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MANUSCRIPT 

Obesity and Food Affordability: The 

Influence of Addictive Processed Foods in 

Hispanic Young Adults 
 

Marisol Acosta1, Victoria Delgado1,2, Mayte Chapa 1, Natalee Alvarez1,3, Dariana Garza1,4, Sarai 

Aboytes1,6, Allison, Hernandez1,4  

 
1DHR Health High School and Community Outreach  
2 South Texas ISD World Scholars 

3 San Isidro High School  

4 La Joya High School 

5 PSJA Early College High School 

6 Rio Hondo High School  

 

Received: July 3rd, 2024  

Accepted for publication: January 6, 2025  

Introduction 

Obesity presents a significant public health challenge globally, disproportionately affecting 

Hispanic young adults [1]. While obesity rates have plateaued in some U.S. demographics, they 

continue to rise among Hispanic young adults group, raising concerns due to the associated long-

term health consequences like cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers [2]. 

Understanding the contributing factors to this disparity is crucial for developing effective 

interventions. Several factors, including genetic predisposition, maternal obesity, and prenatal 

exposures, have been suggested [2]. However, the simultaneous rise in obesity across various 

ethnicities and age groups suggests broader influences like changes in food production, 

marketing, and the availability of affordable, energy-dense foods [2]. The most significant 

increase in obesity prevalence between 1991 and 1998 was observed among individuals aged 

18–29 years [3], emphasizing the importance of focusing on this age group, especially within the 

Hispanic population, to mitigate long-term health risks associated with early-onset obesity. Food 

affordability is a critical factor shaping dietary choices and influencing obesity risk, particularly 

among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Access to affordable, nutritious food is 

often limited in low-income communities, leading to a reliance on cheaper, energy-dense, and 

nutrient-poor options [4]. This disparity in food access is linked to "food deserts," areas with 

limited access to healthy and affordable food [5]. Addictive processed foods, characterized by 

high fat, sugar, and salt content, are also a significant driver of obesity, particularly among young 

adults [6]. These foods, often termed "highly processed" or "ultra-processed," are designed for 

palatability and reward, triggering brain responses similar to drugs of abuse [7], [6]. The 



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incentive sensitization theory suggests that the craving or "wanting" aspect of these foods, rather 

than enjoyment, drives compulsive consumption and contributes to problematic eating behaviors 

and weight gain [6]. 

 

Epidemiology of Obesity in Hispanic Young Adults 

 

Obesity among Hispanic young adults includes prevalence statistics, contributing risk factors, 

and comparisons with other ethnic groups, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. 

Understanding these specific challenges is crucial for targeted interventions and public health 

initiatives. 

 

Prevalence of Obesity in Hispanic Young Adults 

 

Studies highlight an alarming prevalence of obesity among Hispanic young adults [8]. Schulte 

and Gearhardt found higher obesity prevalence in Hispanic individuals compared to non-

Hispanic white individuals, underscoring the need for focused research and interventions within 

the Hispanic community [8]. While Nelson et al. discussed weight gain and related behaviors in 

emerging adulthood and college-aged youth [3], and White et al. explored the impact of retail 

access on dietary intake [5], neither study specifically focused on Hispanic populations. Miller et 

al. investigated the link between acculturation, familial support, and dietary patterns in a Latino 

population, revealing that increased acculturation was associated with decreased dietary quality 

and increased fast food consumption [9]. Eskandari et al. conducted a mixed-methods review on 

the influences of food environments and food insecurity on obesity, finding a significant 

association between food insecurity and obesity [10]. This adds another layer of complexity, 

particularly for vulnerable populations like Hispanic young adults who may experience higher 

rates of food insecurity. 

