1058 D3000 new imprint Word template Vol 13, No 1 (2025) ISSN 2167-8677 (online) DOI 10.5195/d3000.2025.1058 http://dentistry3000.pitt.edu Analyzing the Effects of Polident and Thyme Extract Oil on Denture Base Hawraa Khalid Aziz, Maha Kareem Jabbar, Najwah Yousuf Hameed, Sara Abdulbasit Turki College of Health and Medical Techniques, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq Abstract Objec@ve: Dentures are the most common remedy for edentulous human populaIon. Natu- ral products and essenIal oils provide promising therapeuIc agents for the treatment of oral infecIons. The increasing understanding of the diverse applicaIons of natural resources has made them a favored subsItute for manufactured materials. therefore, the goal of this study was to find out how different immersion soluIons [thyme oil, Polident denture clean] changed the roughness, hardness, and transverse strength of 3D-printed PMMA denture base. Materials and Methods: The current study produced ninety 3D-printed resin samples, each measuring [65mm ×10mm×2.5mm] and classified them into three groups including 30 samples, each group were submerged into three groups depending on immersion soluIons [control, thyme essenIal oil, and Polident denture cleaner] for a duraIon of 15 days. AWer that the samples were tested for surface roughness, hardness, and transverse strength. Re- sults: The Polident immersion group had the highest surface roughness values followed by thyme essenIal oil, whereas the control group was demonstrated the lowest mean values. Likewise, the surface hardness test findings demonstrated that the Polident immersion group exhibited the greatest mean values, while the thyme immersion group had the lowest mean values but staIsIcally was not significant. Furthermore, the transverse strength test indicated the lowest average transverse strength for the thyme essenIal oil group. Conclusion: Thyme essenIal oil as a denture cleaner be\er preserves sur- face roughness but has a lesser influence on the hardness and transverse strength of the 3D Print denture base compared to Polident denture cleanser. Open Access Cita%on: Aziz HK, et al. (2025) Analyzing the Effects of Polident and Thyme Extract Oil on Denture Base. Den%s- try 3000. 1:a001 doi:10.5195/d3000.2025.1058 Received: September 30, 2025 Accepted: October 2, 2025 Published: November 4, 2025 Copyright: ©2025 Aziz HK, et al. This is an open access ar%cle licensed under a Crea%ve Commons AWribu%on Work 4.0 United States License. Email: hawraa.khalid.azizaziz@mtu.edu.iq Introduc)on An increasing number of older people are regularly using dentures as a result of the ris- ing prevalence of edentulism and aging [1,2]. People who wear dentures for a long time have more mutans, streptococci, lactobacilli, staphylococci, microorganisms, and yeasts in their mouths than people who do not wear them [3,4]. Throughout the denture place- ment appointment, home care instructions are essential to help maintain healthy oral mucosa, especially for elderly patients with disease, dementia, and poor dexterity of who cannot brush their dentures adequately [5,6]. Alqanas et al. have proposed denture cleansers for denture cleaning and maintenance protocols, emphasizing the im- portance of keeping excellent denture hy- giene for healthy oral mucosa. Denture cleaners should get rid of bioJilm without changing the properties of the denture base material. Long-term use can change the color, hardness, and surface roughness of denture base resins [7]. An ideal denture cleaning should be biocompatible, bacteri- cidal, fungicidal, non-harmful to the denture structure, effective in removing both organic and inorganic deposits, and user-friendly [8]. Almost all cleaners’ dentures contain oxidiz- ing agents, reducing agents, effervescent compounds, detergents, enzymes, and disin- fectants [9]. The most frequently used alkaline peroxides, but denture cleansers are breaking down the physical characteristics of denture base resins and pathogenic micro- organisms were becoming more resistant to these chemicals. This has encouraged people to look at plant extracts as novel antibacte- rial and antifungal drugs. Natural products and essential oils give excellent therapeutic agents for oral infections [10,11]. Research comparing plant extracts indicates that thyme essential oil is an effective antibacte- rial agent against Candida albicans, render- ing it appropriate for denture cleaning [12]. Despite its recognized antibacterial capabili- ties, there is limited research on how thyme essential oil affects the physical qualities of Analyzing the Effects of Polident and Thyme Extract Oil on Denture Base Vol 13, No 1 (2025) DOI 10.5195/d3000.2025.1058 http://dentistry3000.pitt.edu 2 denture base materials when used as a den- ture cleaning agent. The hypothesis of pre- sent study is that the solution of thyme es- sential