d, with a certain dis-
appears likely. Mr. Chesterton, who, after appointment at this strange intruder which
his illness, is “fitter” than he has been for was providing so very inadequate a display of
years, appears to be confining himself to the fireworks. On the practical mind, the event
war; Mr. Wells is writing about the war no doubt impressed more firmly than ever the
everywhere; and such of the novelists as have need for “ seeing the thing through.” To the
recently published new books wrote them, in contemplative mind, the sight of this gas-bag,
most cases, before M. Princip let off his re- with its thirty men,--shivering, possibly,
volver at Serajevo. The poets - Mr. Yeats, with fear,- dropping explosives upon a few
Mr. Bridges, Mr. Hardy, Mr. Sturge Moore, harmless civilians in this immense city, was
Mr. de la Mare, Mr. W. H. Davies, and others pitiful and a little comic. But whichever
- have almost all been completely or nearly aspect of it struck the onlooker most, he cer-
silent. Several of them have had one go” tainly did not feel inclined to go home and
at a war poem, but the “go" was usually “no compose a song about Roses, or an essay on
go.” Mr. Bridges's
the March of the Seasons or the Heart of a
"England stands for Honour,
Child. We are not visited by Zeppelins daily,
God defend the Right,"
but the distraction is only a matter of degree.
A few miles away across the Channel that
struck the typical note; and Mr. William
long-drawn-out tragedy is going on. We can
Watson and Mr. Stephen Phillips, each of
think of nothing else; and, if we could, we
whom has been flooding the press with pom- should feel sheepish about admitting it.
pous metrical banalities, can do this sort of
How long this paralysis of the imagination
thing better than their superiors. The frag-
will continue one cannot say. It might be
ments of real literature produced by the war
argued that if the war goes on much longer
may be counted on the fingers of one hand.
those who have to stay at home will begin to
Mr. 'Hardy wrote a moving little poem about
get, in a manner, acclimatized to it, and one
soldiers marching off and a critical doubter by one pick up the thread of their old inter-
watching them; "A. E." has written several
ests. But, under modern conditions, that
good poems about the criminality of war, scarcely seems possible. During the Napo-
which, one imagines, the “Times” only | leonic Wars, when communications were few
printed because it did not understand them; and slow, and our comparatively small armies
and Rupert Brooke, before he went to his consisted of regular troops and foreign mer-
death in the Dardanelles, produced a group of cenaries, it was not difficult for an English-
sonnets which, if they did not equal the best man to retire, say, to the Lake District, study
of his previous work, were nevertheless full nature, and not hear about the war from one
of fine feeling, and admirable in their crafts- month's end to another. To-day every family
manship. But good poetry or prose not has men in the trenches, every morning's
about the war has been still rarer since the paper may tell us that they were going
war began. Scarcely any has been published; through hell a few hours ago: we are con-
and, as far as one can gather from one's re- tinually seeing men off and continually
searches amongst one's own friends, none is shocked by the loss of friends. The lapse of
being written. How, as I say, can one expect time may possibly mean a little more free-
it, in an intellectual atmosphere blended of dom for the controversialist and the satirist.
ennui, anxiety, and disgust? A few nights The self-imposed gags which almost all writers
ago I was standing in a London street. High
High of those kinds have put into their own mouths


308
(Oct. 14
THE DIAL
-
66
may become wearisome and be removed. But the summer and at seven in the winter, Joseph
the man whose business it is to produce imagi- Howe ordered his day by certain rules, of
native literature, and who, for that purpose, which the following is a specimen: “Studies
has to live, in a manner, detached from the - Read books from 5 to 8, or 7 to 9, science
every-day existence of his fellows, is going to and history chiefly, then breakfast and walk,
be hobbled as long as the war lasts. At a time business and newspapers till 3, exercise and
like this, the Human Being and the English- rumination till six, tea and chat till seven,
man come first and the Man of Letters is no- write two hours, read till twelve.” Another
where. It may be that a few artists with an note for self-guidance was this: " Intellec-
unusual strength of mind or an unusual tual occupation - Review arithmetic, French,
frigidity of temperament will be able to pro- and grammar, read poetry more, speeches
duce something. But, generally speaking, one more, Scripture 2 hours on Sunday." Another
will be well advised in expecting very little passage, equally characteristic, runs as fol-
really important or impressive or beautiful lows: “Company - avoid none that is not
work until the guns have ceased to thunder bad, be polite and cheerful to all. Try to
and the Congress of
has begun its learn something from and communicate some-
labors.
J. C. SQUIRE.
thing to everyone you meet, but make con-
London, Sept. 25, 1915.
stant companions only of those from whom
information can be gathered and the intellect
strengthened." By publishing, with a com-
mentary, these and other extracts from “ The
CASUAL COMMENT.
Howe Papers” in the above-mentioned maga-
READING BY THE CLOCK is a practice that
zine, Mr. Francis A. Carman has made his
commends itself to a certain order of minds.
readers acquainted with a strong and attrac-
Those who regard method as all-important tive, albeit somewhat precise and pedantic,
like to map out their day's doings on the personality.
clock-dial. A teacher of our acquaintance
was fond of extolling the advantages of this
THE AUTHOR'S THIRST FOR APPLAUSE, the
mode of procedure, letting the stroke of the insatiate craving for recognition, is probably
clock rather than one's unprompted inclina-
the chief motive that prompts to literary ex-
tion determine what to read or study, when pression, as indeed to all artistic utterance. To
to do it, and when to leave off. But to most get the full enjoyment of a beautiful thought
hearty and healthy natures this is a quench- or noble conception, or even of a comical con-
ing of the spirit, a fostering of pedantry, and ceit or whimsical fancy, one must feel that
a sure road to the dry-as-dust desolation of the enjoyment is shared by at least one other
utter barrenness and disgust. Nevertheless
Nevertheless person; and so the thirst for applause is not
worthy things have been achieved by men wholly an ignoble passion for self-aggrandize-
notoriously addicted to these methodical hab- ment. But those successful and widely-known
its in their reading and, indeed, in all their writers who pay the penalty for their success
occupations. Franklin and Jefferson come and fame by being made the recipients of
readily to mind as famous for their self- innumerable unsolicited confidences and man-
scrutiny and their love of self-imposed order uscripts from would-be authors are often led
and method, with little or no margin left for
or no margin left for to believe that the hope and expectation be-
that glad spontaneity which is the very hind all these artless demonstrations can be
breath of existence to those who regard life little else than that they will elicit prompt
rather as an art than as a science. A writer and unqualified sympathy and approval. An
in “The Canadian Magazine" throws some interesting word in this connection occurs in
interesting light on a somewhat celebrated Mr. A. C. Benson's chapter on authorship in
Nova Scotian of the nineteenth century, his latest volume of essays (reviewed on
Joseph Howe, "a leader in the fight for another page). He says: “ The social and
responsible government and an active partici- gregarious instinct is really very dominant in
pant in public affairs till after Confedera- all art; and all writers who have a public at
tion." He was founder of “ The Nova Sco- all must become aware of this fact, by the
tian" (newspaper) and published, at a heavy number of manuscripts which are submitted
loss, “ Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia." to them by would-be authors, who ask for
A man of no little achievement in the face of advice and criticism and introductions to pub-
obstacles, he seems to have made that achieve- lishers. It would be quite easy for me, if I
ment possible, in part at least, by his strict complied fully with all such requests, to
economy of time and his adherence to a pre- spend the greater part of my time in the
established schedule. Rising at five o'clock in labor of commenting on these manuscripts. . .


1915)
309
THE DIAL
I suppose that painters and sculptors do not sive generosity and service. “He had great
suffer so much in this way, because it is not vivacity in conversation,” says Mr. Taft, his
easy to send about canvasses or statues by law partner and intimate friend, “and his
parcels post. But nothing is easier than to pointed comment and witty repartee con-
slip a manuscript into an envelope and to stantly enlivened the circle of his friends.”
require an opinion from an author. I will He was also devoted to the rod and gun, and
confess that I very seldom refuse these re- “had difficulty in seeing how there was any
quests. At the moment at which I write I salvation for a man whose soul was dead to
have three printed novels and a printed book the fascination of such sports." The promi-
of travel, a poem, and two volumes of essays nence of the Cadwalader family in the Revo-
in manuscript upon my table, and I shall lution, in the establishment of our national
make shift to say something in reply, though, government, and in the public affairs of
except for the satisfaction of the authors in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, adds interest
question, I believe that my pains will be to the history of this worthy scion of the
thrown away, for the simple reason that it is stock, whose useful life ended last year.
a very lengthy business to teach anyone how
to write, and also partly because what these THE UNWRITTEN AMERICAN NOVEL, the na-
authors desire is not criticism but sympathy tive masterpiece for which we and the rest
and admiration.” Astonishing and, to a con- of the world have long been waiting, need not
siderate person, fairly inconceivable is the
remain unwritten for lack of subject matter.
unrestraint with which these demands are Our supply of the raw material for fiction is
made upon a busy author's time and strength. abundant and varied and of the best quality,
as Mr. Meredith Nicholson reminds us in his
A NOTABLE CHAPTER IN AMERICAN LIBRARY current “Atlantic” article on
“ The Open
HISTORY has to do with the founding and sub- Season for American Novelists."
The songs
sequent history of what finally became the
have not all been written, nor the tales told,”
free public library of Trenton, N. J. Dr.
he reassures his comrades of the pen, calling
Thomas Cadwalader, one of Franklin's asso- their attention to the neglected opportunities
ciates in establishing the Library Company of before them and urging upon them above all
Philadelphia in 1731, was for seven years a the courage to be natural, to refrain from
resident and a part of that time mayor of Anglicizing or Gallicizing or Russianizing
Trenton. Before returning to Philadelphia their work. He bemoans the ill luck that
to live, in 1750, he gave £500 for a public has carried so many American fiction-writers
library for Trenton, of similar character to to foreign shores," and adds: “If Haw-
that in Philadelphia. In 1776 this library thorne had never seen Italy, but had clung to
was almost destroyed by the British, but Salem, I am disposed to think American lit-
some of the books were saved and did service erature would be the richer. If fate had not
in subsequent collections for general use. carried Mr. Howells to Venice, but had posted
The great-grandson of this early benefactor him on the Ohio during the mighty struggle
of Trenton, John Lambert Cadwalader, hand- of the '60's; and if Mr. James had been sta-
somely supplemented his ancestor's gift by tioned at Chicago, close to the deep currents
supplying a much-needed addition to the of national feeling, what a monumental li-
present library building of the city. A re- brary of vital fiction they might have given
port of the dedicatory exercises has been pub- us! If Mrs. Wharton's splendid gifts had
lished by the library, and it contains a sketch been consecrated to the service of Pittsburg
of Mr. Cadwalader by Mr. Henry W. Taft, rather than New York and Paris, how much
one of the speakers. Active as a trustee of greater might be our debt to her!” Without
the great New York library which he helped confining our hopes for the future of Amer-
Dr. Billings to build up and put into running ican fiction to the possibilities represented by
order, Mr. Cadwalader was naturally also the turmoil and smoke of Pittsburg and Cin-
interested in the library of his native Tren- | cinnati and Chicago — possibilities perhaps
ton - an interest that culminated recently in unduly emphasized by Mr. Nicholson - we
the manner indicated above. Readers of the may reasonably look forward to interesting if
Billings biography do not need to be told of not remarkable developments in our imagina-
his close and friendly relations with Dr. Bill- tive literature as the swift seasons roll. In
ings, Dr. Weir Mitchell, who was his (Cad- these days when our country is becoming the
walader's) brother-in-law, Colonel Higginson, world's creditor in commerce and finance, it
Frank Millet, and innumerable other promi- would be gratifying if we could at the same
nent men of his time. He had a genius for time open a credit account of a less math-
friendship, as well as a genius for unobtru-ematically calculable kind, and if spiritual


310
[Oct. 14
THE DIAL
.
.
and intellectual values could more often find autumn leaves or the coming of the Christ-
their best expression in a currency minted mas holidays. This lamentable lack of stay-
within our borders.
ing power must have been in the minds of
those who shape the curriculum at Brown
A WINDMILL CONVERTED INTO A LIBRARY will University when they announced this year a
not be discovered even by the most observant new freshman course in "orientation.” In-
traveller more than once in a lifetime, if as struction in the purpose and meaning of col-
often as that. A church thus transformed is lege study and college life will be given to
no unheard-of thing, barns have been pressed all members of the entering class, and it may
into service for the shelter of books, and be that an earnest and sympathetic word at
somewhere there is said to be a gas-tank re- the outset will help to kindle the young
modelled and fitted up for library purposes; collegian’s zeal and stiffen his backbone so
but where shall we find a public library in the that he will be in less danger of educational
form that aroused Don Quixote to one of his shipwreck. President Faunce ventures the as-
first exploits in knight-errantry? Mr. Ed-
Mr. Ed- sertion that “ nearly fifty per cent of the stu-
mund L. Pearson tells his readers, in the dents who enter some American colleges drop
Boston “ Transcript,” that this strange sight out before graduation. About twenty-five per
greets the visitor to Wainscott, Long Island, cent drop out from our best colleges (except
He says further: “ The mill was first erected in a few small, compact institutions, where
in another town. A date carved on the floor the per cent is smaller).” He asks: “How
indicates that it is at least a century old. shall we grapple with this waste and wreck-
There are a few similar mills in some other age of hope and intention? Harvard says by
Long Island towns not far away. This one
freshmen dormitories, Princeton says by pre-
was moved to Wainscott a number of years ceptors, Brown relies on small numbers in
ago, and used for its original purpose of classes permitting much more personal con-
grinding corn until recent days. The machin- tact than in the large universities; the fresh-
ery, millstones, and some of the grain are still man advisers; the new course in aims and
there. Some of the latter occasionally sifts values of the college course." But, after all, ,
down on the books from the floor above — a does not at least a partial explanation of the
fact which amuses but does not bother the difficulty lie in the fact that so many sons of
energetic librarian. She opens the library on rich men are to-day sent to college, whereas
several afternoons each week, and dispenses in the past it was the poor boys who went?
books to all who come.” The collection of
books, he adds, is smaller than that of the A HAMLETLESS "HAMLET" is so difficult to
Boston Public Library, for instance, but the conceive that it has furnished the world with
ventilation is better than in the nobly vaulted
a universally familiar phrase applicable to
Bates Hall of that great library, and there is all attempts to achieve a desired result with-
no superfluity of red tape in the rules and
out recourse to the chief factor contributory
regulations. It is a wonderful story that he
thereto. And yet there is a vague tradition
tells us; but seeing is believing, and so he
that this “Hamlet” with the part of Hamlet
publishes a photograph of this truly unique left out was once actually presented on the
public library, with its four windmill sails stage by a company of strolling players who,
still spread to the winds.
at a certain one-night stand somewhere,
found themselves suddenly bereft, by illness,
ABORTIVE EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS are wit- of the services of their leading performer.
nessed at this time of year in all our colleges But the piece had been advertised for that
and universities. Young men and women by night, and there seemed no way to save the
the thousand start, voluntarily or under pres- situation except by acting the play with its
sure, and more or less hopefully, on an acad- title rôle omitted. The success of this ardu-
emic course leading to innumerable delightful ous undertaking is left to the imagination.
possibilities in the way of honors and distinc- In a very readable contribution to the Octo-
tions and ultimate fame and fortune in the ber “ Yale Review” Professor Brander Mat-
great world beyond; but how many there are thews begins with a brief rehearsal of the
that drop out of the race even before it is well foregoing legend, but is constrained to add :
begun! `Any college graduate will easily re- “Despite diligent endeavor, I have not been
call dim memories of perhaps a dozen or more able to discover where or when this fabled
classmates of that intensely vivid period of performance was believed to have taken place.
his adolescence, the first term of freshman Still less successful have I been in my search
year, who speedily and rather unaccountably for one of the spectators at this unique rep-
faded from his view with the falling of the resentation of Shakespeare's masterpiece.”


1915)
311
THE DIAL
Then he proceeds to name a number of suc- NOT THE LEAST OF LINCOLN'S MANY BIOG-
cessful plays that actually omit, by design, RAPHERS, and certainly not the last, was
each its leading or at any rate a prominent drowned near Foxboro, Mass., Sept. 29, while
character. That is, the character is presented bathing in Beaumont Pond. Alonzo Roth-
in the third person only, never appearing on
schild will be best remembered as the author
the stage. In this peculiar species of drama of “Lincoln, Master of Men," a study of that
Professor Matthews places Mr. George Mid quality of authority over his associates and
dleton's play, “Their Wife," Sardou's “La contemporaries which, however lost sight of
Famille Benoiton," and, in a modified sense,
amid his other conspicuous attributes, was
“ The Second Mrs. Tanqueray," "Rosmers-
undoubtedly possessed by this one of our
holm," and one or two other modern plays.
national heroes in common with all who
The entire article “Hamlet' with Hamlet
before or since have taken the lead in great
Left Out”) is a curious study of a difficult
causes or arduous enterprises. But it was
device employed with subtlety and success by
Lincoln's way to gain his ends with no need-
a few playwrights and wisely avoided by the
less display of imperiousness, and that was a
great majority.
part of the secret of his success, however much
he was misunderstood and under-estimated by
many of his contemporaries. The essential
BOOK-BORROWERS' RESPONSIBILITIES are often
with him was to get the thing done. Mr.
taken very lightly. Hence the thousands of
Rothschild felt the appeal of this side of Lin-
books borrowed and never returned. An coln's character, and was moved to enter upon
individual lender cannot well proclaim and the study that resulted in the above-named
enforce a system of fines and other coercive book. He was born in New York, in 1862,
measures to ensure the return of his precious the son of poor parents, or parents so situated
volumes; but a library can and commonly that he felt it his duty to cut short his school-
does employ such a system. Its necessity is ing and become an office boy at four dollars a
demonstrated in the statistical section of week in order to contribute his share toward
almost any library report. Let us take a few the family purse.
But he rapidly rose to
typical public libraries, large and small, and higher things. Besides journalism and au-
see to what extent delinquent borrowers have thorship he took an active part in the work
to be punished in the course of a year. The
of the Society for Ethical Culture. His
New York Public Library collected, in 1914,
attributes of mind and heart, as they show
in fines on overdue books and in payments
themselves in the retrospect, were of a sort to
for lost books, $36,129.79. The Boston library, beget deep regret at his loss.
in the same year, received $6,502.44 in fines,
and $426.36 for lost books. Cleveland reports
EMBROIDERED HISTORY presents to most eyes
receipts of $9,283.70 in fines. St. Louis shows
an appearance so much more attractive than
$2,682.64 as the annual amount of fines col. plain history that the historian's temptation
lected, and $249.15 received for "books sold,
to supply the embroidery is all but irresisti-
lost and paid for.” Brooklyn denies us any
ble. To spoil a good story in the telling, by
clear light on this question by lumping to- sticking to literal fact, is something that most
gether “fines and sale of publications" at
of us look upon with some contempt; to re-
$24,034.32. Grand Rapids collected $1,139.70
fuse to soar in the upper realms of romance
in “ book fines,” and reports a total collection,
is the mark of a grovelling spirit. Hence the
in the forty-four years of its existence, of popular acclaim given to such fascinating
"nearly $20,000.” Galesburg's yearly fine
creations as Abbott's “History of Napoleon
receipts were $358.93. At Lincoln (Nebraska)
Bonaparte" and Froude's not too painfully
the “fines and penalties” amounted to
$1,052.45, and "books lost” (and paid for), haustible theme of historical inaccuracy has
accurate pictures of the past. This inex-
$55.57. Wilmington (Delaware) reports given us a library of more or less lively read-
"library desk receipts” as $836.53. Many
ing, a fresh addition to which will be found
libraries refuse to aid us in this research,
in Professor Hart's “American Historical
either making no mention of the yearly fines Liars” in the current “Harper's Magazine.”
or including them in "other receipts." But
Captain John Smith and Parson Weems and
enough evidence has been adduced in the fore- the late Augustus C. Buell, with a number of
going figures to prove the necessity, lamenta- others, are pitilessly pilloried by the Harvard
ble though it be, of imposing legal penalties historian for their refusal to remain content
on those who abuse their public-library privi- with the unadorned truth; and they and all
leges.
their tribe are at the end dismissed in this


312
(Oct. 14
THE DIAL
biting fashion: “Throughout this catalogue mud, by Majorragio; one in praise of the
of gifted writers who transferred to history goose, by the elder Scaliger; and other pan-
and biography talents that belong in the field egyrics in like vein on the ant, the flea, the
of the serial novels, only one general com- louse, the elephant, and the swan; also an
ment may be applied: Whether they are forg. anonymous piece on the death of a magpie,
ing documents, capturing the choice pages of a “nuptial allocution," an essay on the art
previous writers, or simply letting their fancy of swimming, one on “the reign of the fly,"
play upon a historical problem, they are all etc., — all, including titles, in the language
subject to Joe Gargery's remark: ‘Lies is used universally by medieval scholars. The
lies. Howsoever they come, they didn't ought compilation, which may perhaps have served
to come, and they come from the father of as a sort of “Joe Miller's Jest Book” among
lies, and work round to the same.'”
the learned of its day, was originally pub-
lished at Leyden about 1625; but the War-
POETIC VISION AND GRIM REALITY are brought saw copy is of the 1644 edition, which is
into startling contrast by certain recent occur-
considered the best.
rences not far from St. Paul's. To more than
one student of current history there has
doubtless come, to mind in these days Mr.
COMMUNICATIONS.
Alfred Noyes's beautiful piece of verse pic-
turing a walk down Fleet Street when Lon- THE COMING WORLD-LANGUAGE, AND SOME
don glowed under a foggy sunset "like one
OTHER MATTERS.
huge cobwebbed flagon of old wine," and the
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
soft sky
In view of your comment upon my remarks, in
your issue of Sept. 16 (page 206), may I be per-
“ Flowed through the roaring thoroughfares,
mitted to explain what I meant when I said to
transfused
the interviewer from “ The New York Times"
Their hard, sharp outlines, blurred the throngs
that we were being “ brought nearer to a univer-
of black
sal language, a sort of interlinguistic conglom-
On either pavement, blurred the rolling stream
erate” by the war? This was no more than that
Of red and yellow buses, till the town
English was becoming the lingua franca for uni-
Turned to a golden suburb of the clouds,
versal use. I based this belief that English is
And, round that mighty bubble of St. Paul's,
becoming more of a world-language than any
Over the upturned faces of the street,
other language upon statistics of usage — nothing
An air-ship slowly sailed, with whirring fans,
else. The English language is now spoken by
A voyager in the new-found realms of gold,
more than one hundred and fifty millions of peo-
A shadowy silken chrysalis whence should break
ple; German by more than one hundred and
What radiant wings in centuries to be."
twenty millions; Russian by ninety millions;
From the "shadowy silken chrysalis” of French by sixty millions; Spanish by fifty-five
actual fact, a few weeks ago, there certainly millions; Italian by forty millions; and Portu-
broke things radiant and astonishing, but guese by forty millions.
also terrifying and death-dealing. The poet's Just how many persons have been using Esper-
vision was at fault only in stopping con-
anto during the twenty-eight years that have
siderably short of the vivid reality, and in
passed since its invention by Dr. Zamenhof in
1887, I do not know. But this I do know, that
postponing its fulfilment to "centuries to be."
from an examination of approximately 20,000
words from the “New Standard Dictionary,” En-
A CURIOUS SPECIMEN OF LEARNED HUMOR is
glish may be correctly described as an interlin-
brought to public notice by bibliographers guistic conglomerate, for the following are the
interested in the matchless collection of Elze- sources from which the words examined were
virs and other rare books in the Warsaw derived:
University Library, to which recent events Anglo-Saxon and English.
3,681
have directed the attention of book-lovers.
Low German
126
Dutch
207
The example of rather ponderous playfulness
Scandinavian
693
here referred to is in mediæval Latin, and is German
333
thus entitled: “Dissertationum Ludicrarum et Low German through French..
54
Amænitatum Scriptores Varii.” As this title Dutch or Middle Dutch through French... 45
indicates, the volume is made up of sundry
Scandinavian through French..
German (1) through French....
85
facetious essays from various pens. Among Middle High German (2) through French. 27
these amusing trifles, the recreations of their Old High German (3) through French.. 154
erudite authors' leisure hours, are to be noted Teutonic (4) through French...
225
297
French (Romance languages).
a disquisition in praise of the gout, by Bir-
Latin through French....
4,842
baldus Pirkheimer; one by Girolamo Cardano Late Latin through French..
829
on the same sprightly theme; one in praise of Italian through French.
162
63


1915)
313
THE DIAL
.
Celtic ...
170
Latin (direct)
2.880
Latin through Provençal.
25
Italian
99
Spanish
108
Portuguese
21
Greek direct or through Latin, Late Latin,
French or other sources...
2,493
Slavonic
31
Lithuanian
1
Asiatic: Aryan languages, including Per-
sian and Sanskrit..
163
European non-Aryan languages.
20
Semitie: Hebrew
99
Arabic
272
Asiatic: Non-Aryan, not Semitic, includ-
ing Malay, Chinese, Japanese, Tartar,
Australian
135
African languages
32
American
102
Hybrid
675
Unknown
12
Total
.19,161
No other language approaches to English in its
aggressive appropriation of whatever terminology
it needs to make it the most incisive means for
expressing thought.
66
be hard to say which was the leader in the various
new and beautiful forms of verse . . introduced
into English poetry.” The copyright date of this
edition of the “Britannica” is 1875. Dr. William
F. Collier, in his “ History of English Literature,”
new edition, dated 1894, wrote (p. 92): “ Surrey
is said to have written also the first English son-
nets." In the “ · Dictionary of National Biog-
raphy,” edited by Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee,
and published in 1891, I find the following, under
the title “ Howard," in volume xxviii, p. 28:
“Surrey, who although the disciple of Wyatt was
at all points his master's superior, was the earliest
Englishman to imitate with any success Italian
poetry in English verse. . . Surrey's taste in the
choice of his masters and his endeavours to adapt
new metres to English poetry are his most inter-
esting characteristics. The sonnet and the 'ottava
rima' were first employed by him and Wyatt."
This was written by Sir Sidney Lee.
· And now as to the other peccadilloes charged
against me, I may point out that, in English, the
correctness of a form or of a construction is not
impaired because nothing analogous to it exists
in the language, any more than that the correct-
ness of a word is to be challenged because there is
no other in the language resembling it in sound
or spelling. Your gentle reviewer does not like
“ equally as.” Nor did Coleridge, yet Sir James
Murray recognizes it, and cites Francis William
Newman as authority for its use.
The expression “no less than thirty” is char-
acterized as a “questionable construction,” yet is
one that dates from the Old English Chronicles
(1121). It was used by Shakespeare (“ Taming
of the Shrew," act ii, sc. 1), by Steele (“ Tatler,"
No. 46, p. 12), and by Macaulay in his Essay on
Warren Hastings — “No less than twenty Arti-
cles of impeachment.” Again, the reviewer writes
“ of the same book we read on the same page that
'the sanitation of cities is carefully preserved.?"
Is not this the reductio ad absurdum of criticism?
What I wrote is “ Utopia . . is an ideal common-
wealth in which vice does not flourish. . . Agri-
culture is the chief industry and everybody works.
The sanitation of cities is carefully preserved.”
The reference here is clearly to Utopia, the com-
monwealth, not to “ Utopia," the book. If the use
of the word “preserved” is what “jars," then let
us consult the dictionary and learn that in such a
connection the word means “maintained intact or
unimpaired," and is correctly used. As for
“ applied into," this I cannot find; wherever it
occurs the text perhaps should read “applied
unto," and I shall be greatly obliged if you will
favor me with the page on which it may be found.
FRANK H. VIZETELLY.
New York City, Sept. 30, 1915.
(Regarding the latter part of Dr. Vize-
telly's communication, the truth seems to be
that Surrey remodelled and refined the son-
net after Wyatt had introduced it; but to
assert without qualification that he "wrote
the first sonnets ever written in English " is
to invite contradiction. Authorities might be .
In the same issue of THE DIAL referred to
above, your generous reviewer of my “ Essentials
of English Speech” takes me to task for saying
that Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, “ wrote the
first sonnets ever written in English," and chides
me for making no mention of Wyatt, Surrey's
senior by fourteen or fifteen years, and acknowl-
edged by him to be his master in poetry, and
commonly credited with having taken the lead in
importing the sonnet into our literature.” Will
you permit me to say in reply that some things
that have been “commonly credited " investigation
and time have proved to have been incorrectly
credited ? As examples, I need only to cite the
well-known Chatterton and Macpherson imposi-
tions. Samuel Johnson's exposure of the latter
brought the famous lexicographer a challenge
from Macpherson. Dr. Johnson is commonly
credited with having purchased a stout oak
cudgel and with having answered in a well-known
letter that he would repel violence, and was not
to be deterred from detecting what he thought to
be a cheat from any fear of the menaces of a
ruffian.
But to return to the English sonnet. On page
304 of his "Amenities of English Literature," pub-
lished in 1811, Isaac D’Israeli says, “ The Earl of
Surrey composed the first sonnets in the English
language.” In the
In the “Encyclopædia Britannica,"
volume xxvi, eleventh edition, p. 139, I find
“Surrey, indeed, expressly acknowledges Wyatt
as his master in poetry. As their poems appeared
in one volume, long after the death of both, their
names will always be closely associated," but in
the original form of this article, which appears in
the ninth edition of the “ Britannica” (vol. xxii,
p. 731), the statement is “ Seeing, however, that
their poems were first published in the same vol-
ume, many years after the death of both, their
names can never be dissociated and it must always
6


314
(Oct. 14
THE DIAL
cited in great number, but it must here suf- But Mr. Hervey resents most seriously “the
fice to quote from Garnett and Gosse's drift, the purport” of certain ill-remembered
“ English Literature” the statement in re-
remarks of mine about Bryant.
gard to Wyatt that "the feature of his work
As I have made a definite charge against Bry-
which gives him his chief importance in the
ant, and as neither Mr. Hervey nor I can pretend
to remember exactly in what form I stated it at
history of English poetical literature . . is
the Whitman dinner, perhaps you will permit me
his introduction of the sonnet into English
to refer to an editorial in “Poetry for July,
poetry.” “Equally as appropriate” offends which does not lack precision. In that editorial
by its manifest redundancy. “Less than I told of a publisher's statement that Bryant,
thirty" has good authority, but "fewer than toward the end of his long life, used to sell his
thirty” stands unchallenged, and the ques- name, along with his venerable portrait, as the
tion remains whether it is wise, in trying to
author of books which he neither wrote nor edited,
such as
promote the cause of good English, to use a
Bryant's History of the United States"
construction avoided by many careful writers.
and “ Bryant's Collection of Poetry and Song," to
such an extent that he was known among New
It may be, if it is felt that a principle is in-
York publishers as “the great national tone-
volved. Of course the reviewer's comment on
imparter." The article then continues :
“sanitation as being “carefully preserved "
“ This story always comes back to me when I make
referred only to the choice of verb, which
a détour from Fifth Avenue to see the beautiful rear
still seems not the happiest possible. It
façade of the New York Public Library. Here a
should be noted that the italics in the quota- throned figure of the venerable poet faces the park
tions from the review are not the reviewer's. named in his honor, and offers us his life as a high
“Applied into," unless the reviewer's notes
inspiration to American youth. To whose memory
was the statue erected — the poet of the Thanatopsis
are at fault, will be found on page 308, one-
or the 'great national tone-imparter'? If the former,
third of the way down.— THE REVIEWER.] are we not honoring too much the man who did his
best work at nineteen? - and if the latter, are we not
honoring too much the man who sold out?
“ BRYANT AND THE NEW POETRY.”
“ To have done one's best work in youth is proof that
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
one has lived downward rather than upward. Long
is the roll of artists who, beginning with more genius
As I have been making a pilgrimage to the two
than character, shuffle off their glory like a rich gar-
Panama expositions, my attention has been called
ment and sink down in rags – or broadcloth — to a
only recently to the communication from Mr.
sordid feast. Indeed, so often does the world watch
John L. Hervey in your issue of August 15, enti- this spectacle that the early death of the inspired one
tled “Bryant and the New Poetry." You and he seems the only sure consecration.
will pardon me, therefore, if my answer seems “ There is only one code of honor for an artist — to
somewhat tardy.
be true to his vision. Bryant preferred to lead a com-
What did I say at that Whitman dinner, now
fortable life, and be a good journalist rather than a
four months in the past? Mr. Hervey admits that
poet, and so he descended from the serene nobility of
he “cannot recall more than the drift, the pur-
the Thanatopsis, to the puerile pieties of the Hymn
to the Sea, The Future Life, The Crowded Street and
port,” of a part of it, and I cannot pretend to
many other truly orthodox utterances, Even The
remember with complete exactness. I can state,
Forest Hymn, perhaps the best of these, says merely
however, that my subject was not “ The New the proper and expected thing, offering bland counsels
Poetry,” but “ The New Movement in Poetry," and of moderation:
that I did not ascribe this movement to America
But let me often to these solitudes
alone, since English poets have done their full
Retire, and in Thy presence reassure
My feeble virtue. Here its enemies,
share in it, or say that it “had originated in the
The passions, at Thy plainer footsteps shrink
sanctum of her (my) magazinelet, Poetry.'” I
And tremble, and are still.
may have said that “ Poetry was the first maga- “If the passions were indeed the enemies of this
zine to give a large group of young poets a chance poet's 'feeble virtue,' they never got the upper hand.
to be heard, or that, as the New York “ Sun” said At least they do not appear in his poetry. It is said
editorially in its issue of Sept. 12,"Poetry' right- that Mr. Bryan pronounces To a Waterfowl the finest
American poem
fully stands at the head of the new movement."
- a preference which marks the
If I was so foolish as to make any statement of
limitation of his reading or taste; but this, which is
no doubt Bryant's best lyric, is also marred by the
doctrine," or put forth any "promulgation of
ever-present and expedient moral. The famous Truth
law" on a subject so delicate, so fluid, so irreduci- crushed to earth' quatrain from The Battlefield is the
ble to any definition or theory, as the art of only bit of his poetry, after the Thanatopsis, in which
poetry, I shall be obliged to Mr. Hervey if he will his religiosity rises for a moment to higher ground
add chapter and book to his offhand accusation. and assumes something of prophetic dignity.
Also he will perhaps show how I " asserted, at
“ Bryant was, in short, a man born to be a poet who
least by inference,” that Whitman is “ the patron 11
sacrificed the muse, not to those violent enemies, the
saint of the movement.” Whitman was a great
flesh and the devil, but to that more insidious one.
the world or, in other words, comfort and respecta-
revolutionist, and no doubt he is one of many cos-
bility. Now and then a brief flash of inspiration dis.
mopolitan influences which have tended of late to
turbed his placidity, but gradually the light went out,
broaden the boundaries of poetic art in the En- until, in his tone-imparting old age, he could not even
glish language.
see that he was sitting in darkness.”


1915)
315
THE DIAL
Probably even Mr. Hervey would admit that the
that such interference is injudicious, and even to be
greater part of Bryant's poetry was over-rated
condemned in principle; but, on the other hand, it is
clearly a case of conscience with the slave-holder, to
during and after his life, and that modern criti-
say nothing of legal rights. If such a thing as private
cism can hardly be expected to take him and most
ownership in slaves is admitted, the right of the
of his contemporaries at their nineteenth-century owner to use them as he pleases is logically implied.
face value. If Whitman admired him, it was part So that Mrs. Stowe is in reality attacking the right of
of the generosity of his nature that he admired slave-holding, and if one believes in that right at all,
almost everybody. If he lived to-day, no doubt he
one cannot be much stirred by this indirect assault
would praise Mr. Sandburg, and even say a good
upon it, which seems to us to be lacking in candor.
word for the magazine which had the honor of
We are in the heartiest sympathy with Mrs. Stowe in
her detestation of people who seek to regulate the pri-
introducing him – and many others as well, both
vate affairs of other people, but the mischief that is
radical and conservative!
done by such efforts is much more chargeable to
Whether any of our contemporaries, so intro- Northern newspapers, abolition societies, etc., than to
duced, “ will live,” it is quite beyond my power, the owners of slaves or other property. While the lat-
or even Mr. Hervey's, to predict; for I have never
ter have at least a sound legal justification for their
presumed to “speak in behalf of Time," but have intolerance, the former have only their whims and
always proclaimed, early and late, over and over
petty prejudices; and the curtailments of liberty
which they would impose excite our indignation far
again, that contemporary criticism cannot be
more deeply than do any restrictions imposed by the
final. “Poetry” is an exhibition place for current
owners of slaves upon those whom they purchase to
poetry, corresponding to our Art Institute exhibi-
make productive use of their land. So it seems to us
tions of current painting and sculpture. It would that Mrs. Stowe's lesson might have been made much
be rank injustice to deny to our artists and poets more effective by the choice of a less dubious basis.
such places to be seen and heard, and no doubt it Her real power is in her style rather than in her logi.
is right that critics and the public should praise
cal process, and, for our part, we attach less impor-
or damn this or that in any exhibition, and that
tance to all her special pleading and all the calculated
professional juries should even award prizes. But
ingenuity of her plot than we do to the single page in
Time, which really means the accumulated opin- etc., etc.
which, forgetting her thesis, she unfolds for us,"
ions of experts, selects the masterpieces.
Of course it is not my purpose to indicate or
In conclusion, permit me to take exception to
imply any analogy between “ The Freelands” and
Mr. Hervey's statement that “the verse printed in
“Uncle Tom's Cabin," — although it might not be
Poetry' "" does not “ convey a sense of the open
air.” If there is no open-air feeling in poems we
very difficult to trace such an analogy in certain
have printed by Edith Wyatt, Ernest Rhys,
important respects. But I wish merely to empha-
size the fixed and frozen nature of the "stand pat"
Padraic Colum, James Stephens, Fannie Stearns
psychology, and to illustrate how applicable is
Davis, Joyce Kilmer, Constance Skinner, John
Gould Fletcher, and many others, I do not know
its stereotyped verbiage to any questionings,
wherever and whenever advanced, of the doctrine
where to find it in modern poetry.
that Property is more sacred than Human Life.
HARRIET MONROE,
ALLEN MSIMPSON.
Chicago, Oct. 2, 1915.
Editor of “Poetry.”
Boston, Mass., October 5, 1915.
66
« THE FREELANDS” AND “UNCLE TOM'S
INDIANS IN THE CIVIL WAR.
CABIN."
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In your issue of September 16, I note that your
With your permission, I should like to present reviewer of Miss Abel's “Slave-Holding Indians
the following paraphrase of a portion of your in the Civil War” states that our remembrance of
review of Mr. Galsworthy's The Freelands Albert Pike's Indians having fought at Pea Ridge
(see THE DIAL for Sept. 16, page 219) as repre- and of General Grant having had an Indian on
senting what would undoubtedly have been your his staff is very nearly the sum of our information
reviewer's method of dealing with “ Uncle Tom's regarding the Indian in the Civil War.
Cabin," had he been exercising his critical function Pardon me, therefore, if I call your attention to
when that book was published. Except for the the fact that a company of full-blooded Ottawa
substitution of Mrs. Stowe's name for Mr. Gals- and Chippewa Indians from this section of North-
worthy's, and the feminine for the masculine pro- ern Michigan, known as “Company K, First
noun, the only changes in phraseology which I Michigan Sharpshooters,” were in the service from
have made in your review are indicated by the January 12, 1863, until the close of the Civil War,
italicization of new words substituted for those and fought gallantly in many engagements in that
used by your reviewer.
bloody conflict. In view their heroic service to
“ The pathos of it all, the appeal to pity, the suffer- the government, even after losing their lands, I
ings of Uncle Tom, the despair which fills his soul regret exceedingly that history has not been more
these things are worked to their utmost in arousing liberal toward them.
our deepest sympathies for the victim. But what
I have just published a little book regarding the
would Mrs. Stowe have? She urges that the condi-
tions are intolerable which make such situations possi-
manners and legends of these people. On page 88
is a mention of the Indian company, and I possess
ble. In other words, it is the slave system which is to
blame, the system which gives the slave-holder this
its complete roster.
JOHN C. WRIGHT.
power over the private lives of his slaves. We admit Harbor Springs, Mich., Oct. 5, 1915.


316
(Oct. 14
THE DIAL
only to lovers of literature like himself.
The New Books.
Hence the three scholarly monographs, from
Johns Hopkins University, which invite us to
consider the evolution and the literary meth-
THE ROMANTICISM OF FLAUBERT. *
ods of this “Beethoven of French prose.'
No historical period is so interesting as an The first of these studies takes up Flau-
age of transition. Renaissance or Revolu- bert's 'prentice novels from his seventeenth to
tion — there, in the conflict of opposing ten- his twenty-fourth years. Up to seventeen his
dencies, the student finds his task and his Juvenilia are almost entirely Romantic: the
reward. So, too, with literary types: no pure
first volume of the “ Oeuvres de Jeunesse” is
species, definite and definable, attracts like the ample evidence of his admiration for the his-
transitional author, compelled by the accident torical novel, the historical drama, the sym-
of birth to serve a double ideal. Some writers bolism of “Faust” and the violently macabre
reflect for us the spiritual struggles of an age.
note of Gautier's early verse. But with all
Such a type is Gustave Flaubert. Born in this, it contains a personal novel, “Les
1821, at the very dawn of French Roman- Mémoires d'un Fou,” inspired by Rousseau's
ticism, he too is composing tragedies in the Confessions” and eloquent of the vital influ-
year that saw the thrice-memorable première ence of René's pessimism even in the late thir-
of “ Hernani.” At nine, he is already both ties. And Mr. Coleman's monograph gives us
author and actor,— with his father's billiard- the parallels, notes the echoes of Byron,
table for a stage! Five years later we find “Werther," Montaigne, Gautier, and others.
him sleeping with a poniard under his pil- None the less, the novel did spring from a
low, a schoolboy Faust, talking of suicide in real experience: here, in ten pages, we have
his letters and reconciled to life only by a
the story of Flaubert's first passion, a hope-
historical romance which he is writing. Pure
less boy-love for the lady who inspired his
boyish bravado this, of course, but one does only sympathetic heroine, Madame Arnoux.
not smile at the Romantic despair which fills Les Mémoires d'un Fou” date probably
his correspondence and his first subjective from 1838. Some four years later, Flaubert
novel : they tell too plainly the story of a wrote another story in the “ Confession”
malady grown real. Yet this youthful Byron form. Like its predecessor, “Novembre ” be-
lived to found the school of Realism, to create gins with a fugue of lyrical self-analysis; but
at one stroke its model and its chef d'auvre, the René-note soon merges into a floridly re-
“Madame Bovary."
alistic episode of carnal love chez une fille.
The case is unique in literature. At first Externally the work would resemble Musset's
sight, one might wonder at the Romanticism “Rolla," did not the courtesan wax remi-
of an author who only made his debut in 1857, niscent in turn, and prove herself like her
long after “Père Goriot” and Musset's deri- lover a disappointed seeker after an ideal.
sive “Lettres de Dupuis et Cotonet.” But we
All this, of course, is familiar to the Romantic
forget the twenty-year apprenticeship that formula, which may also be traced in the
went to the making of “Madame Bovary.” death of the hero after his disillusionment.
By 1842, when he attained his majority, Flau-
Space forbids dwelling on the literary influ-
bert had already written enough to fill two ences, so carefully noted by Mr. Coleman.
fat octavos: he had been writing for eight After Chateaubriand, it is “Mademoiselle de
years, since his first school days at Rouen. Maupin ” which furnishes most of the parallel
Outside of Paris, the tide of literary theory passages.
The resemblance to “Rolla," re-
has a slower ebb; so we may see why his marked by M. Descharmes in his earlier study,
Juvenilia reflect nearly every phase of French is proved inconclusive: Marie is seen to be a
Romanticism.
composite portrait of Gautier's ambiguous
Five years ago these “Oeuvres de Jeu- heroine and Rosette, while Flaubert's hero
nesse were at last published in toto by Co- finds an elder brother in d'Albert.
nard. With them, too, appeared the collected Both of these works are therefore typically
correspondence, and it became possible to
Romantic. But in 1845 Flaubert completed
study the development of Flaubert from origi- another personal novel, begun two years be-
nal sources. Here were letters dating from fore, the first version of the “Education Sen-
his ninth year,— intimate letters filled with
timentale." Now for the first time he studies
the enthusiasm of one who opened his heart the influence of love upon character: two
friends, Romanticists both, pass through a
Edited by Edward C. Armstrong.
Comprising: La Composition de Salammbô, par F. A. Blos-
“sentimental education” which shatters their
illusions and turns them to objectivity. The
P. B. Fay and A. Coleman; Flaubert's Literary Development,
by A. Coleman. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
history of Jules is not unlike that of Wilhelm
99
* ELLIOTT MONOGRAPHS.
som ;
Sources and Structure of Flaubert's Salammbô, by


1915 ]
317
THE DIAL
Meister; but as Jules is Flaubert himself, one gory being coldly received even in the cor-
need only note the general inspiration. rected version of 1843. Yet the example was
Traces of specific influence, moreover, become sufficient; and Flaubert, who loved to repeat
rarer; at twenty-two Flaubert has found with Michelet's motto, "Nothing tempting but the
experience larger powers of creation. Proof Impossible,” began the masterpiece of dream-
of this may be seen in the story of Jules's literature on which he was to labor through
friend: for if we do find traces of Balzac and twenty years. In his hands, the well-known
Musset, they are too slight to count. Flaubert legend becomes a monstrous vision, all modes
is certainly working towards objectivity; his of life and thought pass before him, a satur-
letters at the time show him turning back to nalia of philosophic systems, a mad proces-
the great classics; and his hero Jules, re-read- sional whose only lesson is the vanity of all
ing “René” and “Werther” and analyzing things beneath the sun. How he read this
his admiration, finds in it "personal sym- stupendous phantasy to his friends Bouilhet
pathy" and not "the disinterested contempla- and Ducamp, and how they told the indignant
tion of the true artist.” Here, then, is the author to throw it into the fire and take a
first statement of Flaubert's later creed. theme like "Cousine Bette," is told by Du-
The evolution of the Realist is begun. At camp in his “ Souvenirs littéraires "; and by
twenty-three Flaubert is already reacting his testimony it was Bouilhet who, the next
from Romanticism. Does he owe this to day, recalled to Flaubert the local incident
Honoré de Balzac ? Mr. Coleman gives us which eight years later became Madame
many interesting parallels, but in the end Bovary."
ascribes the formulation of this new stand- So Gustave Flaubert turned Realist. Out
point “to Flaubert himself, to his meditations, of the obscure physician's wife he created a
and perhaps to the lessons he drew from read- world-type, Emma Bovary is not merely re-
ing Shakespeare and La Bruyère.” Thus he
Thus he alistic; she is more real than reality. She is
differs from M. Descharmes, who not having not a woman, she is Woman; and her tragedy
access to the unpublished “ Education Senti- is the eternal tragedy of incapacity. All our
mentale," sets the reaction later and makes it modern life, with its blind democratic Titan-
largely the result of Flaubert's first attack of ism, is symbolized by that pathetic figure; she
epilepsy.
reflects her century, typifies an age which lit-
One would like to speak of the chapters erature had spoiled for living. Like "Don
which sum up the two sides of our author. Quixote" in the seventeenth century, she is a
But the monographs on “Salammbô” claim martyr to the Ideal, a victim of The Book, a
our attention, and we must sketch briefly the martyr to all the poets who have added to the
labors of the twelve years which intervene. world's panoply of dreams. Too weak to
For if Flaubert early foresaw and stated the fight Reality in that golden armor, she faints
Realistic theory, he could not subdue the lyrist beneath the weight and fails, crushed down
that was in him. “Ce qui m'est naturel à moi, into the mire because the armor of her defence
c'est le non-naturel pour les autres, l'extraor- is not her own.
dinaire, le fantastique, la hurlade métaphy. "Madame Bovary" is the indictment of
sique, mythologique.” And it is this lyrism life against universal education. It is the
which, through the next four years, flames up indictment of Art against the theory of
in the first version of his great philosophic democracy. That characteristic of Roman-
allegory, “La Tentation de Saint Antoine.” ticism, seen in its hatred of the bourgeois,
Things marvellous and mystical had always
was so essentially a reaction of Flaubert's cult
attracted him. When he first read “Faust," of “Art for Art” that it is the obverse of his
he told his niece, he “ceased to feel the earth life-philosophy. But this aspect of “Madame
beneath him.” So at sixteen he wrote a long Bovary" is lost in the larger significance of
prose poem, “Rêve d'Enfer," and two years the novel, the miracle of its creation. What
later a still longer mystery-play, “Smarh," giant's will forged for us this cold analysis
with Satan recast in a prominent rôle. In of human illusion, so typical that it has given
these precursors, rather than in Breughel's the name to a philosophy?* A lyrist in a
painting seen at Genoa, we find the begin-
begin- lyrical generation, foredoomed apparently to
nings of the “Tentation."
Tentation.” After two years
After two years all the consequences of his Romantic heritage,
of labor on a contemporary theme, Flaubert Flaubert rose through pure will above him-
longed to escape from the Occident to the self, and carved his past sufferings into the
Orient, from the present to the exotic past. masterpiece of modern realism. Like Cer-
Might he not, perhaps, write a French vantes, he struck the death-blow to a false
“Faust”? "Ahasvérus," to be sure, had
Paris: Mercure de
proved a magnificent failure, Quinet's alle-
Jules de Gaultier: Le Bovarysme.
France.


