74

The use of 90% Aloe vera freeze drying as the modulator of 
collagen density in extraction socket of incicivus Cavia cobaya

Ester arijani and Christian Khoswanto
Department of Oral Biology
Faculty of Dentistry, Airlangga University
Surabaya - Indonesia

abstract 
Wound	healing	is	basically	a	complex	process	in	which	cellular	and	matrix	act	in	concern	to	re-establish	the	integrity	of	injury	

tissues.	 This	 process	 can	 be	 simplified	 to	 be	 healing	 process	 consisted	 of	 haemostatic,	 inflammation,	 cell	 proliferation	 and	 tissue	
remodeling.	The	aimed	of	this	research	was		to	know	the	influence	of	freeze	drying	90%	Aloe	vera		application	as	mandible	collagen	
density	modulator	in	extraction	socket	of	incisive	Cavia	cobaya.	This	research	was	done	using	Post	Test	Only	Control	Groups	Design	
and	Cavia	cobaya	as	the	sample.	Six	samples	of	each	control	group	and	90%	Aloe	vera	group	applied	to	test	each	collagen	density	
for	three	days	and	seven	days.	Then,	the	data	was	analyzed	statistically	using	Mann	Whitney	with	5%	significance	rate.	The	result	of	
the	study	indicates	that	administering	90%	Aloe	vera	can	accelerate	the	growth	of	collagen	density	in	healing	process	of	extraction	
socket.	The	conclusion	is	90%	Aloe	vera	can	modulate	the	density	of	collageneous	fiber	in	socket	of	extraction	incicivus	tooth	wound	
of	Cavia	cobaya.

Key words: collagen,	Aloe	vera

Correspondence: Ester Arijani, c/o: Departemen Biologi Oral, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Airlangga. Jln. Mayjend. Prof. 
Dr. Moestopo No. 47 Surabaya 60132, Indonesia. E-mail: christiankhoswanto@hotmail.com

introduction 

Anti inflammation medicine has been widely available 
in the market, however, the price is still relatively 
expensive. This matter really stimulates researchers to 
use traditional herb as alternative medicine in which the 
material is easily obtained and the price is affordable. One 
of traditional plants which is widely used is Aloe	 vera 
known as lidah	buaya.

Based on the result of reported study that Aloe	 vera 
can function as anti inflammation, antibacterial, antivirus, 
antifungi, antiallergy, increasing immunity, accelerating 
wound healing process by increasing cell regeneration and 
lowering blood sugar level.l,2 

Aloe	vera has been widely used in dentistry due to its 
multiple benefits. The use of Aloe	vera as a tooth paste helps 
recover mandible inflammation and lower coloring due to 
cigarette smoking.3 In addition, product which consists of 
Aloe	vera can be used for gingivitis treatment, pain due to 
denture use and other oral disturbances. Aloe	vera can also 
directly be used for mandible inflammation treatment by 
giving fresh resin to mouth sore, supporting wound healing 
and functioning as pain relief.4

Observation result on wound of baby mice was given 
Aloe	vera resin would close twice faster than the wound of 
baby mice without being given medication. Microscopic 
observation on tissue of wound area showed wound closing 
and union of skin tissue faster in baby mice given Aloe	
vera resin. Regeneration of epithelial cells will occur faster 
and also the formation of new blood vessel as well as the 

number of phagocyte cell is higher. Aloe	vera consists of 
glucomannan and giberrelins which function to stimulate 
fibroblast to proliferate faster in wound area and to 
accelerate wound healing with epithelial cell proliferation 
as well as to prevent infection which could inhibit wound 
healing.5

Wound healing basically is complicated process in 
which cellular and matrix component functions to regain 
the integrity of damage tissue, this process can be simplified 
to be healing process which consists of homeostasis, 
inflammation, cell proliferation and tissue remodeling. 
During the process, some protein structure would develop 
especially for rigidity elasticity and strength, which depend 
on the adjacent environment and functional need that is 
collagen. Collagen can be found in all region of the body 
such as dermist, plain muscle, bone, cartilage and basal 
membrane. Collagen is protein which is mostly found in 
human body in which 30 % of total weight collagen consists 
of 33.5% glicine amino acid, 12% proline, 10% proline 
hydroxide and other amino acids.