 

Risk Factors Contributing to Obesity in Hispanic Young Adults 

 

Multiple risk factors contribute to the high obesity prevalence among Hispanic young adults, 

encompassing genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural influences. Miller et al. 

identified a strong association between acculturation and unhealthy dietary patterns, with US-

born, English-speaking Hispanics consuming more fast food and processed food [9]. This 

suggests that cultural shifts associated with acculturation play a significant role. Socioeconomic 

factors also contribute. Kim and Tsoh found that food insecurity was significantly associated 

with current smoking and suggested that socioeconomically disadvantaged young adults 

experiencing food insecurity may be at high risk for unhealthy behaviors, including overeating 

[11]. Polk et al.'s research on wanting and liking in problematic eating behavior further 

emphasizes the role of highly processed foods, which are craved more and positively associated 

with food addiction symptoms [6]. Wattick et al. examined the impact of early life influences on 



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food addiction in college-attending young adults, highlighting the role of Adverse Childhood 

Experiences (ACEs) and mental health [12]. While not specifically focused on Hispanic young 

adults, the findings suggest these are important factors to consider. 

 

Comparative Analysis Between Hispanic and Other Ethnic Groups 

 

Comparative analyses reveal disparities in obesity prevalence and associated risk factors. Schulte 

and Gearhardt found that the prevalence of food addiction, measured by the Yale Food Addiction 

Scale, was higher among Hispanic individuals compared to non-Hispanic white individuals [8]. 

This suggests food addiction may be a more significant contributor to obesity within the 

Hispanic community. Maqsood et al. examined the cumulative impact of social determinants of 

health on obesity, finding a stronger association between unfavorable social determinants and 

obesity in young adults compared to older populations [1]. Rodgers et al. discussed prevalence 

trends in the U.S. obesity epidemic, noting a simultaneous increase in weight across different 

ethnic groups [2]. Gearhardt et al. examined the relationship between BMI across adolescence 

and substance use problems in early adulthood, finding that obese adolescents had fewer 

drinking and illicit drug problems [13]. 

 

Food Affordability and Accessibility 

 

The relationship between food affordability, accessibility, and obesity among Hispanic young 

adults, exploring how socioeconomic status shapes food choices, the impact of food deserts, and 

the role of government policies. 

 

Socioeconomic Status and Food Choices 

 

Socioeconomic status (SES) significantly impacts dietary habits, determining the types and 

quality of food consumed. Lower SES is often associated with limited access to nutritious foods 

due to financial constraints [5]. Polk et al. found that highly processed foods, often cheaper and 

more readily available, are craved more overall [6]. This preference for highly processed foods, 

high in fat and refined carbohydrates, contributes to increased obesity risk. Research suggests 

that restraint in food choices is negatively associated with both craving and liking of highly 

processed foods [6]. Individuals with lower SES, having less flexibility in their food choices, 

may be more vulnerable to consuming highly processed foods, potentially leading to adverse 

health outcomes. Access to transportation and information also influences dietary choices. 

Limited transportation restricts access to supermarkets with diverse fresh and healthy options, 

leading to reliance on convenience stores stocking primarily processed foods [5]. Limited access 

to nutrition education hinders informed food choices [3], perpetuating unhealthy eating habits. 

Limited disposable income further restricts access to healthier options [5]. 

 



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Food Deserts and Dietary Habits 

 

Food deserts, areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious food, exacerbate dietary 

challenges for lower SES individuals. These areas often lack supermarkets, leaving residents 

with limited options beyond convenience stores and fast-food restaurants offering primarily 

energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods [5]. White et al. emphasize considering transportation and 

proximity when evaluating food access [5]. Physical distance and limited transportation can 

significantly restrict access to healthier choices. The scarcity of fresh produce and whole grains 

in food deserts further contributes to unhealthy dietary patterns, increasing obesity and related 

health risks [4]. Research on food deserts shows mixed findings regarding the availability and 

cost of healthy options [5]. Some studies suggest healthy foods are less available in poorer areas, 

while others find supermarkets in these areas offer comparable or even better availability of fresh 

produce. However, affordability remains a significant barrier for low-income individuals, even 

when healthy options are available [5]. The consumption of fast food and takeaway meals, 

readily available in many food deserts, further contributes to increased energy intake and a 

higher risk of obesity [14]. 