318
(Oct. 14
THE DIAL
9)
ideal. But that ideal burned on like a banked his subject up to the ears to paint the “local
fire in Gustave Flaubert, bursting out in color” which comes without effort and makes
the exoticism of “Salammbộ,” still smoulder- a book “exude reality." And Mr. Blossom
ing beneath the self-satire of "L'Education sets forth, from Flaubert's correspondence,
Sentimentale” and the bitter parody of the Herculean labors which preceded and ac-
“ Bouvard et Pécuchet." Thus Romanticism companied the still more Herculean task of
is directly or indirectly the basis of all his composition. The whole work was to take
work; like Zola later, Flaubert had “drunk more than five years of constant toil, broken
too deeply of the Romantic brew."
only by a trip to Africa required for further
So after “Madame Bovary" came “Sa- “documentation."
lammbô." "I am going to write a novel whose This indefatigable patience, this pursuit of
action takes place three centuries before a truth no less scientific than artistic, reveal
Christ,” he writes in a letter of 1856. “I feel the realist in Flaubert. How a poet's dream,
the need of getting out of this modern world, romantique s'il en fût jamais, was built into
in which my pen has dipped too long, and a plastic evocation of antiquity - all the
which, moreover, tires me as much to repro- giant effort of materialization is shown in Mr.
duce as it disgusts me to behold.” So he, Blossom's pages. And if the finished “Sa-
turned back to the dreams of the past which lammbô” leaves us cold, the story of its com-
had urged him on to the first prize in history position reads like the work-filled letters of
at school. Then it was Hugo's Middle Ages Balzac. Indeed, quite as strong a case might
or Stendhal's Renaissance that fired his ambi- | be made for Flaubert's Realism as for his
tion; now, with that vein worked dry by a innate Romanticism. Most critics have devel-
myriad of imitators, Gautier, and after him oped one side or the other. After all, in these
Flaubert, reverted to more distant and more days of subjective criticism, the danger of the
exotic times. Not history, but archæology transitional type is the danger of the crystal
now pointed the way, and Gautier had been
maze!
LEWIS PIAGET SHANKS.
quick to follow with his splendidly plastic
classical and Egyptian tales. Why not, then,
a Carthaginian romance?
The task was certainly hard enough to be ELBA, WATERLOO, ST. HELENA.*
tempting — even to Flaubert. He had, to be
One consequence of “the Great War" seems
sure, the story of the mercenary war con-
certain, and that is a lessened interest in the
tained in the last few chapters of the First figure of Napoleon and in his military achieve-
Book of Polybius. This he could follow, as
ments. The epoch of modern warfare in
indeed he did, for the characters and inci- which he was the unapproached master is now
dents of his military drama; he had only to
closed. The scale of action, the masses of
add the love-interest by creating the figure of
men, the material resources, the means of
Salammbo. So he follows Polybius rather destruction, the methods of transportation,
closely, as one may see in Mr. Fay's mono-
everything sharply differentiates the present
graph; a bit careless of chronology because
he is writing his novel scene by scene; but leonic past. Henceforward we shall study
art of fighting from that of even the Napo-
using everything and only occasionally sharp-
ening the outlines of his model by greater Napoleon as we study Hannibal, Cæsar, or
precision of numerical detail. Still Polybius Mr. Norwood Young, fresh as they are from
Gustavus. The books by Captain Becke and
gave him scarcely more than an outline: to
make his story real, to clothe his skeleton with the presses, represent our attitude fifteen
flesh and muscle, he literally digested a classi- months ago, when they were brought to com-
cal library. In two weeks, for instance, he pletion, rather than that of to-day. This is
“swallowed” — to use his own expression
not a disparagement; it merely records a fact,
the eighteen volumes of Cahen's translation or perhaps an impression.
of the Bible, with the notes, finding in them
Books with such subjects — Elba, Waterloo,
not a few precious details for costumes, St. Helena — form a natural series. These
musical instruments, architecture, and habits volumes add solid contributions to the litera-
of life, which are brought together in Mr.
* NAPOLEON IN EXILE AT ELBA. By Norwood Young. Illus-
Coleman's briefer study. But the mass of the trated in photogravure, etc. Philadelphia: John C. Win-
material used is classical. Xenophon, Ælian,
NAPOLEON IN EXILE AT ST. HELENA (1815-1821).
Pausanias, Pliny, Silius Italicus, Strabo, Norwood Young. In two volumes, illustrated in color, etc.
Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co.
Theophrastus, Herodotus, Appian, Plutarch,
NAPOLEON AND WATERLOO. The Emperor's Campaign with
and the dusty ant-hill of modern archæology
the Armée du Nord, 1815. By A. F. Becke, R.F.Ă. In two
volumes, with photogravure portraits. New York: E. P.
must be ransacked; one must be "stuffed with Dutton & Co.
ston Co.
By


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ture of these phases of Napoleon's career. arrival at headquarters the day before and
Mr. Young's three volumes seem to be the were not competent to put him in touch with
most satisfactory and complete account of the various sections of his army. A fair reading
two exiles. Captain Becke's volumes on the of Napoleon's orders to Ney and to Grouchy
Waterloo campaign will appeal especially to shows that the unlucky marshals were not
readers interested in the problems of strategy alone in failing to apprehend the true state
and the management of armies in battle. The of affairs.
first volume, which carries the campaign up to Captain Becke's discussion of Wellington's
June 18, contains more conclusions open to conduct is more judicial. He brings out the
controversy than the second, which deals with fact, hitherto not sufficiently emphasized, that
the battle of Waterloo and the operations of Wellington would have been warned earlier
Grouchy on June 18 and the days following. of Napoleon's first moves had not the informa-
Captain Becke thinks that Napoleon tion sent to him on June 15 by Colonel Col-
no longer the Napoleon of Austerlitz; the sun quhoun Grant, his trusted intelligence officer,
still shone, but his power was waning visibly.” stationed far in advance of the British out-
One illustration of this loss of grasp was the posts, failed to reach him until the very morn-
manner of meeting the Prussian flank move- ing of Waterloo. But Captain Becke points
ment early on the afternoon of Waterloo. out that Wellington more than made up for
Captain Becke holds that it was a mistake to his faults of strategy by splendid defensive
detach Count Lobau at that time to check fighting both at Quatre Bras and at Waterloo.
Count Bülow's advance. He argues that had Mr. Norwood Young's books distinguish
Napoleon succeeded in breaking Wellington's themselves from those of some of his predeces-
line, the Prussians would have remained spec- sors on the same theme by an entire absence
tators. As it was, the Bülow attack was not of false sentiment, polemics, and rhetoric.
pressed for several hours after his corps was The unadorned tale, carefully documented,
first sighted. Meanwhile Lobau was needed requires no adventitious aids to stimulate in-
to support and complete D'Erlon's assault terest. The author is not unappreciative of
on Wellington's left. The gravest fault of the painful situation of Napoleon, which may
Napoleon was, however, the day before, in the excuse much of the ill-temper which the ex-
morning hours, when Wellington's army at Emperor displayed, but this does not lead him
Quatre Bras seemed to be at the mercy of the into unjust criticisms of the men whose dis-
French had they brought into action troops agreeable task it was to see that Napoleon
not used the day before either at Quatre Bras remained secure on the island of St. Helena.
or at Ligny.
Mr. Young believes that as Napoleon had
On the whole, Captain Becke is inclined to succeeded in hoodwinking Neil Campbell, the
lay the principal blame for final failure upon British commissioner at Elba, he was espe-
Ney and Grouchy. This is especially true of cially chagrined to find that neither Cockburn
the operations about Quatre Bras. His argu- nor Lowe could be duped. Napoleon seems
ment that Ney should have been able to occupy actually to have become obsessed by the idea
Quatre Bras before noon on July 16 is not that Lowe had been sent to St. Helena to make
convincing. In the first place, Ney had no way with him. The fundamental difficulty,
business to seize those cross-roads before he however, was that the British pursued a mid-
received specific orders, since a premature dle course with Napoleon, treating him as a
occupation of the British-Prussian line of guest under restraint and expecting him to
inter-communication would probably, as Cap- accept the part with equanimity. It seems
tain Becke argues, have led Blücher to fall silly to have refused him the title of Emperor,
back instead of fighting. The order to occupy although, as Mr. Young remarks, the English
Quatre Bras arrived at eleven. Secondly, it had never formally recognized his sovereignty.
was materially impossible for Ney to get his They had, nevertheless, attempted to negotiate
wing of the army together before noon. Ac- peace with him in 1807, which was a virtual
cording to the careful calculations of the recognition of his rule.
recognition of his rule. In 1814 they had
late Mr. Ropes, D’Erlon could reach the also, as allies of the signatories of the Treaty
neighborhood of Quatre Bras only about of Fontainebleau, agreed that he should re-
three o'clock in the afternoon. Moreover, tain the imperial title. Their main concern
Reille, who was in command of the second was not his assumption of an imperial status,
corps, did not set out from Gosselies until a but the security of his person. The conditions
quarter before twelve, contrary to his under- which they imposed went far toward render-
standing with Ney. Captain Becke also fails | ing Lowe's task impossible.
to give Ney the benefit of the excuse that his There are lighter sides to the Elba sojourn,
orderlies had been collected hastily since his and even the exile at St. Helena was not all


320
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ܕܕ
sombre. Napoleon's companions were had become poor and indigent about the time
strange lot. Mr. Young carefully delineates of the Asbies mortgage; although a careful
each of them. Occasionally a single sentence examination of all the facts now known to us
gives an amusing glimpse of a personage. leaves no doubt that John's misfortunes have
For example, of Piontkowski the author re- been enormously and grotesquely exaggerated.
marks: "To be associated with the Emperor, A broken bankrupt would not have been ac-
and to be free from pecuniary anxieties, was cepted, as John was, as surety in the Queen's
for him a wonderful fortune." In other Court at Westminster and elsewhere. That
cases an anecdote accomplishes the same pur- the Shakespeares ever suffered from poverty
pose. . It appears that Montchenu, the French is a fable.
commissioner, was in the habit of accepting Mrs. Stopes has to her credit the discovery
invitations and offering no return, which of the facts that in 1595 a "Mr. Shaxpere"
earned him the name of the “Marquis de of Stratford, perhaps it was John, was in-
Montez-chez-nous."
debted to one “Jone Perat” for “one book”;
In the chapter on “Finance" at Elba, Mr. and that at some time or other a “Maria
Young gives figures to demonstrate that, Shaxpere,” who may have been the poet's
although the French government did not pay mother, was in some way connected with a law-
the two million francs stipulated, Napoleon suit. The statement that John lost his money
had money enough to maintain his establish- 'through some folly” is no more absurd or
ment not only through 1815 but also through better founded than the conjecture that Will-
1816 and 1817. If this was the case, the rapid iam “learnt some of his knowledge of law
shrinkage of his financial resources was not, terms from the experience of his mother" in
as has been supposed, one cause of his return the suit referred to. . Equally questionable is
to France.
the value of the discovery that the much-
The descriptions of both Elba and St. tortured word “honorificabilitudinitatibus,"
Helena are based upon the author's careful
which occurs in "Love's Labour's Lost” and
examination of every feature of the islands. in the mysterious Northumberland MS., is also
The interest of the narrative is much en- to be found scribbled in a mid-sixteenth cen.
hanced by the many illustrations drawn from tury hand in the registers of Pillerton Hersy,
the rich collections of Mr. A. M. Broadley. a town in Warwickshire, “a locality where
HENRY E. BOURNE.
the book and the writer were quite accessible
to Shakspeare.” Mrs. Stopes also claims credit
for the discovery that, contrary to the general
opinion, Queen Bess had in her service pro-
FRAGMENTA SHAKESPEAREANA.*
fessional Fools and even women Fools.
Of the thirty periodical essays on Shake- Much more value attaches to her discovery
spearean subjects by Mrs. C. C. Stopes, now that in Ingleby's photographic facsimile of
reprinted in book form, a few are well worth the Diary of Thomas Greene, one page had
preservation between the covers of an easily been placed out of its order, and that conse-
accessible volume; the others might as well quently Ingleby drew a wrong inference in
or better- have been left buried in the period- the matter of the Welcombe Enclosures. Many
icals where they first saw the light. Mrs. Shakespeareans will appreciate the reproduc-
Stopes's book, which would much more appro- tion of some of the correspondence of those
priately have been entitled “Elizabethan and concerned in the restoration of the Shake-
Shakespearean Fragments," adds very little speare Bust in 1748. The chapter on Bur.
- if anything - of value to our stock of dry bage's “ Theatre” is of interest only because
facts concerning Shakespeare and his family. it was expanded into a volume called “Bur-
The chapter dealing with Asbies, Mary Ar- bage and Shakespeare's Stage," and because
den's inheritance, does not clear up the mys-
of a postscript in which Mrs. Stopes attempts,
tery surrounding that estate; but it enables more malevolently than successfully, to claim
Mrs. Stopes to bring out a new detail in John for herself the discovery of many of the docu-
Shakespeare's life, namely, that about 1580 he ments pertaining to the “Theatre,” — thus
was fined forty pounds because of two law- denying Professor Wallace's claim to priority
suits in which he was involved. Mrs. Stopes
Mrs. Stopes in this matter. Her chapter on “ The Friends
fails to see the relevance of this " fact” to the in Shakespeare's Sonnets ” is one of the worst
question of John's fortunes. Like all the essays on those unfortunate poems we have
biographers of the greatest of Elizabethan ever read. Any critic who interprets, as Mrs.
poets, she too accepts the theory that John Stopes does, the word "passion” in the locu-
tion, “The master-mistress of my passion," as
* SHAKESPEARE'S ENVIRONMENT. By Mrs. C. C. Stopes. New
York: The Macmillan Co.
meaning "sonnet," or who is satisfied to accept


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Mrs. Jacquinetta Field, the wife of Shake- conclude that Mrs. Stopes's defective logic is
speare's friend, as the Dark Lady for no bet- due to an overwhelming desire to belittle the
ter reason than that “she was a Frenchwoman discoveries of others and to magnify the im-
and therefore likely to have dark eyes, a sallow portance of her own.
complexion, and that indefinable charm so The latter tendency is strikingly, if uncon-
much alluded to,” is fit for — treasons, stratà- sciously, manifested in Mrs. Stopes's chapter
gems, and spoils, and is not to be trusted as on the “True Story of the Stratford Bust.”
a guide to Shakespeare. This is the kind of As luck would have it, our author (re-) discov-.
stuff on which Baconians feed fat. When it ered that Dugdale's "History of the Antiqui-
comes to making all sorts of rambling, im- ties of Warwickshire" contains an engraving
probable, and unprovable assertions concern- of the Stratford Bust which differs in certain
ing Shakespeare, Mrs. Stopes knows no limit. details from the bust as we know it, and
If there is any one thing that mars all her which had “been entirely ignored by all”
work, that takes all worth from her right Shakespeare students (except Halliwell-Phil-
copious industry, it is her want of the scien- lipps, she might have added), although it is
tific temper, the desire for the truth for the the earliest known engraving of the bust. In
truth's sake. She makes up her mind to what her enthusiasm over her discovery, Mrs.
she wants to prove, and then twists all the Stopes goes into raptures over the fact that
facts around to her theory; and when facts in Dugdale's drawing the poet has “large and
fail her she resorts to conjecture and guess- full dark eyes," hollow and emaciated cheeks,
work. When Shakespeare commentators reach a softly-drooping (instead of a
("perky”)
this stage of mental astigmatism, there is no moustache, lacks the conventional sign-post
arguing with them. They use such phrases pen, wants the familiar mantle, and is free
as “it is clear,” “it is probable,” “there is from the "plump earthliness” of the bust.
no doubt," etc., without the slightest warrant, She finds in this engraving “the tired creator
and with apparently not the slightest idea of of poems, exhausted from lack of sleep," and
the meaning of the words they employ.
boldly - and falsely asserts that "it dif-
Our readers may recall a discovery made fers in all important details from the bust as
recently by Mr. Stevenson showing that in it appears now." The differences between the
1613. “Mr. Shakspeare” was paid forty-four bust and the drawing can be explained only
shillings in gold for having devised an im- in one of two ways: either Dugdale and his
prese or heraldic device for the Earl of Rut-
engraver were careless in the representation
land. For various good and sufficient reasons, of the tomb, or the tomb was altered and
which need not be repeated here, Shakespeare remodelled after the publication of Dugdale's
students are agreed that this “Mr. Shak- work. Mrs. Stopes, as might be guessed,
speare” was our poet. But Mrs. Stopes does adopts the latter view because it heightens the
not think it consonant with the dignity of a importance of her discovery. Quite in keep-
great poet to earn money in this fashion, ing with this tendency, she exaggerates the
and_she proceeds to throw doubt on the iden- imperfections of the bust, and the differences
tification. She finds that there dwelt in Lon- between the bust and the engraving, credits
don a bit-maker named John Shakspeare who Dugdale with painstaking care in his work
might (!) have been called “Mr.” by the Stew- (although she is forced to admit - after read-
ard of Belvoir Castle and who was "probably" ing Andrew Lang's criticism of her essay-he
(possibly ?) master of the Lariners Company. was no artist” and “was careless as to insig-
After regaling us with extracts from the ac- nificant details," and "made no attempt at
counts of various noblemen, in all of which accurate reproduction of the expression of the
the bit-maker is spoken of as “ John Shak- human countenance"), magnifies and misrep-
speare,” Mrs. Stopes concludes that she has resents the repairs of the bust made under
proved that there was another contemporary Ward's direction in 1748 (there is no war-
and well-to-do "Mr. Shakspeare" in court rant for the assertion that the bust was “sub-
service who might have been the person re- mitted to the moulder's mercenary hands" or
ferred to in the Belvoir accounts. As a mat- that it was reconstructed), and strips the
ter of fact, the extracts quoted by her prove Droeshout and Chandos portraits of their
nothing of the sort. Shakspeare the bit- value as fairly authentic presentments of the
maker is never given the appellation "Mr.” | poet. To further bolster up the significance
in the accounts she quotes, and we have there- of her find, she asserts as quite possible
fore no reason for assuming that it was he that Dugdale saw Shakespeare in the flesh,
who was associated with Richard Burbage in but she omits to say that Dugdale was only
devising an emblem for the Earl of Rutland. ten and one-half years old when the poet died,
A phycho-analyst would find it difficult not to and was not a resident of Stratford. If all
66
>


322
(Oct. 14
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that Mrs. Stopes says were true, Dugdale's there is quiet and continuous growth from the
engraving would be a portrait of Shakespeare earliest to the latest writings.
of the first importance. But Dugdale is not Again, just as early European psychology
a reliable guide to the antiquities of Warwick- is embedded in a larger body of philosophic
shire, as a comparison of his illustrations with doctrine, so this Buddhist psychology must
modern photographs of these antiquities will be selected piecemeal from the philosophy
show. Sir George Trevelyan has pointed out through which psychological observations are
that Dugdale's Carew Clopton Monument is scattered. These observations appear, how-
even more inaccurate than his Shakespeare ever, to be fundamental to the philosophy of
Monument, which seems to have been roughly the Orient, and incidental (or almost inci-
and inexactly sketched for him or by him and dental) to that of Europe. In both cases,
subsequently elaborated by his draughtsman moreover, ethics seems to be the chief aim of
or engraver in accordance with the dictates the philosophic thought.
of his fancy. Mrs. Stopes admits that Dug. To the above three rough similarities
dale's rough sketch, in his diary, shows the (grounded, perhaps, in the very nature of
mantle, though the engraving in his book does the human mind and its development) we
not.
The failure to reproduce Dugdale's may add a prime difference. The Buddhist
sketch for comparison with the engraving is thinkers did not begin with universals, but
a suspicious circumstance, as is also the omis- with more specific and concrete concepts of
sion of photographs of the monument and of psychology. The chief categories are: (1)
the engraving. These illustrations would not | chitta, or consciousness; (2) chetasika, lit-
have added greatly to the cost of the book, erally mental things, or "mentals"; (3)
* (
and the readers would then be in a position to rupa, visible form, material quality; and (4)
judge for themselves. As a matter of fact, nibbana (nirvana), the ultimate good, or
the differences between the bust and monu- ѕиттит bопит.
ment and the engraving are such as result The Buddhist concept of consciousness is
from the indifferent workmanship of an un- far more extensive and pantheistic than our
skilled and careless draughtsman, and such as notion of personal consciousness. It includes
to leave no doubt that there was no attempt at the universe of being, from the infra-human
exactness in the reproduction.
through both inferior and superior celestial
As for the rest of the book, with the excep- worlds. As is well known, Buddhist philoso-
tion of the really commendable chapter on the phy teaches that by sedulous exercise in con-
poet's maternal ancestry, it is too full of templation “mundane consciousness might be
romancing to have any value as biography. temporarily transformed into consciousness
Those who are not too particular about scien- experienced in either the less material or the
tific exactness will find this a rather readable quite immaterial worlds.” Chitta is the name
and fairly well written volume of odds and for this all-pervading consciousness, cheta-
ends about Shakespeare and his times. It | sika for its phases or factors; though the logic
may not be an unfitting close to this review of whole and part is not emphatic in Budd-
to mention that the very first page of Mrs. hist thought, for it is a philosophy of the
Stopes's introductory chapter contains a continuum. This pantheistic consciousness
wholly inexcusable misquotation from "Ham- either “happens” in living individuals or
let" ("There's a divinity doth shape our ends is envisaged in them, and one of the most
Rough hew them as we will") which is sym- important attributes of consciousness is its
bolic of the unscientific method characteristic badness or goodness. Hence ethics becomes
of this author's work.
an essential part of Buddhist psychology.
SAMUEL A. TANNENBAUM. The fleeting "impermanent” character of
the stream of thought and experience is con-
trasted with the more permanent human body
BUDDHIST PSYCHOLOGY.*
in the earlier Buddhist writings. In later
Like the psychology of Europe, Buddhist exegesis of this concept the mind is an “inter-
psychology is a growth, the result of a slow
mittent manifestation happening only in re-
development through the centuries. Euro-
action to a suitable stimulus.” Consequently
pean psychology, however, presents some
there is visual, auditory, and other sensational
cataclysmic changes, such as those from
consciousness just as fire is different ac-
paganism to Christianity and from supersti- cording to the kind of fuel.”
Besides the word chitta for mind or intelli-
tion to the scientific analysis of mind. This
is not the case with Buddhist thought,-
gence, the word viññana, almost the equiva-
lent of our word “soul," was also used. The
BUDDHIST PSYCHOLOGY. By Mrs. C. A. F. Rhys-Davids.
“ The Quest Series." New York: The Macmillan Co.
Buddhist notion of the genesis of individual
66


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323
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66
consciousness may then be inferred from the Little wonder, then, that Buddhist psychology
following quotation: “Were viññana, An- describes only sense-feeling, and includes in
anda, not to descend into the mother's womb, this term “not well,” “ills and pains of body,
would body and mind become constituted ills and misery of mind, in a word, disease.'
therein ?” There are also terms for the self, The analysis of intellectual processes is not
and for mental and bodily life as combined in carried far in the older books. Our every day
one individual. The self is also doubled in terms,- perception, opinion, volition, wish,
ethical passages, as in our term "self-accusa- aspiration, remembering, comparing, discern-
tion,” etc. Finally, self-analysis is valued as ing, etc., are used, and give a hint as to the
a means of self-mastery.
stage which analysis had reached.
Man is an “impermanent compound," with The chief aim of the Buddhist disciples was
no unity save that conferred by the name, to teach how to practise the exercises which
and he is capable of looking either into sense helped toward the “emancipation of heart
impressions or into spiritual impressions, in- and mind from all hindrances and fetters ad-
cluding what may be called supernormal verse to spiritual perfection." The directions
experience.
for auto-suggestion and the attainment of the
The account of consciousness in Mrs. Rhys- trance-consciousness are excellent. Perhaps
Davids's little book, from which we derive those in search of a rest cure for overwrought
the foregoing summary, includes discussions minds will find this portion of Mrs. Rhys-
of the following: (1) stimuli, or “those mate- Davids's book the most valuable.
rial qualities” from which the individual Such in briefest outline is the psychology
receives sense impressions; (2) feeling (in- of the Buddhist books regarded as the earliest
cluding the “feeling-tone" of sensations), it ones. Later writings made further advances
being of interest to note that the existence of in the study of the mind. Yet viewed from
neutral or indifferent feelings is claimed; (3) the standpoint of the sharp discrimination
perception, which includes both sense-percep- and keen analysis of modern psychology, this
tion and the perception of meaning and rela- very ancient discussion reminds us of one who
tions; (4) thought or mental elaboration,
sees through a glass darkly.” This re-
later on volition seeming to have been in- minder, however, comes when one reads any
cluded in this "compound”; (5) conscious- chapter of ancient psychology. Perhaps that
ness in general (viññana), including the is the best “exercise" to teach us how much
already-mentioned genetic consciousness. labor our modern psychology has cost.
The reader will doubtless be surprised to
L. W. COLE.
find the fifth general notion, of which the
preceding four are for us subdivisions, made
coördinate with those four. This is accounted
for by “the absence in the Buddhist tradition
A DIVINE VISIONARY.*
of any cogent logic of division by way of
"Your affectionate, enthusiastic, hope-
genus and species,” and “an emphatic nega-
fostered visionary - William Blake.” Thus,
tion of any substantial unity in viññana."
in the conclusion of a letter to Hayley, Blake
“ To see further separateness would be, wrote describes himself; and it would be hard to
Buddhgahosa, 'as if one drew water at the
find more apt words of denomination. Add
delta where the five rivers enter the sea say-
to them that Blake was one of the greatest
ing: “ This is Ganges water; this is Jumna
artists in lyric verse that the world has ever
water. “All these mental states are one
known, and that he was nevertheless sepa-
with respect to their object." Viññana in
this phase of its meaning is almost the equiva- impenetrable wall of curious mysticism that
rated from communication with men by an
lent of our word “awareness.”
No psychophysical theory of sensation, in
almost ruined his art, and you do very fair
the modern meaning, appears in Buddhist justice to Blake as a poet.
psychology; yet the senses are discussed with
Just because the larger part of Blake's work
the dominant place always given to sight and
is so nearly an unintelligible ruin. Dr. Fred-
colors. The division of labor between the
erick E. Pierce has performed an especially
senses is also noted. In the heart, or seat of valuable service in issuing his “ Selections
the mind, the senses become one, according to
from the Symbolical Poems of William Blake."
the early disciples of Buddha, though this Blake's exquisite lyrics are known to every-
idea is not to be found in the teachings of the one; but his “Prophetic Books" are so in-
Founder himself.
Human emotions may be said to have begun
6
By Frederick E. Pierce, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
of English in Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University. New
only yesterday to yield to scientific analysis. Haven: Yale University Press.
FROM
• SELECTIONS
BLAKE.
THE SYMBOLICAL POEMS OF WILLIAM


324
(Oct. 14
THE DIAL
humanly repellent that not a hundred persons To get anything from the "Prophetic
in a decade ever read them. It is as easy to Books," one must first of all put them aside
penetrate into a virgin jungle as to venture and attempt to understand Blake himself.
into them; the labor is enormous and the Visionary and mystic though he was, he did
reward doubtful. Professor Pierce, by sepa- not differ from ordinary men so much in the
rating from the great mass of Blake's chaotic quality of his mental state as in the con-
writings certain of the more coherent portions, sistency with which he preserved a mental
has produced an attractive volume that will state that is for most men a very fleeting one.
allure many a reader who would flee from the To the dullest of us come rare keen moments
complete "Prophetic Books" in dismay. Per- when in the glow of some sunrise the material
haps such a reader may, even after making phenomena of earth and sun are obliterated
the attempt which this book facilitates, turn by the overwhelming spirit of flaming joy and
back hopeless and revert to those simple and new creation that cries out of that dawn; and
subtle lyrics in which Blake shows himself an for every man who has ever lived, the phy-
unquestionable master of beauty; but he will sical vesture of some woman has in a magic
at least, have had the satisfaction of partially hour dissolved to nothing and left him staring
soothing a conscience that may well hesitate into the spiritual Eden of a world beyond.
to regard as negligible even the maddest work But for most minds, these are passing moods;
of a mind that could sometimes sing thus: for most minds, the external signals by which
the world makes itself known to our con-
“ Thou the golden fruit dost bear,
I am clad in flowers fair;
sciousnesses are the final verities. To Blake
Thy sweet boughs perfume the air,
they were never verities. He forgot them as
And the turtle buildeth there.
we habitually forget the alphabet through
whose agency we read; he passed immediately
“ There she sits and feeds her young, beyond them to touch lovingly the significant
Sweet I hear her mournful song;
soul of beauty which was adumbrated to him
And thy lovely leaves among,
by the phenomena of life's episodes. In the
There is love, I hear his tongue.”
clearest piece of self-analysis he ever uttered,
Swinburne, great metrist that he was, chose he writes :
this passage out for special admiration; and, “I assert for myself that I do not behold the
indeed, there stirs everywhere through the outward creation, and that to me it is a hinder-
lines a high aerial vibrancy, an auroral flush ance and not action. • What!' it will be ques-
of music, that rises into regions never touched tioned,' when the sun rises, do you not see a round
by Swinburne's own superb but earthly tides
disc of fire somewhat like a guinea?' Oh! no, no!
of sound.
I see an innumerable company of the heavenly
No one has ever really understood the whole
host, crying 'Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God
Almighty!' I question not with my corporeal eye
of Blake's “Prophetic Books." Swinburne's
any more than I would question a window concern-
generous enthusiasm, called into being by the ing sight. I look through it and not with it.”
indisputable greatness of the lyrics, led him
Some such power as that, penetrating
somehow to believe that he was able to fathom
through commonplace phenomena to the more
the longer poems also; and Mr. Yeats, influ- significant essences that lie behind them, is
enced by his preoccupation with mysticism, the very life-blood of poetical imagination;
has tried to make himself think that he can
and though Blake was far from being the
thread his way through these labyrinths. But
greatest of the poets, it may be doubted
neither one of them is very clear in his report
whether any human being has ever had a
of what he has seen in this cloudy nether-
more intense light of poetry in his soul. What
world; and it is not necessary for us to Blake lacked was a cold calculating architec-
imagine that either one saw very much more
tural intellect; and he left no single edifice
than we see. For though Blake rose some-
that can be spoken of in the same breath with
times to lyrical heights from which he could
those of Milton and Shelley, who are in other
have looked Milton and Shelley straight and
level in the eyes, he sometimes sank to depths is like a series of half-ruined Gothic windows,
ways his spiritual peers. Rather, his work
of intellectual confusion where he was below
sometimes mere fragments of glowing mosaic;
the eye-level of the maddest street-corner
but through them pours a light tinged with
prophet. No great genius was ever more such unearthly splendor that, in certain
unequal than he. He wrote, on occasion, in
moods, one asks for nothing more. He was a
terms so simple as to be universal, and at great craftsman, often, in these fragments;
other moments in wild mythological images so and it is a well selected group of the frag-
complex and private as to be literally incom- ments that Professor Pierce has brought
prehensible.
together.


1915]
325
THE DIAL
These selections will give to a reader un- RECENT PLAYS OF WAR AND LOVE. *
familiar with the whole of Blake's work an
impression of greater lucidity than is wholly
Like the rest of us, the dramatists cannot
accurate or wholly fortunate. Professor Pierce
get away from the war; and like us, they can-
would doubtless be the first to acknowledge
not find much that is new to say about it.
that his attempt, while it will win Blake
Alas, that “bromides ” taste no fresher for
many new readers, does on the other hand being prescribed by a celebrated doctor!
diminish the chaotic and cloudy grandeur of
Timeliness and a great name did not avail to
Blake's wild universe without greatly abating give Sir James Barrie's “Der Tag” success
its fundamental preposterousness. The selec-
on the stage; and for reading, too, it is a
tions try to show in decent sequence the chief
futile and unimpressive piece of work. The
elements of Blake's mythological system; but
fact is that Barrie's genius is no better
this system is the one thing in the “Prophetic adapted to heroics than is that of his best
Books” that is quite negligible for sane men.
known American interpreter. Mr. Alfred
Blake was by no means the profound and Noyes's “A Belgian Christmas Eve” reads a
Platonean mind that some of his admirers good deal better. It is a new versin of
think him. He was simply the wreck of a
Rada," Mr. Noyes's one-act play of the
great artist. Those purgatorial visions, those Balkan War, with the scene changed from
volcanic fragments of thought, which in him
Servia to Belgium. Dramatically and as a
too often take the place of really intelligent protest against war, “A Belgian Christmas
cerebration, he clothed in music and light- Eve” is much less effective than the Amer-
ning; and they issued forth with a splendor ican war play, “Across the Border” (reviewed
that is dazzling and misleading. Unable to
in THE DIAL of August 15). As a play-
subdue these sub-rational fever-hallucinations wright, Mr. Noyes has not fully mastered his
to the discipline of any intelligible order or
technique; and the flavor of partisanship,
even to the requirements of communicable from which the American play is kept scrupu-
expression, he created out of them a fictitious lously free, weakens the moral effect of the
world of phantasmagoria, filled with names
piece. Nevertheless, Mr. Noyes tells an ap-
and symbols of arbitrary and indecipherable pealing story; and his verse, one need hardly
meaning.
add, is vigorous and at times imaginative. Its
Mr. Yeats would doubtless damn to the pit fault, as usual, is a fatal fluency. Mr. Noyes
a critic who chose to admit that he found the seldom knows when to stop. Thus his epi-
“Prophetic Books " chaotically unintelligible; logue, beginning with the fine stanza quoted
but Gilchrist, the devoted and sympathetic below, trails off into prolixity and weakness.
biographer of Blake, was forced to confess in “Now the muttering gun-fire dies,
his day that he believed them to be “inco-
Now the night has cloaked the slain,
herent rhapsodies, .. a perplexed region of Now the stars patrol the skies,
morbid analogy." These symbolic poems, in
Hear our sleepless prayer again!
spite of all their interest, are failures; for They who work their country's will,
art is expression, and these do not achieve
Fight and die for Britain still,
expressiveness. One cannot properly quarrel
Soldiers but not haters, know
with Blake for the mystical unreality of his · DER TAG." Or, The Tragic Man. By J. M. Barrie. New
conceptions; but we may justly blame him
York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
By Alfred Noyes. Illustrated.
for his neglect to embody these conceptions in New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.
Author-
a form capable of conveying the vision to us.
The SORROWS OF BELGIUM. By Leonid Andreyev.
ized translation by Herman Bernstein. New York: The Mac-
It is a pure case of insufficient artistic con-
PATRIE!
science; the visionary who wrote “Vala,
By Victorien Sardou. Translated by Barrett H.
Clark. “ The Drama League Series." New York: Doubleday,
"Milton," and "Jerusalem" has overwhelmed
the artist who wrote
THE STATE FORBIDS. By Sada Cowan. New York: Mitchell
“ The Tiger,” and left
Kennerley.
him stammering in solitary darkness.
By Rachel Crothers. "American Drama-
Boston: Richard G. Badger.
ARTHUR DAVISON FICKE. SUBMERGED. By Maxim Gorki. Translated by Edwin Hop-
kins. " Contemporary Dramatists Series." Boston: Richard
G. Badger.
LOVERS; THE FREE WOMAN; THEY. By Maurice Donnay.
The first complete edition of the Poetical Translated by Barrett H. Clark.
nerley.
Works of Lionel Johnson” will be published this
LOVE IN DANGER. By Mrs. Havelock Ellis. Boston: Hough-
autumn by Mr. Elkin Mathews of London. The ton MiMin Co.
edition will include some hitherto unprinted pieces,
A High Comedy in Three Movements.
By Israel Zangwill. New York: The Macmillan Co.
and numerous verses now collected for the first
A BIT o' Love By John Galsworthy. New York: Charles
time, in addition to the contents of the two vol- Scribner's Sons.
umes issued by the publisher some twenty years
THE MAN WHO MARRIED A DUMB WIFE. By Anatole France.
Translated by Curtis Hidden Page. Illustrated. New York:
ago.
John Lane Co.
A BELGIAN CHRISTMAS EVE.
millan Co.
رو
Page & Co.
A MAN'S WORLD.
tists Series."
New York: Mitchell Ken-
PLASTER SAINTS.


