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A Romance. By F. ANTSEY, author of “Vice Versa,"
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Some Women I Have Known.
By MAARTEN MAARTENS, author of "God's Fool,” etc.
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D. APPLETON & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK,


THE
DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
.
.
.
.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of But in spite of the record of other years, and
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Merico; in other countries
in spite of the distractions of a Presidential
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must campaign, it seems that we are to have more
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the books this year than ever before, and we may
current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by erpress or
poslal order, payable to THE DIAL.
add that the proportion of promising announce-
SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; ments, of books that are to be awaited with
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
eagerness, is quite as large as it has been at
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
the opening of any past season. It is the
purpose of the present article to indicate a few
No. 342. SEPTEMBER 16, 1900. Vol. XXIX. a very few only — of the works that are
likely to prove most attractive to readers and
CONTENTS.
collectors in general.
If there is such a thing as “the book of the
BOOKS OF THE COMING SEASON
167
year" in the present list, it is probably the two-
THE MENTAL PROCESSES OF ANIMALS. C. C. volume biography of Thomas Henry Huxley,
Nutting
169
that has been prepared by Mr. Leonard
MONT BLANC MOUNTAINEERING. E. G. J. 171 Huxley, his son. Huxley was so much more
A SOUTHWESTERN PIONEER. Chas. F. Lummis 172
than a mere man of science, he was a philoso-
pher and humanist in so large a sense, that the
DEMOCRACY AND EMPIRE. James Oscar Pierce 174
story of his life is likely to be found equal in
STUDIES IN TAXATION AND GOVERNMENT. interest to that of any of his great Victorian
Max West
176
contemporaries. Those who are familiar with
Wells's The Theory and Practice of Taxation. -
Daniels's The Elements of Public Finance. - Hol-
his miscellaneous writings know that he touched
lander's Studies in State Taxation. — Hill's The nothing that he did not adorn with his humor,
English Income Tax. - Chapman's Local Govern-
ment and State Aid, - Lusk's Our Foes at Home.
his argumentative appeal, his apt allusiveness,
and his heightened sense for good literature as
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
179
well as for sound logic. The story of such a
A brief history of modern Spain. - The strange case
of Mlle. Smith. - Cyclopædia of horticulture in
life cannot fail, when told at length, to prove
America. — The completion of the Dictionary of both instructive and fascinating. Standing at
Political Economy. – The historic James River in
the head of the biographies of the year, this
Virginia. - Story of the capture of Stony Point. -
A book on business for American women. - Euro-
work, however, will by no means stand alone.
pean literature in the first half of the 19th century. It will be accompanied by important biogra-
- Education as an evolution.
phies of Coventry Patmore, James Martineau,
BRIEFER MENTION
182
and Francis Parkman, by the intensely inter-
NOTES
182 esting autobiography of Mr. Stillman (which
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS
recent readers of the “Atlantic" have followed
184
(A classified list of 1,700 titles announced for publi-
with so much interest), and by such works of
cation during the coming season.)
the pictorial type as Mr. Mabie's Shakespeare,
and the two treatments of Cromwell by Mr.
Theodore Roosevelt and Mr. John Morley.
BOOKS OF THE COMING YEAR.
The latter work will be welcome indeed, for it
Our annual autumn list of the publications is far too long since a new book by Mr. Mor-
announced for the coming season is this year ley has made its appearance, and we are glad
even longer than ever before, although last to know that his hand has not lost its cunning
year set a standard that seemed unlikely to be during these years of preoccupation with the
exceeded for some time, and although the problems of practical politics. We may also,
excitement attendant upon the political orgy perhaps, mention under the present heading
in which our country quadrennially indulges the forthcoming book by Mr. Howells, entitled
might reasonably seem to exercise a modifying “Literary Friends and Acquaintances,” which
”
influence upon the plans of the publishers. will be both biography and autobiography,
.
.
.


168
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
1
both in a fragmentary but genial way. Frag- publication. Another highly important co-
mentary and genial also, doubtless, will be the operative enterprise is the “World ” series of
volume of Major Pond's reminiscences of the descriptive geographies, edited by Mr. J. H.
famous men and women of the platform and Mackinder, of which the first two volumes
stage whom he has known in his long career will appear at once. Still another large col-
as manager, which will be published under lective undertaking is the “ Dictionary of
the title “ Eccentricities of Genius." There Philosophy and Psychology,” in three volumes,
will be interest in the forthcoming life of edited by Professor James Mark Baldwin,
Henry George, by his son; and in the comple- which is now nearly ready to see the light. A
tion, in two additional volumes, of the late few more titles of important works, taken
Augustus J. C. Hare's “Story of My Life,”
Story of My Life," somewhat at random, are
somewhat at random, are “Studies in History
the first two volumes of which were issued and Jurisprudence,” by Mr. James Bryce;
several years ago.
“Introduction to English Politics,” by Mr.
First in importance in the field of general John W. Robertson ; “ A Century of Amer.
|
literature is the long-expected “ American
“ American ican Diplomacy,” by Mr. Jobn W. Foster,
Anthology” of Mr. E. C. Stedman, which,
”
our foremost living diplomatist; “ Italian
many times delayed and eagerly awaited, is Cities,” by Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Blashfield;
now definitely promised for this season. Next “ The Ascent of Mount St. Elias,” by the
in interest to the student of American liter. Duke of Abruzzi; “
Duke of Abruzzi; “ Pompeii,” by M. Pierre
ature will be the ambitious “Literary History Gusman; “Through the First Antarctic
of America,” upon which Prof. Barrett Wen- Night,” by Dr. Frederick A. Cook ; “ The
dell has been long engaged. The season is to Harriman Expedition to Alaska"; and “The
give us some additional letters of Edward Problem of Asia," by Captain A. T. Mahan.
FitzGerald, edited by Mr: Aldis Wright; and There are to be no end of books about China
also a new life of FitzGerald by Mr. John and the new Eastern question, but none of
Glyde. Mention of FitzGerald reminds us them will be likely to equal in weight and
that we are to have a volume on “The Life influence this work of Captain Mahan. Interest
and Times of Omar Kháyyám,” written by in Eastern affairs has of course eclipsed for
Mr. Denison Ross. Other items of interest the moment events in South Africa ; but we
in this category are a new volume of essays by are to have a number of new volumes on the
Count Tolstoi, a study of the Sonnets of Boer war, the most important of which are
Shakespeare by Mr. Parke Godwin, a study of Richard Harding Davis's “ With Both Armies
Milton by Mr. Walter Raleigh, and an au- in South Africa,” Dr. A. Conan Doyle's
thorized English translation of M. Rostand's “ History of the South African War," and
“L'Aiglon.” A noticeable feature of the Mr. Winston Spencer Churchill's account of
season's announcements is the unusually large - Ian Hamilton's March."
number of new and attractive editions of stan. Among the more sumptuous art publications
dard works, of which space will allow us to we find two elaborate volumes devoted to the
mention only the édition de luxe of the works work of Van Dyck, one by Mr. Lionel Cust,
of Walter Pater, in eight sumptuous volumes; the other unsponsored ; an account of “Bot-
the novels of Charles Kingsley, edited and ticelli and his School,” by Count Plunkett; a
supplied with introductions by his son, Mr. life of Sir Joshua Reynolds, by Sir Walter
Maurice Kingsley; the “Knickerbocker” edi- Armstrong; and a “Life of Lord Leighton,”
tion of Lord Macaulay, in 20 volumes; a com- by Mr. Ernest Rhys. These promise to be
plete edition of George Borrow's works, edited works of permanent value, although clad in
by Professor Knapp and others; and a popular holiday raiment; of holiday books in the
seven-volume edition of the writings of Col. stricter sense, so many are announced that we
T. W. Higginson.
give up in despair the attempt to make any
works of scholarship, the place at all.
must be prehs to the la General History of selectir List is fairly swamped with works of
Modern Times,” which has long been prepar- fiction, and the task of selecting a few of the
ing under the editorship of Lord Acton. This
many titles offered is peculiarly invidious.
great enterprise, which has enlisted the most The following have caught our attention as
eminent scholars in its preparation, will extend among those most deserving of mention :
to twelve volumes, the first of which, “ The “ The Lane That Had No Turning,” by Mr.
Renaissance,” is now announced as ready for Gilbert Parker ; “ The Palace of the King,”