The purpose of this study was to know the effect of 
freeze drying 90% Aloe	 vera	 application as mandible 
collagen density modulator in of incicivus Cavia	cobaya.

materials and methods 

This research was an experimental laboratory study 
using Post-Test Only Control Groups Design. The tools and 
materials were forceps, special elevator, scissor, syringe 



75Arijani and Khoswanto: The use of 90% Aloe vera freeze drying as the modulator

2.5 cc, pinset, cover glass, object glass, microtom, heater, 
balance, sterile aquadest, 90% Aloe	vera, either, absolute 
alcohol, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% alcohol, formalin 
solution, paraffin, xylol, MA staining, nitrate acid.

General anesthetic was done on Cavia	cobaya which 
was fulfilled the requirement using 10% either in special 
box. Right lower incicivus tooth was cleaned from the food 
debris by water spraying then it was dried. The incicivus 
tooth was carefully extracted using needle holder and 
elevator (all the tools had been sterilized before being 
used) done in the same direction to prevent the tooth root 
from fracture, and the tooth was perfectly extracted, then 
the socket was irrigated by sterile aquadest. Aloe	vera was 
given orally by inserting into the syringe, dropped into the 
socket until completely filled and put it into the wound in 
post extracted region and sutured.

The execution was done using 10% either in lethal dosis 
on day 3 and 7. The mandible was taken by releasing from 
the angulus mandible and removed. The specimen was 
staining using Mallory Azan to see the collagen fibers in 
light microscopy using 400× magnificent. The data from 
collagen density, were tabulated and statistical analysis was 
done using Mann Whitney test with 5% significance rate.

result

On the study of 24 samples of Cavia	 cobaya	 were 
classified into control groups and Aloe	vera groups which 
applied 90% Aloe	vera gel in the socket which was used 
for incicivus tooth extraction by making histological 
preparation taken on day 3 and day 7. 

Table 1 shows the result from histological preparation 
based on collagen appearance from socket incisivus Cavia	
cobaya.

Table 2 shows the Mean and standard deviation of 
collageneous fiber density. The table shows the increase of 
collageneous fiber density on day 3 and 7 either in control 
and 90% Aloe	vera groups.

table 2. Mean and standard deviation of collageneous 
fiber density

Time Number
Control 90% Aloe	vera

X  ±  SD X  ± SD

Day 3
Day 7

6
6

0,83 ± 0,41
1,50 ± 0,51

1,33 ± 0,51
2,66 ± 0,51

table 3. The significant difference of collageneous fiber 
density  

Time Assym. Sig. (2-tailed)

Day 3
Day 7

0.092
0.011

Table 3 shows the number of collageneous fiber on day 
3 did not show significant  difference from control group 
p = 0.092 while day 7 showed significant difference in the 
wound given 90% Aloe	vera from the wound without 90% 
Aloe	vera (control group) p = 0.01

discussion

Collagen is a protein which is most frequently found in 
human body, covering 30% of its drying weight. The main 
amino acid  that composed collagen are glicine, proline and 
hydroxilicine. Collageneous fiber is long fine structure with 
diameter varies between 20–90 nm.6

The result of histological preparation showed the 
increase number of collageneous fiber on day 3 and 
day 7 either in control groups or tested groups. Day 3 
and day 7 were selected to be the indications based on 
the consideration that on day 3 collageneous fiber was 
formed and fibroblast proliferation occurred, while on 
day 7 collagen had been accumulated.7 The comparison 
of collageneous fiber score number showed higher of 

table 1. The data of collagen appearance on day 3 and 7

Day

Group

Control Group Aloe	vera Group

Group Score Group Score

Day 3 Control 3.1
Control 3.2
Control 3.3
Control 3.4
Control 3.5
Control 3.6

1
1
1
1
1
1

Aloe	vera 3.1
Aloe	vera 3.2
Aloe	vera 3.3
Aloe	vera 3.4
Aloe	vera 3.5
Aloe	vera 3.6

