





































Special Edition: Junior Clinical Research (2022), Vol. 2 No. S2 
 https://doi.org/10.47488/dhrp.v2iS2.54 

 

 
 
 DHR Proceedings ǀ http://dhrproceedings.org  55 2022, Vol. 2 No. S2 55-60
  

 

COMMENTARY 

What are the Common Risk Factors of 

Obesity in Children? 

 
Sandra Perez1,3, Judith Zarate1,2, Sheyla Gonzalez1,2, Michelle Hernandez1,3, Melanie Antonio1,3, 

Stacy Villegas1,2, Viviana Rincon1,3, Ligia Gutierrez1,2, Monica Hernandez1,3, Monica Ramirez1,3 

 

12nd Annual Junior Clinical Research Internship, South Texas Academy for Education & Training in Research, DHR Health 

Institute for Research & Development 
2Dr. Leo G Cigarroa High School, Laredo, TX 
3Donna North High School, Donna, TX 

 

All correspondence should be addressed to Program Director, 2nd Annual Junior Clinical Research Internship Program, DHR Health 

Institute for Research & Development, 5323 S McColl Road, Edinburg Texas, 78539 

 
Received 06/30/2022 

Accepted for publication 08/05/2022 

Published 08/05/2022 

 
Keywords: Obesity; Children; CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

 
 

Introduction 

 
Today, obesity is a prevalent problem in the 

United States not only in adults but unfortunately, also 

affecting our children. Obesity is a disease involving 

an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity increases the 

risk of other diseases that could be more dangerous for 

example heart diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure, 

and certain cancers. Many children, regrettably, get 

these diseases at a very young age.  

 

According to the CDC, “obesity among 

children and adolescents is still too high” [1]. In a 

study done from 2017-2020, about 14 million children 

from ages 9-12 suffered from obesity in the United 

States. Childhood obesity in the United States mostly 

affects Hispanic and African American children more 

than any other ethnic group. Hispanic children have a 

higher percentage of obesity than African American 

children with 26.2% and African American being 

24.8%. We will look at the risk factors, diseases and 

possible management of this growing problem with 

our children and look at possible solutions [1].  

 

 

Risk Factors 
 

Diet 

 
Fast foods are foods that are usually prepared 

quickly in restaurants or at home. With a busy society, 

quick meals sometimes are a choice for many 

American families. Fast foods may come full in 

saturated fat, sodium, preservatives and calories. 

Children love to consume fast food because of all these 

things they have available. Children don't know what 

they are consuming, what they know is the food is very 

tasteful. The percentage of children with obesity 

increased. In a survey organized by CSE, 13,274 

children reported that 93% ate packaged food and 68% 

consumed packaged sweetened beverages more than 

once a week, 53% ate these products once a day [2]. 

Children consume food with high levels of sugar, salt, 

and fat from fast foods more than once a week.  

 

Obesity has more than doubled in children 

since 2017 [2]. Doctors saw that fast food intake was 

categorized as more than 4 times per week. Ever since 

COVID19 started, the percentages in obesity not just 



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for children but for everyone else increased. COVID-

19 had an impact on obesity when children started to 

consume fast food due to the compromise of immunity 

in the individuals and further exacerbating organ 

damage [2]. Since COVID-19 was really scary, people 

wouldn’t go out as much to buy groceries [2]. Fast 

food was an accessible option most of the time. In the 

Hispanic culture, when we find food at the house or 

anywhere, we end up eating it. Especially children, 

there could be candies, chips, chocolates, sweet stuff, 

etc., and kids will eat it. Obesity changed once the 

percentages raised due to fast foods.  

 

Effect of school diet on obesity 
 

The benefits of school food are various. It 

offers beneficial nutrients. However, children don’t 

eat it because they don't like the way it tastes or looks. 

Students start eating junk food they buy either at 

school or at the shop if they don't eat the school lunch. 

Obesity is a national epidemic in which 1 in 3 children 

are at risk for preventable diseases like diabetes and 

heart disease due to obesity. School meals are trying 

to help children learn how to have a healthy lifestyle 

[3].  

 

The healthy, hunger free kids act of 2010 are 

in charge of the changes for the school meals [3]. The 

new school meals are deliberately high in nutrients and 

low on calories. These meals have to be consistent 

with nutrition science, the new portion sizes and 

calorie ranges reflect the latest scientific 

recommendations. Based on their age, students are 

getting recommended portions. Schools are providing 

more vegetables and fruits [3]. School food may not 

be causing obesity, but it is the reason why children 

choose junk food over the food from lunch which leads 

to obesity. Students skip their meals and eat junk food 

sold in vending machines or at school. One way we 

can avoid this is to research what students from 

different backgrounds like and take out vending 

machines from schools.   

