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Sherwin Cody has been unusually successful in discovering an undeveloped field, and giving to a great many people just what they had been unable to find before. His “World's Greatest Short Stories" has been adopted in scores of educational institutions, also his “Best English Essays" and “Great Orations.” He has an unusual faculty for discriminating selections, and the ability to supply introductions and notes that make a wide popular appeal. A new volume of the “Great English Poets" will be published in May. Each $1.00 net. FICTION IN BEAUTIFUL FORM WITH the publication of "The Thrall of Leif the Lucky” in 1902 a new idea was inaugurated the presenta- tion of the ordinary $1.50 novel with a degree of illustration and ornamentation never before attempted. 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The illustrations are in full color, several new ideas in decoration have been utilized, and within six weeks of publication day there is a universal verdict pronouncing “For the White Christ' "the most beautiful book of fiction ever published.” These and other books of our publication are for sale wherever books are sold. A beautifully illustrated catalogue will be sent to any address > and " A. C. McCLURG & CO., PUBLISHERS, CHICAGO 286 [May 1, THE DIAL IMPORTANT NEW PUBLICATIONS " Fifth large edition of the Powerful, FasciNATING Novel of the Sahara. THE GARDEN OF ALLAH By ROBERT HICHENS, author of “ The Woman with the Fan,” “Felix,” etc. “In observation, in a true feeling for the beauty of inanimate nature, in a quick perception of human failings and foibles, in a keen sense of humor, in the gift of apt and felicitous expression, Mr. Hichens is now the equal of any living novelist.” – New York Times . Saturday Review. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50 SECOND LARGE EDITION ROSE OF THE WORLD By AGNES and EGERTON CASTLE. Illustrated by Harrison Fisher and Clarence F. Underwood. A romance of rare sympathy and insight; of love triumphant over insuperable obstacles, even the grave itself. The interest shifts rapidly from the active mystery of India to the sweetness of English home life. A story not only to be read, but to be remembered long afterward. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50 Ready May 5th A COURIER OF FORTUNE By ARTHUR W. MARCHMONT, author of “When I Was Czar,” “The Queen's Advocate,” “In the Name of a Woman,” etc. A new story in Mr. Marchmont's best vein. The book has been dramatized in collabora- tion with Mr. Ralph Stuart, and the illustrations are from scenes in the coming production of the play. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50 CHARLES THE CHAUFFEUR By S. E. KISER of the Chicago Record-Herald. Author of “Georgie," “ The Love Sonnets of an Office Boy,” etc. A humorous romance of the automobile told in the words of its ignorant and intrepid hero, and abounding in amusing situations and shrewd satire. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth. $1.00 THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH By GRACE PECKHAM MURRAY, M.D. A common-sense treatise, by a well-known physician, on the preservation of health and beauty through personal hygiene. Illustrated from photographs. 12mo. Cloth. $1.60 Net. Postpaid, $1.75 FREDERICK A. STOKES CO., Publishers, New York 1905.] 287 THE DIAL THE BEST NEW NOVELS Τ THE PLUM TREE By DAVID GRAHAM PHILLIPS, Author of “The Cost” Throughout the land unmeasured eulogy is greeting this vigorous and exciting romance of business and politics. SENATOR DEPEW says: "Well written and dramatic, as might be expected from the pen of Phillips" ; SENATOR FRYE: “A wonderful story of American political life"; SENATOR BEVERIDGE: “Plot; action, color, vitality, make "The Plum Tree' thrilling''; VICE-PRESIDENT FAIRBANKS: “A taining book is “The Plum Tree'”; GOVERNOR JOHNSON, of Minnesota: “ “ The Plum Tree' is a very strong story." Exceptionally well illustrated by E. W. Ashe. Bound in cloth. $1.50, postpaid. very enter- 12mo. The Bonanza Days of the Seventies A Romance of the Isles of A Romance of the Great Greece Northwest An Old-Fashioned Love Story THE PIONEER « An uncommonly strong, fine, and masterly novel - pleasingly, breezily natur- al.” — Boston Globe. « An excellent story, with fine character drawing and picturesque description." St. Louis Globe Democrat. > new THE MONKS' TREASURE "An excellent story, ro- mantic, eventful, full of col. or; the work of a poet and a scholar."--New York Sun. " That rare combination, a thrilling story put in an idyllic setting and told with genuine literary art." New York Globe. By GEORGE HORTON Author of " Like Another Helen." Frontispiece by C. M. Relyea. 12 mo, cloth, $1.50 postpaid. THE PRIZE TO HECLA THE HARDY SANDWITH “A cheerful, vigorous, “ In a recent critical article buoyant, invigorating story on American fiction Mr. of life in the great North- James Lane Allen's views west." -St. Louis Republic, are strikingly original and are expressed with his ac- “ Breathes the spirit of the customed felicity. He has Northwest; the optimistic, in mind one particular indefatigable temperament American novel by of the Westerner writer (Mr. E. U. Valen- tine's Hecla Sandwith,') kept in view.''— St. Paul which, he says, . contains Pioneer-Press. 'pages any novelist living or dead might have been glad By ALICE WINTER. to claiin'."-N. Y. Times. Illus. by R. M. Crosby. By EDWARD U. VALENTINE. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 12mo, cloth, $1.50 postpaid. postpaid. ever 6 By GERALDINE BONNER Author of "To-morrow's Tangle.” Illustrated by Harrison Fisher. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 postpaid. THE MILLIONAIRE BABY > By ANNA KATHARINE GREEN, Author of “The Filigree Ball” “« The Millionaire Baby' is the book of the hour; and it deserves the place."— San Francisco Argonaut. « Fasci- nating, intense, mystifying, and plausible.”— Chicago News. “The reader is kept in tiptoe excitement through- out."— Boston Herald. “ The most striking book of the year.” – Pittsburg Press. " The sensational episodes are marshalled with startling effect."— Philadelphia North American. “One reads from page to page with breath- less interest.” - New York Times. Six beautiful pictures by A. I. Keller. Bound in cloth. $1.50, postpaid. I 2mo. THE BOBBS - MERRILL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 288 [May 1, THE DIAL FROM JOHN LANE'S SPRING LIST LIFE AND LETTERS OF R. S. HAWKER Sometime Vicar of Morwenstow. By his Son-in-law C. E. BYLES. With numerous illustrations by the EARL OF CARLISLE, J. LEY PETHYBRIDGE, and others. One of the most interesting literary records of the nineteenth century." — New York Evening Post. Containing much new material, newly discovered letters from Hawker and an account of Tennyson's visit to Morwenstow. “One of the most vivid portraits of the laureate in print.” – New York Evening Post. 8vo $5.00 net - 7 THE LIFE OF CERVANTES By ALBERT F. CALVERT, author of “The Alhambra,” “Impressions of Spain," etc. With numerous illustrations repro- duced from portraits, title pages, and illustrations of early editions. Tercentenary Edition. 12mo $1.25 met BOOKS AND PERSONALITIES By H. W. NEVINSON. Included in these criticisms and studies is a notable appreciation of Heine. 12mo $1.25 net WITH THE PILGRIMS TO MECCA The great Pilgrimage of A. H. 1319; A. D. 1902. By Hadji Khan (Special Correspondent to London Morning Post) and Wil- frid Sparroy (author of “Persian Children of the Royal Family"). With an Introduction by Pro- fessor A. VAMBERY. Illustrated from the Pilgrims' Photographs. “The best account which has yet ap- peared ... ... more accurate than Burk. hardt's and as vivid as Burton's . , far superior to any other in English will long remain authoritative." - DR. TALCOTT WILLIAMS. “As entertaining as a novel." - N. Y. Tribune. 8vo $3.50 net THE MORALS OF MARCUS ORDEYNE A NOVEL By WILLIAM J. LOCKE, author of “Where Love Is," "The Usurper,” Idols," etc. “An unusual story.”—N. Y. Globe. 12mo $1.50 A PRINCE TO ORDER A NOVEL By CHARLES STOKES WAYNE “Terse, direct, vigorous, refresh- ing."- Chicago Record-Herald. 12mo $1.50 66 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY CHILD By E. H. COOPER, author of “Wye- marke and the Sea Fairies." A charming discussion of child life. “Mothers will read this book with a good deal of interest, I dare say, and fathers ought to."-Miss GILDER, Chicago Tribune. 12mo $1.50 THEODORE WATTS-DUNTON POET NOVELIST CRITIC A biographical and critical study by James DOUGLAS. Profusely Illustrated in Photo- gravure and Half-tone. “Fascinating book; by no means a formal biography."-Dial. "An anthology of Mr. Watts-Dun- ton's scattered and too little known work in criticism, in fiction, and in verse."-Nation. 8vo $3.50 net THE WOMEN OF SHAKESPEARE'S FAMILY By MRS. MARY Rose, Curator of Shakespeare's birthplace at Strat- ford-on-Avon. 16mo Illustrated Cloth 50c net Leather 75c net OTIA By ARMINE THOMAS KENT. With two portraits. A book of delightful essays in criticism. 12mo $1.25 net EGOMET By E. G. 0. The book talk of a book-lover. 12mo $1,25 net THE CREED OF CHRIST An Interpretation of the Personal Faith of Christ Himself. NAPOLEON: THE FIRST PHASE Some Chapters on the Boyhood and Youth of Bona parte. 1769–1793. By OSCAR BROWNING. The youth and upbringing of the first Napoleon has never before been attempted in detail, and the under- taking by such an eminent authority as Mr. Browning will be welcomed by all interested in the great Emperor. 8vo With Portraits $2.00 net The Rev. R. J. CAMPBELL says: “ The author chooses to remain anonymous, why I do not know; I should be glad to have written his book ... as remarkable in its way as 'Ecce Homo.'" 12mo $1.25 net JOHN LANE SEND FOR SPRING LISTS 67 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK 1905.] 289 THE DIAL 1865 Henry Holt & Company 1905 29 West Twenty-third Street NEW YORK CITY RECENT CRITICISM Edward Everett Hale, Jr.'s DRAMATISTS OF TO-DAY. An informal discussion of the principal plays of Rostand, Sudermann, Hauptmann, Phillips, Pinero, Shaw, and Maeterlinck. ($1.50 net, by mail $1.60.)—Mrs. Ella Calista Wilson's PEDAGOGUES AND PARENTS. A human, humorous, and help- ful book. ($1.25 net, by mail $1.37.) — Needler's TRANSLATION OF THE NIBELUNGENLIED. ($1.75 net, by mail $1.87.) “In every way worthy of the original.” – Nation. —Kufferath's $ . WAGNER'S PARSIFAL ($1.50 net, by mail $1.62), which Mr. Krehbiel calls “the best single help to its study." Von Schierbrand's AMERICA, ASIA, AND THE PACIFIC. ($1.50 net, by mail $1.62.) A striking consideration of our position as a world power. - RECENT FICTION May Sinclair's THE DIVINE FIRE. A remarkable story of a London poet, that has received highest praise from highest sources. Mr. and Mrs. Williamson's THE PRINCESS PASSES, and J. H. Bacon's PURSUIT OF PHYLLIS. Two notable romances of travel. Colton's THE BELTED SEAS. A rollicking tale, in which the New York Evening Post declares “Colton has done for the Yankee sailor what Jacobs has done for the British seaman. ." -Deledda's AFTER THE DIVORCE. A powerful Sardinian tale by an authoress who is making an international reputation. — Burton E. Stevenson's THE MARATHON MYSTERY, and Pattee's HOUSE OF THE BLACK RING. Two tales of mystery that competent critics say combine interest with literary ability to a marked degree. Mrs. Dolores M. Bacon's DIARY OF A MUSICIAN. Another novel of the artistic temperament. “Of extraordinary interest." - Times' Review. Theodore Winthrop's MR. WADDY'S RETURN. - A posthumous novel in whose pages “is found again the old charm of Winthrop the writer.” — Nation. Guy Wetmore Carryl's TRANSGRESSION OF ANDREW VANE. A romance of the Amer- ican Colony in Paris, and probably the lamented author's best work. Canfield's FERGY THE QUIDE. About " a liar who must rank as an artist. ... Mr. Blashfield's illustrations add not a little to the enjoyment.” – New York Evening Post. - Loomis's CHEERFUL AMERICANS, and MORE CHEERFUL AMERICANS. Satirical, yet kindly stories by an author who is " unaffectedly funny and entertains from beginning to end.”— New York Tribune. 66 " RECENT JUVENILES Champlin's YOUNG FOLKS' CYCLOPÆDIA OF NATURAL HISTORY. ($2.50.) — C. P. Burton's BOYS OF BOB'S HILL. ($1.25.) A book full of high spirits that will amuse young Costello's NELSON'S YANKEE BOY, and Bruneck's PRINCE HENRY'S SAILOR BOY. Two striking naval stories with equally striking illustrations. ($1.50 each.) — Taggart's - - NUT-BROWN JOAN. A very human story for girls by the author of the popular “Miss Lochinvar.” ($1.50.) Carroll Watson Rankin’s DANDELION COTTAGE. ($1.50.) “A really charming book for girls with a vein of most refreshing humor.” — New York Tribune. or old. 9 IN PRESS FOR EARLY PUBLICATION A new, thoroughly revised, and greatly enlarged edition of Wallace's RUSSIA.—H. Parker Willis's OUR PHILIPPINE PROBLEM.-H. T. Stephenson's SHAKESPEARE'S LONDON.- Stopford Brooke's LECTURES ON SHAKESPEARE.- David Starr Jordan's GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF FISHES.-Kellogg's AMERICAN INSECTS. 290 [May 1, THE DIAL SECOND PRINTING . THE OPENING OF TIBET 6 By PERCEVAL LANDON (With Introduction by Colonel Younghusband) THE NEW YORK GLOBE says: «• The Opening of Tibet' should take place with such books as Stanley's .In Darkest Africa' and Nansen's • Farthest North' - books which, while of the greatest historical importance, yet, because so filled with the romance and mystery and thrill of the unknown, fire the popular imagination and are of the liveliest general interest. All the exuberance of adjectival praise usually reserved for the latest novel alone might with great appropriateness be applied to Mr. Landon's volume, which is of absorbing interest from the first page to the last." Colonel Sir Francis Younghusband, the leader of this expedition to Lhasa (the mysterious city of Tibet) commends Perceval Landon, Special Correspondent of the London Times, as the best man to chronicle this journey of discovery. In his introduction to the book he endorses this state- ment. His opinions as to the author are echoed by all the leading newspapers and periodicals: CHICAGO RECORD-HERALD: “Should the British expedition to Lhasa leave no other good results than Perceval Landon's large volumé, •The Opening of Tibet' it would still be justified." THE SPECTATOR: “ The unveiling of the last of the hidden civilization of the world has found a worthy chronicles, The Tibetan expedition was fortunate to have with it a writer so competent to do justice to its romance, so sympathetic and reten- tive of impressions, and, above all, the possessor of a style so dexterous and graceful.” The volume is superbly illustrated from photographs by the author, and while it is well worth two guineas (the selling price in England), the American edition is published at $3.80 net. (Postage, 38 cents extra.) a JAMES WATT BY ANDREW CARNEGIE By Taking the inventor of the steam engine as his subject, Mr. Carnegie gives us a personal appre- ciation of that great man — an account depicting Mr. Carnegie's usual quick insight into character and written in his own interesting style. Net, $1.40. (Postage, 14 cents.) THROUGH ISLE AND EMPIRE By VICOMTE ROBERT d'HUMIÈRES (With An Introductory Letter by Rudyard Kipling) A delightful study of England and Englishmen. A book that has caused a sensation in England and France. Net, $1.40. (Postage, 14 cents.) DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO., PUBLISHERS 133-137 East Sixteenth Street NEW YORK CITY 1905.) 291 THE DIAL HALF A DOZEN VITAL NOVELS TOMMY CARTERET By JUSTUS MILES FORMAN The extraordinary story of a mysterious vision which complicated “Young Tommy's" love affair. Illustrated in color. $1.50. THE LION'S SKIN By JOHN S. WISE (Author of “The End of an Era," and " Diomed.") “ Long after it is neglected as a novel, it will be kept on the shelves as history. The portraiture of the prominent men of the time will aloné make it imperishable. . 7 . The book is one of unusual interest. • : • There is a peculiar Southern charm to the narration that is irresistible. No book of its kind in recent years is comparable to it. - Richmond News-Dealer. $1.50. THE INDIFFERENCE OF JULIET By GRACE S. RICHMOND A clever tale of how a determined person managed through a clever ruse to turn Juliet's indifference into a very dif- ferent emotion. Full of youth and charm and real sentiment. Illustrated by Henry Hutt.' $1.50. THE MORTGAGE ON THE BRAIN By VINCENT HARPER The story of a beautiful young English Countess, afflicted with a strange “multiple personality." The method of her cure is full of startling suggestion as to the fundamental questions of moral responsibility and individuality. Illustrated by Macauley. $1.59. THE WALKING DELEGATE By LEROY SCOTT of a great labor fight and how Buck Foley was dethroned. The triumph of Tom Keating, the honest union man, is woven about a delicate love story. Illustrated. $1.50. The story THE WAY OF THE NORTH By WARREN CHENEY A tale of Alaska in the days of Baranof. «Told so well it is noteworthy. If vivid human interest, powerful dra- matic scenes, and a novel setting may serve to make a book popular, it should have many readers.”' San Francisco Chronicle. $1.50. a TWO BIG SELLERS THE CLANSMAN By THOMAS DIXON, Jr. First in the April list of best-selling books. A tale of the Ku Klux Klan and Reconstruction Period. “Epical in its sweep — an unforgettable book.” – Louisville Times. Illustrated by A. I. Keller. . $1..50. HURRICANE ISLAND By H. B. MARRIOTT WATSON “A daring romance, with some of the dash and fascination, action and spirit of «Treasure Island,' the old immortal masterpiece."— St. Louis Republic. Illustrated by Karl Anderson. $1.50. A PUBLISHER'S CONFESSION Under this head an anonymous author has put into a little book. more information about the profession of author- ship, of publishing, and of kindred subjects than has ever been printed before. Net, 60 cents. (Postage, 6 cents.) DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO., PUBLISHERS & 133-137 East Sixteenth Street NEW YORK CITY 292 [May 1, THE DIAL Longmans, Green, & Co.'s New Books & American Citizen Series Astronomical Discovery Edited by ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Ph.D. By HERBERT HALL TURNER, D.Sc., F.R.S., Savilian Constitutional Law in the Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford. With Illustrations and Diagrams. 8vo. $3.00 nét. United States By mail, $3.15. By EMLIN MCCLAIN, LL.D., Justice of the Supreme Based upon lectures delivered at the University of Chicago in August, 1904. Court of Iowa; sometime Lecturer on Constitutional Law at the State University of Iowa; Author of “A Treatise on the Criminal Law,” etc. With Biblio- | The Evolution Theory graphies, an Appendix of Documents, and Index. By Dr. AUGUST WEISMANN, Professor of Zoology in Crown 8vo. Pp. xxviii.-438. $2.00. the University of Freiburg. Translated by J. ARTHUR THOMSON, Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen, and MARGARET THOMBON. International Law: A Treatise Two volumes, Royal 8vo. With many Illustrations. $8.50 net. Expressage extra. By L. OPPENHEIM, LL.D., Lecturer in Public Inter- The importance of this work is twofold. In the first place, it national Law at the London School of Economics and sums up the teaching of one who has been for many years a leader Political Science (University of London), and Member in biological progress. As Professor Weismann has from timo to of the Faculty of Economics and Political Science of timo during the last quarter of a century frankly altered some of his positions, this deliberato cumming up of his maturo conclusions the University of London; formerly Professor Ordi. is very valuable. In the second place, as the volumos discuss all narius of Law in the University of Basle (Switzerland). tho chief problems of organic evolution, they form a trustworthy In two volumes. VOL. 1, PEACE. 8vo. $6.50 net. guide to the whole subject, and may be regarded as furnishing The By mail, $6.76. what is much needed -- Text-book of Evolution Theory. translation has been revised by the author. The Crisis of the Confederacy A History of Gettysburg and the Wilderness. By CECIL BATTINE, Captain 15th King's Hussars. With a Colored Illustration of the Battle-Flags of the Con- federacy and Six Maps. 8vo. $5.00. In this volume the author has attempted to describe the most critical period of the American Civil War, during which the issue of the conflict was more doubtful than at any other. He has given a very briet sketch of the campaigns in Virginia which precoded the Invasion of Pennsylvania, and resuming in detail the narrative at the death of Stonewall Jackson - where Colonel Henderson left it- he has described the decisive struggle at Gettysburg, the cam. paign in Northern Virginia in the autumn of 1863, and Grant's march from the Rappahannock to the James in May and June of 1864. The Epistles of Erasmus Arranged in Order of Time English Translations from the Early Correspondence, with a Commentary confirming the Chronological Arrangement and supplying further Biographical Matter. By FRANCIS MORGAN NICHOLS. Vol. II. 8vo. $6.00 net. By mail, $6.20. THE WAMPUM LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE A Series of Volumes, each dealing with the development of a single literary species, tracing the evolution of this definite form the United tes and presenting typical examples chosen from the writings of American Authors. AMERICAN SHORT STORIES Selected and edited, with an Introductory Essay on the short Story, by CHARLES SEARS BALDWIN, A.M., Ph.D., Aasiat- ant Professor in Yale University. Orown 8vo. $1.40 net. By mail, $1.84. AMERICAN LITERARY CRITICISM Selected and edited, with an Introductory Essay, by WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE, LL.D., Associate Editor of The Dial. Crown 8vo. $1.40 net. By mail, $1.84. AMERICAN FAMILIAR VERSE Vers de société. Edited, with an Introduction, by BRANDER MATTHEW8, Litt.D. (Yale), of Columbia University. Crown 8vo. $1.40 pet. By mail, $1.54. Alessandro Scarlatti His Life and Works By EDWARD J. DENT, Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. With Portrait. Royal 8vo. $3.50 net. By mail, $3.68. To most musical people Alessandro Scarlatti is little more than a name, and even musical historians have been singularly cautious in their references to him. He is, however, a very important figure in the history of music, on account of his influence on the formation of the classical style — i.e., the style of Handel, Bach, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. The book is copiously illustrated with musical examples, and includes a complete catalogue of Scarlatti's extant works, with the libraries where the manuscripts are to be found. . LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 93 Fifth Avenue, New York 1905.] 293 THE DIAL THE CLARENDON PRESS SHAKESPEARE.- Facsimile Reproductions of the Portions of Shakespeare not included in the First Folio. Each volume has been printed by the collotype process from the inest accessible copy of the original issue, and, oxcept in point of size, is of similar character to the collotype roproduction of the Shakespeare First Polio which the Delegates published in 1902. This series of reproductions has been executed undor the superintendence of Mr. Sidney Lee, who will embody in full introductions the latost results of his researches regarding the bibliographical history of each of the four volumes of Shakespeare's poems and of the play of Pericles. Tho five facsimiles have been printed on paper supplied by the 0. W. Paper and Arts Co., the size being 10 in. by 8, i. o. post quarto. They will be issued in two forms, and four styles of bindings, as follows : (a) In five separate volumes, in real vellum, with kid loather ties (the precise form of the original binding), at $50.00 not the set. The volumos are not sold separately. (6) In five separate volumes, in paper boards imitating vellum, with ties, after the original manner of binding, at $30.00 net the net. Tho volumes are not sold separately. (c) In a single volume, in rough call, as used for the First Folio facsimilo, at $35.00 net. (d) In single volume, in paper boards, as used for the First Folio facsimile, at $25.00 net. [The number of copies printed, of which only a portion now remains udsold, is limited to 1,250, of which 250 are for America. All copies will bo numbered, and Venus & Adonis, the first volume of each set, will be signed by Mr. Lee.] Vols. IX.-XII. Now Ready. THE LETTERS OF HORACE WALPOLE, Fourth Earl of Orford. Chronologically arranged and edited by Mr. Pagrr TOYNBEL. Contains 400 lotters not included in the Latest Edition of the Collected Lotters, 100 of which have nover before been printod. With additional Notes, full Analytical Index, 50 Photogravure Illustrations, and 3 Facsimiles of Original Lotters. To be completed in 16 volumes. I Demy 8vo. Special Limited Edition, printed upon hand-made paper, 16 volumes. Bound in boards, with paper labele, $175.00 not, per set. Bound in full straight grained genuine morocco, $225.00 net, por set. II. Crown 8vo. Oxford India Paper Edition, in 8 double volumes, cloth, gilt edges, $5.75 net, each, or $46.00 net, per set. III. Crown 8vo. Ordinary Paper Edition, in 16 volumes, cloth, gilt top, $2.00 net, each, or $32.00 net, per set. HYPERION.-A Facsimile of Keats's Autograph Manuscript, with a Transliteration of the Manuscript of The Fall of Hyperion, A Dream. With Introductions and Notes by ERNEST DE SELINCOURT, The autograph manuscript of Hyperion is written on paper 16 x 914 inches in size ; it consists of 27 leaves, of which 6 have lines written on their versos as well as on the rectos. This manuscript, as it displays Keats's method of composition and his beautiful hand- writing, has been reproduced in exact facsimile, by the Collotype process. Two hundred and Afty copies only have been printed, of which only twenty-five are offered for sale in America. Bound in boards, $35.00 net. In full leather, $45.00 net. - Also Just Published by HENRY FROWDE. CHAUCER. - Facsimile Reproduction of the First Folio of Chaucer, 1532. Edited, - with Introduction, by the Rev. Professor SKEAT, Litt.D., etc. A Collotype Facsimile of the collected edition of Chaucer's Works (together with many Chaucerian pieces), edited by W. THYNN and printed in the year 1532, is about to be issued. As in the case of Shakespeare, there are four Folio editions of Chaucer. Of these four, THYNNY's edition of 1532 is the only one of real value, as all the rest are derived from it. It is of special value as an original authority. There is no other known source of Usk's Testament of Love, or for the Ballads entitled The Flower Curtesys, To my sovereign Lady, or A Goodly Ballad. Of the Tesla- ment of Cresseid the only other authority is the later (but independent) edition of 1593. Of Gower's Praise of Peace and the Romaunt of the Rose, there is no other authority except one Ms. In the case of the Romaunt, Thynne's toxt is better than that of the Ms., and supplies many missing lines, inclusive of linos 1-44. Thynne is also an authority for the Ballad of Good Counsel, the Envoy to Buklon, and the Assembly of Ladies, of which there are two other copies ; and for the Envoy to Scogan, and the Book of the Drichess, of which there are three MSS. For lines 31-96 of the last montioned, which are missing in two of the MSS., Thynno is the best authority. In other cases, the text of Thynne is also, in general, well worth consulting ; notably, in the case of Troilus and Cressida. And it is well to bear in mind that from 1532 to 1597, the text of the Canterbury Tales was most easily accessible to readers in one of the four Folios. The copy to be used as the original for this reproduction is that in the British Museum Library. It is taller and in better condition than the Bodleian copy, and is complete. The edition will be limited to 1,000 copies, of which the greater number have now beon subscribod for. The price will be $60.00 net, bound in Antique boards, or $60.00 net, in rough call. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH : 91-93 FIFTH AVENUE :- : : NEW YORK CITY :::::: 294 [May 1, THE DIAL JUST PUBLISHED I 2mo. MIRABEAU and the French Revolution AMERICAN THUMB-PRINTS By Hon. Charles F. WARWICK. By Miss KATE STEPHENS. The choice of Miss Stephens's thoughtful studies of A historical study of one of the most interesting American character and institutions. periods in history. He sketches Mirabeau in his Cloth, gilt top, rough edges, $1.50 net. ancestry, younger days, and manhood, dwelling upon Postage 12 cents extra. his education and social, intellectual, and moral quali- CAMBRIDGE SKETCHES ties, and on his relations to the figures of his day. By FRANK P. STEARNS. Illustrated, 8vo. Cloth, $2.50 net. The studies refer to the most famous centre of Postage 13 cents extra. scholarship in this country. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, gilt top, rough edges, A NEW EDITION OF $1.50 net. Postage 12 cents extra. BIGELOW'S LIFE OF FRANKLIN THIRD EDITION OF By Hon. John Bigelow. THE RAVANELS Enriched with the fresh material gathered since the By Harris Dickson. previous publication. “ The women are charming and are true to the New Three vols. Crown 8vo. Illustrated. Cloth, gilt top, South.' -Tribune, Chicago. rough edges. In box, $6.00. Illustrated, $1.50. 1 11 J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA IMPORTANT SPRING FICTION ON OUR THE HUMAN TOUCH LOTHROP A Tale of the Great Southwest LIST By Edith M. NICHOLL This is a novel of uncommon power and strength, as well as heart interest. The story is one of affinity; of the “human touch” that draws man and woman together wherever it appears in its might, regardless of any. obstacles. It is a thoroughly American story, full of good red blood and life, enlivened with humor, and rich in an unusually large number of such characters as win and hold the attention of readers. Illustrated by Charles Copeland Price, $1.50 MISS BILLY A Neighborhood Story By Edith K. STOKELY and MARION K. HURD “Miss Billy” will interest any reader; those who only want a good story, full of rich humor and character study, ; and those, of whom there are many, who like to see what energy and tact can do in the way of improving streets and homes in those sections most in need of it, and general social uplift. It' is a charming 'story of what one irrepressible young woman accomplished in a neighborhood almost as unpromising as the celebrated “ Cabbage Patch." “The story abounds in humor, with a hint of tears, and an overflowing kindness of heart bubbling over in infectious gayety."--Boston Herald. Illustrated by Charles Copeland Price, $1.50 SEND FOR FREE COMPLETE CATALOGUE 93 FEDERAL ST. 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She alone shows the real bearing upon monopoly of the railroad rebate, of the control of raw material, of spying on competition, of underselling to drive a rival from the market; she alone dissects in every detail the practical working of a typical Trust, and tells the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth about Mr. Rockefeller. Says the NEW YORK INDEPENDENT: “ Miss Tarbell's service, and it is a great one, is making clear to the casual reader as well as to the student the menacing greatness of that problem, its ever growing importance, and in furnishing facts necessary for its comprehension, and, let us hope, its ultimate solution." Cloth, 8vo. 2 volumes. Maps and Illustrations. Postpaid $5.30; net, $5.00. MCCLURE, PHILLIPS & CO., 44 E. 23d Street, NEW YORK CITY Early Western Travels JUST PUBLISHED 1748-1846 Thomas H. Benton By Joseph M. ROGERS, Author of “ The True Henry Clay,” etc. The second volume in the American Crisis Biographies. 12mo. 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CLARK COMPANY Publishers, Cleveland, Ohio 1905.] 297 THE DIAL Laird & Lee's SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL Book Department THE PUBLISHERS announce that they have made a large appropriation for a New Department to be devoted to the publication of Scientific and Educational Works. The entire technical field will be covered, embracing the Arts and Crafts, Refer- ence Libraries, English and Foreign Dictionaries, Text-Books, and Supplementary Reading for use in Public and Preparatory Schools, Colleges, and Universities. “A TRIUMPH IN DICTIONARY MAKING” WEBSTER'S NEW STANDARD DICTIONARY HIGHEST HONORS: Gold Medal and Diploma International Jury St. Louis Exposition 1904. Oficially adopted for use in . Generally commended by Educators, Press, and Public. QUALITY — NOT BULK — COUNTS IN LITERATURE WEBSTER'S "NEW STANDARD DICTIONARY” COMBINES ALL THE FEATURES : Quality, Bulk, Beauty, Clear Typography, Artistic Illustrations, and Special Appendix Departments not found in any other Dictionary over published. Invaluable for Teachers, Students, Lawyers, Offices, Stenographers, Libraries, Literary and Professional People, and the Home Reading Circle. NOTABLE FEATURES AND SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS All New and Recently Coined Words Defined. Six Colored Plates, Foreign and Classical Phrases. 6,000 Encyclopedic subjects Treated in Appendixes. Dictionary of Biblical, Mythological and His- Musical and Legal Terms. Upward of 90,000 Words and Definitions. torical Names. Medical Words and Symbols. 762 pages ; 900 illustrations of all kinds. Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary. Scientific Etymology. 26 full-page Charts and Diagrams. Gazetteer of the World. 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Containing Illustrative Features never before introduced in a Spelling Book, including Full-Page Engravings of Eminent Authors and Statesmen. Boards, cloth back, cover in colors, 240 pages 250 HENRY & HORA'S MODERN ELECTRICITY A thorough electrical text book for the Artisan, Student, Electrical Engineer, Inventor, and all who are interested in this mysterious force. CONTENTS: Motors, Meters, Rheostats, Storage Cello, Switchboards, X-Rays, Radium, Metallurgy, Electro-plating, Electric Welding, Tele- graphy, Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, Special Information on Power Stations, Transmission and Distribution, Erection of Plants and Street Railway Systems, with complete diagrams especially prepared at great expense. Two Special Diagrams on Wiring. Carefully edited and arranged. 355 pages, 150 illustrations especially drawn for this work. Cloth, sprinkled edges, aluminum stamped, $1.00. Full leather, marbled edges, $1.50. BROWN'S STANDARD ELOCUTION AND MODERN SPEAKER By Professor I. H. 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English Literature in the Eighteenth century. 1 vol. V. Reminiscences and Biography. 1 vol. Send for Circular The Romance of Victor Hugo and Juliette Drouet 66 By HENRY WELLINGTON WACK, author of "The Congo Free State." With an Introduction by François Coppée. 12mo, Fully Illustrated, net, $1.50. As is well known to students of Victor Hugo, his relations with Mme. Juliette Drouet, extending over fifty years, formed the romance of the poet's life. Hugo's letters to Juliette were published in France some time ago, but her love letters in reply, or perhaps the letters which inspired Victor Hugo's correspondence, are now for the first time made public. They throw an interesting light on one of the most remarkable attachments in literary history. Mr. Wack has written a most readable book around the letters, giving a sketch of Hugo's life during his exile in Guernsey, with many anecdotes and extracts from his correspondence illustrative of his personality. 