1900.)
169
THE DIAL
The announcements in wait might be suggested that imprisonment in a
by Mr. F. Marion Crawford ; “Richard Yea exhibited by Dr. Thorndyke in the devising of ex-
and Nay,” by Mr. Maurice Hewlett; “The periments and for his patience in carrying them
Hosts of the Lord," by Mrs. F. A. Steel ; out and tabulating the results. Although the pur-
“ Tommy and Grizel," by Mr. James M. pose of this article renders it necessary to criticise,
Barrie ; “Some Women I Have Known,” by derstood that such criticisms are not inconsistent
to some extent, these experiments, it should be un-
“ Maarten Maartens ”; “Dr. North and his
Friends," by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell; “The
with a sincere appreciation of the many admirable
features that could easily be pointed out. The gen-
Last Refuge," by Mr. Henry B. Fuller;
eral method of experimentation was as follows:
“Quisanté,” by Mr. Anthony Hope ; “ Robert
" It was merely to put animals when hungry in enclosures
Orange,” by “John Oliver Hobbes ”; “ The from which they could escape by some simple act, such as
Fourth Generation," by Sir Walter Besant;
pulling at a loop of cord, pressing a lover, or stepping on a
platform. The animal was put in the enclosure, food was left
“ The Isle of Unrest," by Mr. Henry Seton outside in sight, and his actions observed."
Merriman ; “Nude Souls,” by “Benjamin The author further explains that “so far as possible
Swift ”; “The Mantle of Elijah,” by Mr.
the animals were kept in a state of hunger, which
Israel Zangwill ;” and “Eleanor," by Mrs.
practically
Humphry Ward.
It a
poetry, although not unnumerous, are of such box while suffering from the pangs of utter hunger
very minor importance that it seems hardly is not likely to result in the best mental conditions
worth while to specify any of them. We look for the exhibition of normal mental activities, and
in vain for the volume by Mr. Swinburne
that conclusions drawn from the conduct of such
which some recent notes in the English jour animals might justly be relegated to the limbo of
nals had led us to expect this fall.
“Abnormal Psychology.” Can we wonder that
under these conditions “there was displayed no ob-
servations of the surroundings or deliberations upon
them?” The author remarks that "the cat does
not look over the situation, much less think over
THE MENTAL PROCESSES OF
it.” This conclusion appears to be entirely gratui-
ANIMALS.
tous, and it seems not unlikely that the unfortunate
In a Monograph Supplement to “The Psycho: might take some such form as this : “ This is most
animal would be doing a deal of thinking which
logical Review," Volume II., No. 4, Dr. Edward L.
Thorndyke presents a series of experiments on the
unpleasant, and I will try every means in my power
mental processes of animals, and his conclusions
to get out at once.” And then it would do exactly
based thereon. So profoundly convinced is he of
what Dr. Thorndy ke says it does when he reports
that it “bursts out at once into the activities which
the finality of these conclusions, as well as of the
uselessness of any but experimental studies, that he
instinct and experience have settled on as suitable
does not hesitate to declare himself as follows:
reactions to the situation.” I imagine that a boy
“Surely everyone must agree that no man now has a right
similarly treated would act in a similar manner, and
to advance theories about what is in animals' minds or to
not necessarily without reason.
deny previous theories unless he supports his thesis by sys- It may fairly be maintained, I think, that these
tematic and extended experiments."
experiments are negative in their results, so far as
He is, moreover, particularly severe on those be-proof of reason is concerned. They neither prove
lated persons who think that the lower animals reason nor the absence of reason. Similar experi-
i. e., those below man
After admitting ments with human beings, even though attended by
that both such men and their opponents have thus similar conduct, would not prove the absence of the
far based their belief on mere opinions, he
says: power to reason. The boy above referred to might
“So, although it is in a way superfluous to give the coup de be able to solve an equation when not mentally per-
grace to the despised theory that animals reason, I think it turbed by imprisonment or fear, and physically
worth while to settle this question once for all."
deranged by utter hunger.
In the quotations given above, it will be observed Those who believe that the higher mammals
that Dr. Thorndyke first denies the right of any reason have, it seems to me, a perfectly logical
one not of the experimental school, even though a ground for that belief. Nothing beyond an outline
naturalist who has devoted many years to the study of the argument can be given here, but even this, it
of animals in their normal surroundings, to enter is hoped, will show that the coup de grace has still
into the discussion at all after the advent of his to be given to the despised “reason " theory.
(Dr. Thorndyke's) work; and then all parties are It is almost an axiom among biologists that
notified that the coup de grace has been given to closely similar organs in animals that are zoologi-
“ the despised reason theory."
cally closely related, as are all of the higher mam-
Against both of these positions I desire to enter malia, are similar in function, and that the greater
a protest. I must at the outset, however, confess the similarity in structure the greater the similarity
to a sincere admiration for the ingenuity and care in function. Taken in general, the organs in the
-
reason.
66


170
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
A
1
cat, for instance, are so similar to corresponding beings. Dr. Thorndyke, to be sure, denies that his
structures in man that their activities are not only animals even appeared to reason ; but his testimony
inferred but known to be similar in kind, although is far outweighed by the repeated observations of
perhaps differing greatly in degree. Not only is the great majority of those naturalists who have
this true, but also the highly significant fact that given most attention to the mental activities of
similar stimuli result in similar reaction, showing animals.
not only structural but physiological likeness be- Now there are no possible criteria whereby we
tween the nervous systems of the two. Drugs and can interpret the mental activities of other organ-
medicines, in general, have the same effect on both, isms than our own, save those furnished by our own
in witness whereof stands practically the whole mental states.
These criteria may be
wrong,
but
mass of facts accumulated by the experimental phy- they are absolutely our only resource. In other
siologists. Now this similarity in kind is no less words, we are forced to interpret the acts of ani-
true of the brain than of other organs. This being mals in terms of our own consciousness, or else not
a matter of prime importance to my argument, I to interpret them at all. Ours is the only mind
.
have sought expert testimony.
with which we are acquainted at first-hand, and
Professor G. L. Houser, a specialist in brain those acts which with us are accompanied by certain
structure and head of the Department of Animal mental states must be assumed to be accompanied
Morphology in the State University of Iowa, has by similar mental states in animals with similar
the following to say concerning the fundamental brains, until the contrary is proved. The burden
similarity between the brain of man and of the of proof is thus brought to rest upon those who deny
order Carnivora, to which the mammals experi-
to the lower animals the power to reason.
mented upon by Dr. Thorndyke belong :
The argument which I have thus briefly sum-
“The brain of the higlier Carnivora may be compared marized can be outlined as follows:
with the human brain without disclosing any essential differ- Dr. Thorndyke's experiments were by their
ence either in external characters or in internal structure."
nature such as to interfere with the normal mental
Recently the claim has been made that an import activities of his subjects, and even if they were
ant difference between the brain of man and other valid his results were negative, so far as reason is
in “
are supposed to have to do with the transmission of The demonstrated similarity between the anat-
impulses between different parts of the brain. At omy and physiology of man and the higher mam-
my request, Dr. Henry H. Donaldson, head of the mals, extending as it does to the brain and its
Department of Neurology in the University of Chi- minute structure, gives us a logical right to expect
cago, permits me to quote him as follows:
mental activities similar in kind, however great the
"In the cerebrum of vertebrates, so far as the cortex is difference in degree. This similarity in brain
developed, there appear to be always present cells which we structure is actually accompanied by activities that,
cap fairly assume to be concerned in passing nerve impulses
in us, would be at once regarded as the outcome of
from one part of the cortex to another. This is physiologi-
cally the process of association. It doubtless is very poorly
reason. It is therefore logical to assume that reason
developed in the lower orders, but it is essentially the same
is an attribute of at least some minds of animals
arrangement as is found in the cortex of man himself.
lower than man. Furthermore, this assumption
“The possibility of this physiological linking of different
holds good until proof to the contrary is forthcom-
portions of the cortex is not to be confused with the presence
or absence of so-called association fibres, which are defined in
ing, and it is from the nature of the case almost
anatomical terms only."
impossible to prove such a negative so long as any
animals even appear to reason.
In regard to these association fibres, there is no
It will be seen that I have not as yet attempted
question, I believe, about their being found in all
to define reason. For the purposes of this discus-
the higher Mammalia.
sion I am willing to accept Dr. Thorndyke's defini-
It is admitted that the brain is the physical tion which is implied in the question: "Do they
“
organ, the activities or functions of which are in-
[animals] ever conclude from inference that a
volved in mental phenomena. We are therefore
certain act will produce a desired result, and so do
justified in taking the position that these similar
it?” I am willing to assert that they appear to do
organs have similar functions in the man and in the
80, and that is all that anyone is warranted in
cat, In other words, their mental activities are
asserting either of the lower animals or of any
similar, and do not differ in kind, however much
human being save himself.
they may differ in degree; and we confidently
It may be noted, in conclusion, that many
assert that this similarity in function appears to
modern psychologists would not agree with Dr.
extend to the function or power of reasoning. Thorndyke in this matter. Dr. G. T. W. Patrick,
That the higher mammals appear to reason is a Professor of Psychology in the State University of
proposition that few naturalists would care to deny.
Iowa, allows me to quote him as follows:
Almost anyone who has had an intimate acquaint-
“The trend of opinion among modern psychologists is
ance with animals would agree to the statement toward the belief that the mental activities of man do not
that they exbibit activities which would unhesitat- differ in kind from those of the higher mammalia in general.
ingly be ascribed to reason if exhibited by human State University of Iowa. C. C. NUTTING.
:


1900.)
171
THE DIAL
-
tales and marvels in the style of Sir John
The New Books.
Maundeville, whose long bow Scheuchzer was
quite capable of bending. A doctor of medi-
cine and professor of mathematics at Zurich,
MONT BLANC MOUNTAINEERING.*
John Jacob nevertheless tells us gravely in his
Mr. Mathews's handsome volume entitled
" Itinera” of certain Alpine lakes that draw
6. The Annals of Mont Blanc" is in no sense a
into their fatal depths men who fall asleep
record of personal experiences, although the near their shores, their waters having the prop-
author has climbed the great mountain twelve erty of attracting the human body as
the
mag
times, and could hence unfold an interesting net attracts iron ; of a certain blue flower, not
tale of his own adventures if he chose ; nor is
that of “Novalis” but of the magic plant
"
it an account of the geological evolution and
“ Doronicum,” which renders invulnerable the
modification of Mont Blanc, although a special chamois that eats it, and which (Scheuchzer
chapter on this subject is supplied by Professor
assures us) will do a like service to man, only
T. G. Bonney. The book may be fairly de-
in this case it is the root of “Doronicum," and
scribed as a history of Mont Blanc mountain-
not the flower, that must be eaten, and that
eering — a detailed account of the various
before sunrise. Scheuchzer is learned in the
ascents and attempted ascents of the mountain,
habits of the chamois, which he calls "rupi.
from the early essays, in 1762, 1775, and capra,” noting among other things how the
1783, of Pierre Simond and others, and the sagacious beast is given to “
licking certain
pioneering ascents of Balmat, Paccard, and
porous rocks in order to promote digestion."
Saussure (1786, 1787), down to the time of
But it is as the discoverer of Swiss dragons
Albert Smith (1851), when climbing Mont that this Professor of Mathematics especially
Blanc began to be regarded, not as a feat al-
shines in the department of Natural History.
most comparable with a voyage to the Pole, He does not claim to have himself ever seen a
but as a customary part of the programme dragon. But he establishes the fact of their
of more adventurous Alpine tourists. Mr.
existence to his own entire satisfaction through
Mathews's book is the first of its kind and
the testimony of “unimpeachable witnesses,
scope in English, Albert Smith's brochure of
and gives some instructive facts as to their
fifty years ago being mainly the story of his
habits, haunts, etc., together with many draw-
own exploit, while Mr. Whymper's excellent ings of the monsters, as they were described to
“ Guide to Chamonix and Mont Blanc" is a
him by veracious informants. One of these
guide-book rather than a history.
pictures, reproduced by our author, shows a
In reading the interesting accounts of the dragon in an alarming state of rampancy, and
earlier ascents of Mont Blanc, one is struck bearing a general family resemblance to his
not only with the sufferings which the adven- English relative of Wantley, as the cuts at the
turous, and, as it then seemed, foolhardy top of the old ballad figured him.
pioneers actually endured, but with their very
vivid, and as we should now think, exagger-
Perhaps mountaineering pioneers of the days
of Balmat and Saussure did not exactly ex-
ated sense of the dangers of their undertaking; pect to be drawn into a magnetic lake if they
Perhaps a remnant of the mysterious and
ventured to scale unexplored heights of Mont
legendary terrors with which the imagination Blanc, still less to be called upon to play the
of certain old writers, such as John Jacob
role of Saint Michael with one of Scheuchzer's
Scheuchzer, had invested the mountain, still dragons. But they had a somewhat gruesome
it
antecedent notion of the terrors and perils of
Saussure, and to the known material dangers the mountain, and they were by no means in-
of avalanches and crevasses added the grisly clined to make light of the dangers and suffer-
possibility of an encounter with the grim ings they had endured after making their first
shapes and “beckoning shadows dire” still
ascents. All of them complained bitterly of
popularly believed to haunt those icy fast- frost-bites, of snow-blindness, of blistered faces,
nesses. Scheuchzer’s “ Itinera Alpina” (1723) of agonies resulting from breathing the rarified
is a most quaint book — a curious medley air; and some of them were urgent in their
of primitive scientific facts and old wives'
advice that no one should follow their example.
* THE ANNALS OF Mont BlANC. A Monograph. By Sherwill, for instance, said: “ It is in itself a
Charles Edward Mathews. With a Chapter on the Geology
of the Mountain by Prof. T. G. Bonney, D.Sc. Illustrated.
dangerous effort. The risk of losing one's own
Boston: L. C. Page & Co.
life or that of the guides is too great to be in-
-


172
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
curred without a very important object." Sir there is a map of the routes up Mont Blanc.
Charles Fellows, who made the ascent in 1827, The volume is handsomely illustrated with por-
was still more emphatic.
traits, mountain views, etc., and it deserves a
“Great as is the pleasure of overcoming an acknowl. place in the bookshelves of every one inter-
edged succession of dangers, any one who sets the least ested in its topic.
E. G. J.
value upon his own life, or upon theirs who must ac-
company bim on such an expedition, hazards a risk
which upon calm consideration he ought not to venture;
and if it ever falls to my lot to dissuade a friend from
A SOUTHWESTERN PIONEER.*
attempting what we have gone through, I shall consider
that I have saved his life.”
As if it were not enough for one man in one
Various were the motives that impelled men lifetime to have given us the definitive and mon-
to climb Mont Blanc, in the days when the umental editions of Lewis and Clark, Henry and
feat was a rare one and shed a certain glory Thompson, Larpenteur, and Jacob Fowler
upon those who performed it. Some attempted by much the most competent and valuable
the ascent through pure love of adventure and collection of Far-West exploration in the nine-
the promptings of restless curiosity; others for teenth century (and, in English, of any cen-
the sake of the positive information which the tury) — two rich volumes come posthumously
expedition might afford ; not a few, we fear, to increase, and by a very material sum, our
through motives akin to those which inspire debt to the late Dr. Elliott Coues. They are,
.
the perennial “ crank" who jumps off Brooklyn too, his best requiem : fully worthy to close the
Bridge, “shoots” the rapids at Niagara in a long chapter of a fine and useful and lovable
barrel, or crosses the Atlantic in a yawl, or life. Though posthumous, they are no pitiful
fires a pistol at somebody whose murder is remnants swept up for the market, but a com-
sure to make a great stir in the world. But
But plete, rounded, and standard work, a sound
there is no great fame, or notoriety, to be staff for historical students so long as there
gained nowadays through scaling Mont Blanc, shall be any, and withal eminently readable to
since every body has done it.
the thoughtful layman. The price of this per-
“ Familiarity has bred for it, not indeed contempt,
fectedness does not appear upon its face, nor
but at least indifference. Men have climbed it without even in the summary of enormous labor the
guides; women have climbed it; blind men have climbed
book required; for the last payment was made
it; a priest has said Mass (sbade of the Savoyard Vicar!]
as it were in blood. Returning already marked
upon its summit; it has been scaled in the depth of
winter; Professor Tyndall slept upon the top, though
for death from his last New Mexico expedition,
not without much suffering; M. Vallot spent three days
Dr. Coues worked serenely, doggedly, swiftly,
and nights there. Many a great feat has been achieved through his few months of resistance, through
upon it; Mr. Frederick Morshead once climbed it alone,
quenchless pain with quenchless fortitude, to
and went up and down in less than seventeen hours."
round bis last work. It was his — and our
All of which may be said without detracting good fortune that he had as collaborator the
from the fame of the gallant spirits who, im- younger scholar upon whom, of all now in
pelled by the thirst for adventure and the
sight, it seems likeliest that Dr. Coues's mantle
ambition of adding to the sum of human knowl. shall fall - Mr. Frederick Webb Hodge, of
-
edge, first made their way, by unknown paths the Bureau of Ethnology; and between them
,
and through unknown dangers, to the summit
the great task was completed in time. Par-
of the King of Swiss Mountains. The adventicularly in the admirable ethnographic foot-
tures of these pioneers are agreeably told by notes over his own initials, Mr. Hodge has
Mr. Mathews — the story of Balmat's ascent added greatly to the value of these volumes.
being borrowed from Dumas (“Impressions For concise, comprehensive, and authoritative
de Voyage Suisse"), who took it from the lips reference-definition of the Indian tribes of the
-
of Balmat himself. The work forms a suffi. Southwest, they are hardly to be matched. It
ciently full and very entertaining account of could be wished that Mr. Hodge were not
Mont Blanc mountaineering. There are special officially bound to the barbarous spellings
chapters entitled “The Formation of the Al-
fathered by the Bureau —“Moki” for Moqui,
pine Club,” “Fatalities," “ The Chamonix “ Navaho " for Navajo, and the like, which are
Guides,” “The Bibliography of Mont Blanc."
adverse to history, etymology, and an invariable
An Appendix contains a “Table of Ascents
*ON THE TRAIL OF A SPANISH PIONEER: The Diary and
from 1786 to 1851,” a “ Table of Fatalities,”
Itinerary of Francisco Garcés, missionary priest. By Elliott
a “ Letter from Jacques Balmat," etc., and Coues. New York: Francis P. Harper.
"
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1900.)
173
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scheme of pronunciation. They are illogical years old) was resident priest at the frontier
as some other " spelling reforms,” absolutely mission of San Xavier del Bac, near our mod-
without system (“ Englishing” a few proper ern Tucson in Arizona. The church, set in a
names and leaving thousands untouched ; for huddle of Papago hovels, is famous as the most
we are not yet saddled with “ Heelah
for notable and most noble example of old ecclesi-
Gila, nor “Santa Fay,” por “ Cheewabwa"); astical architecture north of Mexico. Up to
and as wanton as it would be to write the pres- 1781 (when he was cruelly slain by his flock
ent diarist “Garsace" or his editor “ Cows." in the brutal massacre of July 17-19 at the
It is to be noted that Dr. Coues writes Moqui, Puerto de la Purísima Concepcion, wbere
Navajo, Mojave, etc., after the historic spelling. Yuma now stands) Garcés had made five
Decidedly second to Bandelier in critical evangelizing explorations through the South-
knowledge of the documents, Dr. Coues was western deserts ; covering over 1800 leagues on
easily foremost of our documentary editors. foot, visiting some 25,000 savage Indians of
He revived the dignity of the bedraggled term dozens of tribes, penetrating the unmapped
“ popular science,” so largely used for matter wilderness as far as the mouth of the Colorado;
which is neither scientific nor popular. Dr. the Tulare valley, halfway up California, and
Coues's work was both. His broad and inde- back across to the remote Moqui villages. He
fatigable scholarship was formulated in a me- was the first white man to cover and record a
dium peculiarly sympathetic and “taking.” very considerable portion of this enormous
“ •
Manful, aggressive, generous, pungent, afraid itinerary. In footsore mileage he was sur-
of nothing on earth save error, he captivated passed by a few, equaled by many, of his fel-
many who intrinsically cared nothing for his low-missionaries; but none of our «American ”
themes. One of the best equipped and most explorers have matched his record. He ac-
vital reviewers in this country, on all topics of companied that competent frontiersman and
Western history this side of 1800, he was also Apache-fighter, Juan Bautista Anza, on the
one of the most competent workers therein, and longest and worst part of the expedition which
beyond reasonable competition our foremost founded San Francisco, the present metropolis
popularizing editor of “sources.'
of the Pacific Coast; and left it only to make
A theme after his own heart was this import- a far longer, far harder, and far more perilous
ant Diário of Fray Francisco Garcés, a typical journey alone to the cliff-built pueblos of
Franciscan missionary who, like hundreds of Tusayan. He kept of all his wanderings a
his kind, before and after, plodded by the modest, matter-of-fact diary, unburdened with
hundred leagues over the burning wastes of any record of his physical sufferings on a route
New Mexico, Arizona, and the general South- the best equipped wagon-party even now could
west; penetrated savage tribes, dwelt among not duplicate without severe hardships. His
them, converted them, chronicled them, and by chronicle is devoted to the topographies and
them were at last given the crown of martyr- peoples he found ; the tribal names, numbers,
1
dom. For centuries it was almost the regula- relationships, customs, and disposition to the
tion programme of the Great American Desert Faith ; and it is of intimate importance to our
- an educated evangelist, alone amid his bar- knowledge of Southwestern ethnography. Like
barous flock, farther from a population of his nearly all the numerous like documents of the
countrymen than the Klondiker gets to-day; per- pioneer missionaries and explorers, it has been
suading brush-housed savages to build to the new hitherto inaccessible except to the adept; never
God they so little laid hold upon so huge and translated, and even in Spanish available only
noble temples in wilderness and squalid ranch- in the inaccurate version printed in Mexico in
eria as we can match only in our greatest cities 1854 and long since out of print. Historically
(if at all); making their tongue a universal precious, it was worth publicity even as a hu-
password through nearly a thousand diverse lan- man document. An incomplete measure of
guages and along more than five thousand miles what Garcés endured is suggested by the fact
north-and-south; and at last, in some brute- that the untimely death of his editor (himself
childish impatience of their parishioners, hacked a veteran army-surgeon of the frontier) was
or clubbed to death for their pains.
directly due to a journey in a Studebaker
Garcés was for thirteen years a frontier wagon, with mess, shelter, and all the ameli-
apostle to our Southwestern Indians. He came orations of loving companionship, money, and
from Spain, young in years and in the vows of a close-at-band railroad, over something like
St. Francis; and in 1768 (being then thirty one-twentieth of the Southwestern distances