 

Portion control 

 
Children can maintain a healthy weight by 

learning healthy eating habits from their parents, 

guardians, and teachers. According to research, when 

presented with larger servings, consumers 

unintentionally consume more calories. Reduce the 

availability of salty, high-fat, and high-sugar snacks 

for your kids to help them establish healthy eating 

habits [4]. 

 

Utilizing calorie counters can help you lose, 

maintain, or gain weight. The right number of calories 

should be consumed along with a well-balanced diet. 

Food labels should be properly read and understood to 

ensure that calories are consumed along with 

unsaturated fats, complex carbs, low salt, vitamins, 

and proteins. When cutting calories to lose weight, you 

need to be cautious. Lack of nutrients could arise from 

drastically reducing calories. A person must burn off 

3500 calories in order to shed one pound (lb) of weight 

[18]. By increasing physical activity and lowering 

daily caloric intake, this can be achieved. Losing more 

than 2 pounds (lb) of weight per week is not advised 

in order to maintain a sufficient intake of nutrients [5]. 

For more information: (How to Avoid Portion Size 

Pitfalls 

 

Additionally, it's essential to drink enough 

water each day for your health. Dehydration can be 

averted by drinking water. When water is exchanged 

for beverages with calories, body weight can be 

controlled, and calorie intake can be decreased. 

 

Added sugars provide calories but no 

important nutrients to your diet. As a result, they 

cannot be utilized to increase muscle mass, give 

vitamins, encourage a feeling of fullness, or offer any 

other nutritional advantages. 

 

Diseases 

 

Diabetes Type 2 
 

A diet that contains too much sugar can cause 

type 2 diabetes, heart disease, weight gain, and obesity 

4]. Type 2 diabetes affects 90–95% of patients with 

diabetes [6]. Your body struggles to properly utilize 

insulin in type 2 diabetes, making it difficult to 

maintain normal blood sugar levels [6]. 

 

Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins break 

down into glucose which serve as a primary source of 

energy in our bodies releasing it into our bloodstream 

[6]. Our bodies require energy in the form of ATP for 

a variety of processes, such as metabolism, respiration, 

excretion, and exercise. Our systems control the 

surplus glucose by storing it as glycogen in the liver, 

releasing the hormone insulin from the pancreas to 

control blood sugar levels, and cleansing the blood of 

extra waste materials, including glucose, through the 

kidney. 

 

Diabetes is brought on by an overabundance 

of glucose in the liver, which harms the pancreas' 

https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/pdf/portion_size_pitfalls.pdf
https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/pdf/portion_size_pitfalls.pdf


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declining ability to secrete insulin.  Kidneys are then 

challenged to remove waste from blood. 

 

Skin conditions like Acanthosis Nigrican can 

cause black patches to develop in body crevices like 

your neck, armpits, groin, hands, elbows, or knees. 

This may be a symptom of insulin resistance and could 

indicate type 2 diabetes. 

 

Heart Disease 

 
According to statistics from 1976 to 1980, 6.5 

percent of children aged 6 to 11 were obese; by 1980, 

the number had risen to 17 percent [7]. Nearly 9,000 

kids and teenagers ages 3 to 19 who were overweight 

or obese participated in this study “Cardiometabolic 

Risks and Severity of Obesity in Children and Young 

Adults”. Doctors checked these young people for 

diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and 

other critical heart disease risk factors. Type 2 

diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol are 

just a few of the heart disease risk factors that are 

brought on by childhood obesity and were originally 

believed to be “adult” health issues. The earlier heart 

disease and stroke develop, the earlier childhood 

obesity manifests itself. You can lose more weight if 

you exercise, eat a balanced diet high in protein but 

low in fat, and estimate your servings so that they are 

appropriate. 

    

Hyperlipidemia in Obese Children  

 
Hyperlipidemia has become a common 

condition amongst obese children [8]. This condition 

conveys there are abnormal levels of lipids, or fats 

circulating in the blood.  Since high cholesterol has no 

symptoms, many people are unaware that their 

cholesterol levels are unhealthy. However, a quick 

blood test can detect high cholesterol. Hyperlipidemia 

can be caused by consumption of food or genetics in 

which cholesterol is produced in your body naturally. 

One of the main risk factors is a person’s diet which 

can lead to obesity and later on to hyperlipidemia, 

narrowing the arteries and blocking the flow of blood. 

