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COMMENTARY 

The Long-Term Impacts of Domestic Abuse 

on Hispanics in their Teens 
 

Nick A. Costilla1,2, Mireya J. Eligio1,2, Hector Jalomo1,3, Debra L. M. Limon1,3, Leyla A. Medrano1,2, 

Valeria J. Muniz1,3, Mariah Perez1,3, Isabelle L. Perez1,3, Melissa Sosa1,2, Heidi A. Vazquez1,2, 

Savannah S. Villarreal1,2 

 
1 3rdAnnual Junior Clinical Research Internship, South Texas Academy for Education & Training in Research, DHR Health  

   Institute for Research and Development 
2 Los Fresnos High School, Los Fresnos, TX 
3 San Benito High School, San Benito, TX 

 

Received: June 29, 2023 

Accepted for publication: September 26, 2023 

Published: November 16, 2023

 
 
Introduction 

 
Domestic violence/abuse affects an estimated 10 

million people every year, yet it is one of the least 

reported incidents.1 Domestic abuse includes 

maltreatment economically, sexually, physically, 

emotionally, and psychologically.1 Although 

awareness for victims of domestic abuse has been on 

the rise, awareness in the Hispanic community has 

been at a constant low. In the Hispanic community, 

cultural and religious practices create a greater 

challenge for people who want to reach out about the 

abuse they are experiencing. Machismo and familismo 

are two examples of cultural standards that prevent 

many from reaching out and reporting abusive 

situations.2 Studies also show that lower education 

levels correlate to a higher risk of domestic violence.2 

Additionally, witnessing and experiencing abuse in 

childhood has been associated with becoming a 

perpetrator of domestic violence.1 Awareness, 

education, and self-help has been shown to be an 

effective countermeasure for domestic abuse; 

therefore, knowledge on the long-term impacts of 

domestic abuse is important to disseminate among 

Hispanic teens. 

 

Factors Leading to Domestic Abuse 

 
Hispanics reported higher rates of intimate 

partner violence. A majority of Hispanics have  

 

suffered partner violence (58%). In contrast 52% of 

African American and 37% of Caucasians have had 

this experience.3 Many social, cultural, and external 

factors can lead to increased risks of witnessing 

domestic abuse in a Hispanic household.4 This can 

include the socioeconomic status of both wife and 

husband, normalized cultural aspects such as the 

practice of “machismo,” or recurring substance abuse.  

 

Socioeconomic Status and Stress 

 
The socioeconomic status of the head of 

household, especially if it is a male of low 

socioeconomic level, can lead to an increased risk of 

domestic abuse.3 This can include measures of 

income, education, or type of employment. An 

unemployed father will show a higher propensity for 

domestic abuse and can result in stress upon their 

families.5 Hispanic households in which the wife and 

children are economically dependent on an abusive 

father can present a difficult situation to escape from. 

The status of residency or citizenship can also 

influence outcomes. Many recently arrived Hispanics 

in the United States show lower levels of 

acculturation, meaning they are reluctant to adopt the 

United States’ ways of living. This can bring stress to 

the family as economic and social marginalization 

diminishes their initial optimism about moving to the 

United States. Immigrant wives will show great 

reluctance in reporting cases of domestic abuse out of 

fear of deportation or from facing language obstacles.  



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Machismo and Modesty 

 
The wife and husband in a Hispanic family 

have distinct roles and expected attitudes that 

influence their behaviors. Typically, the father of the 

family is prone to following the expectations of a 

“machismo” culture, which can include both positive 

and negative traits.6 On a positive note, “machismo” 

encourages the role of a protector and leader of the 

family, having the father take the responsibility of 

providing financial strength and support. However, the 

toxic aspects of “machismo” can force a Hispanic 

father to feel the need to prove his “manhood,” 

especially in the presence of other men. This can lead 

to alcohol dependence, abuse geared toward their wife 

and children, and a lack of sufficient emotional 

expression.6 As for the mothers in Hispanic families, 

there is a large trend of “modesty” in communication 

that can diminish their ability to report cases of 

personal experience with domestic abuse. Leading 

male figures in the Hispanic family are usually trusted 

most with ultimate decision-making. Additionally, 

Catholic beliefs and the want to maintain social 

respectability will make the wife more reluctant to 

report cases of domestic abuse.6 In the context of 

recent immigrants, there are many actions towards the 

preservation of cultural traditions from their home 

country, also known as, la crianza que nos han dado - 

“The upbringing/legacy that they have given us”.7 

This can make it more difficult to acknowledge and 

escape abusive relationships, particularly when 

immigrants stray from divorce or separation.  