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Every word of the text has been collated with the best editions, a very large mass of new matter has been discovered and incorporated, and Mr. Lucas in his notes has endeavored not only to relate Lamb's writings to his life, but to account for all his quotations and allusions of thoroughness far superior to any that previous editors have set before themselves. “We congratulate Mr. Lucas on this crown to his enduring work, and equally congratulate all lovers of Lamb on the possession of the seven volumes, which form, if not the ideal edition of Lamb, at least the best which is likely to be produced for very many years — it may well be forever.”—The Spectator. Send for Illustrated Circular an ideal AT ALL BOOKSELLERS G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON 1905.] 299 THE DIAL FROM DUTTON'S SPRING LIST Lhasa and Its Mysteries A Record of the Younghusband Expedition, 1903-1904 By L. AUSTINE WADDELL, LL.D., C.B., C.I.E., F.L.S., F.A.I. 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The book is of exceptional value to young men. $1.50 net; prepaid, $1.63. volumes) The Place of Industries in Elementary The Psychology of Child Development Education By IRYING KING, By KATHARINE E. DOPP, Professor of Psychology in Pratt Institute, Brooklyn. Instructor in the University of Chicago. This book is the first attempt to apply the functional - This book recognizes the relation between the periods of point of view to child psychology, and it promises to growth in the child and the stages or ages of industrial transform the study from a dreary catalogue of " facts development in the race. It is pointed out that better for which none but a few enthusiasts care, to a really results in primary education can be attained only by illuminating and scientific account of child-life. To assigning to the industries a much larger place in the those teachers who have felt the stimulus of Dr. curriculum than heretofore. A recent revision has Dewey's educational thought, this application of his enlarged the volume by some 70 pages of text and 16 full- method will be welcome and inspiring. page illustrations. $1.00 net; prepaid, $1.11. $1.00 net; prepaid, $1.10. A History of Matrimonial Institutions By GEORGE E. HOWARD, Professor of Institutional History in the University of Nebraska. Professor Howard has given in these volumes the most complete study yet published on the history of marriage and divorce. The work is in three parts. In the first the author fixes the sociological basis for the discussion; the second treats of the development of marriage in England; the third is devoted to marriage and divorce in the United States. Everyone following the widespread discussion of the marriage and divorce problem should have access to this work. $10.00 net; prepaid, $10.72. , The Trend in Higher Education Religion and the Higher Life By WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER, By WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER, Presidont of the University of Chicago. President of the University of Chicago. Here, within the limits of a single book, President In this book, President Harper attempts to suggest a Harper gives the gist of his addresses and papers upon solution for the religious problems which confront men the general subject of higher education. It goes without and women during the periods of late youth and early saying that the volume is meeting a hearty welcome manhood or womanhood. The book has its message for from that large class of readers who are interested in all who are honestly and earnestly striving to answer the development of our educational system; especially the questions which inevitably arise in connection with those actively engaged in perfecting the organization of the religious life; it is also a faithful index of religious the high schools, the colleges, and the universities. conditions in our colleges and universities. $1.50 net; prepaid, $1.66. $1.00 net; prepaid, $1.10. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO and 156 Fifth Avenue, NEW YORK 1905.] 303 THE DIAL Messrs. HARPER & BROTHERS announce a new, definitive history of the United States THE AMERICAN NATION T. Ву - $ EDITED BY A History from Complete in Original Albert Bushnell Hart, Ph.D. LL.D. 28 Volumes Sources Professor of History at Harvard University by Associated THIS work is the most important and complete history of 5 Volumes Scholars America that has been undertaken. The work has pro- Now Ready gressed under the editorial supervision of Albert Bushnell Hart, Professor of History at Harvard University, in consultation with advisory committees appointed by the Massachusetts, Virginia, Texas, and Wisconsin Historical Societies. The history will be complete in twenty-eight volumes, each the work of an acknowledged historical scholar who is a specialist in that period of our nation's history of which his volume treats. Each writer has spent years of study upon his subject and has searched many records and other historical data, bring- ing to light new facts and evidence. The names of these scholars and the standing of the editor are an assurance of the authority and permanence of this work. The plan of the narrative is chronological, the volumes following each other in close sequence, and its scope a critical, political, biographical account of the events and forces which have been vital in the making of our nation. GROUP 1.- Foundations of the Nation. Volume 14.-1819-1829. RISE OF THE NEW WEST. By Frederick Jackson Turner, Ph D., Volume 1.-1300-1500. Professor of American History, University of Wisconsin. EUROPEAN BACKGROUND OF AMERICAN HISTORY. Volume 15.-1829-1837. Edward Potts Cheyney, A.M., Professor of History, Univ. of Pa. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY. By William MacDonald, LL.D., Pro- Volume 2.-- 1500-1900. fessor of History, Brown University. BASIS OF AMERICAN HISTORY. By Livingston Farrand, A.M., Professor of Anthropology, Columbia University. GROUP 4. – Trial of Nationality. Volume 16.-1837-1841. Volume 3.-1450-1580. SLAVERY AND ABOLITION. By Albert Bushnell Hart, LL D., SPAIN IN AMERICA. By Edward G. Bourne, Ph.D., Prof. of History, Yale University. Professor of History, Harvard University. Volume 4.-1580-1652. Volume 17.-1841-1850. ENGLAND IN AMERICA. By Lyon G. Tyler, LL.D., Pres. of William WESTWARD EXTENSION. By George Pierce Garrison, Ph.D., Pro- and Mary College. fessor of History, University of Texas. Volume 5.-1652-1690. Volume 18.--1850-1859. COLONIAL SELF-GOVERNMENT. By Charles McLean Andrews, PARTIES AND SLAVERY. By Theodore C. Smith, Ph.D., Professor Ph.D., Professor of History, Bryn Mawr College. of American History, Williams College. GROUP 2.- Transformation Into a Nation.. Volume 19.-1859-1861. CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR. By French Ensor Chadwick, U.S. N., Volume 6.-1690-1740. recent President of the Naval War College. PROVINCIAL AMERICA. By Evarts B. Greene, Ph.D., Prof. of His- Volume 20.-1861-1863. tory, Univ. Illinois. Volume 7.-1740-1763. THE APPEAL TO ARMS. By James Kendall Hosmer, LL.D., recent FRANCE IN AMERICA. By Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D., Secre- Librarian of the Minneapolis Public Library. tary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Volume 21.-1863-1866. Volume 8.-1763-1776. OUTCOME OF THE CIVIL WAR. By James Kendall Hosmer, LL.D. PRELIMINARIES OF THE REVOLUTION. By George Elliott GROUP 5.-- National Expansion. Howard, Ph.D., Professor of History, University of Nebraska, Volume 22.-1866-1877. Volume 9. 1776-1783. RECONSTRUCTION, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC. By William THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. By Claude Halstead Van Tyne, A. Dunning, Ph.D., Professor of History, Columbia University. Ph.D., Assistant Professor of American History, Univ. of Mich. Volume 23.-1877-1885. Volume 10.-1783-1789. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. By Charles H. Levermoro, Ph.D., Pres. Adelphi College. Volume 24.-1885-1897. THE CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION. By Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin, A.M., Director of the Bureau of Histori. NATIONAL PROBLEMS. By Worthington Chauncy Ford, Chief of cal Research, Carnegie Institution. the Division of Manuscripts, Library of Congresa. GROUP 3.- Development of the Nation. Volume 25.-1897-1905. AMERICA THE WORLD POWER. By John Holladay Latané, Ph.D., Volume 11.-1789-1801. Professor of History, Washington and Lee University. THE FEDERALIST SYSTEM. By John 8. Bassett, Prof. of History, Volume 26.-1870-1905. Trinity College, N. C. IDEALS OF AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. By Albert Bushnell Volume 12.-1801-1811, Hart, LL.D., Professor of History, Harvard University. THE JEFFERSONIAN SYSTEM. By Edward Channing, Ph.D., Volumo 27. Profossor of History, Harvard University. INDEX TO THE AMERICAN NATION. Prepared by David M. Mat- Volume 13.-1811-1819. son, A.M., Har. Col. Liby. RISE OF AMERICAN NATIONALITY. By Kendric Charles Bab- Volume 28. cock, Ph.D., President of the University of Arizoną. AMERICAN NATION ATLAS. Revised by the Editor. Library Edition, Crown 8vo, Polished Buckram, Leather Labels, Gilt Tops, Uncut Edges, etc. Volumes 1-5 in Box, $9.00 Net. University Edition (for Schools and Colleges). Volumes Sold Separately. Cloth, $2.00 Each. HARPER & BROTHERS, Publishers, Franklin Square, New York City & 304 [May 1, 1905. 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In the well-known series edited by Professor L. H. BAILEY. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo, $1.25 net (postage 90.) ASK YOUR BOOKSELLER OR NEWSDEALER TO SHOW YOU Macmillan's Popular Series of Twenty-five Cent Novels These include the best fiction of modern times, novels by Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD, OWEN WISTER, WINSTON CHURCHILL, A. E. W. Mason, and others. We shall esteem it a favor if you will ask your dealer to show you these novels. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, 64-66 Fifth Avenue, New York City THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; and SAMPLE Copy on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER. No. 453. MAY 1, 1905. Vol. XXXVIII. CONTENTS. PAGE THE DIAL'S QUARTER-CENTURY 305 COMMUNICATION 307 A Missing Indian Narrative. Laurence J. Burpee. A FAMOUS CORNISH CHARACTER. Percy F. Bicknell 308 . A MUSICAL ENCYCLOPÆDIA. George P. Upton 310 THE STORY OF A GREAT MONOPOLY. Frank L. McVey 133 THE DIAL'S QUARTER-CENTURY. Twenty-five years ago on this first day of May was begun the publication of THE DIAL. Turning back to its first issue, the date 1880 has a strangely distant look; but little else is changed. The heading is the same; the original size of the paper has been adhered to, with an increase in the number of pages demanded by its growth; and its general physical appearance is substantially as it was in the beginning, modified by inevitable changes in methods and standards of typog- raphy. Its bound volumes, of uniform height and nearly uniform thickness, standing in a long row on the library shelves, express the consistency and stability which from the first the publication has sought to establish and maintain. Such details as these are not matters of accident, nor are they without significance. Fluctuations in a journal's character and standards, a lack of fixed ideals and clearly- defined aims, the indecision and instability that lead to trying first one tack and then another in the hope of catching the winds of popular favor, are usually typified in capri- cious changes of external form. THE DIAL has chosen a very different course; and no survey of its career would be at all discern- ing that did not take this feature into the account. Its effort has been to achieve dis- tinction through consistency and persistency; to be itself, with its own standards and char- acter; to have its ideals, and live up to them. Its aims and scope, the sort of journal it would try to be, the work it would set itself to do and the manner in which it would try to do it, were problems that were thought out in advance; and the course then decided on was followed with as little deviation as pos- sible. Whatever of success and influence the paper has gained, and the fact that it is now able to celebrate its twenty-fifth anniversary, must be attributed largely to this cause. Obviously, those who set for themselves such tasks,—to work for ideal aims, to limit wittingly their opportunities for material gain, and sacrifice immediate for ultimate success, -must be prepared to travel a long and somewhat lonely road. No others, indeed, THE SOUTHERNER'S PROBLEM. hardt DuBois W. E. Burg- 315 . . THE FATHER OF AMERICAN CARICATURE. Ingram A. Pyle 318 MASTERS OF THE EARLY AND LATE RE- NAISSANCE. George Breed Zug . 320 . BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 322 America's historic highways. — A Dutch philan- thropist and pioneer. — Essays on old writers. — The first Christian emperor. The Napoleonic empire in Southern Italy. – A wielder of sword, pen, and brush. — Primitive customs in West Africa. - A new life of Benton. — Music study in Munich. — A German advocate of protectionism. - BRIEFER MENTION . 326 NOTES 327 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 328 A DIRECTORY OF THE AMERICAN PUBLISH- ING TRADE. 328 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 331 306 [May 1, THE DIAL have any place therein. But, fortunately for ful for. Those who know something of the the stimulus to higher forms of endeavor, problems and history of journalism know how there are compensations peculiar to the case. rarely success is won by periodicals that are The task, though difficult, may not be impos- precluded by the very terms of their being sible; and those who succeed in it are likely from making anything like a popular appeal. to find their triumph coming at last through Rarely do such become established; more the very causes that made it seem at first rarely still do they achieve a quarter-century improbable or incredible. It is clear now to of continuous publication. But infinitely many, as it was in the beginning to but few, rarer is it, -50 rare, indeed, that instances that had THE DIAL been less tenacious of are but exceptions to the contrary rule, - its ideals, had it been willing to decline to that they remain all that time under the same lower levels and to narrower aims, its rea- control and guidance with which they began sons for existence would have been defeated their career. The founder and editor of THE and its career self-annulled. Definiteness and DIAL at the beginning is still its chief editor singleness of purpose, a clear view of what and director, and has been such throughout was intended to be done and unwavering per- the quarter-century. Fortunate in this long- sistency in doing it, are factors largely to be continued service, he has been fortunate also credited with such success as the enterprise in the loyal coöperation of his associates, has achieved. and in his staff of capable and often devoted The occasion is doubtless one for self-con- | contributors. While in the earlier years gratulation and rejoicing. Yet somehow it something like half the paper was written finds us not holly in an exultant mood. by the editor, 'in recent years the work has Boasting is forbidden before one has taken been done by writers scattered from the off, then be Pacific coast, > to care much for boasting . Those who have specialization of knowledge and interests that ) on large issues have generally paid the price; is so distinctive a feature of our time. In and leaders of forlorn hopes, in life as entire sympathy with the ideals and motives the battle-field, are little prone to merry- , of the journal, all have labored zealously making over their success. They are glad with him to uphold its standard and enhance and proud to be successful: it is for this its interest and value. Another cause for that they have staked and won. But taking satisfaction is that the paper has never missed a retrospective look, they think of other an issue, and, as has already been pointed things, of what it all has cost; of the ex- out, has never changed its general character penditure of time and strength, the tale of and aims. The chief change that has taken years that have been taken from their own place was in the increased frequency of issue, lives to give life to that for which they from monthly to semi-monthly, about midway strove. A qyarter-century is a big portion of its career; but this was a needed improve- of a man's working life, particularly when ment and advance, which may be followed by it spans the period between thirty-five and others as occasion may require. It may not be sixty years; and what one gets in return for amiss to point out in this place the fact it should be something worth the while. That that at the present time THE DIAL is the it is well worth the while, there is no ques-only journal in America given up to the tion in this case. But in looking back over criticism of current literature; it is also the the way that has been traversed, and counting only literary periodical in the country not up the cost, one thinks vividly of the toils owned or controlled by a book publishing and struggles, the anxieties and disappoint- house or a newspaper. ments, the tragedies unwitnessed and trials If further grounds for felicitation were unrecorded, the menaces and perils, ‘gorgons needed than those already cited, they might be and chimeras dire,' unseen by all but him, found in a consideration of the opportunities that have beset the way. He thinks, too, of for doing good possessed by an enlightened the many who were with him on the journey and independent organ of literary criticism and are now no more. in America. On this point, however, and on But the occasion lends itself also to a more the service that THE DIAL has been able to cheerful tone. The heading of our article render to this cause, we are content to let itself shows that we have much to be thank- others speak for us. It would be interesting 1905.] 307 THE DIAL if there were space, to speak of the advances COMMUNICATION. in the book-publishing and book-reading worlds in the period covered by our hasty A MISSING INDIAN NARRATIVE. survey. Here, too, there is cause for satis- (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) faction, since we are doubtless safe in saying May I venture to add a word or two to Mr. McPike's interesting letter on the subject of that the demand for books of the better coöperation in bibliographical research, in THE class has increased faster than the increase in Dial for April 1? population, denoting an advance in culture I merely wish to cite an instance, from my and civilization. Especially is this true of own personal experience, of at least one direc- the great Middle Regions of the country, tion in which the suggested ‘Miscellanea Curi- osa' might be made of very great service to the regions making such tremendous strides students and investigators in every department in growth and influence. Considerations like of human knowledge. these show that it was no mistake that THE In looking up material bearing upon the DIAL was located in the metropolis of this Mandans, to utilize in editing that portion of the Journals of La Vérendrye and his sons which great and growing region, in which its in- covers their Mandan tour, I came upon a let- fluence is doubtless more direct and forceful ter, quoted by Schoolcraft in his 'Indian Tribes than if emanating from the seaboard. The of the United States, etc., Part III., p. 253. example and inspiration of such a journal The letter is dated January 28, 1852, and is from D. D. Mitchell, at that time United States in a city so lately supposed to be given Superintendent of Indian Affairs; and the pass- hopelessly to sordid standards and material age to which I particularly wish to refer is aims is something also to be taken into the as follows: account. Dealing with literature in the • The early portion of their [the Mandan] history I gather from the narration of Mr. Mackintosh, who it largest sense, it is but natural that the seems belonged to or was in some way connected with literature of its own country should be its the French Trading Company (he probably means the North West Company, many of whose employees were chief concern; but local of course it should French] as far back as 1772. According to his narration he set out from Montreal in the summer of 1773, crossed not and could not be. It is but simple justice over the country to the Missouri river, and arrived at to the American publishers to add that by one of the Mandan villages on Christmas Day. He gives a long and somewhat romantic description of the manner none are THE DIAL's work and influence in which he was received and dwells at some length upon more clearly comprehended than by them; the greatness of the Mandan population, etc., etc. and not least among the reasons for gratula- It seems clear from the above that Mr. tion on this occasion should be noted their Mitchell is not merely, giving the substance of a conversation with the Mr. Mackintosh referred intelligent appreciation and encouragement. to, but that he refers to a written narrative, We began with a note from the past: we either in print or in manuscript. end with a note for the future. One quarter- I have searched high and low for this Mack- century of The Dial is ended. It begins intosh document, in the Canadian Archives at DIAL Ottawa, the Parliamentary Library at the same another with a surer confidence and a soberer place, the Library of Congress, the Smithsonian wisdom; and though the old is tinged with Institution, and every other depositary that sadness, the new is lit with cheerfulness and would be likely to contain such a narrative, hope. F. F. B. and have enquired of men like Dr. Thwaites of Madison, Dr. Bryce of Winnipeg, and Ben- The first issue of THE DIAL (May 1, 1880) was jamin Sulte of Ottawa, who are recognized as made up of nineteen pages of reading matter and authorities on early western exploration and five pages of advertisements. The present issue the western tribes, but so far as I can learn of May 1, 1905, contains upwards of thirty the Mackintosh document is not in any public reading pages and some twenty-eight pages of library, nor does it seem to be known to those advertisements. Besides an account of “The Orig. who would be most likely to have seen it. inal Dial,' by Norman C. Perkins, and other mis- Here, it seems to me, is a case in point for cellaneous matter, the first issue contained a review of Hildreth’s ‘History of the United States,' by the proposed ‘Miscellanea Curiosa.' Someone, somewhere, must surely know something about W. F. Poole; of Brooke Herford’s ‘Religion in Mackintosh and his elusive narrative. England,' by David Swing; of Lindsay's Mind in the Lower Animals,' by V. B. Denslow; of While I cite this merely as an example of the Austin Dobson's Vignettes in Rhyme,' by Fran- probable usefulness of the periodical suggested cis F. Browne; of Brander Matthews's "The Thea- by Mr. McPike, I may add that I shall be tres of Paris,' by J. S. Runnion; and of Lalor's exceedingly grateful for any information that translation of Nohl's Condensed Biographies of can be afforded me by readers of THE DIAL as Musicians,' by George P. Upton. Of the writers to the Mackintosh narrative. of these reviews, the Editor and Mr. Upton are the LAWRENCE J. BURPEE, only ones now living, both being contributors to Librarian, Ottawa Public Library. the present issue of THE DIAL. Ottawa, Canada, April 15, 1905. 6 308 [May 1, THE DIAL "And now, The New Books. his life appear to have passed no less pleasantly than the preceding forty. He died in 1875, having held the living of Morwenstow a little A FAMOUS CORNISH CHARACTER.* over forty years. His first charge, the curacy of North Tamerton, covered only four years, Robert Stephen Hawker, for forty years and need not claim our notice further than to vicar of Morwenstow in Cornwall, was emphat- introduce an incident illustrating his unfailing ically a 'character.' Mr. Baring-Gould's readiness of resource from his very youth, and account of him has made Hawker a familiar also his delightful unconventionality even in figure to many readers, all the more so that in the pulpit. this lively biography the romancer often gets One day a labourer at Tamerton came to Hawker the better of the historian. Even in his third in great trouble, saying that a sack of potatoes and revised edition the author (or perhaps his had been stolen from his garden, and would his publisher) could not find it in his heart to Reverence kindly help him to discover the thief. It was Sunday, and they were on their way to suppress some of the good stories that had been morning service. “Well, well,” said Hawker, we proved to be untrue; they were too character- will see about it after Church." He was taking istic to be spared. Mr. Byles says of this work, the sermon that day, and he preached on the eighth As a character-sketch and a jest-book, it is commandment. he said, “I have a sad tale to tell. One of our neighbors has missed clever and amusing, but as a biography it is a sack of potatoes from his garden, and the thief not altogether satisfactory.' Dr. F. G. Lee's is even now sitting among you. He has a feather life of Hawker, which appeared simultaneously on his head!'' A man in the congregation was with Mr. Baring-Gould's, has nerer been popu- observed surreptitiously to put his hand to his head, and so the guilt was brought home.' lar, as it confines itself almost wholly to mat- ters of religious controversy, being partly a A word in passing as to those foregleams of defense of Hawker's position and partly an the coming man that we discern in the young attack on liberalism in the Church of England. Oxford student. To star-eyed science' it does Hence the need of a new, full, and authorita- not appear that he devoted himself with any tive account of this singular and interesting enthusiasm. Neither for the niceties of clas- man. sical scholarship nor for the rigors of higher Of great events, as commonly understood, mathematics do we read that he developed any our vicar's life has none to show. He was born taste. The Newdigate prize, however, was at Plymouth in 1803, being the eldest son of a awarded him for a poem entitled 'Pompeii, physician, who afterward entered the church, which a harsh critic has declared to be an imi- and grandson of a well-known Calvinist tation of Macaulay's prize poem on the same preacher. The youthful pranks of Robert subject written at Cambridge eight years Hawker, his fertility in harmless practical before. But Mr. Byles makes a good defense jokes, and the various forms in which his against this charge. Conviviality, a fondness excess of animal spirits found vent, would fill for giving champagne breakfasts, and a readi- a book-if it were not too large. But not to let ness to take the lead in any daring escapade, the rollicking lad's love of fun scandalize these seem to have been young Hawker's distinguish- decorous pages, we hasten on to his amazing ing qualities. The historian of Pembroke col- marriage, in 1823, when he was not yet twenty, lege links his name with that of Thomas Lovell to Charlotte Elizabeth I’ans, a well-to-do spin- Beddoes under the heading, “Two Eccentric ster of more than twice his age. Hawker was Poets,' and mentions that some of his 'extra- at that time an Oxford student, and we have ordinary letters are still preserved in the col- been told, wrongly it now appears, that his mar- lege library. With something of contempt for riage was precipitated by his father's announce- book-learning, and with some truth too, Hawker ment that the family exchequer could no longer writes in later life, “ A patient and persevering meet the expense of the young man's education. man is always more likely to prosper at the However that may be, the strangely assorted universities than one whose genius would shine pair enjoyed many years of wedded happiness, in ordinary life.' Somewhat astonishing (or until in the order of nature the senior partner's perhaps not astonishing, for nothing need sur- place was left vacant, whereupon (but with no prise us in Hawker) is his opinion of Addison's indecorous haste) the sexagenarian survivor style. It is one of the lamentable blotches on “ sought consolation in the arms of a second | Oxford,' he writes to a nephew about to enter wife, this time young enough to be his grand-Pembroke, that they select such a miserable daughter, with whom the last eleven years of composer of sentences as Addison was for trans- lation [into Latin). His parenthetic pages, • THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF R. S. HAWKER, sometime By his Son-in-Law, C. E. Byles. sometimes never ended at all, are about the Illustrated. worst elements ever selected to form a clear 6 > Vicar of Morwenstow. New York: John Lane. 1905.] 309 THE DIAL was 6 and simple style.' (Peace to the shades of that and afterward from habit. His biographer earlier and more famous Pembroke scholar inclines to think that much of his best poetry whose contrary opinion has gained general was written under the influence of opium. But acceptance.) the inevitable reaction followed in moods of It will be easily believed that the vicar of irritability and deep depression. Like De Morwenstow an excellent story-teller. Quincey, he broke himself of the habit in later Humor, imagination, and the power to keep his life, but resumed it some years before his death. gravity of countenance when uttering the most Among the more admirable qualities of this astounding assertions, made him a source both richly endowed nature was a warm love for ani- of delight and of bewilderment to all his mals. Over them he exerted something of acquaintance. Indeed, as the author tells us, Thoreau's influence. To the birds especially this habit of hoaxing became so ingrained in he was a friend and benefactor. A paragraph his nature that perhaps, as he grew older, he from his diary illustrates this in a way that is was hardly able himself to distinguish between both touching and amusing. 'Beans and peas, jest and earnest, fact and fancy, belief and he writes, are interdicted by the jackdaws. simulated belief. But this inability to draw a ' We have sown twice, and twice they have sharp boundary line between the real and the devoured them all. And a scarecrow, put up imaginary made him no whit less acceptable to by my old man, was so made up in my hat and children, who quickly recognized in him broken cassock that they took it for me, and delightful playmate, one who never failed to came around it looking up to be fed.' Cats and respond to that magical watchword of the nur- dogs abounded in his house, and even followed sery, let's pretend.' 'One pervading princi- him to church, where they behaved with great ‘ ple of Holy Writ,' he notes in his thought-diary, propriety. His horses obeyed his voice without * is fondness for little children's weal. That help of whip or rein. Ali animals he believed ' such a man, living in a remote maritime dis- to be immortal. trict famous for its superstitions, should have Dwelling on the coast and seeing much of himself fallen a victim to superstition, espe- shipwreck, both accidental and assisted, cially religious superstition, is not surprising. Hawker naturally reverts to the theme in many In a letter to his brother Claud he gravely of his letters. A characteristic passage may be describes a storm that had threatened to destroy quoted. The date is December, 1859. his wheat, until he stilled the tempest by erect- 'Since 1843 I have taken up from the rocks and ing two wooden crosses, one of them inscribed, buried 27. But to me the great comfort is that Imperat ventis, and the other, Dixit mari, Tace. the souls of all these men are grateful to, me for They were fixed and consecrated,' he says, ' by the respectful interment of their bodies, and that all they are permitted to do for me they fulfil. six o'clock in the evening, amidst so fierce a That they have brought me tokens of good will gale that the carpenter could hardly hear the I am persuaded. Do you know, I was surprised to service on the cliff. But the Prince of the Air hear you doubt that the dead know what we do. heard it and obeyed.' (In this and subsequent I thought the Scripture clear about this. Besides, how otherwise can we account for the appearance quotations the good vicar's prodigal use of cap- of spirits for especial purposes to the living! And itals is left to be imagined.) Éis diary con- that they do so appear everybody in every nation tains the following, under the heading under heaven believes.' Ghosts': Let us not begrudge our poet-parson whatever “We know that demons are loose. We are told happiness he found in his primitive beliefs. that the messengers of Satan are volatile, and fill The best thing in Mr. Byles's book is Hawk- the air. We read that angels glide to and fro. Why may not the souls of our beloved traverse the air er's account of a visit he received from Tenny: on the errands of their love? The poet came unannounced and unrec- Still another passage, whether from diary or ognized in the month of June, 1848, roaming letter is not made clear, describes the hair-rais- over Cornwall in quest of material for his ing experience the vicar had with a ghost in Idylls of the King. It was a lucky chance, the course of a drive one bright summer day. or a wise design, that brought him to the vicar's Pale with fright, the holy man luckily be- door; for no one was more in love with or bet- thought him to make the sign of the cross, at ter versed in the Arthurian legends than which the spectre fled. It was,' he concludes, Hawker. The meeting of the two poets has ' a kind of nameless and indefinable sensation, been already very briefly told by one of them; rather than the sight, that assured me it was the subjoined is a part of the other's fuller preternatural: at least, so I thought and think.' account: One little circumstance may serve to explain 'I found my guest at his entrance a tall, swarthy this pronounced propensity for horrors and Spanish-looking man, with an eye like a sword. He sate down and we conversed. I at once found marvels. . Hawker was an opium-eater. He myself with no common mind. All poetry in par- took the drug first as a medicine—they all do ticular he seemed to use like household words, and 6 son. 6 in , 810 [May 1, THE DIAL answer was > "Do you as chance led to the mention of Homer's picture of high esteem and included a number of his bal- night [Iliad, viii., 557-559] he gave at once a ren- lads in his ‘Poems of Places.' His biographer dering simple and fine: “When the sky is broken up and the myriad stars roll down, and the shep might well have reprinted the famous but now herd's heart is 'glad.” It struck me that the trite obsolescent Trelawny ballad, which can soon translation was about the reverse motion of this. boast an antiquity of fourscore years, having We talked then about Cornwall and King Arthur, first appeared, anonymously, in The Royal my themes, and I quoted Tennyson's fine account of the restoration of Excalibur to the lake. Just Davenport Telegraph and Plymouth Chronicle' then he said, “How can you live here thus alone of Sept. 2, 1826. Among those who took the You don't seem to have any fit companions around piece for a genuine antique were Sir Walter you.' My another verse, from “Locksley Hall”- Scott and Lord Macaulay, and Hawker seems to have had some difficulty afterward in con- ""I to herd with narrow foreheads vacant of our glorious gains, vincing the public that the refrain and only Like a beast with lower pleasures, like a beast the refrain was ancient, and that he was respon. with lower pains !" sible for the rest. "Why, that man,! " said he, “seems to be your And so, with the author, we take leave of a favourite author. “Not mine only, but Eng- land's,” answered I. unique and winning personality, strong I proposed to show my unknown friend the shore. But before we left enough to disregard convention, and free to the room he said, “Do you know my name?" I develop in solitude a peculiar charm. In the said, “No, I have not even a guess.” retrospect of those long years of Morwenstow, wish to know it' “I don't much care-'that which we call a rose, we remember chiefly his charity to the poor, "" etc. "Well, then,” said he, my name is Tennyson!!” So we grasped his care for the shipwrecked, his hospitality to hands, and “the shepherd's heart was glad." We friend and stranger, his tenderness to all living went on our way to the rocks, and if the converse creatures, his whole-hearted devotion to wife could all be written down it would make, I think, as nice a little book as Charlotte Elizabeth [Mrs. and child and home. Such is the abiding mem- Hawker] could herself have composed. All verses- ory of Robert Stephen Hawker.' all lands—the secret history of many of his poems, PERCY F. BIOKNELL. which I may not reveal-but that which I can lawfully relate I will.' And with this fillip to his appetite the reader of this review is referred to the book itself for A MUSICAL ENCYCLOPÆDIA.