174
[Sept. 16,
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Garcés trudged, un-outfitted and alone, a cen- As for the connotation, it is Coues at his
tury and a quarter earlier.
best. Barring a few needless and not really
The text of this old-fashioned traveller's critical flings at Garcés's creed, it is as masterly
diary is carefully “compared” with the three as readable. Amid the voluminous notes, per-
known versions, and annotated exhaustively. haps the most broadly interesting are those
Of the more than 600 pages in these volumes, which (in gentle humor, but strict justice) bring
over half are occupied by the illuminative to book General Simpson's truly astounding
commentary. The 52 page index is perhaps blunders of " facsimile” and translation of the
the least complete member of the work. It historic epigraphs of “ Inscription Rock” in
omits the Rudo Ensayo, the Apostólicos Western New Mexico. There is perhaps, in
Afanes, Acoma, the Crónica Seráfica, and all our scientific annals, no deadlier example
other vital references.
of the perils of guess-work. For more than
The translation, as a whole, is scrupulously forty years General Simpson was easily first
exact, though with some serious flaws. The among “American " students of the South-
marvel is, to those who know the field and west, and his major premises will endure;
knew Dr. Coues in it, that these flaws are so but his El Morro experience warns us to take
few. His acquaintance with Spanish was by an expert's word only in so far as he is expert,
no means intimate. Except for his natural and not in his hearsay conclusions.
and trained gift as a lexicographer, and his
CHAS. F. LUMMIS.
insatiable conscientiousness, the translation of
this rather esoteric “ source must have been
a monumental failure; with them, it is an as-
DEMOCRACY AND EMPIRE.*
tonishing success. Barring a few errors which
are not vital to the historic value of the record, A timely contribution to the current dis-
it is admirable throughout. The astounding cussion of the probabilities as to the outcome
misconception (p. xxii.) of the virtue of of the American experiment in democratic
Spanish accents; a good many renderings too government, and the dangers supposed to lurk
loose, and as many too “ tight
but none
in what is called “Imperialism ” as applied to
essential in broad understanding of the text — American policies, is furnished by Dr. F. H.
indicate how much this translation must have Giddings, Professor of Sociology in Columbia
cost its author. There is a certain tang in University. Grouping together a number of
retaining the Spanish words which have be- addresses and papers prepared by him during
come (over a million square miles, at least) recent years, he has published them in a vol-
part of our vernacular-like “mesa," "cañon," ume under the title of “Democracy and Em-
" arroyo,” “pueblo," and the like.
To trans- pire.” The series is devoted mainly to scientific
late them nowadays would be absurd and con- explanations of the workings of democracy in
fusing. But there is no reason why “ Españ. various directions, the point of view being that
oles” is better than Spaniards," or "aguage"
“
of the student of sociology. There is but a
than “water-hole,” or “parage” than "stop-
” than “stop- minimum of the book devoted to a discussion
ping-place” - and printed without even an of “Empire,” only three of the twenty essays
italic to show that it is par-áh-he, and not some being apparently inspired by the recent Amer-
orphaned relative of " disparage.” “Canal ican problems concerning Expansion. But the
de Santa Barbara” is particularly needless and entire collection of essays is pertinent to these
misleading for “ Santa Barbara Channel.” problems, for it is the office of the whole to
Por las jornadas acostumbradas means not instruct the reader concerning the normal op-
" by the usual route but “ by the accustomed erations of democratic government in general,
stages” (jornada, day's journey). Estamos and of the American experiment in particular.
buenos can no more mean “we are good ” than
The author's treatment of his subject is syn-
it could mean “we have indigestion.” It is thetic rather than analytic, as is natural in
the cast-iron Spanish for “we are well.” The the case of a collection of papers prepared at
fanciful misapprehension of la gente (p. 230) different dates and for various purposes. Those
is barely short of absurd ; and a very few who wish to analyze them will find him treat-
other equal blunders are to be noted; yet after ing of three distinct phases of the general sub-
a punctual reading I cannot recall another ject, namely: (1) Democracy subjective, its
document of our Spanish-Americana on the
*DEMOCRACY AND EMPIRE. By Franklin Henry Giddings,
whole so soundly translated.
New York: The Macmillan Company.
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>
1
1
;


1900.]
175
THE DIAL
standards and its aims; (2) Democracy active, novel feature of a strong national government
dealing with practical modern problems of life federating together thirteen States and thereby
and government; (3) Democracy's promises preserving and more fully developing local self-
for the future of the United States. The mode
government, has now become fully assimilated;
of treatment throughout is scientific. The es- and a larger, broader, and stronger homo-
sayist searches for and elucidates the facts of geneity is now the distinguishing feature of
his case; and to these, all questions of senti- the American democracy.
ment are fearlessly subordinated. It frequently
Such is the ordinary gradual progress by
follows that fine-spun political theories are seen which most of the world's great forward move-
to be devoid of substantial basis.
ments are characterized. But there is another
Democracy being simply a society organized form in which societies often move,—the revo-
for purposes of government, Professor Giddings lutionary. This is generally “ an impulsive,
applies to its operations the same principles unreasoning social action, like that of the
that he has found governing the movements of mob."
mob.” All great impulsive movements in a
societies in general. The data furnished by democracy are of this character. In its famili-
Sociology ought to furnish a guide for the arity with them, the world has often overlooked
study of democratic government. As men one of their features, namely, that when dis-
habitually act in all ordinary associated move- covered they are already in operation. Both
ments, they may be expected to act when asso- mobs and revolutions begin with violent and
ciating together politically. Sociology teaches impulsive action by the irresponsible and ex-
that the element which primarily distinguishes citable elements of the people. Professor
humanity in society, and enables it to become Giddings instances the Crusades, which began,
homogeneous, to act as one, and to accomplish not with organized movements headed by great
joint ends and purposes, is like-mindedness, or commanders, but with the marchings of the
mental homogeneity. This thought recurs fre- impulsive rabble under Peter the Hermit and
quently in Professor Giddings's essays. Politi- Walter the Penniless. Facts such as these,
cal societies, like all others, crystallize around not generally observed, mean, he says, “ that,
a common sentiment or aggregation of opinions. at the very outset, impulsive social action is
“On no other basis can a political system rest,”. quasi-criminal, if not altogether criminal; it
says our essayist. “There must be unanimity begins with the violent acts of those men who
of feeling and opinion upon all fundamental are themselves least subject to control.” The
questions of government and policy. All dif- only remedy for this evil is preventive and
ferences and contentions must be subordinate anticipatory; it is “to multiply in the commu-
to the essential, fundamental unity of thought.” nity the number of those men who habitually
A fair example of the workings of this prin- subordinate feeling to reason,” so as to pre-
ciple is seen in the experience of the American serve a large and controlling element who can-
people, in the establishment and maintenance not be stampeded.
of their unique form of democratic government. Thus Professor Giddings has illustrated not
But “absolute like-mindedness would be the only the statics but the dynamics of Democ-
social Nirvana," says Professor Giddings. racy. His searching studies of its character.
" What becomes, then, of progress? Is that istics in both respects are in forcible contrast
a scientific description of society which fails to to the superficial observations of many other
give any account of variation ?” This part of essayists. Sir Henry Maine, for instance, in
the problem, also, is elucidated by our essayist. his “ Popular Government” said : “ By a wise
A like-minded society may be progressive, and constitution, Democracy may be made nearly
new feelings and thoughts and purposes may as calm as water in a great artificial reservoir;
be introduced to the extent that they can be but if there is a weak point anywhere in the
assimilated into and made part of the homo- structure, the mighty force which it controls
geneity without destroying it entirely ; leaven- will burst through it and spread destruction
ing the mass without causing it to explode. far and near.” Maine skimmed lightly over
For a near example of a historical process illus. the surface of his subject ; Giddings has
trative of this part of his thesis, our author searched its depths.
might have referred to the action of the fathers It would be impossible in this review to ex-
of the republic. They were at once conserva- press
the full value of these essays. They must
tive and progressive. They were like-minded be read at length to be fairly appreciated.
in their devotion to local self-government. The | The remedies for the evils to which Democracy
a


