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(Online) ISSN 2744-1741 
Defense and Security Studies  Original Research 
Vol. 5, No. 1, 2024, pp. 1-9 
https://doi.org/10.37868/dss.v5.id255 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) that allows others 
to share and adapt the material for any purpose (even commercially), in any medium with an acknowledgement of the work's 
authorship and initial publication in this journal. 

 1 

 
 
Enhancing awareness of cyber crime: A crucial element in confronting 
the challenges of hybrid warfare in Indonesia 
 
Ihsania Karin Azzani1*, Susilo Adi Purwantoro2, Hikmat Zakky Almubarok3 
1,2,3 Defense Managment, Defense University of The Republic of Indonesia 
 

*Corresponding author E-mail:  ihsania.broto@mp.idu.ac.id  

Received: Dec. 7, 2023.  
Revised: Jan. 5, 2024. 
Accepted: Jan. 6, 2024. 
Online: Jan. 13, 2024.  

Abstract 

The Cyber Defense Center, abbreviated as Pushansiber, is an institution 
responsible for carrying out the duties and functions of the Defense Strategic 
Installation Agency. Pushansiber has an important role in implementing 
governance, cooperation, operations, and ensuring cyber defense security. 
However, this year there has been an increase in problems related to cyber 
attacks, such as phishing, malware, ransomware, spam. These cyber attacks are 
included in the concept of hybrid warfare which is believed to be a form of 
conflict that involves the utilization of various elements, one of which is cyber 
attacks, military, political, economic, and information aspects. This causes 
conflict situations to be complicated and demands a comprehensive approach in 
terms of defense and handling, with digital literacy and cybersecurity awareness 
which has an important role in defense management, the need for awareness and 
training, simulation, and certification to strengthen cybercrime awareness in 
every organization. The success of other countries that have established 
specialized cybersecurity teams and invested in advanced technology can serve as 
an example for Indonesia. For Indonesia, the cooperation between National Cyber 
and Crypto Agency (BSSN) and the Ministry of Defense in strengthening 
cybersecurity capabilities is an important step to safeguard infrastructure, protect 
sensitive data, and reduce potential disruptions from malicious cyber activities 
with the aim of strengthening cybersecurity capabilities. 

© The Author 2024. 
Published by ARDA. 

Keywords: cyber crime awareness, cyber crime, digital literacy, hybrid war, cyber 
defense 

1. Introduction 

The phenomenon of hybrid warfare reflects a paradigm shift in the conduct of international conflict, that 
previously the main attention was focused on conventional military combat alone, however, over time with the 
advancement of increasingly sophisticated technology, especially in the field of cyber and information, the 
structure of conflict has undergone substantial changes that hybrid warfare involves a variety of activities, 
comprehensive and highly diverse military resources, programs, and application [1] all of which are carefully 
designed to achieve the maximization of persuasive political and economic influence without involving 
violence, with the goal being to reform a hostile government or group and simultaneously reverse political, 



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2 

social, and economic instability [2] hybrid warfare also involves more than direct military action, but also 
includes elements such as propaganda, cyberattacks, and attempts to manipulate public opinion, from diversity 
to the purpose of making the political dimension more complex, especially since the parties involved can use 
digital platforms and social media to influence perceptions globally [3]. 

Cybersecurity is currently the main focus for all countries in the world since information and communication 
technology began to be applied in various aspects of our lives today[ 4] in the use of technology in the era of 
rapidly growing digitalization, that the use of technology involves various fields, in terms of advances in 
information technology bring a positive impact on the ease of human life, but also bring potential that can 
endanger humans [5] regarding the use of technology in the era of increasingly rapid digitalization, the use of 
technology involves various fields, in terms of advances in information technology it has a positive impact on 
the ease of human life, but also carries the potential to be detrimental to humans. 