326
(Oct. 14
THE DIAL
Thou must pity friend and foe.
its fire of complaints among various supposed
Therefore hear
abuses, including war. The State forbids the
Both for foe and friend, our prayer.”
doctor to inform the drunkard's wife how to
A Russian tribute of pity to Belgium is avoid having children; when the idiot child
paid by Leonid Andreyev. Emil Grelieu, the is born, the State forbids its mother or the
hero of “ The Sorrows of Belgium,” is Maeter- doctor to kill it; and finally the State through
linck scarcely disguised; and in style the conscription takes away from the mother her
play seems an attempt to imitate the Belgian only strong and intelligent son. Her conclu-
master. As might be expected, it succeeds sion, requiring no comment, is “Damn the
best in imitating his weaknesses, especially the State!” In the reviewer's opinion, the only
vagueness and repetition of his earlier man- one of these complaints which has any justifi-
ner. A speech or two will serve as a sample: cation is the first, and it is obvious that this
“ Jeanne. But I cannot, Emil. What is it? I cannot be satisfactorily treated in drama.
cannot understand. What is it? Where are we?
A much stronger example of the play with
My God, I don't understand anything. I used to
a thesis is Miss Crothers's “A Man's World.”
understand, I used to understand, but now
Where is Pierre? [Firmly] Where is Pierre?
The central idea is that a woman who believes
“Maurice. Oh, will he be here soon? Mother
“
in a single standard of sex morality should
dear, we'll start in a moment.
not marry a man who has lived in accordance
“Jeanne. Yes, yes, we'll start in a moment. But
with the "double standard." The plot is
I don't understand anything. Where are we? carefully constructed to fit this doctrine. The
Why such a dream? Why such a dream? I can't heroine, "Frank" Ware, a successful writer,
understand. Who has come? My head is aching. has adopted the illegitimate son of an Amer-
Who has come? Why has it happened?”
ican girl who died when the child was born,
By this recipe, dramatic dialogue is indeed in Paris. As her love for the adopted
easy to write. Of Maeterlinck's imaginative “Kiddie” has grown, her hate of his unknown
uplift and spiritual insight the play has not father has kept pace with it. When through
a trace.
an ancient but skilfully handled dramatic
Far more effective than these new pieces, device, she learns that the man with whom she
even as a plea for the Belgium of to-day, is is in love is “Kiddie's ” father, her problem is
Sardou's powerful melodrama of the days of before her. Here is the weak spot in the
William the Silent, — “Patrie.” First per- play. The author is determined that the hero-
formed in 1869, this play now appears for the ine shall act consistently with her theory and
first time in English, admirably translated for reject her lover; but in order to make this
“The Drama League Series" by Mr. Barrett plausible on the stage, it was necessary to
H. Clark. In his Introduction, Mr. Clark violate all plausibility in another matter, and
sensibly protests against the modern ten- to sacrifice the consistency of the lover's char-
dency to ridicule Sardou and the “well made acter. He is represented as a masterful and
play," for which Mr. Bernard Shaw set the rather unscrupulous man of the world, much
fashion with his jests at “Sardoodledom.” So in love with Frank. Yet when she makes it
far as this tendency represents a reaction perfectly plain that she would instantly ac-
against a standardized and machine-made cept him if he showed the slightest sign of
form of play, it is wholesome; yet a machine- repentance, he suddenly develops a strain of
made form is infinitely better than no form at scrupulous and unseasonable truthfulness
all, as anyone who reads “The Sorrows of which enables her to reject him. In spite of
Belgium or Gorki's “Submerged” (noticed this weakness, the play is in general well
below) will heartily testify. "Patrie" tells planned, and in so far deserves its success on
the story of the Count de Rysoor, a heroic the stage. In style and characterization, how-
Flemish patriot who with the help of William ever, it is decidedly crude.
of Orange nearly succeeds in delivering Brus- Whatever may be thought of Gorki's “ Sub-
sels from the cruel militaristic control of the merged,” it cannot be accused of having a
Duke of Alva. The play is crowded with action, thesis. “These plays," the writer of the
like a Shakespearean tragi-comedy; its mate- Introduction tells us, pass the test of all
rial is intensely dramatic, and is presented supreme art; they are slices of life.” With-
with the brilliance and skill of a great master out commenting on the things which the "test
of his craft. Beside the broad sweep of its of supreme art” would exclude, one may re-
action, its vivid and masculine force, most of mark that this particular "slice of life" is cut
the little modern “dramas of ideas " seem the from the toughest part of the rump. The
peevish whinings of an invalid.
scene is a Russian lodging house of the lowest
For example, consider “The State For- type, an eddy into which the scum of human-
bids," a little tract in dialogue which scatters ity has drifted. In this filthy hole appears
>
a


1915)
327
THE DIAL
Luka, an aged pilgrim, and for a short time elope. This trifle is written with much gaiety
he brings a little kindness into the lives of and spirit.
the wretches who live there. Then for no At once more serious and more humorous
apparent reason he disappears, and the in-
are the three one-act pieces in Mrs. Havelock
habitants sink back to an even lower level Ellis's “Love in Danger.” The scenes are all
than that on which they lived before his com-
laid in the kitchens of Cornish cottages, and
ing. The play is confusing to read on account the dialogue has a strong and delightful flavor
of the large number of characters and the
of the soil. As the title of the volume sug-
multiplicity of Russian nicknames. In this
gests, each of the plays deals with a crisis in
respect, at least, the translator would appear married love. In “The Subjection of Kezia,
to have done his work rather badly.
Joe Pengilly, rather stupid, much in love, and
Of the three plays of Maurice Donnay married two years, is perplexed and worried
translated by Mr. Barrett H. Clark for “ The by the “teasiness and crossness of his wife.
Modern Drama Series” two, as is usual with He confides in his older friend, Matthew
Donnay, are concerned entirely with illicit Trevaskis, a travelled philosopher who has
sex relations. In “Lovers” and “The Free had domestic troubles of his own. Matthew
Woman" we are in a world where informal confidently diagnoses the case, and prescribes
and temporary relations are the regular thing. the cane as a remedy; with much difficulty
"Lovers" opens, as one of Clyde Fitch's plays he induces the reluctant Joe to go with him
does, with a children's party; but the moth- and purchase the hateful implement. The
ers of these hopeful families are all unmar- solution, unexpected by all three, is thor-
ried. Claudine Rozay, who gives the party oughly satisfactory. In “The Pixy” the
for her little daughter, has been for years the endangered love is that of a husband for his
mistress of the Count de Ruyseux. Vétheuil, dead wife. The situation is an uncommon
the other man who gains her affections, be- one, and is not made entirely clear; the piece
comes dissatisfied because she will not break succeeds as a study in character, but not as
with the count and live with him openly. She a play. In "Mothers" the threatened ruin
is perfectly willing to be unfaithful to the of a family is averted by the triumph of the
count in secret, but for the sake of their maternal instinct over the sexual, not in the
daughter she refuses to leave him altogether. wife, but in her rival. Mrs. Ellis's characters
After a time Vétheuil can endure this no are always firmly and delicately drawn, and
longer; in spite of tears and storms he goes her situations are presented sympathetically
off on an exploring expedition to Indo-China, and with the restraint that gives added force.
and on his return marries. Meanwhile, Ruy- The first and third plays should act well.
seux' wife having died, Claudine reconciles Love is in danger in Mr. Zangwill's “Plas-
herself to marriage with her old lover. The ter Saints" also; but the main issue is of a
title of “ The Free Woman" is ironical. different sort. The Reverend Dr. Rodney
Antonia, like Claudine, enters on another Vaughn is a leading light in one of the dis-
intrigue while still the mistress of Roger senting churches. He is a robust, powerful,
Lembrun; but he, a man of considerable char- and thoroughly human minister, and exercises
acter, discovers her infidelity and discards great influence throughout his neighborhood.
her. A sub-plot emphasizes the point of His wife, a saintly Puritan, discovers and
the play: that people in irregular unions forces him to admit that a year or so pre-
("free") are really in a double bondage to viously he has had a love affair with his secre-
their lovers and to their own passions. Both tary and is the father of her child. Mrs.
plays, it need hardly be said, are well con- Vaughn tries to force him to public confes-
structed, and the characters are analyzed and sion, and threatens to divorce him so that he
discriminated with skill. The translation ap- may marry the girl. He defends his course
pears to be excellent; but it is hard to see of deception on grounds of the harm his expo-
what good purpose is served by putting sure would do to the church and to individu-
French plays of this type into English at all. als, and of the uselessness of destroying his
If they are widely read, it will be not because future influence. It is through his sin, he
of their literary merit, but because of their declares, that he has become able really to
interest of scandal; and surely they give a help sinners. The problem thus presented is
misleading impression of French life and the theme of the play. Vaughn comes over to
character. The third play in the volume, his wife's position,- let the plaster saint be
" They," is a clever and cynical one-act farce, smashed, and the real man step forth to do
in which a bridegroom and a bride, meeting what work he can in the world. But when it
by chance for the first time in a hotel, decide appears that his public confession would ruin
to leave their newly married spouses and her daughter's prospects, Mrs. Vaughn too


328
(Oct. 14
THE DIAL
reverses her attitude; and the play ends appears in nothing more strikingly than in
rather weakly with a quasi-vindication of this fine and strong conclusion. A lesser play-
Vaughn's original course.
No real solution wright would not have resisted the tempta-
of the problem is presented; but both sides tion of the obviously effective tragic end. The
of the case are vigorously argued, with some workmanship of the play, indeed, is every-
wit and much rhetoric. Why Mr. Zangwill where fine and strong; from the literary as
should choose to call the piece in his sub-title well as from the dramatic point of view, it is
"a high comedy in three movements” is a a continuous delight.
double mystery. The authors of our genuine An equally finished bit of work, which must
“high comedy," we may be pretty sure, would be considered by itself, is Anatole France's
have shunned the term like poison if it had charming mediæval farce, “The Man Who
been invented in their days. "Plaster Saints," Married a Dumb Wife.” This has been well
in point of fact, is primarily not comedy, but translated by Professor Curtis Hidden Page,
melodrama. And why on earth should any who supplies also an interesting Introduction.
dramatist think proper to call his acts The play is based on a story told by Rabelais,
“movements”?
of a man who, sad because his wife is dumb,
"Plaster Saints" is the work of a clever becomes sadder when her speech is restored
man of talent; Mr. Galsworthy's “A Bit o' by a famous surgeon, and who finds relief
Love” bears the mark of genius. Its charac- only in an operation which makes him stone
ters are never, like Mr. Zangwill's, "stagey" deaf. M. France has adhered closely to this
or rhetorical; they are absolutely unconscious simple outline; but his play is a marvel of
of an audience, and real. Mr. Galsworthy is literary dexterity. Without any affectation
not here dealing with a sociological problem, of archaism, he has, as Professor Page re-
as he does in some of his earlier plays. The marks, somehow infused the little farce with
wrong-headed criticism which must find a the very spirit of the old comedy,- its lively
thesis in every serious play can doubtless dis- action, its broad and simple humor. The thing
cover one here, but the interest does not lie is a trifle, a mere recreation for M. France,
in any thesis; it lies in the vivid and charm- | but it is executed with the cunning hand of
ing characterization, and in the development the master. Our own writers lack this fine
of the central character through the action. historical sense; not one of them could so per-
For background there is a village in the West | fectly assume the tone and manner of that
of England, and a group of worthies whose earlier time.
HOMER E. WOODBRIDGE.
talk is comparable in raciness and humor
with that of Hardy's rustics. Michael Strang-
way, the curate, is a very human saint with
the passionate heart of a poet or musician.
RECENT FICTION.*
His wife, with whom he is hopelessly in love,
With the exception of two or three "sports,"
has deserted him for a former lover. She
Mr. Harold Bindloss has written upwards of
comes back to entreat him not to divorce her,
a score of novels having substantially the
since divorce proceedings would ruin her
same thematic material, and it is surprising
lover. Rather than be the cause of this, she
to note how successfully he contrives to in-
will even return to the husband for whom she
vest this material with fresh interest upon
has never cared. After a cruel struggle with
each new venture. The scene is always West-
himself, Michael consents to let her go. The
ern Canada; the hero is always a man of
interview is overheard by one of his parish- simple integrity and self-reliant character;
ioners, and the news, spreading rapidly, brings the heroine is always something of a patri-
upon the curate the contempt of the neighbor- cian, slow to reach an appreciation of the
hood. He is hissed as he comes out of the
hero's genuine human worth. Inimical social
church. Even the rector's wife an admira-
influences always work to delay the romantic
bly drawn character, by the way, - urges consummation; there is always a villain or
upon him the duty of divorce. “This great
two occupied in thwarting the hero's activi-
church of ours,” she tells him, “is based on
ties; and there is always a fierce battle with
the rightful condemnation of wrong-doing.
nature, in which the fury of the elements is
There are times when forgiveness is a sin.”
met and overcome by sheer pluck and dogged
Strangway will not yield; but his desolation
brings him to the verge of suicide. The ap-
perseverance. This is the story of “Harding
pearance of a child whom he frightens and * HARDING OF ALLENWOOD. By Harold Bindloss. New York:
F. A. Stokes Co.
then comforts, and of a farmer who is pluck- THE LANDLOPER. A Romance of the Woods. By Holman
ily struggling with a great grief, restore him Day. New York: Harper & Brothers.
THE SEA-HAWK. By Rafael Sabatini. Philadelphia : J. B.
to his real self. Mr. Galsworthy's insight | Lippincott Co.


1915)
329
THE DIAL
of Allenwood," as it is of most of its prede- volumes, Mr. Rafael Sabatini has pretended
cessors. We note that Mr. Bindloss's heroes to gather the material for a romance entitled
are more convincing than his heroines. The “The Sea-Hawk.” Without the aid of this
charms of the latter are made known to us ponderous autobiography, he tells us, "it
inferentially rather than by clear portraiture. were impossible to reconstruct the life of that
The author is singularly chary in the matter Cornish gentleman who became a renegade
of their personal description, and gives us no and a Barbary Corsair and might have be-
more than hints on the physical side. His come Basha of Algiers but for certain mat-
heroes are much better done, and all in all ters which are to be set forth.” Adopting
he is a man's writer rather than a caterer to the fiction, then, we express our heartfelt
the tastes of his feminine readers. But in his gratitude to the mythical Sir Henry for pre-
plodding prosaic way he does it all remarka- serving his record of the deeds of Sir Oliver
bly well, and it is a marvel that he can thus Tressilian, the mighty-thewed and fiery-
continue doing the same thing over and over tempered hero of this stirring tale of the
again without making the monotony of the spacious times of Queen Bess. It is one of the
proceeding too wearisome. One thing we most exciting yarns of its good old-fashioned
know for certain that whatever the tragic sort that we have encountered for many years.
complications of the romance, the difficulties Sir Oliver became a corsair because the
will all be cleared away, and the ending made treachery of his half-brother caused him to be
-
happy.
trepanned and sold into slavery, and because
“ The Landloper," Mr. Holman Day's new the fair Rosamund believed him to have been
novel, hardly justifies its sub-title, "A Ro- the murderer of her own brother. When the
mance of the Woods.” It is true that it opens whirligig of time eventually brought into his
in the woods, with its vagabond hero on the power both the treacherous half-brother and
tramp. But it soon takes us to the city, and the faithless maiden, he was enabled to have
keeps us there. Walker Farr (which is not his revenge upon the one, and so to enlighten
his real name) has taken to the road as a the other as to regain her love. How he res-
fugitive from the law, owing to a situation cued her from Moorish captivity, and how he
created by his quixotic self-sacrifice to save cleared his own name in the eyes of the
his father's reputation. He has also sought English judges who would have hanged him
to divest himself of human sympathies that incontinently, is recounted for us in a thrill-
he may escape active participation in the ing tale which rises steadily to a dramatic
affairs of men. But the social claim proves climax, and comes out in a way to satisfy all
too strong for him when he comes face to face ir romantic instincts. Mr. Sabatini is a
with the conditions created by the unholy wonder-worker in the narrative of adventure,
alliance of business and politics in the New and we are especially grateful to him for
England State which is the scene of his ad- sparing us the fustian of the artificial ar-
ventures. An unscrupulous syndicate has chaism in language with which practitioners
got control of the municipal water-supply in this kind are wont to clothe the products
systems of the Commonwealth, and is sup- of their invention.
plying typhoid-infected drinking water to its
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
customers. Farr feels constrained to make
himself “an enemy of the people” by an
attack upon this criminal conspiracy, and
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
sets himself to work with such effect that he
destroys the power of the syndicate, and
There is an old saying that
Peaceful
causes the election of a
new governor hon- musings in before forty we seek pleasure,
time of war.
est and courageous enough to overthrow the
after forty we shun pain. Some
whole corrupt system. Along with this civic such truth as that, if it be a truth, may help
crusade goes Farr's own personal romance, in to explain why Mr. Arthur Christopher Ben-
which the villain is duly thwarted, and the son, in the maturity of his somewhat more
girl securely won. Farr makes a very en- than forty years, is inclined to look upon
gaging hero for this complication of senti- human life and all human activity as par-
ment and pathos and political intrigue, and taking of the nature of an avoidance of ill.
his procedure has a quality of originality This, at any rate, is the view illustrated and
which does credit to the author's invention, defended in the opening paper of “Escape,
and does not permit the reader's interest to and Other Essays” (Century Co.), a collec-
lapse for a moment.
tion of meditative disquisitions refreshingly
From the imagined memoirs of one Lord remote from the theme now occupying the
Henry Goade, in eighteen manuscript folio minds of so many writers and of the great


330
(Oct. 14
THE DIAL
majority of readers. It is a remoteness for without the great expense entailed by expert
which the author feels constrained to offer an technical drawings and lithographic reproduc-
apology, or a justification. “Is it right, is it tion. The explorations of tropical lands since
decent,” he asks, “to unfold an old picture of the days of Bates and Wallace have accumu-
peace before the eyes of those who have had lated great stores of unique and interesting in-
to look into chaos and destruction ?” and he formation about beautiful and curious insects
answers: “Yes, I believe that it is right and largely unutilized since the compilations of
wholesome to do this, because the most treach- Figuier and J. G. Wood. Mr. Edward Step,
erous and cowardly thing we can do is to dis- in his “Marvels of Insect Life” (McBride,
believe in life. Those old dreams and visions Nast & Co.), has availed himself of a re-
were true enough, and they will be true markably large mass of fresh and out-of-the-
again. They represent the real life to which way material in this field, and has portrayed
we must try to return.” Therefore he directs it with the aid of camera and microscope,
his thoughts and ours to such perennial and also with the frequent help, especially in
themes of interest as literature and life, sun- his full-page plates, of the constructive artist,
set, charm, dreams, schooldays, authorship, who usually adds a few unnatural touches to
Walt Whitman, villages, and some of the intensify the entomological drama. We can
deeper mysteries of our existence. Much of hardly agree with Mr. Raymond Ditmar's
the writer's intimate personal history creeps, statement in his preface that Fabre is here
here and there, into his pages. In his chap- “ brought up to date.” The great French
ter on authorship it is curious to note his popularizer of insect lore captivates his reader
confession that without the prospect of pub- by the logical sequence as well as the dramatic
lication he could hardly retain his interest in interest of his story; while there is about as
writing. This contrasts with a much earlier much sequence in Mr. Step's treatise as there
assertion, in one of his first books, that the is in a vaudeville programme. The author has
mere act of literary composition was enough studiously eliminated in his treatment all
in itself to keep his pen going. Art for its semblance of logical continuity of subjects or
own sake then seemed to suffice him. He does recognitiðn of relationships of his material,
not note this significant change of tone. We with the false idea that chaos is simplicity.
acquire a sadder wisdom with the passing His sub-title, “An Account of Structure and
years. In discussing dreams Mr. Benson de- Habit," is for this reason rather misleading.
clares his belief that his own dreams, contrary Fortunately, his index makes it possible for
to the usual rule, occur in the midst of pro- an inquiring reader to ascertain what the book
found sleep, not on its either edge; for, says really contains.
really contains. Mr. Step uncritically calls
he, “I have occasionally been awakened sud- the black gnat the “pellagra fly,” apparently
denly by some loud sound, and on these occa- unaware that Sambon's theory of the relation
sions I have come out of dreams of an inten- of this insect to that dread disease has been
sity and vividness that I have never known discredited. The illustrations are very abun-
equaled.”. But, obviously, that proves noth- dant, there being one or more on each page;
ing; or it may argue the very contrary of and many, the microphotographs especially,
the author's contention. The book is a worthy are fairly well executed. The technique of
addition to a notable series.
illumination has not been well achieved in
some of the photographs under low magnifica-
The insect world remains a terra
tions. The text is clearly written, and the
A mine of
entomological incognita to most people because book is a mine of interesting but somewhat
wonder-lore.
of the small size of the individ- disjointed entomological lore.
uals which compose its myriad hordes. The
microscope makes possible, on the one hand,
Artless charm marks the candid
Piquant passages
the minute examination of these diminutive from the life of autobiography of the Japanese
hosts; and microphotography, on the other
a Japanese poet. poet, Mr. Yone Noguchi, who,
.
hand, has made such progress in recent years, like his friend, Mr. Yoshio Markino, came in
due largely to applications of the electric tender youth across the Pacific to California,
light, that permanent photographs of the supported himself by various kinds of drudg-
scales of a butterfly's wing revealing the ery until he found his true vocation, pro-
minutest detail of form and ornament can be ceeded to our eastern coast and thence to
made with great success. The unobserved | London, and noted with observant eye the
and hidden beauties of the insect world which thousand and one things so strange and often
have hitherto been reserved for the profes- amusing - also often shocking — to his orien-
sional entomologist or amateur microscopist tal scrutiny. “The Story of Yone Noguchi ”
have thus become available for publication (Jacobs) is illustrated, chiefly in color, by
a


1915]
331
THE DIAL
Mr. Markino, and thus unites the grace and comparison and correlation between the eco-
idealism and ingenuousness of the reminiscent nomic phenomena of Germany and of the
poet with the delicacy and dreamy beauty of English-speaking peoples, “considered as two
this eminent artist's brush. Both poet and distinct and somewhat divergent lines of cul-
painter are too favorably known to need a
tural development in modern times.” The
reviewer's commendatory word. San Fran- | ground upon which the inquiry runs is chiefly
cisco in its radiance and gaiety, Joaquin the “industrial circumstances that have
Miller on his “Heights," Chicago in its smoke shaped the outcome in either case." And the
and busy turmoil, London with its fog and intention has been to account for Germany's
beautiful women, and Japan after eleven industrial advance and high efficiency by
years of absence — these are the writer's main
natural causes, “ without drawing on the logic
themes, treated with much of the same boyish of manifest destiny, Providential nepotism,
frankness and pleasing intermixture of native national genius, and the like.” The author
idioms that made Mr. Markino's story of his begins his inquiry in the stone age of the
similar wanderings so oddly engaging. The
Baltic peoples. But he adds little to the value
piquancy of these pages from the life of of his work by so doing, except in so far as he
Japanese poet-traveller finds no small part of is enabled to impress the facts of the hybrid
its explanation in the author's epigrammatic character of the German people and the lack
statement that "the Japanese mind, like any of essential difference in race between the
other Japanese thing, only works upside down
Germans, English, Dutch, and the Slavs of
to that of Englishmen." Admirable is his
Great Russia. His appraisal of the physical
enthusiasm for the Poet of the Sierras, next
resources and adaptiveness of the German
door to whom on the mountain-side he made lands is valuable. It is, however, the economic
his home in reverent discipleship for four development which has taken place under the
happy though impecunious years. In fact, all regulating hand of the Hohenzollern dynasty,
that is poetic in suggestion stirs Mr. Noguchi and especially since the second quarter of the
and gives eloquence to his pen, whereas the nineteenth century, that, deservedly, absorbs
,
prosaic materialism of the Chicago viewed by the author's attention chiefly. It is demon-
him in a brief visit elicits expressions of not strated that Germany did not develop the
unnatural loathing. “I think the god of the
technical arts as a native growth, but bor-
Chicagoans is a devil,” he frankly declares.rowed them, largely from England, and that
Like his friend and compatriot already named, she thereby escaped many of the unfortunate
he attains some of his highest flights in praise conditions which in the latter country at-
of occidental female beauty. Throughout his
tended the earlier stages of the Industrial
narrative he shows himself fair-minded, as
Revolution. Her people, too, did not develop
scrupulous to censure Japanese defects as to
that individual initiative and habit of self-
praise foreign excellences. It is a book of no
а
help which in England promoted the growth
narrow outlook, and it is entertainingly writ- of political democracy and the decline of
ten. Interspersed bits of the writer's verse go “authority," — a fact of the greatest impor-
well with his not unpoetic prose.
tance because it meant that there were pre-
served those earlier habits of mind which were
In his books on “The Theory of suited to the maintenance of centralized, coer-
the Leisure Class” and “The cive, irresponsible, dynastic control. The eco-
,
development.
Instinct of Workmanship,” pub- nomic policy of the Imperial State since 1871
lished in recent years, Mr. Thorstein Veblen is described fully and cleverly. That, in de-
offered an acute and illuminating analysis of fault of the close and continuous regulation
certain highly important modern sociological which the State has imposed, the course of
and economic conditions throughout the world German industry and trade would have been
at large. In his latest book, “ Imperial Ger- as different from the historical one as Mr.
many and the Industrial Revolution” (Mac- Veblen imagines, the reader may not agree.
millan), he has achieved equal success in the But the fact of regulation remains, and the
interpretation of the economic development inner character and significance of it has
of a single country. This volume, it should be never been described more effectively than in
observed, was written more than a year ago. the present volume. In a pregnant chapter
Its publication was delayed by the war, but entitled “The Net Gain” the author makes
it is in no sense a “war book.” Furthermore, an interesting appraisal of German "Kultur."
it has not been Mr. Veblen's purpose in the The conclusion at which he arrives is that the
volume to write an economic history of Ger- principal characteristic of this culture is its
many; that has been done by various other retarded adherence to certain mediæval or
scholars. The object has been to establish a sub-medieval habits of thought, the equiva-
Germany's
economic


332
[Oct. 14
THE DIAL
On
9
(6
lents of which belong farther back than the
Descended from the Shaws of
The arduous
historic present in the experience of other life of a
Rothiemurchus on her father's
western peoples, notably the English and
reformer.
side, and inheriting, apparently,
French. The cultural scheme, in short, is out many of the qualities of her maternal grand-
of date, and out of touch with itself in that it mother, also a Scotch woman and a person of
is in part archaic and in part quite new. dauntless courage and of ideas in advance of
this account the main body of it cannot be her time, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw has but
transfused abroad; indeed, it cannot per- obeyed the promptings of her nature in de-
manently be held fast in statu quo within the voting her life to the service of one worthy
confines of the Fatherland.
cause after another, until now she is classed
by general consent with such noted reform-
Recent progress
The N. W. Harris lectures for
ers of her own sex as Susan B. Anthony, Mrs.
in the study 1914 at Northwestern Univer- Livermore, Mrs. Stanton, and Miss Willard.
of heredity.
sity were delivered by Dr. Ed. A vivid and stirring account of her reform
win Grant Conklin, professor of biology in labors, and of her earlier life before the pas-
Princeton University, and dealt with the gen- sion for reform had seized her, comes from
eral topic of human heredity. They are now her own pen in “ The Story of a Pioneer
published under the title, “Heredity and
Heredity and (Harper), wherein her English birth and in-
Environment in the Development of Men fant memories, her nearly fatal voyage to this
(Princeton University Press). Though many country in 1851, the well-nigh incredible
books have been issued in this field in the past hardships endured by her family on the
five years, none has attained so successfully Michigan frontier, and all the obstacles she
the vitally important features of simplicity, herself had to surmount in attaining her
clarity, and progressive development of the present position, are set forth with the magic
subject, and a sympathetic correlation of the touch found only in a true narration of things
teachings of biology with ideals of human well worth narrating. Let a single passage
freedom and with the basis of personal and from the Michigan epoch indicate the char-
social ethics. The lectures were prepared for acter of the long struggle that furnishes the
a general audience, and the subject has been substance of the book. “During our first
made both plain and interesting without sacri- winter we lived largely on corn-meal, making
fice of scientific soundness or logical complete a little journey of twenty miles to buy it;
ness. The subject is consistently developed to but even at that we were better off than our
its final applications to human problems of neighbors, for I remember one family in our
gravest import. The book deals with the de- region who for an entire winter lived solely
velopment of the animal body from the germ on coarse-grained yellow turnips, gratefully
cells to the functioning body, and of the mind changing their diet to leeks when these came
from the lowest tropisms to will and con- in the spring." Dr. Shaw's public life is so
sciousness. It discusses the germ cells and well known that it need not be outlined here;
the mechanism of heredity and of develop- her earlier experiences in the forbidding
ment, the significance of the individual, the enterprise of educating herself for that life
laws of inheritance, especially of human traits, in the face of family opposition and an utter
the influence of environment and of func- lack of material resources are less familiar,
tional activity upon development and evolu- and will be read with keen interest. School-
tion. The control of human evolution by the teaching, the ministry, medical study and
application of our growing knowledge of hu-
some occasional practice, and various reforms
man strength and weakness and its behavior in have successively or all together engaged her
inheritance is sanely discussed, with a frank attention and her energies. In her character
and forceful statement of the possibilities and of President of the National American
limitations of eugenic measures.
Most sug-
Woman Suffrage Association she has the
gestive and stimulating is the lucid discus- following to say on a subject of some present
sion of genetics and ethics, determinism and importance: “ There has never been any
responsibility, and the relations between the sympathy among American suffragists for
individual and the race. Simple diagrams | the militant suffrage movement in England,
elucidate the objective phases of the subject, and personally I am wholly opposed to it.
and there are an adequate glossary, a bibliog. I do not believe in war in any form; and if
raphy, and an index. The book is an authori- violence on the part of men is undesirable in
tative, scholarly, complete, and very up-to-date achieving their ends, it is much more so on
presentation of current biological fact and the part of women; for women never appear
conclusions, applied with breadth of view to to less advantage than in physical combats
the fundamental problems of human life. with men." Of interest is her assertion that
>


1915)
333
THE DIAL
"Mr. Emerson, at first opposed to woman that the State is a legal and almost abstract
suffrage, became a convert to it during the conception, while the body politic – whether
last years of his life a fact his son and we conceive of it as all the living members of
daughter omit to mention in his biography.” a German tribe, or all the living inhabitants
The book's numerous illustrations have an of the British Empire - lends itself to con-
attractive quality comparable with that of crete presentation in its capacity for acting
the reading matter.
as if it were a single person. Having chosen
this basis, the writer cannot deal directly
It was exceptionally appropriate with the evolution of forms of government,
A Scandinavian
historical that the American Scandinavian but gives a succession of historical and politi-
drama.
Foundation should include in cal sketches of the various nations at different
its interesting series of “Scandinavian Clas- periods. The necessary result is a sacrifice of
sics” a translation of that powerfully vivid smoothness of progression for vividness. His
dramatization of the career of one of Swe- classification includes tribes, simple communi-
den's great historical characters,— Strind- ties, simple urban bodies politic ("city
berg's “Master Olof.” The hero of this states "), composite urban bodies politic, uni-
drama was the Luther of his people, the relig- tary nations, and heterogeneous empires, and
ious innovator who overturned the rule of is conveniently set forth in diagram at the
Rome in the realm and reign of Gustavus close of his discussion of each epoch of his-
Vasa, and who was himself destroyed by his tory. The historical sketches are accurate,
sometime protector, the King, when he be- and founded largely on original sources; but
came involved with a group of Anabaptists much detail could have been omitted without
holding social democracy as a prominent arti- damaging the pictures of the structure of the
cle of their creed. In Strindberg's presenta- bodies politic. The author's analyses of gov-
tion of his hero, Olof becomes the prototype ernments will not always pass without ques-
of all idealistic reformers, uncompromising at tion, and there are especially to be noted some
moments as Ibsen's Brand, but more living rather fantastic parallels,- as in the compari-
than he because more subtly studied in his son of Tammany to the Parte Guelfa of Flor-
moods of weakness as well as in his exalta- ence. But this was inevitable in a field where
tions of strength. He was, the poet admits, a speculation had to seek general analogies, and
kind of shadow of his own rebellious self at simply demonstrates what Mr. Hammond
twenty-three, “ambitious and weak-willed; would certainly admit
would certainly admit that the laws of
unscrupulous when something was at stake, political phenomena are not sufficiently well
and yielding at other times; possessed of established to serve as the basis for a genu-
great self-confidence, mixed with a deep mel inely scientific classification of bodies politic.
ancholy; balanced and irrational; hard and The work shows vigorous original thought,
The pessimism that colors most of and is a useful coup d'oeil of the field of
Strindberg's later work is here already government.
strongly marked, but it is a pessimism by no
means entire, since it is rooted in a thor-
With the best of good-will, we
oughly scientific and impersonal idealism.
can see little of importance in
Africa.
There is no end to the struggle for human
Dr. Felix Oswald's “Alone in
progress, Olof's creator makes him say, the Sleeping-Sickness Country” (Dutton).
although in the fight individuals who for- It is the narrative of a trip into British East
ward the victory must seem to fail and per-
Africa for the purpose of collecting fossil
ish before they have done more than hold up bones from Miocene deposits near Karungu,
the torch an instant to light their stumbling on the east side of Lake Victoria Nyanza.
fellows on the way.
The collector was but two months in his field.
The results of his expedition may have had
A book reminiscent of Sir John importance for palæontology, but are pre-
Bodies politic
and their Seeley's “Introduction to Polit- sented elsewhere. While he was industrious
government.
ical Science,” but with vastly and devoted to his task, there was nothing of
more of fact and less of philosophy, is Mr. adventure or of special interest in his expe-
B. S. Hammond's "Bodies Politic and Their rience. He came into contact with two tribes
Governments” (Putnam), which supple- of natives — the Kavirondo, of whom he saw
ments an earlier volume on the outlines of considerable; and the Kisii, of whom he saw
comparative politics. The note struck is little. He gives scant information regarding
classification: the classification of communi- them, and some of what he gives is of doubt-
ties or welded groups of communities as dif- ful quality. From the title of his book, we
ferentiated from states, the author contending might expect him to present some information
gentle.”
A scientist in
British East


334
(Oct. 14
THE DIAL
.
*
about sleeping-sickness; but we have merely
NOTES.
incidental references to the subject. There is
some geological matter in the book, but even
“The Elements of Style," an introduction to
literary criticism, by Mr. David W. Rannie, is
this is uninteresting and scrappy. In other
announced for autumn publication.
words, the book is a mere narrative, and as
narrative it lacks the elements desirable-in-
The second volume of the collected works of
cident, adventure, novelty. There are some
Martin Luther is announced for immediate publi-
cation by Messrs. A. J. Holman Co.
good illustrations, chiefly of landscape and
physical features, and an apparently good
Mr. Arnold Bennett's long-awaited completion
map.
of the “ Clayhanger" trilogy will be published by
the Doran Co. on November 6. “ These Twain" is
its title.
BRIEFER MENTION.
“ The Porcupine," a three-act drama of domes-
A recent addition to the “Home University tic entanglement, by Mr. Edwin Arlington Rob-
Library” (Holt) is “ The Negro" by Dr. W. E. inson, is announced for immediate issue by the
B. Du Bois. The greater part of the volume is Macmillan Co.
devoted to the history and culture of the negro in Mr. Frederic L. Huidekoper has prepared an
Africa; the final chapters deal with the negro in extended work on “ The Military Unpreparedness
America and the problems of the negro. As con- of the United States," which the Macmillan Co.
trasted with Mr. Booker T. Washington, Dr. Du will soon publish.
Bois demands a radical programme; but his learn- The fifth volume in Constance Garnett's new
ing, his scrutiny of the past, the present, and the series of translations from Dostoievsky's works
future from the colored man's standpoint, and his will bear the title “ The Insulted and Injured."
exposure of the exploitation of negroes by the Messrs. Macmillan announce the book for early
white races throughout the world in our day, make
publication.
the volume informing and timely.
Mr. Arthur Rackham's gift-book this year will
Mr. John Cotton Dana's “ Modern American be an edition of Dickens's “ Christmas Carol," uni-
Library Economy as Illustrated by the Newark,
form with the same artist's “Æsop's Fables.”
N. J., Free Public Library" has advanced to Part There will be a large paper edition limited to five
XVII. of Vol. II., which treats of “ Maps, Atlases hundred copies.
and Geographical Publications," and is a "revi-
In Mr. Compton Mackenzie's forthcoming novel,
sion and enlargement of the second part of the
“Guy and Pauline," we shall have a glimpse of
Business Branch pamphlet published in 1910.”
Michael Fane, the character whose boyhood and
Miss Sarah B. Ball, who has charge of the Busi-
youth we followed in “Youth's Encounter" and
ness Branch, is the compiler. Directions are
“ Sinister Street."
given for the care of the class of material indi-
cated in the title, and lists of the more important
“The Origin of the War," by Karl Fedem,
maps and atlases suitable for library use are
written from the German point of view, and
added. Drawings and facsimiles help to make the
“Warlike England as Seen by Herself,” by Ferdi-
whole subject plain to the reader. No other
nand Tönnies, will be published this month by the
treatise, so far as we know, handles the matter so
G. W. Dillingham Co.
fully and with such care and expert knowledge. “ The Lusitania's Last Voyage," by Mr. Charles
Mr. Porter E. Sargent has projected a
E. Lauriat, Jr., describing from the vantage-point
series of handbooks relating to education and
of an eye-witness one of the most dramatic epi-
travel, to be known as the Sargent Handbook
sodes of the present war, will soon be published by
Messrs. Houghton Mifflin Co.
Series,” for which he is responsible both as editor
and publisher. The first volume, “A Handbook of
Two volumes of serious interest to be published
the Best Private Schools of the United States and
shortly by Messrs. Harper are Mr. John Barrett's
Canada,” has been prepared chiefly for the
"Pan-America and Pan-Americanism," and "Prin-
guidance of the parent who wishes a discrimi-
ciples of Labor Legislation" by Dr. John R. Com-
mons and Mr. John B. Andrews.
nating manual on the best schools of the country,
the principle of selection being merit alone. There With the news of the death of Henri Gaudier-
are chapters giving a general survey of the private Brzeska in
Brzeska in the French trenches
the
school situation; while histories and criticisms of
announcement of a book on this famous Franco-
the schools are included. In the Introduction to
Polish sculptor by Mr. Ezra Pound, to be pub-
the volume the editor tells how the work of com-
lished by the John Lane Co. early next year.
pilation suffered, while in progress, due to delays Almost immediately Messrs. Putnam will pub-
and the reluctance of principals to give the infor- lish a volume entitled “ Belgium, Neutral and
mation required, and he promises improvements Loyal: The War of 1914," by Emile Waxweiler,
in the next annual issue, which will appear in the Director of the Solway Institute of Sociology at
spring. So practicable and serviceable is this Brussels, Member of the Académie Royale of
initial venture that it is probable no one will feel Belgium.
the dissatisfaction in question so keenly as does “ Modern Austria and Her Racial Problems," by
the editor himself.
Virginio Gayda, to be published at once by Messrs.
new
comes


1915]
335
THE DIAL
Dodd, Mead & Co., is a study of Austria just Wordsworth's Journals. Some unpublished letters
before the war, its main theme being the struggle of Wordsworth, now in the British Museum and
between the feudal aristocracy and the popular Dr. Williams's Library, are also included.
movements.
Professor George Edward Woodberry has about
“ Methods and Aims in the Study of Litera- completed his critical Introduction to the “ Col-
ture," by Professor Lane Cooper of Cornell Uni- lected Poems of Rupert Brooke," and the publish-
versity, will be issued before the end of the month ers (John Lane Co.) expect to have the volume
by Messrs. Ginn & Co. It forms a companion ready for publication late this month. In addition
volume to the author's earlier book, “Aristotle on to Professor Woodberry's Introduction, the book
the Art of Poetry.”
will contain a biographical note by Miss Margaret
Mr. Frederick Palmer, the accredited corre- Lavington, of England, which was prepared under
spondent of the American Press at the British the personal direction of Mr. Edward Marsh,
Headquarters in France, who recently published Brooke's literary executor.
an account of his visit to the Grand Fleet at sea, Mr. George Haven Putnam's “ Memories of a
has a volume in the press entitled Personal Publisher," to be issued immediately, will continue
Phases of the War."
his reminiscences, the first volume of which,
Mrs. Edith Wharton is soon to publish through
“ Memories of My Youth," appeared last year.
Messrs. Scribner a book dealing with her expe-
The new volume will also be a continuation of the
riences and impressions of France in the war,
history of the House of Putnam from the year
including her own visits to different parts of the 1872, to which date the record was carried by the
French battle line. Some of the chapters have
author in his memoir of his father and the founder
already appeared in “Scribner's Magazine.” of the firm, George Palmer Putnam. Many per-
A book from the trenches entitled “ The Red
sonal recollections will be included of well-known
authors on both sides of the Atlantic. Other
Horizon," by Mr. Patrick Macgill, author of
“ Children of the Dead End,” is nearly ready for
chapters relate to Mr. Putnam's manifold activ-
ities outside the book world.
publication. Having related in “ The Amateur
Army " his experiences as a soldier in the making,
Especial interest attaches to the collection of
Mr. Macgill now describes some of his impressions “ Letters of Washington Irving to Henry Bre-
at the front.
voort, 1807-1843,” edited by Mr. George S. Hell-
One of the most interesting books of the season
man, which Messrs. Putnam plan to issue at once
in an edition limited to 255 copies, printed on
will doubtless be Mr. William Dean Howells's
autobiographical volume, “ Years of My Youth,"
Strathmore paper, and distinctively bound, num-
which tells the story of his childhood and early
bered, and signed. In the “Life of Irving," writ-
ten by his nephew Pierre more than half a century
manhood up to the time of his welcome into the
circle of “ The Atlantic Magazine” and his going
ago, there were included various excerpts from
abroad as United States Consul. Messrs. Harper
the letters of Irving to Brevoort, but this series
of about a hundred letters has, for the most
plan to publish the volume this month.
part, remained unpublished. Letters printed very
Mr. Walter Lippman, author of "Drift and fragmentarily, and omitting personal names, are
Mastery” and “A Prelude to Politics," has ar- now given in their entirety; while the greater
ranged with Messrs. Holt for the publication of number of those now included were not drawn on
his next book, " The Stakes of Diplomacy.” The by the previous editor.
volume attempts to picture the conditions under
The second decennial prize of six thousand dol-
which diplomacy is carried on, the central prob-
lars, offered by the Trustees of Lake Forest Uni-
lem with which it deals, and the general policy
versity under the terms of a bequest from the
which a firm and peaceful organization of the
world requires.
late William Bross, has been awarded to Rev.
Thomas James Thorburn, of Hastings, England,
Under the title, “ The Nearing Case," Dr. Light- for his book of Christian apologetics entitled
ner Witmer, head of the Department of Psy- “The Mythical Interpretation of the Gospels:
chology of the University of Pennsylvania, has Critical Studies in the Historic Narratives."
prepared a complete statement of the events that Eight months were required for the judges to ex-
led up to Doctor Nearing's dismissal and the facts amine the forty-nine manuscripts submitted, which
in all their ramifications. The book will be pub- represented authors scattered all the way from
lished at once by Mr. B. W. Huebsch. It contains England through the United States to Japan and
practically the indictment, the evidence, the argu- Australia. The first decennial Bross Prize was
ments, and many interesting documents relating to awarded ten years ago to the late Professor James
the case.
Orr, D.D., of Glasgow, for his treatise on
The new life of Wordsworth by Professor G. Problem of the Old Testament." This book has
MeLean Harper, of Princeton University, which had a very wide circulation, and has been trans-
will be ready next month, deals with aspects of lated into several foreign languages. The new
the poet's life little touched upon by his biog- Bross Prize book will be published as Volume VII.
raphers, especially in regard to his earlier years. of “The Bross Library," and in accordance with
Much unprinted material was placed at the the provisions of the deed of gift, complimentary
author's disposal for the purpose by Mr. Gordon copies will be sent to libraries throughout the
Wordsworth, the poet's grandson, who also al- United States and to certain libraries in foreign
lowed him to examine the manuscripts of Dorothy lands.
« The


336
(Oct. 14
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 105 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Recollections of an Irish Judge: Press, Bar and
Parliament. By M. M'D. Bodkin, K. C. Illus-
trated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 366 pages.
Dodd, Mead & Co. $3. net.
Memories of India: Recollections of Soldiering and
Sport. By Sir Robert Baden-Powell, K.C.B.
Illustrated in color, etc., 8vo, 363 pages. Phila-
delphia: David McKay. $3.50 net.
Rival Sultanas: Nell Gwyn, Louise de Kéroualle and
Hortense Mancini. By H. Noel Williams. Illus-
trated in photogravure, etc., Svo, 376 pages.
Dodd, Mead & Co. $3.50 net.
The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson. By Graham
Balfour. Abridged and revised edition; illus-
trated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 364 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $2. net.
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1915]
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THE GREAT UNREST
By F. E. MILLS YOUNG, author of “The Purple Mists,"
"Valley of a Thousand Hills," etc.
.$1.30 net
The story of a young. Englishman who was strongly
influenced by the social life of Johannesburg, but upheld
through temptation by the love of "the only girl" in his far-
away English home.
THE PEARL FISHERS
By H. DE VERE STACPOOLE,, author of "The Blue
Lagoon," "The Presentation,
.$1.30 net
An engaging novel of strategy, conspiracy and romance,
laid in the tropical South Seas.
etc..
THE GLORIOUS RASCAL
By JUSTIN HUNTLY MCCARTHY, author of "If I Were
King,” Fool of April," etc..
.$1.35 net
A new "If I Were King" romance - a story of Francois
Villon's golden youth.
THE ROSE OF YOUTH
By ELINOR MORDAUNT, author of "Bellamy," "Simp-
son,
etc....
$1.35 net
A brilliant novel of ambition and its reward.
A SOUL ON FIRE
By FRANCES FENWICK WILLIAMS, author of “The
Arch-Satirist."
$1.30 net
A modern-day story of occultism and mystery.
JOHN LANE COMPANY
Publishers
NEW YORK


1915)
349
THE DIAL
NEW CROWELL BOOKS
WOMAN AND HOME
By Orison SWETT MARDEN. 12mo, cloth, $1.25 net; postage extra.
There is no phase of these two perennially interesting subjects that is not dealt with by the
author in his usual happy, intimate way.
CHRISTIANITY AND INTERNATIONAL PEACE
By CHARLES E. JEFFERSON. 12mo, cloth, $1.25 net; postage extra.
Expounds theories for international peace; is one of the sanest, soundest and most logical
works yet written upon the great European conflict.
THE MEANING OF CHRISTIAN UNITY
By WILLIAM H. COBB. 12mo, cloth, $1.25 net; postage extra.
The author's sole aim is to discover some common meeting-point where all sects may unite.
A book for thoughtful laymen.
PROBLEMS OF COMMUNITY LIFE
By SEBA ELDRIDGE 12mo, cloth, $1.00 net; postage extra.
It is safe to say that when this work becomes known, it will be regarded as indispensable,
both as a text in colleges and as a guide for critical students.
LAND CREDITS
By Dick T. MORGAN, Member of Congress. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net; postage extra.
The author of this important book has made “Rural Credits" a special study. His book
is timely and trustworthy.
THE EVOLUTION OF LITERATURE
By A. S. MACKENZIE. 12mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50 net; postage extra.
A new edition at a popular price of a book which has won favorable comment from competent
critics in England and America.
STORIES FROM GERMAN HISTORY
By FLORENCE Aston. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50 net; postage extra.
Relates the Struggles of the Ancient Germans with Rome, the Rise of the Franks, the Thirty
Years' War, etc. Instructive and entertaining.
THE BOYS' LIFE OF LORD ROBERTS
By HAROLD B. F. WHEELER. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50 net; postage extra.
All boys will be interested in this stirring description of adventures in India, Abyssinia, South
Africa, etc. An ideal book for the boys' library.
LETTERS FROM BROTHER BILL, 'VARSITY SUB.
12mo, cloth, illustrated, 50 cents net; postage extra.
Every boy who wants to learn football and "make the team” will like this book.
CHRISTMAS PLAYS FOR CHILDREN
By MAY PEMBERTON. With music and illustrations, 8vo, cloth, $1.00 net; postage extra.
Little plays and pageants, with original music, for school or home production.
GRIMM'S TALES
Illustrated in color by George SOPER. 8vo, cloth, $1.50 net; postage extra.
A worthy setting of these famous tales, both in text and picture.
FERMENTATIONS OF ELIZA
By MAUD M. HANKINS. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, $1.00 net; postage extra.
A charming little story, showing an appreciation of child nature.
OPERA SYNOPSES
By J. W. McSPADDEN. 16mo, cloth, $1.00 net; limp leather, boxed, $1.50 net.
A revised edition, with twenty-four operas not included in earlier editions.
THE RHYTHM OF LIFE
By CHARLES BRODIE PATTERSON. 8vo, cloth, $1.50 net; postage extra.
A discussion of harmony in music and color, and its influence on thought and character.
THOMAS Y. CROWELL COMPANY
New York