176
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
>
is seen to be prone are suggested again and Democratic Empire
Democratic Empire” of which our essayist
again, in their application both to individuals writes in his first chapter. He emulates the
and societies. The Ethical Motive, ascertained familiarity with which the Fathers of the Re-
with reference to individuals, and traced in its public, at the very time of founding our Fed-
influences, leads to and illustrates one of the eral system of government, spoke of it as an
positive doctrines of Sociology, namely, that Empire in futuro ; witness the typical demo-
the whole nature of the man should be devel- crat James Madison, who at the outset of his
oped harmoniously, in all his social, political, contributions to “The Federalist,” saw, in his
and business relations. The law of true pro- mind's eye, “one great, respectable, and flour- .
gress in society, political or otherwise, requires ishing empire.” JAMES OSCAR PIERCE.
a like development in each individual, avoiding
all excesses of competition, rush for wealth,
and shirking of honest toil, and seeking the
greatest good of the greatest number. The STUDIES IN TAXATION AND GOVERNMENT.*
Gospel of Non-Resistance, lifted out of the Taxation, according to the late David A. Wells,
limitations set by Tolstoi and applied in its is “the most vital question which can concern a
spirit to nations and their affairs, is found to citizen ”; “the subject is one of transcendent im-
promote the habit of non-aggression, and thus portance, perhaps more universally important than
gradually to lead to the time when non-resist- any other that can invite public attention "; it has
ance will become unnecessary. The essayist
to do with “a class of transactions which, more
seems to rise to the height of his great argu-
than almost any other, are determinative of the
ment in the chapter on “ The Ideals of Na-
distribution of wealth, the forms in which industry
shall be exerted, and the sphere of personal liberty.”
tions,” which is a comprehensive summary of
а
Again, we read that this subject “really constitutes
the “ Philosophy of Universal History."
more than almost any other element the essence of
It scarcely need be suggested that Professor history, and that the record of the results that have
Giddings is an optimist, and in the "expan- followed the attempts to establish almost every
sion ” which distinguishes our recent national form of taxation that human ingenuity can devise,
operations he sees merely the working of a has even in a very high degree the attraction of
force within the nation, operating, as it were,
romance.” This record of those attempts, encyclo-
automatically, and therefore to be diagnosed 'pædic in its range and its disregard of system,
as normal rather than abnormal.
If this na-
constitutes a very chaos of important historical and
tional disposition is to be called “imperialism
legal facts. How well entitled the author is to
speak with authority on the subject of taxation is
(which term our essayist discusses with an in. illustrated by the circumstance that his chapter on
terrogation point“?"), it is still but a national
“Recent Tax Experiences of the Federal Govern-
trait, to be recognized, not antagonized. The ment of the United States” is almost wholly auto-
truth, he says, is simply this : “ The American biographical, dealing with his own work as Chair-
,
population of seventy million or more souls is
* THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TAXATION. By David
at this moment the most stupendous reservoir Ames Wells, LL.D., D.C.L. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
of seething energy to be found on any conti- THE ELEMENTS OF PUBLIC FINANCE. Including the
nent." This energy cannot be confined; it
Monetary System of the United States. By Winthrop More
Daniels, M.A., Professor of Political Economy in Princeton
must have its outlet; it may be directed and University. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
managed ; how worse than useless to restrict or STUDIES IN STATE TAXATION. With particular reference
control it! If it does indeed demand the earth
to the Southern States. By Graduates and Students of the
Johns Hopkins University. Edited by J. H. Hollander,
as its field, this does not merit despair. Let it Ph.D., Associate Professor of Finance. (Johns Hopkins
be called “Imperialism" if it does not cease
”
University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Series
XVIII. Nos. 1-2-3-4.) Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press.
to be Democratic. The minute studies made
THE ENGLISH INCOME TAX. With Special Reference to
into the statics and dynamics of American de- Administration and Method of Assessment. By Joseph A.
mocracy do not forbid the hope or the expec- Hill, Ph. D. (Economic Studies, Vol. IV., Nos. 4-5.) New
York: Published for the American Economic Association by
tation that it may with equal success be more
The Macmillan Co.
largely expanded, with the result of a “ Demo- LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND STATE AID. An Essay on the
cratic Empire.”
In this sense, Professor Effect on Local Administration and Finance of the Payment
to Local Authorities of the Proceeds of Certain Imperial
Giddings betrays no fear of the operations of
Taxes. By Sydney J. Chapman, M.A., (Lond.), B.A.
“ Democratic Imperialism.” It may be that (Cantab.), Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge. London:
Democracy can eliminate from the Imperialism Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Imported by Charles Scribner's
Song, New York.
of the old form everything except the vastness
OUR Foes at HOME. By Hugh H. Lusk, New York
of its domain. Then we shall witness “ The Doubleday & McClure Co.
>


1900.]
177
THE DIAL
held by every
which has never been generally accepted is that all in bo small a volume
man of the Revenue Commission and Special Com- to tax nearly everything and taxes personal pro-
missioner of the Revenue from 1865 to 1870; perty wherever the owner resides, is condemned as
while the
germ of another part of the work may
be “the most imperfect system of taxation that ever
found in the reports of the New York Tax Com- existed.” Mr. Wells would limit taxation to tan-
mission of 1870–72, of which he was Chairman. gible property, and perhaps to real estate ; and
Yet Mr. Wells was unorthodox in his fundamental would supplement it by a tax on building occu-
theory of taxation, conceiving taxes to be “the pancy, or rentals, and by taxing corporations on
compensation which persons and property pay the their franchises. It is unfortunate that he did not
State for protection,” or “the equivalent for the develop these proposals more fully, as perhaps he
protection which the Government affords to the might have done if he had lived a few months
property of its citizens," and implying that they longer; though other parts of the book would have
should therefore be proportioned to the benefit re- been improved by condensation. After the author's
ceived; while most contemporary writers on taxa- death the duty of seeing the work through the press
tion reject this theory and hold that taxes should fell upon Mr. Worthington C. Ford.
be in proportion to the ability to pay. It is there-
The attempt to discuss historically and philo-
fore rather startling to find the protection theory of
sophically the entire subject of public finance,
taxation advanced as one whicb is
“including the monetary system of the United
authority,” though it would not be incorrect to say
that it persists in the popular mind, being appar-
States,” within less than four hundred pages of
small size, is not calculated to arouse great expec-
ently in accord with the general conception of jus- tations; but in the case of Professor Daniels' text-
tice, while the acceptance of the other theory
book the impression made upon the reader is one of
requires a less individualistic and more altruistic
surprise that the subject should be so well treated
attitude of mind. Another theory of the author's
The author is an adept in
condensation ; and his independence and freshness
taxes which are uniformly levied“ diffuse and
of thought and his facility of expression combine to
equate themselves by natural laws in the same
make his work interesting and perspicuous. Of
manner and in the same minute degree as all other
course, the treatment is only cursory; the part de-
elements that constitute the expenses of produc-
voted to “ Government Outlay ” contains little
tion,” so that upon whatever objects taxes are levied more than illustrative statistics of government ex-
in the first instance, they will really be paid by all penditure, and the one hundred and fifty pages
members of the community in proportion to their devoted to taxation are too few to permit a dis-
expenditures for consumption.
cussion of all the taxes included in a modern fiscal
“ Every dealer in domestic or imported merchandise system. A reviewer disposed to be hypercritical
.
keeps on band, at all times, upon his shelves, a stock of
might go on to say that where the space was so
different and accumulated taxes — customs, internal
revenue, State, school, and municipal — with his goods; eleven pages on the development of privately-
limited there was scarcely room for a digression of
—
and when we buy and carry away an article from any
store or shop, we buy and carry away with it the ac-
owned railways, even though it led up to a discus-
companying and inherential taxes.”
sion of government ownership more germaine to
“All taxation ultimately and necessarily falls on the general subject; and that the problems con-
consumption; and the burden of every man, under any nected with railways and municipal monopolies are
equitable system of taxation, and which no effort will not most appropriately treated under the head of
enable him to avoid, will be in the exact proportion or “Government Income.” To this it might be added
ratio which his aggreate consumption maintains to the that the sources from which the author derives his
aggregate consumption of the taxing district, State, or
facts are not always the most authoritative or of
community of which he is a member.”
the latest possible date. The inclusion of a chap.
That this is approximately true of some taxes ter on the currency system will not tend to lessen
will not be denied; but that it is equally true of all the existing popular confusion between monetary
forms of taxation no one believes nowadays except science and finance, but the author does succeed in
Mr. Edward Atkinson, who claims the honor of relating this chapter to the rest of the book by con-
having persuaded Mr. Wells.
sidering coinage and the issue of paper money as
To the principal deductions which Mr. Wells among the necessary functions of government. It
draws from his two heterodox principles there need would be hardly fair to take exception to the argu-
be little exception taken ; for they are simply (1) ment in points of detail, because the author has not
that property should be taxed only by the State and allowed himself space to state his positions on con-
taxing district in which it is situated, and (2) that troverted questions fully; so it will suffice to call
it is unnecessary to tax everything in order to bring attention to his interesting and not unsuccessful
about a just distribution of the burden. One sus- attempt to formulate canons of customs taxation
pects that the unnecessarily far-reaching principles applicable alike to protectionist and free-trade
may have been formulated in the author's mind for tariffs, and to his conservative attitude toward all
the sake of these practical conclusions. The general proposals to extend governmental functions. On
property tax of the United States, which attempts the railway question, for example, while admitting
»


