19 Dental Anthropology 2014 │ Volume 28 │ Issue 03 Contextualizing Buccal Dental Microwear Variations During the Byzantine Period in Jordan Mohammad Alrousan, Ali Khwaileh, and Abdulla Al-Shorman Department of Anthropology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan Keywords: Diet, Dental Wear, Hunter-Gatherers, Food Processing, Natufian INTRODUCTION The Byzantine period (324–638 CE) in the Le- vant and particularly in Jordan has received influ- ential thoughts by historians on both sociopolitical and economic levels (Jones, 1964). The archaeologi- cal studies refuted the historians’ thoughts (Kingsley, 2001) but unfortunately few dealt with the subject in a broader economic view (Rose et al., 2007). However, local economic variations must have been existed, triggered by the varied subsist- ence economies. One of the best models in this re- gard is the Byzantine site of Natfieh, where agri- culture and animal husbandry were the sources of food (Al-Bashaireh et al., 2010). Social stratification in terms of populace and elites was common dur- ing this period, which exerted a wider gap in wealth accumulation between urban and rural set- tlements, or even on a settlement level (Grossman, 1974; Garnsey and Saller, 1987). Therefore, self- sufficient economies that relied on land as the main source of food production and improvisation were presumably site-specific and might not be applied at other contemporaneous Byzantine settlements in Jordan. The function of a settlement might have possessed another check on economic success, such as, the late Roman/Early Byzantine military garri- son discovered near Queen Alia International Air- port (Ibrahim and Gordon, 1987), these sites did not excersiced a complex subsistence economy but mostly relied on aid from the central goverment. Another unique Byzantine settlement, in this sense, is Khirbit Yajuz in the middle of Jordan. The site was proved to be a substantial producer of tex- tile in the region (Khalil, 1998; Al-Shorman, 2003; Al-Shorman and Khalil, 2006) but it is not known yet if other subsistence economies were additional- ly practiced. During the same period, the people of the Byzantine site of Sa’ad -- at the edge of the arid zone -- in northern Jordan subsisted on agriculture, produced huge amounts of wine for export pur- poses, and believed to be self-sufficient (Rose et al., 1997). The two different economic models in Khir- bit Yajuz and Sa’ad (fig. 1) would have created two different dietary forms for local consumption that could be reconstructed. Accordingly, this study investigates the type of diet among the people of these sites using buccal dental microwear depicted by scanning electron microscopy of teeth. ABSTRACT This study scanned 14 buccal surfaces of teeth casts microscopically from the Byzantine sites of Yajuz and Sa'ad in Jordan, and 7 samples from the Natufian site of El Wad in Palestine for the purpose of studying buccal microwear. The results show no differences in the pattern of dental microwear between the two byzantine sites, while a difference was existed when these sites com- pared to El Wad. The results indicate that subsistence economy did not trigger buccal microwear but cultural development. Although the economies during the Byzantine period were diversified, technological adaptation diffused into region, which eased food accession and procession. Correspondence to: Mohammad Alrousan, Department of Anthropology, Yarmouk University, Irbid , Jordan. Fig. 1. The archaeological sites of Khirbit Yajuz and Sa’ad, Jordan. 20 Contextualizing Buccal Dental Macrowear Dental Anthropology 2014 │ Volume 28 │ Issue 03 The buccal dental microwear analysis is one of the di- rect methods in reconstructing diet through examining the microscopic surfaces of teeth (Grine et al., 2002). Con- trary to occlusal microwear, buccal microwear provides insights on diet over a longer time and is not affected by tooth-to-tooth contact (Pérez-Pérez et al. 1994; Pérez- Pérez, 2004; Romero et al., 2012). For this reason, buccal dental microwear has become very common and widely accepted as a tool for reconstructing primates’ diet and ecology (Galbany et al., 2003; 2004; 2005; 2009), and die- tary adaptation and behavior of extinct human popula- tions (Romero et al., 2004; Martinez et al., 2004; Romero, 2005; Polo-Carda et al., 2007; Romero and De Juan, 2007; Alrousan and Pérez-Pérez, 2008; 2012 Estaberanz et al., 2008; 2009; Alrousan et