Dermatology: Practical and Conceptual DERMATOLOGY PRACTICAL & CONCEPTUAL www.derm101.com Balloon cell melanoma is a rare melanoma subtype, with only one previous case with dermatoscopy published. It is often non-pigmented, leading to diagnostic difficulty, and there is a tendency for lesions to be thick at diagnosis. We report a case of balloon cell melanoma on the forearm of a 61-year-old man with both polarized and non-polarized dermatoscopy and dermatopathology. It presented as a firm pale nodule with focal eccentric pigmentation. The clinical images evoke a differential diagnosis of dermatofibroma, dermal nevus, Spitz nevus and basal cell carcinoma as well as melanoma. This melanoma was partially pig- mented due to a small, pigmented superficial spreading component on the edge of the non-pigmented balloon cell nodule, prompting further evaluation. In retrospect there was the clue to malignancy of po- larizing-specific white lines (chrysalis structures) and polymorphous vessels, including a pattern of dot vessels. The reticular lines exclude basal cell carcinoma, polarizing-specific white lines are inconsistent with the diagnosis of dermal nevus and their eccentric location is inconsistent with both Spitz nevus and dermatofibroma. Excision biopsy was performed, revealing a superficial spreading melanoma with two distinct invasive components, one of atypical non-mature epithelioid cells and the other an amelanotic nodular component, comprising more than 50% of the lesion, characterized by markedly distended epi- thelioid melanocytes showing pseudo-xanthomatous cytoplasmic balloon cell morphology. A diagnosis of balloon cell melanoma, Breslow thickness 1.9 mm, mitotic rate 3 per square millimeter was rendered. Wide local excision was performed, as was sentinel lymph node biopsy, which was negative. ABSTRACT Observation | Dermatol Pract Concept 2014;4(1):11 69 Balloon cell melanoma: a case report with polarized and non-polarized dermatoscopy and dermatopathology James Maher1, Alan Cameron2, Sharon Wallace3, Rafael Acosta-Rojas4, David Weedon5, Cliff Rosendahl2 1 Australian Skin Face Body, Ballarat, Australia 2 School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia 3 St John of God Pathology, Ballarat, Australia 4 Deakin University, Geelong, Australia 5 Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia Keywords: dermatoscopy, dermoscopy, dermatopathology, balloon cell melanoma, balloon cells, chrysalis structures Citation: Maher J, Cameron A, Wallace S, Acosta-Rojas R, Weedon D, Rosendahl C. balloon cell melanoma: a case report with polarized and non-polarized dermatoscopy and dermatopathology. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2014;4(1):11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5826/dpc.0401a11 Received: August 12, 2013; Accepted: September 9, 2013; Published: January 31, 2014 Copyright: ©2014 Maher et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: None. Competing interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. All authors have contributed significantly to this publication. Corresponding author: Cliff Rosendahl, MBBS, Ph.D., PO Box 734, Capalaba, QLD 4157, Australia. Tel. +61 7 3245 3011; Fax. +61 7 3245 3022. Email: cliffrosendahl@bigpond.com mailto:cliffrosendahl@bigpond.com 70 Observation | Dermatol Pract Concept 2014;4(1):11 isolated lesion on the radial aspect of the left forearm. It was clearly nodular, with a smooth shiny surface, pale over most of its surface area with three discrete areas of brown pigmen- tation asymmetrically distributed at the periphery. Three hair shafts were seen protruding from the surface of the nodule. A polarized dermatoscopy image (Figure 2) taken with a DermLite DL3 dermatoscope (3Gen, LLC) coupled to a Canon EOS 450D camera showed a lesion 7 mm in maxi- mum diameter. There was a central structureless white area with a rim of structureless brown at the superior border with very focal pigmented reticular lines. A small number of linear curved vessels were visible at the perimeter of the structureless white area and there was a pattern of dot vessels at the superior extremity of the image of the lesion (black arrow) and another at the lower left extremity (red arrow). The dot vessels seen at the top of the image were separated by a pattern of white perpendicular lines (black arrow) which were whiter than surrounding skin, that skin being characterized by confluent ephelides. A non-polarized dermatoscopic image (Figure 3) (DermLite DL3 /Canon EOS Case report A 61-year-old man attended a primary care skin cancer practitioner