350
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
A Protest Against the New Tyranny
WHICH IS NOT THE NEARLY OBSOLETE DESPOTISM OF
ONE MAN OVER THE PEOPLE BUT THE NEWER DESPOTISM
of Overzealous and Indiscriminate Popular Legislation
OVER THE RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL CITIZEN
The dangers to America from this new tyranny have been ably pointed out in the August
FORUM by Mr. Truxtun Beale, the eminent publicist and donor to education. In this con-
tribution he shows how applicable to our present-day conditions are the remarkable essays by
Herbert Spencer published in England fifty years ago under the title THE MAN vs. THE
STATE. THE FORUM will republish eight of these essays serially, each chapter to be
accompanied by expository articles on its present-day significance, these articles being specially
written by the most eminent American authorities. Beginning in the September FORUM
with Senator Root's article, the chapters with their expository contributors are as follows:
The New Toryism
The Coming Slavery
By ELIHU ROOT
By HENRY CABOT LODGE
The Great Political Superstition
Specialized Legislation
By NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER
By CHARLES W. ELIOT
The Duty of the State
From Freedom to Bondage
By WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT
By AUGUSTUS P. GARDNER
Over Legislation
The Postscript
By JUDGE E. H. GARY
By DAVID JAYNE HILL
A Real Public Service is Being Rendered in this Symposium
READ THEM ALL IN THE FORUM
The price is 25 cents a copy; $2.50 a year. A three months' trial subscription for 50 cents
MITCHELL KENNERLEY, Publisher, NEW YORK
The Most Perfectly Balanced Magazine Clubbing Offer Ever Made
NE
CENTURY AST. NICHOLAS
The Quality Magazine for Adults Dl The Quality Magazine for Children
For over forty years it has been The best loved magazine in the
on the reading tables of the best world. In a year it has six or
people in America. Every month seven book-size stories, dozens of
164 pages of fiction, articles, short stories, pictures galore, and
poetry and pictures of distinction. all kinds of departments.
The Offer is Good for a Limited Time Only-Act Now
Century and Regular Price $7
St. Nicholas $500
(The clubbing offer is accepted on condition
that the St. Nicholas subscription is a new one.)
THE CENTURY CO., 353 Fourth Ave., New York City.
Gentlemen : Please find enclosed $5.00, for which send
(To a New Reader)
THE CENTURY to
(This special introductory offer will be with.
drawn Nov. 10, 1915. For over forty years
ST. NICHOLAS to...
the regular price of THE CENTURY has
been $4 a year, of ST. NICHOLAS $3 a
year)
(MUST BE A NEW SUBSCRIPTION)
(DIAL-10-28)


1915]
351
THE DIAL
NEW BOOKS OF SERIOUS INTEREST
The New Russia
By ALAN LETHBRIDGE. Net, $5.00
"Russia, the land of the Future," is
the author's cry, who sees in the vast
untouched forests and mines and
unused water-power of Russia the
great storehouse for civilization's
needs in the XXth Century which
the Western United States were in
the XIXth. In fact, he makes us
realize the country as something
vastly greater and more valuable
to humanity than has been hitherto
recognized.
The Irish Abroad
By ELIOT O'DONNELL. Net, $2.50
A record of the achievements of
wanderers from Ireland, beginning
with the first authentic migrations
and going on to explain why the Irish
came to settle in many countries.
Schools of To-morrow
By JOHN and EVELYN DEWEY.
Third Large Edition on Press. Net, $1.50
"A very striking and helpful study of
changing conditions of education,
well named 'Schools of To-morrow.
Not a cut and dried hand-
book of educational theory, nor yet
a manual of directions for the teacher
or parent.
A helpful and
inspiring book.--San Francisco
Chronicle.
Wild Bird Guests
By ERNEST HAROLD BAYNES.
Net, $2.00
New edition, with Preface by THEO-
DORE ROOSEVELT. Thoroughly
Illustrated.
This is the most comprehensive book
yet written concerning the fascinating
art of attracting wild birds. The
illustrations, chiefly from photo-
graphs taken by the author, form an
array of interesting and convincing
proof that by using Mr. Baynes
methods we can make our feathered
guests feel thoroughly at home.
The Story of Canada Blackie
By ANNE P. L. FIELD.
Introduction by THOMAS MOTT
OSBORNE.
Net, $1.00
A truly wonderful, as well as a won-
derfully true, story is this. True is
it not only to the facts in the case,
but to the deepest facts of the human
soul. His letters here reveal in
quick flashes the very heart of prison
reform.
Belgian Cook Book
Who Built the Panama Canal?
By W. LEON PEPPERMAN.
Net, $2.00
Fully illustrated by JOSEPH PEN-
NELL'S Series of Canal Pictures.
It is an important contribution to
American history; and Mr. Joseph
Pennell's wonderful etchings of the
Canal illustrating the volume are
equally valuable as an artistic record
of this unique monument to the
triumph of American pluck and engi-
neering skill.
Nationality and the War
By ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE. Net, $2.50
"The author believes that this war
will usher in an age of tolerance to
supersede intolerance in the recog-
nition of nationalism, and of volun.
tary assent in place of coercion in
government. An optimistic proph-
ecy."—The Dial.
Social Reform
By W. H. MALLOCK.
Net, $2.25
The realities and delusions of modern
reform are clearly, brought out in
this examination of the Increase and
Distribution of Wealth from 1801
to 1910.
War, Its Conduct and Its
Legal Results
By THOMAS BATY and PROF. I. H.
MORGAN.
Net, $3.50
A critical study of emergency
legislation, neutrality, the laws of
war, and a complete study of the
effect of war on commercial relations.
The Political Economy of War
By F. W. HIRST.
Net, $2.00
The editor of The Economist has
written this book for students of
political economy and business men.
It deals with the cost of war, its effects
on trade and exchanges, the methods
of taxation and borrowing.
Net, $1.00
Edited by MRS. BRIAN LUCK.
Belgian women are celebrated for
their excellent tables and strict
economy. This collection of original
recipes has been gathered from Bel-
gian refugees in England and is
issued under the patronage of the
Queen of England and the Princess
of Belgium.
Attila and the Huns
By EDWARD HUTTON. Net, $2.00
The extraordinary career of the man
known to history as the most ruthless
employer of the policy of frightful-
ness in war.
The Prevention and Control
of Monopolies
By W. JETHRO BROWN. Net, $2.25
Showing within what limits Monop-
olies should be prevented, how the
prevention should be effected, and
how, where a policy of prevention is
undesirable or impracticable, Mo-
nopolies should be regulated or
controlled.
Politics and Crowd Morality
By ARTHUR CHRISTENSEN.
Net, $2.50
Is civilization outgrowing Parlia-
mentarism, as it outgrew Absolutism?
Dr. Christensen maintains that it is;
and that, failing the thorough and
immediate reform of the Parlia-
mentary system, we are faced by its
complete break-down, owing to
changed conditions of the civilized
Democracies of to-day.
The Remaking of China
By ADOLPH S. WALEY Net, $1.00
"This book tells the many facts of
the whole Chinese revolution, in
crisp, authoritative style and in
surprisingly brief compass."-New
York Times.
From the Shelf
By PAXTON HOLGAR. 12mo, aet, $1.50
By a deserted monastery in a Spanish
Mediterranean isle, amid blowing
orchards of lemon trees and orange
blossoms, the author settled himself
"on the shelf" to rest after a season
of worry and stress. Happy in his
choice, happy in his contentment,
and, above all, happy in the exquisite
simplicity with which he has written
down – half humorist, half artist-
the incidents which made up the quiet
life of his dream village, the author
has given us here an atmosphere of
security, peace
and refreshment,
very welcome indeed in these troub.
lous days.
Frederick the Great and His
Seven Years' War
By RONALD A. HALL. Net, $1.50
Although a century and a half has
passed since the close of the Seven
Years' War, its similarity in broad
outline to the Great War of our own
time makes it of first need for study.
This, especially because Frederick's
work is the Prussian Officers' Testa-
ment, their calculations are based
upon its reasoning, while the ideals
it portrays have become national.
France in Danger
By PAUL VERGNET. Net, $1.00
The superior value of this volume
is in the large number of quotations
from German writings as an evidence
of the German spirit in 1913.
BETWEEN THE LINES By BOYD CABLE
Net, $1.35
These are sketches of actual war operations on the field of battle, which make clear and vivid to the reader of imagination
the exact meaning of the bald phrases in the official reports of the different war offices. These pictures are simply superb;
there is no other word to describe them. They are horrible, of course, but one can not find any note of exaggeration or a
wish to accumulate horror for horror's sake. They make one understand exactly what modern war is, and as such they
ought to be of permanent value, as there has not as yet been any other book which even approaches them in this power.
E. P. DUTTON & CO., Publishers, 681 Fifth Avenue, NEW YORK


352
(Oct. 28, 1915
THE DIAL
-“THE GREATEST AMERICAN POETRY SINCE WHITMAN'S.".
EDGAR LEE MASTERS' remarkable book (Eighth Edition Now Ready)
SPOON RIVER ANTHOLOGY
Mr. Masters' book is considered
ANNE RUTLEDGE
by many to be the most striking
Out of me unworthy and unknown
and important contribution to
The vibrations of deathless music;
American letters in recent years:
"With malice toward none, with charity
for all."
"An American 'Comedie Humaine' brings
Out of me the forgiveness of millions more characters into its pages than any
towards millions,
American novel. .. Takes its place among
And the beneficent face of a nation
the masterpieces which are not of a time
Shining with justice and truth.
or a locality.”-Boston Transcript.
I am Anne Rutledge who sleeps beneath “A work splendid in observation, mar-
these weeds,
velous in the artistry of exclusion yet of
Beloved in life of Abraham Lincoln,
democratic inclusiveness, piercingly analytic
Wedded to him, not through union,
of character, of plastic fictility of handling,
But through separation.
sympathetic underneath irony, humorous,
Bloom forever, O Republic,
pathetic, tragic, comic, particular yet uni-
From the dust of
my bosom!
versal a Comedie Humaine - a creation
-From Spoon River Anthology.
of a whole community of personalities."
William Marion Reedy.
"We find a strange impressiveness, akin to greatness in the ‘Spoon River Anthology'
of Edgar Lee Masters. . . . It is a book which, whether one likes it or not, one must
respect.”—The New Republic.
“Mr. Masters speaks with a new and authentic voice. It is an illuminating piece of
work, and an unforgettable one."--Chicago Evening Post.
“The natural child of Walt Whitman the only poet with true Americanism
in his bones.”—New York Times. Cloth $1.25. Leather $1.50.
THE NEW POETRY
The latest work of the new poets now in beautiful leather bindings,
suitable for presentation.
By Edgar Lee Masters.
By Thomas Walsh.
Spoon River Anthology.
The Pilgrim Kings and Other Poems.
By John Masefield.
By Lincoln Colcord.
The Story of a Roundhouse.
Vision of War.
The Faithful.
By Amy Lowell.
The Tragedy of Pompey the Great.
Sword Blades and Poppy Seed.
Philip the King and Other Poems.
A Mainsail Haul.
By John G. Neihardt.
The Daffodil Fields.
The Song of Hugh Glass.
The Everlasting Mercy.
By Rabindranath Tagore.
Salt Water Ballads.
Chitra.
By Sara Teasdale.
The Crescent Moon.
Rivers to the Sea.
The Gardener.
By Vachel Lindsay.
Gitanjali.
The Congo and Other Poems.
The King of the Dark Chamber.
Songs of Kabir.
By Fannie Stearns Davis.
Sadhana.
Crack 0' Dawn.
The Post Office.
By Wilfrid Wilson Gibson.
By Alfred Noyes.
Fires.
Poems.
Each volume gilt top, leather $1.50.
Ask at the bookstore to see these volumes in the leather bindings.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publisher, New York


THE DIAL
A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
Vol. LIX.
OCTOBER 28, 1915
No. 704
CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE PUGNACIOUS STYLE. Percy F. Bicknell 353
FRENCH LITERATURE AND THE WAR.
(Special Paris Correspondence.) Theodore
Stanton .
356
CASUAL COMMENT
358
Higher learning as affected by the war.-
“ The insects' Homer."- How to be happy
though rejected. The potency of style.-
Philological frenzy. — Statistics concerning
the book-reading habit.-A lexicographer's
lament.-A questionable economy.—The poetic
Serbians.-A concession to delinquent book-
borrowers.
COMMUNICATIONS
361
A Few Facts about Bryant. John L. Hervey.
Vocational Training and Citizenship. Orvis
C. Irwin.
The German War Book Again. The Reviewer.
Dr. Vizetelly and Diphthongs. Wallace Rice.
The Author of "Sanine." A Reader.
A Proposed Testimonial to Mr. Stephen Phil.
lips. Erskine MacDonald.
RECOLLECTIONS OF A PUBLISHER AND
MAN OF ACTION. Charles Leonard
Moore
366
THE PUGNACIOUS STYLE.
It is the nature of man to love a good hater;
at any rate, a considerable part of mankind
pays him the tribute of admiration for •the
vigor and constancy of his animosity. In like
manner the reading world enjoys the aggres-
sive energy and the keen stabs, or sledge-
hammer blows, of him who writes with the
intent of annihilating a foe or exploding a
false doctrine; and this in spite of the fact
that little of worth in the cause of truth and
justice has ever been effected by passionate
vehemence of style, no wrong-headed person
has ever been bullied into reasonableness, and
no enemy has ever been crushed by mere force
of vituperation. As is illustrated every week
and every day in the heated discussions that
in these fevered times claim so much space in
our newspapers and magazines, and even in
our books, the controversialist falls easily into
the error of hurting his cause by undue
warmth of manner, and repels by intemper-
ance of speech where he might win by modera-
tion and restraint. If it be true, as experience
inclines one to believe, that nobody was ever
convinced by argument who was not already
more than half persuaded, it is doubly true
that no prejudiced person was ever induced by
vituperation to renounce his prejudice and
alter his opinions.
Intellectual independence is dear to every
one of us, and the faintest suspicion that an
author is assailing that independence is enough
to erect a barrier against the cogency of his
reasoning. But if the controversialist can so
state his case as to seem to leave his readers
entire freedom of choice between acceptance
and rejection of his views, he stands a good
chance of making converts; and if, employing
a somewhat subtler art, he can cause the reader
to imagine himself a little more acute or a little
more logical than the author, and can tickle
him with the illusion of seeing important
points that had escaped the other's duller per-
ceptions (though it was just these points that
the writer had adopted this artful means of
making manifest), then the case is won, and
the pleader is willing enough to renounce the
glory of victory for its more substantial fruits.
THE MAKING OF AMERICA.
Pooley
William V.
367
DANTE IN A NEW TRANSLATION. W. H.
Carruth.
372
THE FASCINATION OF JAPANESE PRINTS.
Frederick W. Gookin
373
•
.
DE PROFUNDIS. Alex. Mackendrick
376
A NEW VERSION OF THE PARSIVAL LEG-
END. M. Goebel
377
.
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne .
378
.
a
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
379
Undercurrents in American politics.- Remi-
niscences of a genial Irish judge.- Mr.
Wister's ideas about the great war.--Desul-
tory studies in four English authors.-Wealth
and income in the United States.--A primer
of animal psychology.- Bits of tragedy and
romance from the West.- Pragmatism vs.
Bergsonism.-- Bits of battle fiction.
NOTES
383
LIST OF NEW BOOKS .


354
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
But the partisan pamphleteer of these fiery history of England which in the middle of the
times is prone to begin his polemic by antago- last century rivalled in popularity the novels
nizing the very persons he wishes to conciliate,, of Dickens and Thackeray. It has been said
and so his purpose is often defeated before he of Macaulay's style that it is admirable for
has fairly begun his argument. He commonly almost every purpose but telling the truth.
writes in a lively and spicy and highly read. Certainly it is an admirable style to adopt
able style, and is therefore followed with im- when one wishes not to spoil a good story in
mense satisfaction by those who are already the telling. With what an array of rhetorical
on his side, or who are not positively opposed weapons Macaulay has assailed the luckless
to him. The pugnacious style in itself, such monarch who was the last of the Stuarts to sit
is erring human nature, appeals to most read- on the throne of England, all the world knows.
ers when it does not chance to be directed too His merciless handling of that king's infamous
pointedly and personally against them; it tool, the bloodthirsty chief justice whose name
keeps them awake, pleases them with a sense has become synonymous with judicial severity,
of taking part in laying low an army of stupid is almost as notorious. Jeffreys, as we are
or malicious adversaries who needed only this now warranted in believing, was not absolutely
unanswerable demonstration of the matter to devoid of humanity, though a reading of
induce them to confess the futility of further Macaulay or of Campbell would incline a
opposition; and it is delightful to serve the credulous person to regard him as a veritable
cause of truth and righteousness in this easy monster of malice and cruelty. Mr. H. B.
fashion, when all that is just and virtuous and Irving, not many years ago, showed us the
noble is so manifestly on our side, and all that man as a human being. When Macaulay,
is false and wicked and perverse and abomin- trusting to authorities that have since his time
able so evidently on the other.
become more or less discredited, speaks of
The immense vogue enjoyed by such con- Jeffreys as “constitutionally prone to igno-
tributions to so-called popular science as Pro- rance and to the angry passions,” he is but
fessor Haeckel's widely-read solution of “The just beginning the list of the chief justice's
Riddle of the Universe" is no doubt largely evil qualities. In his early practice at the bar
due to the confidently aggressive air with of the Old Bailey, “ daily conflicts with prosti-
which he exposes the folly of all those philoso- tutes and thieves called out and exercised his
phers who pretend to see in the scheme of
powers so effectually that he became the most
created things some element other than mat-
consummate bully ever known in his profes-
ter and mechanism. How vastly superior one sion. All tenderness for the feelings of others,
feels to Plato and Emerson and the whole tribe all self-respect, all sense of the becoming were
of mystics and dreamers when one has taken obliterated from his mind... The profusion
a hand with the Jena professor in their demoli-
of maledictions and vituperative epithets
tion and has arrived at the point where one
which composed his vocabulary could hardly
can say with this sturdy foe to every form of
have been rivalled in the fish-market or the
transcendental nonsense, “ The supreme and
bear-garden. . . There was a fiendish exulta-
all-pervading law of nature, the true and only
tion in the way in which he pronounced
cosmological law, is, in my opinion, the law of
sentence on offenders. Their weeping and im-
substance," and can regard with him the be-
lief in the soul's immortality as the “highest ploring seemed to titillate him voluptuously;
point of superstition." But what if one hap-
and he loved to scare them into fits by dilating
with luxuriant amplification on all the details
pens to be a Platonist and a dreamer to begin
with? Will the controversial tone of “The
of what they were to suffer.” This lavishing
Riddle of the Universe” work a change of of the historian's wealth of rhetoric upon one
heart and win a new convert to the Haeckelian
who was doubtless equally liberal in airing
doctrine? Hardly.
his vocabulary in the courts of law does not,
A long-recognized master of the pugna-
to say the least, make for somnolence in the
ciously vituperative style, and one whom it is reader. As the popular opinion of “Bloody
an unending delight to read, even though the Jeffreys” was already far from complimen-
reader be wise enough not to yield entire tary when Macaulay's work appeared, this
assent to what affords him this intellectual valiant thwacking of the odious wretch gave
refreshment, is found in the author of that untold satisfaction to thousands of readers.


1915)
355
THE DIAL
no
a
66
For vituperative energy, combined with all place there if he had been a eupeptic person.
the resources of erudition and reinforced by In all this amazingly. fluent and varied and
the weight of a commanding personality, there picturesque tirade, however, there is a quality
is little in our literature to compare with of artistic detachment, of humorous gusto
Milton's famous reply, in his “Defense of the even, without which these atrabilious outpour-
People of England," to Salmasius, the noted ings would be offensive, or merely wearisome,
Leyden professor whose espousal of the cause instead of entertaining and stimulating. In
of Charles I. had stirred the wrath of the his "Latter-Day Pamphlets," with what wealth
Latin Secretary to the Commonwealth. When of disparaging language the doughty pam.
Milton says of his adversary's work, “I per- phleteer exposes the ineptitude of Downing
suaded myself, the extemporary rhymes of Street! If he had been born on the west in-
some antic jack-pudding may better deserve stead of the east side of St. Patrick's Channel
printing," he is at his mildest; and even when he could scarcely have been more uncom-
he calls Salmasius “a vain and flashy man,' promisingly “agin the government” - as may
and addresses him as “thou superlative fool," appear from a few random sentences. Con-
he does not attain the pitch of abuse to which cerning the solemn mummeries of the “strange
he subsequently lashes himself. But in his very Entities" in Downing Street he says, with
first paragraph he is sufficiently heated to characteristic opulence of imagery: “How
write such sentences as this: “I would advise the tailors clip and sew, in that sublime sweat-
you not to have so good an opinion of your. ing establishment of theirs, we know not: that
self (for nobody else has of you) as to imagine the coat they bring us out is the sorrowfulest
that you are able to speak well upon any sub- fantastic mockery of a coat, a mere intricate
ject, who can neither play the part of an artistic network of traditions and formalities,
orator, nor an historian, nor express yourself an embroiled reticulation made of web-listings
in a style that would not be ridiculous even in and superannuated thrums and tatters, endur-
a lawyer; but like a mountebank's juggler, | able to no grown Nation as a coat, is mourn-
with big swelling words in your preface, you fully clear!” The one invariable attribute of
raised our expectations, as if some mighty mat- those who are set in high places to govern
ter were to ensue; in which your design was those beneath them, is stupidity. “For em-
not so much to introduce a true narrative of : pires or for individuals there is but one class
the king's story, as to make your own empty of men to be trembled at; and that is the
intended flourishes go off the better.” And a Stupid Class, the class that cannot see, who
little further on he adds: “I will tell you alas are they mainly that will not see. A class
what the matter is with you. In the first of mortals under which as administrators,
place, you find yourself affrighted and aston-
kings, priests, diplomatists, etc., the interests
ished at your own monstrous lies; and then of mankind in every European country have
you find that empty head of yours not encom-
sunk overloaded, as under universal night-
passed, but carried round, with so many trifles
mare, near to extinction; and are indeed at
and fooleries, that you not only now do not,
this moment convulsively writhing, decided
but never did, know what was fit to be spoken, either to throw off the unblessed super-incum-
and in what method.” This vigorous polemic bent nightmare, or roll themselves and it to
was written, it is true, in Latin, in which it
the Abyss."
presents an appearance of perhaps greater
seemliness and dignity than in the vernacular
Among more recent masters of the pugna-
cious style, one of the most enjoyable to read,
rendering; but it illustrates a style no longer
in vogue in our controversial literature, though
and one in whom an irresistible drollery of
whether it has given place to anything more
humor never fails to mask any possible sub-
worthy of admiration may be open to dispute. stratum of malevolence, is the author of that
An eminent living writer has declared that spirited defence of Harriet Shelley which was
no one should expect to accomplish anything evoked by Dowden's admired biography of this
in literature until he has first ruined his diges- unhappy lady's poet-husband. Mark Twain,
tion. How much of Carlyle's fame he owes to when moved to anger by any exhibition of
his dyspepsia, one cannot accurately deter- arrogance or inhumanity, was capable of show.
mine; but his works contain an excess of ing himself an antagonist whose pen was to be
invective that probably would have had no feared.


356
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
Our brilliant and ever-entertaining contem- “My publisher's printer is established at
poraries, Mr. Bernard Shaw and Mr. G. K. Lille, which has been in the hands of the Ger-
Chesterton, naturally come to mind in this mans from the earliest days of the hostilities,
connection as notable exponents of the literary and I often wonder what they have done with
style here under consideration. Perhaps the
our plates. It would be a strange commen-
dominant note of these two, especially of Mr. tary on German culture if hatred of things
French should cause the destruction of the
Shaw, might be indicated by the misquotation only French translation of their great
from Pope, “Whatever is, is wrong.” The master!”
world is all at fault and needs to be scolded
The same publisher was engaged on a work
and ridiculed and paradoxed into right con-
in two volumes devoted to English and Amer-
duct. Mr. Chesterton's recent vigorous on- ican literature ("Anthologie de la Littérature
slaught on the Prussians leaves no doubt as Anglaise"), whose author, M. André Koszul,
to his mastery of incisiveness. Mr. Shaw's is one of the most promising of the younger
infinity of resource when the perversities and professors of the English department of the
asininities of his fellow-men require castiga- Sorbonne, but who, at the first sound of the
tion at his hands is too well known to call for
guns, threw aside his university gown and
comment or illustration.
donned the uniform of a second lieutenant,
only to become a few days later a prisoner in
Although little of lasting value is ever
Germany, where he is still in confinement.
accomplished by unbridled vehemence of in-
As though having an intuition of what was to
vective, yet it may be assumed as certain that happen, the dedication of the first volume of
not until human nature shall cease to be what his work, published a few months before the
it now is, and not until the occurrence of a war, was in these words, in English: “To
dog-fight in the street shall fail to draw an one by my side, who, with her two little chil-
eager crowd of spectators, will the pugnacious dren, has now deserted the cozy Paris home
style, as employed by a master of sarcastic because it is so lonely without him.”
vituperation, cease to be accounted an agree-
The second volume of M. Koszul's work,
able stimulus to the jaded senses, provided
which is to bring the review from the eight-
only one be not the conscious object against eenth century down to the present day and
which this battery of abuse is directed.
which is all in type, contains sixty pages
devoted to American literature, with extracts
PERCY F. BICKNELL. from the works of our principal authors, be-
ginning with Franklin, then skipping to
Irving and Cooper, and finally coming down
FRENCH LITERATURE AND THE WAR.
to Mark Twain and Mr. Henry James. One
of the last communications I had from this
(Special Correspondence of THE DIAL.)
brilliant young scholar (who, if he wards off
One of the curious consequences of the war
the diseases of the prison camp, will perhaps
has been the suspension, in France at least,
some day be a worthy successor of Legouis)
of the publication of many books which were
before he started for the front, was a copy
on the point of appearing when the cloud
burst. Let me give a few examples of this
of his brief introduction to the American sec-
tion of this second volume. A few extracts
which have come under my personal observa-
in translation, here made public for the first
tion, as they throw a side light, which has
time, will be interesting perhaps :
many odd reflections, on this terrible conflict.
M. Jean G. Prod'homme, who is one of the
“When one thinks of the formidable growth of
the United States, one may say perhaps that soon
best authorities in France on everything con-
the English written, read, and most widely spoken
nected with music and musicians, has been
will be the English not of England but of Amer-
engaged for several years in bringing out in ica. . . Thus the literature of the English language
French, through Delagrave of Paris, the com- is becoming less and less strictly the literature of
plete prose works of Richard Wagner, based England. More and more numerous are the writ-
on the German edition prepared by the com- ers in English outside of England and who some-
poser himself between 1870 and 1883. M. times even have foreign blood in their veins. .
Prod'homme's translation was to consist of
For the moment, it seems that, after having fol-
twelve volumes. “I had corrected the final
lowed a distinct line of its own, American litera-
proofs of the tenth volume, when the war
ture is now much more disposed to fraternize with
that of England, and vice versa. . . The most
broke out;” M. Prod'homme said to me the
notable literary movement in the rather confused
other day when I met him in uniform - at
ensemble is that which accompanied the grand
present everybody in France is a soldier.philosophic and religious enfranchisement called


1915]
357
THE DIAL
rather pompously Transcendentalism, to which is work of the purest kind of thought to be
attached the noble effort of Emerson. [At the
found in imaginative writing, where severe
beginning of his career, M. Koszul made a long logic often plays a more important part than
and thorough study of the Concord School.] ...
invention or caprice."
Thanks to money, the universities, the libraries,
and the special reviews of the United States are
Giving free rein to a resentment common
becoming the first in the world. . . America al-
in many literary circles in Europe against a
ready offers some creations which force themselves
certain puritanical estimate of Poe too often
on the attention of Europe. In very different prevalent in our country, M. Fontainas in-
ways, Emerson in England and Whitman in Ger- dulges in this criticism:
many exercise perhaps not less influence than does “Americans have not yet the intuition of what
Edgar Poe in France."
makes, in the opinion of certain English and
What this Poe influence in France is most French poets, artists and critics, the grandeur of
of us know; but we were to have been re- their poet. They are too much wrapped up in
minded of it again, and in a most magisterial positive and practical things not to be discon-
fashion, long ere this if the war had not
certed by the singularity of an Edgar Poe or a
checked, for the moment at least, the demon-
Walt Whitman. They are shocked by the absence
of utility in his work, by the lack of that didac-
stration. M. André Fontainas, the Franco-
tism which he so vehemently attacked. They are
Belgian writer and poet, actually had in type
not open to what Stedman already praised in
when mobilization began his "La Vie d'Edgar him, the absolute love of beauty, and are inclined
Poe” (Paris: Mercure de France), which will to see in him only, as Emerson put it, 'the jingle-
now see the light only when peace comes and man. They are all the more ready to accept the
which promises to be the most important book
existence of his vices because these seem to be the
yet published in France concerning Poe. M.
cause of what disconcerts them in his work."
Fontainas can speak with considerable au- The progress of Mme. Marcelle Tinayre's
thority, being an author of established repu- next novel, “La Route Secrète" (Paris:
tation, associated with the early symbolists, Calmann Lévy), was also checked by the war.
whose name has appeared on the title-page of She was in Paris at the moment of the
seven volumes of poetry, three novels, and a mobilization, and of course was carried off
half-dozen other works devoted to art, biog- her feet, as were even many of us foreigners,
raphy, the theatre, etc. He is, furthermore, by the magnificent manner in which the
well acquainted with the English language superb youth of France swept through the
and literature, and has translated into French capital to the threatened front. What she
parts of De Quincey, Keats, and Meredith. then saw and felt, she has described in “Le
Referring to his forthcoming book,"while Départ” (Paris: Calmann Lévy). But she
stricken to the heart's core by the ineffable is now at Toulon, in her retreat by the sea,
woes of my misused native land," he writes deep in her story again,- which, however, is
to me as follows:
to be given a turn not contemplated at first,
“I have based my statements on more reliable as it will reflect the all-absorbing crisis
and completer documents than those possessed by through which Europe is passing, and which
Baudelaire or Stéphane Mallarmé, to whose memo- has struck down into this mother's heart in a
ries I dedicate my volume. I have tried to be very peculiar way, for her seventeen-year-old boy,
impartial, notwithstanding my profound admira-
a sculptor in embryo," catching the univer-
tion for the grand American poet whose glory is
sal fever, is clamoring " to go too."
more wide-spread in some European countries than
in his native land. I am quite ready to recognize
And it is this same calamity which contra-
the weaknesses and faults of Edgar Poe on many
dicts the rumor that has appeared in several
unfortunate occasions; but the conclusions which English and American literary journals that
I draw therefrom are not marked by the severity,- M. Edmond Rostand is engaged on a new
bias, I am almost led to say,-- of Mr. Woodberry."
volume of poems.
“This is not the moment
M. Fontainas concludes that Poe was not to try to court the Muses,- at least for a
an habitual drunkard, or an alcoholist, or a Frenchman.. Even war songs should not be
dipsomaniac; and, taking into consideration inspired now."
all the surrounding circumstances, he con- Even such a staid writer as M. Salomon
siders him to have revealed a “really heroic Reinach is affected in the same way. The
nobility of character." Nor does M. Fon. editor of the "Loeb Classical Library,” Dr.
tainas accept Mr. Woodberry's version of T. E. Page, asked me, if I chanced to see
Poe's ignominious death; and to the accusa- M. Reinach (who, it will be remembered, gave
tion that the poet's compositions were con- Mr. Loeb the idea of founding this noble col-
ceived " in the fumes of drunkenness and the lection), to inquire when they might expect
hallucinations of opium," M. Fontainas op- to have the manuscript of the promised
poses the statement that we have here a “Lucan.” M. Reinach's excuse for the delay


358
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
was much like the remark of M. Rostand,- other observers whom he quotes, though there
“the war has prevented my getting started.” is likely to be a loss of prestige in certain
Another minor preventive, but of quite an. quarters that might be pointed out by a self-
other sort, also due to the war, will interest confident prophet surveying the university
American readers, as it is a fresh and rather world. Certain studies, such as history, di-
striking example of the attention which Eu- plomacy, and international law, will probably
rope pays to our position in regard to this be stimulated, and it may well be that the
conflict. M. Reinach, in the midst of his many study of certain modern languages, with their
other tasks, finds time to prepare a series of
literature, will receive a fresh impetus, per-
little unbound volumes, “Voix Américaines " haps at the expense of a certain other, or
(Paris: Berger-Levrault, 60 centimes each), others, in a manner not unconnected with the
made up of translations and analyses of the final issue of the struggle. The compilation
best contributions from American pens about of opinions presented by Dr. Thwing is found
the war appearing in our periodicals and by him to illustrate “ several great truths,”
newspapers. Two of these excellent brochures and foremost among them the following: “It
have been issued, and a third is in press. illustrates the intimacy of the ties binding
Nor has the war hampered “The Loeb
nation to nation. These ties are not simply
Library" only in the matter of a delay in the diplomatic understandings and political alli-
translation of “Pharsalia.” Dr. Page writes
ances. They are also great relationships cov-
me: “When I retired four years ago, I was ering every part of the life of man. No nation
looking forward to rest and some indepen- can say to another nation, I have no need of
dent work, but Mr. Loeb's enterprise seemed thee.' The relations are the growth of gen-
to me so full of generosity and wisdom that erations of struggle and of mingled fellow-
I have attended to nothing else, except inci- ship and enmity. Any breaking of these ties
dentally; and though at the present time, the throws each of these relationships out of its
work can only be conducted imperfectly, I proper place. Education among them is thus
hope at any rate to see it through these trou- made to suffer. Its place in the sun is thus
bled times"; and then, coming down to the obscured, its laws are broken, and its work-
more purely clerical side of the labor, he tells ings interrupted.” Woeful is the damage to
how we have lost two secretaries who have
the things of the higher life, as any writer on
enlisted, and have only partial use of a girl the topic chosen by Dr. Thwing must have
typist.” And from Munich, where the war
been forced to admit; but in the very fact
found him caring for his health, Mr. James
that this damage is discerned and deprecated
Loeb writes: "My own experience proves
lies hope for ultimate reparation, so far as
that in troubled times such as the world is reparation is possible.
now experiencing, there is no better or more
delightful refuge than the Greek and Latin
“ THE INSECTS' HOMER," as Henri Fabre
classics afford.” So if the war has checked has often been called, with ascription of the
the output of the presses for the moment, it epithet to Victor Hugo's poetic invention, has
has sent some of us back to the old books that died at the age of nearly ninety-two. Provence,
never grow stale; and thus we are enabled to
the country of Mistral, who discovered him
escape the censure of Guizot when he says: in the obscurity and poverty that were almost
“ Ceux qui n'ont pas parcouru les études his lifelong portion, and who procured for
grecques et latines ne seront de toute leur vie him a modest pension from the government,
que des parvenus en fait d'intelligence." was the scene of his birth and death and the
THEODORE STANTON. loving study that he devoted to the bees and
Paris, September 30, 1915.
spiders and other insects. Born of
Born of poor and
uneducated parents, Fabre struggled with
poverty from the beginning and was forced
to acquire as best he could the excellent edu-
CASUAL COMMENT.
cation in natural science that his writings
HIGHER LEARNING AS AFFECTED BY THE WAR show him to have possessed. Teaching, of the
is the subject of a thoughtful article by Presi- least attractive and poorest-paid sort, was the
dent Thwing in the latest number of “The industry to which he turned for support as
Hibbert Journal.” Some readjustments and soon as he could meet its requirements. The
changes are inevitably taking place in the chair of physics at the college of Ajaccio,
educational field, and there will be others in with a salary of not more than eighteen hun-
the near future; but any serious or permanent dred francs, and, later, a similar position at
arrest of the advancement of learning seems the Lycée of Avignon, were held by him for
not to be feared by the writer or by those a while; but his true vocation was entomologi-


1915)
359
THE DIAL
cal study, with occasional ventures into lit-vice, for, says the writer, "rejection has stead-
erature as the poetic interpreter of the ied us and made us more thoughtful. It has
insects' habits. His “Souvenirs Entomolo- lessened conceit, improved the temper, made
giques" embrace the greater part of these us more kindly to the race, and turned us to
reports from the insect world, though shorter the vital work we can do well. And that is
studies appeared from time to time in various surely the test of sport.” After this the editor
periodicals. In our own language have been of "The Unpopular Review” ought to have
issued a number of works under his name, no idle hours for lack of manuscripts to reject.
but compiled with some freedom by others
from the body of his writings. Thus he is
THE POTENCY OF STYLE, in literature, is
known to English readers for his “Social Life such that it can often so dazzle the reader as
in the Insect World,” “Bramble-Bees and
to make him blind to the lack of thought and
Others,” “The Life and Love of the Insect,” invention behind it. Naturally no self-
“ The Life of the Fly,” “ The Life of the respecting person likes to find himself thus
Spider,” and “The Mason-Bees.” The poetic imposed upon, and the bare suspicion of
and imaginative quality of his writing raises fraud, however unfounded, will not seldom
him to a place high above all other author- excite hostility against the stylist. One of
naturalists.
Mr. Henry James's distinguished contempo-
raries, himself a writer quite different in
HOW TO BE HAPPY THOUGH REJECTED (not as
manner from the author of “The Golden
a lover, but as a writer for the magazines) Bowl," has rather wittily though not with
may be learned from an engagingly frank edi-
the keenest discernment remarked that Mr.
torial confession to be found in "The Unpop- James reminds him of an intelligent elephant
ular Review” for the current quarter. After
vainly trying to pick up a pea that has rolled
describing, probably with some exaggeration, into the corner of its cage. Is it perhaps
his nearly uniform unsuccess for twenty years
some lack of humor in Mr. James that makes
as a would-be contributor to magazines, and
it possible to say such a thing about him?
after admitting the worldly unwisdom of so Another stylist, of another nation, a poet and
lavish an
an expenditure of stationery and
romancer very much in the limelight just
stamps, the editor continues: “But the charm
now, is the author of the “ Canzone dei Dar-
of literary ambition is in its lack of wisdom. danelli,” the Italian patriot for whose cap-
One must exercise common-sense in earning ture the Austrian government is said to have
the livelihood; in the quiet of the study, with offered a reward of twenty thousand crowns,
fair paper and an easy pen, one may lock the people's idol at whose feet they prostrate
common-sense out of doors. Delightful is it, themselves in an ecstasy of adoration un-
after a day of compromises, to let one's own mixed with any suspicion that those feet may
notions have play. That conceit, laughed at
be of clay. And yet Signor d'Annunzio's
by nobody, will appeal to the editor, once it is
critics maintain that there is nothing but
set down with reserve and climax. That bit style to anything he has written. Is it pos-
of eloquence, debarred from the casualness of
sible that the mere trick of words, which this
society, will find its way home in print. Alas, it brilliant Italian certainly possesses, can raise
too comes back to my drawer of rejections, no one to such heights of popular favor! To the
longer inspiring.” But“ Writing as a Sport” winnowing hand of time it can safely be left
is the topic in hand, and so it must be remem- to determine what else there is in the product
bered that “if sports had not their pains and
of his pen; but even now it is clear enough
hardship, they would not be sports." The
that one who takes himself with such tremen-
writer even holds that “there is a richer expe- dous seriousness, and in so dramatic a man-
rience in getting a manuscript back than in ner, is not exactly rich in the saving grace of
winning any other game. In no other game humor.
may one lose so handsomely." Writing often
a the to
appear in print does not much matter. "A of a less interesting
sort, seems to have pos-
man who has confided his dearest theories to sessed that asylum inmate who astonished
an editor and promptly got them back is a and delighted the late editor of the Oxford
better neighbor. He is never quite the same Dictionary by sending him, first and last, be-
man: he is, somehow, vastly improved.” tween five thousand and eight thousand quo-
Therefore it is urged upon all who have ideas tations useful in his great work. Dr. W. C.
pressing for utterance to "write them down Minor, the eccentric philologist in question,
and send them off for print" - or, more likely, was (or perhaps we should say is) an Amer-
for rejection. No malice lurks behind this ad ican surgeon who served in his professional


360
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
capacity in our Civil War, became a victim consin one hundred and thirteen libraries of all
to periodic fits of insanity, shot a man, a sizes show collective gains of about seventy-
stranger to him, in one of these fits, but was five per cent in seven years. The city of Wash-
acquitted on the grounds of insanity, and ington increased its book-circulation by one
was confined in the Broadmoor Criminal hundred and fifty-six per cent in the last
Lunatic Asylum, where Dr. Murray, to his decade. And so on. Certainly there is little
intense surprise, found him. In the preface ground for absolute despair in the present
to the Dictionary Dr. Minor's services to that trend, however wide the gap between what is
work receive due acknowledgment. In our and what ought to be in such matters.
own experience, si parva licet componere mag-
nis, a certain mad philologist, a frequent
sender of unsolicited comments and criticisms attention in the reported utterance of Mr.
A LEXICOGRAPHER'S LAMENT comes to our
upon literary usages of the day, has demon-
F. Sturges Allen, General Editor of the
strated the possibility of retaining a more or
famous dictionary that still bears the name
less sane interest in scholarly pursuits after
of Noah Webster, who has been dead seventy-
sanity in some other respects has departed
two years. “It's a strange thing,” says Mr.
and confinement in an asylum has been found
Allen, with that fondness for the good old
necessary. In fact, this philological bent has
things of our youth that grows upon us as the
a way of manifesting itself in all sorts of
years pass,“ how the late generations are get-
unlikely quarters. No less a celebrity than
ting away from the old language, from the
the present editor of the above-named diction-
old figures of speech. The old simplicity,
ary, Dr. Henry Bradley (if he will pardon almost poetry, of nature images is going from
the mention of his name in this connection), ordinary conversation. Slowly, too, it is
began life as clerk in a Sheffield hardware going from poetry. I don't believe the world
house, with the most meagre sort of school to-day could produce a Spenser.” Of course
education behind him. Yet he rose rapidly not. Each generation speaks its own tongue,
to eminence in his chosen specialty, edited and the present age could no more produce
“The Academy” at one time, contributed to
a Spenser than his century could have given
that and other leading periodicals, thrice birth to a Kipling. One may regret, and with
served as President of the Philological So- | good reason, the carelessness, the laxity, one
ciety, was made a Fellow of the British Acad- might almost say the irreverence, that are
emy, and achieved many other distinctions in always threatening to make a shapeless wreck
addition to that of being chosen joint editor of our native language; but the designs of
and then editor-in-chief of the greatest dic- the wreckers never quite succeed, though they
tionary ever attempted (with success) of any always attain a measure of success. A later
language. If the son of a miller and clerk
remark of Mr. Allen's shows that even he is
to a hardware dealer can accomplish these by no means devoid of hope for the future.
things, who shall say that philological hon-
Asked if he did not detect signs of danger
ors are not open to all competitors ?
" that the poetical qualities of the race are
being rubbed off by machinery, that the
STATISTICS CONCERNING THE BOOK-READING poetical qualities may ultimately be lost,” he
HABIT among our own people are communi- replied with both good sense and a sane op-
cated to “The Library Journal" by Mr. E. W. timism: “Oh, bosh!
timism: “Oh, bosh! The poetry of life is
Mumford of the Penn Publishing Company. life itself."
Whereas the head of the Macmillan Company
has deplored, in the pages of “The Atlantic A QUESTIONABLE ECONOMY · has begun to
Monthly," what he would have us believe to be show itself in the administration of public
a decline in the reading of good books and an libraries in England. It is true that with an
increasing resort to frivolous amusements, his income tax of a crown in the pound sterling,
Philadelphia contemporary sees unmistakable and likely to go higher, tax-payers must con-
signs of exactly contrary tendencies. For tribute with diminished zeal toward the sup-
example, the February number of “New York port of the local library; but on the other
Libraries” reported the free library circula- hand the public library provides the least
tion of books in New York City for the decade expensive and most wholesome form of popu-
ending in 1914 as nearly twelve millions in lar entertainment that can anywhere be
excess of that for the preceding decade, and found, and entertainment the people must
the Central Building alone shows a gain in have, of some sort, war taxes or no war taxes.
circulation for one year of more than a mil- At the recent meeting of the Library Associa-
lion, with a gain in the use of reference books tion (of England) disclosures were made that
amounting to nearly half a million. In Wis- | presaged ill for the immediate future, at


