899 D3000 new imprint Word template


 

Vol 13, No 1 (2025) 
ISSN 2167-8677 (online) 

DOI 10.5195/d3000/2025.899 

 

	

	

http://dentistry3000.pitt.edu	

Minimally Invasive Approaches in Pediatric Dentistry 
 
Sarah Mohammed Khammas1, Hamsa Thabet Musa1, Saja Sami Malik1, Samara Faris Abdulazeez1, Asmaa Mohammed Khammas2, Shatha Abdullah 
Abbas2     
 
1Al Hikma University College, Baghdad, Iraq 
 
2University of Baghdad, College of Den<stry, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract 

The aim of this work was to assess the efficacy, affordability, and acceptability of various 
“non-invasive and minimally invasive techniques” that are used in treatment of carious 
lesion in children. Minimally invasive techniques represent a paradigm shiI in pediatric 
denJstry, emphasizing paJent-centered care and preserving healthy tooth structure. Con-
sidering conJnuing technological development these techniques will become even more 
crucial in providing safe, effecJve, and comfortable dental experiences for children allow-
ing pediatric denJsts to foster a posiJve and e stress-free environment for children, estab-
lishing the foundaJon for long-term dental health. 

Open Access 
Cita%on: Khammas SM, et al. (2025) Minimally Invasive 
Approaches in Pediatric Den%stry. Den%stry 3000. 
1:a001 doi:10.5195/d3000.2025.899 
Received: April 8, 2025  
Accepted: May 21, 2025 
Published: June 27, 2025 
Copyright: ©2025 Khammas SM, et al. This is an open 
access ar%cle licensed under a Crea%ve Commons APrib-
u%on Work 4.0 United States License. 
Email: sara.mohammed@hiuc.edu.iq

Introduc)on 
Dental	 caries	 can	 be	 de.ined	 as	 a	 complex,	
dynamic,	 sugar-driven,	 bio.ilm-mediated,	
and	 multifactorial	 disease	 that	 results	 in	
phasic	 demineralization	 and	 remineraliza-
tion	of	the	tooth	structure.	Caries	occurs	any	
time	in	life,	in	both	sets	of	dentitions.	It	is	an	
unevenly	 distributed,	 preventable	 disease	
that	has	signi.icant	negative	effects	on	qual-
ity	of	 life	and	economy	[1].	Preservation	of	
each	patient’s	natural	teeth	should	be	the	ob-
jective	of	all	dentists	[2].	During	the	diagno-
sis	of	an	active,	non-cavitated	lesion,	the	den-
tist	must	 .irstly	 assess	 the	extension	of	 the	
disease	and	the	caries	risk	of	the	child.	After	
that,	a	preventive	plan	is	made	that	focuses	
on	arresting	and	preventing	caries	progres-
sion	 [3].	Later,	based	on	each	case's	needs,	
the	dentist	will	 select	one	of	 the	minimally	
invasive	methods	 like	 varnish,	 SDF,	 .issure	
sealant,	and	resin	in.iltration	[4].	Minimal	In-
vasive	Dentistry	(MID)	has	developed	a	con-
servative	 philosophy	 that	 addresses	 dental	

caries	 through	 MID	 techniques	 and	 pre-
serves	tooth	structure.	It	provides	a	new	ap-
proach	to	reduce	pain,	stress,	and	the	time	of	
restorative	procedure,	resulting	 in	decreas-
ing	patient	anxiety	[5].		
Fluoride Varnishes (FVs) 
Fluoride	varnish	 is	a	professionally	applied	
.luoride	that	can	stick	to	the	tooth	surfaces	
and	release	.luoride	in	an	effective	way	for	a	
relatively	long	time.	In	the	past,	the	main	dis-
advantage	 of	 the	 previous	 topical	 .luoride	
systems	(.luoridated	mouth	rinse	and	gels)	
was	the	short	duration	of	.luoride	exposure.	
Therefore,	there	was	a	need	to	develop	a	ma-
terial	 that	 could	overcome	 this	problem	by	
increasing	 the	 adherence	 of	 .luoride	 to	 the	
tooth	surface	[6].	5%	NaF	varnish	was	used	
for	this	purpose.	In	fact,	the	combination	of	
5%	 NaF	 with	 silver	 nitrate	 or	 SDF	 have	
showed	 higher	 ef.icacy	 [7].	 FV	 remains	 an	
excellent	 modality	 in	 caries	 prevention,	
White	Spot	Lesions	(WSLs)	management,	re-
duction	 of	 hypersensitivity,	 supporting	