178
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
that “laws limiting rates and dividends are uni- satisfactory. There are features of administration
versally ineffectual, and laws against unjust dis- connected with the English income tax which ought
crimination are frequently evaded or defied,” and to prove suggestive to American legislators; such,
“ that a certain persistence of unjust discrimination for example, as the system of supervision by in-
as well as of competitive waste seems under present spectors and surveyors of the assessments made by
circumstances to be inevitable,” he marshals such local boards, which results practically in effective
a formidable array of the evils which would follow central control without violating the principle of
upon public ownership that he
local self-government.
“Puzzles the will,
The question of the relation between local and
And makes us rather bear those ills we have."
general finances, discussed by Mr. Sydney J.
To the series of monographs on the finances of
Chapman, is a live issue in Great Britian, and has
particular States, appearing from time to time from
occasionally been raised in this country also, as by
one or another of the universities, Johns Hopkins the recent Massachusetts Tax Commission ;
but to
contributes a collection of short studies of the tax-
most American readers the most suggestive part of
ing systems of Maryland, North Carolina, Kansas,
Mr. Chapman's book will be the discussion of the
Mississippi, and Georgia, written respectively by distribution of work between local and central
Dr. Thomas S. Adams, Mr. George E. Barnett,
governments, by which he approaches the fiscal
Mr. Elbert J. Benton, Dr. Charles H. Brough, and problem. Starting from the principles that matters
,
Dr. Laurence F. Schmeckebier. The five papers chiefly of local interest must be undertaken by
originated in informal class reports, prepared by local governments, and those chiefly of national
the authors as students in the university, which
interest by the central government, and that the
proved so interesting as to make it worth while to
distribution of functions must be made according
elaborate and publish them. A uniform plan of
to the capacities and efficiencies of the governing
treatment was adopted, in accordance with which
bodies, he concludes that “the matters assigned to
each essay opens with a description of the economic
local bodies should be those in which local knowl.
or industrial characteristics of the State, followed edge is requisite, minute supervision essential, and
in turn by a sketch of its general financial system, the cooperation of private and governmental agen-
an historical account of the development of taxation,
cies likely to be of appreciable value ; and those in
an examination of the various taxes now employed, which the need for uniformity is least evident, or in
and, finally, a critical conclusion containing sug.
which even diversity in administration is desirable.”
gestions for reform, and a “ bibliographical note.”
“ Finally, we must notice that local governments
The suggestions offered are uniformly conservative,
have a wonderful power of adapting themselves to cir-
not proposing to do away at once with the general cumstances. By undertaking a higher quality of work
property tax, whatever its faults, but only to elim- they attract to their boards higher ability. Hence dif-
inate its most glaring defects and supplement it ficult undertakings calling for tact, large knowledge,
with other sources of revenue, such as inheritance, and perhaps some genius, which cannot at first be safely
income, and general corporation taxes.
It is no-
placed in the hands of local bodies without the most
ticeable that in four cases out of five progressive
zealous supervision, may in a few years be wholly
rates are favored.
“ If the several essays possess
handed over to them with perfect confidence.”
any particular significance, and if there be any
As between the two ethical principles that those
unity underlying the volume," Professor Hollander
interested should bear the cost of governmental
says by way of introduction, “it is as emphasizing operations in proportion to their interests, and that
the impracticability of any universal application of
the burden of cost should be distributed according
commonly accepted principles of tax reform." to ability to bear it, Mr. Chapman decides that “in
Dr. Joseph A. Hill has made a most exhaustive
States approximating to confederacies, the first is
and painstaking study of the English income tax,
the fundamental rule, but in those more closely re-
both by personal inquiries made on the ground in sembling unitary bodies politic the second has the
1897 for the Massachusetts Tax Commission, and
superior claim." His practical conclusions regard.
by examination of published materials. After a ing State financial aid to localities are that the
brief historical introduction, he gives an account of policy of subventions is a very doubtful policy at
the five schedules or divisions into which the tax is
best, and that the existing English system is espec-
divided for convenience of assessment and collec- ially unreasonable. He would much prefer a sys-
tion at the sources of income, and then takes up
tem of self-sufficient local taxation.
the machinery and process of assessment in much Mr. Hugh H. Lusk, formerly a member of the
detail. Where the principle of “
"stoppage at New Zealand Parliament, has recently become
source cannot be applied, as in the case of income known to the reading public of America as a con-
from trades and professions and from foreign in- | tributor to the magazines and reviews. His resi-
vestments, the English income tax is subject to dence in America and his observations of social
evasion much as other income and property taxes
conditions here have led him to make certain com-
are; but Dr. Hill finds good reasons for believing parisions between the United States and New
that the assessment is becoming more efficient and Zealand, especially as to economic tendencies and
complete, and regards the tax on the whole as fairly the legislative treatment of important public ques-
1
1
1
66
1


1900.)
179
THE DIAL
a
ans.
tions; and these studies he has published under able to present concisely and impressively an analy-
the curious title of “Our Foes at Home.” The sis of those tendencies in Spanish character and in-
foes referred to seem to be the landowners and stitutions which, for more than mere political events,
capitalists of America, and above all the trusts, in have influenced the development of modern Spain,
which Mr. Lusk sees no possibility of good except he would have produced a really notable book. No
the ultimate downfall he predicts for them — which, proper understanding of Spanish history is possible
however, is not to be brought about easily or soon, without a knowledge of the separatist and local ten-
but only when the evil becomes so great that men dencies of the provinces of Spain, of the perpetua-
will endure it no longer. If the author is pessi- tion of old historical differences, of the distinct race
mistic when writing of America, he is nothing if feeling, all working against harmonious national ac-
not an optimist when writing of the social experi- tion. Spain bas, in fact, always lacked that sense of
ments of New Zealand; and it is much to be hoped a solidarity of interests which has been so potent a
that there is better foundation for his optimism force in creating the present day nationalities of
than for his pessimism. At any rate, the chapters Europe. Ignorant provincial jealousies have yielded
in which he relates New Zealand's experiences are of to united effort only in resistance to an outward foe,
much more value than those in which he merely ex- stimulated by a certain pride in the hazily remem-
presses his fears concerning America ; and it may be bered greatness of the nation centuries ago. Of
considered unfortunate that there are fewer of the the political history of Spain, as given by Mr.
former than of the latter. Yet many of New Zea- Hume, there is little to be said save that it is well
land's interesting experiments are briefly described, written and interesting and arranged in an orderly
from the instructive land policy and the progressive manner. The most entertaining portion of the book
tax on land to compulsory arbitration and old age is that dealing with the character and activities of
pensions. The success of the labor legislation is the Regent Christina, wife of Ferdinand VII.; and
attributed largely to the observance of two prin- here possibly the author differs from other histori.
ciples : (1) that the supervision or enforcement of His portraiture of Christina makes her more
the law must be largely or wholly committed to gentle, more lovable, more truly patriotic and
the class for whose protection it is designed, and womanly than other writers have pictured her.
(2) that the penalties for its violation must be such Her sister Carlotta, wife of the second brother of
as appeal with special force to the class of persons
Ferdinand VII., is made the real factor in securing
likely to incur them. The claim that government and maintaining the famous Progmatic Sanction
ownership is unfavorable to enterprise is met by which inaugurated the Carlist wars. Christina is
statistics showing that the government of New also acquitted of the charge of double-dealing in
Zealand has built more lines of railroad per capita her conflict with Espartero in 1840, for, according
of population than the railway companies of to Mr. Hume, she was at least technically within
America, and that the extent of telegraph lines her constitutional right in refusing to set aside by
and the number of messages sent are both between royal edict a law previously passed by the Cortez.
three and four times as great in proportion to Indeed, she could not legally do this. The contro-
population in Australasia as in America. In all versy in question marked the beginning of an or-
New Zealand's legislative experiments, Mr. Lusk ganized liberal party in Spain, and the impress
says in explanation of their success, the interests then given to it, and to all Spanish liberal move-
of the people as a whole were considered, and not ments, still exists in Spanish politics. The liberals
those of any one class: the interests of the millionaire turned to revolution and lawlessness as the shortest
and the great land-owner were no more considered road to securing their aims, a plan readily adopted
than those of the laboring man or of the home-seeker. by the party in opposition ; so that from that time
The book contains much that is of interest, but it to this, revolution has always been a certain re-
cannot be recommended as a work of reference source in times of political discontent. Mr. Hume
because there is no index and no very serviceable considers this readiness to appeal to riot the key-
table of contents.
MAX WEST. note to Spanish character, inbred in the spirit of
the nation, and constitating the greatest danger to
the proper development of the Spanish state.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Professor Th. Flournoy's curious
Mr. Martin A. S. Hume is well quali-
The strange case
Brief history
book, “ From India to the Planet
of Mlle. Smith.
of Modern fied by his studies of Spanish life and
Mars," an account of the author's
Spain.
history to write the monograph on experiments with the noted “Geneva Medium,"
“Modern Spain ” in the “ Stories of the Nations “ Hélène Smith,” now in its third French edition,
(Putnam). As is but natural in a work necessarily has been translated into English by Daniel B.
brief, attention is primarily directed toward purely Vermilye, and is published in a comely volume by
political history, the result being a very readable the Messrs. Harper. The author is Professor of
story of wars, changes in government, and political Psychology at Geneva University, and “ Hélène
intrigues from the time of Charles IV., to the pres- Smith," it may be well to say, is a pseudonym.
ent day. If in addition to this the author had been Professor Flournoy first met “Mlle. Smith” in


