Dermatology: Practical and Conceptual Observation | Dermatol Pract Concept 2018;8(1):7 33 DERMATOLOGY PRACTICAL & CONCEPTUAL www.derm101.com Introduction Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) is a rare benign hamartomatous adnexal tumor that originates from the apocrine or the eccrine sweat glands [1]. It is a relatively rare neoplasm presenting at birth in 50% of the cases. In around 15-30% of the cases, it develops around puberty [2]. The lesions evolve either de novo or from a preexisting nevus sebaceous. There are three recognized clinical forms of it i.e., plaque, solitary nodular, and linear. Most of the lesions local- ize over the head and neck region [3]. We hereby present a rare case of de novo congenital linear SCAP over the chest. We also describe the dermoscopic findings observed in our case. Case Presentation A 12-year-old girl presented with slowly growing multiple, itchy, red and raised lesions over her chest just below the left clavicle which were present since birth. The lesions had significantly increased in size and number in the previous two years. Serous non-foul-smelling discharge from the lesions was occasionally noticed. Associated symptoms suggestive of neurological, ocular or skeletal abnormality were not reported. On clinical examination, multiple grouped dome- shaped papules and nodules with central umbilication were noted to be present in a linear array over the upper part of chest. The surface of the lesions showed central ulceration and crusting (Figure 1). Dermoscopic examination with a DermLite II Hybrid M (3Gen, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA; 10× magnification) was performed which revealed milky red papillomatous projections with a central ulceration. At places, white circles were seen over the rim of the milky red areas. Polymorphic vessels were seen within the darker ulcerated areas. Yellowish areas within the ulceration may represent sites of secretion (Figure 2). Dermoscopy of a rare case of linear syringocystadenoma papilliferum with review of the literature Payal Chauhan1, Rishabh Kumar Chauhan1, Amrita Upadhyaya1, Sanjeev Kishore2 1 Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India 2 Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India Key words: linear syringocystadenoma papilliferum, adnexal tumor, dermoscopy Citation: Chauhan P, Kumar Chauhan R, Upadyaya A, Kishore S. Dermoscopy of a rare case of linear syringocystadenoma papilliferum with review of the literature. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2018;8(1):33-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5826/dpc.0801a07 Received: July 22, 2017; Accepted: November 7, 2017; Published: January 31, 2018 Copyright: ©2018 Chauhan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: None. Competing interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. All authors have contributed significantly to this publication. Corresponding author: Rishabh Kumar Chauhan, MD, Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India. Email: dr.rishabhchauhan@gmail.com Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) is a benign hamartomatous tumor arising from pluripotent cells with either apocrine or eccrine differentiation. We report a rare case of de novo linear SCAP in a 12-year-old female child with lesions over the chest along with the dermoscopic findings. ABSTRACT 34 Observation | Dermatol Pract Concept 2018;8(1):7 Thirteen cases of linear SCAP were females and the major- ity of patients had onset at birth or in early childhood. Only two cases of late-onset linear SCAP have been reported; one at 19 years and another 21 years old. Surprisingly, the majority of the cases arose de novo. Only three cases of linear SCAP have been reported to be associated with nevus sebaceous [21], tubular apocrine adenoma [8], and apocrine cystad- enoma and hidrocystoma [10]. Hitherto, only three cases