al., 2009). The recent studies have focused on the experimental research to improve the quantification of buccal microwear analysis using precise digital techniques (Martinez and Pérez-Pérez, 2004; Gal- bany et al., 2005). The abrasive particles in the diet induce microwear on the buccal surfaces of teeth. These particles are either in- trinsic to diet, such as, phytoliths of plant tissues, which have hardness that exceeds dental enamel (Piperno, 1988; Lauleza and Pérez-Pérez, 1994) or extrinsic when dust, ash, or sand contaminates food during processing (Mahoney, 2006; Alrousan and Pérez-Pérez, 2008; 2012; Alrousan, 2011). Despite the source of these particles, they eventually cause both pits and striations on occlusal sur- faces of teeth (Teaford and Oyen, 1989; Schmidt, 2001; Mahoney, 2006; Ungar et al., 2008; Alrousan, 2011) but only striations on the vestibular or buccal surfaces (Puech and Albertini, Pérez-Pérez 1983; Pérez-Pérez; 1994; 1999; 2003; Alrousan and Pérez-Pérez, 2008; 2012). Meat, for example, is correlated with a large number and longer vertical striations on the buccal surfaces of the teeth, whereas plant items tend to cause higher densities of longer horizontal striations (Puech, 1976; 1979; Puech and Albertini, 1981; 1984; Puech and Pant, 1980; Puech et al., 1980; 1983; 1986; Pérez-Pérez et la., 1994; Lalueza et al., 1996; Alrousan and Pérez-Pérez, 2012). Accordingly, the buccal microwear pattern is a reliable, nondestructive, and accurate method for dietary reconstruction because it can reflect dietary changes over the long term rather than providing evidence on the “last supper” (Pérez-Pérez et al., 1994; Alrousan, 2009; Romero et al., 2012). The presence of microwear features on the occlusal surface depends on many factors; the mechanics of chew- ing, mastication forces, the position of analyzed wear fac- et, and the section of analyzed wear facet (Kay and Hiie- mae, 1974; Gordon and Walker, 1983; Pérez-Pérez, 2004; Mahoney, 2006). On the other hand, buccal surfaces are not affected by tooth-to-tooth contact during chewing cy- cle, with minimal effect by the forces of mastication (Puech and Pant, 1980; Lalueza and Pérez-Pérez, 1993; Pérez-Pérez et al., 1994; Pérez-Pérez, 2004). The presence of extensive tooth wear or the use of teeth as a tool makes the analysis of occlusal microwear impossible. For these reasons, bioarchaeoligiests tend to extract dietary infor- mation from the enamel surface using buccal dental mi- crowear technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the purpose of this study, buccal dental microwear patterns were collected from 14 individuals; 7 from the Byzantine site of Khirbit Yajuz in the middle of Jordan and 7 from the Byzantine site of Sa’ad in northeastern Jor- dan. A Single post-canine tooth was chosen to represent each individual, all individuals are right fully developed third molars (Alrousan and Pérez-Pérez, 2008; Pérez- Pérez et al., 2003). The samples have well-preserved enamel surfaces without dental pathologies. According to microwear standards, post-mortem changes, taphonomic changes, and unpreserved enamel surfaces were deter- mined after Teaford (1988), Martinez and Pérez-Pérez (2004) and Pérez-Pérez et al. (2003). The surfaces of dental enamel were gently cleaned with pure acetone and then rinsed with 70% ethanol using cotton swabs. Molds of the original teeth were obtained using Polyvinyl-siloxane President Microsystems™ (Coltene Regular Body) (Galbany et al. 2006; Ungar et al. 2006). Positive casts of tooth molds were obtained using epoxy resin (Epo-Tek 301, By QdA) with a two-stage centrifugation procedure to prevent the formation of air bubbles. Before examining the casts under SEM (Scanning Elec- tron Microscope), the samples were mounted on alumi- num stubs with carbon gum. The casts were then coated with a 400 Å gold layer. The SEM observation settings were 15 KV with 0º tilt angle of the secondary electrons. The micrographs were obtained at 100X magnification on the medial aspect of the buccal surface of the cast at a dis- tance from the occlusal rim of the cusps and the cement- enamel junction. The images were then cropped to cover an area of 0.56 mm2, where the measure of the side border of each square micrograph was 748.33 µm (Fig. 2) (Pérez- Pérez et al. 2003; Alrousan and Pérez-Pérez 2008; 2012). Fig. 2. Micrograph of buccal microwear 21 Contextualizing Buccal Dental Macrowear Dental Anthropology 