in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. There was no known family history of skin cancer. There was a past history of sunburn, and he had previously been treated for multiple non-melanoma skin cancers and one lentigo maligna. The only known comorbidity was hyperlipidemia for which the patient was taking a statin-class medication. The patient had no concern about any skin lesion and was not aware of a lesion on his left forearm in proximity to his wristwatch. On examination the patient was noted to have skin of Fitzpatrick photo-type 2 and in addition to eight suspected BCCs, a lesion was noticed on the left forearm (Figure 1), which was firm and nodular to palpation. Clinical and close- up images (Figure 1A and B) taken with a Canon EOS 450D camera (Canon USA, Inc.) revealed a small, well-defined, Figure 1. Clinical (A) and close up (B) images of a pale nodule on the forearm of a 61-year-old man with skin of Fitzpatrick photo-type 2. There are foci of eccentric pigmentation at the periphery. Three hairs, similar to surrounding hairs, are seen to be emerging from the nodule. [Copyright: ©2014 Maher et al.] Figure 2. Polarized dermatoscopy image of the lesion shown in Fig- ure 1. There is a structureless white area with a rim of structureless brown containing focal reticular lines. A focal pattern of dot vessels coincides with a focal pattern of polarizing-specific perpendicular white lines (black arrow). There is another separate focal pattern of dot vessels (red arrow). Elsewhere at the periphery of the structure- less white area there are a several linear (curved) vessels. [Copyright: ©2014 Maher et al.] Figure 3. Non-polarized dermatoscopy image of the lesion shown in Figure 2. No white lines are seen in this image. [Copyright: ©2014 Maher et al.] Observation | Dermatol Pract Concept 2014;4(1):11 71 of melanocytes, displaying nuclear atypia, including mitotic figures and balloon cell morphology, penetrating to the deep dermis (Figures 4 and 7). Staining with Ki67 was positive in the balloon cell component. The lesion was signed out as a superficial spreading mela- noma with an epidermal component, a dermal component of epithelioid cells and also a nodular component of balloon cells. Breslow thickness was 1.9 mm with a mitotic rate 3 per square millimeter. No associated nevus was identified. The balloon cell component comprised over 50% of the lesion histologically, which categorized this lesion as a balloon cell melanoma as defined by Kao et al [1]. Wide deep excision was performed, as was sentinel lymph node biopsy, which was negative. At follow up 2 years post- treatment there is no reported recurrent disease. 450D) showed the same features as the polarized image with the exception that the focus of perpendicular white lines was no longer visible and these white lines could therefore be described as polarizing-specific white lines, also known as chrysalis structures. The patient was referred to a plastic surgeon who per- formed an excision biopsy. Histopathology (Figures 4-7) showed an atypical melanocytic lesion with an architec- turally disorganized intraepidermal component composed of both nested and single atypical melanocytes with some areas of intraepidermal pagetoid spread (Figures 5 and 6). In one area, non-maturing atypical melanocytes arranged in variably sized nests and cords extended to the base of the papillary dermis (Figure 5, center). Adjacent to this (Figure 5, left side and Figure 6) there was a relatively large nodule Figure 4. Low power dermatopathologic overview of the lesion shown in Figures 1-3 with a dominant nodular component com- prised exclusively of markedly distended epithelioid melanocytes showing pseudo-xanthomatous cytoplasmic balloon cell morphol- ogy. On the right side of the image (black-boxed area) there is a sepa- rate invasive component of non-balloon cell malignant melanocytes. The black- boxed area is shown at higher power in Figure 5 and the red-boxed area in Figure 6. [Copyright: ©2014 Maher et al.] Figure 5. Medium high power view of the black-boxed area in Fig- ure 4. Atypical melanocytes are confluent at the dermoepidermal junction, and on the right side of the image they are seen as a nested proliferation in the deep papillary dermis including nests in proxim- ity to an eccrine duct. On the left side of the image a separate popu- lation of atypical melanocytes with distended balloon cell morphol- ogy is apparent. Melanin pigment can be seen at the dermoepidermal junction. [Copyright: ©2014 Maher et al.] Figure 6. Medium high power view of the red-boxed area in