1915)
361
THE DIAL
A very
least, of the public libraries of our British fees would discourage children from paying
cousins. Current fiction is naturally the first them and lead to consequent carelessness in
to be struck off from the book-purchasing list, returning books on time. In occasional in
and it is feared that the more expensive of stances children have been allowed to balance
serious publications will follow. This latter the charge by giving an equivalent of work in
retrenchment would be cause for regret, how- the library, but in more cases the payment of
ever willingly one might consent to the other fines by installments has proved beneficial. At
reduction, Some more
or less disastrous least one youngster was heard to announce
effects from the European war debauch are that he had given up the 'movies' so that he
sure to show themselves in European libra- could save the money to redeem his library
ries generally, if not also in our own; for no card.”
smallest department of human activity seems
wholly exempt.
COMMUNICATIONS.
THE POETIC SERBIANS are presented in very
A FEW FACTS ABOUT BRYANT.
attractive colors to their English allies by the
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
ex-Minister from Serbia to the Court of St.
The warfare between facts and poetry, it has
James, Mr. Chedo Miyatovich. He asserts
been said, is a conflict as irreconcilable as that
that of all Slavonic nations the Serbians
between science and theology -- of which condi-
tion there is much evidence to be adduced. New
can legitimately claim to be the most poetical
items thereof perpetually and uninterruptedly ac-
one. Their language is the richest and the
cumulate, and the mass of it is more than moun-
most musical among all the Slavonic lan- tainous — it forms a world of itself.
guages. The late Professor Morfill, a man strange world, too — or so such an item as that
who was something of a Panslavist, repeat- contributed to THE DIAL of October 14 by Miss
edly said to me: “I wish you Serbians, as Harriet Monroe would give us to believe. As this
well as all other Slavonic nations, to join contribution is, moreover, in the nature of a reply
Russia in a political union, but I do not wish
to one of my own, entitled “Bryant and the New
Poetry," which previously had appeared in your
you to surrender your beautiful and well-
developed language to be exchanged for the
pages, I will perhaps be allowed sufficient of your
space, not to "answer" it but to point out briefly,
Russian!' On one occasion he went even so
in justice to the illustrious name that figures so
far as to suggest that the future United States
prominently (and to me so very strangely) in its
of the Slavs should adopt as their literary context, some particulars in which it is indeed
and official language the Serbian, as by far surprising.
the finest and most musical of all the Slavonic Doubtless it is a much better, a vastly more de-
tongues.” Of somewhat questionable euphony sirable thing, to be a live
new
poet than a dead
might seem to an outsider a language abound-
great one. For the living bard -- or “bardess," as
ing in such harsh geographical names as
the case may be — can not only write “new”
poetry, but can in addition indulge in the pleasant
the present war has made familiar to our eyes,
and poetical pastime of belittling if not actually
though not yet to our tongues. Those inter-
vilifying, of misrepresenting if not deliberately
ested in the Serbs and their capabilities in lit-
falsifying, not only the poetry but the probity of
erature are referred to Mr. W. M. Petrovitch's the mighty dead. And the mighty dead cannot
"Hero Tales and Legends of the Serbians," one perhaps rather luckily for the living little --- make
of the books of the season, from the preface to reply, save as their works, which have lived after
which the passage above quoted is taken. them, and the records of their lives (such as are
extant), may speak.
Now I have not the slightest disposition to
believe that Miss Monroe wishes to be other than
A CONCESSION TO DELINQUENT BOOK-BORROW-
fair in her critical estimate of Bryant — which
ERS might, as a rule, encourage further delin-
we are all of us at liberty to acclaim or to repu-
quency. On the other hand, a too rigorous
diate as our individual tastes and preferences may
enforcement of the rules relating to fines prompt. She has chosen to belittle him, that
might drive an impecunious borrower away being, doubtless, in her opinion no more than
from the library. Let us call attention to his poetical pretensions deserve. Whether her
what seems to be a wise exercise of discretion
on the part of the Springfield (Mass.) libra- reading of that poetry can establish. It, and it
rian, who reports as follows: "A procedure in alone, can validly speak in its own behalf to those
the case of children who have had overdue
who care to hear.
But it is quite another matter when we come to
books and 'failed to pay the fees has been
the facts of Bryant's life, to which Miss Monroe,
worked out satisfactorily. It seemed undesir-
in her communication above referred to, devotes
able to deprive a child of the use of the library considerable space, incidentally quoting from an
because of his neglect, and yet to remit these
editorial which previously she had contributed to
on "placing 9 of his poetry is correet or not only the


362
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
her own magazinelet, “ Poetry.” I will reproduce out in 1876, and in 1878 a third one, still again
a portion of her remarks, as follows:
enlarged. It is a copy of this edition which for
“In that editorial I told of a publisher's statement over twenty years has held an honored place in
that Bryant, toward the end of his long life, used to my library, and turning to it I quote as follows
sell his name, along with his venerable portrait, as from the “ Publisher's Preface":
the author of books which he neither wrote nor edited,
Shortly before his death, observing with gratifi-
such as ‘Bryant's History of the United States' and
cation the great popularity attained by his book and
* Bryant's Collection of Poetry and Song,' to such an the growing demand for it, Mr. Bryant desired to
extent that he was known among New York publish- thoroughly revise the work and make it still more
ers as 'the great national tone-imparter.'
worthy of the public esteem and his own fame. . .
“ This story always comes back to me when I make The enlargement and reconstruction of this work
the detour from Fifth Avenue to see the beautiful rear entailed upon Mr. Bryant much labor, in conscientious
façade of the New York Public Library. Here a and thorough revision of all material,- cancelling,
throned figure of the venerable poet faces the park inserting, suggesting, even copying out with his own
named in his honor, and offers us his life as a high band many poems not readily attainable except from
inspiration to American youth.
To whose memory
his private library - in short, giving the work not
was the statue erected — the poet of the Thanatopsis only the sanction of his widely honored name, but also
or the 'great national tone-imparter'? If the former, the genuine influence of his fine poetic sense, his
are we not honoring too much the man who did his unquestioned taste, his broad and scholarly acquain-
best work at nineteen? — and if the latter, are we not tance with literature.”
honoring too much the man who sold out ?'”
This in itself settles the question regarding
Continuing in the same strain, Miss Monroe holds whether Bryant really edited his “Library of
Bryant up to ignominy as an artist who was not Poetry and Song” or merely “sold out his
“true to his vision "; as one who "preferred to name and portrait to the publishers as an adver-
lead a comfortable life and be a good journalist tising asset. But beyond that we have the lengthy
rather than a poet, and so he descended from the Introduction with the sub-title, “ Poets and Poetry
serene nobility of Thanatopsis to the puerile pieties of the English Language," written and signed by
of the Hymn to the Sea, The Future Life, The ! Bryant for the original edition, as well as the
Crowded Street and many other truly orthodox similar preface which he also affixed to the second
utterances. . . Bryant was, in short, a man born | edition.
to be a poet who sacrificed the muse, not to those So much for one of Miss Monroe's allegations.
violent enemies, the flesh and the devil, but to that As for that regarding the second work, “Bryant's
more insidious one, the world - or, in other
Popular History of the United States," concerning
words, comfort and respectability.” With much
which she makes, on the authority of the same
more to the same effect, to which the reader can unnamed publisher, similar charges,- it dissolves
readily refer in your issue of October 14.
into thin air in the same manner when investi-
Now these would be very damaging assertions if gated.
true. But, as it happens, they simply are not This history (aside from the lengthy signed his-
true. It was Bryant himself who wrote that torical preface) was never claimed to have been
“ Truth crushed to earth will rise again "; and in written by Bryant. It was in the main the work
the present instance, as regards him, I should like of Sidney Howard Gay, but there were numerous
to hold out an assisting hand to Veracity as she collaborators, among them writers as well known
arises from beneath the debris where Miss Monroe as Edward Everett Hale, E. L. Burlingame, etc.,
has inhumed her.
etc. And the connection of Bryant with the under-
Who was the very vague “publisher” who made taking was very clearly and explicitly set forth in
the preposterous statement upon which Miss Mon- the preface to the second volume in the following
roe has based her still more preposterous ones?
terms:
One would like to know,- for he should write his
“ To the first volume of this History, as well as to
own romances instead of publishing those written this, it is due to say that the oldest living and most
by other people. The allegation that Bryant distinguished American scholar, whose name it bears,
“sold his name, along with his venerable portrait,
has given to every line — read in proof, before print-
as the author of books which he neither wrote nor
ing — the benefit of his careful criticism, his ripe
judgment and his candid discrimination.”
edited, such as ‘Bryant's History of the United
States' and 'Bryant's Collection [sic] of Poetry This second volume appeared almost coincidently
and Song'
"" is so gross a misstatement as to be with the death of the poet, in 1878; and as the
absurd. By “Bryant's Collection of Poetry and
two concluding volumes did not come from the
Song” I take it that Miss Monroe means The
press for some time, the final one not until 1882,
Family Library of Poetry and Song, edited by
there was absolutely no chance for any misappre-
William Cullen Bryant"; and it also occurs to
hension regarding Bryant's authorship.
me that when she is making such serious charges
These facts — and they are the unimpeachable
concerning a work she should at least know enough
ones — reveal pretty fully, I think, the grotesque
regarding the book itself to be able to quote its
nature of Miss Monroe's remarks, and the totally
title correctly. As for the facts about this work
unwarranted character of her allegations regard-
a work so well known that it has run through ing the “ man who sold out."
many editions — they are as follows: It was Let us now glance briefly at her further accusa-
originally issued in 1870, and at once became tion that Bryant “sacrificed the muse to the
widely popular, the demand for it being so insis- world, or, in other words, to comfort and respec-
tent that a new edition, much enlarged, was got tability.”


1915)
363
THE DIAL
99
99
Bryant was born in 1794. His father was a ing point of his fortunes; but he had yet "a bard
country doctor in a tiny New England village, a row, to hoe.” The paper was not then strongly
man altogether admirable but without "an eye to established, and its value was small
so small
the main chance." He was always in straitened that four years later he was able to buy a con-
circumstances to the day of his death, and his trolling interest in it for $2,000, which he bor-
family found the most rigid economy a necessity, rowed for the purpose. This was in 1829. Eight
while his sons were forced to enter the struggle years later he thought it safe to undertake the
with the world with no resources except such as | European tour which he had long dreamed of;
those which the force of heredity and the best but returned to find that mismanagement during
up-bringing that their parents found it possible / his absence had been such as to force him to go
to provide had endowed them with. William deeply into debt to straighten out the tangle, and
Cullen, as Miss Monroe truly says, was born a to bind himself to the wheel again — like “ a
poet.” But he was also born a human being, with draught horse harnessed to a drag," as he ex-
the necessity of food, clothes, love, and a fireside. pressed it.
He first tried the law, and drilled away at it for This is an outline of the manner in which
a number of years. In his own words, at a time Bryant, to quote the language of Miss Monroe,
when his poetic genius was clamoring for utter- “sacrificed the muse to the world” — and
sold
ance (the era of “Thanatopsis," To a Water- out” his " name and venerable portrait” to pro-
fowl,” “Fairest of the Rural Maids," " Summer mote publications sailing under false colors in his
Wind," "A Forest Hymn"), and
| old age. I do not offer this outline on the author-
Each gaze at the glories of earth, sky and ocean ity of some nameless New York publisher, but as
To my kindled emotions was wind over flame," attested historical fact of which the proofs are all
he was being
of record. Unless all credible witnesses are at
“Forced to drudge for the dregs of men
fault, if ever there was a poet whose personal
And scrawl strange words with the barbarous pen.”
probity was irreproachable that poet was William
Cullen Bryant. If ever there was a poet who had
The struggle was a severe one — and it was
complicated by his early marriage and growing ity and sacredness of poetry and the practice
a higher or more dignified conception of the nobil-
family. It was as impossible for a penniless New
Englander to live by poetry alone, to say nothing tion throughout his life, I have never heard of
thereof or held more steadfastly to that concep-
of supporting a wife and family, in the United
him. And, habituated as I have become to the
States of 1825 (or for many years afterward) as
reckless assaults which the new
it is for a bee to gather honey from hornblende.
poetry makes
“ Thanatopsis was written in 1811, the “ Water-
upon the poetry of the past, it has been with a
fowl” in 1815. The one waited seven years, the
feeling not so much of surprise as of pain that I
other four, for publication, finally appearing in defence of one whose name and whose fame, alike
have found it necessary to thus come to the
1818 in the “ North American Review (then an
as a poet and as a man, should be a precious heri-
obscure literary bantling), to which Bryant's
father, who had found them in his son's desk, had
tage to all the generations of Americans who shall
come after him.
JOHN L. HERVEY.
sent them without the latter's knowledge. Their
author received no payment for them; and when,
Chicago, Oct. 22, 1915.
three years later, their publication having caused
him to be hailed as the first great American poet,
VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND CITIZENSHIP.
he issued his first volume of verses, what was the
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
result? Why, five years after its publication he I wonder if the “vocation of enlightened citi-
had realized net profits, from the sales, of pre- zenship and other vocations
are really such
cisely $14.92!
extremes as Dr. Showerman suggests in his arti-
Finally, in 1825, Bryant took a desperate step. cle published in your issue of Sept. 30. I wonder
He recognized that his vocation was literature, and if the ultimate end of liberal education is only the
that the only place in which its practice would production of the ideal citizen and the ideal State.
yield him a livelihood was New York City; so It is not conceded by all intellectual experts and
there be removed, as, in his own phrase,
educators that the State is the final end of life, or
erary adventurer.” Previous to this time, as a that citizenship is the only aim of education. The
poet, he had been receiving the princely stipend fundamental principle of democracy repudiates
of $200 a year for contributing to the “U. S. the assumption that the State - the end of
Literary Gazette " not less than one hundred lines education.
of poetry each month. Miss Monroe can figure That some business and professional men
it out for her herself,” if she wishes to, as a prob- handicapped by an incomplete knowledge of
lem alike in poetical stimuli and domestic economy. fundamentals cannot be denied. But that the
At the same time Bryant sold his poems, wherever handicap is due to an incomplete liberal education
a market offered, for two dollars apiece!
is an assertion not substantiated by the facts. It
In New York, leaving his family in the country, is true we have too many stenographers and
he grubbed along as best he might, and was having printers and proofreaders who cannot be trusted
a bitter time of it financially, until at last chance with spelling, punctuation, and composition. It
threw in his way an associate editorship of the may be noted, however, that if these inefficient
"Evening Post,” which he accepted as one ship workers had enjoyed the benefits of vocational
wrecked does a friendly sail. It proved the turn- ! training instead of being bored by following the
66
a lit-
66
are


364
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
1
dubiously helpful labyrinths of Latin conjugations We must preserve certain elements of both and
and other dead high-school inheritances, they discard others. Moreover, we must remember that
would know how to spell, to punctuate, and to the individual as well as the State must benefit
write compositions. Had they been taught spell- by our system of education. On its social side,
ing, punctuation, and composition in a vocational education aims at the preservation of the State;
class, organized for the definite purpose of pre-
on its individual side, it aims to produce rounded
paring them for the occupations they were to as well as thoroughly equipped men and women.
pursue, instead of learning these branches in the Let us not forget, however, that good citizenship
dry, helpless, uninteresting method of the ordi- is secured only when the individual is fitted to do
nary English class organized for an indefinite use his particular work. When we have cultivated
in a still more indefinite future, there probably mental power, broadened our vision, deepened
would be no occasion for this criticism. It is true our perceptions, and refined the intellectual and
that we have reporters, editors, and writers who
spiritual temper, we still fall short of fulfilling the
use slip-shod English; it is true that many teach- duties of citizenship. We have hitched the horse
ers are inefficient; and that numerous lawyers, only partly to the wagon. Citizenship implies
physicians, and other professional men need ful- efficiency to fill our place in the scheme of civil
ness and rounding. But these defects can be
and social affairs -- in other words, to accomplish
remedied only by improving vocational training,
with the skill that comes from special training,
not by inflating an already hazy education that
the work society gives us to do. To complete the
leaves the victim of it hanging helpless in the air.
figure, we must hitch to the cross-piece both tugs
Dr. Showerman's article leaves the impression
that draw the wagon. The great vocation needs
that vocational training is not liberal or cultural.
both types of learning.
ORVIS C. IRWIN.
It cannot be denied that some vocational training Londonville, Ohio, Oct. 15, 1915.
is based on this lamentable principle. Usually the
aim of cultural education is the cultivation of
THE GERMAN WAR BOOK AGAIN.
mental power and the acquisition of knowledge.
A well-regulated vocational school teaching a bal-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
anced curriculum can accomplish this. It is not
Mr. Tannenbaum's somewhat acrimonious letter
proved that a liberal education is the only means (in your issue of Sept. 30) on my review of “ The
to secure mental power. It requires as much
War Book of the German General Staff” (issue
mental effort, as much hard thought, to assemble
of Sept. 2) might be allowed to pass harmlessly
a gasoline motor as to assemble the dry bones of a into oblivion, were it not that it ignores in an
dead language into a useless sentence or para-
astonishing way a point which the reviewer had
graph or composition. Moreover, in assembling a
thought would be manifest to all. Mr. Tannen-
gasoline motor, or in making a table, or in baking baum asks, “ Since when is the doctrine that neces-
a loaf of bread, we are learning something of the sity knows no law a German doctrine?” The
real everyday body of useful knowledge which is answer is obvious: since August 4, 1914, when the
needed to turn the wheels of life. Vocational German Chancellor proclaimed it unqualifiedly in
training supplemented by proper liberalizing stud- the Reichstag. Speaking of the invasion of Bel-
ies can accomplish more than a liberal education gium, von Bethmann-Hollweg said on that occa-
so called. The refinement of intellectual and spir-
sion : "We are now in a state of necessity, and
itual temper need not be lost. The perceptions necessity knows no law.” A little reflection will
may be deepened, and the vision broadened, by a
show that the doctrine is not synonymous with
curriculum that judiciously embodies the liberaliz- self-defence, as your correspondent seems to as-
ing and spiritualizing elements of the old system
sume, but is a negative and euphemistic form of
with the usefulness of the new.
might makes right.” Human frailty, which is
After all, the day of poorly trained lawyers,
not confined to Germany, has made use of the plea
preachers, and physicians, together with the atten-
in all ages and climes to cloak injustice, but the
dant hosts in other professions, is rapidly passing.
reviewer is not aware that any modern state save
Yesterday, the day of liberal education, produced
the present Imperial German Government has
medical men whose education consisted of a year's
ever deliberately emblazoned that device on its
study with a country practitioner. The long-
escutcheon.
suffering public then became the victims of his As to charges of unfairness (and even of false-
ignorance. It was during the régime of liberal hood!) the reviewer would like to assure the read-
education that a prospective lawyer could read a
ers of The Dial that the text of the War Book
few law-books and pass the bar-examination. It
was reproduced literally in the two quotations.
was also during this régime that the preacher with
A score or more of other passages might have
an unspeakable theology and the questionable
been cited with almost equal appositeness. The
diploma of an indefinite something misnamed a
German General Staff speaks for itself in this
“ call,” undertook the elevation of morals and
book, and he who runs may read.
religion. The tendency and influence of the new For the rest it might be pointed out that Mr.
education resulted in legislation that eliminated Tannenbaum's comparison of the German War
the first two, and inspired a public opinion that is
Book with the American Naval War Code breaks
fast exterminating the third.
down in various ways. The regularly sanctioned
Liberal education need not oppose vocational usages of naval warfare differ from those of land
training. They may be made logical coördinates. warfare in certain important respects, as the na-
66


1915)
365
THE DIAL
massacre.
66
» which
ture of things requires. A careful scrutiny of the authority, and ng his voiced back nasal consonant.
two passages discloses also such differences of The New English Dictionary gives them each a
expression and implication in the American state- single character to that end, and there is no dis-
ment as will render probable a difference in the senting voice among phoneticians anywhere. Will
conduct of officers and men.
The American navy, Dr. Vizetelly explain why he uses the term “colos-
we are fain to think, would not be guilty of a sal ignorance" of others in this connection?
“ Lusitania
But the real heart of the
WALLACE RICE.
matter is that the tu quoque or “you're another"
Chicago, Oct. 18, 1915.
argument, so liberally employed by Mr. Tannen-
THE AUTHOR OF SANINE."
baum and other German apologists, is both ethi-
cally untenable and practically futile. American
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
indignation at the violation of Belgium, for exam- I am surprised that the Russian author Michael
ple, not only should not but also will not be Artzibashef (he is really an admixture of five
quenched by a reminder that America has mal- races) should be regarded as a so-called "prophet
treated the Indians in the past. And it is well of pessimism," when he distinctly says that in his
that this is so; if that form of argument were
view the outlook of any student of humanity is lia-
accepted as effectually silencing an opponent, all ble to continual change. “Each day, each hour
moral reprobation would cease and consequently
even,” he says, “ has its message for us."
all moral progress would be estopped.
It appears so plain to me that, while he is
THE REVIEWER.
acutely sensible of the unfortunate environment of
Oct. 16, 1915.
thousands of human beings, and to what appears
to be the injustice of their fate, he is only portray-
DR. VIZETELLY AND DIPHTIIONGS. ing a few individuals of the millions-or billions-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
of humanity. He has also said (in “ Sanine") that
May I call attention to a confusion of terms to
no one can get a right conception of life from
books. I observe also that his critics are prone to
be found on pages 290-291 of Dr. Frank H. Vize-
mistake the sentiments he attributes to the passing
telly's “Essentials of English Speech
emotions of his characters for his own opinions and
escaped the comment of your reviewer. He says:
“ We have been told that six of the symbols in the
beliefs, which is deplorable; and the liability to
National Education Association alphabet are 'conso-
such misconstruction is accentuated in the transla-
nants replacing our present symbols, which is unde-
tion of his writings.
sirable since the sounds to be represented are clearly
It is gratifying, however, to find his American
and adequately shown by our present letters.' This critics as a unit in recognizing the fact that he is
is not so — our present letters do not show the diph- essentially clean-minded. The character of Sanine,
thongal characters of ch, sh, ng, th, and zh. The though a puzzle to some of the critics, is intended
Committee of the National Education Association
to show that no man can be sure of himself in the
recommended the use of ties in certain of these sym-
toils of temptation. And here he also presents one
bols purposely to bring out this very diphthongal
of the awful facts in life,, the paralyzing power of
character. The amateur philologist, who declares
these undesirable, even though he may have sat at
a dominant will, call it hypnotism, mesmerism, or
the feet of the great professors of languages in the
what you please.
universities of Europe, simply shows colossal igno- Some things that I have not seen commented
rance as regards these digraphs. Every one of the upon (or only very lightly touched) are his admira-
great dictionaries has decided that the sound of these ble restraint and his remarkable gift of word paint-
letters is diphthongal.”
ing. He has told of his grief at not being able to
Dr. Vizetelly then goes on to quote from the devote his life to painting upon canvas; but he
late Dr. William T. Harris to the effect that ch is possesses the great gift of handling words as col-
diphthongal, a combination of t and sh.” This, ors, and his books are worth reading for this alone.
of course, is true, and it is a fact which the We also observe his extreme sensitiveness to sounds
N. E. A. alphabet does not in the least bring out and odors, his love of music, and his response to the
by tying a c and an h together in a digraph. But tones of the speaking voice. Not the slightest sigh
what can Dr. Vizetelly mean when he calls sh, ng, of the breeze or tremor of the leaves escapes him.
th, and zh diphthongal, and says that “
every one
A READER.
of the great dictionaries" has so decided ?
Chicago, Oct. 20, 1915.
On the contrary, there is no dictionary in En-
glish, no authoritative phonetic statement in or
A PROPOSED TESTIMONIAL TO MR. STEPHEN
PHILLIPS.
out of a dictionary, which has not decided the
direct reverse, that is, that the four sounds men-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
tioned (really five, since th stands for two differ- There are in the United States so many admir-
ent consonants) are monophthongs. Selecting the ers of Mr. Stephen Phillips that I hope you will
one consonantal diphthong out of the group of allow me through your columns to ask them to
five (or six), and quoting Dr. Harris to prove that communicate with me, the publisher of “The
it is a consonantal diphthong, does not prove Poetry Review” (of which Mr. Phillips is editor),
anything regarding the others, which are single with a view to joining in a practical expression of
sounds, sh the voiceless and zh the voiced open recognition and appreciation of his genius.
point teeth consonants of Mr. Sweet,—th as in
ERSKINE MACDONALD.
" thin” the voiceless, and th as in “then” the 16 Featherstone Buildings, Holborn,
voiced open blade point consonants of the same London, W.C., England.


366
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
in these pages of Carl Schurz, Grover Cleve-
The New Books.
land, William H. Baldwin, Henry Villard,
Roger A. Pryor, Joseph H. Choate, and many
other leaders of opinion.
RECOLLECTIONS OF A PUBLISHER AND
MAN OF ACTION.*
Mr. Putnam's prose is always easy and
limpid, and sometimes sparkling. Here is a
The activities of Mr. George Haven Put-
passage describing the launching of a cele-
nam have been so multifarious that it is diffi-
brated leviathan of fiction :
cult to pick out the central strand of his life.
As a publisher, as a sort of unofficial agent 1880, just as I was preparing to close my desk, a
“ One afternoon, some time in the winter of
to preserve the intellectual comity of England young lady and her father came in, the latter bur-
and the United States, as a worker for Civic
dened with an enormous package of manuscript.
Reform, as Secretary of the International
The daughter was about twenty, and admitted that
Copyright League, he has done a full stint of this was her first attempt at literary production.
work, and may be said to be coming home The father did most of the talking, but his state-
to-day, “ bringing his sheaves with him.” ment that the story that his daughter had pro-
The first instalment of Mr. Putnam's auto-
duced was certain to attract widespread attention
biography, published early last year under
was a word that is listened to so often in a pub-
lishing office that it did not impress me very
the title “Memories of My Youth,” brought seriously. I could only dismiss my callers with
the narrative of the author's life to the com-
the word that the manuscript would receive care-
pletion of his twenty-first year and the close
ful attention. The great amount of the material,
of the Civil War. The volume now published, the admitted inexperience of the author, even the
“ Memories of a Publisher," deals with the detail that the script had been written, not in ink
ensuing half century of time. It is mainly a but in pencil and on yellow instead of white
bundle of little essays - sketches in biog- sheets, gave a pretty strong impression against the
raphy of some of the remarkable personalities probability that the story possessed any publish-
with whom the author has come into contact.
ing importance. I put a few of the first chapters
into my bag and began the reading rather late in
"Hands across the sea” has been one of
the evening when I had gotten through with other
the mottoes of Mr. Putnam's life, and some matters. I found myself annoyed, notwithstand-
of the pleasantest chapters of his book are
ing the troublesome strain on my eyes from the
what might be termed a cross-section of the pencil script, that I had not brought home more
intellectual life of England as represented at chapters. The old man was right in his contention
the great universities. Many of the digni- that the manuscript would attract at once the
taries and scholars of Oxford and Cambridge attention of the reader, for the book was the
famous Leavenworth Case,' and the murder,
are the subjects of illuminating sketches.
the solution of which constitutes the problem of
The dons seem to have put off their donnish-
the story, occurs in the second chapter. The narra-
ness in Mr. Putnam's company, and become
tive was absorbing, but its exceptional compass
really human. In this connection, it may be made it difficult, if not impossible, to manage on
noted that he has repaid his hosts by a strong ordinary publishing lines. As first written The
advocacy of their cause in the present crisis. Leavenworth Case contained about 200,000 words.
In the appendix to this book are collected the In arranging for another call from the father and
strong letters he has written to the public daughter, I expressed my cordial interest and at
prints about the causes and conduct of the
the same time pointed out the difficulty from a
business point of view in the management of such
war. In particular he has repudiated, most
earnestly, any possible parallel between the
an elephant of a romance. With a good deal of
protest Miss Green accepted the task of elimi-
acts of the Union army and the German
nating certain portions of the narrative, but it
atrocities in Belgium.
was as if she had undertaken to cut up a baby.
We fancy that Mr. Putnam's preference is Twice did the manuscript go back for curtailment,
rather for action and men of affairs than for but as finally printed the volume still contained
thought and purely literary people. His own
160,000 words."
first choice of a profession was forestry, and There is less in Mr. Putnam's book about
he gave three years of his early life to soldier- the publishing enterprises of his firm than
ing. It is natural, therefore, that the tree might be expected. Considerable space is
should take the inclination of the twig. He devoted to an account of the publication of
has always been associated with fighters and the series of “ Writings of the Fathers of the
reformers in public affairs, and indeed puts Republic,” which may fairly be called among
forth a claim to having been the original the major undertakings of the kind in this
“mugwump.” There is much intimate report country. It covers the writings of Washing-
ton. Franklin, Hamilton, Madison, Monroe,
MEMORIES OF A PUBLISHER. By George Haven Putnam,
With portrait. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Samuel Adams, George Mason, Thomas Paine,
Litt.D.


1915)
367
THE DIAL
and Lincoln. Later the firm published the It is therefore desirable that these revised
“International Series," the "International
"International judgments and newly discovered facts should,
Science Series," the "Story of the Nations at more or less regular intervals, be gath-
series, and the “Heroes of the Nations" series. ered, sifted, weighed, and woven into a re-
Mr. Putnam has issued a fair shelf-full of statement of what may be, in essence, an old
books of his own. In 1893 he brought out story. For this reason the authors of the
“Authors and Their Public in Ancient “Riverside History of the United States"
Times,” a work which, though based on Ger- have undertaken
have undertaken "to describe in proper pro-
man scholarship, is valuable because it covers portions and
portions and with due emphasis .. the
ground hardly touched upon in English. forces, influences, and masterful personali-
Later, he added a study of “Books and ties which have made the country what it is."
Their Makers in the Middle Ages,” which is This is no small task which they have at-
largely an investigation as to how far the tempted, for the growth of the American
Church, with its two sets of Indexes, Pro- people cannot be treated as the simple an
hibitory and Expurgatory, interfered with steady development of a nation, the various
authorship and publication in Europe. In parts of which have been in harmonious
1909 there appeared from his pen a biograph- accord as to ideals -- political, social, eco-
ical study of Lincoln. An illustrated frivol- nomic, or intellectual — and the methods of
ity entitled “The Gingerbread Man" has had realizing them. On the contrary, this growth
something of a popular success. The memoir has been an unsteady one, because sectional
of his father and the two volumes of his own prejudices have been slow in giving way to
"Memories" complete the tale of Mr. Put- national sentiment.
nam's contributions to literature.
Professor Becker, who contributes the vol-
We have left to the last what many people ume on "The Beginnings of the American
will consider Mr. Putnam's most important People,” writes from the viewpoint of the
service. He inherited from his father the student of European history, and for this
interest in and the lion's share of the work of reason his work is of more than passing
furthering International Copyright. The
interest. He sees the colonies as parts of the
two of them seem to have borne the brunt of European system. His thorough understand-
the fight for this important reform. As he i ing of European political affairs, of social
points out, the wrongs were not all on one conditions and ideals, and particularly of the
side. English publishers were just as free in economic theory of the age, enables him to set
“conveying" anything they wanted from forth in a remarkably clear and compact, but
American writers as our pirates were in deal- at the same time exceedingly entertaining
ing with English publications - only they way, the narrative of the three hundred
did not want so much. The whole question years with which he deals.
of copyright is still on an unsubstantial and Generally the works on American colonial
illogical basis. If any property at all is
history which come to the hand of the average
sacred it would seem to be those estates that reader lack this broader interpretation which
writers conjure up out of their own minds. is so essential to the proper understanding of
However, for the considerable protection thus the period. It is true that the facts pertain-
far secured, authors both in this country and ing to the founding of the colonies, their
abroad owe much to the self-sacrificing labors growth, and the development of their insti-
of Mr. Putnam and his associates.
tutional life are known, as are the incidents
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE. connected with the French occupation of and
expulsion from America. So, too, are the
issues which developed in the last half of the
THE MAKING OF AMERICA.*
eighteenth century, and which ended in the
severing of our connections with the mother-
Each year brings forth a constantly in-
country. But they are known from the
creasing number of special studies in the
standpoint of the American colonist. It is by
field of American history. These investiga-
no means damaging to one's Americanism to
tions, some of which are exceedingly careful
examine the problems of this period from the
monographs confined to limited periods, add
standpoint of the British imperialists whom
to the general knowledge of the subject and
circumstances forced into the position of
consequently modify the views of students.
empire-builders. Viewing questions of pol.
THE RIVERSIDE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
icy, as they did, in this light, it is reasonable
prising: Beginnings of the American People, by Carl L.
Becker; Union and Democracy, by Allen Johnson; Expan-
to assume that their views surpassed in
sion and Conflict, by William E. Dodd; The New Nation, by breadth those of many of the colonial leaders
Frederic L. Paxson.
Boston: Houghton Mif.
flin Co.
of the day, who, hampered by local pre-
Com-
With maps.


368
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
judices, drifted toward provincialism and zation of the commercial system — something
particularism.
which was demanded by the powerful mer-
Professor Becker shows clearly that eco- chant class now so important in English
nomic theory was at the bottom of the earlier affairs — was certain to interfere with the
colonial policy of England, as well as the profits of the commercial class in the colonies.
later imperialistic policy. The cardinal doc- The enlargement of territorial holdings
trine of the age was that to be politically meant a decided increase in the size of the
independent a nation must be self-sufficing. army; the reorganization of the administra-
In the nation dependent upon rivals for the tive machinery meant the creation of numer-
necessities, not only the prosperity of the
ous offices. The increased operating expenses
trading class was threatened, but the very could be met only by heavier taxation, a part
life of the nation itself. When the English of which the colonies would be expected to
merchants, in the age of Elizabeth, began to bear.
bewail the lack of markets, the chartered Upon these points of imperial policy was
trading and colonizing companies came into based the opposition to the mother-country.
existence. So it appears that the dependence One can scarcely deny that from a legal point
upon foreign countries for various commodi- of view the English statesmen had right upon
ties, coupled with the decline of the English their side. Lack of tact, however, and a
export trade, gave rise to the colonizing move- stubborn disregard for the prejudices of the
ment. Other influences contributed to the provincials, turned passive resistance into a
founding of the English plantations in Amer- revolt which rent asunder the imperial state
ica, but economic causes were of primary the English lords were trying so earnestly to
importance.
mould into an indestructible unit.
As the colonies grew in commercial and polit- It is not to be wondered at that the mother-
ical importance, the English statesmen came country could not win the undivided support
to feel more and more strongly that these na- of the American colonies for her imperialistic
tional investments should be made paying policy. The colonies had difficulties in agree-
ones. They determined to regulate the com- ing among themselves on any subject. When
mercial and political activities of these small it was scarcely possible for Puritan, Angli-
states, not with any idea of limiting their
can, Calvinist, Quaker, and Catholic to live
growth or prosperity, but because they be together in peace in this age of rancorous
lieved that through regulation the greatest religious prejudice, it was highly improbable
good would result to the greatest number of that these elements would gather themselves
English subjects. Thus the numerous regu- together into a single state without a decided
lating acts passed prior to 1765 were attempts struggle. Moreover, the geographical environ-
to foster the commerce and industries of the ments of these groups were such as would
whole nation at the expense of foreign coun- intensify rather than diminish the prejudices
tries, and to develop colonial industry along of each, since economic differences, so power-
lines which would not come into competition ful in influencing the formation of political
with English industry.
beliefs, were bound to develop. So it was
The overthrow of France in the New World that physiographic conditions, together with
brought some weighty problems to England. certain definite religious and political beliefs,
The latter country became an empire in terri- developed a political, social, and economic
torial extent, but in territorial extent only; unit in colonial New England which differed
for it lacked all the administrative machinery radically from the unit developed in Vir-
necessary for the consolidation and control ginia. Communication, except by sea, was
of a political organism so vast. The attempts well-nigh impossible; and each colony, devel-
to create an administrative system capable oping along its own lines, nursing its own
of regulating the internal and external rela- prejudices, and exalting its own ideals, strove
tions of this empire were of necessity experi- to become sufficient unto itself. Commerce,
mental in character, and were certain to meet the great agency for the widening of men's
with opposition wherever imperial interests minds, had little opportunity to exert its
ran counter to those of the small and widely | powerful influence upon these isolated bodies
scattered political units which heretofore had politic of seventeenth century America.
managed their own affairs according to their In the course of events, a common danger
own inclinations. To assure a more perfect from without compelled the colonies to bury
union, the political system must be over- their differences long enough to win inde-
hauled, and any such reorganization would pendence and a place among the nations of
of necessity tend to limit the chartered rights the earth. The treatment which Professor
of the American plantations. Any reorgani- | Becker accords to the Revolution is not the


1915]
369
THE DIAL
a
one generally set forth for American readers. raging, laid heavy burdens upon those who
It is impossible not to receive the impression guided the destinies of the new American
that even the few successes gained by the State. The unrest of these years was in-
poorly organized colonial armies in the early creased by the fact that the parties, divided
years of the war were due not so much to the as they were over the interpretation of the
patriotism of the American people as to the Constitution as to the relative powers of the
studied inactivity of the British generals. states and the national government, were also
“ The ministers (of England] had doubtless clearly in opposition as to the attitude which
thought that the policy of conducting the war with America should assume toward the warring
the olive branch and the sword in either hand
powers.
would prove successful. Certainly Howe had so Still another line of development - the
interpreted his instructions. He had fought only occupation of the West — served to compli-
when it was necessary to fight; easily accom- cate the situation. Professor Johnson points
plished everything he seriously attempted; never
out that the "
pressed an advantage; had supposed that by occu-
greatest obstacle in the path of
pying the principal cities, affording protection to
the people of the United States in their strug.
the loyal, and by moderation winning the luke-
gle towards national life was the vastness of
warm, the flame of rebellion would burn low for
the territory which they occupied." The
want of fuel and in good time quite flicker out." occupation of the trans-Alleghany country
As it was, the colonial army looked with con-
was one of the tremendous movements of
tempt upon
government which could the period. This was accomplished in the
neither feed nor clothe its soldiers; Congress face of the most serious opposition, not only
criticized the army for weakness, and feared upon the part of the Indians, but of the
it when it threatened to usurp congressional European nations as well, since each of these
powers. The states wanted to control their hoped by diplomatic intrigues among them-
own troops and direct their activities ; fur- selves, with the Indians, and with the settlers
thermore, they tried to dodge taxes and to
in the West, to establish themselves in the
leave their quotas unfilled. Here and there Mississippi Valley, and thereby rob the
a fortunate victory aided the cause of the
American people of the fruits of the late war.
colonies; the French alliance gave new life
This diplomatic contest for the possession of
to a weakened resistance; but most of all the
the West is one of the most fascinating and
steadfastness of purpose displayed by Wash complex studies in our history.
ington brought success to the American cause.
With the occupation of the West, which
Professor Becker's narrative thus differs in was accomplished with astonishing rapidity
several essentials from the version usually by the pioneers, a distinctly sectional feeling
accepted.
developed. The antagonism of the back-
The second volume of the set, “Union and country farmer of colonial Virginia toward
Democracy,” by Professor Johnson, covers the the planter of the tide-water country --
period from 1783 to 1828. The writer treats
which in itself was really class antagonism
first the commercial, financial, and political based upon differences in wealth, social posi-
troubles of that unfortunate experiment in tion, and political importance — appeared
government, the Confederation. The forma- again in the opposition of the young, provin-
tion of the Constitution, the organization of cial, trans-Alleghany West to the older and
the new national government, and the steps
more conservative East.
by which this government sought to establish
The West came into political power in
its authority over the states, are portrayed in
1811. Urged on by the hatred borne by the
the orthodox way. The period is interesting western men for the English, whom they
and complex; and although the term "criti- held responsible for most of the Indian trou-
cal period” is pretty generally applied to
bles along the frontier, it carried the nation
that of the Confederation, the years imme- into the second war with England. As far
diately following the adoption of the Consti- as land operations were concerned, this war
tution may also lay claim to an importance had little in it to which the American could
scarcely less great. Particularism was strong,
point with pride.” One lesson was not lost
respect for the national government was slow
on Madison, who, in a special message to Con-
of growth; party loyalty and factional ani- gress in 1815, wrote:
mosity often obscured the goal toward which
“ Experience has taught us that neither the paci-
the nation moved. The constant and strenu-
fic dispositions of the American people nor the
ous effort to establish itself as a nation, to
pacific character of their political institutions, can
altogether exempt them from that strife which
protect its subjects, to maintain its rights,
appears, beyond the ordinary lot of nations, to be
and at the same time to avoid being drawn incident to the actual period of the world; and
into the general European war which was the same faithful monitor demonstrates that a cer-
ور


370
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
tain degree of preparation for war is not only largely upon slavery. They could see, too,
indispensable to avert disaster in the onset, but that sooner or later the rapidly growing
affords also the best security for the continuance
North was to outstrip the South in the race
of peace."
for political supremacy, and consequently it
The influence of the war was beneficial, was but a question of time until the several
however. The nation was released from its branches of the national government would
close dependence upon Europe, and a favor- fall into the hands of those hostile to negro
able peace laid the foundations for the settle- servitude. This could mean only one thing:
ment of our differences with Great Britain. slavery would be declared illegal, and the
There developed, also, a national conscious- economic structure of the South would be
ness which drew attention to such internal ruined.
problems as the tariff, the bank, internal Southern leaders saw two possible ways
improvements, and the extension of slavery. through which the situation might be con-
During these years, too, came several of the
trolled. In the first place, the doctrine of
remarkable decisions of Chief Justice Mar-
strict construction of the Constitution must
shall, by which the doctrine of Federal
be rigidly adhered to, and developed still
supremacy over the states was first given further. This was done most skilfully by the
definite legal form.
powerful mind of Calhoun; and out of the
The triumph of American democracy came older doctrine grew the States Rights doc-
with the election of Jackson. The period trine, under which slavery in the common-
from Jackson to Lincoln, during which the wealths seemed safe. In the second place, the
nation wrestled with the most important South must keep her representation in the
problems it had been called upon so far to Senate equal to that of the North, which was
solve, has always been one of deep interest. certain to gain control of the House of Repre-
The volume covering this period of "Expan- sentatives. This could be accomplished by the
sion and Conflict” has the additional attrac- extension of slavery into the territories, in the
tion of being written by a Southerner. Pro- hope that when new commonwealths came to
fessor Dodd works upon the assumption that, seek admission to the Union they would come
except in extent of territory which they occu- with constitutions legalizing slavery. The
pied, the American people did not form a vigorous opposition of the North to this pol-
nation until after the close of the Civil War. icy led the sections into a series of violent
The assumption seems well founded, since sec- controversies which could not be disposed of
tional interests undoubtedly were uppermost by compromises. The fact that the territory
in the thoughts of all save a few of the most | left open by the Missouri Compromise to the
broad-minded leaders.
peaceful extension of slavery was decidedly
In this unsettled period the sectional feel limited in extent undoubtedly influenced the
ing which had existed between the Atlantic nation's policy of expansion which prevailed
states and those beyond the Alleghanies was in the forties.
submerged in a sectionalism much more vio- This storm and stress period, when the
lent in character, which was determined along South fought hard for the extension of its
lines of latitude instead of longitude. The power and the protection of its economic and
North was a land of towns and small farms; social organization, Professor Dodd treats
the South a land of plantations, where the from the standpoint of the historian, not the
problem from the very beginning of the plan- partisan. In addition to a clear sketch of
tation system had been that of labor. the political events of the time, he has found
Through the introduction of negro slavery, a space to give us a glimpse of the economic
solution had been reached at an early date. and social background so necessary to the
As long as the slave communities had been proper interpretation of these years of un-
confined to the Atlantic Plain, the question
The great personalities under whose
of the extension of slavery had not been leadership the sentiment of either section
one of great political significance. With the crystallized are briefly characterized, the
expansion of the slave power, coming after greater emphasis being laid, very properly,
the War of 1812 as the result of the rapid upon the influence each exerted in moulding
increase in the production of cotton and the political thought of the time. The chap-
tobacco, the opponents of the institution be- ters on “The Militant South,” “The Aboli-
came alarmed, and the question grew rapidly tionists" and "American Culture" will attract
in importance until it came to over-shadow attention, as will those on the war itself.
and finally to obscure all others. Very natu- The period from the close of the Civil War
rally the Southern leaders felt that the eco- to the present time, which Professor Paxson
nomic life of the South was dependent covers in “The New Nation," is, from the


1915)
371
THE DIAL
1
standpoint of the average college student at Probably the most interesting part of the
least, the “Dark Ages” of American history. volume is that dealing with the economic,
Still it is a period of very decided interest. social, and political reorganization of the na-
During the years of Reconstruction, states- tion which shows itself in the widespread
men and politicians alike wrestled with the unrest of recent years. New parties have
problem of the status of the seceded common- been formed to protest against the reaction-
wealths. An undignified struggle went on be- ary tendencies of the older political organiza-
tween the legislative and executive branches tions, and are demanding radical changes in
of the government, neither party being cer- the administrative system. A conflict is in
tain of its constitutional ground in the mat- progress to compel “big business" to con-
ter. In the meantime the South suffered form to the laws of the land. The restraining
under the rule of the carpet-bagger, which influence which the judiciary has exercised
ruined what remained of its civilization, over state legislatures in their battles with
wasted its scanty resources, fastened upon it the railroads has brought this branch of our
the rule of an inferior race, and delayed for government under closer scrutiny than ever
years the efforts of the planter to rebuild his before. There is an undoubted sentiment
wrecked economic system. In the end, it was against the so-called legislation by the judi-
the mysterious Ku Klux Klan and the ciary. Labor has organized to protect itself,
Knights of the White Camellia, whose ghostly and is making earnest demands for social and
riders struck terror into the hearts of the economic justice; the Far West is insisting
dusky politicians and rid the South of the that its interests be given consideration; the
hated political adventurers.
representatives of various powerful indus-
During the quarter century after the war tries are urging the national legislature to
the trans-Missouri West was occupied. These frame tariff bills consistent with the desires
are the times of the cattlemen of the Great of each. The people have awakened to the
Plains; of the miners of the Black Hills and value of the nation's natural resources, and
Colorado; of Red Cloud, Black Kettle, Crazy earnestly oppose that school of capitalists
Horse, and Chief Joseph; of Custer, Fetter- which supports the doctrine "that all natural
man, and Crook. Whoever loves the romance resources of the country should be trans-
of the frontier will find something here to ferred to private hands as speedily as possi-
interest him. During these years the trans- ble, at a nominal charge, or no charge at all.”
continental railroads bridged the American Many thousands of government documents,
Desert, brought about the disappearance of monographs, and editorials have appeared
the frontier, and relegated the picturesque treating these questions from every conceiv.
cowboy to the pages of fiction.
able point of view, and each colored by the
Qur foreign relations during the period sympathies of the writer. By gathering the
are also of much importance. For years after facts which are important, and presenting
the close of the war there was a decided ten- them in an orderly way, together with inter-
dency toward expansion, as is evidenced by pretations which are clear cut and consistent
the purchase of Alaska and the attempts to
with the principles of sound scholarship,
obtain the Danish West Indies and San Professor Paxson has made a contribution
Domingo. The settlement of the Alabama which will be appreciated by those who
Claims, the Venezuelan question, and our attempt to grasp the significant things in the
several boundary controversies indicate the development of this exceedingly interesting
beginning of an era of cordial relations with period.
the other great English-speaking people. Our The “Riverside History" is a good one,
relations with Spain grew more and more but it will be found more serviceable to the
strained through these years, until at last we reader who has some groundwork in the sub-
became involved in a war with that nation ject than to him who has none. The treat-
and emerged from it a world power. Pro- ment of the social and intellectual phases,
fessor Paxson's treatment of this event is although brief, is worth while. In some
certain to attract attention, since it differs cases, however, it may call forth comments
radically from the popular accounts usually which are not entirely sympathetic. An
accepted. To him it appears that Spain was abundance of really good maps will be an
not entirely to blame for the situation which invaluable aid to the reader, as will also be
developed; that the Spanish nation made the short bibliographies found at the close of
nearly every concession which could reason- the several chapters. As a piece of book-
ably be expected of it; and finally that the making the series could scarcely be improved
"yellow” newspapers forced America into a upon.
struggle which diplomacy might have averted.
WILLIAM V. POOLEY.


