








































Special Edition: Junior Clinical Research (2022), Vol. 2 No. S2 
 https://doi.org/10.47488/dhrp.v2iS2.45 
 

 
  

 
DHR Proceedings ǀ http://dhrproceedings.org 1 2022, Vol. 2 No. S2 1-6 

 

COMMENTARY 

Links Between Supplements and Alzheimer’s 

Disease 

Jonathan Z. Aguilar1,2, Derek Fraire1,3, Allen Garza1,3, Brenda Martinez1,4, Nataly Sendejo1,4, 

Jaime E. Regalado Solis1,5, Stephanie Suarez1,6 

 

1 2nd Annual Junior Clinical Research Internship, South Texas Academy for Education & Training in Research, DHR Health 

Institute for Research & Development 
2 Harlingen School of Health Professions, Harlingen, TX 
3 PSJA Southwest ECHS, Pharr, TX 
4 Zapata High School, Zapata, TX 

5 Edcouch-Elsa High School, Edcouch-Elsa, TX  
6 Harlingen High School, Harlingen, TX  

 

All correspondence should be addressed to Program Director, 2nd Annual Junior Clinical Research Internship Program, DHR 

Health Institute for Research & Development, 5323 S McColl Road, Edinburg Texas, 78539 

 

Received 06/21/2022 

Accepted for publication 07/14/2022 

Published 07/14/2022 

 

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Vitamins; Supplements; Cognition; Brain

Introduction 

The brain of someone with Alzheimer’s 

disease (AD) was first observed and identified in 1906 

by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer. He arranged 

an autopsy of patient Auguste D’s brain and found 

alterations that we know today as protein plaques and 

neurofibrillary tangles [1]. In a similar case, 5 years 

later, Josef F. reported symptoms similar to Auguste, 

and he was diagnosed with AD. At the time of Josef’s 

death, Alzheimer discovered that Josef had protein 

plaque, but his brain lacked the neurofibrillary tangles 

that were found in Auguste’s autopsy and it was 

disputed amongst psychiatrists whether or not this was 

the same disease [2]. In a study done with the autopsies 

of Josef and Auguste, it was found that Auguste 

simply had a later stage AD than Josef [2]. Alzheimer 

was a pioneer in introducing “presenile dementia” as a 

new disease caused by the degeneration of the brain 

because of the buildup of proteins accompanied by 

tangles of neurons. Today, we still have no known cure 

for AD, but there are many vitamins and dietary 

choices that have been rumored to prevent or even 

reverse AD.  

This commentary will review different 

studies and research papers done to prove or discredit 

the benefits of vitamins and whether or not vitamins 

can reverse or prevent AD. We will examine to what 

extent vitamins or diets can affect the outcome of 

someone suffering from AD and conclude whether or 

not supplements prove to benefit people with 

Alzheimer’s Disease.   

 

Understanding the Human Brain 

The brain is the key that unlocks our 

consciousness, it is the doorway to understanding the 

essence of life, and it is the leader of our body’s 

nervous system.  



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Though it may weigh less than half of a 

gallon of milk, the brain is an enigma, being the most 

complex part of the human anatomy. The most basic 

principle is that the brain is the command center of any 

sentient being.  

The brain contains 4 regions: the cerebrum, 

cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem [3]. Each 

region has a crucial role in the function of our 

anatomy. The cerebrum itself is made of the frontal, 

temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. The frontal lobe 

is necessary for many functions that require high 

amounts of cognition such as thinking, voluntary 

movement, speaking, and planning [3]. The parietal 

lobe functions to receive and process most sensory 

information and understand language [3]. The 

temporal lobe is responsible for hearing, object 

recognition, and the formation of visual memories [3]. 

The occipital lobe focuses mainly on vision, aiding in 

determining color, distance, and visual perception [3]. 

The cerebellum mainly controls coordination, balance, 

and maintenance of posture [4]. The diencephalon, the 

often-forgotten portion of the brain due to its medial 

location, helps process and relay sensory information, 

and it aids with autonomic control [5]. The brain stem 

is responsible for breathing, temperature, and heart 

rate [4]. 

