Dermatology: Practical and Conceptual Original Article | Dermatol Pract Concept. 2022;12(2):e2022076 1 Dermatology Practical & Conceptual Apremilast Survival and Reasons for Discontinuation in Psoriasis: Five-Year Experience From a Greek Tertiary Care Centre Elena Sotiriou1, Aikaterini Tsentemeidou1, Nikolaos Sideris1, Aimilios Lallas1, Nikolaos Kougkas2, Dimitrios Ioannides1, Efstratios Vakirlis1 1 First Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece 2 Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Key words: psoriasis, apremilast, survival, discontinuation, Greece Citation: Sotiriou E, Tsentemeidou A, Sideris N, et al. Apremilast survival and reasons for discontinuation in psoriasis: five-year experience from a Greek tertiary care centre. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2022;12(2):e2022076. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5826/dpc.1202a76 Accepted: December 7, 2021; Published: January 2022 Copyright: ©2022 Sotiriou et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial License (BY-NC-4.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited. Funding: None. Competing interests: None. IRB approval: Ethics committee of The Hospital of Venereal and Dermatologic Diseases of Thessaloniki, Greece. Authorship: All authors have contributed significantly to this publication Corresponding author: Aikaterini Tsentemeidou, MS. First Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece. Email: ktsenteme@gmail.com Introduction: Drug survival is an indirect measure of efficacy and safety and its post-marketing as- sessment using real-life data is invaluable. Objectives: To investigate the survival of apremilast in a cohort of psoriasis patients treated with apremilast in a Greek hospital. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study examined adult psoriasis patients receiving apremi- last (March 2016 to January 2021). Primary endpoint was the cumulative survival probability at 52 weeks. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate survival probability. Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate potential risk factors for apremilast discontinuation. Results: One hundred and two patients (29.4% females) with a mean age of 55.9 years (standard de- viation 15.21) were included. Sixty-five patients (63.7%) had discontinued treatment by lock date: 19 (18.6%) due to lack of efficacy, 24 (23.5%) due to loss of efficacy, 15 (14.7%) due to adverse reactions, and 7 (6.9%) due to other reasons. Cumulative survival probability at 52 weeks was 52.1%. Median survival time for all reasons for discontinuation was 58 weeks (95% Confidence Interval 40.02, 75.98). Conclusions: Approximately half of patients remained on apremilast after 1 year of treatment. Sec- ondary drug failure was the most common reason for discontinuation. ABSTRACT 2 Original Article | Dermatol Pract Concept. 2022;12(2):e2022076 Introduction Apremilast (Otezla®, Amgen) is an orally administered PDE4 inhibitor, whose efficacy and tolerability for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis was in- vestigated in the ESTEEM phase III trials [1,2]. Psoriasis treatment with biologics and small-molecule agents is of finite duration, most often due to efficacy-related reasons [3] The probability that psoriasis patients will stay on a biologic treatment for ≥3 years is 53%-58% [4]. Anti-drug antibodies, genomic and transcriptomic parameters as well as non-compliance could possibly explain this phenome- non [4,5]. Forty-five of 382 (11.78%) ESTEEM 2 partic- ipants, who received apremilast, discontinued treatment due to lack of efficacy by week 52 [2]. Long-term (≥156 weeks) pooled data from the two ESTEEM trials showed that 34.7% of participants receiving apremilast discontin- ued treatment due to lack of efficacy, which was the most common reason for treatment cessation [6]. Drug survival – time from initiation to discontinuation of treatment – can be used as a surrogate measure for drug efficacy and toler- ability [4]. As everyday practice may differ from the setting of clinical trials, real-world data is invaluable. Objectives This study was conducted to investigate the survival of apremilast in a cohort of patients treated for psoriasis in a real clinical setting. