4949

Correlation of cost, time, need, access, and competence with 
the public interest in installing dentures at non-professional 
dentist

Yayah Sopianah,1 Muhammad Fiqih Sabilillah,2 and Ayyu Fadilah3
1,2 Lecturers Dental Nursing Programme, Poltekkes Kemenkes Tasikmalaya 
3 Dental Nursing, Poltekkes Kemenkes Tasikmalaya, Tasikmalaya – Indonesia

abstract

Background: Tooth loss can be caused by trauma, caries, and periodontal disease. It then can trigger an emotional impact on each 
individual, such as having a lack of confidence, feeling ashamed of the appearance, and trying to hide the missing teeth. As a result, 
people experiencing tooth loss want to put or replace their missing teeth with artificial ones. Unfortunately, many of them prefer to 
visit non-professional dentists rather than professional ones providing the same services because of both internal and external factors. 
Purpose: This research aimed to analyze factors affecting the public interest in Losari District of Brebes Regency in 2016 to install 
dentures in non-professional dentists. Method: This research focused on a correlation of cost, time, need, access, and competence with 
denture-making care interest using survey method. Sampling was conducted with purposive sampling technique. The number of samples 
was thirty-six people. Result: There was a significant correlation between public interest in installing dentures at non-professional 
dentists and cost factor (a p value of 0.010, <a 0.05). Similarly, there was a significant correlation between public interest in installing 
dentures at non-professional dentists and time factor (a p value of 0.000, <a 0.05). There were significant correlations between the 
public interest in installing dentures at non-professional dentists and need (a p value of 0.004, <a 0.05), as well as between public 
interest in installing dentures at non-professional dentists and access factor (a p value of 0.000 <a 0.05). Nevertheless, there was no 
correlation between public interest in installing dentures at non-professional dentists and competence factor (a p value of 0.482> 
a 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a correlation between cost, time, need, and access with the public interest in 
installing dentures at non-professional dentists. Community competence has no correlation with public interest in installing dentures 
at non-professional dentists. 

Keywords: public interest; denture installation; non-professional dentists

Correspondence: Yayah Sopianah, Dental Nursing Programme, Poltekkes Kemenkes Tasikmalaya. Jl. Tamansari no. 210 Tasikmalaya, 
Indonesia. E-mail: Sabilillah.fiqih@gmail.com 

Research Report

Dental Journal
(Majalah Kedokteran Gigi)

2017 March; 50(1): 49–53

introduction

Teeth have an important role in human body. Teeth play 
a role in chewing, improving performance aesthetically, 
and talking. Every individual ideally will maintain their 
permanent teeth naturally throughout their life. However, 
teeth sometimes can be loose or revoked for various 
reasons. Tooth loss also can be caused by trauma, caries, 
and periodontal disease. Consequently, tooth loss can 
trigger an emotional impact on each individual, such 

as having a lack of confidence, feeling ashamed of the 
appearance, and trying to hide the missing teeth.1

The number of teeth revoked in people aged 65 years 
and above is sixteen. The prevalence of dental and oral 
problems, based on Riskesdas data in 2013, was 25.9%, 
higher than the prevalence in 2007, only about 23.4%. The 
prevalence of denture installation was only about 4.5% of 
the population of Indonesia. In detail, the prevalence of 
complete denture installation (GTL) was 30.43%, 39.13% 
for removable partial denture installation (GTSL), and 

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) p-ISSN: 1978-3728; e-ISSN: 2442-9740. Accredited No. 56/DIKTI/Kep./2012. 
Open access under CC-BY-SA license. Available at http://e-journal.unair.ac.id/index.php/MKG
DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i1.p49-53

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50 Sopianah, et al./Dent. J. (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 2017 March; 50(1): 49–53

40.43% for permanent denture installation. Unfortunately, 
tooth loss case is still often found anywhere, consequently, 
denture installation is getting higher to replace the missing 
teeth as well as to improve and maintain the function of 
the teeth.2

People experiencing tooth loss usually want to put or 
replace their missing teeth with artificial ones. Nevertheless, 
many of them prefer to visit non-professional dentists 
rather than professional ones offering the same services. 
Non-professional dental practice can easily be found 
almost throughout Indonesia. Initially, the non-professional 
dentists only offer denture making service. Nowadays they 
also offer denture’s crown making service and dental filling 
service regardless of the medical rules since they have never 
studied about dentistry.3