Figure 1 

The brain executes these functions by 

dispatching messages across the body via its central 

and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous 

system contains the brain and spinal cord whereas the 

peripheral nervous system consists of the autonomic 

and somatic nervous systems. The somatic nervous 

system controls voluntary actions. On the other hand, 

the autonomic nervous system is in charge of 

involuntary functions [6]. 

While the brain may consist of many 

different regions and sub regions, all of these parts 

work together efficiently and effectively to carry out 

the body’s functions. Any disruptions to this fragile 

system can cause harmful effects. AD is an 

extraordinary example of the previous statement. 

 

Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s  

Alzheimer’s disease is a growing problem in 

American society. About 5 million Americans see the 

effects of AD, this estimate will likely triple to 14 

million, by the year 2060 [7]. AD is a dynamic, 

gradual progressive mental deterioration that 

commonly occurs in old age, and it is the leading cause 

of dementia [8]. It is caused by the buildup of protein 

that degenerates neurons in the entorhinal cortex and 

hippocampus, which is the connection to the memory 

part of the brain. It will then affect the cerebral cortex 

which is responsible for much of our language, 

reasoning, and social behavior. β-amyloid and tau are 

the proteins that do the degeneration. Amyloid builds 

up and creates plaque around and between the cells, 

which will disrupt cell function. Tau is the protein that 

assists in the generation of microtubules. These 

microtubules are essential in transporting nutrients, 

and the excess tau will begin to tangle and restricts 

nutrients from being transported [8].  

Figure 2 

These slight changes in the nervous system 

are enough to cause many problems, proving just how 

fragile our nervous system is. Although it may not be 

a sure fix, staying informed of the risk factors and the 

accrual of a sufficient number of beneficial vitamins 



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may assist in the prevention of AD. The possible risk 

factors include genetics, head injuries, vascular 

disease, infections, environmental factors, and 

lifestyle [8]. In theory, if plaque can be prevented from 

forming and the tau from tangling, there will be an 

effective prevention of AD by addressing the problem 

at its root. 

 

How vitamins affect neurodegeneration 

It is believed that the degeneration of the 

brain can be prevented with vitamins that include 

beneficial supplements to the brain. The common 

over-the-counter vitamins bought include Omega-3, 

Vitamin D, B12, and folic acid, which are widely 

disputed to reduce the probability of Dementia and 

reduce cognitive decline in the early stage of AD [9]. 

Based on the available data, it is believed that 

deficiencies in vitamins may affect the brain and 

increase your risk of having AD [10]. For example, 

having a deficiency in vitamin D has shown to increase 

your chances of developing AD, and low levels of 

vitamin B are associated with high levels of amyloid 

in the brain [10,11]. It has been proposed that many 

other vitamins can have a great effect on one's health 

particularly when it comes to AD.  

 

Specific vitamins and their effects on the 

treatment of Alzheimer’s disease   

Omega 3 Fatty Acids  

Since a low level of DHA, a type of omega 3 

fatty acid, in the hippocampus and frontal cortex is 

usually detected in AD patients, a diet that includes a 

higher intake of Omega 3 with DHA can improve the 

symptoms of AD [12]. Although there hasn’t been 

concrete evidence that Omega 3 can effectively 

eradicate Alzheimer’s, when taken long before 

symptoms arise, can be used as prevention and even 

help ease symptoms when they are mild [12]. Foods 

rich with Omega 3 include salad dressing, nuts, fish, 

tomatoes, poultry, cruciferous vegetables, fruits, dark 

and green leafy vegetables [13]. 

Axona (caprylic acid)  

Axona, also known as caprylidene, is a 

medical food and supplement that has caprylic acid as 

its active ingredient. It is a medium-chain triglyceride 

that serves as an energy source for brain cells that have 

lost their ability to produce glucose. In the case of an 

AD patient, it can replace the role of glucose. 

Although it hasn’t been approved by the FDA and is 

not recommended by the Alzheimer's Association, it 

has been observed through a small study that there was 

a slight improvement in cognitive function and 

memory in patients with moderate and mild forms of 

AD [14]. 