 

Impacts of Direct and Indirect Abuse 

 
Domestic abuse is a behavioral pattern where 

an individual tends to overpower or control another 

individual within a relationship with emotionally and 

physically harmful trends.8 Therefore, there can be 

different types of domestic abuse, indirect and direct. 

Direct domestic abuse includes physical and/or sexual 

assault, while indirect abuse may include witnessing 

abuse and/or being neglected.9 Individuals who 

experience any type of abuse, both direct and indirect, 

are more susceptible to depressive disorders. In a case 

study looking at the association of gender differences 

and on-set depression, about 5.7% of the individuals 

met the criteria for diagnosed depression by the age of 

18.10 Within this study, 26% experienced direct abuse, 

and 13.2% experienced indirect abuse. Moreover, data 

analysis have shown that children that live in a 

household with domestic violence are more 

susceptible to experiencing physical, sexual, and 

emotional abuse later on in their life.11  

 

Domestic violence can to lead to 

posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, and 

more difficulty with relationships.12 In addition, there 

are some physical impacts on domestic abuse victims, 

such as having difficulty eating, sleeping, and physical 

complaints such as headaches. Victims also tend to 

lose interest in social activities, school, and tend to 

have lower self-esteem. Mental health can also be 

impacted with some reporting anxiety, depression, and 

posttraumatic stress disorder. This has also caused an 

influx of domestic violence victims who struggle 

academically, drop out of school, and/or turn to 

delinquency.  

 

Stigmatization & Generational Trauma 

 
Stigmatization involves categorizing a trait or 

characteristic as undesirable and associating negative 

beliefs or attitudes towards the persons or group that 

express that trait. The weight of stigma is carried by 

those experiencing and discussing difficult topics, 

including domestic violence and mental health.  

 

Approximately 95% of all residents of the 

Rio Grande Valley are Hispanic and it is known that 

ethnic minorities have a higher propensity to associate 

personal stigma with mental health disorders and 

domestic violence and therefore, may choose not to 

seek help or treatment.13,14 This is due to the fear of 

being perceived as being crazy or weak and can lead 

teenagers to feel incapable of expressing their 

psychological struggles. Other reasons for hesitation 

to receive treatment in the Hispanic community are 

language barriers, fear of deportation, and financial 

struggles.15 

 

Furthermore, it is shown in studies that 

Hispanic children who come into contact with 

domestic violence are more likely to endure poor 

health.16 This kind of domestic abuse can be extremely 

traumatic and can have long-term effects on a child’s 

life. Some forms of domestic abuse experiences would 

be witnessing and enduring physical abuse or going 

through emotional abuse. This could lead to 

normalizing the idea of domestic abuse and creating 

an idea that it is acceptable in a family and/or 

relationship dynamic.17  

 

The Hispanic community is one of the most 

underrepresented cultures when it comes to mental 

health and receiving help. Statistically, approximately 

33% of Hispanics receive treatment compared to the 

national average of 43 %.18 This is due to the stigma 



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that Hispanics, especially men, have towards mental 

health.  

 

Mental Health 

 
Research has shown the general population is 

less likely to suffer from mental health disorders than 

victims of domestic abuse.19. Psychological, physical, 

and sexual violence are the three most experienced 

abuse in teens.12 Abuse in adolescents results in 

cognitive, emotional, biological-based, and behavioral 

responses. 

 

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a 

common mental disorder that can arise after domestic 

abuse. Teens are more prone to show a decline in 

social activities, self-esteem, and avoidance compared 

to common GAD symptoms. Another common mental 

disorder that results from domestic abuse is 

depression. It is a mental illness that affects the way 

we feel negatively and involves feelings of sadness, 

hopelessness, worthlessness, and emptiness. If left 

untreated, depression can lead to a high risk of suicidal 

ideations and substance addictions.20. In Hispanic 

adolescents from 12-17 years old, major depressive 

order episodes have increased from 12.6% to 15.1% in 

2015-2018.15 Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death 

in the Hispanic community between the ages of 10-24 

and in men 25-34.21. Studies show 15-71% of women 

have experienced domestic abuse in the form of 

physical or sexual abuse.22 In the year 2019, it was 

reported that Hispanic teenagers in high school had 

reported feelings of sadness and hopelessness for more 

than 1 daily occurrence, which showed drastic 

increases from the statistics that were previously 

recorded in 2017.23  

 

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can 

also be a result of domestic abuse. The likelihood of 

PTSD increases after a domestic abuse event, though 

its effects can be mitigated through seeking emotional 

support.24 It is reported that 13-50% of youth exposed 

to domestic abuse qualify for PTSD diagnosis.25 

Symptoms are normally defined as avoidance, arousal, 

and reliving the events. Symptoms are mostly 

dependent on the age group of the person. Adolescent 

symptoms include insomnia, aggressive behavior, 

academic challenges, and the standard response to 

PTSD.  