of linear SCAP over the chest have been described [6,8,20]. Of these, one case of linear SCAP in a 12-year-old male was associated with tubular apocrine adenoma[8]. The remaining two were cases of de novo linear SCAP over the left side of the chest in one [6] and over the left breast in the second case [20]. To the best of our knowledge, our patient represents the third case of de novo linear SCAP over chest. All the published cases of linear SCAP were histopatho- logically proven. However, there is a lack of documentation of dermoscopic findings in linear SCAP, as none has been previously reported. We also highlight the dermoscopic features of SCAP as the actual potential of dermoscopy has not been tapped in the diagnosis of adnexal tumors. In 2011, Bruno et al. [22], described the dermoscopic features in SCAP associated with nevus sebaceous for the first time. The authors described a Histopathological examination of the umbilicated papule was done and showed an endophytic tumor with several papillary infoldings lined by glandular epithelium, which con- sisted of two rows of cells. The inner row had high columnar cells with oval nuclei and faint eosinophilic cytoplasm. The outer row was comprised of small cuboidal cells with round nuclei and scant cytoplasm. Focal areas of decapitation secre- tion were noted. The core of papillae had many plasma cells, lymphocytes and few polymorphic cells (Figure 3). The diagnosis of linear syringocystadenoma papilliferum was made on the basis of clinical, dermoscopic and histo- pathologic examinations. The patient was referred to the department of pediatric surgery for surgical excision. Discussion Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) is a rare benign cutaneous hamartoma seen to arise from the pluripotent cells with the potential to exhibit either apocrine or eccrine lineage, although apocrine differentiation is more common. It usually involves the head and neck area, taking its origin either de novo or from a preexisting nevus sebaceous in 30% of the cases [1]. The unusual anatomical sites of involvement include arms, breast, eyelids, axilla, scrotum, and inguinal and perineal regions [3]. Three clinical types of SCAP have been described: a) Plaque type: presenting as an alopecic patch on the scalp which may enlarge during puberty to become nodular, verru- cous or crusted. b) Linear type: consisting of multiple reddish pink firm papules or umbilicated nodules 1-10 mm in size commonly occurring over face and neck. c) Solitary nodular type: which are domed pedunculated nodules 5-10 mm in size with a predilection for the trunk, shoulder, and axillae [4]. The linear presentation of SCAP is extremely rare with less than 20 cases reported in the literature [5-21] (Table 1). Figure 1. multiple grouped dome shaped papules and nodules with central umblication present over the chest just below the left clavicle. [Copyright: ©2018 Chauhan et al.] Figure 2. Milky red papillomatous projections (black circle) with central ulceration (black arrow). White circles (red circle) over the milky red rim. Polymorphic vessels (green arrows) were also seen. [Copyright: ©2018 Chauhan et al.] Observation | Dermatol Pract Concept 2018;8(1):7 35 surrounding pinkish-white rim and peripheral hairpin like vessels. These findings are also similar to that seen in our case. The dermoscopic morphology of the other adnexal tumors of apocrine origin needs to be elucidated. Recently, dermoscopic features of 22 cases of apocrine hidrocystoma were reported [25]. A homogenous area that occupies the whole lesion with arborizing vessels was found to be the most common dermoscopic pattern in apocrine hidrocys- toma. Similarly, tubular apocrine adenoma (TAA) is another adnexal tumor of apocrine origin whose dermoscopy is hitherto unclear. Ito et al, [26] noted coexistence of short fine telangiectasias and large blue-gray ovoid nests arranged in a