15 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 Dental Anthropology Research Conducted at the School of Dentistry of the Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia) between 2002 and 2021: A Literature Review Freddy Moreno 1.2 * and Natalia Coriat 1 1 Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Colombia 2 School of Dentistry of the Universidad del Valle, Colombia At the School of Dentistry of Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia), dental anthropology is consid- ered an interdisciplinary area of knowledge that integrates anthropology, dentistry, biology, pale- ontology, and paleopathology. The objective is to study all the information provided by human den- tition, including anatomical, evolutionary, patho- logical, cultural and therapeutic variations. This is done by taking into consideration the living condi- tions, culture, nutrition and adaptation processes of present and past human populations, through the morphology, measurements, diseases, and modifications of the teeth (Hillson, 1996; Scott & Turner, 1997, 1998). In particular, a group of researchers from the aforementioned university has focused their inter- est on dental metric and nonmetric variations. Their approach has allowed for the documentation, analysis, explanation, and understanding of a range of dental phenotypes that can provide in- sight into the biological relationships among hu- man populations. These dental variations also serve as intergroup markers that facilitate compar- ative analysis to clarify the history, origin, for- mation, contact, isolation, and displacement of past and present human groups (Alt et al., 1998; Rodríguez, 2003, 2004). In Colombia, dental anthropology began rela- tively late compared to other Latin American coun- tries, such as Mexico and Peru. Some anthropologi- cal and paleontological studies on living popula- tions and archaeological samples had been carried out earlier by researchers such as Paul Rivet, Gon- zalo Correal, Miguel Méndez, Martin Nweeia, Ed- ward Harris, Héctor Polanco, and Benjamin Hera- ABSTRACT In the last 20 years, the Dental Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry Research Group at the Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia) has integrated knowledge from anthropology, dentistry, biolo- gy, paleontology and paleopathology to characterize the dental morphology of living populations in southwestern Colombia. This has been done by studying the frequency and variability of dental mor- phological features in populations with different ancestries, including Euro-descendants, Afro- descendants and Native Americans. The group has employed strategies such as formative research and the creation of cooperative research networks to publish and disseminate their findings on dental mor- phology mainly within the Colombian dental clinical context. However, these studies have been limited in their impact on the international anthropological academic community due to a lack of publication in English and refusals from some specialized journals to publish research on contemporary Colombian populations. To address this issue, this article aims to provide a literature review of the research on den- tal anthropology carried out at the School of Dentistry of the Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia) between 2002 and 2021. Despite the high amount of available information, the results of this scientific research have been difficult to make visible, search, access, and recover. *Correspondence to: Freddy Moreno Faculty of Health Sciences at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali (Colombia) School of Dentistry of the Universidad del Valle (Colombia) Email: fmorenog@javerianacali.edu.co Keywords: dental morphology, dental complexes, ethnic pattern, biological distances, literature review 16 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 zo, among others. However, the field gained more attention in 1989 with the publication of the “Cuaderno de Antropología No. 19” of the Univer- sidad Nacional (Bogotá, Colombia) entitled "Introducción a la antropología dental" by the an- thropologist José Vicente Rodríguez. This work compiled all available information on the metric and morphological variations of teeth in human populations, drawing mainly from previous re- search by the Institute of Ethnology and Anthro- pology of the Russian Academy of Science (Moscow, Russia) and studies on the origin and diversity of Americans carried out by Arizona State University. Since then, dental anthropology research in Co- lombia has focused on forensic sciences, specifical- ly within the context of forensic anthropology and the study of oral morbidity in pre-Hispanic com- munities. In 1997, Alexander Zoubov gave a lec- ture on "La antropología dental y la práctica foren- se" at the symposium "De lo prehispánico a lo fo- rense: avances de la antropología biológica en Co- lombia," which shifted the research focus towards forensic applications. Notable contributions to this field include the work carried out by the Expe- dición Humana of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá, Colombia), the studies conduct- ed by the Laboratorio de Antropología Física of the Universidad Nacional by José Vicente Rodríguez, the work of the groups Antropacífico and An- tropos under the supervision of anthropologists Carlos David Rodríguez and Miguel Eduardo Del- gado Burbano at the Departamento de An- tropología of the Universidad del Cauca (Popayán, Colombia), and the studies conducted by the Julio César Cubillos Museum of the Universidad del Valle under the historian Carlos Armando Rodríguez (Rodríguez, 2003; Moreno and Moreno, 2007). At the end of the 20th century, research groups focused on dental anthropology were formed in the Schools of Anthropology of the Universidad Nacional and the Universidad del Cauca. Howev- er, it wasn't until 2004 that a study group from a School of Dentistry, led the Dental Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry Research Group, as was the case with the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Re- search Group of the School of Dentistry of the Uni- versidad del Valle, whose researchers joined forces to disseminate knowledge from other disciplines that have studied teeth and to apply this infor- mation in the dental, anthropological, and forensic contexts. Although the study group was inactivat- ed by 2014, the research has continued inde- pendently through the work of dentists Sandra Moreno and Freddy Moreno (Moreno-Gómez et al., 2019). To keep research in dental anthropology active, two fundamental strategies were implemented. The first strategy was to establish scientific cooperation alliances with the “Laboratorio de Antropología Física” of the Universidad Nacional, with the “Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Colombia.” and with the “Laboratorio de Identificación de la Fiscalía General de la Nación de Colombia.” The second strategy was to use formative research so that dentistry students from different universities in Colombia could develop their theses on topics related to dental anthropology, mainly dental measurements and dental morphology. Thus, during the last 20 years, a series of studies have been carried out in contemporary populations of southwestern Colombia to generate new knowledge on the frequency and variability of non -metric dental traits from research studies, to update the current understanding through literature reviews, to describe the unusual presence of some dental morphological characteristics through case reports, and to encourage critical reading through systematic analysis of the literature (Moreno-Gómez et al., 2019). The aim of this study is to perform a literature review of the research in dental anthropology con- ducted at the School of Dentistry of the Univer- sidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia). Due to the lack of available scientific information and the difficulties in searching, accessing, and retrieving scientific research results, it is not possible to objectively quantify the scientific knowledge generated. The literature review is a type of research synthesis that aims to map the literature on a particular topic or research area and identify key concepts and types of evidence generated in the research practice, pro- duced by individuals (researchers), groups (research groups, centers, and institutes), and edu- cational institutions (departments, faculties, and universities) (Daudt et al., 2013). Materials and Methods This study reviewed publications on dental anthro- pology conducted at the School of Dentistry of the Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia) with the participation of dentistry students from different universities. Their theses were advised by