The influence of globalization and technological advances that enter the state and nation brings various 
impacts of change, from the influence of globalization now, it can be seen and cannot be denied anymore 
because the many technological advances that enter the state and nation involve various fields of legal 
certainty, social, economic, organizational, health, education, culture, government, security, defense, and so 
on Along with the increase in the level of adoption of information technology and communication, risks and 
threats to misuse of this technology have also increased significantly, are high, and are increasingly complex 
[6] now, it can be seen and cannot be denied because of the many technological advances that have entered 
the state and nation involving various fields of legal certainty, social, economic, organizational, health, 
education, culture, government, security, defense, and so on. Along with increasing levels of adoption of 
information and communication technology, the risks and threats of misuse of this technology have also 
increased significantly, are high, and increasingly complex. 

The author conveys in this article that it is felt that there is a need for better attention to policy and awareness 
as well as expanding ideas related to awareness for individuals and for ministries/institutions in dealing with 
cyber crime, especially in the context of hybrid warfare which is actually happening in Indonesia at the 
moment, and could even become a war trend in the future writer too provide recommendations for 
overcoming the challenges posed by cybercrime for the two organizations in the Ministry/Institution, both 
Bainstrahan, Ministry of Defense and BSSN. This can be discussed in research in this field. 

This paper was written to address the specific need for increased awareness and understanding of the scope 
and methods of cybercrime, particularly in the context of hybrid warfare in Indonesia, this is important for 
individuals, households and organizations because cybercrime is a significant and growing threat and has the 
potential to cause major losses and even business closures. 

The uniqueness of this paper lies in its focus on the unique challenges of cybercrime in the context of hybrid 
warfare in Indonesia and provides a specific analysis of the impact of cybercrime in this context. 

The added value of this paper lies in the detailed analysis of the impact and challenges of cybercrime in the 
context of hybrid warfare in Indonesia, as well as the practical recommendations offered to overcome these 
challenges. 

The author's contribution is to analyze the impact and challenges of cyber crime in Indonesia, especially in the 
defense context, as well as valuable recommendations provided to mitigate challenges including increasing 
awareness about cyber security, providing training programs and educational tools regarding cyber security 
challenges and the consequences of information crime, and increase knowledge about the risk of loss of 
sensitive information. 

1.1 Definition and characteristics of „Hybrid War“ 

Hybrid warfare is a military strategy that combines conventional and unconventional tactics [1] to achieve 
strategic objectives through a combination of military, economic, diplomatic, and informational actions, 



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3 

involving regular military force, cyberattacks, propaganda, and economic pressure, with the goal being to 
exploit the opponent's weaknesses and create confusion, difficult for states to target in an effective response, 
complex and dynamic, increasingly prominent in global security due to technological advances and 
geopolitical changes [7] from the increasing prevalence of hybrid warfare, to achieve political objectives, 
then, emphasizing the importance of cybercrime awareness in national defense is essential. 

Hybrid warfare often includes cyber terrorism and cyber warfare [8] so it is important for states to be ready to 
address the threats, the use of the internet in cyberspace to execute or control hybrid threats has become a 
common tactic, and its role in hybrid threat scenarios is huge. States, therefore, need to devise strategies to 
counter cybercrime and raise awareness of the threat posed by hybrid warfare itself. 

This requires a comprehensive approach, including enhanced civilian and military readiness [9], innovative 
resilience and response strategies, and the development of new policies and doctrines hence states need to 
foster situational awareness of multidimensional joint campaigns for the long term and use active sensing to 
engage the perception of entities in the environment, understand their meaning, and project their status in the 
near future on the urban environment to mitigate subversive action [10], one of the measures by which states 
can increase their capacity to face the challenges of hybrid warfare and protect their critical infrastructure and 
institutions from cyberattacks and other hybrid threats 

1.2 Cybercrime as critical component 

The term "cybercrime" is used widely by governments, businesses, and the general public to refer to a variety 
of criminal activities and dangerous behavior involving the use of computers, the internet, or other forms of 
information and communications technology [11]. It is a growing social phenomenon in the information age. 
Cyberspace has raised concerns globally due to its potential for significant damage and far-reaching effects, to 
avoid potential threats, the implementation of effective and reliable defense management is important, which 
ensures the optimality of the national defense system [12].  

Indonesia's universal national defense system (Sishanta) [13] aims to maintain and protect sovereignty, 
maintain territorial integrity, and ensure the safety of the entire nation from various challenges and threats 
[14]. 