Vitamin D 

Vitamin D is a nutrient humans need that 

comes mainly from sun exposure, over-the-counter 

supplements, and foods rich in this mineral (Cod liver 

oil, Salmon, Tuna fish, orange juice fortified, 

Sardines, Beef liver). A meta-analysis conducted by a 

group of researchers at Neurology concluded that 

patients with AD had a lower presence of vitamin D 

than the control group of seemingly healthy 

individuals [15]. Results from a similar meta-analysis 

suggested that subjects deficient in vitamin D 

produced an increased risk of developing AD by 21% 

more than those with higher levels of the supplement 

[16]. Although it is observational, these studies pave 

the way for future trials that further prove whether 

vitamin D can successfully delay and prevent the onset 

of AD/dementia in geriatric individuals [17]. 

Figure 3 

Vitamin B12 and Vitamin B9 

Vitamin B9, also known as folate or folic acid, is 

a supplement that aids in the development of the 

central nervous system. Although it is highly regarded 

as a symptom reliever for AD patients, there is 

insufficient evidence that the combination of vitamins 



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B9 and B12 or either one alone can combat cognitive 

decline as no adverse or beneficial effects were 

concluded since patients did not experience a change 

[18, 19].  

 

The Mediterranean diet, a diet that combats 

Alzheimer’s 

While buying vitamins at your local supermarket 

is easily accessible, there are diets constructed 

carefully to improve mental and physical health.  For 

example, in Greece, the Mediterranean diet is based on 

fish, olive oil, nuts, and the careful consumption of 

wine [20].  

This diet supplies the consumer with 

monosaturated fats, Omega-3s, and antioxidants [21]. 

Not only does a Mediterranean diet give our brain 

DHA [22] and antioxidants that protect neurons from 

oxidant stress damage [23], but its containment of 

monosaturated fats can also decrease your risk of 

cardiovascular disease [24]. Although buying vitamins 

over the counter may be beneficial, there are plenty of 

dietary options that provide the nutrients and vitamins 

our brain needs to avoid, prevent, or stall out the 

effects of AD and neurodegeneration. 

 

Conclusion 

Alzheimer’s disease is a serious problem 

facing the United States today.   It is important to know 

what may help prevent or ease the effects of 

Alzheimer’s Disease. It is also important to know the 

effects, if any, of the different supplements discussed.  

We can conclude that folate and B12 with 

folic acid do not have any link to AD. Although in the 

cases of omega 3s and vitamin D, it is shown that low 

levels of each are detected in AD patients. While these 

supplements may not be cures or foolproof prevention 

for Alzheimer’s, the fact that low levels of each are 

prevalent in patients with AD is enough to suggest a 

sufficient amount of each is in your body at any given 

time. Axona has been shown to express slight 

improvement in cognitive function and memory in 

patients with a moderate and mild form of AD. An 

alternative route of reaping the benefits of these 

supplements is modifying your dietary plan. If you use 

your diet to your advantage, you are able to consume 

beneficial vitamins and minerals that have been 

proven to slow the progression of AD. 

Clinical research still needs to be conducted 

to investigate additional supplements and to discover 

any other variables that may affect the development of 

AD. Clinical research should not be something to fear 

because its main goal is to benefit society. The stigma 

around clinical research should be broken down to 

normalize clinical research. This will cause people to 

willingly participate, and this will help increase our 

knowledge of the world around us. It is also important 

to take action in your community by speaking on 

Alzheimer’s Disease and educating yourself and 

others about clinical research, including why it’s safe 

and beneficial. Together, we can work to find out more 

about Alzheimer’s disease and work toward a cure. 

 

Acknowledgments 

Dr. Monica Betancourt-Garcia, MD, Scientific 

Director; Melissa Eddie, MS, Program Manager; 

Xochitl Lopez, BS, Program Coordinator 

 

Funding 

Funded by DHR Health Institute for Research & 

Development; DHR Health; Region One ESC 

GEARUP College Ready, Career Set!; Region One 

ESC GEARUP College Now, Career Connected and 

Region One ESC PATHS 

 

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