 

Government Policies, Food Pricing, and Availability 

 

Government policies significantly influence food environments, impacting affordability and 

accessibility. Policies related to agricultural subsidies, food assistance programs, and nutrition 

labeling can affect food availability and cost [15], [16]. Subsidies favoring certain crops, like 

corn and soybeans, can lead to oversupply and lower prices, making them prevalent in processed 

foods [15]. This can create price imbalances, making healthier options like fruits and vegetables 

relatively more expensive. Food assistance programs, while aiming to alleviate food insecurity, 

can also influence dietary habits. Some programs may restrict the types of food purchased, 

potentially limiting access to fresh produce [10]. Reliance on food banks, often offering 

primarily shelf-stable and processed foods, can contribute to unhealthy dietary patterns [10]. 

Nutrition labeling policies can empower consumers to make informed choices, but their 

effectiveness depends on consumer understanding [16]. Policies restricting unhealthy food 

marketing to children, particularly highly processed foods and sugary drinks, can create healthier 

food environments [3]. Taxation and subsidization schemes can influence food prices, making 

healthier options more affordable, such as taxing sugary beverages and subsidizing fruits and 

vegetables [4]. 

 

  



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Addictive Processed Foods 

 

The role of addictive processed foods in obesity, particularly among Hispanic young adults, 

examining their characteristics, research findings on food addiction, and the underlying 

psychological and physiological mechanisms. 

 

Characteristics of Processed Foods Contributing to Addictive Eating Behaviors 

 

Highly processed foods, often high in added fats and/or refined carbohydrates, are implicated in 

problematic eating behaviors [6], [7]. Engineered for hyper-palatability, they maximize desirable 

taste qualities like sweetness and fattiness, potentially leading to overconsumption and a cycle of 

craving and reward-seeking [7]. The incentive sensitization theory suggests that "wanting" or 

craving, rather than "liking," drives compulsive consumption [6]. This theory may apply to 

highly processed foods, as they can trigger intense cravings even without true hunger. The high 

energy density and rapid absorption of these foods can lead to rapid blood sugar spikes and 

subsequent crashes, potentially perpetuating craving and consumption [17]. Trans fats, common 

in processed foods, are linked to food addiction in African American adolescents with obesity 

[18]. The combination of loss of control and consumption of large quantities of food, particularly 

those high in trans fats, appears key in food addiction. 

 

Research Findings on Food Addiction and its Impact on Dietary Intake 

 

Research on food addiction, primarily assessed using the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), 

has shown associations with obesity, binge eating, and highly processed food consumption [18]. 

One study found that approximately 10% of African American adolescents with obesity met the 

criteria for food addiction using the YFAS-C (Children's version) [18]. YFAS-C scores were 

strongly associated with objective binge episodes and, to a lesser extent, with percent overweight 

and subjective binge episodes [18]. Higher YFAS-C scores correlated with increased 

consumption of calories, fat, saturated fat, trans fat, carbohydrates, sugar, and added sugar, with 

the strongest association being with trans fat [18]. Pursey et al.'s systematic review examined the 

relationship between addictive eating and dietary intake, finding that foods high in both fat and 

refined carbohydrates were commonly associated with addictive eating, and individuals with 

addictive eating consumed higher amounts of energy, carbohydrates, and fats [19]. However, the 

review noted heterogeneity in study methodologies and outcomes, making it difficult to draw 

definitive conclusions about specific foods, nutrients, or dietary patterns that facilitate the 

addictive process. A nationally representative U.S. study found a food addiction prevalence of 

15%, with higher rates among younger, Hispanic individuals, and those with higher incomes [8]. 

Food addiction was associated with both underweight and obese individuals compared to those 

of normal or overweight. Another systematic review, including twenty-five studies and 196,211 



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participants, found a weighted mean prevalence of food addiction of 19.9%, higher in adults over 

35, females, and clinical samples [20]. 