enamel	 development	 in	 children	 and	 pro-
tecting	against	ECC	(Early	Childhood	Caries)	
[8].	The	frequency	of	FVs	application	can	be	
two	 to	 four	 times	 a	 year	 depending	 on	 the	
child’s	caries	risk	level	[9].	
Pit and Fissure Sealant 
A	preventative	procedure	used	to	stop	den-
tal	 caries	 before	 they	 progress	 to	 the	 .inal	
stage,	known	as	a	"hole"	or	cavity	[10,11].	It	
works	 by	 blocking	 the	 tooth's	 pits	 and	 .is-
sures,	which	prevents	bacteria	 from	adher-
ing	to	them	[12,13].	Many	sealant	materials	
had	 been	 developed	 and	 they	were	mostly	
classi.ied	into	glass-ionomer,	polyacid-mod-
i.ied	 resin	 based	 sealants	 and	 resin-based	
sealants	[14-16].	As	the	glass-ionomer	type	
had	the	advantage	of	less	technique	sensitiv-
ity	 with	 .luoride	 release,	 the	 resin	 sealant	
had	 shown	 better	 retention	 [15].	 Although	
resin-based	pit	and	.issure	sealants	are	most	
used,	 they	 still	 experience	 abrasive	 wear	
[17].	 Moreover,	 a	 systematic	 review	 had	
shown	 that	 using	 sealants	 were	 more	



  Minimally Invasive Approaches in Pediatric DenJstry 

Vol 13, No 1 (2025)    DOI 10.5195/d3000/2025.899 

	http://dentistry3000.pitt.edu	
2	

effective	in	preventing	or	reversing	the	pro-
cess	of	dental	caries	in	comparison	with	no	
intervention	or	when	applying	only	.luoride	
varnishes	 [18].	 Authors	 suggested	 that	 pit	
and	.issure	sealants	are	a	good	intervention	
in	preventing	and	arresting	dental	caries	le-
sions	in	primary	and	permanent	teeth	[19].	

Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) 
Since	1969,	SDF	had	been	referred	to	the	lit-
erature	by	several	names,	like	silver	diamine	
.luoride,	 silver	 .luoride	 diamine,	 ammoni-
ated	silver	.luoride	and	diamine	silver	.luo-
ride	[20].	SDF	had	the	potential	to	encourage	
dentin	 formation	by	using	silver	 salt	 to	be-
come	calci.ied,	with	the	germicidal	activity	of	
silver	 nitrate	 and	 the	 power	 of	 .luoride	 to	
stop	 deterioration	 [21].	 The	 presumptive	
features	 of	 SDF	 that	 are	 particularly	 note-
worthy	are:	control	of	in.lammation	and	irri-
tation;	ease	of	use	and	pain	relief;	cost-effec-
tiveness;	material	 affordability;	 shorter	du-
ration	and	controllability	of	use;	in	addition	
to	 the	 non-invasiveness	 [22,23].	 The	 term	
"silver-.luoride	 bullet"	 was	 applied	 to	 SDF	
since	it	had	the	ability	to	stop	and	delay	the	
caries	process	[24].	The	mostly	studied	for-
mulation	was	 38%	 SDF	 and	 it	 was	 recom-
mended	 for	 caries	 arrestment	 in	 both	 chil-
dren	and	patients	with	special	needs.	When	
compared	 to	5%	NaF	varnish,	 the	biannual	
application	 of	 38%	 SDF	 had	 demonstrated	
more	 ef.icacy	 [25,26].	 The	 major	 disad-
vantage	 of	 SDF	 is	 the	 metallic	 taste	 with	
black	staining	that	is	experienced	during	its	
application	 [27],	 an	 in	 vitro	 study	 showed	
that	SDF/KI	(silver	diamine	.luoride/Potas-
sium	Iodide)	has	the	potential	to	reduce	the	
black	staining	effect	of	SDF,	 though	not	en-
tirely	 [28]	 .	 However,	 Newer	 silver	 com-
pounds	 like	 NanoSilverFlouride	 (NSF)	 did	
not	 demonstrate	 tissue	 discoloration	 re-
sulted	from	the	oxidation	of	silver	ion.	Addi-
tionally,	following	one	to	three	months	of	ap-
plying	NSF	 in	 saliva	 or	plaque	 a	 signi.icant	
decrease	 in	 the	 number	 Streptococcus	mu-
tans	was	reported	in	vivo	[29,30].	Besides,	a	
clinical	trial	suggested	that	compared	to	SDF,	
NSF	was	more	successful	in	arresting	dental	
decay	in	preschoolers	without	causing	black	
discoloration	on	their	teeth	and	with	higher	
parental	 satisfaction	 [31].	The	 combination	
of	Nano	silver	particles	and	.luoride	results	
in	a	synergistic	effect	that	promotes	enamel	
remineralization	 and	 combats	 cariogenic	
bacteria	more	effectively	[32].	NSF	not	only	
ensures	 an	 aesthetically	 pleasing	 outcome	
but	 also	 avoids	 the	 drawbacks	 associated	
with	SDF	also	it	is	viable	option	for	both	pe-
diatric	 and	 adult.	 The	 remarkable	 ad-
vantages	of	NSF	make	it	highly	applicable	for	
inclusion	 in	 public	 health	 initiatives	 [33].	
The	 long-term	 effectiveness	 of	 this	

substance	needs	more	thorough	study	with	
bigger	sample	size	is	necessary.	

Resin Infiltra)on  
Another	MID	technique	was	resin	infiltra-
tion,	which	is	used	for	treating	mild	hypo-
mineralized	lesions	by	sealing	enamel	po-
rosities	and	strengthening	enamel	defects	
and	thus	improving	esthetics	[34].		Using	
this	technique,	non-cavitated	lesions	on	the	
proximal	and	smooth	surfaces	of	the	teeth	
can	be	treated	[35].	A	one-year	follow-up	
clinical	study	showed	that	resin	infiltration	
had	the	ability	for	instant	diffusion	into	the	
WSLs,	resulting	in	improvement	in	the	aes-
thetic	outcome	[36].	A	Cochrane	review	
concluded	that	when	it	came	to	preventing	
proximal	non-cavitated	lesions,	resin	infil-
tration	worked	better	than	preventative	
measures	like	applying	fluoride	or	encour-
aging	flossing	[37].	In	addition,	it	provided	
acceptable	results	in	treating	MIH	lesions	
[38].	In	pediatric	dentistry,	resin	infiltration	
is	a	useful	method	to	be	used	for	treating	
WSLs	in	both	primary	and	permanent	teeth.	
However,	there	is	a	little	data	on	the	micro-
leakage,	color	stability,	and	long-term	dura-
bility	of	resin	infiltration.	These	are	the	ma-
terial	limitations	that	need	more	studies.	