 

Coping Mechanisms  

 
It is rare to see Hispanics admit to their 

mental health issues, let alone seek help. Only 22 

percent of Hispanic or Latin Americans have had their 

mental illness recorded in an institution.21 While the 

logical move is to find healthy strategies to move 

forward, many Hispanic teens tend to fall into 

unhealthy coping mechanisms. One of them is to 

suppress their feelings, especially adolescent males.26 

This can be related to the previously mentioned theory 

of “machismo” that perpetuates the idea that Hispanic 

males must maintain a sense of supremacy, sexism, 

and restrained emotions.26 If they were to show 

emotion or speak up about how they feel, they are then 

considered weak and want to avoid disappointing their 

families. Hispanic female teens may suppress their 

emotions to avoid being labeled as “dramatic.”  

 

Another unhealthy coping mechanism is to 

turn to drugs and alcohol as an escape from their 

reality.27 The number of reported rates for Hispanic or 

Latino Americans was 19.4% for illicit drug and 

15.7% for substance use disorder.21 Even though that’s 

not the route they should be taking, as they grow up, 

hiding all the hurt and trauma they experienced can 

lead to these negative coping mechanisms.  

 

Fortunately, there are also healthy coping 

mechanisms that teens can adopt to deal with the abuse 

they experienced. Teens can choose to turn the page 

on their life and look at it from another perspective and 

lean toward a more positive recovery.28 One healthy 

coping mechanism is setting boundaries. As 

adolescents age, they reach a point where they will no 

longer endure what they aren’t comfortable with and 

choose to build new, secure relationships in order to 

have an adequate healing process. Many will also 

receive the treatment for the mental health disorders 

that have resulted from the abuse as well as treatment 

for the abuse they experienced. 

 

Treatments  
 

The effects of domestic abuse on any 

individual can leave serious mental, physical, and 

emotional marks. Similarly to other conditions, 

treatment rather than avoidance is recommended for 

victims to process and handle the impact abuse has had 

on their life. Social workers from Mayo Clinic suggest 

the main treatments for victims are therapy, classes, 

and shelters.29 They explain how to counsel a survivor 

of domestic abuse by first analyzing the impact the 

trauma had on the victim and then by providing 

counseling correlating to the impact. For instance, one 

of the types of responses a victim may have is the 

avoidance response. The avoidance response is when 

the victim dissociates in situations or responds with 

neutral responses.30 This response can cause a greater 

cause for concern because it can lead to difficult 



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resolution and post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. 

Another common response is dysregulation, which 

refers to the inability to control emotions and display 

of a wide range of emotions in short periods of time. 

Therapists or counselors should approach avoidance 

and dysregulation by slowly developing a tolerance to 

the abusive memories in order to create a less stressful 

environment when reminded of them.30 

 

Additionally, there are certain classes can 

help the victim by bringing awareness to the different 

types of abuse and how to respond in these situations. 

The classes can also bring light to the structure and 

cycle of abuse with the intention of preventing future 

occurrences of abuse. Individuals from the National 

Network to End Domestic Violence, NNEDV, have 

explained that victims of domestic abuse often remain 

in the same housing where the abuse takes place due 

to financial and housing situations. Thus, shelters 

often become a safe haven and a necessity to take the 

victim out of the difficult situation.31 NNEDV has 

recognized this urgency and created a safer 

community within temporary and transitional 

housing.31 Organizations with similar goals to treat 

and support victims of domestic abuse have increased 

awareness throughout the United States. However, the 

availability and accessibility for Hispanics should be 

examined.27 

 

Awareness 

 