re- searchers affiliated with the Dental Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry Research Group through formative research processes. All populations stud- 17 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 ied gave their consent to participate and received feedback from the researchers, allowing them to recognize their ethnic origin from the historical processes of colonization in Colombia over the last 500 years. Specifically, these results have been used in the ethnographic processes of identity construc- tion for community councils of Afro-descendant populations and governorates of indigenous com- munities. The categories used to classify articles and per- form the comprehensive review were: article name, year of publication, study type, population stud- ied, sample, journal of publication, country of the journal, language of publication, publisher, the- matic context, and number of citations (Table 1). Results Between 2002 and 2021, 44 articles were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Therefore, the Den- tal Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry Research Group published an average of 2.09 articles per year. Of these articles, 29 (65.9%) were published in dental journals, including 13 (33.3%) in the Revista Estomatología, which allowed for the scientific dis- semination of the School of Dentistry of the Uni- versidad del Valle. The remaining articles were published in biomedical journals (10.3%), anthro- pological journals (13.6%), morphological science journals (5.1%), and forensic journals (5.1%). Twenty-eight of the journals in which articles were published were edited by public universities (63.6%); five by private universities (11.3%); four by scientific societies (10.3%) and four by private publishers (10.3%). Thirty-six articles were published in Spanish (81.8%), five in English (11.3%), and three in both languages (7.69%). All 44 articles implemented the keyword dental anthropology (100%), 38 implemented dental mor- phology (86.3%), four implemented dental meas- urements (9.09%), 13 implemented forensic anthro- pology (30.2%), 12 implemented dental identifica- tion (27.2%), and three implemented radiology (7.7%). Twelve of the journals in which the articles were published are indexed in MedLine (30.8%), 17 in DOAJ (38.6%), 23 in Latindex (52.2%), 11 in SciELO (28.2%), and 31 in national (Colombia) and region- al (Latin America) indexes (79.5%). Thirty-four of these articles have been cited from Google Scholar (87.1%), six articles from Publons (2.34%), and five from Scopus (1.95%). The articles were derived from 23 undergradu- ate degree works, one undergraduate degree work in pediatric dentistry, and one master's degree work in criminalistics. Fourteen articles were de- rived from research processes carried out by pro- fessors as part of their scientific activities. The 39 articles included a total of 90 dentistry students (2.6 students per study) and six graduate students. Likewise, 78 participations of professors were ob- served with an average of 2.2 professors per article. According to the methodological design of the study, 30 articles corresponded to descriptive ob- servational studies (68.1%), 11 articles to literature reviews (25%), and four articles to case reports (9.09%). Regarding the thematic area, 36 articles corre- sponded to dental morphology (81.8%), four arti- cles to dental measurements (9.09%), three articles to dental eruption (7.7%), one article to dental mor- phology and dimensions (2.6%), and one article to general dental anthropology (2.6%). Likewise, and according to the observational method of the sam- ple, 28 articles used plaster models obtained from dental impressions taken of the individuals that made up the sample (63.6%), three used panoramic radiographs (7.7%), five were mainly case reports that used direct observation of the patients (12.8%), and eight did not conduct any type of observation- al study because they were literature reviews with a purely theoretical approach (18.1%). According to the type of dentition, permanent dentition was studied in 25 articles (56.8%), decid- uous and permanent dentition in 16 articles (41.0%), deciduous dentition in two articles (4.5%), and no type of dentition was specified in two arti- cles (5.1%). The most frequently observed teeth were incisors in 22 articles (50%), canines in 10 arti- cles (22.7%), premolars in 19 articles (43.1%), and molars in 31 articles (79.5%). The dental morphological features most fre- quently observed in the studies were winging in seven articles (17.9%), crowding in six articles (15.4%), shovel-shaped incisors in 13 articles (30.2%), Carabelli’s trait in 20 articles (45.4%), hy- pocone reduction in eight articles (20.5%), proto- stylid in 20 articles (45.4%), deflecting wrinkle in 13 articles (29.5%), cuspid pattern in 15 articles (34.09%), number of cusps in 10 articles (25.6%), cusp 6 in 12 articles (30.8%), and cusp 7 in 12 arti- cles (30.8%). Similarly, other morphological fea- tures were observed in canines, premolars, and molars in 17 articles (38.6%). Regarding the methods of observation of dental morphological features, ASUDAS (Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System) was used for permanent dentition in 25 articles (56.8%), ASUDAS, Hanihara (1961), Grine (1986), and Sciul- 18 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 T ab le 1 . S ci en ti fi c ar ti cl es o rg an iz ed b y y ea r of p u bl ic at io n A rt ic le Y e a r T y p e o f st u d y P o p u la ti o n st u d ie d S a m p le Jo u rn a l C o u n tr y L a n g u a g e P u b li sh e r T h e m a ti c co n te x t G o o g le ci ta ti o n s P u b lo n s C it a ti o n s S co p u s ci ta ti o n s M o re n o & M o re n o 2 0 0 2 L it e ra tu re re v ie w N o n e 0 R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca F o re n si c 2 1 0 0 M o re n o e t a l. 2 0 0 4 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p 1 0 0 i n d iv id u a ls (5 0 f e m a le s a n d 5 0 m a le s) C o lo m b ia M é d ic a C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 5 5 0 7 M o re n o & M o re n o 2 0 0 5 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p a n d in d ig e n o u s 1 0 0 i n d iv id u a ls (5 0 f e m a le s a n d 5 0 m a le s) In te rn a ti o n a l Jo u rn a l o f D e n - ta l A n th ro p o lo - g y C o lo m b ia E n g li sh E d it o ri a l p ri v a d a A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 3 4 0 0 R o d rí g u e z & M o re n o 2 0 0 6 C a se R e p o rt M ix e d g ro u p 1 i n d iv id u a l (1 fe m a le ) D e n ta l A n th ro p o lo g y U n it e d S ta te s E n g li sh S o ci e d a d ci e n tí fi ca O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 2 3 0 0 A g u ir re e t a l. 2 0 0 6 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p a n d in d ig e n o u s 1 0 0 i n d iv id u a ls (5 0 f e m a le s a n d 5 0 m a le s) D e n ta l A n th ro p o lo g y U n it e d S ta te s E n g li sh S o ci e d a d ci e n tí fi ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 5 3 0 0 R o ch a e t a l. 2 0 0 7 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l In d ig e n o u s 8 4 i n d iv id u a ls (4 2 f e m a le s a n d 4 2 m a le s) C o lo m b ia M é d ic a C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 3 6 2 3 A g u ir re e t a l. 2 0 0 7 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p 1 0 0 i n d iv id u a ls (5 0 f e m a le s a n d 5 0 m a le s) In te rn a ti o n a l Jo u rn a l o f D e n - ta l A n th ro p o lo - g y C o lo m b ia E n g li sh E d it o ri a l p ri v a d a A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 4 0 0 M o re n o & M o re n o 2 0 0 7 L it e ra tu re re v ie w N o n e 0 R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 1 2 0 0 A g u ir re e t a l. 2 0 0 7 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p a n d in d ig e n o u s 1 0 0 i n d iv id u a ls (5 0 f e m a le s a n d 5 0 m a le s) R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 5 0 0 H e rn á n d e z e t a l. 2 0 0 7 C a se R e p o rt In d ig e n o u s 1 i n d iv id u a l (1 m a le ) R e v is ta F a cu lt a d d e O d o n to lo g ía U n iv e rs id a d d e A n ti o q u ia C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 2 0 0 A ra g ó n e t a l. 2 0 0 8 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l In d ig e n o u s 9 6 i n d iv id u a ls (4 8 f e m a le s a n d 4 8 m a le s) R e v is ta O d o n to ló g ic a M e x ic a n a M e x ic o S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 2 9 0 0 G ir ó n e t a l. 2 0 0 9 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 1 1 0 i n d iv id u a ls (4 6 f e m a le s a n d 6 6 m a le s) In te rn a ti o n a l Jo u rn a l o f M o rp h o lo g y C h il e S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p ri v a d a O d o n to lo