Analyzing Construction Planning of Interiro Finish Work of Apartment Building by Simulation Page 327 Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, volume 38, 2011 ABSTRACT The interior finish work needed in apartment buildings has variable points of progress. There are many workers who handle the processes. These processes have variable pre- requisite tasks and parallel tasks, so an effort must be made to determine whether a room which workers are sent to is available or not. This is why the process control involved in the interior finishing of apartment building is very diffi- cult. This study is offers a description of the process and a way to handle the complications of constraints through agent based modeling. INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE HOUSING SITUATION IN JAPAN Recently, construction of apartment buildings, espe- cially high-rise buildings, has increased in Japan. The number of projects has doubled since 2000 and now ex- ceeds 1.3 million. The growth is probably caused by con- sumer needs and desires to live in cities, as well as the needs of developers to make use of space in cities. More- over, rehabilitation, renovation and redevelopment of apart- ments have also contributed to the situation. Since this is the case, the demand for effective management of interior finish work in apartment buildings has increased. BACKGROUND OF INTERIOR FINISH WORK OF APARTMENT BUILDING Apartment building work is distributed across two ma- jor segments: construction of structure and interior finish work. These efforts result in delays because of conflicting demands on each task. Further, especially in the task of interior finish work, many workers operate in tight spaces causing additional conflicts. There is much research deal- ANALYZING CONSTRUCTION PLANNING OF INTERIOR FINISH WORK OF APARTMENT BUILDING BY SIMULATION Daisuke Torigai Tokyo Institute of Technology torigai10@cs.dis.titech.ac.jp Manabu Ichikawa Tokyo Institute of Technology ichikawa@dis.titech.ac.jp Hiroshi Deguchi Tokyo Institute of Technology deguchi@dis.titech.ac.jp Youichi Yuasa Takenaka Research and Development Institute yuasa.youichi@takenaka.co.jp Kazuya Shide Takenaka Research and Development Institute shide.kazuya@takenaka.co.jp Shunsuke Someya Takenaka Research and Development Institute someya.shunsuke@takenaka.co.jp mailto:torigai10@cs.dis.titech.ac.jp mailto:ichikawa@dis.titech.ac.jp mailto:deguchi@dis.titech.ac.jp mailto:yuasa.youichi@takenaka.co.jp mailto:shide.kazuya@takenaka.co.jp mailto:esomeya.shunsuke@takenaka.co.jp Page 328 Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, volume 38, 2011 ing with the process control of construction work because control is very important to the industry. However, most research addresses only construction of the structure. Inte- rior finish work tends to be more complex. For example, workers who build a wall and others who install a bathtub work under different patterns and constraints. The interior workers face different prerequisite and parallel tasks which researchers rarely address. That is why it is difficult to determine the actual efficiency rates associated with inte- rior finish work. It is even more difficult to figure out the efficiency of each worker. But the operational efficiency and production rates are very important. For example, a salaried worker must be paid even if not working, when unfinished prerequisite tasks prevent that worker from ac- complishing assigned work. This presents a serious prob- lem to the general contractor. Determining the production rate of each worker is very important to addressing this problem. But the complexity of interior finish work makes it difficult to figure out the actual performance. This study employs a model to calculate the challenges and decision- making processes in an effort to determine a new evalua- tion index and production rate of each worker. METHODOLOGY LITERATURE REVIEW Mine (2000) identified processes associated with con- struction according to situation-based research. Further- more, the author identified categories for the relationship between occupations and processes that are advantageous to analyzing the intricate work of multidisciplinary func- tions. Kadowaki (2003) described the relationship between the efficiency of construction and working unity according to survey research on interior systems work. Nagao (2004) pointed out that work progress suffers due to conflicts be- tween horizontal and vertical efforts. Shide (2009) ex- plored the process analysis and pattern analysis of work progress involving extensive horizontal and vertical tasks, and made clear the relationship between process planning and management. Researchers conclude that the lack of attention to detail causes delays and impacts the relation- ship between sequential tasks. METHODOLOGY OF THIS RESEARCH The research reviewed does not mention decision mak- ing and action on the part of each worker, but is limited to work processes. In this study, we use an Agent-Based- Modeling (ABM) approach to discuss the decision making processes and action of each worker. The ABM approach is used to analyze macro-phenomena, while considering micro issues as well. The decision making process and ac- tion of each worker represents the micro-phenomena, while macro refers to the ABM approach. 