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 https://doi.org/10.47488/dhrp.v2iS2.64 

 

 

 
 
 DHR Proceedings ǀ http://dhrproceedings.org  36 2022, Vol. 2 No. S2 36-41 
 

 

COMMENTARY 

Health Effects of Exposure to Secondhand 

Smoke in Children: Pregnancy Through 

Preadolescence 
 

Thomas Cruz1,2, Lauren Silva1,2, Robert Ortiz1,2, Sarah Ortega1,2, Itzel Y. Huerta 1,3,Violeta 

Guerra1,3, Milca Martinez1,3, Kaythleen Rodriguez1,3, Dominick Garza1,4 

 
¹2nd Annual Junior Clinical Research Internship, South Texas Academy for Education &     Training in Research, DHR Health 

Institute for Research & Development 

²Rio Hondo High School, Rio Hondo TX 

³Roma High School, Roma TX 

⁴Robert Vela High School, Edinburg TX 

 

All correspondence should be addressed to Program Director, 2nd Annual Junior Clinical Research Internship Program, DHR 

Health Institute for Research & Development, 5323 S McColl Road, Edinburg Texas, 78539 

 

Received 07/21/2022 

Accepted for publication 08/03/2022 

Published 08/03/2022 

 

 
 

Exposure to secondhand smoke during 

pregnancy through preadolescence is the leading cause 

of deaths worldwide. Although not nearly talked about 

enough, secondhand smoke (SHS) has the same death 

rate if not more compared to lung cancer caused by 

first degree smoking. In the following information we 

will dive into the research that looks into the effects of 

secondhand smoke on children during pregnancy 

through preadolescence. 

 

Types of secondhand smoke 

 

Vapes/E-cigarettes  
 

Although commonly construed to be less 

harmful than your typical standard cigarette, e-

cigarettes lie under the surface packed with 

humectants, colorants, nicotine, flavoring, and other 

bacterial/fungal products. In the rise of electrical 

cigarette use, the market only grows vastly as do the 

people affected by the toxicities found in the 
thousands of chemicals put into the nicotine filled 

cartridges firsthand or second handedly between the 

ages of 18-24 with 40% having not been regular 

cigarette smokers (1). 

 

E-cigarette and vape use in the teen 

population and adults between 2011-2014 showed the 

increase of the development of cancer in the lungs of 

unborn children who are affected by the usage of 

adults or family members around them. The typical 

user inhales a cocktail of the following substances, 

Propylene Glycol and glycerol, flavor additives, 

nicotine, and in minute quantities, water. All of which 

can cause long term effects due to the direct inhalation 

of the harsh chemicals and metals that damage your 

airways and alveoli (2). 

 

Cigars 

 
Secondhand smoke from cigars contains the 

same toxic chemicals that secondhand cigarettes 

smoke does (3). This type of smoke can cause or 

contribute to lung cancer and heart diseases (4). It also 



Cruz, et al. Secondhand Smoke in Children 

https://doi.org/10.47488/dhrp.v2iS2.64 

 

 

 
 
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increases the risk and severity of childhood asthma, 

ear infections, and upper and lower respiratory 

infections in children (4).  When an unborn child is 

exposed to secondhand smoke it increases the risk of 

getting an ear infection. When inhaled smoke irritates 

the eustachian tube which causes swelling and 

interferes with pressure in the middle ear, leading to 

pain, fluid, and infection, which are the most common 

causes of children’s hearing loss (5). 

 

Cigarettes 
  

When a pregnant woman smokes a cigarette 

or is exposed to secondhand cigarette smoking it plays 

a major role on postnatal outcome, it may cumulate 

negatively during lactation.  The nicotine in the baby 

lasts up to 9 to 11 hours compared to the mother that 

lasts up to 3-4 hours (5). A baby gets less oxygen and 

food since cigarettes contain nicotine and it tightens up 

your blood vessels (6). The baby will get less oxygen 

when carbon monoxide gets into your bloodstream. 

Monoxide carbon exposure during pregnancy can 

cause severe damage, including intrauterine hypoxia, 

serious neurological damage, and even fetal death (6). 

 

Gender 
 

An extensive study made by pediatricians has 

shown that parents who smoke or have been near 

smoking areas, are far more likely to have females than 

males (7). The male gender, some studies show, are 

more disadvantaged due to the higher possibility of 

low birthweight and mortality. However, a study in 

Germany showed the contrary stating that ETS, smoke 

that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and 

is exhaled by smokers, affects the birth weight and risk 

of small-for-gestational-age of females more than 

males (8). Tobacco smoke and other harmful 

chemicals can keep the baby in the mother’s womb 

from having enough oxygen which results in preterm 

delivery, harm, and even miscarriage in pregnant 

ladies (9). 