 

Psychological and Physiological Mechanisms of Food Addiction 

 

The mechanisms driving food addiction are complex and interconnected. The brain's reward 

system, involving dopamine pathways, plays a crucial role [7]. Ultra-processed foods (UPFs), 

with their high palatability and energy density, can trigger strong rewarding stimuli, influencing 

feeding facilitation circuits [7]. This can lead to a cycle of craving, consumption, and reward, 

similar to substance use disorders [21]. Gordon et al.'s systematic review found support for 

various addiction characteristics related to food, including brain reward dysfunction, impaired 

control, and tolerance/withdrawal [21]. Evidence suggests that processed foods high in 

sweeteners and fats have the greatest addictive potential. Wiss et al. highlighted stress, trauma, 

and adversity, especially during early life, as contributing factors to both drug and food 

addictions [22]. Early adversity can cause lasting changes in glucocorticoid and dopamine 

systems, increasing addiction vulnerability. A study examining the relationship between 

childhood or adolescent abuse victimization and food addiction in adult women found that severe 

childhood abuse was associated with a roughly 90% increased risk of food addiction [23]. 

Cummings et al. found that intake of sweet, high-fat foods, fast foods, and sugary drinks was 

associated with immediate increases in positive emotions and decreases in negative emotions, 

but these effects were short-lived [24]. This suggests that the ability of highly processed foods to 

briefly alter emotions may be key to their reinforcing nature. 

 

Cultural Factors Influencing Eating Behaviors 

 

This section explores the cultural factors that influence eating behaviors, particularly within the 

Hispanic community. 

 

Cultural Attitudes Towards Food in Hispanic Communities 

 

Food is central to Hispanic culture, encompassing social gatherings, celebrations, and 

expressions of love and connection [9]. Shared meals reinforce family bonds and transmit 

cultural values. Traditional Hispanic cuisine often features fresh produce, legumes, and whole 

grains [15]. However, acculturation to American culture has shifted dietary patterns, with 

increased consumption of fast food, processed foods, and sugary drinks [9]. This shift is often 

attributed to accessibility and affordability, particularly in low-income communities [5]. Miller et 

al. found that US-born, English-speaking Hispanics consumed more fast and processed foods 

than their immigrant, Spanish-speaking counterparts [9]. This cultural shift is complicated by the 

potential for these foods to trigger addictive-like behaviors. Highly processed foods, often high 

in fat and refined carbohydrates, activate reward pathways in the brain [6]. This can lead to 



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increased cravings and difficulty controlling consumption. Polk et al. found that highly processed 

foods were craved more overall, with craving positively associated with Yale Food Addiction 

Scale (YFAS) scores [6]. This suggests the incentive sensitization framework, where "wanting" 

drives compulsive drug use, may also be relevant to problematic food consumption. 

 

Family and Social Influences on Food Choices 

 

Family and social networks are crucial in shaping eating behaviors within Hispanic communities 

[25], [26]. Traditional family structures emphasize shared meals and the importance of food in 

social gatherings. This can create a positive environment for healthy eating when traditional diets 

are followed, but can contribute to unhealthy patterns when processed foods become integrated. 

Eneli et al. highlight family dynamics in the trust model of feeding, emphasizing the division of 

responsibility between caregivers and children in establishing healthy eating habits [26]. 

Caregivers provide nutritious options, while children self-regulate intake, trusting internal cues 

of hunger and satiety. However, cultural factors and parental anxieties about weight or nutrition 

can interfere with this trust, leading to restrictive or pressuring feeding practices. Social networks 

also influence food choices, particularly among young adults [25]. Peer influences, social norms, 

and the availability of healthy food options within one's social environment all contribute to 

eating behaviors. Li et al. note that social influence can promote or hinder healthy eating through 

various pathways, including instrumental support, informational support, and social integration 

[25]. 

 

The Role of Traditional Dietary Practices and Their Evolution 

 

Traditional Hispanic diets, rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, offer protection 

against obesity [15]. However, these practices are evolving due to acculturation and changing 

food environments. Increased availability and affordability of highly processed foods, combined 

with targeted marketing, contribute to a shift away from traditional diets [27]. This shift is 

pronounced among young adults, susceptible to peer influences and media messages promoting 

processed foods [3]. Nelson et al. highlight the transition to young adulthood as critical for 

forming lasting dietary habits [3]. This period involves increasing autonomy but also a lack of 

adult responsibilities and financial stability, making young adults vulnerable to unhealthy 

choices. The transition to college can exacerbate these challenges, presenting new food choices 

and social norms, with increased access to fast food and less emphasis on traditional family 

meals [3]. Kavle et al.'s research in Egypt highlights the cultural perception of "junk foods" as 

essential, particularly for toddlers [27]. This resonates with Miller et al.'s findings regarding 

increased processed food consumption among acculturated Hispanics [9], suggesting a broader 

trend of incorporating processed foods into cultural norms. 

