





































Special Edition: Junior Clinical Research (2022), Vol. 2 No. S2 
 https://doi.org/10.47488/dhrp.v2iS2.55 

 

 

 
 

 DHR Proceedings ǀ http://dhrproceedings.org  61 2022, Vol. 2 No. S2 61-66 
   

 

COMMENTARY 

Why is Alzheimer’s Disease More Prevalent 

in the Hispanic Community? 
 

Emma E. Chavez1,3, Sherlin A. Aguirre1,2, Deyanira Ortiz1,2, Mia G. Picazo1,2, Alyna A. Lopez1,3, 

Bethany G. Gallardo1,3, Raelyn E. Morales1,2 

 

12nd Annual Junior Clinical Research Internship, South Texas Academy for Education & Training in Research, DHR Health 

Institute for Research & Development 
2Santa Maria High School, Santa Maria, TX 
3Raymondville Early College High School, Raymondville, TX 

 

All correspondence should be addressed to Program Director, 2nd Annual Junior Clinical Research Internship Program, DHR 

Health Institute for Research & Development, 5323 S McColl Road, Edinburg Texas, 78539 
 

Received 07/01/2022 

Accepted for publication 08/05/2022 

Published 08/05/2022 

 

Keywords: Alzheimer’s Disease; Hispanic community

 
 

Introduction 

 
Hispanics are one of the largest and fastest-

growing populations in the US. Their life expectancy 

will increase to age 87 by 2050, surpassing all other 

ethnic groups in the United States (1). There are many 

diseases that affect older Americans however, 

Hispanic Americans are reported to have a higher risk 

for Alzheimer's Disease, making Hispanics one of the 

largest groups of Alzheimer’s disease in the country 

(2). Latinos are one and a half times more likely to 

develop Alzheimer’s disease than non-Hispanic 

Whites. Evidence indicates that vascular disease, 

including diabetes, may also be a risk factor for 

Alzheimer’s disease (1). Alzheimer’s disease is an 

abundance of genetic and environmental factors, but 

with the limited research, we are far from knowing an 

effective treatment, a reliable way to manage it, and 

some prevention from getting this disease. Levels of 

education have been shown to be a factor in those who 

are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. Hispanics have the 

lowest education levels of any cultural group in the 

United States. One in 10 Hispanic elders have no 

formal education and over half have 8 years or less (1). 

While education, or lack thereof, may not be the end-

all cure for Alzheimer’s, the research shows that a 

large number of Hispanics are suffering from it. About 

13% of Hispanics are suffering from Alzheimer’s 

disease at this moment (3). Among these, women are 

nearly two times more likely to be affected by 

Alzheimer’s disease than men (3). So then begs the 

question, why is Alzheimer’s more prevalent in the 

Hispanic community? Is it solely a lack of education, 

is it gender-specific, are there enough treatment 

options, or what does the future look like for 

Alzheimer’s? 

 

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?  

 
In a world where humans are facing major 

health issues and viruses like COVID-19, some people 

are lucky to survive with proper treatment and care. 

Unfortunately, we also have other diseases such as 

diabetes, cancer and, especially, Alzheimer’s that have 

no proven cure and will slowly cause death. 

Alzheimers is a disease named after Alois Alzheimer; 

a doctor who first discovered it after a 51-year-old 

woman had experienced progressive memory loss (4). 

This woman’s story sparked an interest in Alzheimer, 

and he started to investigate the pathology of the 



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nervous system. His finding earned him the 

recognition for naming the disease after him. He 

witnessed how the disease caused the brain to 

deteriorate and eventually would cause a death in each 

of its’ victims. It is a progressive neurological disorder 

that causes the brain to shrink and kill the brain cells 

(5). Symptoms eventually grow severe enough to 

interfere with daily tasks. Currently, there are limited 

treatment options available with medications such as, 

cholinesterase inhibitors, which aim to increase 

communication between the nerve cells to try to 

improve the symptoms and slow down the progression 

(6). However, these drugs have only been approved for 

use in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. After the 

disease has increased, the brain becomes too damaged 

to combat the illness.  Symptomatic therapy is another 

form of treatment which, basically, is only a 

supportive care treatment that helps deal with the 

known symptoms but isn’t a curative treatment or 

prevents Alzheimer's adequately.  