372
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
verse.
DANTE IN A NEW TRANSLATION.*
One could find many passages of from five to
ten lines each in which the style is as straight-
A new translation of an old classic must
forward and the rhythm as good. But one
expect the keenest criticism, unless it be put should not have to seek for them; they are
forth under private imprint and confessedly what one has a right to expect.
as solace or pastime of the translator. Such,
Unfortunately, the challenges of the under-
however, is not the case with Professor John- taking seem to be rather recklessly met, and the
son's rendering of “The Divine Comedy." promises of the preface are not kept. Clarity
Emanating from one university and endorsed
and simplicity are often far from our path
by another, it challenges comparison with the
in this version. Vocabulary and idiom are not
already existing translations, and should show always modern. Obscurity and awkwardness
superiority to most or all of its predecessors.
mar many passages. Worst of all, the versi-
This new translator aims especially at “mod-
fication is painfully imperfect, - a constant
ern English,” at “rhythmical qualities pleas- stumbling-block to distract attention from
ing to the English ear," while holding to a
form and thought. Rhythm and clarity suffer
line-for-line' version and giving consideration alike in such a rendering as this (Inferno,
to Dante's words even so far as their place in I., 8-9):
the sentence. At the same time, he stands for
“But yet, to treat of the good that I found there,
the claim and obligation of the translation to
I speak of other things that there I found."
be “a work of art.” Yet he alters the femi-
It is not sufficient to urge that the original
nine endings of the original to masculine,-
is sometimes obscure. The translator should
thus, in the absence of rhyme, giving blank
see clearly and make clear, especially when
It will be seen that the translator begins Paradise I., 76-77:
he abstains from any and all notes. So in
with certain inconsistencies in his programme.
“When the revolving, which Thou longed-for
A reverence for the original which insists on
makest
retaining words in their place in the sentence
Eternal, drew my thought into itself."
is hardly reconciled with the license to alter
the rhyme-plan and the metre of the master.
These are merely examples of numerous sim-
Nor has the former adherence to the original
ilar passages which might be cited.
Not obscurity but mere awkwardness of
as good grounds as could be urged for a close
following of the verse form. In fact, it has expression is the fault with the following
(Inferno IV., 1):
very poor grounds, and is altogether imprac-
ticable as a working rule: Professor Johnson
“ The deep sleep in my head was broken off
must have forgotten it before he proceeded
By heavy thundering."
very far, for the lines in which the rule is We understand at the end of the sentence
violated are more numerous than those in that thunder roused him from sleep. But
which it is followed.
certainly the first image from the chief ex-
The best that may be said of this new ver-
pression is of a sharp instrument “ broken
sion is that it contains not infrequent pas-
off” in the man's head.
sages combining great dignity and great
A long list of constructions which are
simplicity. The following, from Paradise
neither ""
modern English” nor manifesta-
II., may serve as an example of the best : tions of "the strength and beauty of our own
0 ye, who in a very little bark,
language" could be cited; but the following
Eager to listen, have been following
may serve as typical:
Behind my ship that singing makes its way,
Like one who listens to some great deceit
Turn back to look again upon your shores;
That has been done him, and resents it sore,"
Put you not out to sea, lest it befall
Inferno VIII., 22-23.
That, losing me, ye should remain astray. “ San Leo can be reached ...
The water which I take was never sailed;
With only feet, but here one needs to fly,"
Minerva breathes, Apollo is my guide,
Purg. IV., 27.
And Muses nine point out to me the Bears." “Moving his look only along his thigh,"
Or this, from Canto IX. of the Purgatory:
Purg. IV., 113.
“It was the hour before the dawn, when first
“ But the deep wounds from which
The swallow sings her melancholy lays,
Came forth the blood, in which I had my seat,"
Perchance in memory of former woes,
Purg. V., 73-4.
And when our mind is more a wanderer
(No, reader, he was not sitting in a pool of
From flesh, and less held captive to our thought, blood.)
And in its visions is almost divine."
« Souls
Who for the valley were not seen without,"
* THE DIVINE COMEDY. Translated by Henry Johnson.
New Haven: Yale University Press.
Purg. VII., 84.
66


1915]
373
THE DIAL
“ The rays
“ They both from Mary's bosom have come down," criticism. “I pray, bring me to the memory
Purg. VIII., 37, of men,” Inf. VI., 89, (Bring me, I pray thee,
“No salutation fair from each to each
to men's memory); “Of wishing to speak
was silent,"
Purg. VIII., 56, with them secretly,” Inf. VIII., 87, (Of wish-
(Meaning, “was lacking.”)
ing secretly to speak with them); “That he
“ So much of wax
would tell me who might be with him,” Inf.
As to the enameled summit is required”
X., 117, (That he would tell me who with him
Purg. VIII., 114. might be).
"I craved the mercy of his opening,"
It is a curious fact that a large number of
Purg. IX., 110, the bad scansions have evidently been justi-
(Meaning, “I begged him to open it.") fied by an unwarranted stress on a pronoun.
The fact that Longfellow used several of But the most irritating cases are those of
these too literal and awkward translations will
which the following is an example (Purg:
scarcely make them more acceptable in a later VII., 7): “I am Virgil; and for no other sin,
work.
where the simple transposition, “ Virgil am
In addition to the stiffness of style, there is I,” gives good scansion and a stronger line.
a considerable archaic vocabulary, puzzling
The line, “My ancestors made me so arro-
to the modern reader. The rendering "St.
gant” (Purg. XI., 62), is doubly defective.
Lawrence” for “San Lorenzo” takes us quite It can be scanned only by stressing “me”;
unnecessarily far from Italy. Is it good and the sense is obscured by the idiom. “My
English to speak of an “Empress over many
ancestry begot in me such pride” deviates
languages" when“ races” is meant? Is it from the phrasing of the original, but it obvi.
permissible to locate “mosques ” in the city ates both defects.
ates both defects. Yet since the translation
of Dis? Consider in the following the sense
deviates from the original anyway, one should
of “thrust” and “gall” (Parad. IV., 27-29): at least save rhythm and sense.
“ These are the questions that upon thy will
were striking us full in the face," which gal-
Thrust equally, and therefore I will first
lops instead of stalks, is easily made into a
Treat of the one that has the more of gall."
good iambic line by inversion,"Full in the
Or of "seat" in this (Parad. III., 82):
face the rays were striking us.” So also with
"I asked that I might give strength to thy
“ So that as we exist from seat to seat
feet,” “I went along through air bitter and
Throughout this realm."
foul,” “Me to Parnassus to drink in its caves,"
Or of this expression (Parad. II., 77):
"As it was possible when it lost her," "Thou
"As a body
shalt see me come to thy chosen tree," and
Divides the fat and lean."
scores of other lines, which limp or refuse
A curious judgment has led to the transla- utterly to go; with the aid of a simple inver-
tion, in a supplement, of all the Latin phrases sion they march properly enough. The very
in the text, such as suo loco, in exitu Israel de small number of six-stressed lines would be
Egypto, miserere, Te Deum laudamus, Agnus overlooked much more readily than these
Dei, etc. Since all other annotations are dis- rough ones.
pensed with, it would seem as though the It is a disappointment to find the product
reader of “The Divine Comedy" could be
of so much labor unsatisfactory, and it is
trusted to cope with such small Latin, almost painful to give an unfavorable judgment on
all of it being familiar in the Bible and the the serious work of an earnest man. One
church service.
function Professor Johnson's translation may
If it was hoped that this translation was to fairly serve, that of pacing-mate to the Ital-
be read for pleasure, alone or in comparison ian text, for one who needs assistance.
with any of the older versions, the necessary
W. H. CARRUTH.
pains should not have been spared to make it
scan better, to attain "the rhythmical quali-
ties pleasing to the English ear." It is not
merely an occasional line which gives offence,
THE FASCINATION OF JAPANESE PRINTS.*
where the excuse might be that fidelity to the The sense of detachment necessary to the
text and the line-for-line rendering seemed in- formation of an impartial estimate of the
compatible with pleasing rhythm. There are worth of a book is made difficult when the
hundreds of lines in which an agreeable move- book is dedicated to the reviewer, and various
ment is attainable by the simple transposition complimentary references to him are scat-
of a word or a phrase, giving in most cases a tered through its pages. It is with a keen
better poetic construction. A few of these
* CHATS ON JAPANESE PRINTS. By Arthur Davison Ficke.
will suffice to demonstrate the validity of the Illustrated in color, etc. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.


374
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
realization of this disability that the present vey" in which the claims of Far Eastern art
reviewer ventures to tell the readers of THE are admirably presented. Then the incep-
Dial what he thinks of Mr. Ficke's “Chats tion, development, and decay of the Ukiyoe
on Japanese Prints,” and he craves their School are passed in review, all of the more
indulgence should what he have to say seem important artists being taken up in turn and
lacking in critical judgment. There is the the strong and weak points in their works put
more need to ask this because the book is of before the reader in nicely discriminating
such conspicuous merit as to call for generous phrase. Throughout, the aim is to set forth
praise.
the distinctive qualities that to the discerning
In the forty years or thereabout since the mind make the prints "a unique source of
color prints by the Ukiyoe masters first came repose and exaltation.” A few sentences from
to the attention of art lovers in Europe and the introductory chapter will show how vividly
America, the circle of their ardent admirers the right point of view is put forward :
has steadily widened, and without doubt “ That sublimated pleasure which is the seal of
would be far wider still were there more all the arts reaches its purest condition when
abundant opportunities for seeing prints of evoked by a work in which the æsthetic quality is
the better class. From the beginning these
not too closely mingled with the everyday human.
prints have gone into the portfolios of eager
. . All Asian art has recognized for centuries the
collectors, who were quick to feel their charm
fact that vision and imagination are the faculties
by which the painter as well as the poet must
and to appreciate their artistic worth, but
grapple with reality. . . Its function is the func-
who have been loath to lend them for exhibi-
tion which the European public grants to poets
tion or even to hang them upon their own but not always to painters the seeking out of
walls, for they soon learned that extended subtle and invisible relations in things, the percep-
exposure to light was at the risk of virtual tion of harmonies and rhythms not heard by the
destruction through the fading of the lovely common ear, the interpretation of life in terms of
reds and yellows printed in fugitive tints.
a finer and more beautiful order than practical
As for the most precious prints of all, the
life has ever known."
supreme impressions in perfect preservation These considerations are reiterated and
of the most distinguished designs by the specifically applied in dealing with the sev-
greatest artists of the school, they are so rare eral artists upon whose works Mr. Ficke
that the number of their possessors at any pleasantly discourses. His pages are packed
time can never be more than a very few. with information for the student and the col-
Although the collector's prizes are so scarce lector, but so deftly is it worked in that the
as to make the search for them an exciting reader may easily fail at first to realize its
pursuit, with the hope ever present to give extent. There are a few mistakes, but all of
it zest that some wonderful hidden stores them relate to matters of minor importance.
may yet be discovered, the number of prints Still, as even little things are of interest to
of a little less distinction, but still of great students, it may not be amiss to point out
beauty, is very large, and these have found those that seem to invite comment.
their way into many hands. And while op- In the opening chapter the assertion is
portunities for seeing the finer prints have made that “the linear perspective of the
been restricted, they have not been altogether Japanese exactly reverses that of Western
lacking. Some very good prints have been painting,” and that “in their system, par-
acquired by museums and public libraries in allel lines converge as they approach the
Europe and America, where they are accessi- spectator." Isometric projection, which the
ble to all who apply; important exhibitions Japanese artists employed until the elements
have been held in Paris, London, New York, of linear perspective were learned from the
and Chicago, and smaller ones in other cities; Dutch at Nagasaki, cannot be called “Japa-
and everywhere collectors have been gener- nese perspective," and when it is used par-
ous in showing their treasures privately. allel lines do not actually but only apparently
With increasing interest has come desire converge as they approach the spectator.
for information. This the books hitherto The Hanekawa Chiucho Motonobu men-
available very imperfectly supply. The need tioned on page 105 is identical with Hane-
has been for a compact and readable work, kawa Chincho named on page 91, and it is
which, while giving the historical facts so far not known that he was a pupil of Okumura
as they are known, should emphasize the | Masanobu, nor is it likely, for he appears to
æsthetic charm of the prints and make clear have been the elder man by some ten or
the soundness of the conception upon which eleven years.
it rests. Such a book Mr. Ficke has now Whether the artist who, unless it should be
given us. It opens with a “Preliminary Sur- determined that Torii Kiyonobu did not die


1915]
375
THE DIAL
66
as
in 1729, must be regarded as the second works that commend them so strongly to peo-
Kiyonobu, produced any hand-colored prints ple of taste, and his felicitous portrayal of
is not “uncertain,” as Mr. Ficke asserts on their fascination, are the things that give his
page 88. Two pages farther on he says it is book its value. With very few of his asser-
fairly established” that he did. The fact is tions respecting the leading artists is it pos-
that there are in existence several hand- sible to quarrel. Of Harunobu he truly says
colored prints signed Torii Kiyonobu which that “his real theme was the great harmonies
can be definitely ascribed to the year 1742. of colour and line.” But when he claims that
The blue of Koryūsai’s “own devising," "every print signed Harunobu is suspect,"
mentioned on page 163, was used before his until we know whether Shiba Kokan, the con-
day by Harunobu, Kiyomitsu, and Toyonobu. fessed forger of a few prints signed Haru-
And Shuncho was so far from having “only nobu, was the greatest liar or the greatest
one manner except in a few early actor forger in history,” he does grievous injury to
prints,” that, after the passing of Kiyonaga's the reputation of a great artist. The truth
style, he designed prints in that of Eishi, is that none of Harunobu's important works
Utamaro, and even Sharaku; and early in his can be suspect. Kokan was far from being
career he made a few that closely imitate the
his equal.
He had some ability, and a few
style of Shigemasa.
clever forgeries put forth immediately after
Such errors "the Kikunojo clan" Harunobu's death were not inferior to some
(p. 135) in place of the Segawa line; or of the master's pot-boilers. But the number
specifying Nakamura Matsuye when Naka- of his forgeries that are easily recognizable
mura Tomijūrō is depicted (plate 20); or of by their mannerisms makes it fairly certain
naming one of Kiyonaga's masterpieces rep- that all or nearly all of them must similarly
resenting a party of merrymakers in a room betray their origin. That Koryūsai also may
open upon one side, “The Terrace by the have forged Harunobu's signature is a state-
Sea," when no terrace is shown, are of little
ment with which the reviewer cannot agree.
consequence.
He has never seen a scintilla of evidence to
More serious is the spelling of certain support the supposition.
Japanese names in a way that will not stand Aside from this failure to realize the un-
critical examination. That one should be approachable charm and the strength of
confused by such divergent forms as Ukioye, Harunobu's designs, Mr. Ficke's remarks
Ukiyoye, and Ukiyoe is not surprising. For about the several artists are all that could be
the first form, however, there is no warrant desired. Take, for example, his chat about
save that it has obtained currency among Sharaku. How could the significance of his
English writers. The word is made up of work be better expressed than in the words
the three syllables Uki (floating) yo (world) of the opening paragraph ?
e picture). It is possible to use the syllable
“Few people approach Sharaku's work for the
ye, which also signifies a picture; but as the
first time without regarding him as a repulsive
y is silent, the other syllable is preferable charlatan, the creator of perversely and sense-
and is the one that is used by the Japanese. lessly ugly portraits whose cross-eyes, impossible
In transliterating Japanese words there is mouths, and snaky gestures have not the slightest
seldom any occasion for the use of ye. It claim to be called art. At first these strange pic-
represents a sound heard only in the middle tures may even seem mirth-provoking to the spec-
of words where, as in “Shunyei” for ex-
tator - a view of them which he will remember
ample, the sound of the preceding syllable
in later years with almost incredulous wonder.
forces it. It is not heard in such names as
To overcome one's original feeling of repulsion
may take a long time; but to every serious stu-
Eishi, Eiri, Edo, and the like; and the forms
dent of Japanese prints there comes at last a day
Yeishi, Yeiri, and Yedo therefore invite mis-
when he sees these portraits with different eyes;
pronunciation. So also does the spelling and suddenly the consciousness is born in him that
“Koriusai,” though in lesser degree. In the Sharaku stands on the highest level of genius, in
accepted system of phonetic transliteration ė a greatness unique, sublime, and appalling.”
has the sound of ee in “meet.” To represent The final chapter of the book is addressed
correctly the name of the artist just men- to the collector, and is full of practical wis-
tioned we must spell it Koryūsai. The r is
dom. The author was perhaps ill-advised in
slightly rolled, the y sounded full, and the u
giving instructions for washing prints, since
prolonged. The word is made up of the syl- | it may lead people to attempt it with disas-
lables Ko (lake) ryū (dragon) sai (studio). trous results. And when mentioning the
Mr. Ficke's estimates of the work of the possibility of certain stains being removed
several artists are singularly just. His clear- mechanically it would have been well to add
sighted appreciation of the qualities in these that the knife should be used only on un-


376
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
6
printed parts of the paper. The other sug- appeal for social justice. That the anthology
gestions as to the care of prints, and the is as forceful and convincing as it might have
advice about what to look for and what to been we cannot concede. When one remem-
avoid when buying, are very much to the bers the immense field over which the mate-
point. A unique and delightful feature of rial for such a compendium is scattered, one
the book is found in the poems that serve to hesitates to suggest that the book might well
introduce many of the artists to the reader. have been condensed or boiled down. Every
The volume is well printed, and is illustrated writer and editor knows, however, as every
with half-tone reproductions of a considera- horticulturalist knows, the wisdom of ruthless
ble number of prints. To say that it is a pruning, and we fancy the readers of this
distinct contribution to the literature of the book will agree with us in thinking that much
subject is not enough: it is easily the best which is included might with advantage have
book about Japanese prints that has yet been been omitted. Passages from Talleyrand,
written.
FREDERICK W. GOOKIN. Lafcadio Hearn, Nietzsche, the German Em-
peror, and others that could be named, seem
to have little bearing on the main purpose of
DE PROFUNDIS.*
the book, and only weaken its appeal. We
should have liked to see greater use made of
Remembering the tendency to sluggishness the writings of the later prophets of Israel.
that at all times besets the human imagina- The cry for justice has never gone up to
tion, and our proneness
Heaven in more impressive language than
“ In the hollow Lotos-land to live and lie reclined was constantly used by Habakkuk, Hosea,
On the hills like Gods together, careless of Malachi, and Amos; and the condemnation
mankind,"
of the economic structure of Society which
it is perhaps well for us that by a blast as prevails to this day was never more convinc-
from some subterranean trumpet, we should ingly expressed than in the words, “Behold,
be reminded of the under-world of tragedy it is not of the Lord of Hosts that the people
and suffering from which we are separated should labour as in the fire, or weary them-
by the thinnest of partitions. The time seems selves for very vanity."
peculiarly appropriate for just such a call to While admitting that the production of this
serious thinking as Mr. Sinclair's anthology, anthology is fully justified by the tragic con-
The Cry for Justice.” The collective con-
ditions under which human life is being
science of the world, with its accompanying passed upon this planet,— by the seething
sense of responsibility for the woes of human-
restlessness and discontent on the part of
ity, is awakening in these latter days to an
those who have to bear the heavy burdens of
extent that constitutes this a new age. But
life while debarred from participation in its
like all awakening sleepers, the world resents
higher joys, and by the stupid misunder-
the intrusion of troublesome realities and the standing of the signs of the times on the part
disturbance of pleasant dreams, and is fain
of the governing classes, a critic's function
to turn on the other side and sink once more
would not be discharged if he failed to point
into slumber. It is this proclivity to somno- out that, as inevitably happens in such cases,
lence that must justify the bringing together the picture presented is composed entirely of
of these vivid pictures of human misery shadows, and the lights (not to speak of high
selected from the entire range of the world lights) are completely omitted. The conse-
of literature. That the volume will serve a
quence is that the feeling of atmosphere and
useful purpose in arousing many from the perspective is lost, and the impression left
ignoble repose which life offers to even a
upon the mind of the reader is not entirely
moderate degree of affluence, when combined
true to fact. There is, for instance, little in
with a sensitiveness to the joys of the intellect
the book to remind us that misery is not dis-
and the things of the spirit, we cannot doubt.
tributed in inverse ratio to affluence, nor
" The Cry for Justice” must be considered happiness directly in proportion to wealth.
as being specially addressed to those middle-
There is no suggestion of "the soothing
class people who are the chief creators of thoughts that spring out of human suffering.”
public opinion, who owe little of their enjoy. There is little hint of the gleams of joy that
ment of life to the leverage of special privi- gild the horizon of the most wretched, or of
lege, and who are not too removed from the abject joylessness that attends life in
the menace of poverty to be alive to the
many a luxurious drawing-room. The editor
An Anthology of the Literature
quotes an impressive passage from Carlyle,
Edited by Upton Sinclair; with Introduc-
“ It is not because of his toils that I lament for
Illustrated. Philadelphia: John C.
the poor; we must all toil, or steal (howsoever we
* THE CRY FOR JUSTICE.
of Social Protest.
tion by Jack London.
Winston Co.


1915)
377
THE DIAL
66
name our stealing), which is worse. The poor is wealth and which expresses itself in the lines,
hungry and athirst, but for him also there is food
The present moment is our own, the next
and drink; he is heavy-laden and weary, but for
we never saw": all these side-lights on the
him also Heaven ends sleep and of the deepest; life of the poor he will find in that great mas-
in his smoky cribs a clear dewy heaven of rest terpiece, and will be compelled to admit that
envelops him, and fitful glimmerings of cloud-
skirted dreams. But what I do mourn over is that
it bears the stamp of truth which only a great
the lamp of his soul should go out; that no ray
artist can give to a picture.
of Heavenly or even of earthly knowledge should
ALEX. MACKENDRICK.
visit him."
But none knew better than Carlyle that the
lamp of the soul is extinguished by wealth
more readily than by poverty and oppression,
A NEW VERSION OF THE PARSIVAL
LEGEND.*
and that the spiritual plight of the slave-
owner or the irresponsible capitalist is fre- The idea of translating Gerhard Haupt-
quently worse than that of the slave. Indeed, mann's “Parsival” was indeed a good one,
it may reasonably be maintained that the but in Mr. Oakley Williams's rendering the
capacity for joy in the human soul expires spirit of the original has been grossly mis-
more rapidly in the asphyxiating atmosphere interpreted. Hauptmann's work was written
of riches than in the social stratum where a as a child's book, for his twelve-year-old son,
struggle for the bread that perishes is the and published with spirited pictures. Disre-
rule of daily life. That it is easier for a
That it is easier for a garding this fact, the translator has sought
camel to go through the eye of a needle than to make it into a sententious "allegory of
for a rich man to enter the kingdom of life.” The book jacket advertises the transla-
Heaven, is not merely a poetic metaphor but tion as “retaining to a remarkable degree the
a statement of fact which many millionaires beauty and simplicity of the original.” One
are bitterly aware of; while those who are who has really read Hauptmann's exquisite
best acquainted with the life of the poor German will feel that the kind of alliterative
know well that it is difficult to find a human prose in which the translator has rendered it
being so destitute as to have entirely lost the is little more than a mockery.
capacity for joy, or the power of reacting to The legend of the Grail was one which
the stimuli of starlit nights and the beauty entered German literature early in the thir-
of the sunrise.
teenth century, with Wolfram von Eschen-
We should be exceedingly unwilling to bach's “Parsival.” To him is due the trans-
appear as though acting the part of apologist formation of the fantastic story of the Grail
for things as they are. Our only concern is into a legend filled with deepest human signifi-
that we should see life as it is, and in its true
cance, the principal characteristics of which
proportions and perspective; and if the
have endured and reappeared in modern ver-
reader of "The Cry for Justice” can be
sions. Wolfram divested the legend of the
trusted to bear in mind that the picture is churchly character which his French prede-
inevitably out of drawing and lacking in the
cessor had endeavored to give it, and made
elements that constitute truth in art, the les-
the Grail a centre of extra-ecclesiastical wor-
son that the book teaches of the dire necessity ship, guarded in a castle accessible only to the
to save civilization by a study of the eco-
nomics of industry, will be well learned. But
truthful and pure of heart. The Grail that
hovered before the poet's eyes was rather an
after having steeped himself, possibly to the
point of despair, in the atmosphere of misery
Aladdin's lamp than a body relic. In the
which the book presents, we recommend the
centuries after Wolfram, the meaning of the
reader to seek a quiet corner in which to
Grail fell rapidly to a significance purely sen-
study carefully Burns's “Jolly Beggars" by sual; its castle became an earthly paradise.
way of a spiritual counterpoise. There he
Neither the printing of Wolfram's poem in
will find all that is lacking in the doleful pic- 1477 nor Bodmer's attempted revival in 1753-
tures of life presented in the book he has just
81 bore fruit. The literary renaissance of the
read. The joy in human companionship; the legend, stimulated by new editions of the
delight in that irresponsibility that only those poem and by histories of medieval literature,
know who have nothing to lose; the trustful began with Immermann's “Merlin," 1830-32,
instinct which feels no anxiety for the future and culminated in Wagner's “Parsival.”
and tastes with gratitude the cup of joy as it These two were not dramatizations of the
passes, without a misgiving as to what may mediæval epic, but rather new creations de-
come next; the sane and rational attitude
By Gerhard Hauptmann. Authorized transla-
toward life that is unknown to most men of tion by Oakley Williams. New York: The Macmillan Co.
* PARSIVAL.


378
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
pendent upon the ancient sources for only a
RECENT FICTION.
few motifs.
In his work Hauptmann has reverted for
Since Professor Phelps devoted a chapter
to Michael Artzibashef in his book on the
the main outlines of the story to the version
of Wolfram, but has restored to the legend
Russian novelists, and since the publication
much of the lofty religious atmosphere and
of an English translation of “Sanine” a
significance which it had lost. Parsival, who
year ago, the name of this writer has become
has lived alone with his mother Heartache, recently, we have had “ The Millionaire” (a
fairly familiar to American readers. More
unconscious of the existence of other human
beings, forsakes her to battle against the
group of three novelettes), and now we have
world. After slaying the Proud Knight of
a very long novel entitled “Breaking-Point."
the Heath to avenge a maiden, he turns back
The meaning of the title gradually dawns
only to find that Heartache and the hut where
upon us as the characters commit suicide one
after another, and it becomes evident that the
she lived have disappeared. Parsival sets out
author intends to sweep the board. Other-
to find her and to kill the man from whose
wise, the novel might have grown to an in-
wrong she suffered. In his wanderings he
definitely greater length, since it has nothing
comes upon the Grail, but forsakes it because
in the nature of a rounded plot to force a
he does not know its meaning. When he
conclusion. All these tragic people live in a
guesses what it may be he is never again able
little village of the steppes; all but one or
to find it. Intent on the search, he forsakes
two lead strictly sensual lives, without a
his young wife Blanchefleur, and casts away
gleam of the higher motives for existence;
an earthly kingdom. When he returns, after
and when their appetites fail to provide them
years of fruitless search, it is only to find
with enduring satisfaction, they naturally
that his wife has just died. His son Lohen-
force their exits from an intolerable world.
grin does not recognize him, nor does anyone
There is in the book hardly a suggestion that
except the old Arab from whom he had
there is such a thing as morality for men and
learned that the Grail was a miraculous sym-
women, and none of these characters could
bol of Christ's passion, and that Amfortas, its
read “Comus” with the faintest idea of its
keeper, was his own father. Parsival then
meaning. Their watchword seems to be:
becomes a serving man, a bearer of burdens
"Let us eat and drink (especially drink) and
in the cities and a serf in the country. He
indulge the sexual passion, for to-morrow we
comes to realize that Heartache is but a sym-
die (by our own hands).” We have had
bol for the sorrows of the whole world.
occasion to characterize certain conspicuous
Finally, when he feels that his search is near
English novels of recent years as devoted to
an end, the aged messenger of the Grail, fol-
a portrayal of the futility of life, but the
lowed by a knightly train, enters his hut. He
gloomiest of them are optimistic tracts in
places upon Parsival's own head the “
crown
comparison with this exhibition of the soul
of joy and sorrow of the Grail."
of Young Russia. The author bares this soul
The episode of the Proud Knight of the remorselessly; and if we believed his revela-
Heath preserves the germ of the ancient inci- tion to be typical, we should indeed despair
dent of Schionatulander and Sigune. Haupt- of the great people from which he has sprung.
mann's Arab recalls the Priest Johannes, who
But we must not forget that the people that
in Wolfram's version tempts men's fancy to claims a Gogol and a Tolstoy and a Tourgué-
stray in distant India. In both versions nieff has a great deal more to say for life
Lohengrin is the son of Parsival. The Grail than this, even when we admit a strain of
castle, however, is no longer a gay paradise temperamental melancholy running through
where the comrades live in luxurious ease, but their work; and we must not allow ourselves
“there where God-like beings of their own to be persuaded that M. Artzibashef speaks
free will suffer torment to the end that they for anything more than a disillusionized sec-
may release the world from its burden and yet tion of the younger generation. That he
are immortal in the light of their near-by speaks powerfully there is no question, but
Paradise.”
even the magic of his passages descriptive of
Notwithstanding its modest pretensions as nature does not go far to rescue us from de-
a child's book, Hauptmann's "Parsival" may
”
pression as we contemplate his studies of the
be regarded as one of the most noteworthy human animal wallowing in the trough.
modern versions of the story - a great poet's
By Michael Artzibashef. New York:
contribution to a great legend. It is unfor- B. W. Huebsch.
tunate that the present English rendering
By George Bronson Howard. Indianapolis :
should be so inadequate.
The PASSPORT. By Emile Voute. New York: Mitchell Ken-
M. GOEBEL. nerley.
BREAKING-POINT.
God's MAN.
The Bobbs-Merrill Co.


1915)
379
THE DIAL
The hero of “God's Man," a lengthy novel was constructed that should hover, massive
by Mr. George Bronson Howard, is one Arnold and impregnable, at a convenient altitude
L'Hommedieu, descended from a long line of over the enemy's fortress or host, and bring
distinguished ancestors, domiciled since colo- it quickly to terms. To-day, in “The Pass-
nial times on Long Island. The title of the port,” by Mr. Emile Voûte, we have another
novel is thus accounted for in a literal way; ingenious phantasy of the same type, the
but the author intends it also to be taken invention in this case being an asphyxiating
symbolically, as indicating a man's struggle gas, discharged from shells or toy balloons
against temptation, and his underlying pur- over the heads of its victims, and in a trice
pose to do God's will in a very demoralized | reducing them to an unconsciousness that
world. About midway in the narrative, Ar- lasts for several hours, but has no injurious
nold makes a confession which epitomizes the after-effects. This is the most humane
success which he has at that time attained. method of enforcing peace that has thus far
“May be you can tell me why two of my been suggested. Armed with his invention,
friends and myself who had intended to live our hero proceeds to the theatre of war,
decent lives and be some help to our fellows has an interview with the German Emperor.
why we have been forced into shoddy prac- and dictates the terms upon which the new
tices and shady lives! For exposing a rascal, weapon will be withheld from his enemies.
I was expelled from college. For shielding a When these conditions are rejected, the
friend, I was reduced to the worst kind of formula is turned over to the allies, and the
poverty. For trying to get justice for a help- German forces are speedily routed and dis-
less woman, I got into jail. By using influ- armed. The author writes as an American,
ence with the most corrupt kind of politicians although his name appears to be French, and
I got out. To get back to my former kind of he contrives to tell a singularly interesting
life I had to accept a position with a man who story. He is beset by German spies from the
is a wholesale poisoner. To get the little moment when he is suspected of having some-
money I've saved, I had to blackmail my thing up his sleeve”; but his resourceful.
employer." This confession shows that ness, aided by good luck, is quite adequate to
“ Ein guter Mensch in seinem dunkeln Drange all the difficult situations in which he is
Ist sich des rechten Weges wohl bewusst." placed, and whenever he gets into a fix we
But we are a little dubious about accepting are confident that he will get out of it in the
Arnold as God's man when he thereafter next chapter. The author is clearly no parti.
engages, from strictly sordid motives, in a san of the method that piles up agonies until
scheme for smuggling a cargo of opium into the dénouement, and then sweeps them all
the United States. The story of this enter- away at once, leaving us to recall our scat-
prise, and of the way in which it was finally tered senses from their bewilderment. One
thwarted, forms the core of the narrative, crisis at a time is his motto, and that is to be
which is by no means devoid of exciting inter- surmounted before the next one arises. The
est. Arnold's relations with the underworld story derives its title from a rather foolish
of New York give the author an opportunity wager made by the hero, to the effect that he
to display his minute knowledge of the activi. will make his way through the warring camps
ties of that sphere of life, and his extraor- without a passport. He is provided with one,
dinary acquaintance with the thieves' jargon of course, but he destroys it as an evidence
which in these circles serves as a medium of of good faith at the time the terms of the
communication. The linguistic feats of Mr. wager are agreed upon.
George Ade and Mr. George M. Cohan are
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
outdone in these pages. And yet, despite the
sickening atmosphere of the novel, it displays
a considerable degree of power, a remarkable
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
gift for characterization, and a kind of philos-
ophy of life. In its exuberance and its ar-
In the spring of 1914 President
resting commentary upon life it even suggests
Hadley delivered at the Uni-
politics.
the later work of Mr. H. G. Wells. But it
versity of Virginia a series of
does not convince us that its hero is cast for three lectures on Political Methods, and at
the rôle implied by the title of the novel. Oxford University a similar series on Prop-
Some weeks ago, we reviewed a novel in erty and Democracy. The six lectures have
which American inventiveness came to the now been gathered into a single volume enti-
rescue of a world in agony, and ended the tled “Undercurrents in American Politics'
war by means of a device for neutralizing the (Yale University Press),- although in his
force of gravity, whereby an aerial warship preface the author suggests that an equally
Undercurrents
in American


380
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
appropriate title would be “Extra-Constitu- properly concludes that the solution of the
tional Government in the United States.” The problem will not be reached until the public
Virginia lectures undertake to show how those demand for State control of industry and for
matters which were placed by the framers of trained civil service go hand in hand. “Until
the Constitution in the hands of the federal the public appreciates expert work in the
government have frequently been managed by offices of state, industrial control in the United
agencies which are extra-constitutional and States is likely to remain in the hands of the
very different from those which were intended property owner"; after that, the inference
to manage them. The agencies principally is, there may be a very considerable extension
considered in this connection are political par- of public ownership and control.
ties and the press, the most original and illu-
minating of the lectures being that one
If a much broken page well
Reminiscences
devoted to the press as the present seat of of a genial sprinkled with quotation marks
actual political power. It is demonstrated Irish judge.
is indicative of lively reading,
that in a democracy public opinion must some- the "Recollections of an Irish Judge: Press,
how be organized in order to be effective. Bar, and Parliament” (Dodd) ought to be
This organization was once the work almost one of the sprightliest volumes of the season.
entirely of party managers; but it is main-
It is not and does not profess to be an auto-
tained that nowadays it is through the press biography; it is a collection of anecdotes con-
that the American people forms its opinion as cerning illustrious and other persons known
to men and measures, and that the man who or at least met with by the writer, the Hon.
accomplishes most in modern politics is he M. McD. Bodkin, K.C., in his varied activities
who recognizes this fact most fully. The
as journalist, at the bar, on the bench, and in
organization of public opinion by the news- Parliament. Descended from the Bodkins of
papers instead of by the party managers has Galway, he has evidently inherited the quick-
the advantages, we are told, of involving a ness of wit that one expects to find in every
more direct appeal to reason and of causing true son of Erin; for have we not his own
public opinion to be formed in the open; but testimony to that effect in his book! Here is
it affords no necessary guarantee against a parliamentary incident of which the narra-
appeals to prejudice, emotion, and impatience. tor was the hero: “On one occasion Mr.
The Oxford Lectures, on Property and Dem- Johnston, of Ballykilbeg, whose comic bigotry
ocracy, show how in this country a great many a source of perennial amusement, ob-
organized activities of the community have jected . . to the use in primary schools of
been kept out of government control alto- the book containing Moore's song, "Row,
gether. Here are traced the gradual growth brothers, row,' on the ground that its allusion
of political democracy in the United States, to 'saints of our own green isle' inculcated
the essentials of the constitutional position of the worship of saints. Before the Minister
the property owner, and the more important could reply I popped up with a supplemen-
recent tendencies in economics and in legisla- tary question. Is the right honourable gen-
tion. It is shown that in spite of frequent tleman aware,' I asked, with a face as grave
acts of adverse legislation the constitutional as a mustard-pot, that in the intermediate
position of the property owner in the United schools and universities they require the
States has been stronger than in any country study of an alleged poet named Homer, who
in Europe, and that there is no nation which encourages the worship of Jupiter, Juno,
is so far removed from Socialism as ours by Venus and other objectionable personages ?””
its organic law and its habits of political and “the uproarious laughter of the House"
action. The rights of private property are told him he had scored. Parnell, Gladstone,
substantially buttressed by numerous provi- Justin McCarthy, and other notables figure in
sions of the Constitution, and they have re- these anecdotal pages. Portraits, including
mained unshaken amidst the most sweeping the author's in the frontispiece, abound.
democratizing changes in the domain of poli-
tics. Only since the opening of the present
In being a product of conscious
century has there been any serious movement
literary art rather than a work
toward State Socialism in America, the main-
of information or discussion,
spring of this movement being popular dis- Mr. Owen Wister's "The Pentecost of Calam-
satisfaction aroused by the manifest failure ity" (Macmillan) differs from most of the
of competition as a regulator of business and books dealing with the present war. The
of industrial operations. Experiments in State style throughout is keyed up to the pitch of
control, however, are proving more costly than the somewhat apocalyptic title. Much skill is
the general public knows, and Mr. Hadley shown in the disposition of the material. Mr.
was
Mr. Wister's
ideas about
the great war.


