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 https://doi.org/10.47488/dhrp.v3iS2.98 

 

 
 

 
DHR Proceedings ǀ http://dhrproceedings.org 87 2023, Vol. 2 No. S2 87-92 

 

COMMENTARY 

Psychological Effect of Domestic Abuse on 

Children During COVID  
 

Lilian Sustayta1,2, Odalis Rodriguez1,2, Genesis Garza1,2 , Mia Leal1,3, Sammi Arafat1,3, Evelyn 

Sanchez1,4, Keina Nunez1,4, Alexxa Garcia1,5, Emily Chavez1,5, Rebecca Lerma1,6, Gabriela Perez1,6 

 
1 3rdAnnual Junior Clinical Research Internship, South Texas Academy for Education & Training in Research, DHR Health  

   Institute for Research and Development 
2 Economedes High School, Edinburg, TX 
3 McAllen Memorial High School, McAllen ,TX 
4 Mercedes High School, Mercedes, TX 

5 Mercedes Early College High School, Mercedes, TX 
6 Zapata High School, Zapata, TX 

 

Received: November 2, 2023 

Accepted for publication: November 3, 2023 

Published: November 16, 2023

 
 
Introduction 

 
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a 

detrimental impact on the lives of many children, 

particularly within their own homes. This influence 

has been predominantly negative, leading to various 

challenges such as isolation and domestic problems 

within households. The limitations imposed as a 

response to the pandemic resulted in children being 

confined to dysfunctional environments, thereby 

exacerbating the prevalence of abuse.1 Domestic 

abuse, commonly  known as "domestic violence," 

encompasses a range of behaviors aimed at 

establishing and maintaining control and power over 

another person. This abuse can manifest in various 

forms, including physical, sexual, emotional, 

economic, and psychological actions or threats against 

an individual. Such actions may include tactics 

intended to instill fear, intimidation, manipulation, 

injury, humiliation, blame, or wound the victim.2 

Domestic abuse has various effects on people, 

including increased anxiety, depression, eating 

disorders, and sleep issues. Children who experience 

domestic abuse may feel hopeless, unmotivated, and 

struggle to express their emotions. Our study is aiming 

to show the increase in domestic abuse during and post 

COVID-19.  

 

 

 

Childhood Significance  
 

During childhood, one's personality and 

behavior is in its most important stage of development. 

Children suffering from an unhealthy relationship are 

shown to have difficulty building relationships with 

others.3 When parents neglect their children, children 

can be exposed to social and emotional consequences. 

When adolescents are treated with neglect and do not 

receive proper care, they will be exposed to mental 

illnesses such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal 

behaviors.3  

 

Active skills are in the most important 

process of development. Experiencing abuse and 

violence has an immense influence on one's mental 

development. Violence affects the physical, mental, 

and social health of an individual. Children are 

required to have a stable and safe environment for 

proper mental development. The occurrence of 

domestic violence disrupts the balance of the family 

system and members of the family suffer the 

consequences.3 

 

Domestic Abuse Incidence During the 

Pandemic 

 
According to the National Commission on 

COVID-19 and criminal justice reports, domestic 



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abuse increased by 8.1 % due to the lockdown orders 

that were established in 2020.4 Reports done by the 

National Commission on COVID-19 and Criminal 

Justice show that, out of 18 studies, 12 in the United 

States and 6 in other countries,  the rate of domestic 

abuse increased by 7.9% over all and increased by 

8.1% in the United States.4 Data was collected  from 

logs, police calls, emergency lines, and  health records, 

along with other administrative logs. Reasons for the 

domestic abuse increase were financial issues, 

substance abuse and wrong coping mechanisms.4 

Studies done by the US Davis Health, show that fewer 

reports of child abuse during COVID-19 pandemic 

which may lead to believe abuse reports were missed 

during distance learning.5 Their studies indicate that 

although there may have been a rise in domestic abuse 

though it was not reported. Julia Magana said that 

since the world shut down it caused adults to feel 

stressed and isolated which set up the rise of domestic 

abuse.5 Magana teamed up with colleagues from 

Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network 

(PECARN) to conduct a study that was published in 

the Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics 

that consisted of over 1.5 million emergency 

department encounters at nine children's hospitals.5 

They conducted their study by identifying abuse in 

three methods: child physical abuse diagnoses among 

all ages, age-restricted high-risk injury, or age-

restricted skeletal survey completion. The primary 

outcomes were encounter rates per day and clinical 

severity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Across the three methods used, they identified about 

10,000 relevant encounters. The rate for physical 

abuse diagnoses overall, per day, decreased by 19% 

during the time of the pandemic. The decrease was 

seen in children aged 2-13 years old, but less for young 

children under two years old and older children over 

13. For age-restricted high-risk injury encounters, 

diagnosis declined by 10% during the pandemic. Of 

note, this reduction was in low severity abuse cases 

and not in severe abuse. Finally, there was no decrease 

in total collection of skeletal survey numbers, though 

there was a reduction in low severity encounters 

identified by this method with no change in high 

severity.5 

 

The World Health Organization states that a 

third of children have experienced violence, which is 

approximately 55 million children who are abused or 

were abused(6). During the COVID-19 pandemic, 

there were a total of 616 reports of domestic violence 

(sexual and physical) with ages ranging from 5 to 9 

and 14 to 18 with two deaths related  to the violence. 