floriform pattern to be the specific dermoscopic finding in TAA. The present report aims to emphasize that the dermo- scopic examination can act as an extremely valuable, nonin- vasive and inexpensive tool in the diagnosis of SCAP espe- cially in children when a traumatic procedure like a biopsy can raise the apprehension and discomfort of the child and the parents. However, further studies are needed to corrobo- rate the dermoscopic findings seen in our case. Moreover, polymorphous vascular pattern comprised of irregular linear and glomerular vessels, some of which were surrounded by a whitish halo and others grouped in a horseshoe arrange- ment on a pinkish-white background. The dermoscopic findings in our case are similar and corroborate the earlier findings of Bruno et al. [22] To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first case describing dermoscopic findings of de novo linear SCAP. Dermoscopy findings in seven cases of SCAP associated with nevus sebaceous located in the head and neck regions documented by Zaballos et al. [23] are noteworthy. The authors noted that the most common dermoscopic pattern associated with their SCAP cases was a symmetric erythema- tous lesion with “exophytic papillary structures,” followed by a central depression, ulceration and vessels (hairpin vessels, polymorphous vessels and comma vessels). Similarly, Dumen et al., [24] have also documented dermoscopic features in a case of SCAP with nevus sebaceous. The dermoscopic exami- nation in the aforementioned case revealed central yellowish- white discoloration, polymorphic vessels including irregular dotted, hairpin-like, glomerular and linear vessels with a A B C D Figure 3. (a) Scanner view showing an endophytic tumor with several papillary infoldings in the upper dermis (H&E, x40). (b) Histopatho- logical examination showing invagination of surface epithelium and irregular papillary projections protruding into the lumen (H&E, x100). (c) Several papillary infoldings lined by glandular epithelium consisting of two rows of cells with inner row of high columnar cells having oval nuclei and faint eosinophilic cytoplasm and outer row having small cuboidal cells with round nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. (d) Higher magnification showing core of papillae having many plasma cells, lymphocytes and few polymorphic cells. Decapitation secretion is appreci- ated in the luminal layer (black arrow) (H&E, x400). [Copyright: ©2018 Chauhan et al.] 36 Observation | Dermatol Pract Concept 2018;8(1):7 TA B LE 1 . Su m m ar y o f th e h is to p at h o lo gi ca lly p ro ve n c as es o f li n ea r SC A P A g e / S e x A g e a t O n se t S y m p to m Lo ca ti o n o f th e Le si o n s C li n ic a l M o rp h o lo g y A ss o ci a ti o n A u th o r, Y e a r o f P u b li ca ti o n R e f 1 0 , F Si n ce b ir th - U p p er p ar t o f th e le ft ar m M u lt ip le y el lo w is h -r ed p ap u le s, w it h c en tr al u m b il ic at io n i n s ev er al o f th e p ap u le s - R o st an e t al , 1 9 7 6 5 1 6 , F Si n ce b ir th - L ef t si d e o f ch es t Sk in -c o lo re d , fi rm p ap u le s an d n o d u le s F ew w er e u lc er at ed d is ch ar gi n g a se ro sa n gu in o u s m at er ia l - P re m la th a et a l, 1 9 8 5 6 2 , M Si n ce b ir th - P o st er io r n ec k b el o w h ai rl in e 7 w ax y er yt h em at o u s o va l p ap u le s - G o ld b er g et a l, 1 9 8 5 7 1 2 , M Si n ce b ir th O cc as io n al ly m il d ly p ru ri ti c U p p er c h es t G ro u p ed s h in y er yt h em at o u s p ap u le s fo ca ll y co al es ci n g in to p la q u es T A A E p st ei n e t al , 1 9 9 0 8 1 1 , F Si n ce b ir th - R ig h t th ig h 4 p la q u es c o n si st in g o f a d o ze n p ea -s iz ed p in k p ap u le s an d s m al l n o d u le s w it h c ru st ed s u rf ac e. C en tr al u m b il ic at io n i n s o m e. - d e B li ek e t al , 1 9 9 9 9 1 4 , F E ar ly c h il d h o o d P ru