oil and Polident will not change the properties of the 3D printed resin. So, this study oriented to assess the effects of two distinct denture cleansers on surface rough- ness, hardness, and transverse strength of three-dimensional printed denture base. Materials and Methods Fabrication of 3D Printing Design CAD Specimens The specimens were constructed of 3D printed resin denture base (Flexo Denture Base, V2, SENERTEK, Turkey) by using 3D printing CAD device (Phrozen, Thailand), before printing the specimens designed with bar-shaped dimensions (65mm, 10mm, and 2.5mm) for length, width, and thickness, respectively using Chitobox software according to ADA No. 12, 1999. The sample plan was saved as an STL file, which was then loaded into 3D printing software for the planned denture base [13]. They exported the 3D printer software at a 90- degree angle [14]. Then added an appropriate quantity of resin to the print tank. Following the printing process by three-dimensional printing with a specified 50 µm layer thickness , removed the denture base specimen from the platform and trimmed off any excess materials, After that immersed them in to isopropyl ethyl alcohol in two steps: first for 2 minutes in one container, followed by another 3 minutes in a second container using an ultrasonic instrument (Bella Gusto, China) [15]. The UV Light Post-Curing Process for 3D Printed Specimens The samples were subsequently subjected to UV light at an intensity of 405 nm for polymerization, which took place over a duration of 10 minutes [16]. The support structures were then separated by exerting light pressure at the junction where the support was attached to the printed component. After the removal of the support structures, finished and polished the external surface only of the denture bases specimens using the same tools and techniques used for finishing and polishing conventional heat cured denture base [15]. Specimen Grouping The study used ninety specimens made of 3D printed denture base resin. Three tests, which included the surface roughness, surface hardness, and transverse strength tests. Each one involved thirty specimens. The immersion procedure divided the 30 specimens into three groups, each including 10 specimens, as shown below. Group I: the specimens immersed in 100ml of distilled water, which was considered a control. Group II: the specimens were immersed in 100ml of thyme essential oil solution for denture cleaning. Group III: the specimens were immersed in 100ml of Polident denture cleanser tablet. Prepare a denture cleanser solution Preparation of thyme essential oil To create 1000 ml of a diluted mixture for immersion treatments, blend 5ml of thyme essential oil, 5ml of 0.5% tween, 80ml of ethanol, and 910 ml of distilled water [11]. Preparation of polident denture cleanser To prepare the denture cleanser, dissolve one Polydent tablets[Stafford-miller, Ireland] in 100ml of distilled water. After manufacturing denture cleanser solutions, perform the immersion process by immersing the specimens in each corresponding solution for a continuous duration of 15 days [17]. Cleansing method Specimens experienced daily washing by dipping 10specimens from each group. Among the three different solutions, continuously for period 15 days, which replicated three years of usage based on their respective subgroups at room temperature. The determination of these immersion durations was executed using the subsequent procedure. One hour comprised three immersions of 20 minutes each, while a 24-hour period equated to 72 immersions of 20 minutes daily. Consequently, to fulfill a three-year immersion simulation [1095 days], fifty days were necessary [18]. Testing the specimens Surface roughness test The profilometer device (Time Group Inc., TR220, China) uses a sharp, sensitive diamond-crafted needle (stylus) as a surface analyzer to outline the profile of surface imperfections. The test was conducted according to the instructions provided by the profilometer. Then divided each sample into three equal portions, and the stylus contacted these three standardized portions to obtain three readings for each one. The stylus makes contact at 5mm in each area of the sample, and positioned the sample on a firm and stable surface, allowed the stylus to contact the first region and the digital scale automatically displayed the reading. The mean of the three measurements was regarded as the roughness value (ΔRa), represented by µm. Surface Hardness Test The Shore D durometer was employed to assess the hardness of 3D printed acrylic samples. The testing value was determined by calculating the mean of three distinct readings from the durometer scale. After established a twenty-millimeter distance between the surface of each sample and the indenter in three time (right, center, and left)] for the hardness test, and recorded the average values for each