180
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
9)
-
to say,
1894, and since that date has been an interested wonder that this enterprise has been no more de-
student of her personality and performances — veloped in this country. Two articles by Professor
which are certainly remarkable enough even from Barnes of the University of Chicago, one upon
the most common-sense point of view.
“ Mlle. Fertilization, the other upon Flowers, are good ex-
Smith" (we learn) has “no fewer than three dis amples of the morphological standard of the work.
tinct somnambulistic romances,” two of them con- They are clear and complete, and written from the
nected with the “spiritistic” idea of previous most modern standpoint. The treatment of the
existences; for it has been “revealed ”that “Mlle. States from the horticultural standpoint is of great
Smith” has already lived twice before on this interest and importance to many. It so happens
globe, once as the daughter of an Arab sheik and that the present volume contains a goodly number
favorite wife of a Hindoo prince of Kanara (temp. of such papers, and among the States is Illinois,
1401), and again, in the last century, as Marie whose horticultural output and possibilities are
Antoinette. “Again reincarnated," says Professor stated by Professor J. C. Blair of the Experiment
.
Flournoy gravely, “ as a punishment for her sins Station at Champaign. It is hard to see how
and [for] the perfecting of her character, in the those interested in plants, either from the technical
humble circumstances of Hélène Smith, she in cer- or cultural standpoint, could find a better cyclo-
tain somnambulistic states recovers the memory of pædia of general and accurate information than
her glorious avatars of old, and becomes again for Professor Bailey is providing. Two more volumes
the moment Hindoo princess or queen of France.” will complete the work.
Thus, let us add in plain terms, “ Mlle. Smith”
is, in a sense, at one and the same time a sort of
The completion of
It is with great satisfaction that we
mental or mnemonic composite of Princess Siman-
the Dictionary of place the third and concluding vol.
Political Economy.
dini (circa 1400), “ Madame Veto” (guillotined
ume of Mr. R. H. Inglis Palgrave's
in 1793), and “Hélène Smith," bookkeeper for a
“ Dictionary of Political Economy" (Macmillan)
Geneva firm and amateur medium — for, it is fair
beside its fellows upon the reference shelf. The
“ Mlle. Smith” takes no pay for her per-
work has been twelve years in making, although
formances. But this is not all, for in her “third
only three were allotted it at the start, and has
been extended to one more volume than was at first
romance," or “ Martian cycle” as the author calls
it, “Mlle. Smith,” by virtue of the mediumistic contemplated. Similar works have existed for
faculties wbich are the appanage and the consola-
some years in both French and German, but noth-
tion of her present life, has been able to enter into
ing of the sort has heretofore been done in English,
for Lalor's "Cyclopædia" has a very different scope
relation with the people and affairs of the planet
Mars, and to unveil their mysteries to us.” To the
and purpose, being rather a collection of elaborate
plain reader all this will probably seem sheer
essays than a dictionary made up of thousands of
lunacy or sheer bumbug; but we hasten to say that
articles. The rapid advance of economic theory will
to all who can take a serious interest in its subject-
doubtless make some portions of this work antiquated
matter Professor Flournoy's book will doubtless
within a very few years, but its historical features
appear as important as interesting.
(and it is essentially historical in method) will pre-
serve its usefulness for a long time to come, and
Cyclopedia of
The first volume of Bailey's “Cy- make it invaluable for purposes of consultation. It
Horticulture clopædia of American Horticulture” is extremely fortunate that this closing year of the
(Macmillan) was reviewed in THE nineteenth century, of the century in which political
DIAL of April 16 last. In that review the general economy has taken so important and distinctive a
scope and tone of this twentieth century cyclopædia position among the sciences, should have seen the
were indicated, as well as the qualifications of Pro- completion of this comprehensive conspectus of what
fessor Bailey for undertaking such an enterprise. economic science has done, what it now is, and
There is nothing more to be said in reference to with what eyes it looks forward toward the future.
the second volume, which has now appeared, further
The list of contributors includes the names of the
than that the high standard set by the first has most eminent authorities in England, the Continent,
been more than maintained in the second. A second and the United States. The share taken by our
volume, appearing at an interval after the first, is own countrymen in this work is a matter for national
usually the better on account of the experience self-congratulation. An elaborate analytical index,
which the first has brought. The present volume extending to upward of sixty double-columned
begins with “ Earth nut” and ends with “ Myrtus,' pages, materially enhances the usefulness of the
and contains 544 pages.
The work of illustration work.
continues most excellent, and the half-tones from
President Lyon G. Tyler, of William
photographs are fine examples of the engraver's
and Mary College, has given fresh
art. The plate of muskmelons, for example, is
in Virginia. illustration of his zeal for the
preser-
particularly clear in detail. A timely article on vation of the materials for Virginia's history, by the
mushrooms is written by Professor Atkinson of publication of "The Cradle of the Republic "(Whit-
Cornell, as an appendix to which are cultural notes tet & Shepperson), a study of the James River re-
by several practical mushroom growers. It is a gion in the vicinity of Jamestown. The volume of
a
in America.
The historic
James River


1900.]
181
THE DIAL
.
nearly two hundred pages is rich in material of practical manual in business methods, and a sound
archeological and historical value relating to the and conservative guide, philosopher, and friend, in
life of the first English settlers in America. James- the more theoretical side of the useful art of taking
town long since disappeared from the map as a posi- care of one's treasure in a world where moth and
tive force in Virginia geography - a ruined tower, rust do corrupt, and where thieves of various sorts,
some broken tombstones, and a mass of sentiment from the sheer burglar with his “jimmy” down to
representing about all that is left of it. President the smooth "promoter" with his glib tongue and
Tyler has succeeded in rehabilitating and revivifying lying prospectus, do break through and steal. Mr.
it, so that one can have a pretty good idea of the Cromwell is a member of the New York bar; and
place as it appeared more than two hundred years he declares that in the whole course of a long pro-
ago, and an excellent impression of the sort of peo- fessional experience, during which many of his
ple that walked its streets and shared the difficul- clients have been women, he has met, or can recall,
ties of its life in the formative days of our country. but one woman whose acquaintance with regular
There are maps and charts, a number of pictures of business methods vuld, among men, be considered
the historic homes on the James, some reproduc- even ordinary.” The state of things thus indicated
tions of early prints of Jamestown, and a few other calls aloud for a remedy; and as a remedy we sug-
illustrations of importance. One of the most inter-gest a thorough study of Mr. Cromwell's carefully
esting chapters is that which gives the origin of the prepared book by the class for whose use it is
names used along the river from Newport News to written. In it will be found special chapters on
Richmond, showing how old names are retained banks and their functions and usages, savings
long after individuals who bear them have passed banks, trust companies, safe deposit companies,
from the scene.
bonds and stocks, mortgages, real property, pro-
Story of the
The storming of Stony Point during | bate matters, the legal status of married women,
capture of the Revolutionary war, by General etc. In short, the book is judiciously compounded
Stony Point.
Anthony Wayne and selected troops of sound principles and practical directions, and
under him, ranks among the most famous achieve- will amply repay study.
ments in American military annals. The difficulties
in the way were so discouraging, the dangers were
Mr. T. S. Omond's volume on “ The
European literature
80 great, and, on the other hand, the success attained
in the first half of Romantic Triumph (Scribner) is
the 19th century.
was so conspicuous, that no criticism was ever made
the fifth in point of publication and
in the army of the Revolution, but the universal
the eleventh in point of chronology in the series of
sentiment among soldiers and citizens alike was
“Periods of European Literature," edited by Pro-
one of rejoicing. The recent purchase of the hig.
fessor Saintsbury. The work covers the first half of
toric spot by the State of New York, as a result of
the nineteenth century, and does as well as one
the efforts of the “Society for the Preservation of
could reasonably expect with its practically impos-
Scenic and Historic Places and Objects in New
sible task. The first three chapters are given to
York,” seems to have been the inspiration for the
England, and constitute about one half of the vol-
publication of Professor Johnston's volume of over
The three remaining chapters deal with
two hundred pages, half of them taken up with a
France, Germany, and other countries,” respect-
study of the military situation which made the ively. There is also an introduction and a con-
affair at Stony Point specially important (James clusion, neither of which could be made very
T. White & Co.). A number of contemporary maps
satisfactory on account of the somewhat arbitrary
and charts help to a correct understanding of
limits assigned to the period under review. Mr.
the skilfulness of the movements of the men in
Omond's criticisms of individual writers are nec-
the difficult and dangerous night attack. The re-
essarily brief, and they seem to us, on the whole,
maining pages are filled with a collection of docu- singularly just. Sometimes they are more than
ments, fifty-six in number, which have been just - they are exceptionally felicitous - as when
we read that “ if anyone has caught up Keats's un-
gathered from English and American storehouses,
furnishing abundant original material. A number
uttered song it is surely Tennyson," or when we
of modern photographs, with portraits of leading
are told of Shelley's later poems that “what strikes
officers, add interest to the volume. The author
us is surely strength no less than beauty, masculine
would be abundantly repaid for his careful study, vigour wedded to ethereal grace.” We have noted
if renewed attention to the famous assault should but few slips (such as “Chartreux” for “Chartreuse”
lead to the erection of a suitable monument upon
in the title of Stendhal's famous novel) where many
the historic promontory.
would have been easily possible.
The American woman of property
The name of Thomas Davidson on
Business, for upon whom, in the course of human
the title-page of an educational book
events, has devolved the duty of
is a guarantee that the work shows
looking after her own financial interests, will find wide reading, has been well thought out, and is
in Mr. John Howard Cromwell's “The American carefully written. The competent reader may not
Business Woman” (Putnam) at once a handy I always agree with what the author says, but he is
ume.
A book on
Education as
an evolution.
American women.