* the remainder of a memorable interview. From Hawker's Own pen much might None of the arts has been more copiously be quoted to complete this brief sketch of the and, it may be added, detrimentally endowed with man. Among minor peculiarities was his than music. reference helps than Detri- abhorrence of a bearded clergy. Nothing,' he mentally, because its' dictionaries and lexicons, maintains, ' can mar a man's character like that as well as its biographies, in many instances, one thing, a beard. By one of the councils abound in errors, and the despair of the situa- tion is that once these errors appear in a given all the clergy at least have vowed to obey, lexicon nearly every subsequent lexicographer beards are forbidden to be worn by the clergy incorporates errors and all into his own work, at all. So that every clergyman who wears one without once stopping to investigate or verify. is a rebel against the authorities of the church There has been little original source-work done -lowers himself to the level of a lay-person and in musical dictionaries for fifty years past, degrades his sacred office. Thus even Hawker's except by Fétis, Mendel, and Riemann. Nearly freedom from most forms and conventions was everything has been second hand, and plagiar- balanced by an almost superstitious observance isms have been particularly audacious. The of others. It can be truly said of him that he musical student, unless he is an expert, has been never took the impress of what he himself misled by inaccuracies and exasperated by omis. called the smoothing-iron of the nineteenth sions in his reference books. century,' but, again to use his own words as When Sir George Grove's 'Dictionary of applied to the Cornish clergy of an earlier gen- Music and Musicians' appeared in 1878 it met eration, became developed about middle life a hearty welcome everywhere. Its need was into an original mind and man, sole and abso recognized, for the dictionaries above mentioned lute within his parish boundaries, eccentric were growing antiquated, and, besides this, it when compared with his brethren in civilized was the first dictionary in the English language regions, and yet, in German phrase, “a whole that made any pretensions to breadth of scope, and seldom man ” in his dominion of souls. comprehensiveness of treatment, or accuracy of Hawker the poet, the ballad-writer, is far . GROVE'S DICTIONARY OF MUSIC AND MUSICIANS. Edited less familiar to the world than Hawker the vicar by J. A. Fuller Maitland, M. A. (To be completed in five volumes.) Volume I. Illustrated. New York: The of Morwenstow. Longfellow held his verses in | Macmillan Co. 1905.] 811 THE DIAL statement. Nearly all the other works of the brought to his task musical scholarship, attain- kind were either imperfect or in some manner ments in languages, journalistic experience, and untrustworthy. Sir George Grove himself had love of research. The first instalment of his accomplished so much in the way of original painstaking and scholarly labor has has now research, had made so many important musical appeared, and it deserves to be called not mere- discoveries, and was such a well-trained and ly a revision of the Grove Dictionary but the thoroughly equipped musical scholar that it beginning of a new dictionary; for while it fol- was hoped a dictionary had at last appeared lows the general plan of the old one, and con- which would answer the needs of those not tains much of the old matter, yet even the old versed in foreign languages. As far as the matter has been most carefully edited and work went, this expectation was gratified. arranged more systematically. Unimportant Some of its biographies, especially those of items have been omitted, and some errors core Beethoven, Mendelssohn, and Schubert, are rected. The longer biographies, especially masterpieces. Its technical contributions are those of Bach and Beethoven, have been searching and quite exhaustive, and its histori. enriched and their compositions have been tab- cal matter as a rule accurate and reliable. But ulated with all the care which Köchel or Notte although the two volumes originally announced bohm display in their theme catalogues. The grew into four, numerous omissions were dis- general change may be inferred from the fact covered when consultation began. An appendix that the first volume of the old edition contains was added to supply these omissions, but even 768 pages, closing at the middle of the letter then they were numerous and (as a further 'I,' while the first volume of the new edition illustration of the doctrine of the total deprav. has 800 pages and only reaches the close of ity of inanimate things) of course it was just E. The cause of this difference is sufficiently the particular thing that was particularly apparent. Intending to have but two volumes, wanted which was not in its pages. The half of the alphabet was put in the first, and American student was also greatly disappoint- this explains its scantiness of material and the ed, because scarcely an allusion was made to disproportion between the first and the remain- any American topic. These defects, however, ing three volumes. It was a serious error, but were compensated for by the excellence of the it has been rectified and the proper balance dictionary's general content, and for many effected by the inclusion of 417 new topics, years it has proved of such value that it has besides brief mention of authorship and first come to take the place of the German works. performances of all important operas, which Nor have the recent reference works of Elson, Mr. Grove almost entirely overlooked, although Champlin, and Baker (the latter a very import- they are of great value as references. ant and handy guide in all matters American) The new articles of leading importance are affected its popularity in this country, notwith- on Acoustics,' with many diagrams, Auto- standing its failure to recognize American sub- matic Appliances,' 'Baireuth, Chester Music jects, which have been growing steadily in dig. Festivals, • Coronach,' Conducting,' profusely nity and importance. illustrated, 'Concert Institutions in Paris, ' It is now more than a quarter of a century ‘Concert Stück,' 'Dance Music,' 'Dodeka- , since the first instalment of Sir George hedron,' and 'Degrees in Music.' The new Grove's work appeared. The time has come, biographies are those of Albani, Audran, Brüll, therefore, for a new edition, for large numbers Bruckner, the Breuning family (Beethoven's of new lights have appeared in the musical earliest friends), Marianne Brandt, Bruneau, world, many subjects in the old dictionary Bottesini, Borodin, Busoni, Bononcini, Boito, require amplification, and science has pushed Ole Bull, Beriot, Balakirev, Burmester, Cur. its researches so far that much new matter has wen, Cui, Calvè, Campanini, Capoul, Carrêno, been brought to the surface, requiring state Carvalho, Cellier, Chabrier, Charpentier, com ment. Mr. Grove was engaged upon the pre-lonne, Duparc, Ben Davies, Ffrangçon Davies, liminaries of such an edition when death over- Debussy, Dedekind, Delibes, Dohnanyi, Dvorák, took him in his labors and the work had to be and Elgar. Of these thirty-six names, fully entrusted to another hand. one-half should have been in the first edition, The publishers made no mistake when they which of itself shows its serious omissions. selected Mr. J. A. Fuller Maitland for the Besides this, the inadequateness of treatment editorial task. He has been musical critic for displayed in such biographical sketches as those . "The Thunderer,' assisted Sir George Grove in of Bach, Berlioz, Brahms, Chopin, and a few the original preparation of the Dictionary, has others has been remedied by fuller historical written some important works in musical biog- detail and eritical analysis, which gives the , raphy, edited several, and translated that mon- reader a clearer idea of the style and character- umental work, Spitta's 'Life of Bach.' He has istics of the composer. It is surprising, how- 6 < 6 6 6 312 (May Lin THE DIAL - 6 ever, that the editor should have retained the praiseworthy accuracy, but we must disagree error in the life of Sebastian Bach that attrib- utterly with the writer of the brief sketch of utes the ‘Lucas Passion' to that composer. It Carl Bergmann in his statement that. Theodore should be within the recollection of all Euro- Thomas's tastes and talents were largely devel- pean music scholars that when the Spitta “Life oped under Bergmann's influence. This is of Bach' appeared, our own Bernhard Ziehn, grossly incorrect, as shown in the memorials of , whose musical scholarship and critical faculty Mr. Thomas just published. Mr. Thomas was are even better known in Germany than here, first closely associated with Mr. Bergmann as proved beyond dispute that the Lucas Pas- first violinist in the Mason-Bergmann cham- sion' was not written by Sebastian Bach and ber concerts, inaugurated in New York City in thus prevented the inclusion of a spurious com- 1855,-an event by the way which the writer of position in the Bach Gesellschaft's famous edi- the sketch entirely ignores. From the very tion a feat in critical analysis that was per-beginning, Mr. Thomas, as Mr. Mason, Mr. sonally acknowledged by Robert Franz, one of Mosenthal, and Mr. Matzka, the other mem- the most learned of the Bach students. It is to bers, acknowledge, was the master spirit of that be hoped before the editor gets to the letter 'Z' organization. He dictated its general policy, he will have heard of this profound musical its programmes, its interpretation, and its man. theorist, and in connection with his biography ner of performance. Out of personal regard correct the error. for Bergmann, Mr. Thomas is very careful in It will be a grateful announcement that the his statements, but those on the inside know new edition contains many and valuable refer- that Bergmann was jealous of him and had lit- ences to American musicians,—and this for the tle sympathy with his musical radicalism, and first time in any European musical dictionary. that the friction at last was so strong he with- . The list includes adequate biographical sketches drew in a short time and the organization be- of Mme. Albani, Frederick Archer (who may came the Mason-Thomas instead of the Mason- be classed as American, for his best work as Bergmann, but not until Mr. Bergmann once organist and conductor was done in this coun- confessed to him, you have lifted the veil from try), Mrs. H. H. A. Beach, Arthur Bird the our eyes. Neither Mr. Thomas's tastes nor his composer (who has spent most of his time in talents were developed under Bergmann's in- Berlin), David S. Bispham, Lilian Blauvelt, fluence. Both were manifest before the men Fannie Bloomfield-Zeisler, Dudley Buck, Carl came together. Mr. Thomas announced his Bergmann, Annie Louise Cary-Raymond, tastes publicly when he formed his first orches- George W. Chadwick, Dr. Leopold Damrosch tra in 1862,--the highest music, perfectly and his sons, Walter and Frank, John S. played.' In his autobiography he mentions the Dwight (who did such a great work for higher only man only man who had any influence upon his tal- music in this country half a century ago), the ents, Carl Eckert. music house of Ditson & Co., Emma Eames, The Cincinnati Musical Festival history is Clarence Eddy, and Julius Eichberg. Topics told succinctly, and the principal choral works of a general nature treated are the American performed in the first fifteen festivals are Guild of Organists, Boston Musical Societies appended. It is to be regretted that the first (with a picture of Symphony Hall in that volume had to go to press too early to include city), and the Cincinnati Musical Festivals. the colossal programmes of the Sixteenth Festi- All of these American topics are treated in val (1904) which were the crowning works in the main with the comprehensiveness and accu- Mr. Thomas's Cincinnati career, and which will racy due to the subjects. It is to be regretted always remain as a monument to his genius in that the name of Billings, the father of Amer- programme-making and programme-perform- ican psalmody and the first in the line of ance. They would have been an object lesson to American composers, should have been over- the Old World, illustrating the musical looked. The history of this sturdy American, advancement of the New, for in none of the whose anthems were as inspiring to the revolu- European festivals, the Three Choirs, Birming- tionary camps as were the Bach Chorales at ham, Leeds, Norwich, Sacred Harmonic (Lon- Rossbach and Torgau in the Seven Years' War, don), Vienna, or the Lower Rhenish, has such and whose somewhat crude but sonorous hymns a colossal series of programmes been presented marked the complete liberation of the New as at Cincinnati in 1904,—the last great work England churches from that English compen. of the great conductor. dium, the Bay State Psalm Book, and other The Boston Musical Societies are treated in works sent over from England for the spiritual the order of their age, and the careful and edification of the colonists, deserved a place in ample detail of their description is an indica- such a dictionary as this. tion that all the musical institutions of this As a rule these topics are characterized by country will be adequately represented in the 1905.] 313 THE DIAL 6 succeeding volumes. The societies described the portraits are unworthy of the general high are the Handel and Haydn, Harvard Musical standard. They look like half-tones reproduced Association, Apollo Club, the Cecilia, the Knei- from half-tones, which are never satisfactory sel Quartette, Choral Art Society, and Boston The frontispiece, a portrait of Beethoven, is Singing Club. A cross reference promises a open to this criticism, and besides is not as history of the Boston Symphony Orchestra characteristic or as faithful a likeness as might under 'Symphony Concerts,' and it will be a have been selected. The chalk drawing by von matter of local interest in this connection that Kloeber, or the pen sketch by Lyser, would there is a similar cross reference for the Chicago have been more desirable than the meaningless Orchestra ; all of which shows the painstaking and spiritless one that has been used. Few labor that has been expended upon this new great men have suffered more at the hands of edition and the great advancement in method artists than Beethoven. GEORGE P. UPTON. and research as compared with the work of its original compiling. The salient features of the first volume of the new dictionary have now been sufficiently set forth, and assuming that the remaining four THE STORY OF A GREAT MONOPOLY.* volumes will represent the same standard of The importance of the Standard Oil Com- musical scholarship and will contain similar pany is due not so much to its own history as results of careful and accurate labor, it will not to the fact that the profits made through it, be premature to announce—and this, too, with- the methods created by it, and the men elevated out any disrespect to the memory of Sir on account of it have found their way into George Grove as a scholar—that at last we have other industries in which the experience of the an English musical dictionary not only worthy older organization has been used to create new to be compared with the French and German concerns. Thus there has come into existence dictionaries but surpassing them all in the what might be called a net-work of Standard lateness of its information and in its compre- Oil influences which touch many industries, hensive scope. To all intents and purposes, Mr. many interests, and many communities. The Fuller Maitland and his associates have given numerous statements and facts concerning this us a new ‘ Dictionary of Music and Musicians.' remarkable company, together with the exist- Its scope has been greatly enlarged, as will be ence of documents illustrating its entire his- seen by the following statement in the preface: tory, have led Miss Tarbell, under the stimulus * Upon the first edition a limit of time was of magazine direction, to undertake the present imposed, the date 1450 being fixed as the begin- * History of the Standard Oil Company.' ning of the music that could be expected to In the prospectus to the work issued by the interest modern readers. The study of ancient publishers the public is informed that this his- music, and in particular of that which belongs tory is not controversial and therefore inspir- to ecclesiastical plainsong, has been so widely ing; it is not written to prove a preconceived spread (partly as a result of the scientific arti- theory; it is a legitimate study of a thirty cles written by the late W. S. Rockstro in the years' industrial warfare based on documents; latter part of the Dictionary) that no book on and the interpretations of the documents are in music could now be considered complete which the light of an intimate knowledge of the oil made its starting-point as late as the middle industry and of the men engaged in it. As of the 15th century. It is not alone in the though to impress the reader still further with enlargement of its scope that this Dictionary the scientific value of the book, another sentence has been improved. By amplification and more is added to the effect that every statement, adequate treatment of leading topics, exact every interpretation of fact, every important statement, supplying of omissions, critical step, is backed by documentary evidence. This analyses, correct arrangement of compositions sets a high standard, which if attained would under opus numbers, absolutely new articles place the book in the position of an authority which should have been included in the old edi- for all time upon its subject. tion, and the recognition of the new material In the gathering of material for a work of that has been supplied during the last twenty- this kind four courses may be followed : (1) five years, the editor has given the world for the the interviewing of persons contemporaneous first time a reliable and comprehensive Diction- with the times; (2) the study of public opinion ary of Music in English, and has constructed as voiced in public prints, such as newspapers an enduring monument to his musical scholar- and pamphlets; (3) the perusal of contracts, ship. • THE HISTORY OF THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY. In its typography and general arrangement New York: McClure, the book is entirely satisfactory, but some of Phillips & Co. 6 By Ida M. Tarbell. In two volumes. 814 [May 1, THE DIAL K 1 6 price-lists, legal cases, and printed documents; Company was in effect what has been done..a (4) the study of reports of legislative bodies, hundred times in other ways since that day. testimony and exhibits of witnesses before No more recent example need be cited than the investigating commissions. Miss Tarbell's book cattle trust. Secretly the promoters of the gives evidence of an examination of the mate- South Improvement Company made contracts rial that would be brought to light by following with the railroads; by a mistake the plot was these methods, although her failure to cite discovered, and thereupon began what Miss authorities in foot-note references makes it Tarbell calls the Oil War of 1872. The alarm almost impossible at points to verify some of and indignation of the oil producers can only the most important statements made in the be imagined; through this feeling an organiza- book. In the interpretation of this material the tion was created that fought successfully the author has undoubtedly been influenced by her South Iniprovement Company. The result was long association with the people of the Oil the abandonment of the frames, but not the Regions' and the sharing of the feeling there annihilation of the framers, of this remarkable prevailing against the common enemy, the movement. The rebate system, however, had Standard.' Despite the statement of the pub- been tested; it could be used at another time. lishers to the contrary, a thesis is to be found The fight against the Standard Oil Company, running through the book; this, however, does thus begun in its effort to control transporta- not in the least vitiate its value. This thesis tion, has continued at different intervals for may be stated in the following way: The oil the same reason. So far as economic grounds industry in its early stages ‘had workers in are concerned the contention as to whether the great numbers with plenty of capital, who were shipper of large tonnage shall be granted a meeting every difficulty and overcoming them,' lower rate than the prevailing one for concen- which promised the normal unfolding of a trated traffic remains unsettled. It took no new and wonderful opportunity for individual great argument to persuade the railroads of the endeavor.' This natural development was pre- soundness of this position, and even to go fur- vented by the Standard Oil Company, which ther in the payment of rebates on shipments was able by its methods to secure a monopoly made by other concerns. Although the oil pro- and take away this grand opportunity from ducers and independent refiners were able to individual enterprise. In the chapter on 'The break up the South Improvement Company, Birth of an Industry' the thesis is almost nevertheless its successor, the Standard Oil unconsciously continued in these words: 'But Company, controlled the business of refining what had been done was, in their judgment only oil by 1875. the beginning. They would meet their Even after the result just referred to, the own needs. They would bring the oil refining Standard Oil Company had three great prob- to the region where it belonged. They would lems to solve: (1) the regulation of crude make their towns the most beautiful in the production; (2) the control of pipe lines and world. There was nothing too good for them, transportation facilities; and (3) a final form nothing they did not hope and dare. But sud- of organization that would escape the criticism denly, at the very hey day of this confidence, a of the law. big hand reached out to trottle their future.' The machinery of the company's organiza- The rise of the Standard Oil Company took tion was thoroughly tested by the efforts of the place simultaneously with the competition of producers to raise the low prices of crude oil as three railroads for the oil traffic and three cit. compared with refined. To do this the pro- ies for the business of refining. In this com- ducers looked to the creation of a pipe line petition, rebates and discriminations were the to the sea-board and sale of export oil, and the outcome, as they were bound to be in unre- regulation of interstate commerce by Congress. stricted industrial conflict. It was what each Both of these projects were for the time defeat, railroad expected of the others, and what each ed, and the discovery of new oil fields made the city expected to fight. We are told that by 1871 task of keeping the price of crude oil at a low every refiner suspected that his neighbor was point an easy matter. There was, however, an getting better rates than he; moreover, the appeal to the law still open to the producers. refining business seemed to be overdone. Out In 1879 a suit was brought against the officers of such chaotic conditions the South Improve- of the Standard. Though vigorously prose- ment Company was born, and though the strug- cuted for a time, delay of the proceedings in gle against it was successful nevertheless an 1880 brought out strongly the power of the unseen hand drew the bonds tighter about the Standard to manage recalcitrant officers and oil business by shutting off oil, cutting down bitter opponents, and to win a result known as the supply of cars, and taking over customers. the Compromise of 1880.' This may be The plan proposed by the South Improvement regarded as a victory for the company for the 6 1905.] 815 THE DIAL reason that the great hopes of the oil producers securing of rebates, and the harassing of com- were in no respect realized. petitors. The Standard Oil Company would One opening still remained to the producers. have been in any event a great company, but To take advantage of it they must build a pipe the methods used in forestalling competition line to the seaboard. Under the able manage- have made it a monopoly. ment of Messrs. Benson, McKelvey, and Hop- It is of relatively little importance whether kins, a pipe line was completed in 1881. Thus every statement made in Miss Tarbell's book the Standard was brought face to face with its is absolutely true. The real question is as to second great problem. After a period of two whether or not she has pictured the history of years the Standard, by successful maneuvering, the Standard Oil Company in its true light, and secured an agreement with the Tidewater Pipe has presented correctly the methods practiced Line, and was able to control the transportation by this organization and its agents. In the of oil by this means as well as by rail. By 1887 judgment of the reviewer, the author has the Standard had reached the highest efficiency, accomplished both of these tasks in so just, and wished to be let alone; but a rapid series clear, and attractive a manner as to entitle her of events brought greater attention to its meth- to the thanks of every American citizen. The ods than ever before. The Buffalo case, the book is a genuine contribution to that knowl. Rice contest and the Payne imbroglio, together edge of the real inwardness of things industrial with the defeat of the oil men's bill in the which Americans as a people so lack. Pennsylvania legislature, stirred the country FRANK L. McVBY. tremendously. Demands for investigation and requests for knowledge about the mysterious power came thick and fast from all parts of the land. As a result there followed the New York and Congressional investigations, the suit of THE SOUTHERNER'S PROBLEM.* the State of Ohio against the Standard Oil Mr. Thomas Nelson Page has collected, in a Company and its dissolution on paper. book of some three hundred pages, certain Through the leniency of the courts the situation articles recently contributed by him to did not differ materially from what it was “McClure's Magazine,' in answer to the unan. before the dissolving order of the courts. It swerable argument of Carl Schurz, together remained for another Attorney General of the with several earlier essays of his on the race State of Ohio, Hon. Frank S. Mannett, to com- problem. The result is a book the central plete the dissolution, forcing the company to interest of which is psychological rather than meet its third problem, that of law-proof organ- scientific,- that is, it presents the brief for ization, and to create a great holding company, the South of a Southerner of distinction, who the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. while not a friend of the Negro race is certainly During this legal contest the producers made not to be counted an enemy. another attempt to secure their freedom, but A careful dissection of the book reveals some the Standard now entered the oil fields as an oil interesting evidences of growth and feeling. producer, carrying consternation into the ranks The first essay chronologically is Chapter VII., of the producers. The one escape open to the written some fifteen years ago and published independents, as before, was an outlet to the first in another volume. first in another volume. This essay is brought sea. After many difficulties and great vicissi- down to date by Chapter II., with some repeti- tudes the United States Pipe Line was built; tion. Similarly Chapters VI. and I. elaborate and in time an organization of independent oil Mr. Page's only real contribution to the race refiners, despite the most hostile opposition, was problem in the years of his writing and observa- created in what was called the Pure Oil Com- tion, – viz., his account of the training and con- pany. It is through the organization of these dition of the house servant on the best Virginia companies that competition exists in the field plantations. Two chapters are given to special of oil production. It was, however, a result pleas on the subjects of lynching and disfran- profoundly different from that hoped for by chisement, and a hastily constructed and inac. the pioneers in the oil business. curate chapter deals with the present condition In looking back over the history of the Stand- of the Negro. The book ends with a suggested ard Oil Company one is impressed with the solution of the Negro problem notable for its shrewdness of the men behind it, the real great breadth and good temper on the one hand and ness of the company, its economies and admir- • THE NEGRO: THE SOUTHERNER'S PROBLEM. By Thomas able methods of handling business. But against New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. this are to be contrasted the espionage of the By William Benjamin Smith. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co. business of competitors, the manipulation of LIGHT AHEAD FOR THE NEGRO. By E. A. Johnson. legislatures, the determination of rates, the New York: - Nelson Page. THE COLOR LINE. The Grafton Press. 316 [May 1, THE DIAL It on the other for its singular agreement with all to impossible for him to realize his error. that the Negroes themselves and their friende is as inaccurate to call Southern slavery bar- have ever demanded. barous as it is to call the modern wage system Mr. Page begins by asserting that 'no man ideal; but it is not inaccurate to say that can entirely dissociate himself from the condi- Southern slavery fostered barbarism, was itself tions amid which he grew up, or free himself barbaric in thousands of instances, and was on from the influences which surrounded him in the whole a system of labor so blighting to his youth. The most he can do is to strive white and black that probably the only thing earnestly for an open and enlarged mind and that saved Mr. Page’s genius to the world was try to look at everything from the highest and the Emancipation Proclamation,—the very deed soundest standpoint he can reach.' Throughout that allows the present reviewer the pleasure most of the book there is evidently a sincere of criticising Mr. Page’s book instead of hoeing effort to keep this judicial attitude, but this is his cotton. Mr. Page is dean of that school seriously marred by careless statements of fact of Southern writers which has in recent years and particularly by Mr. Page's large reliance pictured the Southern planter as a sort of on the authority of William Hannibal Thomas, demigod. The world has accepted this por- and his approval of the monstrous assertions traiture in good-humored silence, recognizing of Thomas's book. For instance, to assert that it as a generous tribute of the New to the old ‘murder might easily have been done in the South; nevertheless, it is perfectly clear that Boston ‘riot' of some years since is an unfor- the Southern gentleman of yesterday was an tunate exaggeration; the story of Sam Hose ordinary human being, kindly, indolent, chol- is not at all in accordance with the published eric, and self-indulgent, neither better_nor facts, since many honest men do not believe worse than the ordinary run of men. It is he was guilty of any crime but that of murder. inconceivable that a laboring class placed under Then, too, the character of Thomas and the the complete dominion of such a man should unreliability of his book have been too often prosper; and with all the instances of kindness exposed to permit of this being made the basis and affection (and there were hundreds of such of reiterated slander upon the American Negro. instances) the net result of any such system The brief for the South as held by Mr. Page was, and was bound to be, oppression, cruelty, is made up of the following points: 1, That concubinage, and moral retrogression. That Slavery gave the Negro excellent training; 2, this was the result in the South, one can read That the mistakes of Reconstruction alienated even in the dry reports of the United States master and freedman; 3, That the freedmen's Census. sons and the sons of the masters are growing How far it was possible in the days of recon- further and further apart; 4, That the Ne struction to have acted more wisely than the is capable of some but limited improvement; 5, nation did will always be a mooted question. That by education he should be given a chance Men like Mr. Page, however, forget that in 1864 to improve practically every Southerner was convinced that To one like Mr. Page, whose youthful dreams free Negro labor was impossible, and was centered on a Virginia plantation of the better determined to keep the substance of slavery sort, amid trained family servants and the old even if he had to surrender the name. Under lazy prosperity of the Southern gentleman of such circumstances there were but two ways the kindlier régime, it seems a monstrous thing open: either to establish government guardian- to condemn slavery as an inhuman and cruel ship over the Negroes; or, by making them full system. It was not this, Mr. Page again and citizens at once, to let them guard their own again declares; rather it was 'à relation of rights. The first would have been the wiser warm friendship and tender sympathy' (p. course, but the South frustrated it. The South 166), 'the “ driver" of slave-horror novels was attacked not simply the working of the Freed- as purely the creature of the imagination as men's Bureau but its basic principle. When Cerberus, or the Chimera’ (p. 167), often the that Bureau fell, what was left but enfran- affection of the slaves was stronger toward the chisement? Only slavery, and war had just whites than toward their own off-spring? (p. made slavery impossible. 