 

Alzheimer's: Signs, Symptoms, Risks, and Its 

Factors 

 
Memories, the gift of holding onto the things 

we love most. That’s the one thing nobody ever wants 

to forget. Unfortunately, having Alzheimer's makes 

that happen. There are many other signs and symptoms 

besides memory loss. A lot of people don’t know the 

signs and how to know once it has hit you completely.  

 

Risk factors 

 
The risk factors for getting Alzheimer's are 

very common for older people (7).  High cholesterol 

levels, high blood pressure levels, are major risk 

factors (7). Age and gender are also some major risk 

factors. Family history takes a very big part in this 

disease as well. 

 

Signs 

 
The signs may not be easily recognizable 

because they usually start out with small instances of 

memory lapses. Forgetting recent conversations, 

events, names, places, people (8). Misplacing your 

items frequently and asking questions repeatedly is 

also one of the signs of this disease. Another sign that 

that can be missed is poor judgment choices (9). The 

individual begins to lose the ability to make rational, 

informed decisions. Once the individual reaches the 

point where decision making is affected, the disease 

has begun to take over. 

 

Symptoms  

 
The first side effects and symptoms are 

memory loss and confusion like I mentioned in the 

beginning. There are 4 different types of symptoms, 

cognitive, behavioral, moods, and psychological (9). 

Cognitive symptoms are mental denial and decline (9). 

The individual does not want to accept that they now 

have a disease and are ill. The individual will begin to 

have difficulty thinking and this will become more 

apparent in the evenings. Recognizing new things will 

begin to become more difficult. These types of 

instances can become frustrating for someone 

experiencing symptoms of Alzheimer. Behavioral 

symptoms start to become more apparent over time. 

Aggression, irritability, repetition of words, 

personality changes, and loss of appetite are all 

symptoms (10). Moods are another symptom that 

become more apparent when they realize they are 

getting this horrible disease. Anger, loneliness, 

tiredness, exhaustion, and depression (10). All of these 

symptoms lead to psychological problems. Depression 

is one of the more common parts of Alzheimer's that 

greatly affects the psychological outlook for the 

individual (10). Individuals start to display signs of 

paranoia. Having this side effect will cause the 

individual to not believe anyone or what they're telling 

you. Hallucinations and delusions are also side effects 

of psychological symptoms. Hallucinations will cause 

you to hear and see things that don’t exist. Delusions 

are false beliefs that the person with Alzheimer thinks 

is real.  

Each of these affect the individual in many ways. 

While the risk factors that put people at risk are very 

common in Hispanics, the symptoms that they begin 

to display may vary by gender and age. 

 

What Age/Gender is More Prone to 

Alzheimer's?  
 

Studies show that apolipoprotein E (APOE) 

epsilon 4 impact is present at any and all ages between 

40 and 90 years, although it disappears after age 70, 

and the risk of AD linked with a particular genotype 

alters with a gender (11) An individual has a higher 

chance of getting late-onset Alzheimer’s if they have 

the epsilon4 variant of the APOE gene (11). Inheriting 

APOE4 does not guarantee that a person will develop 

Alzheimer's disease, it is the highest risk factor gene 

for the condition. According to the study, lipid 

abnormalities in brain cells may be the root cause of 

dementia (12).  

 



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In comparison to males, women are more 

likely than men to have Alzheimer's disease. The 

disease affects 0.7% of women and 0.6% of males 

between the ages of 65 and 69, and its prevalence rises 

to 14.2% and 8.8% in those between the ages of 85 and 

89 (12). Additionally, it is more common in women 

with dementia. In Austria, women make up 74.1 

percent of Alzheimer's patients over 60 (12). 