In the manufacture of dentures, the non-professional 
dentists do not pay attention to the health of the tissue 
around the dentures. They also make dentures carelessly. 
The remaining roots even are still found, not removed 
during the installation of dentures, resulting in inflamed 
gingival tissue, swelling, poor oral hygiene, or denture 
stomatitis due to poor denture adaptation.4 The negative 
effects of the installation commonly found in their users are 
severe infections, swollen face, as well as red and swollen 
gingival area with trismus (unable to open the mouth) 
condition, besides of great halitosis (bad breath).5

Factors that affect the public interest in installing 
dentures at non-professional dentists are internal and 
external factors. Interest is actually something personal 
and closely related to attitude. Interests and attitudes are 
fundamental to prejudice, affecting decision making. 
Interest may also trigger a person to undertake activities 
actively, leading to something interested.1 Based on a 
preliminary research conducted on fifteen respondents in 
Losari District of Brebes Regency in February, there were 
53% of them installing their dentures at non-professional 
dentists for various reasons. Similarly, based on interview 
results, some non-professional dentists also claimed that 
there were still many people who preferred to install their 
dentures with them. However, there had not been any 
statistical data about this situation. This research aimed to 
examine factors affecting the public interest in installing 
dentures at non-professional dentists in Losari District of 
Brebes Regency in 2016.

materials and method

This research focused on a correlation of cost, time, 
need, access, and competence with denture-making care 
interest using survey method. This research was conducted 
in Losari District of Brebes Regency. Samples in this 
research were people in Losari District, installing dentures 
at non-professional dentists. Sampling was performed with 
purposive sampling technique. It means that the samples 
were taken based on the consideration of the researcher, 
in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria that 

had been determined. Inclusion criteria in this research 
were living in Losari District, installing dentures at non-
professional dentists, aged >17 years, and willing to be 
cooperative during collecting data. Meanwhile, exclusion 
criteria in this research were installing dentures at 
professional dentists and unwilling to be cooperative during 
data collection. The number of samples was thirty-six 
people. Variables measured in this research were internal 
factors (cost, time, and need) and external factors (access 
and competence) correlated with public interest in installing 
dentures at non-professional dentists. Next, primary data 
collection was conducted by using questionnaire. In this 
research, people considered as samples had to sign informed 
consent first. They had to fill out a questionnaire about what 
factors affecting their interest in installing dentures at the 
non-professional dentist. This study uses statistical tests 
of crosstabs correlations. Analysis of the data in this study 
using a computer program to test the hypothesis based on a 
significance level of <0.05 with 95% confidence level.

results

The frequency distribution of the respondents’ sex in 
Table 1 shows that there were sixteen male respondents 
(44.44%) and twenty female respondents (55.55%). 
Meanwhile, characteristics of the respondents’ age can be 
seen in Table 2.

The frequency distribution of the respondents’ age in 
Table 2 demonstrates that most respondents were at the 
age of 51-66 years old, i.e. thirteen people (36.11%), and 
at least three respondents (8.33%) aged 31-40 years old. 
Characteristics of the respondents’ education level can be 
seen in Table 3.

The frequency distribution of the respondents’ education 
level in Table 3 depicts that the highest number of the 
respondents was found in high school education level with 
a percentage of 33.33%. Meanwhile, the least number of the 

Table 1. Frequency distribution of the respondents’ sex

No. Sex Frequency Percentage (%)

1 Males 16 44.44

2 Females 20 55.55

Total 36 100

Table 2. Frequency distribution of the respondents’ age

No. Age Frequency Percentage (%)

1 25-30 9 25

2 31-40 3 8.33

3 41-50 11 30.55

4 51-66 13 36.11

Total 36 100

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) p-ISSN: 1978-3728; e-ISSN: 2442-9740. Accredited No. 56/DIKTI/Kep./2012. 
Open access under CC-BY-SA license. Available at http://e-journal.unair.ac.id/index.php/MKG
DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i1.p49-53

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5151Sopianah, et al./Dent. J. (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 2017 March; 50(1): 49–53

status. Furthermore, bivariate analysis was performed by 
correlating the independent variables (cost, time, need, 
access and competence) with the dependent variable (public 
interest) as seen in Table 5.