1st layer 3rd layer 4th layer Building cluster floor1 floor2 room1 room2 ・・ ・ floorf roomr ・・ ・ floor unit work 2nd layer building1 building2 ・・ ・ buildingb building unit work Figure 1 Structure of the workspace Page 329 Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, volume 38, 2011 MODEL OUTLINE OF THE MODEL EXPLANATION In this section the interior finish work of apartment buildings is modeled with the ABM approach in order to represent elements of the work, working patterns, and the number of preliminary and parallel tasks to be accom- plished. By developing a prototype for the process plan- ning of interior finish work, and examining the production performance of workers, we confirm how production is impacted by the number of workers involved in a process. In the following section we summarize the model and de- fine associated terms. SUMMARY OF MODEL In ABM, there are agents and places where the agents can move from one spot to the other spot related to a given decision and task. In the interior finish work of apartment buildings, the agents correspond to workers, and the spots or places correspond to work spaces or the office. Each worker goes to work according to his or her assigned tasks, confirms the progress of the construction in their area, and works in that space if possible. When their task is finished, they update their progress and move to the next task and area. They repeat the process until the end of the workday. The work ends for the worker at that particular site when all of the tasks that they specialize in are completed. Thus, the simulation is complete when assigned tasks are com- pleted. DEFINITION OF WORK SPACE The methodology that treats apartment building con- structions as a hierarchical structure is presented by Koma- tsu (2009), and is employed in the present study. In addi- tion, Ichikawa (2008) researched hierarchical simulated environments. This methodology considers apartment building structure as the first hierarchy, sets of floors as the second, and dwelling units as the third hierarchy. Figure 1 shows the above structure. The model in previous study, for simplicity, regards the top layer as apartment building structures. However, in this model, the top layer has a higher hierarchy called "buildings cluster," which is more applicable to redevelop- ment as described earlier above. We create a model that can also support situations where several buildings are con- structed at the same time. Each dwelling units has a key- word to represent its status, which is "current work." The dwelling units also have the keyword “Temporary key- word” in order to be able to be adapted to various condi- tions when we extend the model further. In addition, each dwelling unit has variable list entitled "end process" in or- der to show the completed process at some point, and "active process" to show the active process. Each dwelling unit is represented by a process and Figure 2 illustrates flow of each process. Based on interviews of Takenaka Corporation, the Japanese general contractor, this model indicates that the number of workers is 15 and work processes 22. The green, red and gray squares in Figure 2 indicate that there is a job that has multiple processes. These processes become Figure 2 Flow of each process 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 9 11 12 13 14 15 17 16 18 19 20 21 22 no. jobs process 1 Carpentry_A ink out of the base 2 Plumbing Engineering drainage water pipes 3 Plumbing Engineering suply Water pipes 4 SP Engineering SP pipes 5 Duct Engineering duct including suspension 6 UB Engineering UB Assembly 7 Plumbing Engineering UB pipes 8 Duct Engineering UB duct connecting 9 Electrical Engineering UB electrical Wiring 10 Floor Engineering double floor assembly 11 Carpentry_B base assembly of partition 12 Electrical Engineering Electrical Wiring of partition 13 Board Engineering Board of partition 14 Electrical Engineering kitchen outlet hole 15 Panel Engineering Installation panel of Kitchin 16 SK Engineering Installation SK 17 Furniture Enginieering storage systems 18 Electrical Engineering Drilling outlet 19 Cross Engineering Cross-clad 20 Flooring Engineering Flooring 21 Electrical Engineering Installation Outlet Covers 22 Takenaka corporation inspection Page 330 Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, volume 38, 2011 a factor that complicates the planning of interior finish work in apartment buildings. DEFINITION OF FIELD OFFICE We defined “office” spot as a place where workers make arrangements with each other about the progress of each worksite. The office holds a list of variables (whole room list) to describe the total number of dwelling units and a map of variables (progress table) to record informa- tion about the progress of the work of across units. DEFINITION OF OUT OF WORK When not in the office or workspace, the