Atrauma)c Restora)ve Treatment (ART) 
Dr.	Frencken	 created	 a	 concept	 of	 ART	 for	
decay	management,	which	uses	simply	hand	
instruments	to	 remove	 tooth	 decay.	 The	
World	 Health	 Organization	 accepted	 his	
idea,	which	 is	 now	used	 all	 over	 the	world	
[39,	40].	ART	had	become	an	extremely	im-
portant	 dental	 technique,	 especially	 for	
those	 patients	 who	 face	 obstacles	 utilizing	
conventional	dental	interventions	as	well	as	
areas	with	limited	resources.	This	entails	uti-
lizing	hand	instruments	to	carefully	remove	
decay	and	employing	glass	ionomer	cement	
to	restore	cavities	[41].	The	modi.ied	ART	is	
a	 modi.ication	 that	 uses	 high-speed	 hand-
pieces	 to	 alleviate	 hand	 fatigue	 in	 places	
where	 access	 to	 dental	 equipment	 and	
power	is	not	an	issue	[42].	Later,	the	SMART	
approach	 (Silver	 Modi.ied	 Atraumatic	 Re-
storative	Technique)	was	developed,	which	
used	SDF	to	eliminate	the	bacteria	then	glass	
ionomer	to	seal	the	tooth	to	deny	any	nutri-
tion	that	bacteria	need	to	thrive	[43].	A	com-
prehensive	review	to	highlight	the	effective-
ness	 of	 SMART	 revealed	 that	 SDF	 made	 a	
bene.icial	addition	to	enhance	the	effective-
ness	of	ART	in	primary	dentition	[44].	
	
Hall’s Technique (HT)	

Hall’s	 technique	 is	 one	 of	 the	 approaches	
used	to	biologically	seal	the	decayed	tooth	in	
deciduous	molars.	No	need	for	any	interven-
tion	like	using	low	speed	or	high-speed	hand	

piece	for	cavity	preparation	or	no	anesthetiz-
ing	the	tooth	and	the	procedure	depends	on	
separating	or	 sealing	 the	bacteria	 from	 the	
oral	 cavity	 and	 the	 decay	 will	 be	 inactive	
[45,46].	Even	the	bacteria	will	be	present	af-
ter	placing	the	SS	crown	it	will	be	unviable	
[47].	The	name	derived	from	a	Scottish	den-
tist	Dr	Norna	Hall,	who	established	and	uti-
lized	the	procedure	with	good	achievement	
[48].	Valentim	et	al.	found	that	HT	is	greater	
to	other	restoration	procedures	concerning	
its	reception	by	children	and	their	guardian	
in	 relation	 to	 of	 painful,	 non-comfortable	
procedures,	fear,	and	crown	preference	and	
ful.illment.	HT	seems	to	be	with	greater	cost	
to	 the	 dentists,	 regarding	 the	 success	 over	
time,	 the	minor	need	 for	 consultations	 and	
decay	 removal	 interventions	 veri.ies	 im-
proved	 cost-bene.it	 than	 other	 restorative	
procedures	 [49].	 However,	 most	 pedodon-
tics	considered	HT	one	of	the	therapy	meth-
ods	considered	to	halt	the	decayed	primary	
molar	rather	than	a	therapy	method.	[50,51]	
One	 of	 the	 more	 recent	 and	 advantageous	
materials	 in	 pediatric	 dentistry	 that	 is	 uti-
lized	with	HT	is	SDF.	[52,53]			

HT	 technique	 is	 favorable	 to	 teeth	with	 no	
history	 of	 pain	 and	 used	 to	 children	 with	
anxiety	[54-58].	applying	HT	has	an	obvious	
effect	on	child	cooperation	 inside	 the	clinic	
[59]. However,	Poludasu	et	al.	compared	be-
tween	M	T	A	pulpotomy	and	HT	he	found	no	
signi.icant	difference	[60].	It	seems	to	affect	
the	masseter	muscle	activity	(MMA)	in	chil-
dren	treated	with	a	unilateral	HTC	in	which	
Clench	MMA	was	reduced	immediately	post-
treatment	[61].	