g ic a l, A n th ro p o lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 2 7 0 4 O ca m p o e t a l. 2 0 0 9 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 2 8 5 i n d iv id u a ls (9 7 f e m a le s a n d 1 0 4 m a le s) R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 1 4 0 0 S o to e t a l. 2 0 1 0 L it e ra tu re re v ie w N o n e 0 A ct a O d o n to ló g ic a V e n e z o la n a V e n e z u e la S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 0 0 0 C o rr a l e t a l. 2 0 1 0 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p 1 9 6 i n d iv id u a ls (1 0 9 f e m a le s a n d 8 7 m a le s) C o lo m b ia M é d ic a C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 3 8 1 4 1 5 19 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 T ab le 1 . S ci en ti fi c ar ti cl es o rg an iz ed b y y ea r of p u bl ic at io n , co n t’ d A rt ic le Y e a r T y p e o f st u d y P o p u la ti o n st u d ie d S a m p le Jo u rn a l C o u n tr y L a n g u a g e P u b li sh e r T h e m a ti c co n te x t G o o g le ci ta ti o n s P u b lo n s C it a ti o n s S co p u s ci ta ti o n s M o re n o & M o re n o 2 0 1 0 C a se R e p o rt M ix e d g ro u p 1 i n d iv id u a l (1 m a le ) R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 9 0 0 H e rn á n d e z e t a l. 2 0 1 0 L it e ra tu re re v ie w In d ig e n o u s 5 i n d iv id u a ls ( 5 m a le s) R e v is ta F a cu lt a d d e O d o n to lo g ía U n iv e rs id a d d e A n ti o q u ia C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 2 2 3 0 G o y e s e t a l. 2 0 1 1 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p a n d in d ig e n o u s 1 2 2 i n d iv id u a ls (5 9 f e m a le s a n d 6 3 m a le s) R e v is ta C o lo m b ia n a d e In v e st ig a ci ó n e n O d o n to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h S o ci e d a d ci e n tí fi ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 8 0 0 C a st il lo e t a l. 2 0 1 1 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 6 6 i n d iv id u a ls (2 7 f e m a le s a n d 3 9 m a le s) R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l, A n th ro p o lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 9 0 0 A co st a e t a l. 2 0 1 1 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 4 8 i n d iv id u a ls (2 4 f e m a le s a n d 2 4 m a le s) R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l, A n th ro p o lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 1 2 0 0 M a rc o v ic h e t a l. 2 0 1 2 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s 1 1 6 i n d iv id u a ls (5 9 f e m a le s a n d 5 7 m a le s) R e v is ta F a cu lt a d d e O d o n to lo g ía U n iv e rs id a d d e A n ti o q u ia C o lo m b ia S p a n is h a n d E n g li sh U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 2 6 3 0 P a d il la e t a l. 2 0 1 3 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 1 2 6 i n d iv id u a ls In te rn a ti o n a l Jo u rn a l o f M o rp h o lo g y C h il e S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l, A n th ro p o lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 9 1 0 D ía z e t a l. 2 0 1 4 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d in d ig e n o u s 6 0 i n d iv id u a ls (3 5 f e m a le s a n d 2 5 m a le s) C o lo m b ia M é d ic a C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 4 0 6 7 G a rc ía e t a l. 2 0 1 5 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l In d ig e n o u s 6 0 i n d iv id u a ls (3 7 f e m a le s a n d 2 3 m a le s) R e v is ta C o lo m b ia n a d e In v e st ig a ci ó n e n O d o n to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h S o ci e d a d ci e n tí fi ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 1 0 0 G a rc ía e t a l. 2 0 1 5 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p a n d in d ig e n o u s 6 0 i n d iv id u a ls (3 4 f e m a le s a n d 2 6 m a le s) R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 1 0 0 0 H e rn á n d e z e t a l. 2 0 1 5 L it e ra tu re re v ie w M ix e d g ro u p a n d in d ig e n o u s 0 R e v is ta F a cu lt a d d e O d o n to lo g ía U n iv e rs id a d d e A n ti o q u ia C o lo m b ia S p a n is h a n d E n g li sh U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l, A n th ro p o lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 6 0 0 P é re z e t a l. 2 0 1 6 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p a n d A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s 1 9 5 i n d iv id u a ls (1 0 1 f e m a le s a n d 9 4 m a le s) C u a d e rn o s d e M e d ic in a F o re n se S p a in S p a n is h E d it o ri a l p ri v a d a O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 4 0 0 20 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 T ab le 1 . S ci en ti fi c ar ti cl es o rg an iz ed b y y ea r of p u bl ic at io n , co n t, ’d A rt ic le Y e a r T y p e o f st u d y P o p u la ti o n st u d ie d S a m p le Jo u rn a l C o u n tr y L a n g u a g e P u b li sh e r T h e m a ti c co n te x t G o o g le ci ta ti o n s P u b lo n s C it a ti o n s S co p u s ci ta ti o n s M o re n o e t a l. 2 0 1 6 C a se R e p o rt M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 1 i n d iv id u a ls ( 1 m a le ) Jo u rn a l o f F o - re n si c D e n ta l S ci e n ce s In d ia S p a n is h E d it o ri a l p ri v a d a O d o n to lo g ic a l, A n th ro p o lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 3 0 0 M o re n o & M o re n o 2 0 1 6 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 3 8 0 i n d iv id u a ls (2 0 6 f e m a le s a n d 1 7 4 m a le s) R e v is ta C ie n tí fi ca S o ci e d a d d e O rt o d o n ci a C o lo m b ia S p a n is h S o ci e d a d ci e n tí fi ca O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 0 0 0 M o re n o & M o re n o 2 0 1 6 L it e ra tu re re v ie w N o n e 0 R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 0 0 0 M o re n o & M o re n o 2 0 1 6 L it e ra tu re re v ie w M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 0 R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 2 0 0 Z ú ñ ig a e t a l. 2 0 1 6 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 2 4 e m b e ra ( 1 3 fe m a le s a n d 1 1 m a le s) , 2 7 a f- ro d e sc e n d ie n te s (1 6 f e m a le s a n d 1 1 m a le s) a n d 3 2 C a u ca so id m ix e d e ti o lo g y (1 8 f e m a le a n d 1 4 m a le s) R e v is ta N a ci o n a l d e O d o n to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p ri v a d a A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 5 0 0 C a rr e ñ o e t a l. 2 0 1 7 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p 3 5 5 i n d iv id u a ls (1 8 1 f e m a le s a n d 1 7 4 m a le s) R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 4 0 0 P é re z e t a l. 2 0 1 7 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l In d ig e n o u s 1 0 1 i n d iv id u a ls (5 9 f e m a le s a n d 4 2 m a le s) R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 3 0 0 A sp ri ll a e t a l. 2 0 1 7 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 1 0 0 i n d iv id u a ls (5 0 f e m a le s a n d 5 0 m a le s) R e v is ta E st o m a to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 1 0 0 M o re n o & M o re n o 2 0 1 7 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 3 0 i n d iv id u a ls (1 5 f e m a le s a n d 1 5 m a le s) R e v is ta N a ci o n a l d e O d o n to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p ri v a d a O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 2 0 0 M o re n o & M o re n o 2 0 1 7 L it e ra tu re re v ie w N o n e 0 R e v is ta O d o n to ló g ic a M e x ic a n a M e x ic o S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca O d o n to lo g ic a l a n d A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 0 0 0 21 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 T ab le 1 . S ci en ti fi c ar ti cl es o rg an iz ed b y y ea r of p u bl ic at io n , co n t’ d A rt ic le Y e a r T y p e o f st u d y P o p u la ti o n st u d ie d S a m p le Jo u rn a l C o u n tr y L a n g u a g e P u b li sh e r T h e m a ti c co n te x t G o o g le ci ta ti o n s P u b lo n s C it a ti o n s S co p u s ci ta ti o n s P a rr a e t a l. 2 0 1 8 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 4 8 0 i n d iv id u a ls (2 5 7 f e m a le s a n d 2 2 3 m a le s) R e v is ta F a cu lt a d d e O d o n to lo g ía U n iv e rs id a d d e A n ti o q u ia C o lo m b ia S p a n is h a n d E n g li sh U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 0 0 0 G a rc ía e t a l. 2 0 1 8 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 6 0 i n d iv id u a ls (3 7 f e m a le s a n d 2 3 m a le s) R e v is ta N a ci o n a l d e O d o n to lo g ía C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p ri v a d a A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 