In the direction of this universal defense system includes the use of various national resources, natural 
resources and human resources, on this basic principle the benchmark that national defense is all efforts made 
to defend sovereignty, territorial integrity, and ensure the safety of the nation from various threats and 
disturbances that can threaten the integrity of the nation and state, including in the form of certain issues [15]. 

 

Figure 1. Annual Report BSSN 2022 of Global Security Index (GCI's last assessment was in 2020, the latest 
assessment update will be released in 2023 



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Defense management has a very significant role in the formation of defense policy, requiring accurate and 
sustainable planning mechanisms [2] and refers to a country's capacity to manage its resources effectively and 
efficiently to meet national defense interests in a strategic and holistic manner, in accordance with applicable 
management principles, this includes short and long term strategic planning aimed at improving overall 
performance [3]. 

Based on the annual report containing cyber threat projections for 2023, Indonesia's National Cyber and 
Encryption Agency (BSSN) is placed in 24th place with a score of 94.88 in the Global Security Index (GCI), 
based on the document confirms that its function is not only limited to providing an overview of the national 
cybersecurity situation in 2022 and cyber threat trends in 2023,  but also acts as a form of accountability to the 
public for BSSN's performance. 

It has been stated in the presidential regulation of the republic of indonesia number 47 of 2023 on national 
cyber security strategy and cyber crisis management the importance of realizing that technological advances 
can trigger cyber attacks that have the potential to cause social and economic losses, and threats to state 
sovereignty. It is emphasized that the need to develop a cyber security strategy and cyber crisis management 
at the national level including the development of a cyber security culture and the implementation of 
emergency response handling is part of the government's responsibility to protect the public interest from 
various forms of disturbance caused by misuse of electronic information and electronic transactions; it is 
necessary for steps to be taken seriously to maintain national integrity and security in the current new digital 
era. 

When viewed from the scope of cyber threat ranking in Indonesia can be a very complex problem[16] in the 
future if not anticipated early, then the country's defense strategy plays a very important role in the sense of 
maintaining sovereignty, integrity, and safety from threats both traditional and non-traditional which are 
massively integrated that the essence of national defense is all universal defense actions,  organized based on 
awareness of the rights and obligations of citizens, as well as belief in strength from within, the administration 
of national defense is carried out by the government and prepared with the state defense system anticipatory or 
can recognize risks and all forms of uncertainty [17] plays a very important role in terms of maintaining 
sovereignty, integrity, and safety from threats both traditional and non-traditional in nature 

 

Figure 2. Screenshot of Ministry of Defense data stolen by hackers and sold on StealthMole  



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In October, there was a serious incident threatening Indonesia's national security, in which classified data in a 
Ministry of Defense work unit was leaked and can be accessed through stealthmole web [4] 

A hacker with special skills managed to gain access without permission. The hacker then marketed his 
services on the black market via Twitter (X), with the intention of selling access to confidential documents 
and administrative rights on the website, backed up with various evidence of misconduct. 

In an attempt to prove access, the hacker shared screenshots and stated that the server stored about 1.64 TB of 
data, from screenshots showing the possibility of hackers successfully hacking the Ministry of Defense 
website including personnel management information kemhan web backup components,  electronic 
procurement services and digital scripting. 

Analysis from the Ministry of Defense suspected the presence of stealer malware on the  personal computer 
(PC) of the document administrator, this loss of data can provide significant benefits to irresponsible parties, 
result in harm to Indonesia's national interests, and potentially worsen the state of national security while 
increasing the risk of cybercrime. 

This study seeks to explore the effectiveness of world crime awareness prevention management techniques in 
responding to increasingly complex cyber threat dynamics, the aim of this study is to increase public and 
stakeholder awareness of cyber threats, with the hope of reducing cybercrime incidents.  

Therefore, it is necessary to implement a national defense system [18]  every institution or organization that 
has the capacity to respond anticipatively to these threats, and can raise awareness to staff and personnel about 
cybersecurity risks and increase cybercrime awareness in human resources as well as to prevent data leaks and 
address cybersecurity threats and build cooperation with other parties to strengthen efforts to prevent and 
handle cybercrime[19] this complex and multidimensional threat is significantly influenced by changes in the 
strategic environment and has a major impact on national defense capabilities. 