174), and the slaves had in many instances the That estrangement should follow between ex- education which comes from daily association master and freedman was inevitable. Who with people of culture.' Mr. Page was only should be blamed for it,— the intelligent mas- eight years old when the war broke out, and so ter or the ignorant man? Surely to base the he knows slavery largely by tradition. Never- Ku Klux Klan on the Union League of theless, believing the tradition true, Mr. Page Negroes," as Mr. Page virtually does, is as resents slurs on slavery, and he has in his ungenerous as it is unhistorical. It was inevi. contention just enough of right to make it next table that for one or two generations after 1905] 317 THE DIAL > < emancipation the parties whose relations were cational or scientific or governmental or social or disturbed should regard each other with dis- religious polity under which the pure strain of Cau- casian blood might not live and thrive and achieve like, suspicion, and distrust. And the fault great things for History and Humanity; on the of the Southern whites has been that they have other hand there is no reason to believe that any sought to increase this feeling by exploiting kind or degree of institutional excellence could per- it in political and social life, placing personal surely in the wake of any considerable contamina- manently stay the race decadence that would follow and public humiliations on black people, em- tion of that blood by the blood of Africa' (p. IX.). phasizing, publishing, and gloating over every mistake and foible of a struggling people, and Moreover, the author does not stop there. If hindering their progress in many directions by contamination' is to be avoided, whites and law and custom. Negroes must not live in the same land, nor It is, however, in Chapter III. (and partially eventually upon the same earth. Not even indi- , in Chapter VII.) that the crucial points of Mr. vidual exceptions can save the lower race from Page's attitude are evident. This chapter secke this judgment. 'Does some one reply that some Negroes are bet. to prove that no great amount of development ter than some Whites, physically, mentally, mor- can be expected of black people. The sincere ally? We do not deny it; but this fact, again, is belief in this has quite evidently preceded the without pertinence. It may very well be that some massing of the facts, so that any fair student dogs are superior to some men (p. 15). would simply say that the case was ' not proven. Nor is the Negro race alone condemned; the The negative testimony of Africa and Hayti, Chinese must go, the Japanese are questionable, with all its weight, is inconclusive. His earlier and of course the Malays, East Indians, Turks, argument that no Negroes of ability had ap- and such people are inadmissible. In fact, peared in America, Mr. Page has had to the majority of humanity is doomed by reason modify even in the short space of fifteen years of disease, vice, and discouragement, and the experience, and the present argument that prophecy of this consummation so devoutly to exceptional Negroes but prove the rule of infe- be wished ought, in Mr. Smith's opinion, to riority sounds like a retiring to inner lines of be stamped in letters of gold on the walls of ' fortification. Then, too, there may well be the Public Library in Boston and over the pul- considerable difference of opinion as to whether pit of Plymouth Church in Brooklyn, on the lin- or not the accumulation of two hundred and tels of the White House, and on the title-page thirty millions of dollars in farms in one gen- of all future editions of of all future editions of “ The Independent * eration is a sign of Negro thrift; Mr. Page and “ The Nation": (p. 185). thinks it is not, and hastens to the more con- Such a book could easily be passed over in genial subject of crime, where the testimony is silence, did it not state flatly and with unneces- more vague and mystifying. sary barbarism a thesis that is the active belief · The trouble with this whole argument is that of millions of our fellow countrymen. In vain an assumption of the unchangeable inferiority may we smile at the author's hysterics, and of a race of men inevitably leads to actions criticise his slovenly composition; in vain may that hinder their development. If these Negroes we remind ourselves that this arrogant mani- cannot become ordinary civilized human beings, festo of the Princes of the Blood is an out- why waste time offering them opportunities? break of world-old pharisaism and brute self- This is the inevitable conclusion of such phi- assertion; in vain may we remind Mr. Smith losophy, and although Mr. Page stops half way that nations live for Mercy, Justice, and Truth, and insists on education and opportunity for and not simply for breeding; and that since blacks, makes the excellent suggestion of black some dogs kill their enemies quickly instead police, and defends an intelligent black vote, of tantalizing them to death by 'disease, vice, yet the mass of his compatriots in the South and discouragement, this may prove more dogs sweep on far beyond him and act on the phi- superior to men than he admits. All this argu- losophy that Professor William Benjamin Smithing is beside the point; some men think in this has recently published in his volume entitled wise, and this is the heart and kernel of the "The Color Line.' Negro problem. This is the new barbarism of Mr. Smith's book is a naked, unashamed the twentieth century, against which all the shriek for the survival of the white race by forces of civilization must contend. Can the means of the annihilation of all other races. world conquer it as it has already partially con- He says bluntly: quered caste and religious persecution and *Compared with the vital matter of pure Blood, feuds ? Mr. E. A. Johnson, author of the vol- all other matters, as of tariff, of currency, of sub- ume entitled 'Light Ahead for the Negro, sidies, of civil service, of labour and capital, of education, of forestry, of science and art, and even recently published, believes that we can. His of religion, sink into insignificance. For, to judge little book, written by a man of Negro blood, by the past, there is scarcely any conceivable edu- is curiously yet not unattractively pieced > 318 [May 1, THE DIAL 1 - together in the form of semi-fiction, and con- he was sent to England to make illustrations, tains the prophecy of a century hence. His for the New York Illustrated News,' of the hero has asked, in this millenium, of the fate international prize-fight between Heenan and of such books as Mr. Dixon's and (may we Sayers, at that time an unparalleled proof of , ada?) Professor Smith's: newspaper enterprise. So unusually successful 'She also had heard of those false prophets whom was he in this venture that he was ordered to history had not forgotten, but who lived only in Italy to join General Medici in the famous ridicule and as examples of error. She seemed to be ashamed of the ideas once advocated by these campaign in which Garibaldi freed Sicily and men, and charitably dismissed them with the remark Naples and created the Kingdom of Italy. that, “It would have been better for the cause of In February, 1861, just before the breaking true Christianity had they never been listened to out of the Civil War, he returned to America. by so large a number of our people, as they repre- His campaign in Italy had given him a war sented brute force rather than the Golden Rule.'' 'I heard with rapt attention. Although I had experience such as no other artist possessed. already seen much to convince me of the evolution The strong patriotic interest which he took in of sentiment in the South, these words sank deeper the Rebellion raised his work to the level of the than all else. Here was a woman of aristocratic heroic. Lincoln acknowledged that his power- Southern blood, cradled under the hills of secession and yet vehement in denunciation of those whom I ful emblematic pictures were the best recruit- had learned to recognize as the beacon lights of ing sergeants for the North. Nast worked in Southern thought and purpose! And when I re- a field peculiarly his own. His designs at this flected that her views were then the views of the whole South, I indeed began to realize the wonder- time were of a serious character, setting forth ful transformation I was being permitted to see.' as they did—sometimes emblematically in pic- torial allegory, sometimes in direct and strik- W. E. BURGHARDT Du Bois. ing presentment—the many and mutable phases of the great war. Pictorial humor and satire were his weapons of might, and beneath their allegorical exterior were concealed the most THE FATHER OF AMERICAN CARICATURE.* profound convictions, the most direct insistence It has been pointed out that the Civil War on reforms, the most pointed exposure of made American caricature what it is at the shams. Always earnest and never cynical, he present day - one of the most dominating fac- had but one view and end ever in mind — the tors utilized in formulating public opinion. It moral and political advancement of the people required very little imagination on the part of and the nation. The cartoonist who accom- the artist to make the tall figure of President plishes anything worth while,' said Nast, short- Lincoln appear grotesque, and his and his many ly before his death, 'must have his own deep strongly marked peculiarities supplied both convictions that the target at which he is aim- friends and enemies with subjects for ridicule. ing is the right one to attack. Looking over The stirring times from 1861 to 1866 brought my experiences as a cartoonist I deem it one to view the greatest caricaturist this country of my most satisfying reflections that I never has ever known—Thomas Nast. In his new allowed myself to attack anything I did not biography of Nast, Mr. Albert Bigelow Paine believe in my soul was wrong and deserving of says that one of the trophies most highly prized the worst fate that could befall it.' by the artist was a vase, in the shape of an Nast assisted in electing Lincoln the second army canteen, representing America decorating time; and after the Confederate Army had the cartoonist in the presence of the army, and laid down its arms at Appomattox Court bearing on the reverse side the inscription : House, he became an ardent advocate of tem- * Presented to Thomas Nast by his friends in perance reform. In this noble cause he won a the Army and Navy of the United States, in noble battle, putting a stop to one of the most recognition of the patriotic use he has made of intemperate social customs of the day. His art his rare abilities as the artist of the people; had become a ' mighty engine of warfare.' It the gift of three thousand five hundred officers was during the period of reconstruction and and enlisted men in the Army and Navy of corruption which invariably follows the the United States.' upheaval of a great country that his work Nast was born at Landau, Bavaria, Septem- achieved the highest point that satiric art has ber 27, 1840, but left Germany for this coun- ever reached in America. Nast's work at that try before the breaking out of the revolution time betokened at once the power of the artist that culminated in 1848. At twenty years of and political satirist combined,-a talent that age, having shown great skill with his pencil, but few in the history of art possessed. Kaul- bach in Germany had it, as is splendidly shown • THOMAS NAST. His Period and His Pictures. By Albert Bigelow Paine. Illustrated. in his ‘Reynard the Fox’; Hogarth, Gilroy, New York: The Cruikshank, and Tenniel had it in English art. ! 6 6 Macmillan Co. 1905.] 819 THE DIAL 6 TE Nest prophetor the most part to manifest, a protest the dreams and struggles and disappointments But none of these ever dictated a policy or he represented it as the 'Copperhead (demo- caused a national reform. To municipal cratic) Press' kicking the dead lion, E. M. reform Nast's pen became a battery of artillery: Stanton. Shortly afterwards the Republican shooting shrapnel at the common enemies of elephant and Democratic donkey took' definite freedom and the purity of the ballot-box. The shape in ‘Harper's Weekly.' Speaking of exposure of the Tammany Ring and the flight Nast's enduring influence on the art of cari- of Tweed's confrères are matters of world-wide cature, the present biographer says: knowledge. Tweed admitted that Nast cari. Being the first, it was necessary for him to estab- catured him so often and so sharply that he lish fundamentals, to construct the alphabet of an began to look like his counterfeit presentment art. The work was not arbitrarily done, nor were the results due to accident. The symbols which to- --that coarse, obese figure, those insolent deep- day confront us on every hand were each the inevit. set eyes, those thousand and one little char- able expression of some existing condition which acteristics that are still identified in the public by strong, sure mental evolution found absolute mind with fraud incarnate. Nast's cartoons in embodiment and became a pictured fact. We can no more efface them than we can erase the char. those days were not the paid work of a mere acters of our spelling-book.' artist hired to carry out the directions of another, but the crystallization of his own It was but a question of time when the pub- personal antagonism to what he knew was one lic would no longer demand pictorial crusades; of the most brazen attempts to rob by whole- Nast's business relations with ‘Harper's sale in the history of any municipality. Weekly' became strained, and he finally found Comparing the cartoons in the Tweed days bimself practically robbed of a means of liveli- with those of the present time, Mr. Paine says: hood. For a while he met with success on "Today the merit of our cartoons lies mainly in the lecture platform, but at last this also failed. their technique and the clever statement of an Somehow the gentle and pathetic figure of existing condition. They are likely to be the echo Don Quixote cannot fail to present itself to of a policy, a reflection of public sentiment, or the those who in his final days were familiar with record of daily events. The cartoons of Thomas or a . They did not follow public with but preceded them. They did not echo public senti. Nast.' It was in March, 1902, after Mr. Roose- ment, but led it. They were not inspired by a mere velt had become President, that Nast received a appreciation of conditions, but by a powerful con- viction of right and principle whch would not be letter from his old friend, Hon. John Hay, gainsaid. The altered attitude of our pictures to- Secretary of State, offering him the consular day is not due to the individuals but to the condi. post at Guayaquil, Ecuador. Though Nast tions. Nast began when the nation was in a flame of conflict. When the fierce heat of the battle had feared the climate, he needed the position, and subsided, it left the public in the ebullient forma- accepted it. On Sunday, December 7, 1902, tive state where human passions run high and he succumbed to yellow fever far away on the human morals and judgment are disturbed. At Pacific coast. such times strong human personalities leap forth to seize the molten elements and shape the fabric of Nast's art was remarkable for its fertility of futurity. Such men have little place today. The invention and that clear graphic style which New York Herald said not long ago, editorially: insured it the popularity that waits on sim- “The press of America merely mirrors public opin- ion instead of commanding it.” And it is this plicity. In defining his position in the world that the cartoonist of the present day must be con- of art, Mr. Paine says: tent to do. He can but mirror the procession of “There is a divine heritage which rises above events-not direct them.' class drill and curriculum-a God-given impulse It was Nast who gave dignity to the 'anthro- which will seek instinctively and find surely the means to enter and the way to conquer and possess pomorphic symbol of American ideas and opin- ions' - Uncle Sam; depicting him no longer as the foreordinated kingdom. Such a genius was that of Thomas Nast. Lacking a perfect mastery of the lean buffoon of former years. He also pos- line, he yet possessed a simplicity of treatment, sessed in a remarkable degree the faculty of an understanding of black and white color values, throwing individuality into articles of apparel with a clearness of vision, a fertility of idea, and, above and beyond all, a supreme and unwavering and personal belongings; in fact, in many of purpose which made him a pictorial power such as his pictures he merely indicated the personality this generation is not likely to know again. Per- of his subjects in this way-such as Oakey haps all this is not art. Perhaps art may not be Hall's eyeglasses, Horace Greeley's hat, the admitted without the grace of careful training- the touch that soothes and fills the critic's eye. dollar-mark and money-bag for Tweed's face. But if it is not art, then, at least, it is a genius of The first of animals to take its definite place in no lesser sort. There are men who will tell you the history of American caricature was the that Grant was not a general. There are others who will hold that Nast was not an artist. Yet donkey. Nast's first application of the donkey these two were mighty warriors-each in his own to Democracy was on January 15, 1870, when way-and the world will honor their triumphs when 320 [May 1, THE DIAL 1 the deeds of their critics have vanished from the Mr. Lethaby's book as a whole shows no new page of memory, and their bodies have become but grasp of the subject, no general principle or nameless dust. underlying philosophy whereby to coördinate Mr. Paine’s work was prepared with the per- many artistic movements. It is profusely illus- sonal assistance of Nast. It covers the artist's trated, as are all the numbers of the series, and life in a thorough and interesting way, and is is provided with a good index. adequately illustrated. INGRAM A. PYLE. Miss Maud Cruttwell's volume on Verrocchio is a scholarly and appreciative monograph of great importance. Until the appearance of MASTERS OF THE EARLY AND LATE this book, the only serious work devoted to RENAISSANCE.* this fifteenth century master was that by Mackowsky in the Künstler Monographien.' It is too much to expect anything but very But this is published only in German, and is unequal merit in the different volumes of neither as accurate nor as stimulating as the series of monographs on artistic subjects. An present volume. A battle of criticism has been editor must choose his writers as he may, with waged about the work of this master ever since the inevitable result that certain books will Bode's and Morelli's vituperations and diatribes fall below the standard set by the best of the of nearly thirty years ago. Verrocchio has series. The excellent beginning made by the indeed presented many difficult problems, one Library of Art' in its two early volumes on of the most interesting of which relates to the Donatello and Michael Angelo led the reader to hope for a set of monographs of almost uni- early works of his great pupil, Leonardo da Vinci. form excellence. But the inevitable inequality long residence in Italy, years of training in Miss Cruttwell brings to her task a of such a series is illustrated by the mediocre the writing of three earlier volumes of impor- character of the first of the three books tance, especially the monograph on the della forming the latest additions to the series, – Robbia, and she applies the methods of modern • Mediaeval Art' by Mr. W. R. Lethaby. The connoisseurship to the various mooted questions. volume is devoted chiefly to the history of In her introduction she says: architecture from the year. 300 A. D. to 1300 * Verrocchio is perhaps the least known and appre- A. D. It opens with chapters on Byzantine ciated of the great masters of the fifteenth cen. art in the East and in Italy; then follow tury. The supreme excellence of those works which passages on Romanesque art in various coun- are proved by documentary evidence to be authentic tries; finally there are chapters on Gothic art is disregarded as the standard of judgment as to quality and style, and a quantity of inferior sculp- in different European states. The treatment ture and painting is attributed to him for which his is so cursory that the reader often finds little feeble imitators are responsible.' more than a list of monuments. The chapter on Gothic Characteristics' Not only has this been true, but critics have might be expected to offer a definite field for judged our master by his earlier, more angular, and less beautiful paintings. He was pre- criticism, but it proves to be only a compila. eminently a sculptor, and his mature works, tion from other writers; moreover, it does not such as the ‘David' and the ‘Boy with the Dol- marshal its facts in systematic order. There is phin' in Florence and the ‘Bartolommeo Col. the bias usual with British writers when deal- leoni’ in Venice, prove that in his acquaintance ing with this subject. Anyone who knows the with anatomy and the laws of movement, in work of Viollet-le-Duc, Louis Gonse, and C. H. Moore is not inclined to accept the more his draughtsmanship and technical skill, he was inferior to none of his contemporaries, and that superficial view of English writers, and our in breadth of vision and imaginative power he author does not even come up to the very mod- was excelled only by Donatello and Leonardo. erate standard of the best British criticism. Moreover, with an impeccable accuracy in His exposition, so far as it goes, is not clear, representation and a vigorous and facile exe- and it is evident that he has no proper grasp cution, he combined the poetry, the depth of of the fundamental principles of his subject. feeling, and the wide sympathies of the idealist.' After a rapid review of Gothic art in France, How different, and how much truer, is this con- England, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, and clusion from M. Muntz's dictum that Ver- Germany the volume ends with a still slighter rocchio is 'narrow and bourgeois’ and his work and less satisfactory discussion of Gothic archi- tecture in Italy. commonplace, angular, and dry.' There is a popular interest in Vasari's tale New volumes : Mediæval Art, by W. that Verrocchio left his painting of“ The Bap- R. Lethaby; Verrocchio, by Maud Cruttwell; Titian, by tism' unfinished, and that Leonardo da Vinci George Gronau. Each illustrated. New York: Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons. added one of the angels in the foreground; • LIBRARY OF ART. 1995.]. 321 THE DIAL Cav whereupon, the story goes, the older master Miss Cruttwell gives in an appendix the text was so discouraged that he never touched of documents, some of them discovered by her- brush again. On the contrary, our author self, which bear on various questions, and thus proves by detailed analysis that this angel shows enables the reader to verify her conclusions. the same hand as that which executed the rest In her account of the painter's life she is of the picture, and she cites documentary evi- judicial and cautious, while she adds ma- dence to the effect that Verrocchio continued terially to our information on the subject. to work for many years afterwards. The dis- Although the present monograph has not cussion of this picture in connection with 'The decided all the difficult problems presented Annunciation' by Verrocchio in the Uffizi and by this sphinx of fifteenth century art, it is a the smaller painting of the same subject by step towards that result, and is an important Leonardo da Vinci in the Louvre is the occasion and stimulating contribution to the history of of some excellent critical writing in regard to art, a masterly exposition of Verrocchio's com- the latter. Take as an example the following manding position as painter and sculptor. passage in regard to Leonardo's style: "The most remarkable quality of Leonardo's The volume on Titian by Dr. George Gronau work is its vivacity, a vivacity noticeable in the is a translation of a work published in Germany slightest of his engineering sketches and even in four years ago, New material has, however, his handwriting. The least touch of his pen, pencil or brush is rapid and vividly alive. It is sensitive, been added, and the whole brought up to date. yet decisive. It darts and scintillates like flame, The work is avowedly based on Crowe and giving to the painting or drawing, even when the Cavalcaselle's 'Life and Times of Titian,' in subject represented is tranquil in sentiment, an ex- two volumes; but since this was published cess of life almost fantastic. In his earliest work research has added much to our knowledge of known to us, the predella panel of the “Annuncia. tion” in the Louvre, this vivacity is present to so the great Venetian master. Dr. Gronau has great a degree that the solemnity of the theme is himself been a diligent investigator of docu- almost marred by the alertness and briskness of the ments and interpreter of paintings; he is figures. Each touch of the brush in hair and wings both historian and connoisseur, and it is and grasses sparkles with life.' partly due to this twofold equipment that we Another passage that deserves notice is the now have a volume of such unusual value. The discriminating comparison of the artistic styles book is popular in that it is avowedly written of Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio. Verrocchio. Scientists and for the general reader, but the writer's judicial draughtsmen par excellence in a school of nat- insight and scholarly equipment have enabled uralists and linealists, these two masters are him to pack an incredible number of details the very bone and marrow of quattrocento art; into small compass, to give us a masterpiece and their relative characteristics have rarely of condensation which possesses at the same time been so well defined as in Miss Cruttwell's breadth of view. He deals with the different words. groups of paintings,- as the early portraits, Some profile portraits of women, notably the Giorgionesque Madonnas, the great altar- that in the Poldi Pezzoli Museum in Milan and pieces,- in separate chapters without following another in Berlin, which are ascribed to Piero a strictly chronological order. It might be an della Francesca, are attributed by Berenson to open question if this is the best method, but Verrocchio. It seems to us that they are cer- in case the deficiencies of such procedure are tainly works of the Florentine rather than of not thought to be more than made up for by the Umbrian school, which would exclude Fran- its advantages and we think they are), Herr cesca's authorship. Miss Cruttwell, however, Gronau gives at the end of the book a descrip- does not accept these beautiful likenesses of tive list of the paintings of the master, with women as works of Verrocchio, and indeed comments on the date or probable period of exe- attributes to our master none of the Madonna cution. This forms an admirable key for the pictures bearing his name. In this we follow study of Titan's artistic development in detail, her with approval, for these Madonnas in Lon- and is of unique value, constituting the most don, Berlin, and elsewhere certainly show the important feature of the book alike to the ama- work of several hands. It is by such conclu- teur and the critic. sions that the authentic works of the master Our author makes two additions to the mass are to be distinguished from mediocre school of Titian's known paintings : he has discovered pieces. In the list of his genuine works she in the apartments of the Pitti Palace a portrait gives him only three paintings: The Baptism' that he believes may be that of Giulia, Duchess in the Florentine Academy, The Annuncia- of Urbino, and he moreover attributes to Titian tion’ in the Uffizi, and the portrait of a woman the remarkable portrait of a lady in the Crespi usually ascribed to Leonardo in Prince Lichten- collection at Milan, which Berenson believes to stein's collection at Vienna. be a copy of a lost Giorgione but which Cook 322 [May 1, THE DIAL holds to be an original Giorgione and the por- and prose poetry. Indeed, Dr. Gronau's volume, trait of Catherine Cornaro. marked by cautious accuracy and disinterested Much new information is given in regard love of truth, is a model for works of its class. to many of the painter's princely patrons and It is a thing of high art in itself, and is cer- his relations to the courts of Mantua and tainly the best life of Titian that has appeared. Urbino, while the important facts about the GEORGE BREED ZUG. painter's life and character are summed up in a masterly manner. One of the best chapters is that on Titian's Private Life,- Family, Home, Friends. Additional points of interest BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. are Dr. Gronau's belief that the so-called 'Duke of Norfolk' in the Pitti is really a portrait America's With the publication of Volumes of the Duke of Urbino, his discussion of historic XI. to XVI., Mr. Archer Butler highways. Titian's Giorgionesque period, the emphasis he Hulbert's series of 'Historic High- places on Palma Vecchio's influence on our ways of America' (Arthur H. Clark Co.) has master, and his chapter on Titian's technique. of "Pioneer Roads,' begin with an account of been completed. Volumes XI. and XII., treating Although he writes on the latter subject with the evolution of roads from the trail to the first the modesty of a layman, and gives his opinions American turnpike, built from Philadelphia to with reservations, we are bound to say that his Lancaster in 1794. Much of this discussion discussion of the great master's methods is the repeats the matter of earlier volumes, though best contribution yet made to the subject. Of more attention is given to the means of trans- especial value also are his remarks on the art of portation, beginning with the pack horse and portraiture on p. 131, his discussion of land- developing, as the trail becomes a road, into the freighter and stagecoach. Four highways are scape in Titian's work (pp. 166 et seq.), and described: first, the road beginning with Zane's the passage in regard to the painter's later style, trace from Wheeling to Zanesville, which was the monochromatic effect of his most mature continued to the Ohio river at Mayesville and work (pp. 160, 161, and 162). This effect is thence to Lexington, Ky.; second, the road built seen in such of Titian's later pictures as his in 1832 by Virginia between Winchester and ‘Portrait of Himself' in Madrid, painted at Parkersburg, which Mr. Butler calls the old about the age of ninety, and his Christ Northwestern turnpike'; third, the Genesee road, Crowned with Thorns' in Munich. In dra- built between 1794 and 1800 from Utica to the matic insight and power of interpretation fourth, the Catskill turnpike, built in 1802 from Genesee river and thence to Lake Erie; and, wedded to the highest technical skill, certain of the Hudson to the Susquehanna. The first three these late works are unexcelled, and are not roads were selected for treatment by Mr. Hulbert generally appreciated as they deserve. because they were in the line of the early west- One of the refreshing features of the book is ward movement, and the last one, apparently, the reproduction, among its abundant illustra- because an account of it existed ready-made in Mr. tions, of some of Titian's less known yet impor- Halsey's ‘Old New York Frontier,' which the tant pictures. A few of these unfamiliar sub- author was permitted to borrow. The separate jects are: 'Jacopo Pesaro Doing Homage to St. treatment of the Braddock, Forbes, and Boone roads in earlier volumes of the series prevents Peter' (Antwerp), The Ariosto ' (Cobham a logical development of the material, so that Hall), Venus' (Bridgewater House), Doge the relation of the various roads to each other Gritti’ (Vienna), Giulia, Duchess of Urbino' is lost sight of. The greater part of the two (Pitti Palace), the ‘Rape of Europa! (Gard- volumes consists of accounts, drawn from various ner Collection, Boston), and the 'Nymph and sources, of travel upon early roads. The narra- Shepherd’ (Vienna). tive, taken from Baily's 'Tour,' of a ride over the Those who recall Dr. Gronau's sympathetic Pennsylvania road in 1796 is both interesting and monograph on Leonardo da Vinci, published instructive, and an heretofore unpublished let- ter describing a trip over Braddock's road in the some two years ago, may at first feel disap- same year gives a faithful and pathetic picture pointment at the comparatively cold treat- of emigrant life. The remaining accounts are ment of Titian. It may seem that he is too of slight value; the chapter from Hall's 'Legends tolerant of the great Venetian's poorer pictures, of the West' is wholly imaginative, and the and not sufficiently appreciative of his master- extracts from Dickens's 'American Notes' are too pieces. But this scholarly restraint is in fact easily accessible to warrant reproduction. Vol- one of the great merits of the book. On this umes XIII. and XIV. are entitled 'Great Ameri- account it is much to be preferred to the more can Canals.' They furnish accounts of three enthusiastic treatment of the well-known mono- canals: the Chesapeake and Ohio and the Penn- sylvania canals, in Volume XIII., and the Erie graph by Mr. Claude Phillips; the German's canal in Volume XIV. The former volume brings critical balance and scholarly reserve are in out in an interesting way the rivalry between striking contrast to the Englishman's bombast the canal and the railway, which ended in the 6 > > > 1905.] 