Most cases were female victims, of which 76.7% 

reported abuse from family members, 23.3% was 

made up of males, and many were children(6). Many 

of the reports came from the victim’s own home, with 

sexual abuse coming out on top as the highest it has 

ever been. The most common offenders were males, 

including fathers, grandparents, and brothers. Self- 

inflicted injuries also increased during COVID-19, 

corresponding to 67% of the total reported cases of 

domestic abuse and were mostly common in females.6 

 

The World Health Organization states that a 

third of children have experienced violence, which is 

approximately 55 million children who are abused or 

were abused.6 

 

COVID caused many parents to lose their 

jobs, and some worked from home which caused the 

% of domestic violence incidence to increase 12%.3 A 

study shows that the first  abuse incidents increased 

from 16% to 23%  and it also shows that it's linked to 

the parent’s job loss.3 The statistics show that 60% of 

children under the age of 17 in the USA suffer some 

kind of  domestic violence.3 

 

Suicide Rates in Children who Experience 

Domestic Violence  
 

Children who experience maltreatment 

throughout their lifetime are more prone to dealing 

with mental health issues.7 Because they are more 

vulnerable, abuse can often lead to self-destructive 

behavior within their bodies such as substance abuse, 

impulsivity and disorders like bipolar disorder, post 

traumatic stress disorder, and severe cases of 

psychosis.7 These are common patterns seen within 

domestic abuse victims. Although there are some 

exceptions, this trauma begins to interfere with the 

everyday lives of these children as physical methods 

of relief are only the beginning, like self–harm.8 Self-

harm is seen as an alternative form of pain for the 

psychological toll they are experiencing as these 

children rather indulge in this physical harm to distract 

them from their psychological pain and needs.9 This 

emotional distress comes with factors such as doubts 

of self-worth and suicidal tendencies. A study done 

with over 11,000 9-10 year olds showcases how 9.1 % 

of them indulge in self-harming activities including 

1.3% increase in suicidal tendencies and/or attempts.10 

These signs of self-destructive behavior often go 

unnoticed by parents as well as domestic perpetrators.  

As much as 88% of parents claimed to be unaware of 

their child’s mental health condition.10 Because there 

is such a high rate in self-destructing behavior without 

appropriate help, suicide can seem like the next step 

children take in order to put an end to their issues. This 

has increased the number of suicides within children 

of the age groups of 5-11 years, to the point they have 



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risen to become the 8th leading cause of death.11 These 

suicide rates can be linked back to the issue of 

domestic abuse, the more trauma that a child 

experiences, the more likely they are to seek these 

alternatives. It has even been studied that children who 

experience 7 or more household traumatic events have 

a 31.1% of attempting suicide.12 The increase of 

traumatic events continues to put the lives of children  

at risk. 

 

The rise in demand for child therapy since 

COVID 
 

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the 

quality of people's home lives and mental health 

remained a mystery as it was a period of 

unpredictability, since most people had not yet 

experienced something as intense as a quarantine 

before. It was a crucial period, consisting of disruptive 

situations that were experienced by adolescents and 

children alike. The extent to which COVID-19 has 

affected kids has proven to be impactful in terms of the 

quarantine mandate and the closing down of schools. 

This resulted in a decrease of social interactions, 

therefore a state of vulnerability and isolation. Since 

the pandemic, the after effects of COVID-19 have 

remained in our community. People under the age of 

18 have been severely affected due to the drastic 

amount of anxiety and depression symptoms found in 

the new generation in recent times causing a national 

need for anxiety and depression medication and 

treatment.13 Psychologists claim that mental health has 

become a world-wide phenomenon compared to that 

of past years before COVID-19. More than 8 in 10 

(84%) psychologists who treat anxiety disorders said 

they have seen an increase in demand for anxiety 

treatment since the start of the pandemic, compared 

with 74% a year ago.13 Demand for treatment of 

depression is also up, with 72% of psychologists who 

treat depressive disorders saying they have seen an 

increase, compared with 60% in 2020.13 This data 

shows the lack of quality services and equitable 

delivery in the medical field.14 

 

Risk factors 
 

In order to determine the best measures to 

take in preventing future cases of domestic abuse, it is 

crucial to analyze and assess the risk factors that 

increase the chances of such cases occurring. Risk 

factors are characteristics of either a parent or 

guardian, or the child themselves that can increase the 

possibility of abuse cases.15 It is important to note that 

risk factors are not direct causes of violence against 

youth, however, they can be linked to such cases.16 

Risk factors fall into various categories including 

individual, community, social, and family. 

 

Table 1. 