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed. Data was retrieved from the psoriasis archives of the 1st Dermatol- ogy Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece. All adult patients with any type of psoriasis, who had re- ceived at least one dose of apremilast from March 2016 until January 2021, were eligible for inclusion in the study. Dos- ing followed summary of product characteristics. Primary endpoint was cumulative survival probability at 52 weeks. Secondary endpoints were cumulative survival probability at weeks 24, 104, 156, and 208, percentage of patients achiev- ing 75% reduction in their baseline Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score (PASI75) at weeks 16, 24, 52, 104 and 156 as well as mean/median drug survival for all reasons for discontinuation and stratified for specific reason (lack of and loss of efficacy, adverse events, other). Gender, age, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), presence of scalp and nail psoria- sis, presence of psoriatic arthritis, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, as well as previous treatment with biologics were tested as potential predictors for drug discontinuation. Treatment was considered discontinued if patients stopped receiving apremilast tablets. Reasons for discontin- uation were primary drug failure (no ≥50% improvement in baseline PASI – PASI50 – by week 24), secondary drug failure (loss of achieved efficacy at two consecutive visits), adverse events and personal/other reasons. Patients lost to follow-up were considered to have discontinued treat- ment. Sequential recruitment of all eligible treated patients was performed to limit selection bias. The study protocol adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Dermatology Depart- ment, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece. Signed in- formed consent was obtained by all participating patients. SPSS software version 25 (IBM Corp.) was used to per- form all statistical analyses. Qualitative variables were de- scribed through relative frequencies. We used Shapiro-Wilk test to check for normal distribution of quantitative variables. Mean, standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used in case of normal distribution, whereas me- dian and interquartile range were used in the opposite case. A two-tailed significance level of <0.05 was set. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate survival probability. Study event was drug discontinuation due to any reason or loss to follow-up. Patients still on treatment were censored at the last available follow-up visit. Univariate and multivariate Cox re- gression analysis were performed to investigate potential risk factors for apremilast discontinuation (hazard ratio, signifi- cance level set at P ≤0.05). Akaike information criterion was used to choose the best-fitting model for survival prediction. Results Out of 2313 psoriasis patients registered in the psoriasis ar- chives, 110 patients were potentially eligible for inclusion. Six Take-home message • Psoriasis treatment with biologics and small-molecule agents is of finite duration, most often due to efficacy-related reasons. • Apremilast survival was investigated in a real-life setting. Cumulative survival probability at 24, 52 and 208 weeks was 69.3%, 52.1% and 28.1%, respectively. Nineteen (18.6%), 24 (23.5%) and 15 (14.7%) patients discontinued apremilast due to lack of efficacy, loss of efficacy and adverse reactions, respectively. Original Article | Dermatol Pract Concept. 2022;12(2):e2022076 3 patients did not give consent for study participation and 2 patients were excluded due to incompletely recorded data. We included 102 patients in our analysis (29.4% females, 70.6% males) with various types of psoriasis and a mean age of 55.94 years (SD 15.21). Patient baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1. Patients were followed-up for a total of 26,826 patient-weeks. Sixty-five patients (63.7%) had dis- continued treatment by lock date: 19 (18.6%) due to lack of efficacy, 24 (23.5%) due to loss of efficacy, 15 (14.7%) due to adverse reactions, 3 (2.94%) due to other/personal reasons, while 4 (3.92%) were lost to follow-up. Cumulative survival probability at 24, 52, 104, 156, and 208 weeks was 69.3%, 52.1%, 39.8%, 31.2%, and 28.1%, respectively (Figure 1). Mean survival time per reason for discontinuation and PASI75 achievement rates are presented in Table 1. Median survival time for all reasons for discontinuation was 58 weeks (95% CI 40.02, 75.98). The only covariate found able to predict drug survival was the combination of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, which