0 0 0 M a ri n e t a l. 2 0 2 0 S y st e m a ti c li te ra tu re re v ie w a n d C a se R e p o rt M ix e d g ro u p 1 i n d iv id u a l m a le D e n ta l A n th ro p o lo g y U n it e d S ta te s E n g li sh S o ci e d a d ci e n tí fi ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 0 0 0 A m a d o e t a l. 2 0 1 9 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l M ix e d g ro u p , A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s a n d i n d ig e - n o u s 6 1 3 i n d iv id u a ls (3 4 4 f e m a le s a n d 2 6 9 m a le s) Jo u rn a l O d o n to ló g ic o C o le g ia l C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p ri v a d a O d o n to lo g ic a l 0 0 0 G a rc ía e t a l. 2 0 2 0 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l A fr o - C o lo m b ia n s 6 0 i n d iv id u a ls (3 7 f e m a le s a n d 2 3 m a le s) Jo u rn a l O d o n to ló g ic o C o le g ia l C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p ri v a d a O d o n to lo g ic a l 0 0 0 M o re n o & M o re n o 2 0 2 1 L it e ra tu re re v ie w N o n e 0 R e v is ta F a cu lt a d d e O d o n to lo g ía U n iv e rs id a d d e A n ti o q u ia C o lo m b ia S p a n is h a n d E n g li sh U n iv e rs id a d p u b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l a n d F o re n si c 0 0 0 H u rt a d o e t a l. 2 0 2 1 D e sc ri p ti v e o b se rv a ti o n a l In d ig e n o u s 3 0 i n d iv id u a ls (1 6 f e m a le s a n d 1 4 m a le s) Ja n g w a P a n a C o lo m b ia S p a n is h U n iv e rs id a d p ú b li ca A n th ro p o lo g ic a l 0 0 0 22 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 li (1998) were used for permanent and deciduous dentition in 11 articles (25%), and ASUDAS, Hill- son (1996), van Reenen et al. (1998), and Higa et al. (2003) were used for premolars in three articles (6.8%). One article used Powell and Humphreys (1984) for dental arch form (2.6%), and three arti- cles used the methods of Massler, Moorrees et al. (1963), Demirjian et al., (1973), and Smith (2005) to estimate eruption pattern (7.7%). Four articles did not employ any observational method as they were literature reviews (10.3%). Finally, one article used manual intercuspal dimensions to determine the area of the occlusal polygon (2.2%). Only one arti- cle considered dental metric features, meso-distal and buccolingual dimensions, specifically for pre- molars) (2.6%), using the method of Moorrees et al. (1963). The samples included in the studies were de- fined as mixed populations in 28 articles (63.6%), Afro-Colombians in 19 articles (43.1%), and indige- nous people in 29 articles (65.9%) (Figure 1). It is important to mention, according to the discussion by Pilloud et al. (2021), that in all the studies car- ried out, the traditional anthropological nomencla- ture has prevailed, classifying the studied popula- tions according to their Caucasoid, Negroid, and Mongoloid origin. However, because biological anthropologists are now avoiding these terms, this article uses the terms "Asian," "African," and "European" under the category of continental de- scent. The results of the studies were directed towards dental contexts in 21 articles (47.7%), with 16 of them oriented towards the study of dental anthro- pology with dental clinical correlation, anthropo- logical in 38 articles (86.3%), and forensic in 14 arti- cles (31.8%). Discussion The results obtained will be discussed under four thematic categories: bibliometrics, formative re- search, methodology implemented, and obtained results. It should be noted that the discussion is not exhaustive due to space limitations and will focus mainly on dental morphology since it has the greatest impact and is the most studied by the Dental Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry Re- search Group. The review of the categories considered in this study helped to determine that the Dental Anthro- pology and Forensic Dentistry Research Group has been active since 2002. Two research professors initiated the group's activities within a university that lacks a School of Anthropology and a School of Dentistry that does not offer a specialization in forensic dentistry. Their aim was to investigate dental anthropology to broaden and deepen knowledge among dentistry students on dental morphology and its application in other contexts, such as anthropology and forensic dentistry. It is worth highlighting the editorial effort of the Co- lombian anthropologist Carlos David Rodríguez, who edited and published the International Jour- nal of Dental Anthropology to promote the dissem- ination of Colombian research on topics related to bioarchaeology, paleontology, anthropology, den- tistry, and forensic dentistry with an international perspective (Rodríguez-Flórez, 2005). This is simi- lar to Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg's (2018) descrip- tion of the Dental Anthropology Newsletter (today Dental Anthropology) and research in dental anthro- pology in the context of North American biological anthropology. López-Lázaro et al. (2016) conducted a system- atic review of the literature on non-metric dental traits in current South American populations. They found that remarkable scientific production has Figure 1. Location of contemporary Colombian human populations that have been studied by the Research Group of Dental Anthropology and Fo- rensic Odontology of the Universidad del Valle. A. Choco region (groups of Afro-descendants, Native Americans –embera– and mixed groups); B. Valle del Cauca region (mixed groups and Afro -descendants); C. Cauca region (groups of Afro- descendants –Puerto Tejada and Villarrica–, Na- tive Americans –Nasa and Misak– and Caucasoid mixed origin); D. Amazon region (groups of in- digenous –Ticuna, Huitoto and Cocama–). 23 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 been generated around the study of non-metric dental traits in the last few decades. This study aimed to define the geographical patterns of con- temporary South American human groups and to propose the possibility of using the frequency of differential expression traits in the forensic context. The authors identified the Revista Estomatología (Colombia), Dental Anthropology (United States), and American Journal of Biological Anthropology (United States) as the journals with the most publi- cations (four each), followed by the International Journal of Morphology (Chile) and Colombia Médica (Colombia) with three each. The HOMO Journal of Comparative Human Biology (Germany), Journal of Dental Research (United States), Human Biology (United States), Revista de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquía (Colombia), and Uni- versitas Odontologica (Colombia) had two publica- tions each. Out of the 18 journals identified, six were from Colombia, four from the United States, two from Germany, and one each from Argentina, Canada, Chile, Ireland, Mexico, and Uruguay. It is noteworthy that seven journals are dedicated to general dentistry, three to general anthropology, two to biology, two to dental anthropology, two to forensic sciences (one of them to forensic dentis- try), one to morphology, and one to medicine. However, most articles have been published in dental journals, specifically in the Revista Estoma- tología, which is edited by the same academic unit to which the authors belong. This is mainly due to the difficulty that still exists in the Colombian envi- ronment to publish in English (Moreno et al., 2012). Despite this, some results were disseminated in anthropological, morphological, and forensic jour- nals, adjusting the focus of the objectives and methodological designs of the studies to include specialized journals whose publication language is English. This includes Dental Anthropology, edited by the Dental Anthropology Association in the United States, since the scientific genre's standard norm is writing in English, and the international community has limited access to articles written in Spanish (Ferguson et al., 2011). Although the information obtained from the research has been relevant and had some local and regional impact, the results have not gained much visibility in the international community. Publish- ing in English in journals indexed in international directories and using different strategic thematic descriptors, such as dental anthropology, dental morphology, and non-metric dental traits, has con- tributed to an increase in the number of citations (as measured by the h index of Google Scholar). The articles published in journals indexed in Med- Line and DOAJ, which are considered of high im- pact as they are included in Publons and Scopus, have achieved the highest number of citations due to their greater visibility (Madsen, 2019). This find- ing is consistent with the results of our analysis, which show