worker is defined as being out of work. This spot is assigned a nu- merical value in order to account for the production rate or lack of production for each worker. More is explained be- low. DEFINITION OF WORKER Workers are assigned key words to represent the cur- rent state in which they operate. Assigned values are used to calculate the production or performance of each worker. Further, they have time variables assigned to account for productive time and non-work time. They also account for whether their work is stopped when prerequisite tasks pre- vent them from accomplishing their task. The following addresses the actions of workers. Some conditions allow a worker to continue even when prerequi- site tasks are not accomplished. After workers go to work, they confirm the status of prerequisite tasks and whether they can complete the work to which they are assigned. If possible, the worker continues the work until it is com- pleted, updates the status of the task with the office, con- firms the next assignment with the office and continues. Another issue is that workers face a problem when more than one person is assigned to a particular workspace. These constraints mean that workers cannot accomplish their task when there are other workers in the same place. Therefore, workers try to confirm whether there are already other workers operating in his or her workspace prior to going to their assigned place. If confirmation is possible, then the worker can avoid wasting productive time either in transit or while waiting for others to finish prerequisite tasks. So, it becomes important for workers to go to the office and update their progress and status. Every workers repeats this cycle until the end of their working hours. When workers are not finished at the end of the day, re- maining work is left undone in a particular room. Every worker repeats this series of actions and decisions until all work is completed in all the rooms for which they are re- sponsible. DEFINITION OF EVALUATION INDEX (OPERATION RATE OF EACH WORKER) In this study, the goal is to define an evaluation index for the production or operating rate of each worker. The index OR (operating rate of each worker) can be repre- sented in the following calculations: Ftime: After work hours Status OFFtime: State the time of departure PPtime: Time bound by state ROtime: Time actually working condition All time: All simulation time OR: The actual work rate Then )( timetimetimetime FNNALLPP  0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 o p e ra ti o n r a te o f e a c h w o rk e r job name actual employees actual employees + 5 Figure 3 Operation rate of each worker Page 331 Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, volume 38, 2011 This calculation procedure is very simple, but in a top- down approach is not possible to express it. This index cannot be represented without ABM methodology. SIMULATION ASSUMPTIONS Model assumptions are as follows. 1. In this model, the simulation time lapse is six- minute intervals. 2. The model, starting at 0:00 simulates and calcu- lates until the termination criteria are met. 3. 24:00 is close of day, as is the next day. CONSTRAINTS To simulate this model, we define some constraints on the interior finish work of apartment buildings. 1. Constraints about the number of human resources. There is no constraint on the number of human resources. If a contractor invests a lot of human resources, they will shorten the work period, which is best. However, because of prerequisite work, even with increased workers, they cannot shorten the work period linearly. So, above a cer- tain number, the investment of human resources has no effect. 2. Constraints on work period. Works periods have strict constraints. The workers who operate first can complete 1 floor in 6 days. As we mentioned above, the construction of apartment buildings is distributed across two major tasks, construction of the structure and the interior finish work. Interior finish work can begin before total completion of the structure, but interior finish work cannot get ahead of construction of the structure, even if 1 floor is completed in 6 days. So, the efforts to complete interior finish work must account for the pace of the construction of the structure. SCENARIO SETUP We create a prototype model based upon the concept of this research with the aim of understanding the production rate of workers who encounter various problems faced in actual practice. The goal is to be able to analyze efficient worker productivity and wages given the varied operating conditions and worker performance patterns. We used Simulation language, SOARS (Ichikawa, 2007), which is designed for social simulation to construct the prototype model. This prototype model offers a basic framework, which allows it to be easily modified for future use. The Simulation language does not require great programing skill and the language has versatility. For example, the number of human resources, floors and rooms of the build- ing and room type can be changed by importing a CSV file. In this model we assume