Processed foods and foods high in saturated and trans 

fats are the main causes of obesity in children, being 

overweight or obese raises the chances of developing 

hyperlipidemia because there is a higher likelihood to 

have increased levels of fat tissue.  

 

Seven percent of U.S children and 

adolescents ages 6 to19 have high cholesterol 

(hyperlipidemia) [8]. Children are more obese today 

than in previous times due to the high consumption of 

fats. Thus, obesity in childhood is considered one of 

the major critical public health problems. Based on a 

study conducted on body size and other factors the 

prevalence of obesity and the association between 

obesity and hyperlipidemia amongst the children was 

demonstrated [9].  

 

Peripheral Artery Disease  
 

A composition of saturated fats may cause 

peripheral artery disease, narrowing arteries including 

blood flow to arms and legs[10]. Arteries narrow due 

to accumulation of fatty deposits in aleurites caltheos 

(crosis) reducing blood flow. Peripheral nerves are 

very fragile and easy to damage. A nerve injury can 

cause loss of communication with muscles and organs. 

The treatment for peripheral artery disease includes 

maintaining a healthy lifestyle, with a healthy diet, 

exercise, and sometimes even medications. 

Medications may be needed to reduce cholesterol, 

high blood pressure, regulate glucose, prevent colds, 

and pain medication.  

 

Management 
 

Prevention among children 

 
The overweight and obesity epidemic among 

children and adolescents in the United States has 

worsened over the years. There are many ways that 

parents can help children. For example, take your 

children to get a BMI, or a body mass index measure, 

to get an idea as to what you can start doing to prevent 

obesity or other diseases. BMI is determined by a 

person's weight status. “It is calculated by dividing a 

person’s weight in kilograms by the square of height 

in meters” [11]. In children, BMI is age and gender 

specific.  

 

“Children who spend more time indoors 

using social media, playing videos games, or watching 

television all day are most likely to become obese and 

later develop diabetes” [12]. On the internet, children 

come across advertisements of fast-food restaurants or 

junk food and as a result children cave to their cravings 

with whatever food they find. It is crucial to reduce 

your child’s screen time for 1 or 2 hours daily [13]. 

Make sure your child gets 60 minutes of physical 

activities daily [14]. Many children at night get up and 

eat food they are not supposed to therefore making 

them gain weight. Sleeping adequately is important for 

children because it helps the child’s immune system 

and reduces the risk of obesity. They should at least be 

sleeping for 9 to 12 hours daily. 



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Changing the eating habits for the whole 

family is crucial because you are showing support to 

your child which will motivate them to change their 

diet. Encourage your child and the whole family to 

start eating enough fruits, vegetables, whole grains, 

and a low or fat free diary. Teach your child to only 

eat when they are hungry and to eat slowly. Don’t use 

food as a reward or withhold food as a punishment. 

Instead of giving your child beverages like juices and 

sodas, give them water or drinks with no added sugars. 

It is very important to stock the pantries with healthy 

food. Education will help children overcome this 

obesity epidemic. 

 

Education  
 

According to AAFP [15], obesity was not 

thoroughly examined until recent years. Children and 

adolescents need education about obesity since 

approximately 20% of American children are obese 

[1]. Everyone, from medical professionals to parents 

and health departments, should be providing health 

education. 

 

Physicians should advise parents to feed their 

children better, healthier meals and to get them 

moving by taking them on walks, taking them to the 

park, getting them involved in sports, or even jogging. 

They should begin by eating a balanced diet and 

getting enough calories. Researchers have found that 

exercise is helpful for weight loss and maintaining 

weight loss. Exercise can increase the number of 

calories you burn in a day. It can also help you 

maintain and increase lean body mass, which also 

helps increase the number of calories you burn within 

your body [15]. 

 

Making healthy living choices should be a 

factor in learning, which involves introducing children 

to healthier foods early on and avoiding giving them 

drinks, sweets, or snacks as rewards [16]. This will 

help us avoid or lower the danger of diseases brought 

on by fat. 

 

As for community leaders, they should 

outreach other communities to educate the public, as 

well as making systemic changes in our society [17].  

 
Treatment Options 

 
Typically, advertisements for weight loss 

drugs target adults. It has not been established that diet 

supplements are safe for children due to lack of 

adequate research or testing. The alternative for 

children is diet and exercise [18]. 

 

Once an obese individual contracts an illness. 