This article can provide valuable policy recommendations for the government and produce effective results 
for stakeholders in the field of cyber defense, The results of the research can also be a guide for myself, 
academics and defense practitioners to improve their understanding of the discipline of defense management. 
So as to strengthen Indonesia's defense capability on national cyber security strategy and cyber crisis 
management to protect the whole nation and national interests. 

2. Research method  

This research applies descriptive qualitative research methods, which aim to explain the phenomena that occur 
in the field through direct observation or observation [18] as well as secondary data collection through 
literature study, documentation, and interpretation. Data collection through literature study in this research 
includes document collection, including journals, books, articles, and news contained in newspapers and 
magazines [19] The data analysis process consists of data collection, data reduction (data condensation), data 
presentation (data display), and conclusion drawing/verifying [20]. 

3. Results and discussion  

3.1 Increased cyber threat awareness 
 
Digital awareness is very important in preventing cybercrime, in this digital era, internet users must strengthen 
digital literacy to avoid cybercrime, that this shows the importance of digital awareness in dealing with threats 
in cyberspace, increased internet usage has led to a significant increase in cybercrime, so knowledge and 
learning about cybersecurity awareness is very important. Understandingome both from outsiders, such as 
Web Phishing due to clicking on links carelessly, as well as from within (insiders) [21], we can explore where 
very worrying condition occurs if the perpetrator of cybercrime is also an expert in anti-cybercrime actions as 
well, so that the new mode of cybercrime is difficult to detect and solve with cybersecurity [22]. The 



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escalating frequency of cybercrime attacks poses a pressing issue, demanding swift resolution and immediate 
implementation of robust cybersecurity measures. Addressing this challenge entails a proactive approach, 
including the enhancement of digital awareness through training programs, simulations demonstrating the 
causes and effects of cybercrime, and certification processes to elevate human resource competency in the 
realm of cyber defense [2] addition, caution and understanding are also required when using apps and digital 
payments. 

By improving and strengthening digital literacy at all levels of society and in all organizations, internet users 
will more easily avoid cybercrime and protect their personal data from misuse [22] and have taken proactive 
measures to protect their digital assets. Some countries have even established dedicated cybersecurity teams 
and invested resources in advanced technologies to mitigate the risks associated with cyberattacks. From the 
various considerations of the evolving threat, Indonesia needs to quickly realize the significance of 
cybersecurity and take immediate action to strengthen its defenses.  

Among them, through cooperation in strengthening cybersecurity capabilities, Indonesia can safeguard critical 
infrastructure, protect sensitive data, and reduce potential disruptions that may be caused by malicious cyber 
activities 

Realizing the increasing prevalence of cybercrime in Indonesia, and the many interrelated risks, the need to 
raise cyber security awareness is a must for individuals and organizations. This requires education of 
employees and the general public regarding various threats in the digital world, as well as responsible and 
responsive actions to mitigate these risks [23]. 

It can be seen how gaining knowledge about current security threats, including implementing best practices, 
and understanding the potential dangers of activities such as clicking on malicious links or downloading 
infected attachments will empower individuals to contribute to a safer digital environment both mandatory in 
an organization then Awareness Cyber security not only plays a role in financial security but also functions to 
protect sensitive information, thereby reducing the possibility of becoming a victim of cyber threats [24] for 
organizations, the need to implement a comprehensive security awareness training program is essential. 
Encouraging a culture of vigilance within the organizational structure further strengthens the security posture, 
providing protection against the potential adverse impacts of cybercrime. 

3.2 Educational programs and skill development 

Educational nitiatives and skill development [25] in the field of cyber security awareness in an organization 
play an important and very useful role in safeguarding sensitive information and mitigating the risk of falling 
victim to cyber threats, this includes recognizing cyber threats, understanding the associated risks, and 
implementing safe practices. If the individual employee does not pass certification in global crime awareness, 
then the use of rewards and punishments in cybersecurity awareness training can have varying impacts on 
individual behavior and the overall security culture within an organization. 