 

  



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Interventions and Strategies 

 

This section explores interventions and strategies to mitigate the impact of food affordability and 

addictive processed foods on obesity in Hispanic young adults. 

 

Successful Interventions Targeting Obesity in Hispanic Populations 

 

Several interventions show promise. Family-based interventions, incorporating behavioral 

therapy and lifestyle modifications, have demonstrated efficacy in reducing weight and 

improving health outcomes [26]. Culturally tailored interventions considering specific cultural 

values, beliefs, and practices within Hispanic communities have also shown success [27]. 

Community-based interventions implemented through schools, churches, or community centers 

can reach wider audiences and address broader environmental factors [25]. Pan et al. examined 

the association between fast food intake and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk among 

Singaporean Chinese adults, revealing a significant association between frequent fast food 

consumption and increased CHD risk [15]. This highlights the negative health impacts of 

consuming highly processed foods. Addressing emotional and psychological factors associated 

with food addiction is crucial. Programs incorporating cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or 

other evidence-based therapies can help manage cravings, develop coping mechanisms, and 

improve emotional regulation [24]. Interventions focusing on social support networks and access 

to mental health services can further enhance effectiveness [28]. Adolescence and young 

adulthood are critical periods for intervention [3]. School-based programs promoting healthy 

eating, physical activity, and media literacy can be impactful [25]. Interventions targeting 

college-aged Hispanic young adults are also essential [3]. 

 

Policy Recommendations to Improve Food Affordability and Access to Healthy Foods 

 

Policy changes are vital for creating environments supporting healthy eating. Improving food 

affordability and access to healthy options is particularly relevant for Hispanic young adults, who 

often experience high rates of food insecurity [11]. Key recommendations include increasing 

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits and expanding eligibility [10]; 

promoting affordable healthy foods in underserved communities through farmers' markets, 

community gardens, and healthy corner store programs [5]; and zoning regulations limiting fast-

food restaurant density and promoting grocery stores in low-income neighborhoods [16]. Fiscal 

policies, such as taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages and subsidies for fruits and vegetables, can 

influence food choices [15], [4], [29]. Taxes on unhealthy foods can generate revenue for 

programs promoting healthy eating and physical activity. Policies regulating food marketing, 

especially targeting children and adolescents, can reduce exposure to unhealthy food advertising 

[3]. Addressing food insecurity is crucial. Food banks provide immediate relief, but long-term 

solutions require addressing the root causes of poverty and inequality. Policies supporting 



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economic stability, like job training programs, affordable housing, and living wages, can 

improve food security and health outcomes [11]. 

 

Community Programs Focused on Reducing Food Addiction and Promoting Healthier Eating 

 

Community programs translate policy recommendations into actions. Programs focusing on 

reducing food addiction and promoting healthier eating can be particularly effective in Hispanic 

communities [9]. Cooking classes and nutrition education workshops empower individuals to 

make healthier choices [25]. Community gardens and urban farms increase access to fresh 

produce and provide opportunities for physical activity [5]. Support groups and peer counseling 

offer social support for those struggling with food addiction [13]. Interventions should be 

culturally tailored to address the specific needs of Hispanic young adults [30]. Community health 

workers (CHWs) can deliver culturally competent interventions and connect individuals with 

resources [31]. Partnering with faith-based organizations can leverage existing social networks 

and provide access to wider audiences [32]. Community programs should address broader 

environmental factors contributing to food addiction and obesity. Collaborating with local 

businesses to improve healthy food availability and reduce unhealthy product marketing can 

create healthier food environments [5]. Advocating for policy changes supporting healthy eating 

and physical activity can create systemic change [33]. Ongoing program evaluation and 

refinement are essential. Collecting data on participation, outcomes, and community impact can 

inform program improvements [34]. Sharing best practices expands the reach of successful 

programs. The incentive sensitization theory may be relevant for problematic food consumption, 

particularly for individuals experiencing food addiction symptoms [6]. Current treatment 

approaches for addictive eating could incorporate individualized dietary advice targeting foods 

high in fat and refined carbohydrates [19]. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) has been 

associated with obesity, eating-related problems, and problematic consumption of highly 

processed foods [18]. 