was associated with 78% less likelihood of apremilast discontinuation (hazard ratio 0.22, P = 0.035). Table 1. Patient Demographic Characteristics and Apremilast Survival Female Male Sex†, n (%) 30 (29.4) 72 (70.6) Age‡, years( 57.1 (12.89, 57.1 – 52.29) 55.17 (16.06, 51.37 – 58.97) BMI§ (kg/m2) 27.11 (8.01) 27.68 (6.63) Psoriasis duration§ (years) 9 (14) 13 (14) Baseline PASI§ 11 (5.4) 11.7 (7.4) Psoriatic arthritis† 5 (16.7) 15 (20.8) Scalp psoriasis† 28 (93.3) 55 (76.4) Nail psoriasis† 13 (43.3) 35 (48.6) Smoking† 15 (50.0) 44 (61.1) Comorbidities Hypertension† 11 (36.7) 23 (31.9) Diabetes† 6 (20.0) 11 (15.3) Hyperlipidemia† 9 (30.0) 18 (25.0) Obesity† 9 (30.0) 24 (33.3) Cardiovascular disease† 5 (16.7) 15 (20.8) Median survival time (all reasons for discontinuation) 58 weeks 95%CI (40.02, 75.98) Mean survival time in weeks (95% Confidence Interval) All reasons for discontinuation 96.75 (78.34, 115.15) Due to lack of efficacy 178.06 (159.41, 196.72) Due to loss of efficacy 152.35 (130.53, 174.17) Due to adverse events 190.59 (174.45, 206.73) Due to other reasons (including loss to follow-up) 211.06 (199.08, 223.05) Week 16 Week 24 Week 52 Week 104 Week 156 PASI75¶ 20.80% 46.00% 45.74% 30.33% 13.20% †number (percentage). ‡mean (standard deviation, 95% confidence interval). §BMI: Body Mass Index, median (interquartile range). ¶PASI75: percentage of patients having achieved 75% reduction in their baseline Psoriasis Area Severity Index score. 4 Original Article | Dermatol Pract Concept. 2022;12(2):e2022076 Figure 1. Cumulative survival probability of apremilast (Kaplan-Meier survival curve) for all reasons of drug discontinuation. Event: drug discontinuation due to any reason or loss to follow-up. Patients still on treatment were censored at the last available follow-up visit. 1.0 APREMILAST SURVIVAL - ALL REASONS FOR DISCONTINUATION 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 WEEKS OF APREMILAST TREATMENT UNTIL JANUARY 2021 P R O B A B IL IT Y O F R EM A IN IN G O N D R U G 50 100 150 200 250 0.5 SURVIVAL FUNCTION CENSORED Conclusions According to our results, approximately half of psoriasis pa- tients treated with apremilast remained on treatment after one year and a little more than a quarter of them were still receiving the drug after 4 years of treatment. The most com- mon reason for discontinuation was secondary drug failure. Patients suffering from both diabetes and cardiovascular dis- ease were significantly less likely to discontinue apremilast. Limitations of our study are its retrospective nature, lack of a control group and absence of subgroup analysis of patients having received concurrent topical treatment. According to real-world evidence, median apremilast sur- vival ranges from 12.5 to 65 weeks, while 52-week survival probability ranges from 40.7% to 53.4% [7–11]. Two-year survival probability was 37.4% in a Japanese study [7]. Me- dian time to drug discontinuation was 23 weeks for primary drug failure, 63 weeks for secondary failure and 8 weeks for adverse events [12]. Lunder et al found that apremilast had the lowest survival comparing to ustekinumab, adalim- umab, etanercept, ixekizumab, infliximab and secukinumab, with ustekinumab having the longest duration in all exam- ined psoriasis patients [3]. Patients on apremilast were more likely to discontinue treatment compared to patients on methotrexate in a nationwide French study [11]. In a cohort of patients with palmoplantar pustulosis, however, apremi- last was associated with the longest survival (65 weeks) com- paring to classic systemic treatments, such as cyclosporine, acitretin plus PUVA, methotrexate, acitretin, alitretinoin and fumaric acid esters [13]. Primary treatment failure was the most common reason for apremilast discontinuation in a USA study comparing various biologics and apremilast as well as in a smaller Austrian study [5,10]. Loss of efficacy was the main reason for apremilast cessation in a Japanese study (46.4%) [9]. Apremilast survival was significantly re- duced in patients with scalp psoriasis (P = 0.001) in a small Spanish study [12]. The results of this study are comparable to other real-life apremilast survival data. Median apremi- last survival at 52 weeks was found less than that of other systemic treatments for psoriasis, as presented in various re- al-life reports. References 1. Papp K, Reich K, Leonardi CL, et al. 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