Figure 4. The melanocytic proliferation at the dermoepidermal junction is only focally confluent and pagetoid spread is sparse and partial-thickness only. There is abundant melanin at the basal layer. Large balloon cells are closely packed in the reticular dermis with an absence of interven- ing stroma in this part of the lesion. [Copyright: ©2014 Maher et al.] Figure 7. High power view of distended, vacuolated balloon cells in the base of the nodule shown in Figure 4. Arrows point to a cell in mitosis. [Copyright: ©2014 Maher et al.] 72 Observation | Dermatol Pract Concept 2014;4(1):11 case reported here it was of concern to the patient who had traumatized it by scratching prior to presentation [9]. Clini- cally and dermatoscopically the previously reported case was completely amelanotic. In the absence of pigment, the clini- cian had suspected melanocytic status due to the presence of terminal hairs and had proceeded to perform a biopsy, at least in part, because of that. The presence of terminal hairs was considered consistent with the presence of a pre-existing congenital type nevus, which was confirmed dermatopatho- logically [9]. In the case we report here, hairs can also be seen emanating from the lesion but they are seen to be vellus hairs, identical to those on surrounding skin. The case reported here had no associated nevus, and therefore we assume that the hairs protruding from it are incidental vellus hairs engulfed by the growing tumor. It has been reported that white globules correlate with balloon cell nests in balloon cell nevi [10]. In the only previ- ously reported case of BCM with dermatoscopic images there were no white structures seen, only structureless yellow, pre- sumed to be due to serous exudate consequent on ulceration [9]. In the case reported here the balloon cell component correlated with a white structureless area. BCM is reported to be challenging dermatopathologically, and it is accepted that immunohistochemical stains as well as clinico-pathologic correlation may be required to distin- guish BCM from differential diagnoses including balloon cell change in benign nevi, clear cell sarcoma, clear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma, BCC, squamous cell carcinoma, malig- nant clear cell acrospiroma, sebaceous carcinoma and clear cell dermatofibroma [11]. The melanocytic nature of balloon cells has been confirmed by immunohistochemical studies [12] and electron microscopy [13,14,15]. BCM differs from balloon cell nevus with respect to nuclear pleomorphism, atypia, mitoses, an absence of intervening stroma and a lack of maturation of melanocytes with descent into the dermis [1]. The case reported here exhibited all of these features and an increased Ki-67 index in the balloon cell component. Another difference between balloon cell nevus and BCM is that melanocytes in BCM generally lack melanin [1,16]. The melanoma presented here was not amelanotic (Figures 5 and 6) but melanin was not detected in the balloon cell compo- nent (Figures 4 and 7). BCM is regarded as a vertical growth phase melanoma [15] and as there are no reported cases of BCM with a junc- tional component of balloon cells it has been speculated that BCM may have a dermal origin [9]. BCM has previously been reported arising in the dermal component of superficial spreading melanoma [17], and it is possible that the mela- noma reported here arose in that way. BCM is a rare subtype of melanoma, characterized by pre- sentation as a thick tumor relative to lateral dimensions with a correspondingly adverse prognosis. The case reported here, Conclusions Balloon cell melanoma (BCM) was first described in 1970 [2] and it has actually been described as the rarest melanoma subtype [3]. The prognosis appears to be related to Breslow thickness as with melanoma subtypes in general [1,4], but presumably because BCM tends to be thick at the time of presentation, the mortality rate is reported to be high. In the largest study, 19 of 33 (57.5%) patients with follow-up data died of disseminated disease 2 months to 12 years after initial treatment [1]. The lesion reported here presented as a pale nodule with asymmetric peripheral pigmentation in contrast to the more common presentation of BCM as non-pigmented [3]. There were similarities to the clinical appearance of derma- tofibroma (DF) which commonly presents as a nodule with a white center and reticular pigmentation peripherally [5]. The clinical appearance could also be interpreted as that of a dermal nevus, Spitz nevus or basal cell carcinoma (BCC), although Spitz nevus is rare at