Aggression is more common in males than in women, 

although women have a wider range of behavioral 

symptoms associated with dementia, and with a 

predominance of sadness (13). Different brain 

architecture and function, with a higher vulnerability 

for pathological lesions in women and larger cognitive 

reserve in men, are scientific reasons for gender-

specific variations on the phenotype of Alzheimer’s 

disease (13). Additionally, there were found to be sex 

variations in the production of antioxidant enzymes 

and post-menopausal hormonal alterations (14).  

 

According to the vast majority of research 

conducted in the United States, well after the age of 

85, there is no gender difference in the prevalence of 

AD dementia (14). Women do seem to experience this 

condition more frequently in different parts of the 

world. The frequency of dementia varies among racial 

and ethnic groups in the United States, according to 

some of the research. Despite variations in study 

designs, sample techniques, and definitions of 

dementia, it has consistently been demonstrated that 

African Americans and Hispanics are more likely to 

develop dementia than white people (15).  Alzheimer's 

disease has a disproportionately negative impact on 

women (AD). Women make up almost two-thirds of 

the much more than 5 million Americans who have 

Alzheimer's disease, and they account for roughly 

two-thirds of the more than 15 million Americans who 

provide care and assistance for someone with the 

illness (16). Above people aged 65 make up the 

majority of those who have the condition. Alzheimer's 

disease risk increases every five years beyond the age 

of 65. Above age 85, this risk increases to over one-

third. Alzheimer's disease is a common cause of 

dementia, which affects one in six individuals over the 

age of 80. Alzheimer's disease or related dementia 

affects around 13% of Hispanics who are 65 or older 

(16). 

 

Prevalence in the Hispanic Community for 

Alzheimer’s Disease 

 
As mentioned above, Alzheimer's disease is 

the most common type of dementia among individuals 

65 and older. Several reports indicate that AD is more 

prevalent among Latinos (17). Like any other 

demographic group, Hispanic Americans have a 

variety of backgrounds, races, ethnicities and 

experiences. One-third of Hispanic Americans report 

that they have experienced discrimination when 

seeking health care. Latinos are considered an 

underserved group because they are less likely to 

obtain regular health care services and have higher 

rates of chronic diseases (18). Almost 85% say it is 

important for Alzheimer’s and dementia care 

providers to understand their ethnic or racial 

background and experiences. Almost 57% believe that 

a significant loss of memory or cognitive abilities is a 

normal part of aging (19). The Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention (CDC) claims that by 2060 the 

number of Latinos ages 65 and older are expected to 

nearly quadruple, and Latinos will face the largest 

increase in AD (13). Beyond age, there are more risks 

including low socioeconomic, lots of cardiovascular 

disease, and a higher prevalence of conditions like 

diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and depression 

(20). Claims have been made stating that education 

plays a significant role in determining the risk of AD. 

Researchers found that higher dementia prevalence 

among Latinos compared to non-Latino was 

associated with lower levels of education. For Latinos 

in the study sample, those who did not complete high 

school had on average of only three years of education 

(21). Even for people with just a few years of formal 

schooling, every additional year of education 

decreased dementia risk.  

 

Alzheimer’ Treatment 

 
Currently, there are various types of 

treatment-based drug options for Alzheimer's disease, 

but only 5 have been approved in the United States 

(22). These treatments include cholinesterase 

inhibitors like donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, 

and metamine (22). As of now, the most effective drug 

available is Aducanumab. The reason behind this is 

that it's a type of antibody therapy that targets a certain 

protein in the brain that gathers in lumps. Researchers 

believe these clumps play a role in damaging brain 

cells, ultimately causing the brain to stop working and 

become fatal (23). While it is most effective, only one 

of the 5 drugs approved is used to treat both mild and 

severe Alzheimer's disease. Donepezil, which is FDA 

approved, is used for all stages of this disease. It is 

most commonly used to improve memory function, 

awareness, physical function, and thinking ability 

(24). Although these drugs won't cure the disease, they 

have made a big impact on Alzheimer's as a whole.  