Individual  Participation in substances such 

as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs 

 Being exposed to violence and 

family discord 

 Reduced educational levels 

 Being disabled or suffering from 

mental health issues 

Community  Poverty 

 Easy accessibility to liquor and 

narcotics 

 Lesser economic possibilities 

 High gang activity and drug 

trafficking concentrations 

Social  Social and gender expectations 

that promote a culture of violence 

 Health, financial, educational, 

and social policies that uphold 

economic, gender, and social 

disparities 

 Peer rejection in society 

Family  Drug usage or criminal activity on 

the part of parents 

 weak emotional connection 

between parents and children 

 Severe, inadequate or 

disorganized disciplinary 

measures 

 Involuntary or premature 

marriage 

Reference: 

 

Increase Risk During COVID-19 
 

In March and April of 2020, government 

leaders made the decision to enforce stay-at-home and 

shelter-in-place orders in hopes of regulating the 

COVID-19 pandemic. While the initial orders worked 

to contain the spread of the coronavirus, these factors 

would lead to an increase in other adverse outcomes, 

such as a rise in domestic violence and child abuse 

cases. Because of mandated isolation as well as the 

economic effects of the pandemic, factors that tend to 

be associated with abuse cases were augmented. Such 

factors included rising economic instability, increased 

stress related to childcare and homeschooling, greater 

male unemployment rates, and inadequate coping 

mechanisms, such as increased drinking and other 

substance use.17 Furthermore, because of both children 

and adults being forced to remain in their homes, the 

social network of teachers, friends, neighbors, and 



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DHR Proceedings ǀ http://dhrproceedings.org 90 2023, Vol. 2 No. S2 87-92 

others who could potentially report or intervene in 

cases of abuse were cut off. After the imposition of 

stay-at-home order, cases of domestic abuse increased 

by 7.9 % on average in studies including both the U.S 

and international countries. In the U.S alone, the 

reports of domestic violence increased by 8.1% during 

the pandemic.17 

  

Prevention 
 

Domestic abuse is a complicated issue that 

traces a foundation in unhealthy relationships and 

harmful living conditions.15. Because the problem can 

be characterized by having both internal and external 

stimuli, as well as an imbalance of power between 

child and perpetrator.17 Prevention works more to try 

and attack the problem at the root, taking systematic 

consideration of the risk factors associated with it. For 

many organizations, the goal towards prevention 

begins at not only an interpersonal level, but also with 

legal and federal actions.18  

 

INSPIRE 
 

Concerned by the rising cases of abuse during 

isolation, 21 leaders of worldwide organizations, 

including UNICEF, UN Women, and the World 

Health Organization, united in 2016 under one shared 

goal of protecting children from violence. They signed 

a joint leader’s statement expressing their concern for 

the heightened abuse cases that were negatively 

impacting children. In doing so, they established their 

plan to work with local and federal governments as 

well as urging communities and the leaders of every 

sector to unite against the growing instances of abuse 

in order to achieve the unanimous objective of ending 

all kinds of violence and neglect towards children.18 

Under the leadership of the World Health 

Organization, INSPIRE offers seven evidence-based 

strategies that have shown to be effective in preventing 

child abuse.18  

The seven strategies are: 

● Implementation and enforcement of laws; 

● Norms and values; 

● Safe environments; 

● Parental and caregiver support; 

● Income and economic strengthening; 

● Response services provision and; 

● Education and life skills  

 

 

 

 
Figure 1. Count of all CPS Reports and Percent 

with DV Alleged by Week and Year.19 

 

 
Figure 2. Percentage of CPS Reports with DV 

Alleged by Season.19  

 

 
Figure 3. Count of CPS Reports by Reporter Type 

by Month.19 

 

Conclusion   
 

The negative effects of COVID-19 still linger 

in our communities today. Having been such a 

stressful event that occurred in people's lives, its 

effects were momentous on children as they became 

more isolated and restricted from the rest of the world 

compared to everyone else. Further yet, the scars left 

on the children were cut deeper on those who 

experienced domestic violence as they dealt with the 

abuse and the effects of COVID-19. The pressure put 



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DHR Proceedings ǀ http://dhrproceedings.org 91 2023, Vol. 2 No. S2 87-92 

on families during this time made for already 

precarious households to become even more unstable, 

making it an even more difficult environment for a 

child to thrive in. The traumatic scenes that some 

children witnessed and endured made it possible for 

mental issues to develop such as anxiety, depression, 

P.T.S.D, etc. Even after quarantine was over, domestic 

violence rates are still at an all time high, causing a 

child's development to have serious repercussions in 

the future, including mental health. Despite the rise in 

cases, organizations like INSPIRE continue to work 

together with local governments to create a future for 

children that is safe. In addition, The Family Crisis 

Center in the Rio Grande Valley has also helped 

combat this by changing the lives of many through 

providing intervention and prevention services to 

children no matter their circumstances.  

 

Acknowledgements 

 
Monica Betancourt-Garcia, MD, Program Director; 

Melissa Eddy, MS, Program Manager  

 

Funding 

 
Funded by DHR Health Institute for Research & 

Development; DHR Health; Region One ESC 

GEARUP College Ready, Career Set!; Region One 

ESC GEARUP College Now, Career Connected; 

Region One ESC PATHS; Region One ESC Upward   

Bound Math & Science; Benavides ISD; and Jubilee 

Academy-Brownsville 

 

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