Air Abrasion (Aab)	

New	machines	and	materials	have	been	 in-
vented	to	treat	the	child	with	less	discomfort	
almost	with	no	or	less	pain,	fast,	easy,	less	de-
structive	tooth	structure;	one	of	them	is	the	
air	abrasion	system.	The	action	principal	of	
AAb	 depends	 on	 using	 nontoxic	 particles	
submitted	to	excessive	pressure	and	high	ve-
locity	to	quite	eliminate	decayed	areas	in	the	
tooth.	This	method	gives	the	dentist	the	ad-
vantage	of	lower	the	surface	heat,	less	vibra-
tion,	less	noise	also	eliminating	the	anesthe-
sia	 leading	 to	 child	 cooperation	 [62],	 AAb	
could	be	useful	for	anxious,	fearful,	uncoop-
erative	or	even	autistic	children	[63-64]	This	
method	aims	to	preserve	as	much	as	possible	
the	 tooth	 structure.	 This	 technique	used	 in	
cavity	 preparation	 as	 well	 as	 for	 sealants,	
preventive	resin	restorations	and	removal	of	
previous	 fillings	 [62].	 Regarding	 the	 cavity	
preparation	 and	 material	 adherence	 to	
enamel	 and	dentin	 concerning	 its	 effect	 on	
the	 surface	 roughness	 researchers	 found	
that	air	abrasion	has	equivalent	effect	to	the	
conventional	 cavity	 preparation	 [65-66].	



  Minimally Invasive Approaches in Pediatric DenJstry 

Vol 13, No 1 (2025)    DOI 10.5195/d3000/2025.899 

	http://dentistry3000.pitt.edu	
3	

Other	found	combining	acid	etching	and	AAb	
have	greater	effect	on	adherence	[67].	

Chemo Mechanical Caries Removal CMCR 

CMCR	 offers	 an	 alternative	 to	 the	 conven-
tional	 drilling	 for	 caries	 removal	 [68]	 as	
many	dentists	focus	on	measuring	the	tech-
nique	 time,	patient	comfort,	 caries	removal	
efficacy,	pain	assessment,	dentist	manipula-
tion	and	 the	cost	of	 the	procedure.	Most	of	
the	authors	reached	mostly	to	a	comparable	
conclusion	 regarding	 great	 patient	 ac-
ceptance	to	the	procedure	with	less	fear,	but	
time-consuming	 procedure	 [68-71].	 Many	
commercial	materials	 that	 are	widely	 used	
are	Carie-Care™	[68],	RT + CMCRA	(CMCRA,	
Papacárie	 Duo	 GelⓇ	 seems	 to	 be	 less	 effi-
cient	 than	 using	 drilling	 burs	 [70].	 Smart	
prep	bur	II	(polymer	bur)	or	Brix	3000	(car-
ies	dissolving	enzymes)	[70].		

Concerning	 the	 caries	 removal	 using	 smart	
burs	 was	 better	 than	 CMCRA	 [72].	 Studies	
concerning	 the	 composite	 adhesion	 to	
enamel	 and	dentin,	 A	 S	 Coelho	et	 al.	 found	
that	the	application	of	Brix	3000™	decreased	
adhesion	 power	 while	 Papacárie	 Duo®	had	
no	effect			on	the	dentin	adhesion	to	compo-
site	 in	 the	 teeth	 [73].	 The	 same	 material	
found	 to	 be	 efficient	 in	minimally	 invasive	
caries	excavation	and	was	more	comfortable	
for	children	[74,75]	comparing	the	applica-
tion	of	brix	3000	and	the	drilling	procedure,	
brix	3000	remove	the	affected	decayed	area	
while	the	drilling	method	doesn’t	specify	the	
decayed	 area	 only	 so	 taking	 more	 tooth	
structure,	also	less	pain	and	sensitivity	to	the	
child	 but	 longer	 time	 than	 drilling	method	
[76].	 More	 advantages	 to	 the	 previously	
mentioned	considering	brix	3000	as	a	non-
toxic,	nonirritant	to	the	oral	cavity	material	
also	 has	 an	 easily	 applicable	 no	 need	 for	
complicated	 instruments	 [77].	 Also,	 Papa-
Carie	displayed	hopeful	outcomes	in	terms	of	
bond	 intensity	 to	dentin	caries	 [78,79].	Ap-
plication	 of	 Papacarie	 lead	 to	 a	 conclusion	
that	mostly	the	same	time	and	less	pain	also	
its	 effect	 on	 the	 child	 was	 better	 than	 the	
drilling	procedure	[80].	In	2025	Gupta	et	al.	
found	that	as	all	the	CMCR	agents	share	the	
same	 advantages	 like	 less	 pain	 same	 time	
with	conventional	method.			