apartment buildings have the 20 floors and 16 rooms per floor. Table 1 illustrates the pa- rameters of this model and the actual numbers associated with each process. The numbers and parameters were again through interviews at Takenaka Corporation. Table 1 Parameters set up and Actual number of each process SIMULATION RESULTS In this study, productivity is impacted by regarding wages as an investment in workers. In turn, this increase in human resources and its impact is measured by the effect on the prayer to the rate of workers. Figure 3 illustrates the worker’s productivity rate for each task. Thus, we can simulate the actual number of employees to use and subse- quent increases in workers, also accounting for the impact of the completion or non-completion of prerequisite tasks upon each worker's productivity. The red line represents the simulation according to the number of actual employees, while the green line repre- sents an increase of 5 workers for each job, while noting that Carpenter A must complete the work first. EXPERIMENT AND RESULT We did an experiment with the above index. We in- creased and decreased the number of workers on each job. We measured the effect on job productivity and other fac- tors in the experiment. The results are grouped into the the following four patterns. 1. Increases and decreases in the number of workers which impact workers and other jobs. time time PP RO OR  parameter explanation value b the number of buoilding2 f the number of floor10 room the number of room320 type room type 2LDK n the number of process22 m the number of jobs 15 st starting time Am8:00 ft finishing time Pm5:00 ot over time work 0 Page 332 Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, volume 38, 2011 2. Increases and decreases in the number of workers which impact workers, but not other jobs. 3. Increases and decreases in the number of workers which do not impact workers, but impact other jobs. 4. Increases and decreases in the number of workers which do not impact workers and do not impact other jobs. The number of workers in these patterns (1 and 3) need to be changed, because they affect other jobs. This experi- ment points out the possibility of causing a negative impact upon sequential drop processes by increasing the number of workers. Interviews with Takenaka Corporation personnel, who have used other indices and work measures for many years, help to confirm our conclusions. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK This paper makes it possible to know how to change the production rate of each worker by increasing the num- ber of workers, while accounting for impacts on production caused by prerequisite tasks. This new index points out the possibility inaccuracies in processes that have been in use for decades. Also, in this new index the production rate of actual work per worker is thought to become very impor- tant in the consideration of various problems in the future. For example, if someone plans to change the number of human resources in use, they can choose a more effective plan by considering this new index and the actual impact upon the production rate of workers. In the future, expand- ing the versatility of this model might be challenging when other factors must be considered, such as workers helping each other to ensure that employment opportunities are increased. In addition, using the index in this study, we believe that it is possible to consider the impact on con- struction when cross-trained workers are employed and how those workers would align with the issues presented by prerequisite tasks and particular rooms to be completed. REFERENCES Ichikawa, Tanuma, Koyama, Deguchi, (2007). “SOARS for simulations of social interactions and gaming. In- troductuon as a social microscope., Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the International Icikawa Manabu, (2008). "Theory and Development of Social Simulation Environment that Uses Layer Struc- ture Information", JAWS2008, (2008) Kadowaki, Fukao, Kobayashi, Aoki, Kumagai, Kurita, Tani, Suzuki, Takabata (2003). “On the Characteristics of Separation infill construction in multi-unit residen- sial building”, Technical Report No. 18, Vol Architec- tural Institute of Japan, pp263-268, retrieved from http://www.kkad.org/papers/archives_papers/rj_02.pdf Komatsu Yuusuke, (2009). “Analyzing for Construction Planning of Interior Finish Work of Apartment Build- ing by Simulation”, JAWS2009 Mine Naoto (2000). " process analysis of interior finish work - A study on the interior finish work of apartment building -part1", Proceedings of the Journal of Archi- tecture, Planning Systems, Part No. 534 ,233-240 Nagao, Sou, Anma (2004). ” DEVELOPMENT OF CON- STRUCTION METHOD USING PARTITION PAN- ELS(Materials and Construction)” Technical Report No. 20, Vol Architectural Institute of Japan, pp27-30, retrieved from http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/1100063484 4 8 . p d f ? i d = A RT 0 0 0 8 3 5 7 4 3 4 & t y p e = p d f & l a ng=jp&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw =&no=1291228328&cp= Shide, Yuasa, Kanisawa, Yamamoto "A pattern analysis of interior finishing work of apartment building", Pro- ceedings of the Architectural Institute of Japan Techni- cal Report, Volume 15, No. 30 ,557 -562, retrieved from http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aijt/15/30/557/ _pdf/-char/ja/ Simulation and Gaming Association , P-36 SOARS Project http://www.soars.jp http://www.kkad.org/papers/archives_papers/rj_02.pdf http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110006348448.pdf?id=ART0008357434&type=pdf&lang=jp&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1291228328&cp= http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110006348448.pdf?id=ART0008357434&type=pdf&lang=jp&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1291228328&cp= http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110006348448.pdf?id=ART0008357434&type=pdf&lang=jp&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1291228328&cp= http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110006348448.pdf?id=ART0008357434&type=pdf&lang=jp&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1291228328&cp= http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aijt/15/30/557/_pdf/-char/ja/ http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aijt/15/30/557/_pdf/-char/ja/ SOARS%20Project%20http:/www.soars.jp Table of Contents Volume 38, 2011 Simulated Tabletop Exercise for Risk Management - Anti Bio-terrorism Scenario Simulated Tabletop Exercise From Business Games to Simulations - Simuworlds & Microworlds Demand Equation Redux: The Design and Functionality of the Gold/Pray Model in Computerized Business Simulations Managing Client-Based Learning: Insights from Successful Teaching Project Courses in Marketing Tracking Forecast Error Type, Frequency and Magnitude with the Forecast Error Package Responding to Facilitate Collaboration Simulating Sudden Change and the Value of Timely Information Managing Human Resources Simulation A Study on Collectivism and Group Decision-Making: An International Comparison of Japan, China, and Russia Using a Gaming Simulation The Use of Management Games in the Management Research Agenda Gaming On-Line: A Simulation Application Positioning and Performance in Simulated Networks Supply Chain Management: A Simulation Application Simulation as a Teaching Method in Strategic Management Distance Studies Entrepreneurship: A Game of Risk and Reward Phase II: The Start-Up Return to the Paradise Islands: From Confrontation to Cooperation Effect on Market Performance of Displaying Supply and Demand Curves in a Business Simulation Appreciating Complexity: The Chief of Staff of the Army Game Managing Organizations: Experiential MBA Course Teaches Alternatives to the Machine Model A Simulation Model for Analyzing the Night-Time Emergency Health Care System in Japan The Continuing Evoluation of Assessing Project Management as an Academic Learning Outcome (ALO) Should College Instructors Change Their Teaching Styles to Meet the Millenial Student? The Mouse Game and its Effects on Team Interdependence Learning from the Gulf Oil Spill to Prepare for a Brighter Future: A New Game Engaging Stake Holders in Triple Bottom Line Accounting & Strategic Planning Video Killed the Biblio Star: The Impact of Digital Media on Student Learning Outcomes Exploring Motivation: Using Emoticons to Map Student Motivation in a Business Game Exercise An Alternative to PC and Internet Based Simulations: The Internet Integrated Mode MiddleState University -- A Crisis in Education Complexity Avoidance, Narcissism and Experiential Learning Examining the Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Dimensions in Management Skill Development Through Experiential Learning: Developing a Framework A Situational Leadership Exercise Based on the Biology of a Starfish JOGAI CEFET -- The Industrial Administration Undergraduate Game Would You Take a Marketing Man to a Quick Service Restaurant? Modeling Corporate Social Responsibility In A Food Service Menu-Management Simulation Use of a Simulation in a Large Class Environment for a Marketing Principles Class: A Qualitative Analysis of Whether Learning Objectives were Met A Team Based Information Literacy Exercise ABSEL Marketing Communications Plan An Interdisciplinary Study of the Impact of Playing a Marketing Simulation Game on Student Knowledge of Management Accounting/Finance Principles Analyzing Construction Planning of Interiro Finish Work of Apartment Building by Simulation Doing Murder One Again The Simple Business Game and Simulation Transfering the Knowledge of Middle Management to Novices Infectious Disease Simulation Model for Estimation of Spreading Understanding the Relative Influence of Several Factors in ERP Simulation Performance: An Exploration of Ecological Validity Tragedy of the Commons: An Exercise Using Clickers to Illustrate and Teach a Key Concept in Negotiations The Meaning of Firm Demand in Business Simulations If the Games Work, Why Aren't More Faculty Willing to Play? Those Who Do and Those That Don't: A Study of Engaged and Disengaged Business Game Players