1915)
381
THE DIAL
Wealth and
income in the
United States.
Wister, who was in Germany shortly before sive proof, yet it is thus generally ascribed,
the war began, tells first of the delightful and to tell his story without the slightest ref.
impressions made on him by the smiling order- erence to that famous anthem is somewhat
liness and smooth efficiency of life there. But
there. But like narrating the life of Newton with no
months and years before this, as he now be allusion to the law of gravitation. It is even
lieves, Germany had been crouching for her asserted by Mr. Hudson that of all Carey's
spring. In his opinion, she had been mad-works, “the one which, leaving 'Sally in Our
dened by self-esteem, — the mania of grandeur Alley' out of the question, has done most to
complemented by the mania of persecution. preserve his name from oblivion . . is 'Chro-
The Superman, the Superrace, and the Super- nonhotonthologos.'” It is a good and schol-
state were the new Trinity of her worship, arly book, however, and its closing chapter,
and war became for her a sort of holy crusade. on Richardson, is perhaps the best of the
Then in a short chapter he gives a composite four. (Rand, McNally & Co.)
statement of Prussianism, compiled sentence
by sentence from the utterances of the Kaiser
That the world is becoming
and some of his most illustrious subjects,
wealthier no one denies. But it
which, it must be granted, goes far to confirm
is often asserted that while the
his thesis. There is very little discussion in
rich are growing richer, the poor are growing
the book, and perhaps no new fact is brought poorer. In his volume entitled “The Wealth
out - unless it be the amazing confession, and Income of the People of the United
which the author ascribes to Prince Lich- States” (Macmillan), Dr. Willford Isbell
nowsky, that the Kaiser had sent him as
King defines wealth and income, and dis-
ambassador to England to find out when the
cusses the distribution of wealth and of in-
English were so embroiled in their own domes-
come in this country among the factors of
tic troubles as to enable Germany to strike production, corporations, and families. The
her blow on the Continent with impunity: book is based upon a careful study of various
Mr. Wister ends by pointing out the special sources, both public and private. The author
significance of.the struggle for America, who, does not claim mathematical exactness for his
he thinks, cannot stand aside with mute lips conclusions, but believes that they are approx-
and folded arms while what he regards as the imately correct. Good evidence is produced
deadliest assault ever made on democracy is
to show that “since 1876 there has occurred
being perpetrated in Europe.
a marked concentration of income in the
hands of the very rich; that the poor have
"A Quiet Corner in a Library," lost, relatively, but little; but that the mid-
in four
by Mr. William Henry Hudson, dle class has been the principal sufferer.” In
English authors.
wooes the reader by its title and some cases the poorest four-fifths of the popu-
wins him by its agreeable contents. Four lation own scarcely ten per cent of the total
authors are discussed in as many chapters. wealth, while the richest two per cent own
They are Thomas Hood, Henry Carey, George almost three-fifths. Whether the individual
Lillo, and Samuel Richardson. The Lillo
The Lillo is to be regarded as a gainer by this condition
paper gives a foretaste of a more elaborate of affairs will depend upon the answers
work, now nearing completion, on “George offered to a number of questions of economic
Lillo and the Middle Class Drama of the and social import.
and social import. The facts gathered are
Eighteenth Century”; the article on Hood is interesting in themselves, and are presented
expanded from a lecture prepared many years in an orderly way, subject to some criticism
ago for California hearers; but nothing in of details.
the book has before been printed. Good read-
ing will be found between the covers of this
Interest at large in the seem-
A primer
compact little volume, even though there is of animal ingly intelligent behavior of
psychology.
nothing in the subjects chosen or the treat-
animals has received fresh im-
ment of them to give promise of novelty. But petus from the remarkable performances of
a certain freshness of interest felt by the the clever "thinking horses" of Elberfeld in
writer is likely to communicate itself to the Germany and of “Captain ” in this country.
reader. In his thirty-three pages on Henry These performances range from the doing of
Carey, Mr. Hudson rather unaccountably simple sums in arithmetic to the reputed ex-
omits all mention of the one production that traction of the roots of large numbers. Some
in some if not in many minds is most nearly horses, on the other hand, exhibit an apti-
associated with that oddly gifted genius. tude for spelling. Mr. E. M. Smith, in his
Though the authorship of "God Save the “Investigation of Mind in Animals (Put-
King” is ascribed to Carey without conclu- | nam), dismisses at once the suggestions of
Desultory studies


382
[Oct. 28
THE DIAL
WE
telepathy, an unknown sense, and of fraud as letters, is a matter of conjecture; but her
adequate explanations. He analyzes the evi- pages have the freshness and naturalness that
dence, put forward by Pfungst and others, of one looks for in the friendly correspondence of
unconscious involuntary signs on the part of a bright and observant woman.
the interrogator (who is generally the trainer
of the horse), such as infinitesimal move-
If you can't see the difference,
ments of the head or eyes which give the
Pragmatism
asks the pragmatist, what is the
V8. Bergsonism.
horse his cue. He cites as militating against
difference? And, conversely,
this explanation the success of blinded horses, wherever there is a difference, this same prag-
the marked individual preferences of the matist emphatically proclaims, distinguo. To
horses, the nature of the errors made, and the such a series of distinguo's Dr. H. M. Kallen
evidences of indecision in the replies. On the is led after a searching analysis and com-
whole, he believes that the evidence tends to parison of the Jamesian and the Bergsonian
discountenance the sign theory; but that, philosophies. For this task the author, who
with a few notable and as yet unexplained for several years in intimate contact with
exceptions, all of the feats so far achieved James, and who edited James's unfinished
might be accounted for by association, involv- "Some Problems in Philosophy," is eminently
ing an excellent memory but not certainly fitted. In his “William James and Henri
any rational process. The booklet is a brief Bergson: A Study in Contrasting Theories of
and inadequate summary of the main facts Life” (University of Chicago Press), Dr. Kal-
and theories regarding the evolution of intel- len argues that James's, and not Bergson's, is
ligence among animals, from the lowest to the the theory of life that “faces forward”; that
highest, as evidenced by behavior. The au- in their Weltanschauung, in the intuitional
thor avoids extensive considerations of the and the pragmatic methods, and in the result-
much debated tropism theory, and fails to ing implications about God, the universe, and
utilize a wide range of available and valuable man, the two philosophies, despite current
material from the insect world.
near-identification, are fundamentally and
diametrically opposed. These challenging
The Woman Homesteader" conclusions Dr. Kallen expounds, for the
Bits of tragedy
and romance known to the many fortunate Fachman, with painstaking detail; for the
from the West.
readers of her published "Let- layman, with a captivating style ; for both,
“
ters” continues her vivid sketches of Wyo- with the zeal of the disciple.
ming life in further communications to her
“dear Mrs. Coney," and this time the packet
Mr. Arthur Machen more than
of letters is entitled “Letters on an Elk
Bits of
battle fiction.
half suspects that the recent
Hunt” (Houghton). It was on or during the
crop of legends concerning sun-
hunting excursion of two months in the au- dry miraculous occurrences in the critical
tumn of 1914 that the letters were written, not retreat from Mons may all have sprung from
about the hunt, except a few pages; and thus seed of his own sowing, in the shape of a little
it is that so much of the writer's well-known
story that he wrote and sent to a London
skill in depicting character and incident finds
newspaper in the early days of the war. This
room for exercise. Humor and pathos, trag- fanciful tale now reappears as the first in a
edy and comedy, romance and realism, suc- little book of stories, "The Bowmen, and
“
cessively enrich these unstudied accounts of Other Legends of the War" (Putnam), all
every-day persons and events amid the hard by Mr. Machen, and all in similar vein, par-
conditions of the western frontier. Mrs. taking of the supernatural and appealing to
Stewart has a genius for discovering heroic the credulous reader's love of the miraculous.
characters in humble life, and for making her The Bowmen in question are ghostly archers
readers feel that heroism. She can also pre- led to the rescue of the hard-pressed English
sent the amusing or otherwise interesting side
by England's patron saint. Such tales of
of any man, woman, or child not hopelessly celestial succor seem to have spread from one
devoid of interest. Her great-hearted Mrs. end of the Anglo-French battle-line to the
O'Shaughnessy and sturdily unromantic Mrs. other, and it appears more likely that they are
Louderer reappear in this book, and new all traceable to the peculiar horror, the stupen-
friends are introduced, including two prom- dous magnitude and unspeakable awfulness,
ising youngsters that Mrs. O'Shaughnessy of the titanic struggle, than to any single
feels irresistibly moved to adopt on the jour-invention. But the curious in such matters will
ney. To what extent (if any) Mrs. Stewart enjoy Mr. Machen's argumentative introduc-
had designs on a book-reading and book- i tion and postscript. The book is a slight pro-
buying public in writing this second series of duction, hut of considerable present interest.
1


1915)
383
THE DIAL
are:
NOTES.
Diploma and “ The Whirlwind"; Korolenko's
“ The Blind Musician "; and Kuprin's “ The
A series of papers on
“ Practical Socialism" by Shulamite."
the late Canon and Mrs. S. A. Barnett will soon be
An important item, hitherto unannounced, on
published by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. Messrs. Scribner's autumn list is Mr. Ralph
A volume of “Letters from America" by the Adams Cram's “Heart of Europe," embodying
late Rupert Brooke is soon to be published. Mr. descriptions of the architectural treasures of those
Henry James bas written a preface for the book. towns of northeastern France and of Belgium
The first collected volume of verse by Mr. Gil- which have been damaged or endangered in the
bert Cannan will appear early next month under present war.
the title of “Adventurous Love, and Other Poems." To the “Wayfarer's Library” will be immedi-
Another account of personal experiences in the ately added four new volumes (all novels). Their
war zone is announced by the Houghton Mifflin titles
“ Seaforth Highlanders," by Mr.
Co. in Mr. Horace Green's “ The Log of a Non- F. W. Walker; “Blackwatch,” by Messrs. L. Cope
combatant."
Cornford and F. W. Walker; In the Wake of
Two new war books soon to be issued by Messrs.
King James,” by Mr. Standish O'Grady; and
Doran are Mr. Norman Angell's The World's
“Rosemary's Letter Book," by Mr. W. L. Court-
Highway” and Mrs. Mary Roberts Rinehart's ney.
“Kings, Queens, and Pawns.”
“ The Life of Clara Barton" by Mr. Percy H.
A volume on
“Play Production in America,” by Epler, long Miss Barton's intimate friend, is an-
Mr. Arthur Edwin Krows, will be published next
nounced for immediate publication. This, the first
winter by Messrs. Holt. It is said to be the first
authorized biography, has been produced with the
book of its kind to be written.
coöperation of the friends and relatives of Miss
Barton. Mr. Epler has had access to many unpub-
A volume of literary memoirs by Theodore
Watts-Dunton, collected from “The Athenæum,"
lished letters and diaries, and also to official re-
under the title of “ Old Familiar Faces,” will
ports and documents.
probably be ready next month.
Lockhart's "History of Napoleon Buonaparte"
A volume of “ Prussian Memories,” by Mr.
has been edited by Dr. Holland Rose for the
“ Oxford Editions of Standard Authors. Two
Poultney Bigelow, which recounts the experiences
other forthcoming additions to the same series are
of his boyhood and later years in Germany, is in
Creasy's “ Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World,"
press for early issue by Messrs. Putnam.
with an Introduction by Mr. H. W. C. Davis; and
A fairy tale by the Queen of Rumania, entitled
“ Stories and Poems" by Bret Harte, edited by
“The Dreamer of Dreams," is included in Messrs. Mr. William Macdonald.
Hodder & Stoughton's list of forthcoming gift-
The death of Henri Fabre lends unusual inter-
books. It has been illustrated in color by Mr.
est to the latest volume of translated matter from
Edmund Dulac.
the great naturalist's “Souvenirs Entomologiques.”
A new poetic drama by Mr. Stephen Phillips, This volume, devoted to "The Hunting Wasps,"
entitled “Harold,” will appear in the January
will appear immediately. The publishers, Messrs.
issue of “ The Poetry Review." The drama will
Dodd, Mead & Co., have prepared an illustrated
shortly be produced at Hastings, England, where
booklet devoted to Fabre's life and work, which
its scene is laid.
they are glad to send without charge upon request.
“From Moscow to the Persian Gulf,” by Mr.
The first number of the “ Technical Book Re-
Benjamin B. Moore, is announced by Messrs.
view Index," a selected list of important technical
Putnam. It is a narrative of travel by train, car-
and scientific books and book reviews in leading
riage, and caravan across the steppes of Russia
journals, has been issued by the Index Office of
and through Persia.
Chicago. The compilation has been made by the
A record of the achievements of "The Irish Technology Department of the Carnegie Library
Abroad,” written by Mr. Elliot O'Donnell, is an- of Pittsburgh. The Index is to appear quarterly,
nounced for early issue by Messrs. E. P. Dutton and will embrace from two to three thousand titles
& Co. It begins with the first authentic migra- annually. The aim, to make the work done for one
tions, and comes down to the present day.
library of service to the many, is praiseworthy.
We have received word from Mr. Alfred A. Among other historical works announced for
Knopf that he has taken over from Messrs. George autumn publication by the Oxford University
H. Doran Co. the publishing rights to Dr. J. W. Press are the following: “ Lord Selkirk's Work
Mackail's “Russia's Gift to the World" and Dr.
in Canada," by Professor Chester Martin; “The
Paul Vinogradoff's “The Russian Problem,” both Evolution of Prussia," by Messrs. J. A. R. Mar-
of which were reviewed in our issue of Sept. 30. riott and C. Grant Robertson; The Foundation
A new series of Russian fiction in English trans- of the Ottoman Empire,” by Professor H. A. Gib-
lation is projected by Messrs. John W. Luce & Co. bons; “Keigwin's Rebellion (1682-4): An Epi-
by arrangement with Messrs. Maunsel & Co. of sode in the History of Bombay," by Messrs. Ray
Dublin and London. The following volumes are and Oliver Strachey; and “The Balkans and
in preparation: Tchekov's “The Bet, and Other Turkey," by Messrs. Nevill Forbes, D. Mitrany,
Tales”;
Danchenko's two novels,
«With
Arnold Toynbee, and others.
a


384
[Oct. 28
THE DIAL
66
66
“Women at The Hague," a narrative account of
John Edmands, the dean of American librarians
the International Congress of Women held at The and the originator of classification and numbering
Hague last spring, will soon be issued by the systems now in general use in libraries through-
Macmillan Co. The authors are Jane Addams, out the country, died at his home in Philadelphia
Emily Greene Balch, and Alice Hamilton. The
on the 17th inst. He was ninety-five years old.
volum will contai an appendix on continuous Mr. Edmands was born in Framingham, Mass.,
mediation by a delegate to the Congress from the and was graduated from Yale University in 1847.
University of Wisconsin, as well as the resolutions
In 1848-51 he attended the Yale Divinity School,
adopted by the Congress. Among the chapter- in the meanwhile teaching school. He entered on
titles are the following: Journey and Impres-library work in 1845, when he took charge of the
sions of the Congress," “ The Women at the library of the College Society of Brothers in
Congress,"
;" “ Civil Government in Time of War," | Unity. Mr. Edmands continued in library work
Journey to the Northern Capital,” and “Factors until 1901, when he became Librarian Emeritus
in Continuing the War.”
of the Mercantile Library in Philadelphia, his total
There are not a few readers to whom one of the
service covering fifty-six years.
From 1851 to
most welcome announcements of the season is that
1856 he was in charge of the Yale College Library,
and
of a new collection of Mr. Austin Dobson's de-
hen went to the Mercantile Library, where
lightful eighteenth-century vignettes. Rosalba's
he stayed for forty-five years. He is the author
Journal and Other Papers" is the title of the
of several bibliographies.
forthcoming volume. In addition to Rosalba Car- A considerable number of Belgium's most dis-
riera, the Venetian miniature painter whose jour-tinguished writers and artists, now refugees in
nal during her stay in Paris in 1720-21 gives the England, have coöperated in the production of a
book its title, there are papers on Matthew Prior's noteworthy volume which the John Lane Co. an-
“noble, lovely, little Peggy," the Duchess of Port- nounces under the title, “A Book of Belgium's
land, Streatham Place, Lord George Gordon and Gratitude.” The work is being issued under the
the Gordon Riots, and the early years of Madame highest authority. His Majesty King Albert is
Royale. "A New Dialogue of the Dead,” in which the patron; His Excellency M. Paul Hymans, Bel-
the author conceives an interview between Henry gian Minister in London, is the president, and
Fielding and his first biographer, Arthur Murphy, MM. Emile Cammaerts, Emile Claus, Henri Da-
brings the volume to a close.
vignon, Jules Destree, Paul Lambotte, Caron Mon-
John Bishop Putnam, son of the founder of the cheur, and Chevalier E. Carton de Wiart are
The
Putnam publishing house, and brother of Mr.
members of the Committee of Publication.
George Haven Putnam, its present head, and of
book will be printed in French and English, and
Mr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of the Library of
the list of translators will include many well-
Congress, died on the 7th of this month in his
known English names. Mr. W. J. Locke has con-
sixty-seventh year. He was born on Staten Island,
sented to act as Translation Editor. The profits
N. Y., July 17, 1849, educated at Clark and Fan- from the publication are to he placed at the dis-
ning's Collegiate Institute in New York City, and
posal of Queen Mary of England.
at the Pennsylvania Agricultural College; entered Charles Frederick Holder, author and natural-
the publishing house of G. P. Putnam's Sons in ist, died at his home in Pasadena, Calif., on the
1868, and was its treasurer at the time of his 10th inst., in his sixty-fifth year. He was born in
death. The Knickerbocker Press, which prints the Lynn, Mass., and received his education at the
Putnam publications, was under his management U. S. Naval Academy, and at the Friends' School
as president. He was a member of the New York in Providence. From 1871 to 1875 he was assis-
Typothetæ and of the Society of Mechanics and tant curator of zoölogy in the American Museum
Tradesmen, New York. “Authors and Publishers” of Natural History, and later he occupied the
came from his pen in 1890, and “A Norwegian chair of zoology at Throop University in Pasa-
Ramble” in 1902.
dena. Always an enthusiastic fisherman, Dr.
A new study of “ Maurice Maeterlinck: Poet
Holder founded the Tuna Club of Catalina Island,
and
and Philosopher" has been written by Miss Mac-
a member of leading fishing clubs
donald Clark, a distinguished student of Edin-
throughout the world. He was the author of
burgh University, who has specialized in the many books, and was regarded as one of the
literature of the Low Countries. M. Maeterlinck
foremost marine authorities in the world. Among
the best known of his works are « Elements of
has written in highest praise of the work, and
bears testimony with no little surprise to the
Zoölogy, ;" “ Marvels of Animal Life," “ The Ivory
ingenious synthesis which it develops. His char-
King," "Living Lights," "A Strange Company,"
"
acteristic modesty in this respect is shown in the
"A Frozen Dragon," "Louis Agassiz, His Life,"
following sentences from his letter: “ The writer “Life of Charles Darwin," "Along the Florida
seems to believe, with only too much indulgence,
Reef,” “ The Treasure Divers," “ Stories of Ani-
that from the first day, from the first book of my
mal Life," “ Big Game Fishes of the United
writing, I had my way traced out before me, and States,”
;" “ The Lower Animals," “ Fishes and Rep-
that I knew what I was going to say, what I meant tiles," “ Hand Book to Submarine Gardens," " The
to do; when like every sincere man who is only Log of a Sea Angler,” “Big Game at Sea,"
groping his way I do not know even to-day.” “ Marine Animals of the Pacific Coast," “ The
The book is to be published this month by Messrs. Ocean." and "Angling Adventures around the
George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., of London.
World.”
was


1915]
385
THE DIAL
The Porcupine: A Drama in Three Acts. By Ed.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
win Arlington Robinson. 12mo, 152 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $1.25 net.
(The following list, containing 156 titles, includes books Searchlights: A Play in Three Acts. By Horace An-
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.)
nesley Vachell. 12mo, 123 pages. George H.
Doran Co. $1. net.
Dreams and Dust: Poems. By Don Marquis. 12mo,
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187 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.20 net.
The Life and Letters of John Hay. By William
The Quiet Courage, and Other Songs of the Una-
Roscoe Thayer. In 2 volumes, illustrated in
fraid. By. Everard Jack Appleton. 12mo, 99
photogravure, etc., 8vo. Houghton Mifflin Co. pages. Stewart & Kidd Co. $1. net.
$5. net.
| The Factories, with Other Lyrics. By Margaret
Memories of a Publisher, 1865-1915. By George
Widdemer. 12mo, 160 pages. John C. Winston
Haven Putnam, Litt.D. With photogravure por-
Co. $1. net.
trait, large 8vo, 492 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Ashes and Sparks. By Richard Wightman. With
Sons. $2. net.
frontispiece, 12mo, 131 pages. Century Co.
My Childhood. By Maxim Gorky. Illustrated, 8vo,
$1.25 net.
374 pages.
Century Co. $2.net.
L'offrande Hérolque: Poems. By Nicolas Beauduin.
In the Footsteps of Napoleon: His Life and Fa-
16mo, 104 pages. Paris: La Vie des Lettres.
mous Scenes. By James Morgan. Illustrated,
Paper.
8vo, 524 pages. Macmillan Co. $2.50 net.
FICTION.
George Washington: Farmer. By Paul Leland
Haworth. Illustrated, 12mo, 336 pages. Bobbs-
The Fortunes of Garin. By Mary Johnston. With
Merrill Co. $1.50 net.
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 376 pages. Hough-
ton Mifflin Co. $1.40 net.
HISTORY.
Old Dela bole. By Eden Phillpotts. 12mo, 428 pages.
High Lights of the French Revolution. By Hilaire
Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
Belloc. Illustrated in color, Svo, 301
The Stirrup Latch. By Sidney McCall. With fron-
pages.
Century Co. $3. net.
tispiece, 12mo, 315 pages. Little, Brown & Co.
The Normans in European History. By Charles
$1.35 net.
Homer Haskins. 8vo, 258 pages. Houghton
The Lost Prince. By Frances Hodgson Burnett. Il-
Mifflin Co. $2. net.
lustrated, 12mo, 414 pages. Century Co. $1.35 net.
Attila and His Huns. By Edward Hutton. Svo, 228
Beyond the Frontier: A Romance of Early Days in
the Middle West.
Illus-
E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net.
By Randall Parrish.
pages.
Lincoln and Episodes of the Civil War. By William
trated, 12mo, 406 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co.
E. Doster. 8vo, 282 pages. G. P. Putnam's
$1.35 net.
Sons. $1.50 net.
The Passionate Crime: A Tale of Faerie. By E.
Frederick the Great and His Seven Years War. By
Temple Thurston. 12mo, 305 pages. D. Apple-
Ronald Acott Hall, C.C.S.
$1.30 net.
12mo, 240
ton & Co.
pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
The Glorious Rascal (Pretty Maids All in a Row).
Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library.
By Justin Huntly McCarthy. 12mo, 308 pages.
Volume X., The Critical Period, 1763-5, edited,
John Lane Co. $1.35 net.
with introduction and notes, by Clarence Wal-
The Extra Day. By Algernon Blackwood. 12mo,
358 pages.
worth Alvord and Clarence Edwin Carter; Vol-
Macmillan Co. $1.35 net.
ume XII., The County Archives of the State of
Aladore. By Henry Newbolt. 12mo, 363 pages.
Illinois, by Theodore Calvin Pease. Each 8vo.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library.
The Ollivant Orphans. By Inez Haynes Gillmore.
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical So-
With frontispiece, 12mo, 313 pages. Henry Holt
ciety. Volume XLVIII., October, 1914 - June.
& Co. $1.35 net.
1915. With photogravure portraits, large Svo,
The Star Rover. By Jack London. With frontis-
553 pages.
Boston: Published by the Society.
piece in color, 12mo, 329 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.50 net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Midsummer Magic, By Walter Bamfylde. With
pages.
The Greatest of Literary Problems:
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 389
G. P.
The Author-
Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net.
ship of the Shakespeare Works. By James
Heart's Kindred.
Gale.
Phinney
With frontis-
Baxter.
By Zona
Illustrated, large 8vo,
piece in color, 12mo, 234 pages.
pages.
$5. net.
Macmillan Co.
Houghton Mifflin Co.
A Book of Preferences in Literature. By Eugene
$1.35 net.
Mason. 16mo, 213 pages.
With
E. P. Dutton & Co.
The Law-Breakers, By Ridgwell Cullum.
$1.25 net.
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 350 pages. George
Disguise Plots in Elizabethan Drama:
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A Study in
W. Jacobs & Co.
Stage Tradition. By Victor Oscar Freeburg,
Secret History Revealed by Lady Peggy O'Malley.
Ph.D. 12mo, 241 pages. Columbia University
With frontis-
By C. N. and A. M. Williamson.
Press.
piece in color, 12mo, 319 pages. Doubleday, Page
& Co. $1.35 net.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE. The Bachelors. By William Dana Orcutt. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 428 pages. Harper & Broth-
Brontë Poems: Selections from the Poetry of Char-
ers. $1.35 net.
lotte, Emily, Anne, and Branwell Brontë. Ed-
The Rose of Youth.
ited, with introduction, by Arthur C. Benson.
By Elinor Mordaunt. 12mo,
361 pages.
With portraits, 16mo, 390 pages. G. P. Putnam's
John Lane Co. $1.35 net.
Sons. $2. net.
Russian Silhouettes: More Stories of Russian Life.
Common Conditions. Edited by Tucker Brooke.
By Anton Tchekoff; translated from the Russian
Fell.
Large 8vo, 90 pages. “Elizabethan Club Re-
by Marian
Charles
12mo, 318 pages.
prints." Yale University Press. $2.50 net.
Scribner's Sons. $1.35 net.
The Insulted and Injured. By Fyodor Dostoevsky;
Suzanna Stirs the Fire. By Emily Calvin Blake.
translated from the Russian by Constance Gar-
Illustrated, 12mo, 358 pages. A. C. McClurg &
nett. 12mo, 345 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
Co. $1.25 net.
Crainquebille, Putois, Riquet, and Other Profitable The Wooing of Rosamond Fayre. By Berta Ruck
Tales. By Anatole France; translated from
(Mrs. Oliver Onions). 12mo, 378 pages. Dodd,
the French by Winifred Stephens. Svo, 238
Mead & Co. $1.35 net.
pages. John Lane Co. $1.75 net.
The Riddle of the Night. By Thomas W. Hanshew.
Fanchon the Cricket (Fadette). By George Sand;
Illustrated, 12mo, 319 pages. Doubleday, Page
& Co.
translated from the French by Jane Minot Sedg-
$1.25 net.
wick. Illustrated, 12mo, 295
pages. 'Mary
The Promise: A Tale of the Great Northwest. By
Pickford Edition."
G. P. Put-
Duffield & Co.
James B. Hendryx. 12mo, 419 pages.
The Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil. Translated
nam's Sons. $1.35 net.
from the Latin by J. W. Mackail. Pocket edi-
A Soul on Fire. By Francis Fenwick Williams.
Longmans, Green, & Co.
tion; 16mo, 119 pages.
12mo, 316 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.30 net.
Happy Hollow Farm. By William R. Lighton.
75 cts. net.
Il-
lustrated, 12 mo, 318 pages. George H. Doran Co.
VERSE AND DRAMA.
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The Faithful: A Tragedy in Three Acts. By John The Passport. By Emile Voûte. 12mo, 362 pages.
Masefield. 12mo, 170 pages. Macmillan Co. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.35 net.
$1.25 net.
If Any Man Sin. By H. A. Cody. 12mo, 309 pages.
Rivers to the Sea. By Sara Teasdale. 12mo, 148
George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
The Winner. By William Winter. With frontis-
Interflow: Poems, chiefly Lyrical. By Geoffrey piece. 12mo, 295 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co.
Faber. 12mo, 111 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
60


386
(Oct. 28
THE DIAL
Into His Own: The Story of an Airedale. By Clar-
ence B. Kelland.
With frontispiece, 16mo, 46
pages. Philadelphia: David McKay. 50 cts. net.
SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE.
Senescence and Rejuvenescence. By Charles Man-
ning Child. 8vo, 481 pages. University of Chi.
cago Press.
$4. net.
Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of
Transfinite Numbers. By Georg Cantor; trans-
lated, with introduction and notes, by Philip E. B.
Jourdain. 12mo, 211 pages. Open Court Pub-
lishing Co. $1.25 net.
Means and Methods of Agricultural Education. By
Albert Leake. Illustrated, 12mo, 273 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $2. net.
Beekeeping: A Discussion of the Life of the Honey-
bee and of the Production of Honey. By Everett
Franklin Phillips, Ph.D. Illustrated, 12mo, 457
pages. Macmillan Co. $2. net.
Soils: Their Properties and Management. By T.
Lyttleton Lyon, Ph.D., Elmer 0. Fippin, B.S.A.,
and Harry Ó. Buckman, Ph.D. 12mo, 764 pages.
Macmillan Co.
Soils and Plant Life as Related to Agriculture. By
J. C. Cunningham and W. H. Lancelot. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 348 pages. Macmillan Co.
Ten Years' Work of a Mountain Observatory. By
George Ellery Hale. Illustrated, 98
pages.
Washington: Carnegie Institution. Paper.
Swamp Land Drainage with Special Reference to
Minnesota. By Ben Palmer, LL.B. Large 8vo,
138 pages.
Minneapolis: University of Minne-
sota. Paper.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The Drama of the Spiritual Life: A Study of Re-
ligious Experience and Ideals. Bº Annie Lyman
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$3. net.
A Voice from the Crowd. By George Wharton Pep-
per.
8vo, 204 pages. Yale University Press.
$1.50 net.
Paul and His Epistles. By D. A. Hayes. 8vo, 499
pages. Methodist Book Concern. $2. net.
Old Testament History. By Ismar J. Peritz, Ph.D.
With map, 8vo, 336 pages. Abingdon Press.
$1.50 net.
Foundations of Christian Belief: Studies in the
Philosophy of Religion. By Francis L. Strick-
land. 8vo, 319 pages. The Abingdon Press.
$1.50 net.
A Commentary on the Gospel According to Mark.
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lan Co. 75 cts. net.
Notes on Religion. By John Jay Chapman. 16mo,
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Laurence J. Gomme. 75 cts. net.
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College Sons and College Fathers. By Henry Seidel
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Vassar. By James Monroe Taylor and Elizabeth
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"American College and University Series." Ox-
ford University Press. $1.50 net.
Cloned Doors: Studies of Deaf and blind Children.
By Margaret Prescott Montague. 12mo, 188
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1. net.
Through College on Nothing a Year: Literally Re-
corded from a Student's Story. By Christian
Gauss. 12mo, 174 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1. net.
What Shall We Read to the Children. By Clara
Whitehill Hunt. 12mo, 156 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $1. net.
Readings in American History. By David Saville
Muzzey, Ph.D. 12mo, 594 pages. Ginn & Co.
$1.50 net.
Source Problems in English History. By Albert
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troduction by Dana Carleton Munro. 12mo, 422
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HOLIDAY GIFT-BOOKS.
Remodeled Farmhouses. By Mary H. Northend.
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The Great Unrest. By F. E. Mills Young. 12mo,
311 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.30 net.
The Nurse's Story. By Adele Bleneau. Illustrated,
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Prudence of the Parsonage. By Ethel Hueston.
Illustrated, 12mo, 347 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co.
$1.25 net.
Wings of Danger. By Arthur A. Nelson. Illustrated
in color, etc., 12mo, 448 pages. Robert M. MC-
Bride & Co. $1.35 net.
Looking for Grace. By Mrs. Horace Tremlett. 12mo,
308 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
The Red Stain. By Achmed Abdullah. With fron-
tispiece, 12mo, 309 pages. Hearst's International
Library Co. $1.25 net.
Inside the Lines. By Earl Derr Biggers and Robert
Welles Ritchie, Illustrated, 12mo, 331 pages.
Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.25 net.
The Heart of a Man. By Richard Aumerle Maher.
With frontispiece in color, 12mo, 414 pages.
Benziger Brothers. $1.35 net.
When My Ship Comes Home. By Clara E. Laughlin.
Illustrated, 12mo, 143 pages. Fleming H. Revell
Co. $1. net.
The Dual Alliance. By Marjorie Benton Cooke. Il-
lustrated in color, etc., 12mo, 165 pages. Double-
day, Page & Co. $1. net.
That Night, and Other Satires. By Freeman Tilden.
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The Reconciliation of Government with Liberty.
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Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net.
A History of Currency in the United States: With
a Brief Description of the Currency Systems
all Commercial Nations. By A. Barton Hepburn,
LL.D. 8vo, 552 pages. Macmillan Co. $2.50 net.
The Spirit of England. By George W. E. Russell.
12mo, 304 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.75 net.
Regulation of Railroads and Public Utilities in Wir-
consin. By Fred L. Holmes. 8vo, 375 pages. D.
Appleton & Co. $2. net.
An Introduction to the Economic History of En-
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T'he Marriage Revolt: A Study of Marriage and
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National Floodmarks: Week by Week Observations
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Stately Homes of California. By Porter Garnett;
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The Log of the Snark. By Charmian Kittredge
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Paris Reborn: A Study in Civic Psychology, By
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Germany's Violations of the Laws of War, 1914-15.
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The Path of Peace. Compiled and edited by Bev-
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Geographical Aspects of Balkan Problems in Their
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The Drama of Three Hundred and Sixty-Five Days:
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The Bowmen, and Other Legends of the War. By
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The Inevitable War. By Francis Delaisi. 12mo,
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The Meaning of the War: Life and Matter in Con-
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Macmillan Co.
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Diversions of a Naturalist. By Sir Ray Lankester,
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Macmillan Co. $1.75 net.
The Life Story of an Otter. By J. C. Tregarthen.
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The Lion Hunter. By Ronaleyn Gordon-Cumming.
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Outing Publishing Co. $1. net.


1915)
387
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old Concord. By Allen French; with drawings by
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& Co. $3. net.
Australian Byways. By Norman Duncan. Illus-
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The Story of Wellesley. By Florence Converse;
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Heart's Content. By Ralph Henry Barbour; illus-
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Old Boston Museum Days. By Kate Ryan. Illus-
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The Man Who Was too Busy to Find the Child.
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The Water-Babies: A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby.
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Stories of the Crooked Tree. By John C. Wright.
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Money-making Entertainments for Church and
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A Bibliography of Medieval French Literature for
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“An Authentic Original Voice in Literature"- The Atlantic Monthly.
ROBERT FROST
THERE IS A RARE
NOTE of SPONTA-
THE NEW AMERICAN POET
NEOUS ENTHUSI-
ASM IN THESE
COMMENTS
North of Boston
ALICE BROWN:
"Mr. Frost has done truer work about New England than anybody-except
Miss Wilkins."
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‘Nothing has come out of America since Whitman so splendid, so real, so over-
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the people replied “Man, what is your name?'
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much more national, in the true sense,
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is drama with a lyrical intensity which
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A BOY'S WILL Mr. Frost's First Volume of Poetry
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THE DIAL
A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
Vol. LIX.
NOVEMBER 11, 1915
No. 705
THE LYRIC LORD.
PAGE
.
.
.
CONTENTS.
Of all forms of verse, the lyric alone still
remains in the ascendant. It does not ex-
THE LYRIC LORD. Charles Leonard Moore . 401
actly keep the zenith, nor is it allowed to
LITERARY AFFAIRS IN LONDON. (Special
burn clear and unobscured. But it is at least
London Correspondence.) J. C. Squire . . 404
The Autumn Publishing Season.— New Work
aloft in the literary sky, whereas the epic, the
of the Younger English Poets.- Bacon versus poetic drama, the narrative poem, and the
Shakespeare Once More.
ballad are muffled in clouds on the horizon.
CASUAL COMMENT
405 | Poetry in lyric rôles is still allowed to flaunt
The autonomous university.— Implacable foes itself a courtier of the sun; though of course
to fiction.— Enterprise in the publishing busi- it is not quite equal to the aldermanic or
ness.—Half a century of library service.—The
beadle-like figures of prose.
In its other
secret of success in martial verse. — India's
first library exhibition.—A pathetic appeal to
forms, however, it is a Belisarius begging for
book-buyers.--Aphoristic wisdom.-A prize
obols in the shadow.
competition for essayists.
How shall we account for the popularity,
COMMUNICATIONS
408 or at least the permitted existence, of the
Madame Tinayre's War Novel. Benj. M.
lyric? That it is brief may have something to
Woodbridge.
do with it. “ 'Tis a very excellent piece of
A Southern Tribute to a Negro. Garland
Greever.
work; would 't were done!” says the ennuied
Hawthorne's Short Stories in Japan. Ernest Christopher Sly; and the modern intellectual
W. Clement.
helot echoes him in regard to long poems.
THE DIPLOMAT OF THE GOLDEN RULE. But the short story and the essay have not
W. H. Johnson
411
displaced the novel, the history, the book of
THE NEW DRAMA IN ENGLISH. Helen
travels or biography. Poe thought that a long
McAfee .
415
poem was impossible because it could not be
CASSANDRA-VOICES OF "PREPAREDNESS."
read at a sitting, and so must lose its totality
Edward Krehbiel
416
of effect. But what we can read at a sitting
Johnston's Arms and the Race.- Maxim's
Defenseless America.- Carter's The Amer-
depends on the character of our minds and
ican Army.— Neeser's Our Navy and the Next the interest of the piece of work itself. Most
War.-Walker's America Fallen! Stultitia. of us have often sat up nights to get through
PETRARCH AGAIN. W. P. Reeves .
418
some enthralling novel three times as long as
THE AMATEUR GARDENER. T. D. A. Cock-
the “Iliad” or “Paradise Lost.” Mere brev-
erell. .
ity will hardly explain the lyric's hold on the
RECENT FICTION. Edward E. Hale.
421
public mind.
Wells's The Research Magnificent.- Dreiser's The fact is that lyrical poetry is usually
The “Genius.”- Mrs. Ward's Eltham House,
the expression of emotion, and the capacity
- Grant's The High Priestess.
for emotion is universal. Anyone can recog-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .
423
nize a natural feeling or instinctive mood of
Religious ideals and idealism.- Problems of
the soul put into words; whereas the ordered
readjustment after the war.-
::- From Waterloo
designs and logical sequences of the drama or
to Liège.— Platitudes for the college student.
- Favorites in poetry and fiction.—The Har-
narrative poem require thought and labor to
old Bell Wright of art criticism.-The dis- understand. Again, the movement and the
ease of lying.--- History of dubious value.- music of lyrical poetry are as a rule more
As seen from the editor's sanctum.- True
apparent, more obvious, though not loftier or
stories of the deaf and the blind.
nobler, than those of the continuous verse
BRIEFER MENTION
428
forms. Even the great mass of the unmusical
NOTES
428 like to hum or whistle some short recollected
TOPICS IN NOVEMBER PERIODICALS 430 air: we do not expect of them the intelligence
LIST OF NEW BOOKS .
430 or effort to appreciate Beethoven or Brahms.
.


402
(Nov. 11
THE DIAL
a
Its emotional quality and its lively or striking The stanzaic and the irregular ode are the
musical accent would therefore seem to be the two species of this form in English. The first
secrets of such hold as the lyric retains. of these is of two sorts,— the pure Pindaric
It has been said that with a thorough ode, with its strophe, antistrophe, and epode;
knowledge of the Bible and Shakespeare and and the ode where but one stanzaic form is
Gibbon's “Rome” a man would be educated. repeated throughout. Gray's “Bard” and
We do not think that the study of lyrical “Progress of Poetry” are the only famous
poetry would amount to liberal education. Pindaric odes in the language. Cowley made
Too much of the spectacle of life, its intellect an awful mess of the business, and Shelley
and action, would be left out. But for the
But for the muddled it still further. The latter poet puts
training and stimulation of the emotions, his epode before his strophe, and makes no
lyrical poetry alone would very nearly suffice. attempt to repeat the metres of the three
What feelings, what instincts, are there, which
divisions. To the trained mind, there is some-
have not been perfectly expressed by it? thing inexplicably pleasing in the regulated
Religious ecstasy, patriotism, martial ardor,
motion of the three parts of the poem, re-
love in all its moods, hope, joy, resignation, peated, as they usually are, two or three times.
the beckonings of nature, the brotherhood The strophe is like a line of figures in a dance,
a
of man, all the agitations and intoxications moving toward the spectator; in the anti-
which lift and sweep us out of dulness and strophe they retrace their steps, and in the
routine, ring from the vibrant chords of the epode they break up into lively groups.
lyric lyre.
The stanzaic form of ode is very much more
If we should say that a lyric is primarily common in English, and it boasts by far the
a gush of emotion, more vivid in picture and greatest number of successes. Such include
more vital in movement than other verse Milton's "Ode on the Nativity,” Gray's “Eton
forms, we should perhaps define its central College” and the “Hymn to Adversity,”
type. This would exclude narration and Wordsworth's “Ode to Duty," Shelley's
character creation, and also overmuch medita-
"Skylark," Keats's "Grecian Urn" and "Ode
tion. But it is a question whether the ballad to a Nightingale," and scores of others.
is or is not a lyric. The odes of Pindar are The irregular ode also seems natural to
full of mythological episodes. Some of the English poets, though the triumphs in it are
so-called Homeric hymns are pure narrative. much fewer than in the stanzaic form. Words-
Dryden's “Alexander's Feast" is a story. And worth’s “Intimations" is the greatest of these,
the sonnets of Shakespeare and Wordsworth, and Dryden's "Alexander's Feast,” Collins's
Tennyson's “In Memoriam," and a multitude “Passions” and “Liberty,” Tennyson's “Death
of other pieces usually classed as lyrical, are of Wellington," and Lowell's “Commemora-
weighted with the profoundest meditation. tion Ode" the other pieces of high rank. The
Thus do art forms elude limitations.
form is “ free verse with a vengeance: the
Taking the world over, the variety of lyric writer changes the length of his stanza or
forms is very great. By means of the chorus lines, and their rhythm and movement, as his
it interpenetrated the Greek drama. The mood dictates. Theoretically, this ought to
Book of Job and the Song of Solomon are consort with “poetic frenzy"; but the human
half lyrical and half dramatic. Dante's mind prefers the circumscribed and the sym-
great trilogy is more like a lyric than an epic metrical, and discipline usually wins out over
poem. Every race has its own lyrical forms. lawlessness.
In the time of the Irish Bards, or of the Trou- Of the great English elegies, Milton's
badours and Minnesingers, men must have put "Lycidas” can scarcely be called irregular.
in as much time in metrical invention as we It is a mighty gush of music, breathed forth
give to the making of machines. In English almost without stop, written in smooth-slip-
poetry lyric falls into four or five great ping couplets and quatrains with only the
divisions,— the ode, the somewhat related occasional break of a short line. The other
forms of the elegy and the epithalamium, the best known pieces of this kind, - Shelley's
song, and the sonnet. There are, of course, "Adonais," Arnold's “Thyrsis," Tennyson's
minor forms, such as the religious hymn, the “In Memoriam," Swinburne's "Ave atque
epigram, and possibly others.
Vale," -- are stanzaic in form. The rarity of


1915]
403
THE DIAL
great wedding songs in the language would He does not possess Burns's immense range,
seem to imply that our writers of the English otherwise he might stand side by side with
tongue did not hold the marriage state in high the latter.
regard; but we suspect that the lack is due The sonnet draws away from the central
rather to their reticence about that relation. | lyric type on the side of meditation, as much
Spenser's two pieces are the only famous epi- as the ode and elegy do on the side of narra-
thalamia that come to mind; though perhaps tive and description. Yet such sonnets as
Suckling's sparkling "Ballad of a Wedding” Milton's "Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughtered
could properly be classed with this genre. hosts" and Shakespeare's "Let me not to the
It is plain that what we have been describ- marriage of true minds” ring out like trum-
ing are lofty and elaborate performances of pet notes. The first question about the sonnet
the Muse. Lyrical they are, but they are not is one of form. Which is best, the Italian or
central in their type. The song is really the the Shakespearean model ? Two such high
norm of lyrical poetry. It is not only capable judges of verse as Tennyson and Palgrave
of being sung, as the longer works scarcely gave the preference to the latter. And Scho-
are, but it answers better to the instinctive penhauer, in his greatest philosophical work,
and emotional qualities of the form. If this devotes a page to proving the superiority of
is so, then Burns is certainly the central lyrist the Italian form. Roughly speaking, this
of our language, and possibly of the race. form tends to the abstract; the Shakespearean,
Nó lyrical poet in the world outranges him. to the concrete. The former is likely to go off
Passion, pathos, heroic ardor, pure imagina- into sound, while the latter turns into picture.
tion, fun, satire, and world-upsetting humor The sonnet is a small thing, it has not even
are all within his compass. It is a curious | the ordinary length of a song in which to
fact that more of his songs have been set to develop itself, and it must therefore be con-
music and widely sung than of any other centrated. Now concentration is best secured
really great poet. As a rule, composers seem
by vividness of image. To our mind, at least,
to fight shy of words which would compete in there are about fifty of Shakespeare's son-
effect with their tones. Shakespeare, Shelley, nets which have more of this concentration
and Tennyson come next in their count of and vividness than any others. Yet Keats
song successes. Perfect and lovely and varied and Wordsworth occasionally reach an equal
as their pieces are, there is a touch of art, of objectivity. In Rossetti's, which are the best
brain-work, in them which makes them just a regular sonnets of recent times, the concen-
trifle set and artificial as compared with the tration is overdone. They become vague and
purely instinctive and natural utterances of monotonous by too much particularity. They
Burns. The Elizabethan dramatists and are so rich in image that they surfeit us,
lyrists, the Cavalier poets, the Scottish minor like a cake which is all plums. A rich sim-
poets, Campbell, Sir Walter himself, whose plicity,— that is the ideal which the sonnet-
wealth of lyric poetry is scarcely realized by writer should aim at. Perhaps it is the ideal
the world, hidden as it is in the mass of his
of all art. There have been many attempted
work,— these and scattered writers through innovations in the number and order of
the ages have added vastly to the English rhymes of the sonnet; but no one has yet
stock of lyrical poetry. One good song has improved upon the two great forms. The
been found enough for an immortality. The Italians have a form of sonnet con coda, with
Irish poets, Moore, James Clarence Mangan, a tail, which has never been naturalized in
and George Darley, are melodists and pas- English.
sionists of the first water. Darley's “Innis- It may be said in favor of the lyric that it
fallen " is one of the great war lyrics of the is essential poetry. It does something that
language. Emily Brontë's half a dozen fine cannot be done in prose. The creative mind
lyrics give her precedence among the women can work with the latter material, though it
poets; they are as intense as Sappho's frag- loses a good deal by putting off the wings and
ments, though they have not Sappho's perfec- cloud-apparel of verse. The prose epic, the
tion of picture. Poe fused the Irish gift of novel, and the prose drama may be very
melody and the Welsh gift of picture, and his great; but the prose lyric practically does not
dozen or so lyrical pieces are unsurpassed. exist.
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.