Ozone (O3)	

Ozone	is	one	of	the	natural	compounds,	con-
sist	of	triple	oxygen,	the	ultraviolet	radiation	
affects	 and	 convert	 the	 oxygen	 to	 ozone.	
Which	 considered	 an	 effective	 disinfectant	
against	 microbes	 [81,82].	 As	 a	 therapeutic	
agent	 increased	 in	 researches	 recently	 re-
garding	 its	effect	on	bacteria,	on	 inflamma-
tion,	and	in	pain	relief	effect	in	all	the	fields	
of	 dentistry	 such	 as	 operative,	 endodontic,	

periodontology,	 surgery	 and	 other	 fields	
[83].	 Bin	 Hassan	 S.	 A.	 in	 2024.	 Found	 that	
ozonated	water	decrease	the	sensitivity	after	
bleaching	the	teeth	with	Hydrogen	Peroxide	
[84]	furthermore	its	useful	if	it	is	mixed	with	
toothpaste	resulting	 in	 temporary	reminer-
alization	 especially	 when	 applied	 after	
bleaching	 [85].	 The	 disinfection	 properties	
of	ozonated	water	were	obvious	and	compa-
rable	 to	 0.1%	 octenidine	 dihydrochloride	
[86].	Also,	its	positive	effect	in	comparison	to	
NaOCl/conventional	 irrigation	 [87].	 In	 fu-
ture	it	can	be	utilized	in	remineralization	of	
the	enamel	and	dentine	layers	by	destroying	
the	biological	molecules	of	decayed	part	and	
eliminating	proteins	from	the	decayed	area,	
leading	to	a	porous	and	ensuring	 increased	
mineral	ion	and	remineralizing	agent	perfu-
sion	[88].		

In	 endodontic	 treatment,	 zinc	 oxide-ozo-
nated	oil	reveal	most	desirable	effect	in	de-
ciduous	endodontically	obturated	teeth	[89].	
With	high	concentration	and	long	treatment	
intervals,	 it	 is	 efficiently	 eliminating	S.	mu-
tans	biofilms	not	only	by	oxidizing	EPS,	fur-
thermore	 destruct	 the	 plasma	 membrane,	
leading	 to	 content	 outflow,	 lowering	 ATP	
levels,	 and	 final	 inactivation	 of	 cells	 which	
Increases	 the	 viability	 of	 the	 usage	 of	 ozo-
nated	 water	 in	 the	 treatment	 of	 decayed	
teeth	[90,91].	In	the	recent	studies	disinfect-
ing	the	cavity	with	ozonated	water	increase	
its	durability	of	 the	 filling	material	 and	de-
crease	or	eliminate	the	recurrence	of	caries	
with	 no	 effect	 on	 bonding	 strength	 [92].	
Dähnhardt	et	al.	experimented	 the	effect	of	
Ozone	and	tool	excavating	method	in	pulpo-
tomy	procedure	to	children	which	are	fear-
ful,	uncooperative,	and	young	[88,93].	Ozone	
treatment	procedures	need	to	be	expanded	
with	 further	studies	 for	more	evaluation	of	
results,	effect,	methods	[91].	

Laser  

The	development	of	dental	laser	technology	
has	made	it	possible	to	perform	several	ther-
apeutic	procedures,	“pulpotomy	and	pulpec-
tomy”,	 oral	 tissue,	 trauma	 management	 to	
permanent	 teeth,	 and	 the	 removal	 decayed	
spots	 in	all	 types	of	teeth,	typically	without	
anesthesia	usage	[94].	