specimen. Transverse Strength Test The universal Instron testing equipment (JIANQIAO Testing Equipment, China) was used for the transverse strength test. The three-point bending technique was used to examine the transverse strength of acrylic samples. The prepared thirty samples were positioned them on a bending setup, which featured two parallel supporting arms spaced about 50mm apart. A maximum load of 50 kg was applied at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min via a rod positioned at the center of the sample until fracture initiation occurred. Subsequently, calculated the transverse strength values by employing the following equation: T=3PL /2bd2 T represents transverse strength (N/mm2). P denotes the greatest load exerted on samples (Newton). L indicates the space between the supporting arms(mm). The ADA specification defines b as the width and d as the depth of samples (mm) (ADA specification No.12, 1999). Statistical analysis The data study computerized by using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). To compare the mean values of the different groups, One-way ANOVA and Tukey-HSD test post hoc test were utilized. All statistical calculations were conducted at a 0.05 signif- icance level. Results Surface Roughness Test Table 1 showed the mean and standard devi- ation for all the groups of 3 D-polymerized resins that were tested after being soaked in different denture cleaners. The Polident cleaner group III had the highest surface roughness (ΔRa) of the 3 D-polymerized res- ins, measuring 1.4348 µm. The Thyme essen- tial oil group II came next, with a measure- ment of 1.0961 µm, whereas the control group I had the lowest roughness (ΔRa). An ANOVA-test was applied to evaluate the data, indicating a significance difference of statis- tics among these groups (P<0.05). As seen in Table 2, The Tukey-test revealed, after all ex- amined groups, a significant difference in surface roughness between each two groups. Surface hardness test Table 3 compares the mean values for sur- face hardness test after soaking in various denture cleaning methods. The surface hard- ness findings of the groups indicate that the Analyzing the Effects of Polident and Thyme Extract Oil on Denture Base Vol 13, No 1 (2025) DOI 10.5195/d3000.2025.1058 http://dentistry3000.pitt.edu 3 Polident immersion group III exhibits the greatest mean values, while the thyme im- mersion group II displays the lowest mean values. However, the ANOVA-test result re- vealed no differences statistically among all groups. Transverse strength test The data were evaluated utilizing descrip- tive statistics. The specimens in Group III that were immersed in Polident solution had the highest mean transverse strength (17.14250 N/mm²). The specimens in con- trol group had the lowest mean value (14.22690 N/mm²). Further analysis was need for comparison among the three groups by the ANOVA test that was revealed ex- tremely signiJicant differences (Table 4). The Tukey HSD-test was utilized for multiple comparisons among all groups (Table 5). The Tukey test Jindings demonstrated a highly signiJicant difference within the groups. Discussion Physical cleaning procedures frequently combine with chemical denture cleansing techniques to ensure the cleanliness and hy- giene of dentures. Older patients with severe diseases, such as disabling illnesses, dimin- ished manual dexterity, and neuromuscular dysfunction, sometimes are unable to clean dentures. So that allows for the growth of bacterial and candida, leading to severe re- sources for disseminating infection [19]. Some research indicates that denture cleanser usage greatly reduces the amount of bacteria on dentures, particularly in older adults [20]. Traditional chemical denture cleaners are good at killing microbes, but natural plant extracts will soon be used in- stead because microbes are becoming more resistant to them. Mouth rinses, toothpastes, and similar products utilize these plant ex- tracts for their effective antibacterial and an- tifungal activities [8]. Gutierrez et al. [21] had proved that thyme essential oil was selected as the botanical ex- tract for the denture cleaning since it com- pletely inhibits microorganisms. Gonçalves et al. [19] described that thyme essential oil was the most useful for killing Streptococcus mutans. Several studies have investigated the beneficial properties of thyme essential oil, but less research has focused on its im- pact on denture base resin. Researchers like Peracini et al. [5] and Sharma et al. [22] found that Polident was better than other commercially available denture cleaners, especially when compared to hypochlorite and alkaline peroxides. It also didn't change the strength or roughness properties of denture base resins in a big way. Thus, it was utilized for comparison with the denture cleaner derived from the Thyme vulgaris plant