323 THE DIAL . a easy triumph of the railway. The latter volume the age of twenty, his long and profitable con- gives a convenient outline of the history of the nection with the Holland Land Company, chiefly Erie canal, which is particularly timely by reason as their agent at Meadville, Pa., his promoting of the great improvements that have recently of that town's interests, his exertions in behalf been entered upon for the purpose of maintain- of religious enlightenment and liberality, his ing the commercial prestige of New York. Log- founding of the first Unitarian church in his ically the order of the two volumes should have part of the country, and later his and his son been reversed, since it was the success of the Frederic's successful endeavors to start a theo- Erie canal that inspired the construction of the logical school at Meadville, and finally his other canals. It goes without saying that the lamented death in 1854,- all these and many account of these three canals is very far from other matters are set forth in due order and giving that comprehensive view of the era of with abundant pictorial accompaniment. Extracts canal building in the United States which it is from Huidekoper's correspondence are given, and very desirable to have, and which we naturally especially interesting are his letters to James expected from the title of the series. Particularly Freeman Clarke, who married one of his daugh- surprising is the omission of the Ohio canals, ters. Selections from his published writings prove which form a part of the history of the author's him to have been a man of intellectual independ- own state and which for so long a time performed ence and great moral force. Copious extracts a useful service in connecting the Great Lakes from his manuscript autobiography also add to with the Mississippi system. Volume XV., the value of the book. Modestly but unmistak- entitled “The Future of Road-Making,' is a popu- ably he shows himself to have been one of the lar treatise on good roads and the way to make makers of Pennsylvania. At once self-reliant, them. It consists of five chapters by different energetic, and earnestly thoughtful, he says, 'Í hands. The first is an introductory discussion of have become thoroughly convinced that the most the sociological importance of good roads by Mr. valuable part of a man's education is that which Butler himself. The second is an account of the he gives to himself.' In that utterance lies much Office of Public Road Inquiry of the Department of the secret of his success in a pioneer life of Agriculture, by the Hon. Martin Dodge, Direct- that presented problems for whose solution he or of the Office. The third chapter is a reprint had no one to whom he could turn. Another of a bulletin entitled “Good Roads for Farmers,' familiar saying, which is probably still current written by Mr. M. 0. Eldredge, Assistant Director at Meadville, commemorates his breaking loose of the Office of Public Road Inquiry, and issued from the fetters of old-fashioned orthodoxy. by the Department of Agriculture in 1899. This • What is Unitarianism? Nobody knows but chapter, filling nearly half the volume, is devoted Huidekoper, and he won't tell.' Herein is sug- to practical directions for road making. Follow- gested more truth than at first appears. To ing it are two short chapters, one on ‘Materials understand the aims and ideals of this creed- for Macadam Roads' by Mr. L. W. Page of the less sect, one must be of it; and, more than that, Road Material Laboratory of the Department of no one member can speak for another. Agriculture, and the other on 'Stone Roads in New Jersey' by Mr. E. G. Harrison, Secretary Of the men dealt with in Mr. Essays on of the New Jersey Road Improvement Associa- Charles Whibley's Literary Por- old writers. tion. Such a volume as this seems out of place traits' (Dutton), Montaigne and in an historical series. It may, however, bring Jacques Casanova have made full confession of the work now being done by the United States themselves; Rabelais and Burton reveal them- government in encouragement of the good roads selves more or less unconsciously in their works; movement to the attention of some who might Philippe de Comines hides himself completely not otherwise know of it. Volume XVI. is behind his hero, Louis XI.; Drummond of Haw- devoted to an index to the entire series. The later thornden is known by the books he keeps and by volumes of the series present both the merits and Jonson's lucky visit; and Holland by the confi- defects of the earlier ones. They are entertain- dences of a gossiping godson to Anthony à Wood, ing and often suggestive, but always incomplete. who transmitted gossip into biography. There is The material is ill arranged, and a surprising considerable difference, therefore, in the fulness amount of it is reprinted from other books. of the portraits; some are not much more than Taken as a whole the work is more like a “report sketches, others are full lengths. Rabelais and of progress than a finished product. Montaigne are not only the best done but the best worth doing. Rabelais, whom we so identify 2 Dutch "Charge it to Huidekoper' was, with his work that we hardly think of the latter as philanthropist fifty years ago, a familiar phrase possessing a name. distinct from its author's, Mr. and pioneer. in western Pennsylvania, so numer- Whibley pictures as a learned and genial doctor, ous were Harm Jan Huidekoper's beneficiaries, whose experience in the church made him satirize deserving poor bidden to draw on him to the the monks with Aristophanie humor and the extent of their needs. An excellent biography of strong flavor of the esprit gaulois. He is more this good man and hardy pioneer has been pre- than the author of 'Gargantua' and 'Pantagruel.' pared by Mrs. Nina Moore Tiffany and Mr. His work, too, is no mere ribaldry, though it is Francis Tiffany, and is published by the W. B. hardly so guileless as Mr. Whibley would repre- Clarke Co. of Boston. Huidekoper's early life sent it. It does stand for freedom and beauty, in Holland, his coming to America in 1796 at and its tone is virile. It is in the vanguard of 324 [May 1, THE DIAL 6 the intellectual Renaissance, and its author dared truth, in such polemics as Lactantius, Eusebius, much to be an apostle of human progress. Mon- and other Christian or pagan writers. His treat- taigne, on the other hand, is not distinct from ment of the legends surrounding Constantine's his work. His Essays give us almost as complete conversion is rational without being unsympa- an idea of him as the 'Diary' does of Pepys, thetic; and in his deeply interesting account of though, as Mr. Whibley remarks, in an entirely the Arian controversy and the Council of Nice different way. Pepys records his daily doings he has recorded the facts as he sees them, and is with microscopic minuteness, and we draw the content to be a guide instead of a judge. He conclusion. Montaigne treats every experience as regards Constantine as a sincere and convinced a means of testing his soul, of knowing himself, Christian; although the Christianity of the and he records his results. “I have no business Emperor was grossly material, and worldly suc- save with myself,' he says. “I consider myself cess remained in his eyes the crowning proof of unceasingly; I control and taste myself.' Pepys the Christian verities. The concluding chapter, ' never made such a confession, but he lived up • The Empire and Christianity,' is a scholarly to it just as completely. From his abundant survey of the real subject-epochal rather than material Mr. Whibley has only to select to make individual-of the book. Constantine's greatest his portrait. The details chosen range from Mon- political achievement was the founding of the taigne's eating so greedily that he often bit his splendid capital to which he gave his name; and tongue to his views on nature, life, and death. in the long and fascinating chapter devoted to He appears so many sided, so divers et ondoyant, this subject, Mr. Firth makes free and grateful as he says himself, that every man feels kinship use of the sumptuous and standard work on Con- with him. But to say, as Mr. Whibley does, that stantinople by an American scholar, Professor 'there is no circumstance of life, whose tangle E. A. Grosvenor of Amherst College. these Essays may not unravel' is to mark just that extravagant enthusiasm which appears in The Napoleonic The history of the Bonaparte nearly all these portraits. Rabelais was translated empire in régime in the kingdom of Naples by Urquhart and Motteux, Philippe de Comines southern Italy. is described by Mr. R. M. John- by Danett, and Montaigne by Florio, admirable ston in his two volumes entitled 'The Napoleonic translators all in the noblest period of English Empire in Southern Italy' (Macmillan). It translation. They are the minor figures in Mr. was a novel proceeding, to say the least, when Whibley's interesting gallery. Napoleon, by a simple proclamation addressed to his army, deposed Ferdinand and Caroline The first In the · Heroes of the Nations after the battle of Austerlitz. Although he Christian series (Putnam) the good work did not take this step in the interest of the goes on apace; and the enterprise Neapolitans, but rather to establish French , may now fairly regard its conclusion as approxi- supremacy in that portion of the Mediterranean, mate,-unless, indeed, history shall continue to his brother Joseph, and afterwards his brother- be made so rapidly as to necessitate several addi- in-law Murat, employed enlightened Neapolitans tions to the niches in this Hall of Fame by such and competent Frenchmen in sweeping away the great captains as Nogi and Oyama, and even for vestiges of feudalism and in reorganizing soci- some yet undiscovered latter-day Russian. How- ety on the basis of the French system. So suc- ever that may be, thirty-nine biographies have cessful was this work that at the Restoration in been published, and the number announced as 1815 even the French code, with slight modifica- still in preparation is eleven; which makes a sus- tions, was retained and was extended to Sicily. piciously precise total of fifty. The round num- The present volumes do not treat social changes ber, however, may be the result of history's in much detail, merely describing the condition • evening up in the long run, rather than of of the kingdom in 1805 and indicating how the any arbitrary predetermination of the editors' work of reform was inaugurated. The principal minds. The volume on Constantine the Great, emphasis is placed upon political and military the latest addition to the series, is the work of incidents. The author is not inclined to think that England's control in the Mediterranean was known to readers by his study of Augustus as undisputed after Trafalgar as commonly sup- Cæsar and his translation of Pliny's letters. The posed. One of the most interesting chapters of first Christian emperor is an historic figure whose the first volume describes the Maida campaign claim to the somewhat fortuitous title of great! and the insurrection in Calabria during which was derived rather from his grasping the skirts such diverting cut-throats as Fra Diavolo played of happy chance than from breasting the billows the leading roles. The principal figure of the of circumstance. Mr. Firth recognizes this; and volume is Joachim Murat, a spectacular if not only insists that ' under his [Constantine's] aus- an attractive personality. Murat's situation pices one of the most momentous changes in the after the disastrous Russian campaign was too history of the world was accomplished.' Of complex to be simplified by a hero of his cali- this period and of its central figure the author ber. The story of his fall and fate is told with has written sensibly and satisfyingly. He has vigor and judgment, and is the best part of the made the best possible use of his original author- whole work. The second volume covers the ities, who, as he says, were practically without period from 1815 to the end of the insurrection exception bitter and malevolent partisans, by a of 1820. Its theme is the influence of the secret masterly divination of the truth, or the probable societies, chiefly the. Carbonari, upon the liberal . . emperor. 6 9 in 1905.] 325 THE DIAL and brush. men. a party. Mr. Johnston has drawn his materials most of his space to the discussion of the fetich, largely from the Neapolitan arehives and from as occupying chief place in the life of the native British records. Aside from printed documents races of West Africa. Travellers who have made and letters he has made no apparent use of the a hasty trip through that country and have ques- French sources, although the French archives tioned the natives as to their beliefs, have often should be rich in material upon such a subject. reported that they had found a race so low in There is a full bibliography containing 466 titles. the scale of being as to have no idea of God or of a superior being. Dr. Nassau completely A wielder of Where Major Arthur Griffiths finds refutes every such statement, by citing cases sword, pen, the material for his numerous where the native said what was understood as a novels and detective stories is made denial of belief in a higher Being, simply to apparent in his ‘Fifty Years of Public Service' acknowledge his ignorance and inferiority in the (Cassell), a stout volume filled with all sorts presence of such learned and mysterious white of entertaining reminiscences of army life, civil- Years of close study of many of the most service work as prison governor and prison in- degraded tribes have convinced Dr. Nassau that spector, and, betwixt and between, intermittent there is no race so benighted as not to have the employment as journalist, editor, novelist, play-knowledge of at least the name of God. He has wright, and artist, – truly an active and many- carefully gleaned among several of these primi- sided life. But he began early, at barely sixteen, tive peoples, and has become convinced that, when he obtained a commission and went out to with all their superstition and mysterious white the Crimea. Scarcely anything of the grimness and black arts, they are possessed of a distinct of warfare appears in his rapid and readable and definite religious nature that can be reached narrative: the light-hearted lad almost seems to and educated. have been playing at war. Of the terrible suffer- Closely following Mr. William M. ings of the army before Sebastopol he says A new life Meigs's biography of Thomas Hart barely a word. That he was plucky, popular of Benton. Benton appears one by Mr. Joseph with his fellows, and somewhat of a favorite with M. Rogers. For this later book there seems to his superiors, may be read between the lines. be slight excuse, except that it was called for Lack of funds to purchase a desired promotion in the "American Crisis Series' (Jacobs), to led him to leave the military for the civil service which it belongs. The work is careless and super- after attaining the rank of major. More than ficial. The author gives us too few facts about once he hints at a leanness of purse that may well Benton, too much apology for Benton, and too have familiarized him with the traditional sub- much of his own unauthenticated opinion. Mr. altern's repast, 'a glass of water and a pull at Rogers thinks that Benton was an important the waist belt. His pages perhaps now and then national statesman who was responsible for much owe some of their attractiveness to a pardonable sound legislation and many sound policies. But unwillingness to spoil a good story in the telling, instead of exhibiting Benton's greatness, he pre- as when he describes the skating at Halifax as fers to belittle the contemporaries and opponents extending 'orer longer stretches of ice than are of Benton-Webster, Calhoun, Clay, and Doug- to be found anywhere else in the world.' The las-as men of selfish ambition, timeservers, history of his services as prison official contains, trimmers, and intriguers. Evidently the author beside weightier penological matters, accounts of holds to the 'great man' theory of history, for noted criminals, remarkable escapes, and other he shows no appreciation of the influence of interesting incidents. The author's style has the strong natural forces in American history. Of unstudied fluency of one who is used to writing the social, political, and economic conditions, with the din of the printing-press in his ears North and South, resulting in the long contro- and the boy at his side waiting for copy. The versy over slavery, he displays a profound ignor- book is a worthy addition to the Major's long The non-slaveholders in the South really list of works, grave and gay. possessed and very actively exercised political rights, though Mr. Rogers says the contrary. It Primitive The virgin soil of Africa is rich is not correct to say that Benton lost his seat customs in with the fruitage of centuries of in the Senate because he opposed nullification, West Africa. native-grown superstitions and and that he was the 'first martyr to the slavery customs. Dr. Robert Hamill Nassau spent forty struck down by the slave power.' years in this land as a missionary. The service He failed of reëlection because he was old, arro- that he was required to render gave him excep- gant, untactful, and out of touch with his con- tional opportunities to study the thoughts, stituents. He was not killed by defeat, but by beliefs, nd influential customs that form SO an incurable disease of long standing, upon which large a part of the life of those ungrown races. politics had no influence. It was not the memory Throughout the entire period of his service he of Benton that preserved Missouri to the Union, carefully gathered facts on every phase of the but natural forces aided by the Germans and the native's life. These first-hand facts he has clas- United States army. The book does not make sified and embodied in a volume entitled “ Fetich- one understand Benton the man, as does Mr. ism in West Africa' (Scribner), a work of first- Roosevelt's, nor appreciate the value of the work class importance to students of ethnology, sociol- of Benton the statesman, as does that of Mr. ogy, and primitive religion. The author devotes Meigs. ance. cause . 326 [May 1 THE DIAL on 1 as Though hardly to be classed among Music study serious books music, Miss in Munich. Mabel W. Daniels's account of "An American Girl in Munich' (Little, Brown & Co.) is pleasantly written and full of delightful humor. In twelve long letters, written to an intimate friend, the author tells with charm- ing frankness her trials and pleasures during a year of musical study. She airs her German phrases with childish naïveté, translates them all carefully, and sometimes indulges in a bit of fine writing; but for these faults she atones by her clever characterization of people, vivid descriptions of street scenes and foreign cus- toms, as well as by clear and apt comment on musical matters. She succeeds remarkably in putting into words the impressions made by vari- ous symphonies and operas, and gives many delightful and not too familiar glimpses of her masters, Stavenhagen and Thuille, and of Ysaye and Carl Zerrahn. Stavenhagen's remark, when Miss Daniels asked to join his class in composi- tion, is too good to be ignored. No woman had ever entered this class, but after solemn con- sultation with his secretary, the master said: ‘Because a Fraülein never has joined the class is no reason why a Fraülein never can,'— a point of view soun-German to be truly refreshing. The pension, with its familiar fig- ures, is well drawn, while the interwoven love story turns out in a way almost too good to be true. A German The translation and republication advocate of at this time of Friedrich List's protectionism. National System of Political Econ- omy' (Longmans) comes as a result of the recent protectionist movement in England. The work first appeared in Germany in 1844, and intended as an offset to the extreme free trade views of some of the Adam Smith school of economists. It is a fairly able presentation of the protectionist argument. Having never been revised, however, it of course fails to deal with some of the more recent phases of that subject. The author was a moderate protectionist, believ- ing neither in prohibitive duties nor protection to raw materials. According to his theory there are two stages through which every country should ultimately pass; the third stage, that of free trade, supposedly being the final one in which it should remain. In 1844, according to this theory, England was the only country in Europe that was actually ready for this third stage. If England was ready for it sixty years ago, in the estimation of the author, it may be a ques- tion how much this book will aid the protectionist cause in that country after all. translation; and Coleridge's Poems, edited by Pro- fessor Knight. In similar form, and issued by the same publishers, is a volume containing the poems of Michael Drayton. All of these books are of pocket size, carefully printed, provided with photo- gravure frontispieces, and daintily bound in limp leather of various colors. Part IV. of Professor Charles Sprague Sargent's "Trees and Shrubs,' illustrating 'new or little known ligneous plants,' has just been published by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. This section com. pletes a volume of the work, and is provided with index and title-page. The plates illustrate thirteen species of Acer, and from one to three species each of seven other genera. Miss Esther Singleton's Venice, as Seen and Described by Famous Writers,' is the latest in the series of skilful compilations that we owe to its editor. It offers good reading, for the authors are such_men as Ruskin, Symonds, Taine, Gautier, and H. F. Brown, while the two score of illustra- tions are intelligently chosen. Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. are the publishers. 'Social Progress' for 1905, edited by Mr. Josiah Strong, is published by the Baker & Taylor Co.' This year-book of economic, industrial, social, and religious statistics is a highly valuable work of reference, and the second issue of the work shows a material advance over the first in usefulness. The amount of matter included is very large, and it is strictly up-to-date. The historical series of Publications of the University of Pennsylvania' has received an impor- tant accession in Mr. Albert Edward McKinley's exhaustive study of “The Suffrage Franchise in the Thirteen English Colonies in America,' a volume of over five hundred pages. An addition to the eco- nomic series of the same institution is Dr. J. Russell Smith's monograph on The Organization of Ocean Commerce.' Messrs. Ginn & Co. are the agents for these publications. A new series of ‘French Classics for English Readers,' edited by Professors Adolphe Cohn and Curtis Hidden Page, has been inaugurated by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. These volumes are to be translations, rather than critical biographies, and the text's the thing, after a few preliminary pages of preface and book-lists. The subject of the volume which opens the series is Rabelais, and the text of the translation used is that of Urquhart and Motteux, purged of Ozell's 'improvements.' There are expurgations, of course, and the volume is one of selections only; nevertheless, the continu- ity of the story has been preserved, and the volume big enough to reproduce the greater part of the five books. Professor Page is the editor of this volume. The Macmillan Co. publish, for the London Socio- logical Society, a volume of 'Sociological Papers' by Messrs. Francis Galton, E. Westermarck, P. Geddes, E. Durkheim, H. H. Mann, and V. V. Bran- ford, with an introductory address by Professor James Bryce, the President of the Society. Perhaps the most important of these papers are those by Messrs. Galton and Geddes, having for their respect- ive subjects · Eugenics' and 'Civics.' The volume con- tains not only the addresses proper, but also the dis- cussions of this subject-matter when they were read before the Society, besides other miscellaneous mat- ter. They exhibit the Society as engaged in a very active sort of sociology, investigating real problems, and discussing the most practical of issues, while by no means neglecting the theoretical aspect of their subject. was BRIEFER MENTION. Several recent additions to the charming 'Caxton Thin Paper Classics,' imported by the Messrs. Scribner, comprise the following: Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, each in Chapman's translation; The Plays and Poems of Ben Jonson; The Autobiog- raphy of Benvenuto Cellini, in Thomas Roscoe's 1905.] 327 THE DIAL 6 NOTES. are 6 ? A second series of Mr. Paul Elmer More's 'Shel- burne Essays' will be published this month by Messrs. Putnam's Sons. A new novel by Mr. William Dean Howells is in preparation, and will be published by the Messrs. Harper during the early summer. The works of George Borrow will be issued shortly by the Messrs. Putnam in a new edition comprising five small, leather-bound, thin-paper volumes. About the middle of this month Messrs. Little, Brown & Co. will publish "The Breath of the Gods,' 'a new romance by Mr. Sidney McCall, author of "Truth Dexter.' Aristotle's ' Politics,' in Jowett's translation, with an introduction and other editorial matter by Mr. H. W. C. Davis, is a recent publication of Mr. Henry Frowde at the Oxford Clarendon Press. "A Short History of England's Literature,' by Miss Eva March Tappan, is an elementary text- book, illustrated, and provided with chapter-sum- maries and reference lists. It is published by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Mérimée's · Colomba, , edited by M. Augustin Filon, and Saint-Pierre's 'Paul et Virginie,' edited by M. Melchior de Vogüé, are recent additions to the Classiques Français published in this country by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. “The Useful Life,' further described as a crown to the simple life,' is a small book published by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. It is a compilation of extracts from the writings of Swedenborg, and has an introduction by Mr. John Bigelow. Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. publish 'A. College Text Book of Botany,' by Professor George Francis Atkinson. This work is an enlargement of the author's ‘Elementary Botany,' and is a richly-illus- trated treatise of more than seven hundred pages. Mr. Edward Dowden's volume on Montaigne will be published immediately in the ‘French Men of Letters' series, issued by the J. B. Lippincott Co. Further volumes dealing with the foremost French writers have been planned, and will appear at inter- vals. A fourth edition of Mr. George Cary Eggleston's 'A Rebel's Recollections,' published by the Messrs. Putnam, includes an added chapter on "The Old Regime in the Old Dominion.' Otherwise, the work is substantially what it was when first published over thirty years ago. • Constitutional Law in the United States,' by Dr. Emlin McClain, is published by Messrs. Long- mans, Green, & Co., in their 'American Citizen Series.' It is the work of a trained jurist, and cites leading cases for all the important subjects that come up for discussion. Dr. Elmer Edgar Stoll's monograph on John Webster is a doctoral thesis enlarged, and is devoted to a study of the periods of Webster's work as determined by his relations to his contem- porary dramatists. It is published by Messrs. Alfred Mudge & Son, Boston. Baedeker’s ‘London and Its Environs,' in its fourteenth revised edition, is imported by the Messrs. Scribner for the American market. London has changed so greatly during the past few years, that this revision of a standard guide-book is more acceptable, or rather necessary, than most of its fellow-volumes in the Baedeker series. *Whistler's Art Dicta and Other Essays,' by A. E. G., is a small volume published by Mr. Charles E. Goodspeed. The five papers which it comprises are reprinted from various periodicals, and illustrated by numerous facsimiles. Whistler is the subject of three of them, and Aubrey Beardsley of the remaining two. Two important volumes soon to be published by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., which have not pre- viously been announced, are an authoritative study of Our Philippine Problem' by Professor H. Par- ker Willis, and a collection of 'Lectures on Shakes- peare' by Dr. Stopford Brooke. The same firm will also issue shortly a new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged, of Sir Donald Mackenzie Wal- lace's book on Russia. * The Higher Life of Chicago,' by Dr. Thomas James Riley, is a recent publication of the Univer- sity of Chicago Press. It is a study of such matters as educational systems and institutions, libraries and newspapers, civic associations, social settle- ments, trade unions, charitable agencies, religious organizations, and women's clubs. As a coinpen- dium of the facts relating to these varied activities, it is a book of much value, both for reference and for the further stimulation of cultural and altruistic endeavor. THE SCIIILLER CELEBRATION. The one hundredth anniversary of the death of Schiller will occur on the ninth of the present month, and the occasion will be widely celebrated, not only in the land of the poet's birth, but also in many others, our own included. Among the ob- servances planned for America those to be held in Chicago bid fair to be the most noteworthy. Dur- ing nearly a year past, preparations have been making for a Schiller Festival in this city, the enterprise being under the joint direction of the American Institute of Germanics and the Schwaben- verein of Chicago. Jun rous special committees have for some time been at work upon the several features of the celebration, and the result gives promise of being a noteworthy demonstration of loyalty to both the personal memory and the objec- tive achievements of the noble poet who inspired the idealism of Young Germany a hundred years ago, and whose example still offers inspiration to all generous spirits everywhere who have the cause of humanity at heart. One part of this centennial celebration occurred about two weeks ago, taking the form of an elaborate stage perfczmance of Wilhelm Tell' in the Auditorium at Chicago. The remaining events are to occupy a term of four days, beginning May 6, and ending with the anni. versary of the poet's death. On Saturday, May 6, there will be a concert by the Theodore Thomas Orchestra and the Apollo Club, having for its prin- cipal feature the Ninth Symphony, with the choral setting of Schiller's 'An die Freude.' On Sunday, there will be a religious service, with choral feat- ures, in the morning, and in the afternoon an address by Professor Calvin Thomas, also accom- panied by the united Männerchöre. Monday will be given over to an Academic Conference in the Chicago building of the Northwestern University, with addresses by the representatives of various universities. The last day of the festival will witness appropriate ceremonies at the Schiller monument in Lincoln Park, and an evening celebration devoted to a picturesque presentation of 'Das Lied von der Glocke.' Prize prologues, in both German and English, written for the occasion, will be read at the public exercises, and a permanent memorial of 6 6 328 [May 1, THE DIAL A DIRECTORY OF THE AMERICAN PUBLISHING TRADE. the affair will be provided by the publication of a book, reproducing in autograph facsimile the spe- cial "sentiments' or 'appreciations of something like a hundred eminent persons who have re- sponded to a request for such contributions. Taken altogether, the festival will be a memorable one, and the immense German population of Chicago, together with the great numbers of those others who feel themselves under a deep debt to German culture, assures the popular success of the under- taking. In the issue of THE DIAL for May 1, 1900, which marked the journal's twentieth anniversary, there ap- peared a Directory of the American Publishing Trade, carefully compiled from information secured especially for the purpose from the publishers themselves. This Directory proved so useful to our readers and others, that it has been thought desirable to reprint it at this time, with such revision as the numerous changes in the trade during the past five years make necessary. The descriptive data here given regarding the leading houses is neces- sarily limited and condensed, but aims to cover the follow- ing points : Name in full, date of organization, successive changes in name with dates of such changes, names of present officers or members of company or firm, special class of publications, titles of any periodical publications, address in full. It is believed that no name of any signifi- cance in the legitimate publishing trade of the country has been omitted. TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. May, 1905. America's Economic Future in East. Baron Kaneko. Forum. Architecture, English Gothic. G. B. Brown. No. Amer. Arc-Light, The. Charles F. Brush. Century. Art Appreciation, Money Test of. C. H.Caffin. World's Wk. Austria and Hungary, Relation between. No. American. Battlefield Losses. Louis Elkind. North American. Bear, A New. W. J. Holland. Century. Canada, A Winter Trip in. F. E. Schoonover. Scribner. Chateaux of Loches and Langeais. R. Whiteing. Century. China's Progress. J. W. Jenks. Rev. of Reviews. City, Great, Government of the. W. R. Peabody. Forum. Cleveland, Grouping of Public Buildings in. Rev. of Revs. College Professors,—What Should They Be Paid ? Atlantic. Davidson, Thomas, The Late. William Jantes. McClure. Derelicts of the Sea. P. T. McGrath. McClure. Diplomatic Representation, Grades of. No. American. “Don Quixote" Tercentenary. Havelock Ellis. NO. Amer. Drama, English, of Today. H. A. Beers. No. American. Eleanor, Queen, Funeral of. T. A. Janvier. Harper. Electricity and Traffic. B. Meiklejohn. World's Work. Ethnological Paradox, An. Charles J. Post. Harper. Farming Vacant City Lots. Rev. of Reviews. Fiction, Current Tendencies in. Mary Moss. Atlantic. Finger Prints, An Ancient Reading of. No. American. Flowers, Wild, as Decoration. Candace Wheeler. Atlantic. Grand Canyon, A Glimpse of the. Benj. Brooks. Scribner. Harrisburg (Pa.), Three Years in. Rev. of Reviews. Horse, A Wonderful. Edward C. Heyn. McClure. Hyde, James Hazen. Lindsay Denison. World's Work. Insurance Finance, Masters of. I. S. Grim. World's Work. Italy and Her Emigrants. G. Tosti. No. American. Japan's American Loan. Baron Kaneko. World's Work. Japan's Peace Negotiators. J. Hashiguchi. World's Work. Japan's Probable Peace Terms. A. Kinnosuké. No. Amer. Japanese Hospital Methods. Anita McGee. Century. Kansas Oil Fight. I. F. Marcosson. World's Work. Labor Question's New Aspects. V. S. Yarros. Rev. of Revs. Life, What Is ? Sir Oliver Lodge. No. American. Local Color, A Question of. B. H. Ridgely. Atlantic. Magnetic Storms and the Sun. E. W. Maunder. Harper. Marble Quarries of Vermont. E. B. Child. Scribner. Marriage Impediments in Catholic Church. No. American. Newman and Carlyle. Jefferson B. Fletcher. Atlantic. Panama Canal Executive. Walter Wellman. Rev. of Revs. Reagan, The Late Judge. W. F. McCaleb. Rev. of Revs. Religion of the Spirit. George Hodges. Atlantic. Rogers, Henry H. J. S. Gregory. World's Work. Rome, The Prize of. Arthur Hoeber. Century. Sainte-Beuve, Centenary of. Paul E. More. Atlantic. Schiller's Ideal of Liberty. William R. Thayer. Atlantic. Schiller's Message to Modern Life. Kuno Francke, Atlan. Sin, New Varieties of. Edward A. Ross. Atlantic. Spain and Portugal, What People Read in. Rev. of Revs. Spiritual Awakening, The New. H. R. Elliot. Century. Summer Camps for Boys. W. T. Talbot. World's Work. Strike Breaking. Leroy Scott. World's Work. Subiaco. W. L. Alden. Harper. Susinak, Ten.ple of. Jacques de Morgan. Harper. Trade Schools, Fight for. F. W. Noxon. World's Work. Trees, Awakening of the. Frank French. Scribner. Tuscan Farm, Life on a. T. R. Sullivan. Scribner. United States, Tenth Decade of. W. G. Brown. Atlantic. United States Territorial Expansion. J. B. Moore. Harper. Visayan Islands, Economic Questions affecting. No. Amer. Vision. Hildegarde Hawthorne. Atlantic. Wasps, The Huntress. Henry C. McCook. Harper. Webster and Calhoun in 1850. G. P. Fisher. Scribner. Allyn & Bacon. 172 Tremont St., Boston. Altemus Company, Henry. 507-513 Cherry St., Philadelphia. American Baptist Publication Society. 1420 Chest- nut St., Philadelphia. American Book Company. Corporation. Founded 1890. Officers: H. T. Ambrose, Henry H. Vail, Charles P. Batt, Gilman H. Tucker. Educational text-books. Washington Square, New York. American Unitarian Association. 