Although	their	implementation	is	restricted	
by	high	charges	and	training	necessities	[95].	
laser	 technology	 has	 significantly	 impacted	
modern	dentistry	by	enabling	initial	finding,	
MITs	 and	 accurate	 operative	 procedures,	
eventually	 enlightening	 patient	 conse-
quences	 and	 growing	 the	 choice	 of	 dental	
treatment	 [96].	 A	 key	 factor	 in	 preventing	
caries	is	the	tooth	surface's	resistance	to	car-
iogenic	 agent	 penetration.	 It	 is	 possible	 to	
successfully	strengthen	the	freshly	emerged	

permanent	tooth	resistance	against	acid	cor-
rosion	 by	 using	 erbium	 and	 CO2	 lasers	
[97,98].	Before	applying	pit	and	fissure	seal-
ants,	the	tooth	surface	can	also	be	prepared	
using	 a	 laser.	 Pits	 and	 fissures	 can	 also	 be	
cleaned,	 disinfected,	 and	 conditioned	 using	
laser	 [99].	 Declared	 laser	 benefits	 pain	 re-
duction,	 fast	 tissue	heals	and	 limiting	anes-
thesia	usage.	Erbium	and	diode	lasers	are	the	
most	used	kinds	for	teeth	and	mouth	soft	tis-
sue	[100],	in	pediatric	dentistry	focusing	on	
the	cavity	preparation,	pulpotomies,	soft-tis-
sue	management,	 in	cavity	preparation	and	
root	 access	 [101,102].	 Children	 can	 with-
stand	laser	treatment	since	it	involves	little	
contact.	Parents,	dentists,	and	the	kids	them-
selves	 are	 all	more	 satisfied	when	 patients	
cooperate	better.	For	many	traditional	pedi-
atric	 dentistry	 procedures,	 lasers	 can	 be	 a	
good	substitute.	pulp	therapy,	caries	diagno-
sis	 and	 removal,	minimizing	 the	 possibility	
of	contamination,	edema,	and	irritation,	min-
imizing	blood	oozing,	improving	soft	tissues	
repair,	alleviating	discomfort,	also	lessening	
the	gag	reaction	[103].	

Limita)ons 
Employing	MID	allows	pediatric	dentists	 to	
ensure	a	positive	and	stress-free	experience	
for	 young	 children	 and	 consequently	 good	
dental	 habits	 for	 life.	 On	 the	 other	 hand,	
some	 limitations	 might	 reduce	 its	 wide-
spread	 application	 in	 pediatric	 dental	 care.	
High	 costs	 (laser	 system),	 technique	 sensi-
tivity	 and	 moisture	 control	 (resin	 in.iltra-
tion),	 and	 periodic	 recalls	 (.issure	 sealant	
and	 SDF).	 Besides,	 improving	 accessibility	
and	achieving	better	clinical	results	in	pedi-
atric	 dentistry	 need	 to	 address	 issues	 like	
cost	reduction,	improved	training	programs,	
and	ongoing	studies	into	bioactive	materials	
and	technology.	

Conclusion  
Minimally	 invasive	 procedures	 represent	 a	
paradigm	 shift	 in	 pediatric	 dentistry	 that	
emphasize	natural	tooth	structure	preserva-
tion.	 It	 is	 undoubtedly	 that	 future	develop-
ment	of	bioactive	materials	will	provide	syn-
ergic	effect	to	MIT	in	preserving	tooth	struc-
ture,	promoting	remineralization,	 tissue	re-
generation	and	minimizing	the	need	for	ex-
tensive	restorative	procedures.	Future	stud-
ies	 should	 concentrate	 on	 developing	 rea-
sonably	priced	materials,	enhancing	durabil-
ity,	 incorporating	 arti.icial	 intelligence	 and	
computer-aided	technologies.	With	ongoing	
innovations,	minimally	 invasive	procedures	
will	be	the	gold	standard	in	pediatric	dentis-
try,	 improving	 childrens’	 oral	 health	 care	
globally. 



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Vol 13, No 1 (2025)    DOI 10.5195/d3000/2025.899 

	http://dentistry3000.pitt.edu	
4	

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