extract. In this study, the null hypothesis was thrown out due to significant differences seen be- tween the chemical cleanser [Polident] and the essential oil cleanser (thyme extract) re- garding the roughness, hardness, and flex- ural strengths of all examined material. The surface roughness test evaluates the im- perfections of denture surfaces, especially the fitting surface, which might harbor mi- croorganisms and facilitate persistent rein- fection of the palate. Several factors affect the surface texture of acrylic dentures. These include the amount of residual methyl meth- acrylate monomer, the polymerization pro- cess and cycle, the amount of time the den- tures are stored in water, and how often they are washed [23]. Research indicates that the quantity of mi- crobes on smooth surfaces is comparatively lower than on rough surfaces and the re- moval of biofilm becomes more difficult as the surface roughness increases [24]. When exposed to denture cleaners, the texture of denture foundation acrylic resin undergoes extensive surface morphological alterations [6]. Surface roughness, characterized by Ra val- ues, is an acknowledged means of analyzing surface textures in research [25]. The results presented in Table 2 indicate that the Poli- dent denture cleanser group had a greater mean roughness value (1.4348 µm) com- pared to the Thymes essential oil group (1.0961 µm) and the control group (0.3321 µm). This led to a rise in the roughness of the acrylic specimens. These results may be due to the perborate used in Polident denture cleaning, which might cause surface degra- dation, resulting in enhanced surface rough- ness. The present study's results align with those of Mossa et al. [26]. Also, these findings were similar to those of Namala and Hedge [8], they concluded that the surface roughness in the thyme oil group increased less than that of the Polident denture cleanser group. Alqanas et al. [6], they demonstrated that soaking 3D-printed acrylic in Polident den- ture cleanser increased surface roughness. The findings of this study agreed with our observations. The findings of Panariello et al. [27], were different from this study’s result because the surface roughness did not get better in the Polident denture cleaning group; but it stayed the same as in the untreated group. Khandelwal et al., showed that the thymes oil group had a lower average value than both the untreated group and the Polident den- ture cleanser group. They explained their re- sults by stating that the variation in surface roughness is attributable to their composi- tion and the immersion solution. Thymol, which (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) and carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol) have the principal antibacterial constituents found in thyme oil. Thyme essential oil was utilized as an extract from plants as a den- ture cleanser due to its low minimum inhibi- tory concentration (MIC) values and its anti- fungal and antibacterial properties [28]. Conversely, the outcomes of the surface hardness test showing no significant vari- ances within these groups. Following 15 days of immersion, Table 3 indicates that the Thymes oil group exhibited a lower mean surface hardness value (39.4000 MPa) re- lated to the control group (41.1000 MPa), but the Polident group recorded a value of (41.7000 MPa). These findings agreed with those reported by Hatim et al. [29], they con- cluded that when thyme oil and nigella oil were added at concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, the denture base became harder, but there were no big differences between the concentrations. The interaction between the unreacted monomer and the oil-coated polymer explains this alteration. Panariello et al. [27], demonstrated that the application of this protocol had no impact on hardness, which was partially accepted. Sim- ilar results to this study were found by Nep- pelenbroek et al. [30], who also discovered that denture base resins that were treated with sodium hypochlorite and perborate mixture exhibited a significant decrease in average hardness values. The explanation of this result by stating that the thymol oil ex- erts its solvent effect on the surface of acrylic and other thermoplastic resins, the satu- rated salt solution results in increased water absorption within the acrylic, as sodium chloride, an ionic compound, forms an infi- nite repeating lattice of ions when dissolved in water. The polar nature of resin molecules makes it easier for water to dissolve due to electrostatic interactions. This makes the material's surface less hard. This investiga- tion aligns with the conclusions of the cur- rent research. Moussa et al. [26], contest our results, saying that the mean surface hardness of the Poli- dent denture cleaner group is lower than that of the control group. The hardness val- ues significantly