mature age. The various clini- cal appearances of BCM have been described in a review of the literature as nodular, as was the case with this one, as well as ulcerated, polypoid and papillomatous and the frequent absence of pigment has been noted [3]. Dermatoscopic examination confirmed the presence of chaos (defined as dermatoscopic asymmetry of structure and/ or color) with the clue of an eccentric structureless (white) area, and this was seen as a clear indication for excisional biopsy according the algorithmic method for pigmented skin lesions, “Chaos and Clues” [6]. The asymmetric pigmenta- tion was actually produced by the presence of a pigmented, non-balloon cell superficial spreading component beside the balloon-cell nodule, and it was this feature which made the clinician suspect melanoma both clinically and dermato- scopically. Additional clues to malignancy are also evident in the dermatoscopic images. There are polymorphous vessels including linear curved vessels and vessels as a pattern of dots (Figures 2 and 3), this pattern having been described as a clue to melanoma [7]. There is also a small focus of polarizing- specific white lines (also known as chrysalis structures) (Fig- ure 2, black arrow). This structure has been described as a clue to melanoma, as well as to BCC, DF and Spitz nevus [8] and it is suggested in the reference cited that these chrysalis structures correlate with dermal fibrosis, which is present in this case (Figure 4). Notably the dermatoscopic features were not consistent with the alternative diagnoses to mela- noma based on clinical assessment because focal pigmented reticular lines excluded BCC, polarizing-specific white lines excluded dermal nevus and their eccentric location was not consistent with either Spitz nevus or DF. There is only one other reported case of BCM with der- matoscopy. It also presented as a nodule, but unlike the Observation | Dermatol Pract Concept 2014;4(1):11 73 morphology based on pattern analysis. Dermatopathology: Practi- cal & Conceptual. 2008;14(4):3. 8. Balagula Y, Braun RP, Rabinovitz HS, et al. The significance of crystalline/chrysalis structures in the diagnosis of melanocytic and nonmelanocytic lesions. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2012;67(2):194. e1–8. 9. Inskip M, Magee J, Barksdale S, Weedon D, Rosendahl C. Balloon cell melanoma in primary care practice: a case report. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2013;3(3):6. 10. Jaimes N, Braun RP, Stolz W, Busam KJ, Marghoob AA. White globules correlate with balloon cell nevi nests. J Am Acad Derma- tol. 2011;65(4):e119–120. 11. Cagnano E, Benharroch D, Sion-Vardy N. Compound nevus with congenital features and balloon cell changes—an immunohisto- chemical study. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2008;12(5):362–4. 12. Ide F, Obara K, Enatsu K, Mishima K, Saito I. Balloon cell nevus of the soft palate: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Pathol Int. 2004;54(11):872–6. 13. Hashimoto K, Bale GF. An electron microscopic study of balloon cell nevus. Cancer. 1972;30(2):530–40. 14. Okun MR, Donnellan B, Edelstein L. An ultrastructural study of balloon cell nevus. Relationship of mast cells to nevus cells. Cancer. 1974;34(3):615–25. 15. Magro CM, Crowson AN, Mihm MC. Unusual variants of ma- lignant melanoma. Mod Pathol. 2006;19Suppl 2:S41–70. 16. Baehner FL, Ng B, Sudilovsky D. Metastatic balloon cell mela- noma: a case report. Acta Cytol. 2005;49(5):543–8. 17. Kiene P, Petres-Dunsche C, Funke G, Christophers E. Nodular bal- loon cell component in a cutaneous melanoma of the superficial spreading type. Dermatology. 1996;192(3):274–6. unlike the previous reported case with a dermatoscopic image, exhibited clinical clues to malignancy related to asymmetrical distribution of melanin, which was present in the non-balloon cell component. It also had the dermatoscopic clue of polariz- ing-specific white lines. As a superficial spreading melanoma with a nodule of BCM, this lesion was able to be recognized with suspicion for melanoma and treated promptly. References 1. Kao GF, Helwig EB, Graham JH. Balloon cell malignant mela- noma of the skin. A clinicopathologic study of 34 cases with histo- chemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural observations. Cancer. 1992;15;69(12):2942–52. 2. Gardner WA Jr, Vazquez MD. Balloon cell melanoma. Arch Pathol. 1970;89(5):470–2. 3. Lee L, Zhou F, Simms A, et al. Metastatic balloon cell malignant melanoma: a case report and literature review. 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