Based on Table 5, there was a significant correlation 
between cost, time, need and access with the public interest 
(p<0.05). Meanwhile, there was no correlation between 
competence and public interest (p>0.05).

discussion

This research was conducted on people living in 
Losari District of Brebes Regency. Public interest in 
installing dentures at non-professional dentists in Losari 
District of Brebes Regency was influenced by several 
factors, including internal factors and external factors. 
Internal factors in this research were cost, time, and need. 
Meanwhile, external factors in this research were access 
and competence.

Results of the bivariate analysis using correlation method 
with crosstab statistics show that there was a significant 
correlation between cost factor and public interest in 
installing dentures at the non-professional dentists in the 
Losari District of Brebes Regency. This is because installing 
dentures at professional dentists requires a lot of money. If 
installing dentures in professional dentists will be charged 
service fees, the cost of making dentures will be increased. 
Meanwhile, installing dentures at non-professional dentists 
is only charged for denture manufacturing cost. The cost of 
dental care of the professional dentists is more expensive 
than that at the non-professional ones because of the time 
and expenses incurred to pursue an education in order to 
gain their competence as professional dentists. On the other 
hand, the non-professional dentists pursue their dental care 
skills only from their predecessors or from their education 
as dental technicians who should deal with laboratory, not 
directly with the community.6

Data on the socio-economic condition of the people of 
Losari District of Brebes Regency, indicated that most of 
them work as farmers and small-scale traders. As a result, 
it can be understood if they prefer to seek cheaper health 
services. Similarly, a research conducted by Teo’Filo 
and Leles shows that 88.8% of the samples studied have 
financial constraints, thus, most of them prefer not to 
pursue denture treatment.7 Economic status is the most 
important predictor for a person in making decisions to 
choose treatment. Socio-economic condition of a family 
can be measured by family income.8 In addition, a research 
conducted by Meutuah in Medan shows that 92.5% of 
the research samples prefer to install dentures at non-
professional dentists due to relatively cheaper cost than at 
professional dentists.9

The bivariate analysis using correlation method 
with crosstab statistic shows that there was a significant 
correlation between time factor and public interest in 
installing dentures at the non-profesional dentists in Losari 

Table 3. Frequency distribution of the respondents’ education 
level 

No. Education level Frequency Percentage (%)

1 Non-school education 
level

1 2.78

2 Elementary level 8 22.22

3 Junior High Level 10 27.78

4 Senior High Level 12 33.33

5 Undergraduate Level 5 13.89

Total 36 100

Table 4. Frequency distribution of the respondents’ job status

No. Job Status Frequency Percentage (%)

1 Not Working 23 63.88

2 Working 13 36.11

Total 36 100

Table 5.  Results of the bivariate analysis on the correlation 
of cost, time, need, access and competence with 
interest 

Cost Sig.

Good Sufficient

Interest High 100% - .010

Low 38.7% 61.3%

Time Sig.

Good Sufficient

Interest High 100% - .000

Low 19.4% 80.6%

Need Sig.

Good Sufficient

Interest High 60% 40% .004

Low 9.7% 90.3%

Access Sig.

Good Sufficient

Interest High 100% - .000

Low 22.6% 77.4%

Competence Sig.

Sufficient Poor

Interest High 100% - .482

Low 90.3% 9.7%

respondents was found in non-school education level with 
a percentage of 2.77%. Characteristics of the respondents’ 
job status can be seen in Table 4.

The frequency distribution of the respondents’ job 
status in Table 4 indicates that there were twenty-three 
respondents (63.88%) with unemployment status, while 
there were thirteen respondents (36.11%) with employment 

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) p-ISSN: 1978-3728; e-ISSN: 2442-9740. Accredited No. 56/DIKTI/Kep./2012. 
Open access under CC-BY-SA license. Available at http://e-journal.unair.ac.id/index.php/MKG
DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i1.p49-53

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52 Sopianah, et al./Dent. J. (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 2017 March; 50(1): 49–53

District of Brebes Regency. According to the respondents, 
the non-professional dentists work faster. Those dentists 
even can be called to their homes of residents to make 
dentures without taking a long time. Besides, treatment 
procedures performed by the non-professional dentists 
are very different from the procedures performed by 
professional ones requiring the respondents to visit them 
more than once to having denture treatment.