2014 │ Volume 28 │ Issue 03 Each micrograph was processed using Adobe Pho- toshop by applying a “high pass” (50 pixels) filter and “automatic” level enhancement. In order to quantify buc- cal dental microwear pattern (striation length and densi- ty), Sigma Scan Pro 5 (SPSS) package was used. The slope and the length of striations in each micrograph were digi- tally measured. The orientations of the striations were measured according to Lalueza et al. (1996) and Pérez- Pérez et al. (1994; 2003). The orientation was measured from 0º to180º and classified as follows (Fig. 3): 1. Vertical (V): angle ≥ 67.5º and ≤ 112.5º. 2. Mesio-occlusal to Disto-cervical (MD): from 112.5º to 157.5º for the upper left and the lower right teeth. 3. Disto-occlusal to Mesio-cervical (DM): from 22.5º to 67.5º for the upper right tooth and lower left. 4. Horizontal (H): angle ≥ 0º and ≤ 22.2º, and angle ≥ 157.5º and ≤ 180º. For all orientation categories (H, V, MD, DM),the total number of striations (T), the density (N), average length (X) and standard deviation of the length (S) of the stria- tions were computed and, thus, a total of 15 microwear variables were derived for each sample (Pérez-Pérez et al. 1994). A second stage comparison was performed: the first stage is between the two sites; the normality of the fre- quency distributions of the 15 variables was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit. Then, a one-factor ANOVA test was used to compare the 15 varia- bles in the two sites. The second stage of comparison com- pared the microwear pattern of the Byzantine teeth with the Natufian teeth from El Wad after Alrousan and Pérez- Pérez (2012). EL wad is a hunter-gatherer site located in Palestine, and dated to 12,950 - 10,680 years bp based on relative and 14C dating (Garrod, 1931; Weinstein-Evron 1991). This comparison is aimed to understand the cultur- al development regarding food acquisition and processing from hunting and gathering to farming. RESULTS The means and standard deviations of the above varia- bles are presented in table 1. The results of statistical anal- ysis are presented in table 2. First stage of comparison results; Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests shows that none of the 15 variables differed significantly from nor- mality for the two sites considered. Therefore, parametric statistical tests could be applied to the raw data. No sig- nificant differences were discovered between the two sites, Sa’ad and Yajuz, considering the 15 variables of buc- cal dental microwear (fig. 4). The second stage of comparison indicates that there are significant differences between the Natufian people and the Byzantain people at least in ten variables; the length and the standard deviation of horizontal striations, verti- cal striations, Mesodistal striations, Distomesial striations, and total striations. The characteristic feature of the buccal dental microwear of the Natufian samples is the longer striations in a comparing with that of the Byzantine sam- ples (Fig. 5). Fig. 3. Orientations of striation (Pérez-Pérez et al., 1994) Fig. 4. Total number of striation of the Byzantain Sites Sa'ad and Yajuz. Figure 5: Length of all striations of the two periods 22 Contextualizing Buccal Dental Macrowear Dental Anthropology 2014 │ Volume 28 │ Issue 03 Site Sa’ad No.=8 Yajuz ( No.=7) El Wad (No.=7) Byz (No.=15) Mean Sd. Mean Sd. Mean Sd. Mean Sd. NH 26.875 10.629 31.571 14.604 35.286 14.930 29.067 12.400 XH 19.779 3.090 20.447 11,009 83.043 40.215 20.091 7.539 SH 10636 2.990 10.394 7.374 59.094 46.071 10.523 5.271 NV 21125 14.759 26.000 8.869 30.143 19.651 23.400 12.205 XV 19.356 4.142 27.006 16.135 79.091 22.976 22.927 11.651 SV 11.657 4.033 18.069 10.914 66.237 23.140 14.649 8.375 NMD 48.125 18.849 55.286 24.088 66.571 39.136 51.467 20.976 XMD 17.394 2.433 22.342 13.331 60.633 13.067 19.703 9.255 SMD 11.309 5.913 14.170 10.674 35.056 10.597 12.644 8.276 NDM 44.750 22.487 35.857 10,946 44.000 14.674 40.600 18.035 XDM 17.065 1.896 18.832 7.539 61.189 17.519 17.890 5.195 SDM 9.113 3.888 8.660 4.714 41.134 15.621 8.902 4.140 NT 140.875 48287 148.714 38.156 176.000 63.765 144.533 42.499 XT 18.315 1.685 22.267 11.256 70.652 21.255 20.159 7.739 ST 11.515 2.841 14.156 8.489 55.063 24.310 12.747 6.065 Table 1: Descriptive statistics. El wad results after Alrousan and Pérez-Pérez (2012). Sum of squares Degree of Freedoom Mean of Squares F Probability XH 18914.104 1 18914.104 36.029 .000 