According to an examination done in 2007 to figure 

out if maternal smoking affects the baby as it grew 

older, the birthweight of adolescents with exposure to 

maternal smoking were 0.26 kilograms lower than 

those who grew up around no smoke chemicals. In 

addition, tests on gender affecting the nicotine or 

plasma cotinine intake were not significant (10).  

 

Ethnicities 
 

Previous studies have found significant 

differences between ethnicities in exposure to second-

hand smoke. With the most exposed ethnicities being 

African American non-Hispanics with 41.5%, 

followed by non-Hispanic Asians with 22.7%, 17.8% 

of non-Hispanic White, and lastly, 16.2% Hispanics 

(11). The African American population is more prone 

to being exposed to SHS, 66.1% of them are children 

aged 3-11(12). The Indigenous people are also 

exposed to secondhand smoke at a high rate. 

According to the study of Northern Plains, American 

Indian people that didn’t smoke had a 28% higher 

level of cotinine (an alkaloid found in tobacco) than 

people in the general population. High exposure to 

secondhand smoke in the American Indian population 

is caused by the fact that state smoke free laws are not 

automatically enforced over the tribal nations or 

reservations, and most Indigenous areas do not have 

the resources to put in place smoke free protection and 

make sure they are enforced (13). CDC studies in 

2011-2012 show that 6.2 million, out of 58 million, 

that were of Hispanic background were exposed to 

secondhand smoke. Approximately 29.9% of them 

were children aged 3-11(14). Studies taken on the 

Asian-American community showed that 

approximately 38.3% of secondhand smoke exposure 

happened at home (15). This percentage is lower 

compared to some of the other ethnicities. This is 

because 53.9% of Asian-Americans have a home 

smoking ban (16). Studies on white, non-Hispanic 

showed that 6.8 million out of 58 million non-smokers 

were exposed to secondhand smoke. About 34.3% of 

the population was children (17).  

 

Symptoms / Effects 

 

Pregnancy SHS exposure effects throughout 
Toddler years. 

 
According to cdc.gov, babies whose mothers 

smoke or are exposed to secondhand smoke while 

pregnant are at a higher risk to be born preterm (before 

the due date). One in every five children who are born 

preemies are born with a lower-than-average birth 

weight (9). Preterm birth is the leading cause in 

disability, disease, and sudden infant death syndrome 

(SIDS), or even in some cases miscarriage. A few 

other birth defects caused by being born preterm are 

undeveloped lungs, or a cleft palate. These defects that 

the unborn child can develop while in the womb can 

cause numerous issues that include asthma from the 

undeveloped lungs, high risk of ear infection, oral 

problems, and even heart problems caused by the cleft 

palate which is an opening or slit in the roof of the 

mouth and lip (9). This is only a few of many birth 

defects and problems that can develop when a child is 

exposed to secondhand smoking during pregnancy. As 



Cruz, et al. Secondhand Smoke in Children 

https://doi.org/10.47488/dhrp.v2iS2.64 

 

 

 
 
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the Child ages during the first Twelve months of life 

(Span of infancy) the disabilities the infant may have 

can become chronic and chance of SIDS is at its peak. 

A study in relation to the infants underdeveloped lungs 

was done with 1062 mothers with infants who took a 

questionnaire on whether their infant experienced 

occasional wheezing, recurrent wheezing, or more 

frequent wheezing (MFW). 409 of the infants had one 

or more episodes of wheezing during their first 12 

months of life. The infants from the study that fell 

under the category of MFW had been to the emergency 

room for not being able to breathe.  When the child 

hits toddler age and begins to learn how to walk and 

talk there can be complications when learning these. 

As the child becomes more physically active, they are 

prone to get out of breath easier due to their 

underdeveloped lungs. The birth defects and 

disabilities that the child may have been born with can 

also cause learning disabilities (18, 19). 

 
Ages 6-12 

 
The exposure of second-hand smoking in 

children causes various and serious health 

consequences. The main symptoms of the effects of 

being exposed to second-hand smoke are frequent and 

constant asthma attacks and constant fatigue in tasks 

as simple as walking. Children exposed to second-

hand smoke tend to have frequent asthma attacks, this 

smoke triggers asthma attacks in children, even 

endangering a child’s life. Some symptoms can be 

wheezing and coughing, in some cases it can even 

produce the improper development of the child’s lungs 

(20,21). The first asthma attacks can be very severe but 

can worsen over time and cause new cases of asthma 

in the child if they are not attended. Even brief 

exposure to second-hand smoke can damage cells in 

ways that set the cancer process in motion. According 

to studies carried out by the (CDC), they show that 

those children exposed to second-hand smoking tend 

to have more ear infections, have more fluid in ears, 

and are often subjected to operations called 

Myringotomie. (A Miringotomy or Tympanostomy is 

an operation performed to drain the fluid accumulated 

in the ear and to balance the air pressure on both sides 

of the eardrum. In this operation, after aspirating the 

mucus from the ear, a small tube is inserted that allows 

air to enter and liquid to exit. This procedure is done 

to prevent delayed speech development in a child 

caused by hearing loss). Children exposed to 

secondhand smoking affects children more than it 

seems, in fact studies show that this can affect children 

even in development. Children exposed to secondhand 

smoking tend to be shorter than those who grow up in 

an environment free of tobacco-containing toxins. 