 

Conclusion 

 

This review explored the complex interplay of food affordability, addictive processed foods, and 

obesity among Hispanic young adults, examining sociocultural factors influencing dietary habits, 

the neurobiological mechanisms of food addiction, and the public health implications. 

 

Summary of Key Findings 

 

The literature consistently shows a disproportionate obesity burden among Hispanic populations 

[15], [9], [35]. Acculturation shifts dietary patterns toward increased consumption of processed 

foods and sugary beverages [9], accompanied by reduced intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole 

grains [15]. Highly processed foods, often more affordable, may trigger addictive-like responses, 



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contributing to problematic eating behaviors [6]. The incentive sensitization framework, where 

"wanting" drives compulsive consumption [6], may be relevant. Craving and liking are distinct 

in relation to processed foods [6]. Craving is associated with addictive-like eating and cognitive 

restraint, while liking is linked to BMI. Food addiction prevalence varies across populations [18], 

[8], [20]. In African American adolescents with obesity, food addiction is linked to binge eating 

and processed food consumption [18]. Foods high in fat and refined carbohydrates are commonly 

associated with addictive eating [19]. Processed food intake is linked to short-term alterations in 

emotions [24]. Early life experiences and environmental factors shape eating behaviors and 

obesity risk [3], [12], [26]. The transition to young adulthood, especially college, is a critical 

period for developing unhealthy habits [3]. Food insecurity is linked to increased reliance on 

energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods [10]. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated childhood obesity 

challenges [4]. 

 

Implications for Future Research 

 

Future research should include longitudinal studies on the long-term effects of processed food 

consumption on emotional regulation and eating behaviors [24]; research on the relationship 

between food addiction and other mental health conditions [12]; culturally tailored interventions 

addressing sociocultural factors influencing dietary habits among Hispanic young adults [27]; 

studies on the effectiveness of the trust model of feeding in diverse populations [26]; and 

research on the impact of social networks and social media on food choices [25]. Further 

investigation is needed to understand the interplay of genetic, environmental, and psychosocial 

factors in shaping food preferences. Studies examining marketing's influence on food choices, 

particularly among vulnerable populations [3], are needed. Research exploring the long-term 

effects of early life experiences, like ACEs and childhood eating environments, on food 

addiction and obesity is warranted [12]. Evaluating the effectiveness of dietary and lifestyle 

interventions, including technology-based approaches [25], is essential. 

 

Call to Action for Policy Changes and Community Initiatives 

 

This review highlights the need for multi-level interventions to address obesity among Hispanic 

young adults. Policy changes improving food affordability and accessibility, like subsidies for 

healthy foods and taxes on sugary beverages, are needed [15]. Community initiatives promoting 

healthy eating habits, such as nutrition education programs and cooking classes, could empower 

individuals [16]. Collaborations between healthcare providers, schools, and community 

organizations could facilitate comprehensive and culturally tailored interventions. Reducing the 

marketing of unhealthy foods, especially to children and adolescents, is crucial [3]. Community 

initiatives promoting access to healthy, affordable food are needed. Increasing public awareness 

about the health risks of processed foods and the potential for food addiction could motivate 



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change. Supporting research on the neurobiological mechanisms of food addiction and 

developing effective interventions is essential. 

Acknowledgements:  

Nori Zapata, MSN, RN, Senior Vice President of Education and Career Development, Vanessa 

Vera, MS, Senior Manager of High School and Community Outreach, Anisa Mirza, Intern 

Program Coordinator.  

Funding:  

Funded  by  DHR  Health High School and Community Outreach;    DHR    Health;    Region    

One    ESC GEARUP  College  Ready,  Career  Set!;  Region  One ESC   GEARUP   College   

Now,   Career   Connected; Region One ESC PATHS; Region One ESC Upward Bound  Math  &  

Science;  Benavides  ISD;  and  Jubilee Academy-Brownsville 

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