Non-professional dentists in Makasar’s Kodingareng 
Island work quickly so that their patients do not have to 
wait long. Most of those patients just need to cast their 
teeth before denture installation without examining the 
condition of their oral cavity first. Consequently, there is a 
root residue under the dentures, resulting in inflammation of 
the gingival tissue. Unlike at the non-prefessional dentists, 
professional dentists require a longer process since they 
have to undergo several stages of the treatment, such as 
diagnosis, jaw printing, preparatory treatment, laboratory 
processes, and denture installation.10

The bivariate analysis using correlation method with 
crosstab statistic indicates that there was a significant 
correlation between the need factor and the public interest 
in installing dentures at the non-professional dentist in the 
Losari District of Brebes Regency since most of the people 
experiencing anterior tooth loss require tooth replacements 
for aesthetic reasons, while those experiencing posterior 
tooth loss require tooth replacements for mastication.

Tooth loss can also have an emotional impact, leading 
to stress. A research conducted by Davis et al.,11 in London 
even shows that 45% of people experiencing tooth loss are 
difficult to accept the situation and feel less confident, as 
a result, they do not want to be seen by others if not using 
dentures. It indicates that dentures used to replace missing 
teeth can restore the confidence of the users.

Need factor is a factor often experienced by the elderly. 
The older the age is, the worse the nutritional status is.12 In 
other words, tooth loss at the old age can affect mastication. 
Although tooth loss does not have a direct impact, the 
mastication system will decrease, affecting nutrient intake. 
Alveolar bone generally will change, especially due to bone 
mineral loss since aging can affect resorption process of 
bone matrix. This process, unfortunately, can be accelerated 
by tooth loss. Therefore, most of elderly people need for 
dentures.13

Like the previous researchers, data obtained in 
this research also indicate that most respondents have 
understood the need of dental care and treatment for 
themselves. Thus, they have a great interest in installing 
dentures at the non-professional dentists in order to replace 
the function of their missing teeth. Dentures made by those 
dentists can immediately fulfill the needs of people who 
lost their teeth, in addition to quickly recover their lost 
confidence.

The bivariate analysis using correlation method with 
crosstab statistic reveals that there was a significant 
correlation between access factor and public interest in 

installing dentures at the non-professional dentists in Losari 
District of Brebes Regency since those dentists also live 
in the District of Losari, so their access to the community 
is easier and closer. The presence of professional dentists 
is still very minimal and uneven in the District of Losari. 
The nearest public health center even does not serve the 
manufacture of dentures. Consequently, people prefer to 
go to the non-professional ones.

The bivariate analysis using correlation method 
with crosstab statistic finds that there was no significant 
correlation between community competence factor and 
public interest in installing dentures at the non-professional 
dentists in Losari District of Brebes Regency. This is 
because they perform their dental care and treatment 
without permission. It means that they perform their dental 
care and treatment only based on limited knowledge. They 
just concern with the satisfaction of the community without 
considering the impacts that will be experienced by the 
users of their services.

Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health 
No.39 of 2014 article 6 paragraph (2), the authority of 
non-professional dentists as clearly written is that they are 
indeed capable of making dentures, but the manufacture and 
installation of dentures must be conducted by those who 
have scientific knowledge about oral cavity health in order 
to prevent the users from infection, swollen face, as well 
as red and swollen gingival area. Those are not concerned 
by the non-professional dentists.14

The competence of the non-professional dentists is 
clearly different from the competence of the professional 
ones. According to the Regulation of the Minister of Health 
No. 512/ Menkes/ Per/ IV/ 2007 concerning the practice 
license and the implementation of medical practice in 
chapter 1 article 1 point 7, medical services are health 
services provided by professional doctors or dentists in 
accordance with their competence and authority, including 
promotive, preventive, diagnostic, consultative, curative 
and rehabilitative services.15

It can be concluded that there is a correlation between 
cost, time, need, and access with the public interest in 
installing dentures at non-professional dentists. Community 
competence has no correlation with public interest in 
installing dentures at non-professional dentists.

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Open access under CC-BY-SA license. Available at http://e-journal.unair.ac.id/index.php/MKG
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Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) p-ISSN: 1978-3728; e-ISSN: 2442-9740. Accredited No. 56/DIKTI/Kep./2012. 
Open access under CC-BY-SA license. Available at http://e-journal.unair.ac.id/index.php/MKG
DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i1.p49-53

http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i1.p49-53