1
1
2
1
1
2

Day 7 Control 7.1
Control 7.2
Control 7.3
Control 7.4
Control 7.5
Control 7.6

1
2
2
1
1
2

Aloe	vera 7.1
Aloe	vera 7.2
Aloe	vera 7.3
Aloe	vera 7.4
Aloe	vera 7.5
Aloe	vera 7.6

2
3
3
3
3
3



76 Dent. J. (Maj. Ked. Gigi), Vol. 41. No. 2 April-June 2008: 74-76

collageneous fiber in control groups than tested groups 
either on day 3 or day 7 (Table 2).

The result of data analysis showed significant difference 
between control group and treatment group. The result 
suggested no significant difference was found between 
control group and Aloe	vera group in which both groups 
on day 3, it is possible due to wound healing process on 
day 3 the formation of new collageneous fiber just started 
so the effect given by 90% Aloe	 vera tested group to 
stimulate collageneous fiber formation had not occurred. 
While between control group and tested	 group in which 
each group on day 7 showed significant difference due 
to the effect of 90% Aloe	vera given to tested group had 
already functioned.

Significant difference in the number of collageneous 
fiber in control group and tested group was due to Aloe	
vera content which functioned to stimulate wound healing 
process. Aloe	 vera functions to stimulate the growth of 
new fibroblast cell and to accelerate wound healing due 
to the substance content such as glucomannan which 
is polysaccharide complex mostly consisting of sugar 
mannose in which could stimulate fibroblast to proliferate 
faster in wound region. Gibberelins is growth hormone 
which could stimulate fibroblast proliferation and accelerate 
protein sinthesis.6

Aloe	 vera consist of vitamin A, B, B1, B2, B3, B6, 
C, D, E niachinamida, cholin, folate acid which are 
important for growth and improvement of damaged tissue.8  
A study suggests that vitamin given orally could increase 
the formation of collageneous fiber.9 Amylase, catalase, 
celluse, oxidase, lipase, protease enzyme regulate chemical 
process in the human body and accelerate wound healing 
and regeneration process. Aloe emodin in Aloe	 vera	 is 
useful to support recovery and improvement of damaged 
tissue and also relieve the pain. Antraquinones has the effect 
of anti inflammation, analgesic and anti microbe. Saponine 
has the effect of anti septic, anti microbe, anti fungi and 
anti virus. Amino acid in Aloe	vera is important for growth 
and tissue proliferation.6,10,11

Antimicrobial and anti septic substance in Aloe	 vera 
are useful to prevent infection which is one of the most 

influence local factors in wound healing process. Healing 
varies according to the turnover times of the tissue.12 The 
occurrence of infection can inhibit the wound healing.

In addition to various useful contents for medical 
treatment, Aloe	vera also has harmful and dangerous content 
for health. The yellow resin containing Antraquinone is  
a laxative irritant producing that can harm enzymatic system 
in gastric wall and contribute toxic effect in human body and 
that was it is not applied on this study.	Aloe	vera had been 
peeled up and washed until it was free from yellow resin 
before the process and freeze drying method were done. 
The conclusion is 90% Aloe	vera can modulate the density 
of collageneous fiber in socket of extraction incicivus tooth 
wound of 	Cavia	cobaya.

references

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Kartini; 1992. p. 622–7, 1070.1992. p. 622–7, 1070.

 5. Davis R. Biological activity of Aloe vera. Available at: http://www.
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 11. Nanci A. Oral histology development structure and function. 6th ed. 
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 12. Bath MB, Fehrenbach MJ. Dental embryology, histology and 
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