 



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Another type of treatment includes 

combination therapy. This may involve music therapy, 

physical therapy, or art therapy. Although, the most 

studied treatment has been musical therapy, due to the 

objective response given by patients, as a result of the 

treatment (25). During this treatment, a qualified 

music therapist evaluates a patient to mediate the 

treatment according to the patient at hand. For 

example, listening to familiar Spanish songs was 

found to stabilize or improve the consciousness of 

patients with mild to severe Alzheimer's disease, 

according to a study conducted by Arroyo-Anilo (25). 

As a result of the popularity of this treatment, different 

clinical trials and studies have used musical elements 

to treat the effects of Alzheimer's. 

 

Another form of musical therapy is 

background music. An example of this is Vivaldi’s 

Spring movement from ‘The Four Seasons' that was 

previously used during the recall tests in mild 

Alzheimer's Disease patients (25). In the study, it was 

found that music could improve autobiographical 

memory and reduce anxiety and emotions. It is 

unknown, however, what directly causes the effects of 

background music. Although, researchers believe that 

the change in mood, such as a reduction in anxiety, is 

the cause, and scientists have speculated that music 

may enhance memory by the arousal to the sound (25). 

Although these options are just placeholders for the 

cure, they play a role in future studies and possible 

groundbreaking discoveries. 

 

What is Needed for the Future of Alzheimer's 

Prevention? 

 
While scientists are still busy trying different 

drug treatments and alternative options, there is still 

much work to be done. Scientists do not fully 

understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat 

Alzheimer's disease, but research indicates that a 

person living with Alzheimer's may respond better to 

one drug versus another (26). A growing 

understanding of how the disease disrupts the brain 

has led to potential Alzheimer's treatments that short-

circuit basic disease processes. Future Alzheimer's 

treatments may include a combination of medications, 

similar to how treatments for many cancers or 

HIV/AIDS include more than a single drug (27). The 

first drug that was approved by the food and drug 

administration (FDA) in 2021 was called aducanumab 

(26). This drug targeted the underlying cause of 

Alzheimer’s in patients. Clinical studies to determine 

the effectiveness of aducanub were conducted only in 

people with early-stage Alzheimer's or mild cognitive 

impairment (27). Researchers are continuing to study 

whether this medication works to affect a person's rate 

of cognitive decline over time. Aducanub is reported 

to slow the decline in cognitive skills and functional 

ability (26). It does this by clearing amyloid beta that 

builds up in the brain, which is thought to result in 

Alzheimer's. Alzheimer’s is a disease that will not 

disappear, but there are some ways that we can help to 

lower the number of people who have been diagnosed 

with Alzheimer's. Physical activity can help prevent 

the disease as well as aerobic exercise (27). Aerobic 

exercise in particular may help slow shrinkage in the 

hippocampus, which is a spot in the brain that deals 

with memory.  

 

Conclusion  

 
To answer the question, “Why is Alzheimer’s 

more prevalent in the Hispanic community?”, one 

would need more extensive research. We have the data 

to show that the prevalence is high, but not enough to 

show why. There are factors such as lack of education 

and socioeconomic disparities that have shown to be 

factors, but there are not enough Hispanic individuals 

that are participating in research studies to prove any 

others that are affecting them. Treatments and 

nonmedical therapies may give the individual a 

slightly longer life expectancy but will not offer a cure 

as of yet.   

 

Acknowledgments 

 
Dr. Monica Betancourt-Garcia, MD, Scientific 

Director; Melissa Eddie, MS, Program Manager; 

Xochitl Lopez, BS, Program Coordinator 

 

Funding 

 
Funded by DHR Health Institute for Research & 

Development; DHR Health; Region One ESC 

GEARUP College Ready, Career Set! Region One 

ESC GEARUP College Now, Career Connected and 

Region One ESC PATHS 

 

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513257/#:~:text=Donepezil%20is%20FDA%20approved%20for
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513257/#:~:text=Donepezil%20is%20FDA%20approved%20for
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/research_progress/prevention
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/research_progress/prevention
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/a-new-alzheimers-drug-has-been-appr
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/a-new-alzheimers-drug-has-been-appr

	Why is Alzheimer’s Disease More Prevalent in the Hispanic Community?