404
(Nov. 11
THE DIAL
LITERARY AFFAIRS IN LONDON.
appeared; but Mr. Sturge Moore, Mr. W. H.
THE AUTUMN PUBLISHING SEASON.- New writing, and none of them has passed early
Davies, and Mr. Walter de la Mare are still
WORK OF THE YOUNGER ENGLISH POETS.
middle age. Not one of these men, perhaps,
BACON versus SHAKESPEARE ONCE MORE.
can be called a great poet; they are all of
(Special Correspondence of THE DIAL.) them, if you care for classifications, in the
The autumn publishing season has opened ranks of the lesser immortals. But each of
here. It will be a flat affair. One or two of them- unlike those poetic aftermaths of the
the lesser houses have increased their output, mid-nineteenth century who are so well-known
and are pouring forth floods of cheap novels;
on both sides of the Atlantic is original and
but most of the lists are much shorter than individual, and their work is very varied.
usual, and one of the most important firms in Mr. Sturge Moore, the one man of our time
England presents a list only a quarter of the who can write on classical subjects without
normal length. From publishers and book- writing at second-hand, is best read in bulk;
sellers alike I gather that the reduction is except in a few poems like “The Gazelles " an
fully justified by the falling-off in sales. The unfamiliar reader will never get his quality out
lighter novels are selling well, and the minute of a selection. Mr. Davies, on the other hand,
sales of poetry are less minute than usual.
has written about three hundred “nature-
But the demand for war books — except for poems"; of which, say, forty are perfect, as
the class in which the future settlement is many others rather taking, and the rest imita-
seriously discussed — has dropped almost to
tions of his better self. Mr. de la Mare has not
nothing (for one cannot go on reading for written very much verse, but if “The Listen-
ever the same remarks about Huns and
ers," "Arabia," and a dozen other of his lyrics
Kultur); and all kinds of "heavy" books are
do not last, posterity will not know its busi-
unsaleable. The purely decorative books - ness; and Rupert Brooke and Flecker, had
the bibliophile's book and the expensive illus- they lived, might have done very fine things,
trated edition — have naturally gone the way
for they both had, everything else apart, un-
of all luxuries. The new Budget has given
The new Budget has given usual intellects, the full powers of which they
them the coup de grâce. Little of interest, in had only begun to apply. All these poets
fact, may be expected to issue from this side were represented in the Georgian Book; and
during the present season.
others, such as Mr. Gordon Bottomley (who
has written a few extraordinarily fascinating
About the most interesting of the announce-
things), and Mr. Masefield, whose “Biog-
ments, to my mind, is that of a second volume raphy” (which was included) is a much bet-
of “Georgian Poetry.” The first volume of ter poem than those celebrated narratives in
this anthology of the work of certain of our
which he held the mirror up to the flabber-
younger poets appeared three years ago; and gasted populations of rural England. I
its success has been so great that its editor would not be misunderstood. I do not think
(who half-conceals his identity under the
that everything in the Georgian Book was
qualified anonymity of the initials "E. M.”) good, for there were certainly a few bad
has compiled another. I do not know exactly poems and a few unnecessary names in the
what material he has got together this time;
book. And I am far from contending that
but if the new collection is as good as the old
there is as yet any evidence that this genera-
it should be very useful. For the majority tion has been, or will be, as fruitful as that
even of intelligent readers have as yet no idea
which was illuminated by (though it did not,
at all of the profusion of good poetry which
in most cases, purchase) Wordsworth, Cole-
was produced in England during the ten or ridge, Shelley, Keats, and Byron. But there
twelve years before the war. You may put
was before the war an unmistakable stir in
aside the most distinguished of the long- the air, a new atmosphere of keenness, a new
established poets, Mr. Bridges, Mr. Yeats, intellectual fervor, and a strongly marked
"A. E.," and Mr. A. E. Housman, none of tendency on the part of the most sensitive and
whom has done much in recent years; and intelligent of the young men to dedicate them-
you may also put aside Mr. Thomas Hardy, selves to verse rather than to any other me-
who, having deserted fiction, is writing in his dium of expression. This last tendency was
green old age lyrics of extreme originality and is so obvious that it is the commonest
full of a new music. There still remains a body thing to hear people asking whence on earth
of writers whose work would entitle this age the next group of good novelists is to come.
to consider itself richly productive. Rupert
Brooke and James Elroy Flecker have, un- The Shakespeare-Bacon controversy seems
happily, died young since “Georgian Poetry” | to have resolved itself into a struggle of


1915)
405
THE DIAL
was
-
M. P.'s. Sir Edwin Durning-Lawrence has a large volume,“ The Shakespeare Problem
died, so the Conservative benches at Westmin- Restated.” To this Mr. Robertson replied in
ster are no longer graced by the intrepid another large tome entitled (the expositor of
scholar who found irrefutable proof of a hundred heresies must have found a deli-
Bacon's authorship in the fact that one of cious savour in the name) “The Baconian
“Shakespeare's” characters said something Heresy." Mr. Greenwood has now counter-
very like "hic, haec, hog," and in the still attacked in six hundred closely printed pages
more staggering fact that the initial letters of a book which he calls “Is There a Shake-
of three consecutive Shakespearean lines are
speare Problem ? "
“Leto us hope there is,"
P, I, G. But the remaining protagonists in one feels inclined to say, aghast at the thought
the fight (at any rate as far as the English that all this laboring may have been totally
Front is concerned) are both Members of Par- superfluous. It is a readable, good-tempered,
liament. One is Mr. J. M. Robertson and the and sensible piece of argument. The author
other Mr. George Greenwood. Mr. Robertson returns once more to the questions of Shake-
is one of the most energetic, versatile, and per- speare's learning and his law, with the conclu-
tinacious men in the United Kingdom; and, sion that he a learned lawyer; he
one is bound to add, one of the most acrimo- discusses his will, his handwriting, his name,
nious of our controversialists. He began pub- his portraits, and his knowledge of “Nature,”
lic life as assistant to the late Charles Brad- which he contends, with some force, to have
laugh, the Colonel Ingersoll of Europe; and been rather that of the gentleman who knows
for many years he spent his whole time in the his hounds, hawks, and horses well and other
congenial atmosphere of hopeless minorities. birds and beasts not so well, than that of the
He was a Socialist before Socialism became person who stalks the blackbird and the but-
fashionable; a Rationalist before Atheism be- tercup in their native haunts. It is all one to
came fashionable. He venomously attacked me. “I don't care where the water goes if it
"Joe" Chamberlain at the height of that does n't get into the wine," sings Mr. Chester-
statesman's popularity; and the time which ton in one of his most earnest lyrics; and for
he could spare from politics and the fight for myself I do n't care what the critics say if
religious free-speech he employed in demon- they leave the plays intact. But Mr. Green-
strating to his own satisfaction, with all the wood's book, if you enjoy this perennial dis-
apparatus of mythological research, that pute at all, is well worth reading.
Jesus Christ was not merely not God but had
J. C. SQUIRE.
never even existed. The most heterodox of London, October 20, 1915.
us, however, has a weak spot somewhere; and
the "soundness" of Mr. Robertson's opinions
on literature is impeccable. As for the accu-
racy of the ascription of Shakespeare's plays
CASUAL COMMENT.
to the gentleman whom Sir Edwin Durning-
THE AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY is an educa-
Lawrence used invariably to denounce as "the
tional ideal, never to be fully realized outside
drunken, illiterate clown of Stratford," Mr.
of Utopia, although presenting itself as an
Robertson is shocked, appalled, when anyone inviting possibility in countries far less
questions it.
favored than that pattern republic. In the
Mr. Robertson is grim. He devotes to lit- State of Illinois there has for four years been
erature all the seriousness and industry that in preparation a plan for a greater measure
he used to devote to the rites of Osiris and of efficient self-government on the part of the
Mithra and — he was at the Board of Trade State University; and a constitution with
when holding office in the late Liberal Gov- that end in view has finally been drafted by a
ernment - to the exports and imports of committee of professors and other officers of
Tientsin and the Bahamas. Mr. Greenwood,
Mr. Greenwood, that institution, and now awaits formal action
on the other hand, is a cheerful soul. His from the proper authorities. In 107 clauses,
chief political hobby has been a long cam- filling seventeen octavo pages, this scheme of
paign against "blood-sports" and the de- internal administration is carefully developed,
struction of wild-life, and he has even infused with three additional pages of tentative sug-
a certain vivaciousness into this. His line in gestion, the whole prefaced by a detailed
the Shakespeare controversy is a wary one. “historical statement" from Professor Henry
He does not claim Bacon as the Swan (or B. Ward, chairman of the committee. Among
shall we, with Sir Edwin, say the Hog?) of notable items in this Magna Charta from
Avon. He does not know who wrote the plays. Urbana-Champaign, a document too long to
All he knows is that Shakespeare did not. be even summarized here, attention may be
Some years ago he formulated his views in called to the following as of considerable sig-


406
(Nov. 11
THE DIAL
nificance: “In the election or re-election of appointed one of a committee to draw up a
a president, the University Senate (in a gen- plan for the proposed library, urged the
eral way, the Faculty) shall be represented desirability of providing a generous supply of
by members of its own selection on the nomi- copies of “the more respectable of the popu-
nating committee of the Board of Trustees." lar books of the time," so that “many per-
No nomination of a college dean shall be effec- sons, if they desire it, can be reading the same
tive without “a majority vote of the profes-work at the same moment." Wholesome fic-
sors and associate professors in the college tion was evidently included by him in this
faculty, voting by .ballot.” Direct access to class. The protest against “trashy novels,"
the Board of Trustees on the part of profes- so often raised by those who think the library
sors and other university officers, in matters too liberal in its provision of fiction, is one
concerning their work or their relations to the that few library officials can listen to with
university, is made possible, “upon formal patience; for is it not the earnest endeavor of
application " and "provided that such mat- these officials to bar out the trashy novel!
ters have first been presented to the President And are they not in general succeeding as
without receiving his approval." Nomina- well as the obvious difficulties of the problem
tions to teaching positions shall, in general will permit?
will permit? On this head there appears &
terms, originate with the department con- sane and well-informed utterance by Mr.
cerned. “Academic freedom in the pursuit Edmund Lester Pearson in the October issue
and teaching of knowledge shall be main- of “Branch Library News," which he edits
tained." Activities “incompatible with the for the New York Public Library. He takes
proper performance of his duties in the Uni- occasion to quote from a letter of Ticknor's to
versity” may not be engaged in by any mem- Edward Everett, in the same vein as the pas-
ber of the academic or administrative staff. sage cited above. Significant, too, are the
But who is to determine what is “incompati- statistics he gives of the circulation of stand-
ble"? Retirement pensions are provided for. ard fiction, the recognized classics of romance.
Amendments to the constitution shall be pro- Despite the people's unwisdom in clamoring
posed by the Senate or referred to that body for the very latest fiction, regardless of qual-
for consideration and recommendation; and ity, the public library ought not to be and
not until then shall they be passed upon by will not be forbidden to furnish what Ticknor
the Board of Trustees. President James in- called “the pleasant literature of the day.”
vites outside discussion of the proposed con-
stitution, copies of which, we infer, may be
ENTERPRISE IN THE PUBLISHING BUSINESS
obtained on request.
has recently exhibited a new and thought-
provoking development. The publisher of a
IMPLACABLE FOES TO FICTION have risen in juvenile series of books which, he boldly
their might, or in their impotence, in the city asserts, are “the most successful of their kind
of New York, and are demanding that the ever published," was approached last summer
public library shall cease to provide novels by a costume-maker in New York, for permis-
for the amusement of the people. This, at sion to name a dress after the breezy young
least, is the recommendation or suggestion of heroine of his best-sellers. The publisher, who
the head of the municipal Bureau of Statistics presumably has not attained to his present
and Investigation, which of course is not actu- measure of success without a sad realization
ated exclusively by a tender concern for of the relatively wide appeal that clothes
public morals, but chiefly by a desire to effect make to the buying public, eagerly assented to
economy in the city's finances; and the old
the proposal of the costume-maker. Between
cry against the frivolity if not the actual them they worked out a plan whereby each
wickedness of novel-reading is raised in sup purchaser of the costumer's dress should, in
port of the proposed measure. No disastrous. return for her own name and that of five
outcome from this agitation need be feared friends, be entitled to receive a free copy of
by New York novel-readers, since the enter whatever book in the publisher's series she
tainment-providing function of the public preferred. The names thus obtained are put
library is too generally recognized and ap- upon the mailing list of both publisher and
proved to be discontinued. But the incident dressmaker, each of whom is carrying on an
arouses discussion and a rehearsal of the old extensive campaign of advertising this sea-
arguments for and against the story-book and son.
The manufacturer has a reasonable ex-
its right of admission to the people's library. pectation of selling ten thousand dresses, and
More than sixty years ago George Ticknor, this should ensure to the publisher at least
who was a member of the Boston Public twenty-five thousand new names, to which he
Library's first Board of Trustees and was is mailing special circulars. As a final coup


1915)
407
THE DIAL
the publisher has issued a circular to retail THE SECRET OF SUCCESS IN MARTIAL VERSE is
book-sellers, offering a dress to each of the not to be revealed in a dozen words, nor yet
fifteen salespeople who dispose of the greatest in a hundred. Some glimmerings of the ele-
number of the titles in his series during the ments of effectiveness in this variety of metri-
rest of the year. Salesmen are not excluded cal composition may nevertheless be caught
from the contest; the suits they win will be from an examination of the enduring exam-
fitted to their “wives or daughters.” “We ples familiar to all the world. In no other
believe,” concludes the circular, “ that this is form of poetry is the personal and the par-
something entirely new in the book-selling ticular, as contrasted with the general and
business, but it promises to prove exceed- the abstract, so sure of finding favor. “My
ingly popular.” Without doubt, it will be Maryland” and the lines inspired by John
popular. Our astute publisher has seen the Brown's tragic fate are no vague appeals to
main chance; he has put books, which nobody patriotism. Even the "Battle-Hymn of the
buys except under stress, into connection with Republic” begins with a possessive pronoun
clothes, which are bought casually and lav- denoting the first person singular. An
ishly by the average American woman. And English writer (Mr. Arthur Waugh) on the
it is our women who buy books,— when they subject of war poetry, in the current issue of
are bought at all.
the London “Book Monthly," lays emphasis
on this quality of personal appeal, and goes
HALF A CENTURY OF LIBRARY SERVICE, and so far as to say that "probably no single war-
in fact rather more than that, is credited to song ever exercised more influence in its time
the account of the lately deceased John Ed- than Julia Ward Howe's republican master-
mands, whose activity in his chosen profession piece, and the appeal of that hymn will be
began in 1846 at Yale College, where for a found upon examination to be entirely per-
year he had charge of the library of the sonal, embellished with a quantity of highly
Society of Brothers in Unity, and where also effective decoration which inflames the fancy
from 1851 to 1856 he was assistant librarian without portraying actualities.” Then he
of the college library. From 1856 to 1901 he quotes the opening lines and calls attention to
guided the fortunes of the Mercantile Library their personal touch combined with "pure
in Philadelphia, being Librarian Emeritus at though
though noble rhetoric." He continues :
the time of his death. Significant of his “ There is great virtue in this; indeed, it may
bibliographic bent is the fact that in the very be said to be the secret of the whole matter,
earliest months of his library service he pre- so far as the achievement of war-poetry is
pared and published a small work that served concerned. The best war-songs are always
as the germ of the later and much larger those that speak straight to the individual.
“Poole's Index." This was his list of “Sub- The best war-poetry is invariably subjective."
jects for Debate, with References to the It is true that lofty verse may be inspired by
Authorities." He also compiled bibliogra- the general theme of armed strife, and it may
phies of the “Letters of Junius" and of the be immeasurably finer poetry than the favor-
Dies Iræ,” drew up one of the first of the ite ballad of the camps and trenches; but the
now somewhat numerous lists of historical martial lays that live in the hearts and on the
prose fiction, devised a system of book-classifi lips of men are of the less abstract quality
cation, and was a valued though not frequent indicated above.
contributor to periodical library literature.
Memory recalls to the present writer the ven- INDIA'S FIRST LIBRARY EXHIBITION was held
erable figure of Mr. Edmands presiding over recently at Mehsana, in the Kadi District of
some of the earlier meetings of the association the State of Baroda; and “The Library Mis-
of Pennsylvania librarians formed by a group cellany” (product of the enterprise of Mr.
of Philadelphia library workers in the early B. M. Dadachanji, member of the A. L. A.,
nineties of the last century. He was the first now living in the city of Baroda) gives con-
president elected by that body, and his age siderable space to a description of its notable
and experience gave dignity and impressive features, with a view of the fine library build-
ness to its deliberations. A charter member ing that was the scene of the interesting event.
also of the A. L. A., and one of its first vice Graphic representations of library progress
presidents, his name has long been familiar to in the Kadi District, with pictures of noted
the American library world. He furnished a foreign libraries, including many in America,
conspicuous example of the sustaining power, greeted the eye of the visitor, who was further
physical and mental, of rather arduous intel- instructed and entertained by cinematograph
lectual pursuits continued considerably be- and stereopticon views, all illustrative of li-
yond the scriptural threescore years and ten. brary activity. “Another specially noteworthy
99


408
(Nov. 11
THE DIAL
feature of the exhibition," we read, “was the Book” for their guidance, and on the inside
children's room, specially organized. There of its covers are printed pithy bits of advice
in cases were attractively arranged typical like the following: “Do what you are paid
children's books, such as ragbooks, picture for – and then some; it's the 'then some
books, artistically bound books, including the that gets your salary raised.” “Folks that
charming series of the Japanese fairy tales, never do any more than they get paid for,
as also various kinds of children's game- and never get paid for any more than they do.”'
puzzle-boxes.” It was, too, with all its variety “Some men are ground down on the grind-
of interest, a rather impromptu exhibition, stone of life, while others get polished up. It
hurriedly prepared in honor of an unexpected depends on their kind of stuff.” “You will
visit from the Maharaja of Baroda, who seems never push yourself forward in this world by
to be an exceedingly popular as well as patting yourself on the back.” “ The man
actively beneficent potentate. “The Library who thinks he can learn nothing thinks a
Miscellany” gives in each issue detailed and great truth.” One need not be a head librarian
highly encouraging accounts of library prog- or even a library assistant in order to have
ress in its own and other districts of India, the capacity to appreciate and perhaps to
but its fortunes, like those of many another derive benefit from these “wise saws.
periodical, seem to have been adversely
affected by the war. At any rate the number A PRIZE COMPETITION FOR ESSAYISTS is just
now at hand is dated “January & April, announced, with the tidy sum of five thousand
1915," denoting a merging of two quarterly dollars as bait to lure the writers. The sub-
issues into one half-yearly number. Being a ject of the prospective essays and the circum-
tri-lingual magazine, its publication is neces- stances attending the offer of the prizes are
sarily a rather arduous undertaking.
interesting, for more reasons than one. In
brief, as reported in the daily press, Colonel
A PATHETIC APPEAL TO BOOK-BUYERS takes Gustave Pabst of Milwaukee, newly elected
the form of a volume, lately published in president of the United States Brewers' Asso-
London, entitled “The Blinded Soldiers' and ciation, made it known at the recent conven-
Sailors' Gift Book," which the beneficiaries tion of that body that the aforementioned
will never be able to read. All the profits
All the profits sum of money was to be appropriated to
from the sale of this volume are to be devoted stimulate literary and argumentative zeal in
to carrying on the work, inaugurated at “St. the treatment of the saloon problem. It will
Dunstans," Regent's Park, of teaching the readily be believed that the presidential ad-
sightless unfortunates of the war such trades dress was not lacking in eloquent tribute to
as will make them self-supporting in the Gambrinus, and a careful reading of that
future. Artists, poets, and prose-writers have address might advantageously precede the
liberally responded to the call to collaborate competitor's effort to win one of the offered
in the making of this gift book, and the con- prizes; just as a cold disregard of its tenor
tributors are said to include "most of the best might, and probably would, result in no
names in literature and art.” Many of the pecuniary addition to the essayist's resources.
illustrations are products of the four-color
process, and are of great beauty, if report is
to be trusted. Queen Mary shows a most
COMMUNICATIONS.
helpful interest in the work, which is also
MADAME TINAYRE'S WAR NOVEL,
cordially received by less exalted purchasers.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
By issuing a very large edition the publishers,
Messrs. Jarrold & Sons, have kept the price
Some months ago I contributed to this depart-
down to three shillings. It is to be hoped
ment of your journal a brief review of the novels
of Madame Tinayre, in which I indicated the
that the book will be on sale in America as
feminist trend in her work. She has recently
well as in England.
issued a new book, “ La Veillée des Armes," which
should be of interest to your readers. On the
APHORISTIC WISDOM commends itself to us cover we read roman,"
," but the dedication de-
in inverse proportion to our need of it. Impa-
scribes the work more accurately as a mirror in
tient and self-confident youth is prone to
which are reflected the familiar and the heroic
regard all maxims as the feeble-foolish maun-
aspects of a Paris which will never be seen again.”
The centring of the action about a few characters
derings of doddering old age; while the
merely serves to heighten the human interest and
hoary-headed sage, past the time for profiting pathos of the narrative. The author adds that
by apophthegmatic counsels, prize these nug-
none of her books owes less to imagination and
gets of wisdom. The Chicago Public Library depends less on literary artifice.” We have, then,
issues to all members of its staff a “Rule a poignant picture, or rather a photograph, of a


1915)
409
THE DIAL
tiny corner of Paris,- and never did a part better And so the story goes on, the same simplicity
represent the whole, - on July 31 and August 1, obtaining throughout. The men conceal their emo-
1914. Whoever had the privilege of being in the tion under a stoic mask or with a jest, while the
city at that time has witnessed all that Madame women try to love them as soldiers should be
Tinayre relates, and the dramatic simplicity of her loved, that they may be truly strong. Here is no
narrative will make the scenes live again even for literary artifice; it is photographic truth.
those who did not witness them. As “ a moment's Interesting are the recurring scenes which show
monument," the book deserves a place with Sar- the French people, torn asunder on the very eve
cey's "Siège de Paris."
of the conflict by the scandal of the Caillaux case,
The scene is laid in a quiet little street on the rapidly welding together under the foreign menace.
left bank of the Seine, inhabited by the petite We see the police grow paternal, the Socialist
bourgeoisie. Its denizens are charming, and the laborers salute their superiors as they leave the
reader follows with keen interest the varying emo- work-shops, while one phrase rings through all
tions of each one. We meet first the keeper of a classes: “On ne peut pas devenir Prussiens!”
newspaper stand, who flatly refuses to give change The spirit of coolness in which the book is
for a fifty franc note. Every new
comer is written is striking. Though all the characters are
promptly suspected of wishing to procure a little convinced that Germany wished the war, there is
precious gold or silver under pretext of paying for no expression of hatred for the enemy. The same
his paper with a bill. Customers devour and com- was true of the Paris of last August. Perhaps the
ment upon the latest news as they stand before moment was too solemn for violent outbursts of
the booth. A veteran of 1870 mutters, “Bon feeling; but no small credit is due to this author
Dieu, must we go through that again?” A young for having observed truth to the reality. The spirit
man exclaims, as he spies two marauding cats, of “the new Germany" is judged as follows:
* There's some fresh meat for the siege!” Work- “ They are modern Germans. They dream only of
men discuss eagerly the loyalty of their brothers material power, wealth, domination. They despise all
across the Rhine to the Socialist cause; women,
that is not German. I have felt in them this strange
eager to lay by provisions for emergencies, com- mysticism, this cult of force, almost lyric in its ex-
plain of the crowds at the grocers', and of the
pression, which has become the mental malady, the
greed of the dealers who have already raised
megalomania with which all their race is afflicted.”
prices. Marie Pourat arrives to get the papers
In my previous review, I presented Madame
for her patrons; she is a sturdy woman, slaving Tinayre as a perhaps over-ardent champion of
to give her two children a better chance in life
feminism. I confess that on first seeing her new
than she has had. Though not given to gossip, for book, I feared to find something like the spirit of
once as she performs her duties she relates the the recent play, “ War Brides.” No such matter.
rumors of the morning to her late-rising employ-
The fact that the lot of the women who stay
A German firm was hidden behind the
behind is more bitter than that of the men who
“ Maggi” milk depots, and a plot to poison fight is fully appreciated. The women feel a keen
Paris had been discovered. Already crowds were
sense of wrong,- all that the heroine of War
smashing the windows of these unhappy dairies.
Brides” felt,- as is shown by the following out-
Germans had been arrested trying to cross the
cry from a porter's wife:
frontier with enormous sums of gold. Marie goes “It's heart-breaking. We aren't cowards; but
first to the studio of M. Fréchette, an artist who
when we have borne a child and suckled and reared
cohabits scandalously with his models — and is so
him to manhood by our toil, and then they say to us:
sympathetic for all that! At the first glance over
“Now give him up, to be killed perhaps, and you will
the paper he cries : “Hurrah! now we'll escort
remain alone in your old age, you will have nothing
" that breaks the heart . it's worse than
the cubists [e. g. the Munich artists] to the fron- death ... Ah! bon Dieu Seigneur! If there were
tier!” Marie carries the paper to Simone Daves- women in the government, it would be over, all this
nes,— the heroine of the story, in so far as there warring! Soldiers fight the battles, but women bear
Her youth had been pinched and sad; but the soldiers. . . Between us, we'd always come to an
two years before the scene opens, she had mar-
agreement to save our children. I can't believe that
ried a lieutenant, now an engineer in an aviation
German mothers' hearts are different from mine ..'
factory. Fleeting glimpses of their idyllic happi- But in the final hour, la patrie en danger in-
ness are offered the reader. From the first, Fran- spires an idealism of sacrifice, each one his part;
çois Davesnes has been convinced that Germany and, as the author says in her dedication, “ the
wishes war.
He says calmly that France will weakest among us felt throbbing in his mortal
know how to accept it when it comes. From day heart the eternal heart of France."
to day his wife watches him become again what he
BENJ. M. WOODBRIDGE.
has never ceased to be a soldier; and she cannot University of Texas, Nov. 2, 1915.
entirely repress her sadness. The following bit of
dialogue may be cited, as it rang from one end of
A SOUTHERN TRIBUTE TO A NEGRO.
France to another in those terrible days:
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
“ Then you must love me as one should love a
There has been gross mistreatment of the negro
soldier — without weakness.'
* * I will try, François.
in the South. Of this fact we are often and
* * You must be calm, wait, hope, accept destiny.
vehemently reminded. There has also been recog-
I shall only be truly strong if I feel you strong behind nition, friendship. Of this fact, though more
me. Until evening, dearest.'”
pleasant, we hear less. The kindlier relationship,
ers.
is one.


410
(Nov. 11
THE DIAL
.
It is good to know that Uncle Henry lived to a
ripe old age; that he discharged well and conscien-
tiously all that was given him to do, and that in
passing, he yet dies not in the kindly regard of Vir-
ginia's alumni who are now scattered throughout the
United States. Even, Mr. Alumnus, as he used to
tip his bat to you and me as we passed him on the
old walks or under the old arcades of the University,
so may we both now salute his memory with uncov-
ered head - this and besides this the throb of
sadness in the heart.
to be sure, has not gone wholly unproclaimed.
White men in the South cannot cease to be grate-
ful to Booker T. Washington for reminding North-
ern audiences that where a Southern negro has
succeeded, in nine cases out of ten it is through the
encouragement, goodwill, and financial assistance
of some white neighbor. We should not ignore,
as Mr. Washington does not ignore, the wrongs,
the grave problems; but surely we should not close
our eyes either to the understanding and cordial
coöperation which so often exists between the two
races.
I subjoin a tribute to a negro which appeared
editorially in the Lynchburg "News" on October
10. It is the more appropriate to your columns
because the negro whose virtues are celebrated has
long been a living force in one of the oldest of
Southern educational institutions. To my knowl-
edge the editorial has been read by housekeepers
here in Lexington to their colored servants as an
inspiration and a reminder that negro merits are
perceived and acknowledged.
GARLAND GREEVER.
Lexington, Va., Oct. 27, 1915.
THE PASSING OF HENRY MARTIN.
Henry Martin, for more than half a century the
colored janitor of the University of Virginia, has
ceased to walk the rounds of his daily duty; sur-
rendered his keys; abandoned all temporal responsi-
bilities — and his place in the ranks of the living will
know him no more. The man was widely known
his passing will be widely noted with regret. You
remember him, Mr. Alumnus; you and your con-
temporaries. President Wilson used to know him;
so did Attorney General Gregory; and Secretary
McAdoo, and Supreme Court Justice McReynolds, as
did Mr. Underwood and Senator Martin, and Thomas
Nelson Page — but why go on? The roll is all too
long, which embraces those of high or mediocre sta-
tion in the current affairs of human life who knew
Henry Martin, and in knowing, honored him. How
easily he can be summoned to the chamber of our
memories, and there be visualized as we used to see
him - a striking and pleasing figure of a man. Tall,
erect, kindly visaged, with a nameless sort of ease
and courtliness of carriage, which served an admira-
ble setting for a noble soul - that was Henry Martin.
We need no photograph to aid in the delineation.
It may be truthfully said of “ Uncle Henry,” as he
used to be affectionately called, that in high degree
he exemplified the attributes of fidelity, courtesy and
the sort of dignity which is as easily, instantly recog.
nized as it is certain to command the tribute of high
respect. He was naturally, unostentatiously the gen-
tleman — always. He was very true to his trust
faithful in the performance of duty; gentle of heart
and yet equipped with an unassuming force of per-
sonality that made distinct impression upon all with
whom he came in contact. Besides, Henry Martin
was a man of upright life; clean of character;
scrupulous and vigilant in observing all polite ameni-
ties. And so as he passed from one period of service
to another, he grew into a sort of influence in the
University's life, which was of good import. We dare
say that of all the many thousands of students who
knew him, there was not one who did not see in
Henry Martin something to respect — something in
his manner, bearing, or in the outward manifestation
of his heart to merit the unaffected esteem of others,
regardless of their color.
HAWTHORNE'S SHORT STORIES IN JAPAN.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
I have read with great pleasure and profit the
article by Mr. Charles Leonard Moore on The
Best Short Stories" in your issue for Sept. 2
last. Of course, the selection made in such a case
will depend, to some extent, upon the individual
taste; it would be quite difficult to eliminate
entirely the subjective element in such a critical
choice of “the best.” And yet the general “ rules
for guidance” in such a choice, as suggested by
Mr. Moore, are those which one would not over-
rule. But I wish to raise a query concerning the
application of one of those rules.
I refer to the mention of Hawthorne, whose
short stories are all rejected on the ground that
“they have been stopped at the frontiers of other
countries," and thus lack “ a certain universality,"
which is the requisite of the second rule.
Now, I beg to submit that Hawthorne's short
stories have not all been stopped at the frontiers
of Japan. If “ The Miraculous Pitcher" is out
of this court, because it is not exactly original but
rather a kind of translation, “ The Great Stone
Face” is certainly original, and it has crossed the
boundaries of Japan. I do not mean merely that
it has been translated into Japanese; I mean that
it has proved “ capable of general acceptation" in
Japan by the Japanese and that it is somewhat
popular here. This may be partly due to the fact
that there is a counterpart in an old Japanese
fairy-tale called “The Matsuyama Mirror." And
yet the latter is not well known to Japanese
youth, who never fail to appreciate “ The Great
Stone Face." Anyhow, Hawthorne's great short
story has become a naturalized citizen in the
Japanese school world. “David Swan” and “ The
Ambitious Guest” are also popular here.
I write this not to dispute Mr. Moore's general
rules or even their special applications, but only
to point out that one application (to Hawthorne)
does not apply in the case of Japan. And I write
this after several years of experience in using .
“ Twice-Told Tales as a text-book in English.
Since writing the above, I have made inquiries
of some of my Japanese colleagues, who are teach-
ers of English, and find that I am supported, not
only in my general contention, but even in my
specific choice of stories. And one of them added
that he liked “ David Swan” because it has “a
Japanese tone." For an Occidental story to have
an Oriental tone is a good proof of its univer-
sality.
ERNEST W. CLEMENT.
Tokyo, Japan, Oct. 5, 1915.
-


1915)
411
THE DIAL
desultory. Edmund Clarence Stedman took
The New Books.
him to task for desertion, thirty years ago.
“Such poetry as the blank-verse impromptu
on Liberty shows the higher worth of a man
THE DIPLOMAT OF THE GOLDEN RULE.*
who should rise above indifference, and the
Few men of note in American life have hindrance of his mood, and in these spiritless
worked their way more deeply into the hearts times take up the lyre again, nor fitfully
of their intimate associates than John Hay. touch the strings.” This insinuation that it
When he chose to give of his personal affec- was lack of will power which kept Hay out of
tion at all, he gave unstintingly and received a great literary career was seconded, after his
unstintingly in return. This innate tendency death, by Mr. Howells, who expressed the
was doubtless powerfully developed by the opinion that in the literary work which he did
fact that when hardly more than a boy he do “he avouched his ability to have done what
came under the influence of the most intimate hę wished in literature if only he had wished
daily association with the strong and tender it enough." That the mood and not the want
nature of President Lincoln. And it was one of inborn ability was at fault in his failure to
of his most lovable traits that the boy in him place his name among the very highest on the
never died. The fresh, breezy jest, full of roll of American poets will probably be the
youthful spirit, keeps breaking out even dur- final judgment in the case. But whether the
ing the closing year, after he had written the country could well have spared him to the
lines,
muses is another question, which will be more
“At eve, when the dull wintry day is sped,
easily answered when the lapse of years shall
I muse beside my fire’s faint-flickering glare — have shown whether certain high ideals which
Conscious of wrinkling face and whitening he sought to engraft upon diplomacy have
hair
effected a connection vital enough to stand
Of those who, dying young, inherited
the douche of Prussic acid to which interna-
The immortal youthfulness of the early dead.” tional relations are now being subjected.
It was only a year earlier than this that he With no definite prospects which seemed to
had given to the Ohio Society in New York justify the devotion of his talents to letters,
the following humorous description of his Hay turned to the law and entered the office
origins:
of his uncle, Milton Hay, of Springfield, Illi-
"If I am not that altogether deplorable crea-
nois. Here he soon met Abraham Lincoln,
ture, a man without a country, I am, when it comes who had recently gained fame throughout the
to pull and prestige, almost equally bereft, as I am land by his debate with Douglas. Two years
a man without a State. I was born in Indiana, I later, Lincoln was in the White House and
grew up in Illinois, I was educated in Rhode Hay had begun his preparation for a states-
Island, and it is no blame to that scholarly com-
munity that I know so little. I learned my law
man's career by taking service as assistant to
in Springfield and my politics in Washington, my
John G. Nicolay, the President's private secre-
diplomacy in Europe, Asia and Africa. I have a
tary. During the four momentous years that
farm in New Hampshire and desk-room in the
followed, he was employed on many a delicate
District of Columbia. When I look to the springs enterprise, such as feeling out the possibility
from which my blood descends, the first ancestors of setting up loyal state governments in the
I ever heard of were a Scotch man, who was half South, or slipping across the river from
English, and a German woman, who was half Niagara and meeting informally the alleged
French. Of my immediate progenitors, my mother
agents of the Confederacy through whom
was from New England and my father was from
the South. In this bewilderment of origin and
Greeley was making his famous and fatuous
experience, I can only put on an aspect of deep
effort of the summer of 1864 to put an end to
humility in any gathering of favorite sons, and
the war. The contribution of Lincoln's great
confess that I am nothing but an American."
spirit to the impressionable mind and heart
With his college course at Brown, sur-
of Hay was of course immeasurable, but Mr.
rounded by men and women of culture and Thayer's pages give ample evidence that the
refinement, Hay imbibed an ardent apprecia-
young Secretary, humble though his position
tion of the things of the mind, and developed
was, made no insignificant contribution to the
an ambition for a literary career.
success of the most vitally important admin-
But hin-
drances came, which he chose, perhaps un-
istration ever seated in Washington.
necessarily, to regard as decisive, and his
After Lincoln's death, Hay went to Paris as
cultivation of the muses was never more than
Secretary of Legation, carrying from Thur-
low Weed a letter to John Bigelow, American
* THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN HAY. By William Roscoe
Thayer. In two volumes.
Boston: Houghton
Minister, recommending him as “a bright,
Mifflin Co.
| gifted young man, with agreeable manners
Illustrated.


412
(Nov. 11
THE DIAL
and refined tastes." Weed doubtless saw in act as Chargé d'Affaires, at Vienna, the post
the appointment only the taking care of a from which Motley had been driven through
young man who had been Lincoln's secretary. piece of that brutal political bungling all
In Paris, Hay drank in disgust for the petty- too characteristic of our diplomacy. On his
spirited despotism of Napoleon III., found way to his new position he met Motley in
food for moral reflection in
London, still chafing bitterly over the injus-
“ The tremulous shafts of dawning
tice and rudeness of his recall, and tried to
As they shoot o'er the Tuileries early,"
persuade him that the incident indicated no
wormed his way into the intricacies of Papal hostility on the part of Secretary Seward.
politics through conversation with the Rever though he admitted that Seward's letter of
end Professor of Dogmatic Theology in the
recall was “a frightful one for a gentleman
Propaganda Fide College at Rome, learned
to write or to receive.” Hay's own career was
the running gear of Imperial diplomatic func-
never to reveal such dulness of perception in
matters of the kind. Public life could not kill
tions, tasted of the higher artistic and intel-
lectual life of the incomparable French capital, in him the essential qualities of the gentleman.
and then came home in 1867, all the better
Vienna gave him still more of the training
American for this varied and broadening ex- and culture which he had absorbed at Paris.
perience. John A. Dix had succeeded Bige And he acquired there, too, a reasoned hatred
low as Minister
, and wished, as a politician, danger of Europe today," he wrote to Sew-
,
for
" The great calamity and
to have of
than to retain one already trained to the du- | ard, “are these enormous armaments. No
ties of the position. Hay went to Washington, honest statesman can say that he sees in the
willing to receive another position, though present attitude of politics the necessity of
instinctively unwilling to press his claims by war. No great power is threatened. There
the wire-pulling methods of which he had seen is no menace to peace that could not be imme-
so much during his service with Lincoln. At diately dispelled by a firm protest of the
Washington he was invited to dine with Sum- peacefully disposed majority of nations.
ner, who discussed the Tenure of Office bill, There would be, therefore, no danger to any
then under consideration in the Senate. Sum | people, but a vast and immediate gain to all
ner severely criticized Senator Sherman for from a general disarmament. . . Why then is
opposing the inclusion of members of the this awful waste of youth and treasure con-
Cabinet under the provisions of the bill, but tinued ? I believe from no other motive than
Hay was not blinded to fundamental truths
to sustain the waning prestige of Kings." In
by the passions of the moment, as is shown by the Europe about him he thought that he saw
an entry made in his diary the same evening: many germs of progress toward a greater
"In all this ingenious and really clever and
human freedom. England had come abreast
of John Bright, while Austria was governed
learned talk of Sumner's, I could but remark the
blindness of an honest, earnest man, who is so
by Forty-Eighters. The spirit of freedom
intent upon what he thinks right and necessary
which Bismarck had suckled with the blood
that he closes his eyes to the fatal consequences of of Sadowa was rising up to appal him; while
such a course in different circumstances and dif- France, still in a comatose slumber, was talk-
ferent times. The Senate is now a bulwark against ing in her sleep and murmuring the Marseil-
the evil schemes of the President; therefore he laise. "And God has made her ruler blind
would give the Senate a power which might make drunk, that his Helot antics may disgust the
it the most detestable engine of anarchy or oppres- world with despotism. If ever in my green
sion."
and salad days I sometimes vaguely doubted.
Sumner was opposing the confirmation of
I am safe now. I am a Republican till I die.
Dix as Minister to France; and if he had
When we get to Heaven we can try a monar-
succeeded, Hay was to have been sent to Paris chy, perhaps.”
as Chargé d'Affaires. But the friends of Dix
In the autumn of 1868, Hay resigned and
won the battle, and Hay returned to his Indi-
returned to America, but the following sum-
ana home, without money and with no suita- mer found him again in diplomatic harness,
ble occupation yet in sight. He and Nicolay
as Secretary of Legation at Madrid. Here he
were already planning a biography of Lincoln, remained for a year, and in addition to his
but with no encouragement from publishers. secretarial duties gained that intimate knowl-
“Nobody is keen for our book," he reported edge of Spain and her people which he was
to Nicolay. “We will have to write it and later to give to the world in “ Castilian Days."
publish on our own hook some day, when we Castelar, then in his prime as the eloquent
can afford.” Within a few weeks, however, advocate of Republicanism, won his especial
he was appointed as Secretary of Legation, to admiration. A chance visit to the office of the
6


1915)
413
THE DIAL
New York “Tribune," as he passed through passing of Evarts, he served for six months
the city on his way home, and the chance as editor-in-chief of the “Tribune," while
writing of an able editorial comment on a Whitelaw Reid was touring Europe on his
cable dispatch which happened to arrive just honeymoon. His editorial ability and judg-
at the time, chanced to please Greeley so ment were severely but successfully tested in
highly that Hay was at once invited to join dealing with the crisis in New York politics
the staff of the paper. The offer was accepted, caused by the break between the New York
and Hay's status was fixed for the next five Senators and the administration, and the
years. He then resigned and went to Cleve- subsequent assassination of the President.
land, partly because the strain of newspaper In the early eighties, Hay left Cleveland
work was undermining his health, and partly and built a fine home in Washington, by the
in accordance with the desire of Amasa Stone, side of that of his most intimate friend,
the founder of Adelbert College, whose daugh- Henry Adams, both structures being designed
ter he had married in 1874.
by Henry H. Richardson, foremost of Amer-
In 1871 “Castilian Days" and the “Pike ican architects. Mr. Thayer gives a charm-
County Ballads and Other Pieces" had been ing picture of the social and intellectual life
published by Osgood. Hay himself was sin- that centred in these two homes. Hay's
cere in placing very little value upon that appointment to diplomatic service was sug-
part of his verse which won immediate popu- gested to President Harrison, who only made
larity, and one may trust his judgment rather the foolish answer, “There is n't any politics
than that of Mr. Howells, who has said that in it.” And so the fated diplomatic career
the “ Pike County Ballads” would as infal- had to await the coming of McKinley, who
libly carry his fame as the “Biglow Papers"
was too deeply indebted to Hay's kindness to
carry Lowell's. Only a year before his death, have passed him by on any mere balancing of
“Castilian Days" was to figure as the basis political values. We may well believe, how-
of an impudent demand from some extremists ever, that Hay would have received the Lon-
that he be expelled from the Cabinet, because don Embassy on the score of his conspicuous
of certain strictures against the Spanish Cath- fitness, even if McKinley's rise to the Presi-
During the World's Fair at dency had not involved certain incidents
Chicago someone with intentions superior to which many would gladly forget, but which
his information introduced him to the Span- Mr. Thayer chooses to set forth with no dis-
ish Princess Eulalia and her companions as guise of their inherent unpleasantness, doubt-
the author of a book on Spain which they less that the unvarnished truth may show
really ought to read, unconscious," Hay Hay's kindness to McKinley to have had no
wrote to Henry Adams, "that my unhappy ulterior motive. Nor does Mr. Thayer's nar-
little volume treats the august family of rative conceal the fact that the same cannot
Spain as a set of pas grandes choses from be said of the aid rendered to McKinley by
Wayback, who have no place outside of penal the Ohio Republican boss of the period.
and reformatory institutions." This, by the
One does not need to dwell on the details
way, is a good illustration of Hay's character of Hay's service in the London Embassy. A
istic freedom of expression in private corre- sentence from a letter to Senator Lodge, writ-
spondence, which he, as many other great men, ten after the outbreak of the war with Spain,
was wont to employ as a kind of offset to the gives the keynote of his policy: “It is hardly
dignity imposed by a keen sense of fitness in
too much to say that the interests of civiliza-
public utterances.
tion are bound up in the direction the rela-
After leaving the “ Tribune,” Hay began in tions of England and America are to take in
earnest his long labor on the Lincoln biog- the next few months.” In Mr. Thayer's
raphy, which was finally published in 1890. words, “He realized that on the welding to-
In the meanwhile, he had written “The gether of England and the United States, the
Bread-Winners," stimulated by reflection on future welfare of two hemispheres depended."
the railroad riots of 1877, but published Meanwhile, John Sherman, broken under the
anonymously and never formally acknowl- burden of the State Department, into which
edged. In 1879, Secretary Evarts asked him the Ohio Republican boss had forced him in
to become Assistant Secretary of State, and order to clear his own path to the Senate, had
he held the position until the opening of the surrendered his portfolio to Judge Day.
Garfield administration. It is a poor com- Three months later, Day resigned, to take
ment on the management of our diplomacy service on the Paris Commission which was
that from Lincoln to McKinley a man of to conclude peace with Spain. The President
Hay's qualities was used only to fill occasional immediately tendered to Hay by cable the
gaps of short duration. Thrown out with the office of Secretary of State. He took his desk
66


414
(Nov. 11
THE DIAL
on the first of October, 1898, and remained justifiable and honorable; but he is careful to
there, absorbed head and heart in far-reaching indicate that Hay was not even informed as
labors for his country's good and the good of to a good deal that was going on, and he
humanity, until he sank in the harness from leaves ample ground to those who prefer to
exhaustion, in the spring of 1905. A journey believe that if Hay himself had been in charge
to Bad Nauheim did no good, and he came methods would have been very different.
back to his own country, to die in his New That Hay never criticized that or any other
Hampshire summer home, on the first of July. official act of Mr. Roosevelt's was only in har-
In the Department of State, it is fair to mony with his unbroken characteristic of
say that he alone turned the tide which for entire devotion to any administration under
time threatened to precipitate a mad struggle which he served. Hay was a believer in peace
for the partition of China among the great and the things that make for peace, and if he
powers. Of our dealings with the Boxer trou- could have had things entirely his own way
bles he wrote to Henry Adams: “At least we the chances would have been good that the
are spared the infamy of an alliance with whole Panama matter would have been so
Germany. I would rather, I think, be the handled as to make the canal a more powerful
dupe of China than the chum of the Kaiser.” factor in promoting world peace than it may
He saw clearly that England was for a time perhaps become, with the Panama “revolu-
deceived by Germany in the Boxer matter; tion”, attached to its record and its banks
and if later, in 1905, he worked in apparent bristling with fortifications. When Hay was
harmony with Germany in maintaining the negotiating with England for a canal treaty
integrity of China, it was only because Ger- he had said: “ The fact is that no govern-
many had been forced by circumstances to his ment not absolutely imbecile would ever think
position. It was characteristic of Hohenzol- of fortifying the canal"; but he was over-
lern diplomatic methods that the Kaiser and borne in the end.
von Bülow tried to persuade Hay that the But we must trespass no farther upon the
other European powers were all in a con- reasonable limits of space. Mr. Thayer has
spiracy, headed by France, to break down his given us a remarkable book on a man to whom
policy. Hay sent out his famous “self-deny- all will concede unusual power, even those
ing circular," asking the other powers to join who cannot follow Mr. Howells in ranking
in a policy of respect for the integrity of him as the ablest statesman of his time. As
China; and the prompt and satisfactory re- if to prove that he was not more than human,
plies, he writes in his diary, "show clearly the there were points which his usual breadth of
extent of the Kaiser's illusion." But the mind and sympathy did not cover. As late as
Kaiser, as was soon disclosed, had merely been 1885 he could write to Nicolay: “Gilder was
planting his mines for the humiliation of evidently horrified at your saying that Lee
France; and the forced resignation of Del- | ought to be shot: a simple truth of law and
cassé, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, equity. I find, after a careful reading of a
was signalled on the same day by making a dozen biographies and all his own reports.
Prince of von Bülow, whom Hay once char- that Stonewall Jackson was a howling crank.”
acterized as having made German diplomacy Fortunately he realized, and added, that it
as brutal as possible.”
would be folly for him to say so, in the
In the matter of upholding the Monroe Lincoln biography.
Lincoln biography. In spite of his personal
Doctrine against the desire of European affection for Henry Adams, he never got
powers to collect claims from Venezuela by above an instinctive prejudice that no Demo-
force, as well as in the establishment and crat could really be fit for a responsible gov-
recognition of the Republic of Panama, Presi- ernment position. It is only fair to add,
dent Roosevelt assumed responsibility and however, that his experience with the Senate
Secretary Hay was not directly concerned in in trying to secure the ratification of arbitra-
the negotiations. In the Venezuela matter tion treaties convinced him that many promi-
the real antagonist was Germany, though she nent Republicans were in the same boat. "A
had inveigled England into temporary and treaty going into the Senate," he wrote, “is
not very resolute partnership. Mr. Roose- like a bull going into the arena: no one can
velt's threat to Dr. Holleben, German Ambas- say just how or when the final blow will fall,
sador, to send Dewey to Venezuela with the but one thing is certain — it will never leave
American squadron unless Germany should the arena alive.” His deep personal affection
agree at once to arbitrate her claims, brought for McKinley led him to an estimate of
the desired answer. In the Panama matter, McKinley's abilities and services far higher
Mr. Thayer devotes a chapter to the task of than many who were not his enemies or oppo-
proving that President Roosevelt's course was nents would now be disposed to allow. And


1915)
415
THE DIAL
his attitude toward Mr. Roosevelt was much art of acting to decline, and “perverted the
the same. Perhaps the nearest he ever came springs of playmaking,” but it has in so doing
to a really damaging criticism of Mr. Roose- proceeded to defeat its own end of financial
velt lies in the suggestion which one might success.
Its unfortunate effect on the pro-
find in a diary entry concerning a luncheon vincial theatres is well known. But the chief
at the White House at which Hay himself, set-back, as Professor Dickinson shows, has
Yves Guyot, and Mr. Theodore Stanton were come from the dramatists who have registered
the guests :
“The President talked with great the artificiality — and the futility — of the
energy and perfect ease the most curious system by their failure to provide the neces-
French I ever listened to. It was absolutely sary plays.
lawless as to Grammar and occasionally bank- For all these ills, the author proposes no
rupt in substantives; but he had not the least panacea, nor does he admit that a panacea is
difficulty in making himself understood, and needed. Yet his criticism is not entirely de-
one subject did not worry him more than structive. He believes that forces are already
another.” Which is calculated to make the at work that can be depended on for the ulti-
gray-h