diminished among all groups, contradicting the findings of Alqanace et al. [6]. A study by Khandelwal et al. [28], they found that the control group had a harder surface than both the thyme essential oil group and the Polident denture cleanser group. This varies from our studies; these differences may be attributed to several reasons, like im- mersion duration, the polymerization method of PMMA, and polishing denture pro- cedures. The current study demonstrates that the transverse strength of the PMMA denture Analyzing the Effects of Polident and Thyme Extract Oil on Denture Base Vol 13, No 1 (2025) DOI 10.5195/d3000.2025.1058 http://dentistry3000.pitt.edu 4 base resin affects the longevity of the pros- thesis. Inadequate flexural strength leads to a higher frequency of denture fractures, oc- curring both intraorally and extraorally. This study revealed that the thyme essential oil group had a superior mean transverse strength value compared to the control group following 15 days of immersion. The results were similarly to those of Anjum et al. [11], who discovered that following 30 days of immersion. The thyme essential oil group had better results than the control group. This study's results contradicted those of Na- mala and Hedge[8], who reported that the transverse strength mean value of the con- trol group exceeded that of the thyme oil group. In this study, the results showed that the mean transverse strength of the Polident denture cleaner group exceeded that of both the control and Polident groups. Namala and Hedge [8] also found that the mean transverse strength of Polident den- ture cleaner was above than that of the un treated control group. They found that the Polident denture cleaner group had the same flexural strength as Sharma et al. and Anjum et al. [11,31]. The mean transverse strength value of the Polident denture cleaner exceeded that of the control group. Mohammed et al.'s re- search [17], they revealed that the thyme es- sential oil group had a greater mean trans- verse strength value compared to the control group. The difference between the Polident denture cleanser group and the control group was significant, as the control group had a greater mean value of transverse strength than the Polident denture cleanser group. Thyme extract did not negatively affect the Jlexural strengths of the investigated mate- rial. The results were the same as those of Si- dhant et al. [20] reported that Thyme essen- tial oil exhibited superior Jlexural strength compared to the chemical combination ap- proach and may be utilized successfully as a denture cleanser. Conclusion The present investigation demonstrated that the denture cleaner Polident and essential oil of thyme inJluence surface roughness. However, they can be safely used to clean denture base material without affecting its surface hardness or transverse strength. Conflict of Interest None. References [1] A. F. Al-Fouzan, L. A. Al-Mejrad, and A. M. Albarrag, “Adherence of Candida to complete den- ture surfaces in vitro: A comparison of convenDonal and CAD/CAM complete dentures,” J. Adv. Prostho- dont., vol. 9, no. 5, p. 402, 2017. DOI:10.4047/jap.2017.9.5.402 [2] M. K. Jabbar and S. F. Dulaimi, “Effect of the combined zirconium dioxide surface treatment on the shear bond strength of a veneering ceramic to zirconium dioxide,” Dent. Med. Probl., vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 177–183, 2020. DOI: 10.17219/dmp/116409 [3] S. Sato, M. R. S. Cavalcante, I. A. Orsi, H. de F. O. Paranhos, and O. 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Groups Mean Difference Standard Error p-value 95% ConJidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Group I Group II 0.764 0.0386 0.000 0.8597 0.6683 Group III 1.1027 0.0386 0.000 1.1984 1.007 Group II Group III 0.3387 0.0386 0.000 0.243 0.4344 Table 3. The descriptive statistics and ANOVA test results for the surface hardness test among all immersion groups. Table 4. Descriptive statistics and the ANOVA test for the transverse strength among all immersion groups. Table 5. Tukey HSD analysis of transverse strength tests for all immersion groups. Groups Mean Differ- ence Standard Error p-value 95% ConJidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Group I Group II 0.8037 0.228885 0.004 1.3712 0.2362 Group III 2.9156 0.228885 0.000 3.4831 2.3481 Group II Group III 2.1119 0.228885 0.000 1.5444 2.6794 Groups N Mean Standard Devia- tion Standard Er- ror Minimum Value Maximum Value ANOVA test p-value Group I 10 41.1 1.59513 0.50442 39 44 0.071 Group II 10 39.4 2.75681 0.87178 32 41 Group III 10 41.7 2.11082 0.6675 37 45 Groups N Mean Standard Devi- ation Standard Er- ror Minimum Value Maximum Value ANOVA test p- value Group I 10 14.2269 0.220758 0.06981 13.944 14.532 0.000 Group II 10 15.0306 0.786233 0.248629 14.314 16.945 Group III 10 17.1425 0.344856 0.109053 16.827 17.88