that articles published in Dental An- thropology, Colombia Médica, and International Jour- nal of Morphology have received the highest number of citations among articles in English published in international journals. Formative research The Dental Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry Research Group, formerly included in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Research Group of the School of Dentistry at Universidad del Valle, has been operating independently since the group was inactivated in 2014. Two research professors have continued the group's work and have found an opportunity to make an academic and scientific impact on the dental field through formative re- search. The group's focus is mainly on dental mor- phology and dimensions from the perspective of dental anthropology. A bibliometric analysis of research conducted at the School of Dentistry at Universidad del Valle revealed that topics such as forensic dentistry and dental anthropology, which are not very common in the national dental academic context, have gained relevance in undergraduate dentistry. Ap- proximately 100 dentistry students from different universities in southwestern Colombia, including Universidad del Valle, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Institución Universitaria Colegios de Colom- bia, and Universidad Antonio Nariño, have devel- oped 23 undergraduate degree projects resulting in 39 publications (Pizarro et al., 2018). In this regard, López-Lázaro et al. (2016) ana- lyzed the impact of the Dental Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry Research Group. Since 2000, the number of publications on dental morphology in different South American countries has been in- creasing, thanks to the impact of the Dental An- thropology Association and the publication of Den- tal Anthropology, as well as the systematization of the observation, registration, and analysis of dental morphological features through ASUDAS. In the specific case of Colombia, the work of Rodríguez since 1989 and the development of re- search groups in different Colombian schools of anthropology since 2000 marked the beginning of the systematic study of dental anthropology. How- ever, the vast majority of publications have been developed in dental schools, all of them being the product of formative research processes conducted 24 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 by odontologist Freddy Moreno, in an attempt to raise awareness of the importance of dental anthro- pology from an anthropological point of view. The expression and variability of dental morphological features can predispose or favor the development of a pathological process, and a correct diagnosis based on the knowledge of the behavior of the fea- ture as an etiological factor is fundamental in den- tal clinical practice based on preventive, diagnos- tic, and therapeutic evidence (Moreno and Moreno, 2007). All this confirms the important presence of pub- lications in journals with a dental profile. Howev- er, it is essential to strengthen interdisciplinary work between anthropologists and dentists to solve potentially conflicting methodological com- petencies when studying dental morphology in individuals in a clinical context (López-Lázaro et al., 2016). Lastly, it is worth highlighting the support pro- vided by professors with diverse specialties who acted as thematic advisors and methodological tutors within the Research Group of Dental An- thropology and Forensic Dentistry. These profes- sors integrated collaborative work in formative research, thus creating a community of interest and a culture of sustainable research over time. This has resulted in the creation of an important net- work of academic and scientific cooperation, which is composed of dentists, anthropologists, epidemi- ologists, and statisticians. In this regard, López- Lázaro et al. (2016) stated that the authors of publi- cations on dental morphology in South America mainly have an academic profile in dentistry (57 from Colombia, 10 from Brazil, eight from Chile, six from Argentina, three from Paraguay and Uru- guay, two from Canada and South Africa, and one from Venezuela). This is followed by eight geneti- cists (five of them from Chile), three anthropolo- gists (all from Colombia), three statisticians, two speech therapists (Chile), one archaeologist (United States), and one epidemiologist (Colombia). Methodology implemented in the studies on dental mor- phology The impetus created by anthropologist José Vicente Rodriguez to the Research Group of Dental An- thropology at the Universidad del Valle since 2000 was not only based on the theoretical deepening of the study of dental morphology in the anthropo- logical and forensic context but also on the meth- odological foundation of observing and recording the expression and variability of dental morpho- logical traits. The ASUDAS method, proposed by Christy G. Turner, Christian R. Nichol, and G. Richard Scott, and complemented by different au- thors during the development of new morphologi- cal traits, such as van Reenen et al. (1998) and Higa et al. (2003) or for its application in the deciduous dentition such as Hanihara (1961), Grine (1986), and Sciulli (1998), has been used as an instrument of analysis. However, Fonseca et al. (2016) stated that although ASUDAS has globalized the study of dental morphology, its use still does not transcend the boundaries of anthropology, making the sys- tem practically unknown in the dental context. López-Lázaro et al. (2016) also indicated that not all studies carried out by dentists used ASUDAS as a methodological framework, which could eventu- ally make it difficult to compare results globally. According to the same authors, the low usage of ASUDAS could be due to a lack of knowledge of its existence or to the difficulty of use. As of 2006, only 242 sets of plaques had been distributed in 36 countries (more than half distributed in the United States). In South America, the plates were only dis- tributed in physical form in Argentina, Chile, and Brazil. Hence, their use has only been possible through internships and collaborations between researchers. On the other hand, there have been reports on morphological features that are considered "unusual" in the dental clinical context (López- Lázaro et al., 2016). Since the morphogenetic devel- opment of these features is unknown, they are of- ten misdiagnosed as sites prone to the accumula- tion of bacterial plaque and the development of dental caries or periodontal disease (Moreno and Moreno, 2007). Therefore, beyond anthropological interest and forensic utility, the majority of the studies developed by the Research Group of Den- tal Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry have had the purpose of expanding the knowledge of den- tists about dental morphology through descriptive observational designs, literature reviews, and case reports. For example, there have been efforts to expand the information on different ontological aspects of the dental cingulum, a morphological structure misunderstood by many dentists, and its implications in periodontal disease (Moreno and Moreno, 2016). There have also been studies to di- vulge the expression and variability of the proto- stylid and its controversial point expression in the fossa (P point) during caries diagnosis, as well as the expression of a fossa of Carabelli’s trait (Hernández et al., 2014; Moreno & Moreno, 2017). López-Lázaro et al. (2016) discussed that 19 studies from the Research Group of Dental Anthro- pology and Forensic Dentistry led by dentist Fred- 25 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 dy Moreno made specific mention of the potential use of dental morphological features as forensic identification tools. However, the limitations of using these features for forensic identification have been described by Edgar (2009). Despite this poten- tial forensic application, the studies on dental an- thropology conducted by the Research Group have primarily had a clinical orientation (López-Lázaro et al., 2016). Obtained results According to Scott and Turner (1997), just over 100 morphological traits have been identified and de- scribed in the crowns and roots of teeth, of which no more than 30 have been widely used for the study of populations due to their high frequency. The majority of observational studies carried out by the Research Group in Dental Anthropology and Forensic Odontology, which described the dental morphology of different populations of southwestern Colombia, used ten of these traits. Regarding winging and crowding position traits, Rodriguez (2003) stated that despite the lack of knowledge of their global variation, these traits have been used to discriminate the Sinodonts from the Sundadonts within Asian