits for the body. The air is the best, and the water is the most delicious, because it flows from delicious springs on clean soil. Not to mention the Khorezm watermelons, in which are found only in heaven. Current Research Journal of History, Volume 01 Issue 01-2020 14 Current Research Journal of History Published: December 15, 2020 | Pages: 10-14 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/crjh/Volume01Issue01-3 CONCLUSION In his work, Makhmud Zamakhshari considered Khorezm, one of the most ancient countries, where he was born, and Samarkand, which had a high culture in the Middle Ages. Firouzabad), Balkh, Ahvaz, Khorasan, Damascus (Damascus), Nishapur, Sana'a, and the fact that he included information about them in his work testifies to Makhmud Zamakhshari's love for his homeland and his devotion to the country. The work “Rabi' al-Abrar” serves as an important source of information about the descriptions of our cities by world-famous people, the climate and qualities of Khorezm and Samarkand. This work was written in Arabic in the Middle Ages by historians and geographers such as Ibn Rusta, Al-Yaqubi, Abubakr al-Balazuri, Ibn Khordabeh, Tabari, Ibn Fadlan, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Al-Istakhri and Al-Maqdisi, who gave information about Khorezm and other regions, can be included in the list of works. REFERENCES 1. Abu al-Qasim Maḥmud ibn Umar al- Zamakhshari (1588). Rabi 'ul-abrar va nusus ul-akhbar. Manuscript. The main fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan. Inventory No. 2384. 2. Abdul Amır Muhanna (1992). Abu al- Qasim Makḥmud ibn Umar al- Zamakhshari. “Rabi' ul-abrar wa-nus us al- akhbar”. V.1-5. – Bayrut. Mu'assasat al- A'lami lil-Maṭbu'at.