25 Beacon St., Boston. Appleton & Company, D. Corporation. Founded 1825 by Daniel Appleton; 1838, Daniel Appleton & Company; incorporated 1897. Officers: J. H. Sears, Geo. S. Emory, Forrest Raynor, Daniel Appleton, L. W. Sanders, Chas. A. Appleton. Fiction, scientific and educational works, and miscellaneous. 436 Fifth Ave., New York. Armstrong & Son, A. C. 3-5 W. 18th St., New York. Badger, Richard G. 194 Boylston St., Bo n. Baker & Taylor Co., The. Corporation. Founded 1830; incorporated 1886. Officers: Herbert S. Baker, Nelson Taylor. Miscellaneous publica- tions. 33-37 E. 17th St., New York. Barnes & Co., A. S. Founded 1838, in Hartford, Conn.; moved to Philadelphia, 1840, A. S. Barnes & Co.; moved to New York, 1844; 1850, Barnes & Burr; 1865, A, S. Barnes & Co.; reorganized, 1896. Present members: Henry Barr Barnes, Courtlandt Dixon Barnes. Miscellaneous publications. 156 Fifth Ave., New York. Barrie & Son, George. 1313 Walnut St., Philadel- phia. Bartlett, Alfred. Cornhill, Boston. Bell, Howard Wilford. 3 W. 34th St., New York. Blakiston's Son & Co., P. 1012 Walnut St., Phila- delphia. Bobbs-Merrill Co., The. Corporation. Founded 1838, Merrill & Co.; by consolidation with Bowen, Stewart & Co., The Bowen-Merrill Co.; 1903, The Bobbs-Merrill Co. Officers: William C. Bobbs, Charles W. Merrill, John J. Curtis. Fiction, law books, and miscellaneous. Publishers of The Reader Magazine. 9-11 W. Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind. Brandt, Albert. Publisher of The Arena. Trenton, N. J. Brentano's. Corporation. Founded 1852, August Brentano; 1877, Brentano's; incorporated 1899. Miscellaneous publications. 5-9 Union Square, New York. Buckles & Co., F. M. 11 E. 16th St., New York. 1905.) 329 THE DIAL Burrows Brothers Company, The. 133-137 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, O. Caldwell Company, H. M. 208 Summer St., Boston. Callaghan & Company. 114 Monroe St., Chicago. Cassell & Company, Ltd. 43-45 E 19th St., New York, Century Co., The. Founded 1870, Scribner & Co.; 1881, The Century Co. Officers: Frank H. Scott, Chas. F. Chichester, William W. Ellsworth. Sub- scription books and miscellaneous. Publishers of The Century Magazine and St. Nicholas. 33 E. 17th St., New York. Clark Company, The Arthur H. Corporation. Organized 1902. Officers: Arthur H. Clark, Willis Vickery, M. 0. Senseny, Arthur C. Rogers. His- torical publications. 1023-1025 Garfield Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. Clark Publishing Co., C. M. 211 Tremont St., Bos- ton. Clarke Company, The Robert. Corporation. Founded 1858, Robert Clarke & Co., succeeding by pur- chase H. W. Derby & Co. (founded 1845 as Derby, Bradley & Co.); incorporated 1894, The Robert Clarke Company. Officers: Roderick D. Barney, Howard Barney, Alexander Hill. Law books and miscellaneous. 14-16 E. 4th St., Cin. cinnati, O. Clode, E. J. 156 Fifth Ave., New York. Collier & Son, P. F. 416-424 W. 13th St., New York. Cooke, Robert Grier. Miscellaneous publications. American publisher of The Burlington Magazine, 307 Fifth Ave., New York. Crowell Co., Thomas Y. Founded 1870; 1900, removed from Boston to New York. Present members: Thomas Y, Crowell, E. Osborne Crowell, T. Irving Crowell, J. Osborne Crowell. Standard and miscellaneous publications. 426-428 W. Broad- way, New York. Cupples & Leon. 156 Fifth Ave., New York. Dillingham Co., G. W. 119 W. 23d St., N. Y. Dodd, Mead & Co. Founded 1839 by Moses W. Dodd; 1870, Dodd, Mead & Co., composed of Frank H. Dodd and Edward S. Mead, Moses W. Dodd retiring. Present members: Frank H. Dodd, Bleecker Van Wagenen, Robert H. Dodd, Edward H. Dodd, Frederick W. Tufts. Miscellaneous pub- lications. Publishers of The Bookman. 372 Fifth Ave., New York. Dodge Publishing Company. 23 W. 20th St., New York. Doubleday, Page & Co. Founded 1900. Present members: F. N. Doubleday, W. H. Page, H. S. Houston, S. A. Everitt, H. W. Lanier. Miscel- laneous publications. Publishers of The World's Work, Country Life in America, and The Garden Magazine. 133-137 E. 16th St., New York. Dutton & Co., E. P. Corporation. Founded 1852, Ide & Dutton; 1858, E. P. Dutton & Co.; incor- porated 1901. Officers: E. P. Dutton, John Macrae, Joseph A. Smith, George D. Dutton, Charles A. Burkhardt. Religious and miscellane- ous publications. 31 W. 23d St., New York. Eaton & Mains. 150 Fifth Ave., New York. Elder & Co., Paul. 238 Post St., San Francisco. Estes & Company, Dana. Successors to Estes & Lauriat (founded 1872). Present members: Dana Estes, Frederick R. Estes, Eugene C. Belcher, Fred D. Irish. Subscription and library editions of standard authors, juveniles, and miscellaneous. 212 Summer St., Boston. Federal Book Co. 52-58 Duane St., New York. Ferris & Leach. 29 N. 7th St., Philadelphia. Fox, Duffield & Company. Corporation. Founded 1903. Officers: Rector K. Fox, Pitts Duffield. Miscellaneous publications. Publishers of The International Quarterly. 38 E. 21st St., New York. Funk & Wagnalls Company. 44-60 E. 23d St., New York. Ginn & Company. Founded 1867, Edwin Ginn; 1872, Ginn Brothers; 1876, Ginn & Heath; 1881, Ginn, Heath & Co.; 1885, Ginn & Co. Educa- tional text-books. 29 Beacon St., Boston. Goodspeed, Charles E. 5a Park St., Boston. Gorham, Edward S. 285 Fourth Ave., New York. Grafton Press, The. 70 Fifth Ave., New York. Hammersmark Publishing Co. 151-153 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Harper & Brothers. Corporation. Founded 1817, J. & J. Harper; 1833, Harper & Brothers; incorporated 1896. Officers: G. B. M. Harvey, J. Henry Harper, C. W. McIlyaine, F. A. Duneka, F. T. Leigh. Miscellaneous publications. Pub- Tishers of Harper's Magazine, Harper's Weekly, Harper's Bazaar, and The North American Review. Franklin Square, New York. Harper, Francis P. 14 W. 22d St., New York. Hazen Co., M. W. 27 Thames St., New York. Heath & Co., D. C. Corporation. Founded 1886; incorporated 1895. Officers: D. C. Heath, C. H. Ames, W. E. Pulsifer, W. S. Smyth. Educational text-books. 120 Boylston St., Boston. Hinds, Noble & Eldredge. 31-35 W. 15th St., New York. Hobart Co., The. 114 Fifth Ave., New York. Holman & Co., A. J. 1222 Arch St., Philadelphia. Holt & Company, Henry. Corporation. Founded 1866, Leypoldt & Holt; 1871, Leypoldt, Holt & Williams; 1872, Holt & Williams, 1873, Henry Holt & Co.; incorporated 1903. Officers: Henry Holt, Roland Holt, Edwar N. Bristol, Joseph F. Vogelius. General literature and edu- cational text-books. 29 W. 230 St., New York. Home Publishing Company, The. 3 E. 14th St., New York. Houghton Mifflin & Co. Founded 1828, Car- ter & Hendee; 1832, Allen & Ticknor; 1833, W. D. Ticknor; 1851, Ticknor, Reed & Fields; 1854, Ticknor & Fields; 1868, Fields, Osgood & Co.; 1871, James R. Osgood & Co.; 1878, by con. solidation with Hurd & Houghton (successors in 1864 to firm of Bolles & Houghton, founded 1849), Houghton, Osgood & Co.; 1880, Houghton, Mimin & Co. Present members: George H. Mifflin, James Murray Kay, L. H. Valentine, Henry 0. Hough- ton, Albert F. Houghton. Standard works in gen- eral literature, especially of American authors, and educational text-books. Publishers of The Atlantic Monthly. 4 Park St., Boston, Huebsch, B. W. 150 Nassau St., New York. Jacobs & Co., George W. Founded 1893. Juveniles and miscellaneous. 1216 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Jenkins, William R. 851-853 Sixth Ave., New York. Jennings & Graham. (See Western Methodist Book Concern.) Jewish Publication Society of America, The. 608 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Johns Hopkins Press, The. Baltimore, Md. Kerr & Co., Charles H. 56 Fifth Ave., Chicago. Laird & Lee. Founded 1887, by Fred C. Lair's and William H. Lee; 1894, Mr. Lee became sole proprietor. Mechanical and reference works, 830 (May 1 THE DIAL as as juveniles, and miscellaneous. 263-265 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Lane, John. Established 1896, American branch of John Lane, London. Resident manager, R. Harold Paget. Belles lettres, poetry, fiction, essays, and fine art books. Publisher of The International Studio. 67 Fifth Ave., New York. Lea Brothers & Co. 708 Sansom St., Philadelphia. Lemcke & Buechner. 11 E. 17th St., New York. Lippincott Company, J. B. Corporation. Founded 1794, Benjamin Johnson; 1819, Benjamin Warner; 1821, Warner & Grigg; 1823, Grigg & Elliott; 1847, Grigg, Elliott & Co.; 1850, Lippin- cott, Grambo & Co.; 1855, J. B. Lippincott & Co.; incorporated 1885, J. B. Lippincott Company. Officers: Craige Lippincott, J. Bertram Lippin- cott, Robert P. Morton. Medical, scientific, and educational publications, and works of fiction and reference. Publishers of Lippincott's Magazine. Washington Square, Philadelphia. Little, Brown, & Company. Founded 1784, E. Battelle; 1787, The Boston Book Store; 1792, Samuel Cabot; 1797, William T. and Samuel Blake; 1806, William Andrews; 1813, Cummings & Hilliard; 1821, Carter, Hilliard, & Co.; 1827, Hilliard, Gray, & Co., the Co. being Charles C. Little; later, Hilliard, Gray, Little, & Wilkins; 1837, Charles C. Little & James Brown; 1847, Little, Brown & Company. Present members: John M. Brown, Charles W. Allen, Hulings C. Brown, James W. McIntyre. General literature and law books. 254 Washington St., Boston. Longmans, Green, & Co. Established 1887, American branch of Longmans, Green, & Co., Lon- don (founded 1724). Present members (of Ameri- can firm): W. E. Green, T. N. Longman, C. J. Longman, H. H. Longman, G. H. Longman, C. J. Mills. Miscellaneous publications. 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company Corporation. Organized 1904 by consolidation of "Lee & Shepard (founded 1861) and Lothrop Pub- lishing Co. (founded 1850). (Imprints of both Lee & Shepard and Lothrop Publishing Co. con- tinue to be used by new corporation.) W. F. Gregory, Treasurer and Manager. Fiction, juve- niles, and miscellaneous. 93 Federal St., Boston. Luce & Co., John W. 209 Washington St., Boston. McClure, Phillips & Co. Corporation. Founded 1900. Officers: S. S. McClure, J. S. Phillips. Miscellaneous publications. Publishers of Mc- Clure's Magazine. 44-60 E. 230 St., New York. McClurg & Co., A. C. Corporation. Founded 1848, S. C. Griggs & Co.; 1881, Jansen, McClurg & Co.; 1886, A. C. McClurg & Co.; incorporated 1899. Officers: W. F. Zimmerman, J. B. Fay, F. B. Smith, 0. T. McClurg, R. Fairclough. Mis. cellaneous publications. 215-221 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Macmillan Company, The. Corporation. Estab- lished 1869 by George E. Brett, as American branch of Macmillan & Co., Limited, London; incorporated 1896, The Macmillan Company. Officers: George P. Brett, Lyman B. Sturgis, H. A. R. Schumacher, Lawton L. Walton. Mig- cellaneous publications. Publishers of Science and The American Historical Review. 64-66 Fifth Ave., New York, Moffat, Yard & Company. Corporation. Founded 1905. Officers: W. D. Moffat, Robert S. Yard. Miscellaneous publications. 289 Fourth Ave., New York, Morris & Co., John D. 1201 Chestnut St., Phila- delphia. Mosher, Thomas B, Founded 1891. Reprints, mostly from English sources, of belles lettres. 45 Exchange St., Portland, Maine. Nelson & Sons, Thomas. Corporation. Estab- lished 1854, as American branch of Thomas Nel. son & Sons, Edinburgh and London (founded 1810). Consolidated with E. & J. B. Young & Co. (founded 1848) and incorporated, 1903. Present inembers: Wm. Thomson, Wm. Goodson. India paper bibles, etc., juveniles, and miscellaneous. 37 E. 18th St., New York. Newson & Co. 28 E. 17th St., New York. Ogilvie & Co., George W. 181 Monroe St., Chicago. Ogilvie Pubg. Co., J. S. 57 Rose St., New York. Old South Work, Directors of. Old South Meeting House, Boston. Open Court Publishing Co., The. 1328 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Oxford University Press, American Branch. Cor- poration. Established 1897. Officers: Henry Frowde, John Armstrong, William F. Olver. Oxford bibles, etc., and Clarendon Press publica- tions. 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. Page & Company, L. C. 212 Summer St., Boston. Penn Publishing Co., The. 923 Arch St., Phila- delphia. Pilgrim Press, The. 14 Beacon St., Boston. Pott & Co., James. 119-121 W. 23d St., New York. Presbyterian Board of Publication. 1319 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Putnam's Sons, G. P. Corporation. Founded 1836, Wiley, Long & Putnam; 1837, Wiley & Put- nam; 1848, G. P. Putnam; 1851, G. P. Putnam & Co.; 1866, G. P. Putnam & Son; 1873, G. P. Put- nam's Sons; incorporated 1892. Officers: George Haven Putnam, John Bishop Putnam, Irving Put- nam. Miscellaneous publications. Publishers of The Critic, Annals of Ophthalmology, and Annals of Otology. 27-29 W. 23d St., New York. Rand, McNally & Co. 166-168 Adams St., Chicago. Reilly & Britton. 84 Adams St., Chicago. Revell Company, The Fleming H. 82 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Robertson, A. M. 126 Post St., San Francisco. Saalfield Publishing Co. Akron, O. Sanborn & Co., Benj. H. 110-120 Boylston St., Boston. Scott, Foresman & Company. 378-388 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Scott-Thaw Co. 542 Fifth Ave., New York. Scribner's Sons, Charles. Corporation. Publica- tion department founded 1846, Baker & Scrib- ner; 1851, Charles Scribner; 1864, Charles Scribner & Co.; 1872, Scribner, Armstrong & Co.; 1878, Charles Scribner's Sons. Importation department founded 1859, Scribner & Welford; 1867, Scribner, Welford & Co.; 1872, Scribner, Welford & Armstrong; 1878, Scribner & Welford. Magazine department founded 1866, Charles Scribner & Co., 1870, Scribner & Co.; 1886, Charles Scribner's Sons. In 1891 name of Charles Scrib- ner's Sons was adopted for all branches of the business. Incorporated 1904. Officers: Charles Scribner, Arthur H. Scribner, Edwin W. Morse. Miscellaneous publications. Publishers of Scrib- ner's Magazine and The Book Buyer. 153-157 Fifth Ave., New York. Sergel Company, Charles H. 358 Dearborn St., Chi- cago. Silver, Burdett & Co. 85 Fifth Ave., New York. Small, Maynard & Co. 10 Arrow St., Cambridge, Mass. 1905.] 331 THE DIAL Smart Set Publishing Co. 452 Fifth Ave., New York. Spon & Chamberlain. 123 Liberty St., New York. Stokes Company, Frederick A. Corporation. Founded 1881, White & Stokes; 1883, White, Stokes & Allen; 1887, Frederick A. Stokes; 1888, Frederick A. Stokes & Brother; incorporated 1890, Frederick A. Stokes Company. Officers: Frederick A. Stokes, Maynard A. Ďominick Fiction, juve- niles, and miscellaneous. 5 & 7 E. 16th St., New York. Stone & Co., Herbert S. 11-13 Eldridge Court, Chicago. Taylor & Co., J. F. 5-7 E. 16th St., New York. Tennant & Ward. Photographic publications. Pub- lishers of The Photo-Miniature. 287 Fourth Ave., New York, Turner & Co., Herbert B. 170 Summer St., Boston. University of Chicago Press, The. Organized 1892. Present director: Newman Miller. Scien- tific, theological, and miscellaneous publica- tions. Publishers of The Biblical World, The School Review, The Elementary School Teacher, The Botanical Gazette, The Astrophysical Jour- nal, The Journal of Geology, The American Jour- nal of Sociology, The Journal of Political Econ- omy, The American Journal of Theology, The American Journal of Semitic Language and Lit- erature, Modern Philology, The University Rec- ord. Chicago. Van Nostrand Co., D. 23 Murray St., New York. Warne & Co., Frederick. Founded 1882, American branch of English firm of same name. Resident manager, P. C. Leadbeater. Belles let. tres and children's books. 36 E. 22d St., New York. Wessels Company, A. Corporation. Founded 1898, M. F. Mansfield & A. Wessels; 1899, A. Wessels Company; incorporated 1902. Officers: A. Wessels, D. B. Conklin. Belles lettres, and miscellaneous. 43-45 E. 19th St., New York. West Co., James H. 220 Devonshire St., Boston. Western Methodist Book Concern, The. Cor- poration. Founded 1820. Managed by two agents elected quadrennially by the General Methodist Conference. Present agents, Jennings & Graham. Religious and miscellaneous. 220 W. 4th St., Cincinnati, O. Whittaker, Thomas. 2 & 3 Bible House, New York. Wide Company, W. A. 120 Boylston St., Boston. Wiley & Sons, John. 41-45 E. 19th St., New York. Wilson Co., H. W. 315 14th Ave., Minneapolis. Winston Co., The John C. (Successors to Henry T. Coates & Co.) 1006 Arch St., Philadelphia. as LIST OF NEW BOOKS. (The following list, containing 22 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] NOTES FROM A DIARY, 1896 to January 23, 1901. By the Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart E. Grant Dufi, F.R.S. In 2 vols., 12mo, uncut. E. P. Dutton & Co. $4. net. A DICTIONARY OF SAINTLY WOMEN. By Agnes B. C. Dun- bar. Vol. I., large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 480. Macmillan Co. $3.50 net. THE LIFE OF CERVANTES. By Albert F. Calvert. Illus. in photogravure, etc., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 139. John Lane. $1.25 net. ROBERT BROWNING. By C. H. Herford. 12mo, pp. 309. “Modern English Writers." Dodd, Mead & Co. $1. net. WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. By William Aspen wall Brad- ley. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 229. "English Men of Letters." Macmillan Co. 75 cts. BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAYS. By the late Marquess of Salis- bury, K. G. With photogravure portrait, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 212. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.net. A REBEL'S RECOLLECTIONS. By George Cary Eggleston. Fourth edition, with an additional chapter on the Old Régime in the Old Dominion. 1200, pp. 260. G. P. Putnam's Sons. HISTORY. SELECT DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: The Constituent Assembly. Edited by L. G. Wickham-Legg, M.A. In 2 vols., 12mo, uncut. Oxford University Press. $4. net. A HISTORY OF ALL NATIONS. Vol. VI., The Great Migra- tions; Vol. VII., The Early Middle Ages. Each by Julius von Pflugk-Harttung, Ph.D.; trans. under the supervision of John Henry Wright, LL.D. Illus., 4to. Lea Brothers & Co. 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KNISKERN, Passenger Traffic Manager C. & N.-W. Ry., CHICAGO, ILL. Get Ready Now for Cool Colorado It's not too early to plan that summer outing in the Colorado Rockies. The Santa Fe is arranging some low- rate excursions, Chicago to Colorado, account Epworth League and G. A. R. Best of train service. Ask Santa Fe agent at 109 Adams Street, Chicago, for copy of “A Colorado Summer." 1905.] 337 THE DIAL FREDERICK WARNE & COMPANY, NEW YORK AN EXHAUSTIVE WORK ON GASTRONOMY THE DIARY AND LETTERS OF COOKERY: Its Art and Practice MADAME D'ARBLAY (Frances Burney) THE HISTORY, SCIENCE, AND PRACTICAL IMPORT OF THE With notes by W. C. Ward, and Prefaced by Lord Macaulay's Essay. ART OF COOKERY, WITH A DIOTIONARY A well printed, handy edition in three volumes. 12mo, blue linen OF CULINARY TERMS boards, gilt tops. Per set, $2.25. By J. L. W. THUDICHUM, M.D., F.R.C.P.Lond. 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A Biographical and Critical Study “Never before have materials so widespread been collated into a single volume, and the work has besides the unique distinction of By T. SHARPER KNOWLSON. With portrait and a Bibliography. including something like a representative collection of quotations from 12mo, cloth. Price, $1.00, net. By mail, $1.06. the modern writers which hitherto have hardly been laid under tribute “Tolstoy is a world character. Mr. Knowlson's criticism is for such a purpose at all."-Liverpool Courier. more illuminatory than much eulogy."-Public Ledger, Philadelphia. Our publications can be obtained through any bookseller in the United States or Canada, or at 36 East Twenty-second Street, New York City DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS . Seasonable Books Read the New Novel MASKS An intensely interesting Story of the Stage BY A FISHING CLASSIC Henshall's BOOK OF THE BLACK BASS, and the supplement, MORE ABOUT THE BLACK BASS. 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IN TO THE YUKON (Second Edition) A narrative of a recent tour through the Klondyke region, California, and the West. BY WILLIAM SEYMOUR EDWARDS. New edition, with 97 half-tone illustrations and 2 maps. 12mo, cloth, net, $1.50 (postage 12c.) A charming narrative of a tour through the Canadian Northwest, the gulfs, and straits, and fjords of our North Pacific coasts, the valley of the upper Yukon and its lakes, the golden Klondyke and some parts of California and the Middle West. To the tourist it will serve as a pleasant guide book. “Mr. Edwards is a clear-sighted observer, and his narrative is straightforward and unpretentious.”—The Nation. «In To the Youkon' is one of the most delightful and interesting books of travel I have ever read. There is not a dull page in'it." EMIL FRIEND ("Boersianer") FOR SALE EVERYWHERE 0. W. Ogllvie & Co., Publishers, Chicago 1 THE ROBERT CLARKE co., Publishers CINCINNATI, OHIO 388 [May 1, 1905. THE DIAL The New Knowledge A Popular Account of the New Physics and the New Chemistry in their Relation to the New Theory of Matter By ROBERT KENNEDY DUNCAN Professor of Chemistry in Washington and Jefferson College. With many Illustrations. 8vo, cloth, $2.00 net. There is a New Knowledge in the world. The Cause of the Heat of the Sun Radio-Activity The Immortality of the Universe The Birth and Decay of Matter A Tangible Conception of Eternity All these are locked up in the New Knowledge that is revolutionizing the thought of the day. The Right Life and How to Live It By the Rev. Dr. HENRY A. STIMSON “Only a boy with a very blunt nature can lay this book down without seeing that science as well as religion preaches upright conduct and clean living."-New York Globe. Introduction by William H. Maxwell, Superintendent of Schools, New York City. Price, $1.20 net. Our First Century A Little History of American Life By GEORGE CAREY EGGLESTON Here a century really lives. 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Another paper of great importance is by Sydney Olivier, ex- governor of Jamaica, on the negro problem, under the title of - The White Man's Burden at Home.” An essay by Mr. Okakura-Kakuzo, called “The Cup of Humanity," from his forthcoming “Book of Tea," is pronounced by the Evening Post, New York, “the most charming magazine article that has appeared in a long time." These articles are typical of every number of THE INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY, arti- cles of immediate and striking interest and charm. To sub- scribe ($4.00 a year), write to your subscription agent, or to Fox, Duffield & Co., Publishers, 36 East 21st St., New York. Early Western Travels 1748-1846 A SERIES OF ANNOTATED REPRINTS of some of the best and rarest contemporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Con- ditions in the Middle and Far West, during the Period of Early American Settlement. Edited, with Historical, Geographical, Ethnological, and Bibliographical Notes, and Introductions and Index, by REUBEN GOLD THWAITES, LL.D. With facsimiles of the original title-pages, maps, portraits, views, etc. Each ume, large 8vo, cloth, uncut, gilt top. Price $4.00 net per volume (except the Atlas, which is $15.00 net). The edition is limited to 750 complete sets, each numbered and signed; but in addition thereto, a limited number of the volumes will be sold separately. With an Elaborate Analytical Index to the Whole. THE BOOKS OF ALL PUBLISHERS are carried in our stock, which is larger and more general than that of any other house in the country. LIBRARY ORDERS given prompt and intelligent service. Our large stock and extensive library expe- rience enables us to give valuable aid and advice to libraries and librarians. "The books are handsomely bound and printed. The editing by Mr. Thwaites seems to have been done with his customary care and knowl- edge. There is no want of helpful annotations. The books therefore will be likely to be of more real value than the early prints from which they are taken." - American Historical Review. “Mr. Thwaites is the best possible editor who could have been chosen for such a task, and the value of the series to students of American history and for all libraries needs no demonstration." - The Outlook. CATALOGUE CARDS AND CARD CABINETS We carry a special line and will be glad to furnish a price list. Full descriptive circular and contents of the volumes will be mailed on application. THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY Publishers, Cleveland, Ohio LIBRARY DEPARTMENT A. C. MCCLURG & CO. CHICAGO 1905.] 341 THE DIAL Prizes for Economic Essays SECOND YEAR In order to arouse an interest in the study of topics relating to commerce and industry, and to stimulate an examination of the value of college training for business men, a committee composed of PROFESSOR J. LAURENCE LAUGHLIN, University of Chicago, Chairman; PROFESSOR J. B. CLARK, Columbia University; PROFESSOR HENRY C. ADAMS, University of Michigan; HORACE WHITE, Esq., New York City, and HON. CARROLL D. WRIGHT, Clark College, have been enabled, through the generosity of MESSRS. HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX, of Chicago, to offer again in 1906 four prizes for the best studies on any one of the following subjects: 1. To what extent, and by what administrative body, should the public attempt to control railway rates in interstate commerce? 2. A just and practicable method of taxing railway property. 3. Will the present policy of the labor unions in dealing with non-union men, and the “closed shop," further the interests of the workingmen ? 4. Should ship subsidies be offered by the government of the United States ? 5. An examination into the economic causes of large fortunes in this country. 6. The influence of credit on the level of prices. 7. The cattle industry in its relation to the ranchman, feeder, packer, railway, and consumer. 8. Should the government seek to control or regulate the use of mines of coal, iron, or other raw materials, whose supply may become the subject of monopoly? 9. What provision can be made for workingmen to avoid the economic insecurity said to accompany the modern wage-system? A First Prize of One Thousand Dollars, and A Second Prize of Five Hundred Dollars, in Cash are offered for the best studies presented by Class A, composed exclusively of all persons who have received the bachelor's degree from an American college in 1894 or thereafter; and A First Prize of Three Hundred Dollars, and A Second Prize of One Hundred and Fifty Dollars, in Cash are offered for the best studies presented by Class B, composed of persons who, at the time the papers are sent in, are undergraduates of any American college. No one in Class A may compete in Class B; but anyone in Class B may compete in Class A. The Committee reserves to itself the right to award the two prizes of $1000 and $500 to undergraduates, if the merits of the papers demand it. The ownership of the copyright of successful studies will vest in the donors, and it is expected that, without precluding the use of these papers as theses for higher degrees, they will cause them to be issued in some permanent form. Competitors are advised that the studies should be thorough, expressed in good English, and not need- lessly expanded. They should be inscribed with an assumed name, the year when the bachelor's degree was received, and the institution which conferred the degree or in which he is studying, and accompanied by a sealed envelope giving the real name and address of the competitor. The papers should be sent on or before June 1, 1906, to J. Laurence Laughlin, Esq., University of Chicago, Box 145 Faculty Exchange, Chicago, Illinois. 342 [May 16, 1905. THE DIAL The New Macmillan Publications Professor Edward Channing's A History of the United States His orderly, well-balanced statements of fact stand out against a background of wide personal knowledge and deep personal insight. They are woven into a convincing, essentially readable narrative which is consistent in its point of view, and unbroken in its sequence. To be complete in eight 8vo volumes. Vol. I. now ready. $2.50 net (postage 20c.) Mr. Herbert Paul's A History of Modern England Volume III. Mr. Paul's spirited and vivid picture of modern England "never fails to be suggestive, stimulating the reader's imagination and arousing interest the more one gets into the subject." - Phila. Ledger. The volume just ready covers the early phases of the Gladstonian ministry, and the climax of Liberalism in England. Cloth, $2.50 net (postage 20c.) 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Uniform with Colonel Higgin- son's “ Whittier," etc. Cloth, 12mo, 75 cents net (postage 8c.) Mr. William A. Bradley's Bryant In the same series as the above, uniform with Benson's “Rossetti," Chesterton's "Browning," etc. Cloth, 12mo, 75 cents net (postage 8c.) Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (Complete) Professor Harry Thurston Peck's NEW NOVELS NEARLY READY LEAVE YOUR ORDER WITH YOUR BOOKSELLER Mr. Robert Herrick's Maj. John Heigh's The House of Cards Memoirs of an American Citizen The sometime major who tells this strong story is of the age by the author of "The Common Lot," etc., is at once the best when wit is ripest, judgment mellowed, and horizon broadest. work he has done and the strongest in its appeal to a reader's Cloth, $1.50. interest. Cloth, with 50 illustrations, $1.50. Charles Egbert Craddock's Mr. Foxcroft Davis's Mrs. Darrell The Storm Center is a picture of the social life of the political circles of Wash- ington, done with the light, pleasant touch which charac- is a sweet natural love story whose scenes are set in the sur- terized "Despotism and Democracy” by the same author. roundings where the author is most at home - the mountains of golden Tennessee. Cloth, 81.50. Cloth, 81.50. Miss Robins's A Dark Lantern Jack London's The Game is a very modem story of exceptional interest, especially to women who will find its pictures of society as graphic and A transcript from real life by the author of “The Call of the authoritative as anything in fiction, Wild," "The Sea-Wolf," etc. Illustrated by HENRY HUTT. Cioth, $1.50. Cloth, $1.50. ASK YOUR BOOKSELLER OR NEWSDEALER TO SHOW YOU Macmillan's Popular Series of Twenty-five Cent Novels These include the best fiction of modern times, novels by Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD, OWEN WISTER, WINSTON CHURCHILL, A. E. W. MASON, and others. We shall esteem it a favor if you will ask your dealer to show you the new issues of these novels. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, 66 Fifth Ave., New York THE DIAL a Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER BY THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. PAGE . . . THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of no defense as to principle, however obviously each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage capable of expansion as to practice. There is, prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Merico; in other countries on the other hand, a curious wariness in regard comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the to the specific endowment of individuals, a sort current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or of suspicion in some quarters that it does not postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO Clubs and quite harmonize with democratic ideals, a still for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATEs furnished less pertinent misgiving in others that it bears on application. All communications should be addressed to a flavor of charity. With a growing apprecia- THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. tion of the complexity of the conditions requi- site for our maintenance of a dignified, not to say a commanding, position in the intellectual No. 454. MAY 16, 1905. rivalry of nations, such doubts will find their Vol. XXXVIII. own solution. The hopeful message of the Carnegie Institute was the more distinct recog- CONTENTS. nition that the most profitable form of THE ENDOWMENT OF LEARNING. Joseph endeavor was to find the deserving and origi- Jastrow 343 nal type of investigator, and then ta secure for him the conditions most likely to mature for THE BASIS OF LITERATURE. T. D. A, Cockerell 346 the public benefit the issues of his labors. A SOUTHERN LIFE IN WAR TIME. Walter L. monotonously constant obstacle that stood in Fleming : 347 the way of even a reasonably favorable environ- REASON IN HUMAN CONDUCT. A. K. Rogers 349 ment was the awkward necessity in which the ITALIAN BY-WAYS. Anna Benneson McMahan 351 possessor of the favored gifts found himself, of earning his living, to say but little of the PIONEERS OF WESTERN EXPLORATION. provision with fair prudence against the rainy Lawrence J. Burpee 353 days of incapacity or the gloomy outlook of an THE PHILOSOPHY OF GOOD FORTUNE. Edith incomeless old age. To afford some relief to this J. R. Isaacs 354 unfortunate condition is the worthy purpose of BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 356 the recent bequest. It is again to endow men . The 'White Peril' in the Orient. — Glimpses of rather than institutions, to aid the cause of high life in Rome. — Chapters on contemporary higher education and to remove a source of dramatists. — The story of a famous love affair. Another book about R. L. S.'— The life and work deep and constant anxiety to the poorest-paid of Albert Dürer. — Oscar Wilde's last volume. and yet one of the highest of all professions.' Daring deeds in the early days of our navy. - A The fund will, so far as the institutions that Frenchman's impressions of Greater Britain. share in its benefits are concerned, make pro- BRIEFER MENTION 360 vision for a pension system for the least rewarded of all professions,' thus enabling those NOTES 361 who have reached the years when the harness is LIST OF NEW BOOKS 362 growing a bit irksome and the pace a little tardy to enjoy days of merited tranquility, and —what is equally important—to permit men THE ENDOWMENT OF LEARNING. during their prime to devote themselves with The educational world was agreeably sur- greater singleness of purpose to the work in prised by the recent announcement that Mr. hand, with less uneasiness as to what the future Carnegie had found yet a further distinctive may bring. purpose for his versatile philanthropy, and pos- It is rather remarkable that so small a share sibly the most urgent and pertinent of all. In of the great gifts in behalf of education should establishing the Carnegie Institute, the founder have recognized this central need. The piti- had set forth the wholesome doctrine that the ful inadequacy of the professor's salary seems endowment of men was to be considered as of to demand as its indispensable compensation greater intrinsic worth than the furtherance of the provision for a comfortable retirement after projects or the building of institutions. The long-time service. Having abandoned hope of two latter forms of the endowment of learning even the most modest of competences, the pro- may be said to be firmly sanctioned by our fessor should not be required to face senescent philanthropic traditions; they seem to demand penury. The need has not been wholly over- < . 