populations, which has given them an important value in intragroup comparisons. Moreno and Moreno (2016) found that, after studying five southwestern Colombian popula- tions, the frequency of winging was low, and its variability was characterized by expressions in grade 2 unilateral in Afro-descendants from Cali and Villa Rica, and in grade 1 bilateral in Afro- descendants from Puerto Tejada, Indigenous Nasa, and Misak. The frequency of crowding in Afro- descendants from Cali and Villa Rica, and in Indig- enous Misak from Silvia was observed in a greater expression of grade 1, and in Afro-descendants from Puerto Tejada and the Nasa de Morales indig- enous people, the highest expression was grade 2. Another morphological feature that can be ob- served in anterior teeth is the shovel-shaped inci- sors, which Hanihara (1992) used, along with four other traits, to develop the Asian dental complex due to its high frequency in North Asian popula- tions. This trait has been useful in differentiating these populations from European and African pop- ulations. After Turner (1984) studies, it was demonstrated that Sinodont groups, which origi- nated in Asia, crossed the Bering Strait and began to populate the American continent, so all pre- Hispanic and contemporary American Indians have conserved the ancestral Asian condition of shovel-shaped incisors, with expressions of over 80%. Rodriguez (2003) has used this trait to dis- criminate between European populations and Asian populations, including Amerindians. Differ- ent studies on Colombian indigenous populations have identified high frequencies of the shovel- shaped incisor trait in groups that have remained relatively isolated, while the decrease in their ex- pression (grades 1 to 3) could be associated with mixed origin with European and Afro-descendant mixed origin groups (Rodríguez, 2003; Aragón et al., 2008; Díaz et al., 2014). One of the most interesting traits to study in contemporary Colombian populations is Carabel- li’s trait, which is considered a European trait with great discriminating power between mixed, Afro- Colombian, and indigenous Colombian groups. However, through different studies, it has been possible to understand that the dichotomous ex- pression (absence/presence) of the ASUDAS refer- ence plaque should not be associated with ethnical- ly mixed origin (Aragón et al., 2008; Díaz et al., 2014, Zúñiga et al., 2016), due to the fact that indig- enous Colombian populations have been character- ized by presenting fossa expressions in intermedi- ate degrees, which are considered present in the gradation, so they have been recognized as a char- acteristic pattern of all Amerindians (Rodríguez, 2003). In a study that grouped different contempo- rary populations of southwestern Colombia, it was found that mixed groups presented fossa expres- sions, Y depressions, and small cusps. Afro- descendant groups had the expression of medium and large cusps with free vertex. Indigenous groups had pit expressions. Nevertheless, the au- thors observed that the ethnic groups mentioned were not grouped according to the three estab- lished dental complexes because Carabelli’s trait did not constitute itself as an ethnic discriminator. This conclusion was associated with the mixed origin of the populations of southwestern Colom- bia given the tendency of the mixed population of Cali, the Afro-descendants of Puerto Tejada and the Nasa indigenous people to group with Asian populations (pit shape expressions), while the Afro -descendants of Villarica, Guapi, and Tumaco did so with European populations (cuspid expression) (Moreno and Moreno, 2017). The behavior of Carabelli’s trait contrasts with the hypocone reduction because the worldwide expression of this trait varies from 13% in Europe- an to 95% in Asian populations, according to Ro- driguez (2003). In Colombian populations, regard- less of the ethnic component, the tendency has 26 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 been to maintain the size of the distolingual cusp from the first upper molar towards the second, without significantly impacting the dichotomous expression of the ASUDAS, except for some re- ports in mestizo populations, where reduction has been observed in grades 3 and 4 (Pérez et al., 2017). Another dental morphological trait that de- serves attention in Colombian populations is the protostylid. This trait is defined as an indigenous trait with low frequencies in European, African, and Asian populations. The high expression of the P-point is particular to American populations (Zoubov, 1998). In their study, Hernández et al. (2014) concluded that the frequency of the proto- stylid of the first lower permanent molars allowed the grouping of the categories mentioned, accord- ing to the three established world dental complex- es. In this way, the processes of mixed origin influ- enced its expression by decreasing the groove ex- pression, weak or small cusp and free cusp tip in the indigenous groups and increasing the pit ex- pression or P-point in the Euro-descendant and Afro-descendant mixed populations. However, the protostylid was not, by itself, a morphological fea- ture that discriminated the population groups of southwestern Colombia. Regarding the cuspid pattern and the deflecting wrinkle, two traits considered to belong to the Asian populations, Parra et al. (2017) correlated their expression in different contemporary popula- tions. They concluded that, due to the mixed origin of the population of southwestern Colombia (south of Valle del Cauca and north of the department of Cauca) from Euro-descendant mixed populations, indigenous and Afro-descendant ethnic groups, the expressions of both traits showed great varia- bility. This made it possible to differentiate the groups of Euro-descendant mixed populations and Afro-descendants (with a tendency towards the European populations) from the indigenous groups (with a tendency towards the Asian popu- lations). This was represented in the configuration of deciduous lower first molars with significant frequencies of cuspid pattern (Y expression) and deflecting wrinkle (grades 2 and 3), permanent lower first molars with relative frequencies of cus- pid pattern (Y and + expressions) and deflecting wrinkle (grades 1 and 2), and permanent lower second molars with significant frequencies of cus- pid pattern (+ and X expressions) and deflecting wrinkle (grades 1 and 2). The classic Y groove pat- tern (Dryopithecus Pattern) predominates in Asian populations, while the X and + configurations con- sidered reductions predominate in African and European populations. Therefore, the variability in the configuration of the way the cusps contact each other and the number of cusps tends to conserve the classic pattern and reduce to the other patterns as mixed origin with European and African popu- lations becomes evident. Finally, the expression of cusps 6 and 7 has been considered ethnically distinctive. Hanihara (1992) identified cusp 6 as being more prevalent in Asian populations, while Turner (1984) demonstrated high frequencies of this cusp in groups of Paleo- Indians and pre-Hispanic Amerindians due to its origin. On the other hand, cusp 7 has been ob- served with greater frequency in Afro-descendant populations. In contemporary Colombian popula- tions, the expression of both cusps has varied de- pending on the Asian, European, and African eth- nic components and the extent of historically mixed populations associated with the geographic distribution of a specific population (Rodríguez, 2003). Dental complexes Since the 1991 political constitution, Colombia has identified itself as a multicultural and multiethnic country, acknowledging the presence of five ethnic groups: Native Americans, Afro-Colombians (differentiated into negros, raizales and palenquer- os according to the 2015 National Population and Housing Census), romani populations (Rom or Gypsy group that is part of the ethnic and cultural diversity of Colombia), and mixed populations without ethnic recognition (called mestizos) dis- persed throughout various geographical regions shaped by ethnohistorical processes during the conquest, colony, struggles for independence, for- mation of the republic, and the current armed con- flict. Dental morphology studies have provided valu- able contributions to the ability to compare past and present populations based on the frequency (expression) and variability (gradation) of dental morphological traits. Various statistical methods, such as similarity or dissimilarity matrices, have been employed to determine the proximity or dis- tance between populations. These matrices can be plotted using dendrograms, which show the bio- logical distances between human groups. In the anthropological context, Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD) has