Barriers to Accessing Resources 

 
While awareness campaigns and resources 

are meant to help the victims abandon their violent 

homes, there are obstacles that the victims face in 

order to make use of the resources. For example, the 

abuser can use threats and create an ultimatum to get 

victims to be silent about the abuse.1 It is common for 

abusers to use warnings such as the threat of informing 

authorities about the victims' undocumented 

immigration. This discourages domestically abused 

young Hispanics from looking for essential help and 

resources.1 

 

Language Barriers to Accessing Resources  

 
While according to Pew Research Center, 

more than 20% of young Hispanics are dominantly 

Spanish speaking.27 This makes it important to bring 

attention to the language barrier the youth Hispanics 

could and are going through. With the majority of 

domestic violence awareness campaigns in the United 

States produced in the English language, they become 

ineffective for Spanish-speaking teens who cannot 

successfully understand the language.32 Furthermore, 

healthcare providers should communicate with 

patients in their native language whenever possible.2 

While some studies show that healthcare workers may 

display an unconscious bias when treating non-native 

English speakers, there are studies that show bias is 

decreased once the healthcare provider was aware of 

the bias.32 

 

Domestic Abuse in Hispanics 

 
Hispanics make up approximately 19% of the 

population in the United States. Of those Hispanics, 

the states with the highest Hispanic population are 

California, Texas, Florida, New York, and Arizona 

which places 3rd highest in domestic abuse in 

America.33 In Texas, 40% Hispanic females and 35% 

males have experienced some form of domestic abuse 

including intimate partner violence, rape, or stalking.33  

 

Resources 

 
There are several resources available to 

people who are victims of domestic violence and 

require assistance. The Domestic Abuse Hotline is a 

24/7 and multilanguage resource available to those 

who need help.34 There are also hundreds of shelters, 

online supporting research, and websites to help 

support survivors of abuse. The Domestic Violence 

Evidence Project is an online resource center that is 

designed to help state coalitions, local domestic 

violence programs, and researchers with the 

information needed to collaborate and combat 

domestic violence in their communities.35 The Project 

is focusing on a plan called “The Theory of Change” 

that describes the framework for how the work of 

domestic violence programs help rehabilitate and 

improve survivors and children of survivors with an 8-

factor and 3-step plan. The 8 factors are self-

sufficiency, hopefulness, social connectedness, safety, 

having adequate social and economic opportunities, 

economic stability, enhanced justice, and good 

physical, emotional & spiritual health. The 3-step plan 

consists of Program Activities, Program Outcomes, 

and Factors Predicting Well-being.35 Additionally, 

there are also multiple shelters for victims, although 

there are a higher number of shelters for women rather 

than men.36 

 

Conclusion 

 
Reporting domestic abuse and violence has 

always been a struggle for victims. Taking a closer 

look at standards, stigmas, culture, religious beliefs, 



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DHR Proceedings ǀ http://dhrproceedings.org 37 2023, Vol. 2 No. S2 33-39 

and fears in the Hispanic and Latinx communities, we 

have been able to dissect the struggles Hispanics face 

when it comes to reaching out or seeking help. Abuse, 

whether direct or indirect, experienced by children in 

Hispanic households has both immediate and long-

term effects. Domestic abuse leads to mental, 

emotional, and, many times, physical damage that can 

last a lifetime. Physical scars, PTSD, anxiety, 

depression, and other disorders are at an increased 

chance of being developed in the victim’s future. The 

development of abuse on oneself at a young age may 

cause them to reciprocate the action on others in the 

future, otherwise known as the cycle of abuse. 

Growing research suggests that exposure to abuse 

leads to an increased risk of abuse in future 

relationships as well.37 Additionally, language barriers 

and political fears result in a decrease in reports; 

however, there are many treatments and coping 

mechanisms available, both positive and negative. 

Therapy, medication, setting boundaries, have shown 

encouraging outcomes in victims during and after 

experiencing abuse. More awareness of the effects of 

domestic abuse on Hispanics in their teens is greatly 

needed to understand the issues that prevail all around 

us. Addressing these issues will lead to positive 

changes in the lives of survivors and their families.  

 

Acknowledgements 

 
Monica Betancourt-Garcia, MD, Program Director; 

Melissa Eddy, MS, Program Manager  

 

Funding 

 
Funded by DHR Health Institute for Research & 

Development; DHR Health; Region One ESC 

GEARUP College Ready, Career Set!; Region One 

ESC GEARUP College Now, Career Connected; 

Region One ESC PATHS; Region One ESC Upward   

Bound Math & Science; Benavides ISD; and Jubilee 

Academy-Brownsville 

 

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