The main goal is to instill a culture of security awareness in the organization [26], enforce regulations to 
prevent errors if something goes wrong and equip all employees with the knowledge and tools to defend 
against cyber attacks. 

Cybersecurity awareness training typically covers a variety of topics, including recognizing phishing attacks, 
emphasizing password security, addressing physical security issues, and ensuring the security of mobile 
devices/computers used is safe from malware.  

The importance of cyber security awareness arises from the enormous growth of cybercrime, where cyber 
attacks pose financial risks and disruption to businesses and individuals, recognizing the human factor as a 
significant vulnerability, businesses must address potential employee errors and knowledge gaps that can 
expose organizations to cyber threats, regularly promoting a culture of conversation and awareness through 



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end-user security awareness training ensures that employees stay informed about the steps necessary to secure 
personal and business information [27]. 

In short, educational programs and skills development in cyber security awareness are necessary for both 
individuals and organizations, serving to protect sensitive information and reduce the likelihood of 
succumbing to cyber threats. Implementing a comprehensive security awareness training program, coupled 
with cultivating a vigilant organizational culture, contributes to improving security posture and reducing the 
risk of falling victim to cyber threats. 

4. Conclusions  

The conclusion that can be drawn reminds us that increasing cyber security awareness will play an important 
role in implementing national defense strategy policies as stipulated in Minister of National Defense 
Regulation Number 14 of 2023 if it is implemented effectively from cyber crime awareness starting with 
Educational Programs and Skill Development so as to provide benefits for individuals and the Indonesian state 
and its stakeholders. 

Those well-versed in cyber risks are more likely to comply with security policies, thereby minimizing 
potential security vulnerabilities and promptly reporting suspicious activity within an organization. 

In the field of hybrid warfare, digital awareness is becoming increasingly important, especially in combating 
the wave of cybercrime that accompanies the surge in internet use, a concrete form of overcoming these 
complex cyber attacks is the need to increase digital literacy and increase awareness of cyber security is very 
important for individuals and countries, because this can serve as a shield against threats in the vast cyber 
world. 

The diverse nature of cyber threats, both external and internal, adds to the complexity of detection and 
mitigation efforts. Addressing cybersecurity challenges requires immediate attention from institutions and 
organizations. Given the increasing frequency of cyberattacks, the authors advocate increasing digital 
awareness through initiatives such as training, simulations, and certification. This approach aims to increase 
human resource competency in cyber defense, which ultimately strengthens digital literacy at various levels of 
society and organizational structures. Such measures can enable more effective use of the internet, reduce the 
risk of cybercrime and protect personal data. 

If seen from neighboring countries (Singapore) that they involve the formation of special cyber security teams 
and large investments in advanced technology. This success model states the importance of strategic steps for 
Indonesia. Strengthening cybersecurity capabilities through collaborative efforts is critical to safeguarding 
critical infrastructure, protecting sensitive data, and mitigating potential disruptions stemming from malicious 
cyber activity. Recognizing the importance of cyber security, Indonesia must proactively take steps to 
strengthen its defenses against ever-growing cyber threats. 

Declaration of competing interest  

The authors declare that they have no known financial or non-financial competing interests in any material 
discussed in this paper. 

Funding information 

No funding was received from any financial organization to conduct this research. 

Acknowledgements  

Many thanks are extended to Col. TNI AU Dr. Ir. Hikmat Zakky Almubaroq, S.Pd., M.Si., CIQaR . as Head 
of the Defense Management Study Program, for his guidance and inspiration in the completion of this article. 



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8 

Gratitude is also extended to Dr.Ir. Susilo Adi Purwantoro, S.E., M.Eng.Sc., CIQnR., CIQaR., IPU., CIPA., 
ASEAN Eng, Mayor Jenderal TNI, Mayjen TNI (Purn) Dr. Agung Risdhianto, M.D.A, Brigjen TNI (Purn) 
Makmur Supriyatno, B.Sc., S.Pd., M. Pd, Kolonel Caj (K) (Purn) Dr. Dra. Herlina Tarigan, MPPM as a 
mentor acted as a guide for me in completing the final project of the lecture and this article. 

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