been predominantly used, which is based on the degree of dissimilarity be- tween samples. However, in the Colombian dental context, the squared Euclidean distance has been commonly used to obtain a distance matrix for hi- erarchical cluster analysis. Both statistical methods rely on the frequencies of dental morphological 27 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 traits that can be grouped into clusters to represent the way in which human populations are associat- ed, either by similarity or dissimilarity, regarding their geographic distribution. These studies have made it possible to ethnically classify human be- ings into complex populations based on dental morphology. Due to the complexity of the concept of race, the Research Group of Dental Anthropolo- gy and Forensic Dentistry has adjusted the use of the notions of ethnicity and ancestry to avoid bio- logical determinism and incorporate concepts from social anthropology, sociology, and historiog- raphy. This approach has enabled the group to fo- cus the research discussion on genotype, pheno- type, dental complexes, and geographic distribu- tion. The homogenizing narrative of mixed origin has been challenged, and the notion of intercultur- ality is being explored to integrate the ethnocultur- al diversity of the entire Colombian population. The term "dental complex" or "population den- tal complex" refers to the way in which past and present human populations can be grouped based on the frequency and variability of dental morpho- logical traits. This allows for grouping populations based on their Asian, European, and African ori- gins, as well as the way in which they behave in- tragroup and intergroup (Turner, 1984, 1990; Hani- hara, 1992; Irish, 1997; Zoubov, 1998; Edgar, 2007). In Colombia, the study of dental morphology and its association with the revised dental complexes has been challenging due to the complex ethnohis- toric processes that have occurred in the region. Rodríguez (2003) proposed that past indigenous populations were characterized by high frequen- cies of winging, crowding, hypocone reduction, deflecting wrinkle, and the P-point of the proto- stylid, which placed them closer to the Paleoindi- ans derived from the Sinodonts. However, for con- temporary indigenous populations, the study of dental morphology and its association with the described dental complexes has been complicated due to 500 years of mixed origin resulting from the arrival of western European groups, represented by the Spanish conquistadors, and African groups represented by African slaves who populated the American territory in three historical processes recognized as the discovery, conquest, and colony. This process of mixed origin was particularly pronounced in the southwestern region of Colom- bia, especially in the south of the department of Valle del Cauca and the north of the departamento del Cauca. This justifies why the largest number of studies on contemporary populations described as mixed populations, Afro-descendants, and indige- nous Colombians have been conducted in that re- gion by the Research Group of Dental Anthropolo- gy and Forensic Odontology at the Universidad del Valle. The results of these studies concluded that the frequency of morphological traits is a conse- quence of mixed origin and the dominance of cer- tain phenotypic expressions of morphological traits. Thus, mixed populations were characterized by the simplification of dental morphology, with low frequencies of Carabelli's trait, which was am- biguously expressed in its fossa forms (Asiatic characteristic) and medium-sized cusps (European characteristic) the reduction of the hypocone, which is typical of Western European populations, and the high frequency of the protostylid P-point, a trait exclusive to American Indian populations (Moreno et al., 2004; Pérez et al., 2017). Contemporary indigenous populations have preserved the Asian populations with significant frequencies of winging, crowding, shovel-shaped incisors, the deflecting wrinkle, the protostylid P- point and the cuspid Y groove pattern; however, they have incorporated morphological features of the European populations such as Carabelli’s trait (fossa expressions and small cusps) and the cuspid X and + pattern (Diaz et al., 2014) and Afro- descendant populations have been characterized by presenting high frequencies of medium-sized Carabelli trait, cuspid + pattern, X pattern and high frequency of cusp 7, suggesting a notable influence of the European populations (Marcovich et al., 2012; Rocha et al., 2007; García et al., 2015). Delgado-Burbano (2007) indicated that Afro- Colombians derive from Africans who arrived in the American continent as slaves from West Africa, Central West Africa (sub-Saharan Africa), South- east Africa, and the North, all of them classified in the African-western dental complex. The dental morphological traits that have been most widely used to estimate the ethnic pattern in the Colombi- an anthropological and forensic contexts are the Carabelli’s trait, protostylid, cusp 6, and cusp 7, which have high taxonomic value and intragroup discriminating power. The statistical information accumulated from different world populations has allowed grouping the populations through the fre- quency and variability of these traits, represented in distance matrices and plotted through dendro- grams (Rodriguez, 2003). The dendrogram generat- ed by Pérez et al. (2017), which grouped the largest number of Colombian populations studied based on these morphological traits and according to the influence of the three world dental complexes, is included in this article (Figure 2). 28 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 The dendrogram shows that mixed groups, Afro -descendants, and indigenous people are distribut- ed in clusters according to the dichotomous ex- pression and variability of the four traits included in the analysis. The expressions of Carabelli’s trait in fossa (grade 1 to grade 3 ASUDAS), protostylid in grooves and small cusps (grade 2 and 3 ASUDAS), cusp 6 in small cusps (grade 1 and 2 ASUDAS), and the absence of cusp 7, grouped populations with a tendency to the Asian dental complex, as in the case of groups of Emberá, Paeces, Nasa, Guane, and Nukak Indigenous groups distributed in specific geographic regions where contact with other groups of mixed groups and Afro-descendants has been reduced. In contrast, indigenous groups such as Coreguaje, Guahibo, Waunana, Misak, and Murui- Muinane, who share territory with mixed groups from Cali and Popayán, as well as Afro-descendant groups from Puerto Tejada, Villarica, and Guapi, presented a higher frequency of Carabelli’s trait in small cusp expression (grade 4 ASUDAS). On the other hand, these same mixed and Afro- descendant groups were characterized by cuspid expressions of the Carabelli trait and the expres- sion of cusp 7 (grades 2 and 3 ASUDAS), even though they exhibited pit expressions of Carabelli’s trait and the P-point of the protostylid associated with the intense process of mixed origin that has historically occurred in the southwest of Colombia Figure 2. Dendrogram showing the biological distance between different Colombian populations and Colombian populations of mixed groups, Native Americans, and Afro-descendants, based on the fre- quency and variability of the Carabelli trait, protostylid, cusp 6 and cusp 7. *Contemporary Colombian human populations studied by the Research Group of Dental Anthropology and Forensic Odontology of the Universidad del Valle. 