ri tu s L ef t in n er t h ig h 6 d is cr et e, e ry th em at o u s p ap u le s A p o cr in e cy st ad en o m a, h id ro cy st o m a P at te rs o n e t al , 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 , F Si n ce b ir th Su d d en g ro w th i n le si o n , r ec en t o n se t o f p ai n N ap e o f n ec k Sk in -c o lo re d a n d e ry th em at o u s w ar ty p ap u le s ar ra n ge d v er ti ca ll y - D aw n e t al , 2 0 0 2 1 1 5 , F 6 m o n th s o f ag e - Sc al p G ro u p ed s k in -c o lo re d , u m b il ic at ed p ap u le s al o n g w it h c au li fl o w er -l ik e m o is t re d d is h al o p ec ia p la q u e - L ax m is h a et a l, 2 0 0 7 1 2 5 1 , M ea rl y ch il d h o o d - N ap e o f n ec k 3 u lc er at ed n o d u le s (2 -3 c m ) sm al l, sk in - co lo re d a n d y el lo w p ap u le s in c lo se p ro x im it y to t h e n o d u le s - N ar an g et a l, 2 0 0 8 1 3 1 9 , F A t b ir th - E x te n so r si te o f p ro x im al p ar t o f ri gh t u p p er e x tr em it y M u lt ip le d is cr et e, e ry th em at o u s, 0 .5 -1 c m s iz ed p se u d o ve si cu la r p ap u le s - G ö n ü l et a l, 2 0 0 8 1 4 2 0 , F A t 1 9 y ea rs P ru ri tu s, h is to ry o f b le ed in g L ef t- si d ed o cc ip it al p ar t o f th e sc al p e x te n d in g to t h e n ap e o f n ec k H ig h ly e le va te d , m o is t, f et id , v eg et at ed a n d p in k is h l es io n - Y ag h o o b i et a l, 2 0 0 9 1 5 (C o n ti n u ed n ex t p ag e) Observation | Dermatol Pract Concept 2018;8(1):7 37 A g e / S e x A g e a t O n se t S y m p to m Lo ca ti o n o f th e Le si o n s C li n ic a l M o rp h o lo g y A ss o ci a ti o n A u th o r, Y e a r o f P u b li ca ti o n R e f 4 0 , F Si n ce b ir th - R ig h t lo w er a b d o m en M u lt ip le e ry th em at o u s p ap u le s an d n o d u le s w it h e ro si o n o n t h e su rf ac e o f so m e o f th e le si o n s - Y ap e t al , 2 0 1 0 1 6 1 8 , F E ar ly c h il d h o o d - R ig h t in gu in al & p u b ic re gi o n 3 l ar ge fl es h y er yt h em at o u s, e x u b er an t ve rr u co u s p la q u es w it h a d h er en t w h it is h s lo u gh Sk in -c o lo re d , d is cr et e p ap u le s w it h s li gh t u m b il ic at io n - P ah w a et a l, 2 0 1 1 3 1 5 , F E ar ly c h il d h o o d O cc as io n al ly p ru ri tu s L ef t si d e o f n ec k 2 0 d is cr et e er yt h em at o u s ve si cl e- li k e p ap u le s - M ar to re ll -C al at ay u e t al , 2 0 1 1 1 7 1 2 , M Si n ce b ir th - L o w er b ac k F le sh y ca u li fl o w er -l ik e er yt h em at o u s p ap u lo n o d u la r le si o n w it h i n cr ea se i n va sc u la ri ty a n d o o zi n g o f se ro sa n gu in o u s fl u id - K ar e t al , 2 0 1 2 1 8 3 6 , M 2 1 y ea rs o f ag e - R ig h t in gu in al f o ld M u lt ip le s k in -c o lo re d , d o m e- sh ap ed , fi rm , n o n - te n d er n o d u le s - G h o sh e t al , 2 0 1 2 1 9 1 0 , F 2 m o n th s - R ig h t lo w er a b d o m en M u lt ip le e ry th em at o u s p ap u le s, c o al es ce n t p la q u es - C h au h an e t al , 2 0 1 3 1 3 5 , F Si n ce 8 m o n th s M il d i rr it at io n L ef t b re as t 2 e ry th em at o u s, m u lt il o b u la r ex u b er an t p la q u es - B an d o p ad h ya y, 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 2 , M Si n ce b ir th - B ac k o f th e le ft e ar ex te n d in g to s ca lp M u lt ip le , s k in -c o lo re d v er ru co u s p ap u le s an d n o d u le s, s h o w in g er o si o n o n s o m e si te s N S E k in ci e t al , 2 0 1 6 2 1 1 2 , F Si n ce b ir th - O ve r ch es t ju st b el o w le ft c la vi cl e M u lt ip le g ro u p ed d o m es h ap ed p ap u le s an d n o d u le s w it h c en tr al u m b li ca ti o n , u lc er at io n an d c ru st in g - P re se n t ca se A bb re vi at io ns : F , f em al e; M , m al e; N S, n ev us s eb ac eu s; R ef , r ef er en ce ; T A A , t ub ul ar a po cr in e ad en om a TA B LE 1 . 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