SH 11259.504 1 11259.504 17.158 .001 XV 15055.583 1 15055.583 59.417 .000 SV 12701.519 1 12701.519 60.560 .000 XMD 7995.701 1 7995.701 71.912 .000 SMD 2397.317 1 2397.317 29.366 .000 XDM 8948.033 1 8948.033 80.640 .000 SDM 4958.516 1 4958.516 58.196 .000 XT 12168.150 1 12168.150 68.573 .000 ST 8546.363 1 8546.363 42.093 .000 Table 2: ANOVA results 23 Contextualizing Buccal Dental Macrowear Dental Anthropology 2014 │ Volume 28 │ Issue 03 DISCUSSION Diet is one of the most important aspects used to un- derstand the paleobiology, evolution, and culture of ex- tinct human populations. In order to reconstruct diet, Bio- archaeologists use teeth because of they are the most pre- served human skeletal remains, where they are commonly found in ancient burials. The results of buccal dental mi- crowear of this study are highly correlated with the ar- chaeological data and records. The main sources of inter population variation in buccal dental microwear are the number and the length of striations that eventually de- pended on ecological factors including food availability and resources. For example, buccal microwear patterns from Pliocene Hominids, in comparison with modern Hunter-gatherers with relatively known diet, have showed higher density of striations in corresponding to higher abrasiveness of the diet (Pérez-Pérez et al., 1994; 2003). The patterns of buccal microwear from Neolithic and Natufian teeth in the ancient Near East showed that the longer striations in the Neolithic teeth is due to food processing technique and introduction of more cereals and plants in diet (Alrousan, 2009). The index of NH/NV is highly an indicator of the type of consumed diet; hunter -gatherers (meat dependant) and pastoralists tend to have a lower value of this index (Lauleza et al., 1996; Alrousan and Pérez-Pérez, 2012). Since there are no significant vari- ations between Sa’ad and Yajuz, this study suggests that the diet in both sites is similar in relation to resource or even processing although the two sites practiced different subsistence economies. Sa’ad people depended on agri- culture and animal husbandry, while Yajuz people prac- ticed textual manufacturing. The previous study of occlu- sal dental microwear of the same samples of Yajuz (Al- Shorman and Khalil, 2006) did not extract any infor- mation regarding diet and/or dietary adaptation, where occlusal dental microwear pattern was masked by using teeth as tools. The length of striations here is positively correlated with the abrasiveness of diet, more abrasive diet tend to leave longer striations on the buccal surface due to the exerted heavy masticatory forces (Puech, 1978; 1982; Pérez-Pérez et al., 1994; Alrousan and Pérez-Pérez, 2008). Therefore, the people of El Wad probably con- sumed a harder diet compared to the Byzantine popula- tion. The difference between the Natufian and the Byzantine periods is probably due to the differences in food intake and food processing (cultural development) rather than environmental conditions. The Natufian people of El Wad were hunter-gatherers; depending more on gathering than hunting (Alrousan and Perez- Pérez-Pérez, 2012). The gross wear that they had resembled that of Pre Pot- tery Neolithic people (Smith, 1970) as triggered by the presence of grinding tools (Henry, 1989; Bar Yosef, 1998). The large component of plant food created more abrasive materials that needed more masticatory forces and thus caused longer striations. Food processing is another factor that affects microwear pattern (Teaford and Lytle, 1996; Ungar and Spencer, 1999; Alrousan and Pérez-Pérez, 2008), where after the introduction of pottery in the Neo- lithic period, cooking was facilitated and the texture be- came softer, which required less maticatory forces. CONCLUSION Despite the variation in subsistence economy in rural Byzantine settlements, the inhabitants consumed diet that was probably similar in texture, which stresses on the dif- fusion of cultural development throughout the region. Throughout the history of the region, it seems that the technological innovation in cooking utensils reduced the abrasiveness on the enamel surfaces of teeth. The varia- tion in the local economies in rural areas during the Byz- antine period have imposed little if any restrictions on technological adaptation but does not negate the access to better quality and quantity of food items by the elites. 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