29 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 with Nasa and Misak indigenous groups. It is worth noting that the P-point expression can be found in the same tooth as other grades of the pro- tostylid; however, in contemporary populations of southwestern Colombia (mixed groups, Afro- descendant, and indigenous groups), the preva- lence of the cuspid expression of this trait is practi- cally absent, according to the dichotomous expres- sion defined by ASUDAS, while the prevalence of the P-point is between 80% and 100% (Hernández et al., 2014). Interest in the forensic context During the process of forensic identification and medical-legal documentation, whether dealing with living or deceased individuals, it is crucial to establish their identity. The search for identity is conducted through the general biographical recon- struction, also known as the biological profile. This includes the estimation of age, sex, ethnic pattern, and stature through the application of validated bioanthropological methods (Rodriguez et al., 1995). Teeth provide significant information for estimating age (chronology of dental development and eruption, as well as dental wear), sex (dental measurements), and population pattern (dental morphology), and in many cases, are the only ele- ment capable of providing biological and cultural information on an individual or human population (Rodríguez, 2003; Rodríguez-Flórez, 2003, 2005). Most population studies on dental morphologi- cal traits have demonstrated their great value in classifying human groups according to their ethnic origin and geographic distribution, and the ab- sence of sexual dimorphism and bilateral asym- metry in the expression of dental morphological traits. Additionally, particular expressions of tu- bercular features, such as paramolar cusps (Carabelli’s trait, parastyle, and protostylid), can individualize a human being (Rodriguez, 2003, 2004, 2011). In Colombia, the Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses reported in 1993 that 72% of all cases in which bone and dental remains were analyzed with bioanthropological techniques and methods corresponded to mixed origin popu- lations with Caucasoid characteristics, while 28%, 7%, and 1% corresponded to mixed origin popula- tions with Asian, Indigenous, and Afro-descendant characteristics, respectively (Rodriguez, 2004). De- spite ongoing controversy over the use of dental morphological traits and their limitations, their observation and recording can be considered as an attempt to test their validity as a method of ances- try estimation in a forensic context (Edgar, 2005; 2013). Therefore, it is necessary for research areas to keep constant work and to carry out studies on statistical prediction models to test whether dental Fmorphological traits are valid as a method of an- cestry estimation in a forensic context, or if they can be used as a complementary method to others (López-Lázaro et al., 2016). Based on the information presented in this arti- cle, studies on morphological characterization car- ried out in contemporary populations of south- western Colombia have shown that the frequency and variability of dental morphological traits differ among mixed populations, Afro-Colombian popu- lations, and contemporary indigenous populations (Moreno-Gómez, 2019): Mixed populations are characterized by low ex- pressions of shovel-shaped incisors (grades 2 and 3 ASUDAS), fossa and cuspid expressions of Carabelli's trait (grades 3 and 4 ASUDAS), hypocone reduction (grades 2 and 3 ASUDAS), absence of deflecting wrinkle, variations of the cuspid pattern between Y and + with five cusps; absence of protostylid combined with mean P-point expressions, and absence of cusps 6 and 7. Afro-Colombian populations are characterized by absence of shovel-shaped incisors, cuspid ex- pressions of Carabelli’s trait (grades 4 and 5 ASUDAS), hypocone reduction (grades 2 and 3 ASUDAS), absence of deflecting wrinkle, cus- pid x or + pattern with five or six cusps, ab- sence of protostylid combined with middle expressions of P-point, and relative expres- sions of cusp 7 (grades 2 and 3 ASUDAS). Contemporary Indigenous populations are charac- terized by high frequencies of shovel-shaped incisors (grades 3 to 6 ASUDAS), reduced Car- abelli’s trait (grades 2 and 3 ASUDAS), absence of hypocone reduction, deflecting wrinkle (grade 3 ASUDAS), cuspid Y groove pattern with five and six cusps, groove expressions and small protostylid cusps (grades 2 and 3 ASUDAS) combined with P-point, and relative expressions of cusp 6 (grades 2 and 3 ASUDAS). However, according to the territory occupied by the human groups and the historical processes of mixed origin, the behavior (frequency and variabil- ity) of some of the traits may change. Conclusions This literature review has enabled the continuous work of the Dental Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry Research Group at the School of Dentis- 30 Dental Anthropology 2023 │ Volume 36│ Issue 02 try of the Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia) to be followed up. For nearly 20 years, this group has characterized the dental morphology of southwest- ern Colombia through the study of the frequency and variability of dental morphological traits in different populations of mixed groups, Afro- descendants, and Native Americans. However, it is necessary to expand the research on other topics of dental anthropology that have been barely ad- dressed by the Dental Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry Research Group, such as the study of dental measurements, dental eruption patterns, and dental pathologies applied to anthropological and forensic contexts. The strategies employed by the Dental Anthro- pology and Forensic Dentistry Research Group, including formative research and the formation of cooperative research networks, have contributed to the publication and dissemination of the results of studies on dental morphology, mainly in the Co- lombian dental clinical context. The thematic direc- tion of the studies and the journals in which the articles were published demonstrated the impact on the knowledge that dentists have about dental morphology from an anthropological point of view, and how this knowledge can be applied to their clinical interest as etiological factors associat- ed with the accumulation of bacterial plaque and the subsequent development of caries and perio- dontal disease. However, the publication of re- search in international anthropological contexts is limited by the lack of publications in English and resistance from some specialized journals to re- search in contemporary Colombian populations. Nevertheless, it is important to understand that, given the current conditions for research and pub- lication in dental anthropology, researchers from universities in the United States, Great Britain, and Australia have been able to create a broader vision of the study of dental morphology by comparing and contrasting anthropological knowledge from Latin American countries, such as Colombia, based on information published in English and high- impact specialized journals. From an anthropological perspective, one of the most significant accomplishments of the Research Group has been the systematic study of contempo- rary Colombian populations of European, Native American, and African origin, historically settled in southwestern Colombia. This has enabled the construction of a population dendrogram based on the frequency and variability of four non-metric dental traits (Carabelli’s trait, protostylid, cusp 6, and cusp 7), which have been observed, registered, and analyzed using the ASUDAS methodology. These findings are comparable to other population studies that have used this methodology world- wide. Additionally, it has been identified that the expression of dental morphological traits is bilater- ally symmetrical and does not present sexual di- morphism. Considering that forensic dental identification processes rely on comparative and reconstructive methods, it is crucial to urge clinical odontologists to include in clinical records the description of the presence and variation of morphological character- istics with marked expressions in the four classes of teeth and in both dentitions. This would allow dental experts and forensic anthropologists to use dental morphology in estimating the ethnic pattern during the biographical reconstruction of an indi- vidual or their human remains. Hence, dental mor- phological features can become reliable markers for comparative use in antemortem-postmortem comparisons when carrying out the biological pro- file. In conclusion, the efforts of the Dental Anthro- pology and Forensic Dentistry Research Group are currently focused on finding ways to make the in- ternational dental anthropological and dentistry community aware of the research on Colombian dental anthropology. The researchers, comprising anthropologists and odontologists, have appropri- ated various theories and methods to create their own discourse on the behavior of dental morpho- logical traits. This article precisely presents an ac- count of this “discurso propio del otro (nosotros)” and is presented in tension with the anxiety pro- duced by encountering the “discurso universal del hegemónico (ustedes)” with whom we share the ambition of generating applicable knowledge in the anthropological, dentistry and forensic con- texts. The aim is to make the knowledge generated during these 20 years of work visible and to believe that it is possible to think outside the hegemonic discourses. Acknowledgements The authors express their gratitude to dentist Ma- ría del Mar Díaz Posso for her contribution to the tabulation of the scientific papers considered in this publication. References Acosta, D., Porras, A., & Moreno, F. (2011). Relación entre forma del contorno facial, arcos dentarios e incisivos centrales superiores en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Cali. Revista Estomatología, 19(1), 14-19. 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