344 [May 16, THE DIAL sors. looked; it would be possible to enumerate a thus relieve rather than expand the sense of small group of institutions that have adopted civic and philanthropic responsibility. Against a pension system, while others have it under Mr. Carnegie's libraries it is urged that it earnest consideration. In the brief experience would have been better to have had them locally of the effects of the provision, certain immedi- endowed or wholly provided by the communi- ate benefits are worthy of record: it has ties; in regard to the Carnegie Institute, that it strengthened the feeling among the members of would lead universities to shift the burden of the faculty that they belong for life to the research to the fund thus provided and with- university with whose lot they have cast their draw funds that might have been available for own. This feeling of permanency of adjust-such purpose; and in regard to the present ment exercises a wholesome influence upon the grant, that it will postpone the day when uni- attitude of the scholar to his work, a content- versities would have of their own accord estab- ment of spirit that finds not the least of its lished pensions for their self-sacrificing profes- benefits in the ability to consider with greater This is a complicated issue, for which composure than is now usual, the overtures of any formula is an impertinence. It is, how- other institutions. It is because the extent of ever, interesting to observe that the environ- Mr. Carnegie's foundation will draw wide ment of modern civilization is so bafflingly attention to this greatest defect in our educa- complex, and the many-sidedness of human tional provisionsa defect that our foreign concerns so unexpectedly surprising, that there critics have repeatedly pointed out—that it is is quite as much room for the very opposite likely to exercise a permanent influence upon influence as for the one that at first sight seems the administrative measures of all the higher imminent. One may at all events express the institutions of learning. It thus assumes the hope that Mr. Carnegie's endowment will sup- importance of a national contribution to edu- plement existing provisions rather than exon- cational policy, of a distinctive and comprehen- erate universities from the duty of supplying sive recognition of the most persistently over- pensions, and will lead to similar provisions in looked desideratum in the educational situa- such institutions as do not benefit by the Car- tion. As such it merits, as it will doubtless negie foundation. The latter consideration will receive, the enthusiastic endorsement of those presently be shown to have special pertinence. by whom the welfare of our intellectual con- And after all, each generation has a nearer cerns is properly cherished. concern and a profounder insight for the needs The day has wholly gone by when it was really of the forseeable future than for the more dis- an impropriety to look a gift horse in the face. tant and dubious perils of a remote posterity. Indeed the points of favor and defect of the In this aspect of things, there are many who offering are as likely to be as carefully consid- look forward to a larger amelioration of the ered by the donor as by the recipient. At the conditions of learning in America as a conse- moment, 'a rather vigorous discussion is going quence, direct and indirect, of this timely on anent a wholly different contribution, argu- bequest, than from any other application of ing how far it is incumbent upon the benefi- beneficent millions. ciary to pronounce upon the methods by which The detail likely to arouse strenuous discus- the proffered animal was originally acquired. sion is easily selected. It is that relating to the The more usual inquiry relates to the special exclusion of state universities from the benefits fitness of the benefaction to meet the actual of the bequest. Mr. Carnegie explains that needs, and without interference with other inasmuch as such universities may prefer that desirable ends. Mr. Carnegie has passed their relations shall remain exclusively with the through the experience of having a most gen- state,' he cannot presume to include them. The erous offer to a most worthy cause most consid- construction of this position is not easy. If it erately declined because of the mature judg- is to be taken at its face value, then it may be ment of those who were to administer the ten- said without hesitation that the conception of dered foundation, that the complications of the the function of the state university which it measure were likely to entail difficulties which seemingly entertains belongs to a bygone and they were not prepared to face. The wisdom not to the present régime. Doubtless there are of the details of the provisions, as well as the expressions and actions in the past of almost possible dangers which the bequest brings with all of the state universities that would lend it, are as legitimate points of discussion as were color to such an interpretation of their policy; these same considerations in the planning of but the modern state university is pre-eminent- the foundation. ly a contribution by a given state to the cause Whenever a very large sum of money is of higher education in the land; and state uni- given to a cause of this kind, there is the ready versities have been successful in proportion as criticism that it will diminish the natural they have acted upon this liberal interpretation incentive for others to supply similar needs, and of their scope and function. 'How much of the 6 1905.] 845 THE DIAL 6 older sentiment is still current, it would take a bare and uninviting. It requires decided de- special inquiry to determine; but it would be a termination, devotion to purpose, and belief in distinct surprise to learn that state universities ideals to follow it; and defections and unrest do prefer that their relations shall remain are becoming increasingly common. Still more exclusively with the state. Indeed what is most generally is it observed that the class of young striking in regard to the activities of the lead. men who are willing in spite of conspicuous ing state universities is the completeness of discouragement to enter the ranks, does not their parallelism to the purposes, methods, and maintain its quality. Mr. Carnegie adds his policy of comparable institutions supported by testimony to the fact that "able men hesitate private endowment. The rapprochement of to adopt teaching as a career.' The only the two is a notable feature of educational ten- source of hesitation relevant to the present dis- denoies. It appears in the confederation of cussion, not by any means the only one worth American universities bound by the common discussing, is that of inadequacy of income. A support of graduate work; it appears in every most timely contribution to the matter appears movement of a national character in higher edu- in a pleasantly intimate article in the May is- cational thought. The particular conditions that sue of The Atlantic Monthly,' setting forth un- Mr. Carnegie's bequest were especially to relieve, der the caption What Should College Profes- obtain in most typical measure in the state uni- sors Be Paid?' an itemized account of actual versities; the under-payment, the sacrifice of expenses for nine years of a teacher in one of personal comfort, the uneasiness, the deep the larger American universities. The result is interest in the advancement of learning, the that this self-sacrificing individual has actually service often in an uncongenial and unsym- been required to spend nearly double his aver- pathetic milieu, are on the whole nowhere to age income from the university for living ex- be found in more typical combination than in penses, and so has paid some $1400.00 annually the service of state institutions. If it be argued for the privilege of teaching. What this means, that the fund set aside would not have been when interpreted for the institutions as a whole, adequate for all American universities, and and for the universities throughout the land, is that accordingly the principle of selection was nothing less than the recognition of the fact that of excluding those upon which a duty that the actual supporters of our institutions of could be rather forcibly urged of providing higher education have not been either the mil- their own pension system, the matter becomes lionaires or the legislatures but the professors more intelligible though less consistent with themselves. The writer in the Atlantic the published statement. Undoubtedly the concludes that an advance of about sixty per sentiment of responsibility should be rather cent would be needed to supply the basis for more readily aroused in regard to official than the necessities of life to a man with an eco- in regard to private service. But the present nomic temperament, in the social status of the temper of legislatures does not seem favorable professor; which fact, if accepted, may quite · to this type of measure; so that no practical well be stated by saying that for many years relief seems in sight. It will at all events be professors have been contributing the missing interesting to see what attitude state universi- sixty per cent of their salaries to the support of ties will take towards their exclusion from this the institutions for whose benefit their services bequest. The attitude is certain to be a friendly were rendered. And in the aggregate this one, because of the well proved fact that move- would constitute a sum fairly comparable in ments of this kind, once inaugurated, grow; some cases, if not in most, with the income from and that the provisions in one group of insti- other sources. tutions must in the end be met by equal pro- In this aspect of things the Carnegie founda- visions in others of the same class. It is more tion appears as a single but important step in to the point at present to antagonize the con- the encouragement of the academic life through ception that state universities have any inten- the removal of its present disadvantages. The tion to be exclusive, or desire to remain in a question thus comes to the front whether a still separate class. Many of them have accepted more pointed remedy would not have been extensive or modest private benefactions, and equally or even more effective, in other words some are urging that such benefactions are in- some direct incentive for the provision of adt- deed necessary to the extension of interest in quate incomes. The conditional gift is one that their mission, upon which the university spirit present-day philanthropists find convenient to feeds and grows. their purposes of inspiring rather than of dead- Mr. Carnegie's gift once more calls deliberate ening endeavor. If the income from such a attention to the perils of the academic life in America. The attractions of the highways to to the endowment of learning were offered to other careers advertise themselves, and leave deserving universities upon condition that the the path that leads to the university chair rather authorities provide a certain minimum but ade- Carnegie 346 [May 16, THE DIAL quate income for their professors, it is not an interesting and suggestive case has lately wholly idle to hope that the higher education come to light. One Gregor Mendel, an Aus- would be as decidedly benefited as by the pro- trian priest, published in 1865 a paper on vision of pensions; and the effect of the infusion heredity, as illustrated by experiments in breed- of new life would have been more immediately ing plants. This paper was ignored until 1900, and outwardly visible. Perhaps both plans are but to-day it is regarded as one of the most worth a trial; and the untried method of stim- important of all scientific writings. A better- ulation may serve as the suggestion for further known and equally illustrative case is that of experimentation. Important as are ways and Sprengel and his writings on insects and flow- means of alleviating distress, the relief of the ers, - laughed at in his day, but regarded as unfortunate condition is far more important the work of a genius since Darwin showed us than the manner thereof. To Mr. Carnegie be- where to find the x. longs the honor of the first adequate recognition Could there be a perfectly sterile y, carrying of the importance of the evil which he has at- no x for any one? It is thinkable, but scarcely tempted to relieve by, a contribution that indi- believable. Picture the man condemned as a cates that such a step is coördinate in value lunatic or crank, carrying nevertheless the with the endowment of research or the equip- greatest message to mankind, which no man, ment of instruction. JOSEPH JASTROW. now or hereafter, could ever understand. For- tunate it is, that it is possible to address pos- terity, so that a voice falling to-day on deaf ears may echo hereafter with pregnant mean- THE BASIS OF LITERATURE. ing When an entomologist finds a new species of Although it is hard to believe that any insect, he writes a description of it, which is y-bearing literature, if duly preserved, will forth with published in a technical journal. always remain sterile, there is the question of People do not read such descriptions, unless its preservation. Before the days of printed they themselves have an insect which they think books many a good idea must have gone down may be the same. After a careful comparison the wind unheeded. In these days of over between the printed words and the specimen many books, it is as likely to be lost in the very in hand, it may appear that one has the species chaos of writing, voiceless like the man who described, and immediately the words live cries against the crowd. And the worst of it again as they did in the mind of the original is, we are by the nature of the case unable to describer. More than this, however, the pub- prevent it. lished account, viewed in the light of its mani- Can fruitful literature ever cease to be so ? fest meaning, almost always contributes some- As it is assimilated, the y is gradually converted thing new to the stock of ideas of the person into x, and in the simpler cases no residue at using it. length remains. Whatever was there is now With all literature, apparently, the same fully possessed by the reader, and he may not thing happens. There has to be a common obtain fresh inspiration from that source. Thus factor, x, in the minds of writer and reader, some scientific papers, y-full in their day, have which is the carrier of an uncommon factor, now no more than historic interest. It is the y. Let it be the test of literature that it con- distinction of really great literature that it tains both x and y. never loses its y-quality; the more it is used Some very successful writings, in a commer- up, the more seems to flow from it, as from a cial sense, owe their vogue to the fact that they perennial spring. reflect the minds of the readers. They gratify If the superiority of the ancient Greeks was the common taste for regarding one's own as great as Galton has maintained, it is think- image. Such, evidently, are not literature in able that their like may never again arise; and our sense; the reaction, & + x, is a perfectly thus there might be a belated literature, which sterile one. would appeal only to those whom it could never Other writings, rich in y, carry no x for most reach. Its x-ness would be extinct before it readers. It is notorious that the first readers was born. One could, I think, select instances of several notable works found no x therein at of writers who seemed to themselves to write all, and were ready to reject them altogether. for the past rather than for the present or They were like descriptions of an insect no future. specimen of which was known to later students. The best literature, evidently, is that which It is possible that there now exist works of carries a maximum of y, with enough x to make this character, useless to us, but veritable mines the former fruitful. Style is clearly an x of wealth to those who have the key — the character simply, hence it cannot be the end common character which we call x. In science of literature. Nevertheless, it is of the utmost 1905.] 347 THE DIAL value, being the means whereby x-ness is given to the most y-some thoughts, as is very well The New Books. seen in the case of William James, who can make even psychology fascinating to ordinary readers. On the other hand, y-less style is bar- SOUTHERN LIFE IN WAR TIME.* ren, at best tickling the intellectual palate. Mary Boykin Chesnut was the wife of one It is useless to expect real literature to grow of the most prominent of the ante-bellum south- out of anything but mental travail. All litera- ern leaders. Her relatives were all of the ture is propaganda; it carries its message as wealthy slaveholding class - the class that, from teacher to student, the teacher himself according to the popular histories, precipitated being also a student. It cannot be impartial, the southern people into secession and war for whether it relates to a woman's face or the the sake of slavery. The published extracts from theory of evolution. It must not be afraid of Mrs. Chesnut's diary ought to do much to cor- giving offense; indeed, it is the knight-errantry rect some false impressions that most people, of the mind. What literature may this coun- southern as well as northern, now have of the try and day produce? Ask, rather, what old southern regime. The entries in the journal advance is it making in thought or deed, what cover a period of four years, from 1861 to 1865. are its aims, what tomorrow would it have ? In its entirety the diary filled forty-eight small For literature is prophecy;, the first fruit of manuscript volumes; but for the present pur- the coming change, the very birth of the pose the editors have condensed it by omitting y-child for whom the inheritance is waiting. matter of purely local interest, and they have Will you say, against this, that the highest added a sketch of the author and some explan- literature has often dealt with the oldest atory notes in the text. themes, and with matters of small import? Written from day to day, these pages reflect What is it to the world that Romeo loved the spirit of the times better, perhaps, than Juliet? Truly, nothing at all, baldly postu- any other account that we have. All was grist lated; but it is the privilege of the highest that came to this mill. There are jokes, war genius, and that only, to really illuminate, anecdotes, stories of love and death, notes of y-wise, the events of every human life. One conversations heard on the cars, in the streets, does not need to possess much talent to add in ballroom, hospital, and dressing room, from something to the subject of beetles, but to women, soldiers, statesmen, spies, and negroes, enrich the thought of mankind on a subject of descriptions of economic, social, and military universal consideration, – that is as difficult conditions, and of Confederate politics. Nearly as it is admirable. every noted man or woman of the Confederacy Perhaps I am partial to science; but I ven- contributes a conversation or an opinion, which ture to claim that most scientific writings, dry- Mrs. Chesnut records and comments upon. It as-dust if you please, are more genuinely liter- was not a private journal, but lay open upon the ature than much of what is ordinarily put out parlor table and was read by any friend who as such. They contain y-elements; not, per- cared to see what had been written. The style haps, of a very distinguished kind, but real in is crisp and bright, and the tone frank and There is no reason why science good tempered. good tempered. 'I praise whom I love and should not aspire to be the basis of a very high abuse whom I hate,' says Mrs. Chesnut, but type of literature, but this must be the product there is little abuse in her pages. It is inter- of genius, here as elsewhere. History is as esting to note the difference between South scientific as natural-history, or should be, and Carolina and Virginia in regard to social posi- it has long been recognized as a field for liter- tion. 'Until we came here [Richmond] we had ary effort. Ruskin did not lose his eloquence never heard of our social position, Mrs. Ches- when he took to sociology, and it would be diffi- nut wrote; 'we do not know how to be rude to cult to find any modern American writings people who call. To talk of social position worthier to be called literature than those of seems vulgar. Down our way that sort of thing William James. In the belief that science has was settled one way or another beyond a per- a strong and special message for this and com- adventure, like the earth and sky. We never ing generations, I would urge that new attempts gave it a thought. gave it a thought. We talked to whom we should be made to give it the x-quality which pleased, and if they were not comme il faut, may make it available literature to the people, we were ever so much more polite to the poor without reducing it to the meaningless level of things.' ordinary popular scientific writings. To this their way. > * A DIARY FROM DIXIE. As written by Mary Boykin task, the best abilities may fittingly be dedi- Chesnut, wife of James Chesnut, Jr., United States Senator cated; but courage and perseverance are as from South Carolina, 1859-1861, 'and afterward an Aide to Jefferson Davis and a Brigadier General in the Confed- necessary as literary skill. Edited by Isabella D. Martin and Myrta T. D. A. COCKERELL. Lockett Avary. Illustrated. New York: D. Appleton & Co. erate Army. 348 (May 16, THE DIAL our > 6 As the comments of one in closest touch ers of the Confederacy were Scotch and Scotch- with political affairs and possessing the confi- Irish, and not of the planting class, .. dence of the leading Confederates, Mrs. Ches- planters are nice fellows, but slow to move.' nut's remarks upon secession are most inter- This daughter of South Carolina thinks that esting. Certainly nearly all of the people whom the southerners of the East bore privation and she knew were loath to secede, the men to discipline better than those of the West. leave high positions, the women to give up The negroes knew very well what the war social prestige. If we may trust her judgment, was about, and some of the southern people the southern leaders were slow to secede and were in fear of slave uprisings. All during the somewhat despondent as to the future. The war Mrs. Chesnut watched the blacks closely. people, however, were enthusiastic, though though she states that while some of them were ‘furi- complaining bitterly of slow and lukewarm ously patriotic' and wanted to enlist and fight public leaders.' President Davis was denounced for their masters, the great majority were pro- in 1861 as ' no seceder," and in 1862 some one foundly indifferent, ' utterly apathetic' as late accused him of ‘not being out of the Union as 1865, showing the influence of the war spirit yet.' 'Lord! how he must have hated to do only in only in 'increased diligence and absolute it,' is the comment of the diarist when Judge silence. The only sign of feeling was dis- Campbell resigned and came south. After the played by the better class of house servants, Confederacy was formed the general desire was some of whom assumed stately airs, and con- for peace, and many hoped for re-union. When trived to keep from speaking to us, though Mrs. Chesnut heard the cannonade at Sumter, attentive to duties. The planters found great she says, “I prayed as I never prayed before.' difficulty in supporting their negroes while no The future seemed gloomy. Davis told her to cotton was being sold and prices of supplies be ready for a long war; Trescott and Stephens were high. Some planters were ruined by this had little hope of success; the army officers expense. When the end came there was joy at declared that the North was overwhelmingly freedom among the negroes, yet most of them superior in resources; and, in 1862, Yancey went on plowing and hoeing as usual. The came home from England and reported ‘not disorder came later. one jot of hope.' Decidedly the chieftains Slavery, it has been said, was the corner- dampened enthusiasm, but the average people stone of the Confederacy. So it was, as the non- were sanguine. slaveholders and the lesser slaveholders and the There was complaint that half-hearted men poorer classes saw it. But Mrs. Chesnut’s diary had secured the high places, and intrigue and bears repeated evidence that to the hereditary jealousy were rife in Montgomery and Rich- slaveholders the institution had become an mond as in Washington. Mason and Yancey intolerable burden and responsibility, and to were criticised as not being the proper persons these emancipation came as a relief. to send abroad. The enemies of Davis seemed It is on the subject of negroes and slavery willing to ruin the cause in order to injure him. that Mrs. Chesnut's diary will prove most valu- Spies were allowed to come and go almost with- able to historians, but the general reader will out check, and Congress and the newspapers be chiefly interested in the accounts of the could keep no secrets. So run the comments. home life of the beleaguered people. There Mrs. Chesnut has small respect for the enemies was feasting and dancing in the early of Davis and their virulent nonsense,' and days of the war, starvation parties and when the end draws near she declares that 'the dancing during the latter part, and love- soldiers have done their duty but the Con- making and marriages all the time. ' There federacy has been done to death by the politi- were brides dressed in coarse Confederate cians. The stubbornness of Davis and John- gray, bridesmaids in black, and guests in ‘four son, the slowness of Longstreet, the rashness of year old finery. A new book was ‘ a pleasing Hood, — all come in for keen criticism. But incident in this life of monotonous misery. for the Lees, father and sons, there is nothing The home people were seeking distraction from but admiration. General Lee is to her the sorrow. 'Hope and fear are both gone and it very first man in all the world,' 'so cold, quiet, is distraction or death. If it would do and grand,' and she notes that at the height of any good we would be sad enough.' 'An open his fame he wished only for a Virginia farm grave with piles of red earth thrown on one with fresh cream and 'unlimited fried chicken.' side; that is the only future I see.' As the Of his son, when he spoke well of General But- years wore on, and the death roll of fathers, ler, she remarks 'the Lees are men enough to sons, husbands, and sweethearts grew longer, speak the truth of friend or enemy, fearing not women died silently of grief. Our best and the consequences.' 'An observation worth men- bravest are under the sod,' writes Mrs. Chesnut, tioning was that the political and military lead- we are hard as stones; we sit unmoved and 6 6 - 6 . 1905.] 349 THE DIAL hear any bad news.' 'Can't say why — may be The statement that the work is encyclopædic in I am benumbed — but I do not feel so intensely the nature of its treatment should not suggest miserable.' And so the end came. anything of the ponderousness that usually goes WALTER L. FLEMING. along with a philosophical survey of human reason. These attractive little volumes suggest the literary essayist rather than the systematic philosopher. And indeed they may be looked REASON IN HUMAN CONDUCT.* at as a series of connected essays, in which the Professor Santayana of Harvard University salient aspects of experience stand out in relief, has the unusual gift of being able to make lit- treated in a suggestive rather than an exhaust- erature out of philosophy, without apparently ive way, and made the centre of a play of finding it necessary to dilute the latter in the illuminating and sometimes brilliant comment, process. He has already deserved well of both from a mind keen, original, and in possession the philosophical and the general public, but of a single clearly-defined and fruitful point of his projected work on 'The Life of Reason' is view. Therefore whether one accepts, or even by far the most elaborate and important enter-wholly understands, the large doctrine of the prise that he has yet attempted. Indeed it work, he will be likely to enjoy the many rela- promises to constitute in some ways one of the tively independent discussions of detail scat- distinctive contributions to philosophy of the tered through its pages. The sustained fresh- last few decades. It is, to begin with, more ness of the treatment is rather remarkable. Of encyclopædic in its scope than anything of the course there is much that is not new; but almost kind recently issued. The five volumes that invariably the treatment escapes any suspicion are proposed will deal respectively with Reason of the stale and commonplace. This is due in in Common Sense, Reason in Society, Reason part to the closeness of the touch that is kept in Religion, Reason in Art, and Reason in with concrete and first hand experience, and in Science; of these the first two have already part it is to be put to the credit of the writer's appeared. Furthermore, Furthermore, the work may be literary gift, — if indeed the two are not in a regarded as the first attempt to give any sys- measure one. Even in the more abstruse dis- tematic expression to that new group of ten- cussions, we are made constantly aware that we dencies which, under the name of Pragmatism, have to do with the interpretation of actual or Humanism, is causing a ferment in the conscious experiences, and furthermore that philosophical world at the present time. The these are not intellectual contents simply, but movement has been so confused and groping are also in every case the expression of subtle hitherto, that any effort to give greater pre emotional reactions toward life. And Professor . cision to its outlines is to be welcomed. But to Santayana is notably successful in the very Professor Santayana's work is due not merely difficult task of making language suggest these the commendation that belongs to a pioneer most elusive and bafiling implications of experi- attempt; its own positive quality is so good that ence. it can afford to stand on its inherent merits. For one, therefore, who is willing also to And while it is too early to predict whether or think, the work is essentially readable through- not it will be accepted generally by the Prag-out. It is full of keen insight wedded to apt matists as a satisfactory presentation of their expression. Take these sentences for example: apparently somewhat divergent views, it can- 'Fanaticism consists in redoubling your effort not fail to influence in a marked way the future when you have forgotten your aim.' There is course of discussion. nothing sweeter than to be sympathized with, It is not to be supposed that the full burden while nothing requires a rarer intellectual hero- of Professor Santayana's thought will yield ism than the willingness to see one's equation itself easily to the casual reader. It is in parts, written out.' Those who cannot remember the especially in the first volume, hard reading, as past are condemned to repeat it.' 'Activity does any fundamental inquiry must be; and the diffi- not consist in velocity of change, but in con- culty is not greatly lessened (one suspects that stancy of purpose. "There is nothing cheaper ? it may perhaps even be increased a little in than idealism. It can be had by merely not places) by the literary charm and poetic sug- observing the ineptitude of our chance preju- gestion of the style. Nevertheless the qualities dices, and by declaring that the first rhymes that lie on the surface will make these volumes that have struck our ear are the eternal and attractive to almost any one who cares for vital necessary harmonies of the world.' And the and penetrating criticism applied to human life. description of metaphysics as the love affairs Or, The Phases of Human of the understanding. Most of the especially Progress. By George Santayana. Volume I., Introduction felicitous passages, however, are too long to and Reason in Common Sense. ciety. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. quote here. • THE LIFE OF REASON. Volume II., Reason in So- 350 [May 16, THE DIAL man. а Any brief summary of Professor Santayana's ion and art and the other spiritual interests of philosophical doctrine must needs be bald and inadequate, giving but a slight idea of its sug- While truth certainly exists, then, if existence gestiveness or of the importance of the ques- be not too mean an attribute for that eternal tions that it raises. Reason is described | realm that is tenanted by ideals, it is repugnant as vital impulse modified by reflection and veer- to physical or psychical being Truth means ing in sympathy with judgments pronounced on not sensible fact, but valid ideation, verified the past. It involves two sides, therefore, hypothesis, and inevitable and stable inference. either of which may exist in relative indepen- Reason is no active force, but merely a method dence of the other. Underlying it as its ulti- by which objects of desire are compared in mate presupposition are the dark, irrational reflection. For the impelling and directive depths of blind feeling and impulse. But to force we must needs fall back upon the magical bring out of this anything that we can call involuntary nature of life; it is subterranean, experience or progress, anything whatever that deep beneath the realm of ideas and conscious has conscious meaning or value, it is necessary intent. Attention simply registers, and watches that brute sense existence should get an ideal the images bubbling up in the living mind and dimension. Feelings must be attached to ideas; the processes evolving there. Consciousness is instincts must become in some degree conscious a sort of ritual solemnizing, by prayer, jubila- of their ends. So, again, the life of ideas, of tion, or mourning, the chief episodes in the imagination, may exist parasitically in a man, body's fortunes. Spirit is thus useless, being the hardly touching his action or environment. A end of things; but it is not vain, since it alone dream is always simmering below the conven- rescues all else from vanity, by giving to it , whatever of there may well be intense consciousness in the The aim of philosophy is of course not to total absence of rationality. Such consciousness manufacture ideals, but to interpret them. The is suggested in dreams and in madness, and problem is to unite a trustworthy conception of for all we know it may be found in the depths the conditions under which man lives with an of universal nature. Reason and humanity adequate conception of his ideal interests. There begin with the union of instinct and ideation, are two kinds of mistakes that we may make, as when instinct becomes enlightened, establishes has been implied already. The scientific radical values in its objects, and is turned from a pro- is so proud of having got rid of the obsolete cess into an art, while at the same time con- machinery of past ideals that he remains sciousness becomes practical and cognitive, entangled in the colossal error that the ideal beginning to contain some symbol or record of itself is something adventitious and unmeaning, the coördinate realities among which it arises. not having a soil in mortal life or a possible The Life of Reason is the happy marriage of fulfillment there. The mistakes to which the two elements, impulse and ideation, which if idealist is inclined are of an opposite sort. He wholly divorced would reduce man to a brute may forget that he is dealing with the product or to a maniac. The rational animal is gener- of the poetic imagination, and may try to ated by the union of these two monsters. He is materialize it, to turn it, as popular religion constituted by ideas that have ceased to be does, into a statement of existence, which he visionary and actions that have ceased to be substitutes for the natural world out of which vain. it springs. Or he may in another way lose Ideals are thus the very stuff of rational life. sight of the connection between the ideal and The physical world itself is nothing but an the real, and deny or frown upon the natural instrument to explain sensations and their order, conditions with reference to which alone the an ideal term used to mark, and as it were to ideal has meaning. For what are ideals about, justify, the adhesion in space and recurrence what do they idealize, except natural existence in time of recognizable groups of sensations. and natural passions ? The soul is but the voice No doubt there is some ambiguity in calling this of the body's interests. Every phase of the ideal, since we ordinarily set it off from ideals ideal world emanates from the natural and in the narrower sense as constituting the natural loudly proclaims its origin by the interest it conditions from which ideals spring and on takes in natural existence, of which it gives a which they depend; still the origin of both is rational interpretation. To adjust all demands the same in principle. Such conditions have to one ideal and adjust that ideal to its natural already been formulated in the constructions of conditions, — this is the steadfast art of liv- a mechanical science. These are therefore to being,' the Life of Reason. accepted by philosophy frankly, as the neces- With such a conception as this for his start- sary presuppositions to be recognized in the ing point, Professor Santayana has of necessity effort to satisfy our preferences in that world the task set for him to render his general prin- of values which is the dwelling place of relig- | ciples in terms of the concrete facts of human - 1905.] 