The remainder of their lives may require them to take 

prescribed medication. To regulate glucose levels in 

conditions like diabetes, doctors may give metformin 

and insulin. Metformin reduces intestinal glucose 

absorption, hepatic glucose release, and increases 

insulin sensitivity [19] Insulin facilitates blood sugar 

uptake by cells in the body. When blood sugar enters 

cells, blood sugar levels fall, which tells insulin to do 

the same [19]. 

 

Lisinopril and benazepril are two examples 

of heart disease drugs that may be administered to treat 

or prevent heart attacks and cardiac arrest [20]. 

Lisinopril lessens high blood pressure to help prevent 

strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems.  

Additionally, it helps patients survive longer after a 

heart attack and treats heart failure [20]. 

 

Benazepril is used to treat hypertension. The 

workload on the heart and arteries is increased by high 

blood pressure. The heart and arteries may not work 

correctly if it occurs for a long time [20]. 

 

The term "hyperlipidemia" denotes 

abnormally high quantities of lipids, or fats, in the 

blood. Hyperlipidemia can be treated with clofibrate. 

Blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels are reduced 

with the use of clofibrate. This may aid in preventing 

health issues brought on by such things clogging blood 

vessels [20]. 

 

Statins, a class of medications, are frequently 

used for peripheral artery disease. A class of 

medications known as statins has been shown to 

reduce blood levels of low-density lipoprotein 

cholesterol. Statins aid in lowering bad cholesterol and 

preventing the buildup of arterial plaque. The 

medications also reduce the risk of stroke and heart 

attacks [20]. 

 

Surgery 

 
From time to time, children come to the clinic 

with serious problems. At times, pediatricians and 

parents consider obesity surgery when children are in 

poor health. Bariatric surgery is surgery that helps you 

lose weight by reducing the size of your stomach and 

making other changes to your digestive system [21]. 

This surgery helps solve health problems such as 

diabetes and high blood pressure. If the young patient 

decides to go forward with the bariatric surgery, they 



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should consume enough food and liquids beforehand. 

Children should not be untreated or poorly managed 

before or after surgery. Obesity surgery is generally 

well tolerated and minimizes the risk of serious 

perioperative complications. The most common mild 

complications were postoperative wound and urinary 

tract infections [21]. On the other hand, 95% showed 

remission of type 2 diabetes 3 years after surgery [21]. 

 

Conclusion 

 
An excessive quantity of body fat is a 

symptom of the disease known as obesity, which raises 

the chance of developing additional illnesses. 

Unfortunately, a lot of people develop these illnesses 

at a young age. Preventing childhood obesity is more 

cost-effective than treating it. Only a small number of 

medications are approved for use as treatments, and 

even then only under strict monitoring. 

 

There may be medication available now to 

treat these disorders, but that does not guarantee a 

cure. Medication only controls the issues. It is up to us 

to aid in the eradication of diseases or stop it from 

beginning. It is important to acknowledge that obesity 

is a family disease affected by multiple factors, such 

as genetics, the environment, food intake, and physical 

activity. Many of the environmental factors that 

contribute to childhood obesity can be changed or 

corrected. Increased awareness and continued family 

support should be prioritized in order to change the 

person's behavior.    

 

In actuality, adopting a far healthier lifestyle 

would be a superior option for avoiding all those 

hazards. Society should focus on education and 

reducing the stigma associated with obesity. Mental 

health is also an important factor in maintaining a 

healthy lifestyle. Having good health is significant 

since it refers to the state of being physically, mentally, 

and socially healthy. 

 

Acknowledgements 

 
Dr. Monica Betancourt-Garcia, MD, Scientific 

Director; Melissa Eddie, MS, Program Manager; 

Xochitl Lopez, BS, Program Coordinator 

 

Funding 
 

Funded by DHR Health Institute for Research & 

Development; DHR Health; Region One ESC 

GEARUP College Ready, Career Set! Region One 

ESC GEARUP College Now, Career Connected and 

Region One ESC PATHS 

 

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https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/weight-loss-surgery-for-children-and-teens-struggling-with-obesity-2019121318478#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20American%20Academy
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/weight-loss-surgery-for-children-and-teens-struggling-with-obesity-2019121318478#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20American%20Academy
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/weight-loss-surgery-for-children-and-teens-struggling-with-obesity-2019121318478#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20American%20Academy
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/weight-loss-surgery-for-children-and-teens-struggling-with-obesity-2019121318478#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20American%20Academy
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/weight-loss-surgery-for-children-and-teens-struggling-with-obesity-2019121318478#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20American%20Academy
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/weight-loss-surgery-for-children-and-teens-struggling-with-obesity-2019121318478#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20American%20Academy