When the first symptoms of the effect of being 

exposed to second-hand smoking are not treated, 

throughout the child’s development or even in his 

adulthood, he could have serious problems. 

Atherosclerosis can be a problem of many. According 

to studies done by the (NIH), atherosclerosis can begin 

very early in a child’s life and worsen over time. It can 

lead to more serious problems such as blood clots, 

heart attacks and kidney problems among others (22). 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

Long term effects  
 

A study done on people with dementia 

showed that being exposed to secondhand smoke in 

adolescents has an increased risk of various forms of 

dementia and stroke later in life. There was a total of 

2,993 participants in the study. Out of the 2,993 

people, 1,683 (56.2%) were not exposed to 

secondhand smoke, while 670 (22.4%) were exposed 

to 0-1 packs (around 20 cigarettes) daily, and 640 

(21.4%) were exposed to over 1 pack daily. The 

participants with the highest amount of exposure to 

secondhand smoke showed increased risk of stroke, 

AD dementia (Alzheimer’s disease), and all dementia 

compared to those who experienced no exposure (23). 
A second study done on Korean adolescents exposed 

to secondhand smoke at an early age showed that 

different aspects of their mental health were affected. 

Including stress, insufficient sleep, depressive 

symptoms, and suicidal ideation. Secondhand smoke 

was reported at an alarming rate of 94.4% in their 

everyday lives including 20.0% at school, 23.0% at 

home, and 51.4% for public places. The end of the 

study showed Korean adolescents have a higher 

chance of experiencing poor mental health issues from 

being exposed to secondhand smoke (24,25). 

 

Mortality rate 
 

Secondhand smoke with children is the 

leading cause of death worldwide. Due to secondhand 

smoke in children through the ages of 0- pre-teens 

there are more than 880,000 deaths each year. (26) 

Children exposed to secondhand smoke are more 

prone to get infant death syndrome. This disorder is 

known for happening unexpectedly, usually the 

children look healthy, but it is something that happens 

when you aren’t aware.  Other conditions that can 

cause death in infants and pre-teens are respiratory 

infections, asthma, and aural dysfunctions. 

Secondhand smoking can also cause coronary artery 

disease which affects the heart’s arteries which supply 

blood to the heart, this causes plaque to build up and 

over time it covers the arteries which makes blood get 

in the heart with no problem. Coronary artery disease 



Cruz, et al. Secondhand Smoke in Children 

https://doi.org/10.47488/dhrp.v2iS2.64 

 

 

 
 
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has a 20-30% rise in individuals exposed to 

secondhand smoke that individuals with no exposure.  

  

Socioeconomic Status  

 
Researchers from the CDC said 32.5% 

among women with incomes below the poverty line 

and 18.3% above the poverty line with this 

information we can hypothesize that pregnant women 

below the poverty line are at a greater risk for harming 

their child (28). In a different study published by a 

journal article by Charlotta Pisinger she states in her 

research children who live in lower socioeconomic 

status are strongly associated with secondhand smoke 

(29). In another research paper by Mohammad 

Hajizadeh, they found that exposure to secondhand 

smoke was higher in rural areas in every country (30). 

In a journal entry from the CDC, they state children 

who live in multi-unit residences like apartments are 

more likely exposed to secondhand smoke than 

children living in single unit homes. 

 

Conclusion 
 

From the research provided we have gained 

more knowledge of the health effects of exposure to 

secondhand smoke from a woman's pregnancy 

throughout preadolescence. Secondhand smoke 

exposure may occur in many different places including 

at home, at a friend’s or relative’s home, in vehicles, 

restaurants, parks and playgrounds. The percentage of 

secondhand smoke exposure was similar for females 

and males and was higher for youth aged 3-11 years 

compared to youth aged 12-17 years. Secondhand 

smoke exposure was highest among non-Hispanic 

black youth and lowest among White and Hispanic 

youth. Secondhand smoke isn’t really talked about yet 

is something parents should be aware of. They should 

protect their children from secondhand smoke since it 

can cause health issues and even long-term diseases 

throughout their lives. 

 

Acknowledgments 

 

Dr. Monica Betancourt-Garcia, MD, Scientific 

Director; Melissa Eddie, MS, Program Manager; 

Xochitl Lopez, BS, Program Coordinator 

 

Funding 

 

Funded by DHR Health Institute for Research & 

Development; DHR Health; Region One ESC 

GEARUP College Ready, Career Set! Region One 

ESC GEARUP College Now, Career Connected and 

Region One ESC PATHS 

 

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