351 THE DIAL life; and to this the remaining four volumes - ITALIAN BY-WAYS.* of which ‘Reason in Society' is the first- are to be devoted. While · Reason in Society' is Of the many Americans who flock to Italy much more easily digested by the reader without each year, the very large majority stick to what a technical philosophical training than the has been called the American trail of travel, introductory volume, it is a question whether it visiting Naples, Rome, Florence, Siena, Venice, quite fulfils the promise of its predecessor. Sev- Milan, with perhaps a glimpse of the Umbrian eral of the chapters in the first book are really towns of Assisi and Perugia, or Orvieto by the notable contributions to speculative thought. way. Comparatively few leave the beaten paths to 'Reason in Society' somehow strikes one as less explore the fascinating country villages, to fol- forcible and well-rounded, less adequate to the low up the course of some of the small streams, theme. Nevertheless, it is a thoroughly inter- , or to climb on foot or on donkey-back the steep esting book. The first chapter on Love hills to some little settlement perched forever is possibly the most characteristic, and lends beyond the approach of any wagon track, and itself more readily to the author's peculiar gifts. there to stop long enough to see something of Then follow chapters on The Family, on Indus- the life lived by its quaint people. Yet he try, Government and War, The Aristocratic who does not do this, who does not penetrate Ideal, Democracy, Free Society, Patriotism, and into the bypaths and make the acquaintance Ideal Society. On all these subjects something of the Italians on their native heath, never clear-cut and interesting is said; and though really knows Italy. The two-months tourist on the treatment is perhaps marked by a certain his return discourses eloquently indeed on Ital- not wholly pleasant character of aloofness and ian life and character, based upon an acquaint- a failure in full-blooded human sympathy, its ance with shop-keepers, hotel-clerks, cabmen, keen analysis and criticism of social ideals is and beggars. His generalizations are about as bracing and salutary, in view of the dangerous valuable as one that should be made in America power that a sentimental conventionalism has from an exclusive acquaintance with our cor- to obscure our recognition of social facts as responding classes, by some one who had never they really are. met an educated American, who had never Nevertheless one may read and admire, and been inside an American home, and who under- still not be convinced that such a Positivism stood only enough of our language to count as these volumes represent is a final philo- our money and discuss the weather. sophical creed. It is acutely reasoned, with As a matter of fact, Italy does not wear her clear consciousness of the issues involved; and heart on her sleeve, even for those who are if true it would vastly simplify the problems of most alive to her charms. To enter into a real philosophy. But will these admit of such a comprehension of her life requires a very long simplification? There may be more to be said residence. The customs, the occupations, and than the author will allow against reducing the the social conditions that lie at the base of objects of our spiritual experience without Italian civilization are so different from our remainder to the ideal, as opposed to so-called own as to be often really puzzling. Mrs. Janet real, existence. The question turns partly upon Ross, an Englishwoman living for thirty-five the conclusiveness of certain philosophical rea- years in Florence or its neighborhood, has writ- sonings, partly on our estimates of values; and ten many charming books helpful to an under- this is not the place to consider either. But standing of Italy and now offers us a collection one may be permitted to doubt whether the of short articles under the general title Old embodiment in terms of a real existence which Florence and Modern Tuscany.' There are (somewhat inconsequentially, it might appear) fifteen papers in all, and most of them have is allowed its right when the conception of had previous publication in the English maga- other human selves is concerned, is after all to zines. They deal with such fascinating sub- be ruled out so sharply in the case of God and jects as Popular Songs in Tuscany, Vintaging Nature. And once admitted into the scheme in Tuscany, Oil-Making, Virgil and Agricul- of things at all, one may still more seriously ture, Land Tenure, etc. The general impres- question whether a right human attitude will sion one gets from the book is the same that allow the thoroughgoing subordination of per- one gets from travel in the country itself, - sons to ideals which Professor Santayana's the happiness of the contadino class, amid con- ' Reason in Society' throughout involves. At * OLD FLORENCE AND MODERN TUSCANY. By Janet Ross. least this will seem to some readers a funda- Illustrated. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. mental weakness of the book, however difficult Seven Little Journeys in Tuscany. By Anna R. Sheldon and M. Moyca Newell. it might be found to establish a contrary creed. By Edith Wharton. A. K. ROGERS. THE MEDICI BALLS. Illustrated. New York: The Charterhouse Press. ITALIAN BACKGROUNDS. Illus- trated. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 352 [May 16, THE DIAL an as ditions that to us seem full of hardship. The the world,-making a charming portfolio of paternal system known as mezzeria or half- studies to be enjoyed by all, but most by those and-half land-tenure, prevails, based on who can fill in the pictures by memory of the equal division between landowner and peasant golden touch of sun and color and fragrance of everything the soil produces. Dating back with which the real Italy caresses all. to the palmy days of the Roman Republic and having undergone many vicissitudes, it still Like the two pleasant volumes just noticed, exists in spite of occasional efforts to abolish Mrs. Edith Wharton's Italian Backgrounds it. That Italy has no wish to copy our own is a collection of impressions and essays about conditions is shown by the argument of Signor Italy. But while the others are books merely, Lambruschini, quoted by Mrs. Ross. this is literature. Through this traveller's 'If you abolish mezzeria, all those families who, story runs a fine thread of scholarship, of though poor, have a roof they can call their own, a savoir faire, of cosmopolitanism, not easily to field they can call theirs, and a master they love be matched in travel-literature. The reader's and less; who, toiling and watching under rain and sun, hope and pray to God for abundant crops for pulse quickens with an artistic pleasure such as themselves and for their master, will for the first might be aroused by a novel by Thackeray or time feel the pangs of envy and hatred, the shame George Eliot, or an essay by Matthew Arnold and despair of being forced to beg, and to wait for or Lowell. The book has what we call distinc- work. At the same time we shall learn to dread meetings and strikes such as occur in France and tion of style, as impossible to resist as to define. England, the destruction of agricultural machinery, Whither Mrs. Wharton goes, and what are the the burning of ricks, barefaced robbery and subjects of her chapters, it is not important to the last and miserable remedy — the poor-tax.' mention. Any particular geography is not the Like all human institutions, however, mezzeria point in question when the guide is one so has two sides. Over against the community of steeped in the spirit of the 'land in which any. interest it establishes between proprietor and thing may happen save the dull, the obvious, and peasant, may be set the fact that it is a bar the expected. If in Mrs. Wharton's pages we do to agricultural progress, but the old-established not see Italy steadily and see it whole, we do custom of helping the workers to tide over a a better thing,—we trust ourselves to a stream bad year bears its fruits, and socialism has no of impressions and memories that is much more followers among the contadini. inspiring than any mere observation. Indeed, had Mrs. Wharton been practical and well- Less practical, but more picturesque and advised, some of her most delightful experi- poetic, than Mrs. Ross's book is the work ences would have been lacking. For example, entitled “The Medici Balls,' written by two everyone would recommend for August an American women who also have known Alpine village rather than an Italian journey; Italy as residents, and not as mere tour- at Splügen is not the air pure and fresh and ists. The title is a bit far-fetched; hav- cool ? But Splügen was guilty of the unforgiv- ing made seven little journeys in Tuscany and able offence of being too near Italy. ' in all their travels, even in lanes and modest 'One can forgive a place three thousand miles from farm houses, having found themselves under Italy for not being Italian; but that a village on the very border should remain stolidly, immovably the aegis of the powerful banker-princes of Swiss was a constant source of exasperation. Even Florence, they call their account of these seven the landscape had neglected its opportunities. journeys The Medici Balls,' from the seven Was it better to be cool and look at a waterfall, balls on the shield as worn by Piero de' Medici or be hot and look at St. Mark's? Was it better to when the Medicean supremacy was at its height. walk on gentians or on mosaic, to smell fir-needles or incense? Was it, in short, ever well to be else- The places visited are The Mugello, Prato, where when one might be in Italy?' Chianti and the Impruneta, Lucca, Pistoja, the Everyone who has invented excuses for going to Hills of Brancoli, and Barga. It is the illus- Italy, or for postponing departure from it, will trations quite as much as the text that make foresee what happened. the charm of this book. Nearly all of these We tried to quell the rising madness by interro- pictures, numbering more than one hundred, gating the travellers. Was it very hot on the lakes are quite new, being taken by the travellers' and in Milan "Terribly," they answered, and own kodak. Olive orchards and vineyards and mopped their brows. “Unimaginative idiots!' trellised vines, the large, white, violet-eyed Tus- grumbled, and forebore to question the next batch. Of course it was hot there—but what of that? oxen driven by kindly-faced peasants; Gradually we began to picture our sensa- walled towns, towers, and fortresses; peasants tions should we take seats in the diligence on its and priests faring along winding lanes; straw- return journey. From that moment we were lost plaiters, with busy fingers weaving in front The two diligences have the silent square to themselves. There they stand, side by side in of cottage doors, — all those scenes that one dusty slumber, till the morning cow-bells wake them sees continually in Italy and nowhere else in to departure. One goes back to Thusis; to the 6 we - 1905.] 353 THE DIAL - > region of good hotels, pure air and scenic platitudes. of the romantic and adventurous lives of Radis- It may go empty for all we care. But the other the other wakes from its Alpine sleep to son, La Vérendrye, Hearne, Mackenzie, and climb the cold pass at sunrise and descend by hot Lewis and Clark. Above all it is the story of windings into the land where the church steeples Radisson, in whose behalf Miss Laut unhesi- turn into campanili, where the vine, breaking from tatingly challenges the giant form of estab- perpendicular bondage, fings a liberated embrace about the mulberries, and far off, beyond the plain, lished opinion. In her · Foreword' she says: the mirage of domes and spires, of painted walls 'The question will at once occur why no mention and sculptured altars, beckons across the dustiest is made of Marquette and Jolliet and La Salle in tracts of memory. In that diligence our seats are a work on the pathfinders of the West. The simple taken.' answer is — they were not pathfinders. Contrary to To make any new artistic discovery in the notions imbibed at school, and repeated in all histories of the West, Marquette, Jolliet, and La Italy at this late day, would seem hardly Salle did not discover the vast region beyond the likely. But such was Mrs. Wharton's joyful Great Lakes. Twelve years before these explorers experience. At San Vivaldo, a secluded mon- had thought of visiting the land which the French hunter designated as the Pays d'en Haut, the West astery somewhat difficult of access, she found a had already been discovered by the most intrepid series of pictures representing the Via Crucis, voyageurs that France produced, men whose wide- having only a local fame but usually ascribed ranging explorations exceeded the achievements of to Gonnelli of the seventeenth century. This Cartier and Champlain and La Salle put together.' late origin, Mrs. Wharton's keen sense for the Thus Miss Laut throws down the gauntlet to characteristics of the different periods of Ital- the historians, and we learn from the “ Adden- ian art rejected at once. The treatment was dum’ to her · Foreword' that her statements seen to be that of an artist trained in an earlier have already been challenged, and sharply chal- tradition. The careful modelling of the hands, lenged, from all parts of the country. . the quiet grouping, free from effort and agita- The author's explanation of the long oblivion tion, the simple draperies, the devotional obecuring the names of Sieur Pierre Esprit expression of the faces, all pointed to the latter Radisson and his fellow-explorer Ménard Chou- part of the fifteenth century. Expert testi- art Groseillers, is this: mony has since confirmed the author's opinion 'Radisson and Groseillers defied, first New France, at every point, and a beautiful photogravure of then Old France, and lastly England. While on a group from The Crucifixion, placed as a friendly terms with the church, they did not make frontispiece to this volume, enables the reader their explorations subservient to the propagation of the faith. In consequence, they were ignored by to judge for himself. How many such 'finds' both Church and State.' may yet await in Italian by-ways, who shall say? Certain it is that our new faculty for After citing the original sources from which the differentiation of styles in painting is rapidly she has drawn the material for her narrative, doing away with our unquestioned allegiance to Miss Laut proceeds: authority and pushing many of the old attribu- 'The historians of France and England, animated tions to the wall. by the hostility of their respective governments, either slurred over the discoveries of Radisson and The temptation to quote from a book of such Groseillers entirely, or blackened their memories fine flavor as this of Mrs. Wharton's is great without the slightest regard to truth. It would, in but must be resisted. The delicate and sym- fact, take a large volume to contradict and disprove pathetic drawings made by Mr. E. C. Peixotto half the lies written of these two men. Instead of consulting contemporaneous documents, — which are worthy illustrations of the text. Although would have entailed both cost and labor, - modern it is true, as Mrs. Wharton says, that there writers have, unfortunately, been satisfied to serve is no short cut to an intimacy with Italy,' still up a rehash of the detractions written by the old book like her own is something for which to be historians. In 1885 came a discovery that punished such slovenly methods by practically wiping out grateful as an alluring, though roundabout, the work of the pseudo-historians. There was found way. ANNA BENNESON MCMAHAN. in the British Museum, the Bodleian Library, and Hudson's Bay House, London, an unmistakably authentic record of Radisson's voyages, written by himself.' PIONEERS OF WESTERN EXPLORATION.* Having thus dug down to the solid rock of In her volume entitled Pathfinders of the contemporaneous documents, Miss Laut pro- West’ Miss Agnes Laut, one of that brilliant ceeds to build up her story with consummate little group of Canadians who are so creditably skill . One can conceive that even the romantic upholding the intellectual reputation of their story of Pierre Esprit Radisson might, in some country in New York, adds another and a very hands, have been made dry and uninteresting. delightful volume to the growing literature of As here told it is fascinating to the last degree. early western exploration. This is the story Miss Laut brings to her work not only the historian's tireless search for truth, but as well PATHFINDERS OF THE WEST. By A. C. Laut. trated. New York: The Macmillan Co. the fire and imagination and creative power of 6 Illus- 354 [May 16, THE DIAL 6 a novelist and poet. Her work is not merely condensed here, expanded there, interpreted authentic, and founded, as history must always elsewhere, and thrown over the whole the glamor be founded, on the original documents, but it of romance, until the narrative stands out as a is vivified by the touch of an artist. The dry clear, compact, and most graphic story. bones of fragmentary narratives have been Of the remainder of Miss Laut's book limita- breathed upon, and the man Radisson, with all tions of space forbid more than the briefest his faults and all his virtues, stands before us. mention. While by no means so important as Dr. Dionne of Quebec, Dr. Bryce of Winni- contributions to history, her accounts of peg, and above all the veteran historian of La Vérendrye’s quest of the far-famed Western French Canada, Benjamin Sulte, whose Sea, of Samuel Hearne's search for the North- destructive criticism of inaccuracies in old west Passage, of Mackenzie's splendid exploits and modern records has done so much to stop in pushing his way north to the Arctic, and people writing history out of their heads and then crossing the Rockies (the first White Man) to put research on an honest basis,' have from to the Pacific, and of the notable expedition of time to time combated the long-established Lewis and Clark, are marked by the same clear- prejudice against Radisson and the authenticity ness of statement and charm of style that we of his western and northern explorations, but have already noted in the Radisson story. it remained for Miss Laut to present his case It only remains to note the number and qual- 80 vividly and attractively that it becomes a ity of the illustrations with which the narra- positive pleasure to be convinced. tives are so plentifully supplied. They number It is not necessary to assume that every one, some sixty in all, and many of them are from whether competent to form an authoritative old and rare prints, hitherto inaccessible. opinion or otherwise, must accept unreservedly LAWRENCE J. BURPEE. all Miss Laut's conclusions. There will doubt- less still remain in many minds moot points in connection with Radisson's third and fourth voyages. Nevertheless, it may be said without THE PHILOSOPHY OF GOOD FORTUNE.* fear of serious contradiction that Miss Laut has established her main contentions that There is something essentially modern in a Radisson discovered the North-West, as well as moral philosophy that preaches salvation the overland route to Hudson's Bay, — and that through good fortune. For centuries the Stoic has had an acknowledgment of merit entirely she has done more than any other writer to rehabilitate the memory of the explorer in the denied to the Epicurean. The Church teaches the blessedness of renunciation, penance, and minds of all unprejudiced people. asceticism; Kant, apart from the Church, “There is no need to point out Radisson's faults. They are written on his life without extenuation or builds his philosophy on the doctrine of original sin, and finds redemption only in a conscious excuse, so that all may read. There is less need to eulogize his virtues. They declare themselves in intellectual struggle against inherent human every act of his life. This, only, should be remem- weakness and imperfection. Even Tolstoy and bered. Like all enthusiasts, Radisson could not Maeterlinck advocate the return to Nature that have been a hero, if he had not been a bit of a fool. If he had not had his faults, if he had not been as implies the inferiority of all man-made devices impulsive, as daring, as reckless, as inconstant, as for enriching life. It remains for the twertieth improvident of the morrow, as a savage or a child, century moralists to develop a system that advo- he would not have accomplished the exploration of cates nothing unpleasant, that takes for granted half a continent. Men who weigh consequences are not of the stuff to win empires. Had Radisson hag- no innate and unconquerable sinfulness in man, gled as to the means, he would have missed or mud. and that offers a scheme of life based upon a dled the end. He went ahead; and when the way secure belief in the ultimate perfection of the did not open, he went round, or crawled over, or race through its own effort. carved his way through.' The growth of this idea has been synchronous Only those who have groped their way slowly with the supplementing of the economic doc- and painfully through the extraordinary mazes trine of individual rights by the broader one of Radisson's English, in the original narra- of social rights, and the development from in- tives*, can properly appreciate the charm of voluntary social coöperation to voluntary and Miss Laut's version. While maintaining in conscious coöperation. The new moral code is, every particular the spirit of the original, and in fact, an outgrowth of the new code of sociai even some of its quaint phraseology, she has economics. The same methods of reasoning • Here is a sample, taken from the narrative of the that justified the conclusion that child-labor fourth voyage: “They (the Octanacks) are the coursedest was economic waste prove that child-labor is unablest, the unfamous and cowardiest people that I have seene amongst fower score nations that I have frequented." OF GOOD FORTUNE. Essay in One gathers, at any rate, that Radisson did not think much - An By C. Hanford Henderson. Boston: Houghton, • THE CHILDREN Morals. Mimin & Co. of the Octanacks. 1905.] 355 THE DIAL equally moral waste; the same theory that de- Nor is Mr. Henderson content with static nies to a nation a strength greater than the goodness as a worthy end. goodness as a worthy end. To him the good strength of its component parts denies to a com- life, that which represents good fortune, must munity a social welfare exceeding the good for- be palpitating, vital, experimental. There is tune of the individual members of the com- no virtue in inexperience. munity. 'It is a curiously inverted view of morals, the One of the leading American advocates of the view which regards as praiseworthy those narrow, new philosophy is Mr. C. Hanford Henderson, inexperienced, poverty-stricken souls whose slender virtue consists in the evil they have omitted to do. whose' Education and the Larger Life' marked To renounce the world, to renounce life, to renounce an epoch in literature of its class. In that book, the self,—this is not the path of the moral life. The published almost three years ago, Mr. Hender- timid little souls who live in a corner and keep out son developed the educational side of the ques- of harm's way by keeping out of the way of good, are not moral persons. They are not even harmless, tion, using the term education not in its narrow for by their cowardice they inspire others with a technical sense but to signify the entire process similar lack of courage. Resignation, renunciation, of human development from the cradle to the self-sacrifice, asceticism, monasticism, all the cheap grave. He advocated such a training of the devices by which men and women abdicate life, are as unsound morally as the more amusing devices by senses as would lead to the highest and most which men and women abuse life.' complete expression. His ideal of education was that which resulted in the greatest bodily This radical denunciation of the doctrine of strength, intellectual receptivity, and spiritual self-sacrifice, which we have been accustomed , insight. To this he added the idea of efficiency, to regard as the basis of morality, seemed rev- —the power to put into successful practice the olutionary when it was first met in ‘ Education newly acquired knowledge of what was worth and the Larger Life. It was a part of the while. conventional creed that had been taught for This unity of worth and efficiency as a defi- generations, and that received respect for its nite moral standard is the theme of Mr. Hen- age if for nothing else. The only way for Mr. derson's latest book, "The Children of Good Henderson to redeem his fault was for him to Fortune.' The author states his case thus : offer, in place of the doctrine he so boldly dis- "To apply morality in the concerns of the indi. carded, some new code of deeper worth and vidual life is to adopt religion. It is to become the greater efficiency in creating happy human be- highest type of man, the philosopher artist, for the ings and a better state. This he has done in philosopher is the man of clear vision, the believer his Children of Good Fortune.' in cause and effect, the one who sees in what happi- ness essentially consists; and the artist is the doer, For self-sacrifice, Mr. Henderson substitutes the man who carries cause and effect into beneficent self-realization; for renunciation, that eager action, and practically realizes happiness. The seeking after good fortune which promotes both philosopher represents worth of ends and the artist individual happiness and social welfare. To efficiency of means. The moral person must be a combination of the two, the man who knows and him good fortune is not 'a tangible possession, the man who does. He must be competent and he to be mentioned in one's last will and testa- must be wise. If he be neither of these, or only ment, and subject to the inheritance tax. It one of them, he is not moral, no matter what his is an individual ideal, varying according to calling or pretensions, no matter what he thinks of himself or others think of him, no matter what his a man's poseession of the human wealth of family or possessions. The man who demands suc- strength, beauty, accomplishment, and goodness. cess of himself demands a great deal, but if he ask To one it is health, to another fame, wealth to less he is not in earnest in his search for the moral a third, and knowledge to a fourth. It is that life.' which the individual man most wants. Even Browning never preached so rigid a doc- trine as that. "Good fortune is a personal possession, an affair of consciousness. However a man comes by it, it Mr. Henderson has little sympathy with fruit- must be his own ideal of good fortune. For no man The can follow a light which he does not see. less good intentions. Frankly and uncompro- misingly he blames desert for unsuccess. Worth tragedy of life comes in large part from the per- sistent attempt to force our own ideas down our of ends without efficiency of means he condemns neighbor's throat. The pathos of life comes in large as 'the immorality of the second-best,' just as part from his too amiable compliance, his vain completely as he condemns the converse. With attempt to follow a light he does not see. characteristic humor he writes: 'One would ourselves have found the light, or believe that we have, let us by all means try to reveal it to our prefer to strike for heaven and make only a brother. If he share our confidence in believing few steps on the journey, rather than to set out that we have a light not yet perceived by him, let for Hoboken and get there. But the fact re- him by all means try to catch sight of the beatific mains that it would have been still better to vision. But, meanwhile, let us be ourselves, both me and my brother, the sincere followers of such have made Heaven.' light as we genuinely have.' 6 If we 356 [May 16, THE DIAL The 'White Peril' in a 6 The chief necessity for the achievement of this good fortune, next to the ambition to BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. achieve it, is freedom. We are all bound to a Since the Boxer uprising of five greater or less extent by the tyranny of circum- years ago much has been made stance, hampered by bodily weakness, mental the Orient. of the so-called “yellow peril' and or manual incapacity, the accident of birth. of the alleged necessity that rests upon west- There seems, in the nature of things, no way to ern peoples to exercise eternal vigilance to escape from these marks of our humanity, al- protect themselves against a threatened gigantic though determined effort may lessen the evila outburst of Oriental savagery and lust of con- quest. It has remained for Dr. Sidney L. Gulick, entailed. But there is a freedom that any state in his recent book on "The White Peril in the Far may well attain when there are within it enough East' (Revell), to turn matters around and con- individuals who desire this as a part of their sider the relations of Orient and Occident exclu- good fortune. That is the mingling of the sively from the standpoint of the traditions and anarchist ideal of non-interference and the so- interests of the former. That Dr. Gulick is cialist ideal of opportunity, which shall still entirely competent to speak upon the subject no leave to the individual his initiative while se- one can doubt who has read his deservedly popu- curing to him the nearest possible release from lar volume on 'The Evolution of the Japanese.' After seventeen years of constant intercourse the tyranny of things. This is only another in- with men in all stations in Japan he is able to stance of the unity of social welfare and indi- give us, not only a highly interesting interpreta- vidual good fortune. Every man who desires tion of the fundamental character of Japanese such freedom in his own life and works to se- civilization and life, but also a thoroughly con- cure it for himself helps to give it to those more vincing statement of the attitude of the Japanese helplessly bound, to raise the standard of gen- toward the outside world to-day, especially as eral good fortune. Summing up his arguments revealed in the conduct of the war with Russia. in favor of the new philosophy, Mr. Henderson This, indeed, is the main purport of the book,- to show how writes : Japan attained the power, material and temperamental, to face and conquer To save myself,-and therefore to save that part the Muscovite, and to explain the significance of society for which I am directly responsible, -1 must do three things. I must blot out all impulses of the war as 'an act in the tragedy of the white and desires that are evil. It is negative work, peril.' By the white peril Dr. Gulick means at rather a dull sort of weeding in the garden of the bottom the proneness of western nations to force heart, and not calculated to arouse any great enthu- the peoples of the Orient out of their natural siasm, but it is very necessary. Then I must culti- channels of development, through efforts to vate the impulses and desires that are good, make exploit their economic resources and dominate habits of them, for the garden devoid of wheat is their affairs for political, commercial, or financial hardly better than a garden full of tares. Finally I must work, not merely for good fortune, for happi. ends. For Japan the danger has in times past ness, but for high good fortune, for great happiness. been very real; to-day it scarcely exists, except I want not only to be saved from evil and to attain from Russia, and the prospective outcome of the good, but I want the largest good, the most wel. present war promises at least temporary relief fare.' from that quarter. If upon its first intimate con- It is this insatiable greed for happiness, this tact with western races an Oriental people has longing for more and ever more good fortune, backbone enough to adopt ideas and institutions that are beneficent without falling into mere ser- which all of Mr. Henderson's work breathes, vility, the white peril becomes for it the white that makes it inspiring and effective. It satis- blessing; and this, on the whole, is what Japan fies a natural human instinct,—the desire to be- has done. The white peril,' says Dr. Gulick, lieve that happiness is righteousness and that 'so long feared, has proved for Japan to be the every man possesses within himself that power very tonic and stimulus required to place her in of personal salvation that shall be also the sal- the advance guard of progressive nations.' The vation of the race. Mr. Henderson's books, field where the white peril is most seriously to be moreover, are not written from strange heights reckoned with is China, for there seems small which none but the moral philosopher can scale. ground for hope that China will succeed as They are clear and simple, showing a rare first- Japan has done in thwarting the designs of hand knowledge of the larger life. They com- greedy nations upon her integrity. Dr. Gulick expects Japanese victory in the present war to bine to an unusual extent the attitudes of the have some weight in inducing the white man to observer and the experimentalist; they are at treat the yellow man with justice and civility, once dispassionate and enthusiastic. It is easy but in his judgment the problem of the white to predict for 'The Children of Good Fortune peril can be solved ultimately only through belief a welcome equal to that accorded to “ Education on part of the white race in the essential equality and the Larger Life,' and one