182
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
at -
F
1
1
1
1
1
little likely to deny that the work possesses any one
NOTES.
of these three qualities. Mr. Davidson's “History
of Education” (Scribner) bears all these well-
“Elementary Lessons in Language and Grammar,"
by Mr. Thomas W. Harvey, is published by the Amer-
known marks. The author's conception of his sub-
ican Book Co.
ject is a broad one. 6. Education is a conscious or
Two more volumes of “Stories" have been added by
voluntary evolution. Hence history of education is
the Messrs. Scribner to their library edition of the
a record of such evolution, and begins at the point
writings of Mr. Frank R. Stockton.
where man takes himself into his own hands, so to
“ Heaven's Distant Lamps,” edited by Miss Anna E.
speak, and seeks to guide his life towards an ever
Mack, is an anthology of “poems of comfort and hope,”
more definite, coherent heterogeneity, which is what published by Messrs. Lee & Shepard.
we mean by his ideal end.” Accordingly, his first “ The Book of Legends," told over again by Mr.
chapter is entitled “ The Rise of Intelligence,” and H. E. Scudder, is a reading-book for children just pub-
the second one “ Savage Education.” Mr. David- lished by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
son spreads his facts on the framework of his theory Mr. David McKay sends us a new and handsome
of the world, which is the conception of evolution,
edition of Whitman's “ Leaves of Grass," with variorum
but evolution with God, freedom, and immortality readings, illustrations, and a facsimiled autobiograph-
.
ical sketch.
Whether by so doing he does violence to his facts, is
a question that might lead to contradictory answers.
The Oxford University Press has won the distinction
of a “Grand Prix” for each of its three exbibits
The book is an able one, but in no sense elementary.
(book binding, Oxford India paper, and higher educa-
It does not meet the needs of readers who have not
tional works) at the Paris Exposition.
already a considerable knowledge of the subject;
“ The Temptation of Friar Gonsol," a little skit
accordingly, only a small minority of teachers will
originally contributed by Eugene Field to the “ Sharps
read it or can read it.
and Flats" column of the “Chicago Daily News,” is an-
nounced for early publication in book form in a choicely-
printed limited edition, by Messrs. Woodward and
Lothrop of Washington, D. C.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The Century Co. are soon to publish a sumptuous
edition of the fairy-tales of Hans Christian Andersen,
In his “Myths and Fables of To-Day” (Lee & in commemoration of the story-teller's approaching
Shepard) Mr. Samuel Adams Drake treats entertain- centenary. The work is produced primarily under the
ingly of various quaint survivals of old-time supersti- auspices of the Danish government, and will be illus-
tions that still color our speech and even unconsciously trated by Herr Hans Tegner, who has devoted eleven
influence or modify the actions of the most practical.
Weather Lore, Charms to Good Luck, Evil Omens, Volume III. of Miss Sarah H. Killikelly's “Curious
Haunted Houses, Presentiments, the Divining-Rod, Questions in History, Literature, Art, and Social Life,”
Fortune-telling, etc., are amusingly and learnedly dis- has just been published by Mr. David McKay. It pro-
cussed, and a wealth of queer sayings and odds-and- vides a singular miscellany of information upon out-of-
ends of curious popular beliefs is presented. The pretty the way subjects, thrown together without any pretense
book is suitably illustrated by Mr. Frank T. Merrill, of logical arrangement, and illustrated by over a hun-
and should find friends.
dred full-page plates.
Mr. Frank Horridge's unpretentious volume of “Lives “Stories of the Badger State," by Mr. Reuben Gold
of Great Italians (L. C. Page & Co.) contains ten Thwaites, has been published by the American Book
biographical sketches, the subjects being Dante, Pe- Co. It is an important addition, by a first-class au-
trarch, Carmagnola, Machiavelli, M. Angelo, Galileo, thority, to the series of supplementary reading-books
Goldoni, Alfieri, Cavour, and Victor Emanuel. The in which it appears, and the publishers are once more
book must be pronounced a useful one for the general to be congratulated upon their success in enlisting the
reader who wishes to get at the essential facts about best American writers in this enterprise.
these great Italians, and to learn briefly in what sort English Composition and Literature” is a text-
and degree they left the world and their country in book prepared by Mr. W. F. Webster, and published
their debt. Mr. Horridge writes sensibly and enter- by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. It provides for
tainingly, and primarily for the instruction of his read- the systematic reading and study of a considerable
There are eight portraits, which are acceptably number of literary masterpieces, most of which are ac-
executed, and there ought to be an index.
cessible in the “Riverside Literature" series. The
That gallant sailor, Stephen Decatur, is the subject suggestions for special work and the test-questions
of a recently issued volume, by Mr. Cyrus Townsend added to each chapter form a particularly valuable
Brady, in the pretty “ Beacon Biographies” series feature of this publication.
(Small, Maynard & Co.). Even a dull pen could hardly Dr. Murray, in a recent lecture on “ The Evolution
make a dull book of a life of Decatur, and Mr. Brady's of English Lexicography,” makes some interesting com-
is by no means a dull pen. He has drawn upon the parisons between the progress of the “ New English
best available sources for his facts, and furnishes some Dictionary” and similar enterprises, much to the credit
new information as to the early history and the gene- of the Oxford undertaking. The “ Deutsches Wörter-
alogy of the Decaturs. The handsome frontispiece por- buch" of the Grimm brothers, begun in 1852, is just
trait of the dashing Commodore and the ornamental reaching the letter S. The Dutch “ Woordenboek der
title-page crown the attractive make-up of this neat Nederlandsche Taal,” begun in 1852, is not yet half.
and pocketable booklet.
finished. The new « Vocabolario della Crusca,” starting
years to his task.
1
1
.
ers.
а
>


1900.]
183
THE DIAL
in 1863, has just reached I, and will require another
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS.
quarter-century for its completion. Yet none of these
works is in reality so comprehensive an undertaking as THE DIAL's list of forthcoming Fall publications,
the “ New English Dictionary.”
presented herewith, is the largest of any in the history
A new English monthly review, of the half-crown of the American book trade. The number of titles
type, is to begin publication at once. Edited by Mr. entered is 1700, against about 1600 last year. This
Henry Newbolt, with the imprint of Mr. John Murray, list is prepared entirely from advance information
it promises to take a conspicuous place among periodi- secured especially for the purpose, and represents the
cals of its class. Its special features will include a output of 78 publishing firms: the highest number of
serial novel, original poetry, literary criticism, illustra- titles from one firm being 200, and the average 22 for
tions, and a permanent editorial section.
each firm. All the books here given are presumably
A « Victorian History of the Counties of England " is
new books
new editions not being included unless
projected, to fill no less than one hundred and sixty large having new form or matter ; and the list does not in-
volumes, and to enlist the services of the most famous clude Fall books already issued and entered in our
scholars. Mr. H. Arthur Doubleday is to be the gen- regular List of New Books. Juvenile books are, from
eral editor of this work, which will be published by their great number, deferred to another issue.
Messrs. Archibald Constable & Co. The price of sub- The more interesting literary features of the List are
scription is fixed at two hundred and forty guineas. commented upon in the leading editorial in this issue.
Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. announce a new and
complete edition of Balzac in English, under the edito-
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
rial supervision of Professor W. P. Trent. The edition The Life and Letters of Thomas H. Huxley, edited by
will take three forms, two of them filling sixteen vol.
Leonard Huxley, 2 vols., illus., $5.-Great Comman-
ders Series, new vol.: Commodore Paul Jones, by
umes each, the other being an édition de luxe in thirty-
Cyrus Townsend Brady, with portrait, $1.50.--The
two volumes. Mr. Trent's introductions will comprise Private Life of the Prince of Wales, by a member
bibliographical matter, condensed information about the of the royal entourage, illus. (D. Appleton & Co.)
leading characters, cross-references, and literary criti-
Oliver Cromwell, by Right Hon. John Morley, M.P.,
Illus., $3.50. (Century Co.)
cism based chiefly upon Balzac's correspondence. The
Prince Charles Edward, by Andrew Lang, limited edi-
editor will also supply a long general introduction, and tion, illus, in colors, photogravure, etc., $20. net.-The
a “ Note on the order of reading the Comedy.”
Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds, by Sir Walter Armstrong,
with 75 photogravure Illustrations, $25. net.-Oliver
The twelfth volume, bound in handsome red covers, Cromwell, by Theodore Roosevelt, lllus., $2.-Paul
of the “ Land of Sunshine” (Los Angeles) is a pleas- Jones, founder of the American navy, by Augustus
ant reminder of the steady advance of this brave little
C. Buell, 2 vols., illus., $3.-Recollections of a Mis-
sionary in the Great West, by Cyrus Townsend Brady,
periodical along the difficult path of magazine enter-
with_portrait, $1.25.-Napoleon III, at the Height of
prise, of its progress not only in years but in influence his Power, by Imbert de Saint-Amand, trans. by
and substantiality. The distinction it has won of being
Elizabeth Gilbert Martin, with portraits, $1.50.—The
the best there is in periodical literature on the Pacific
World's Epoch-Makers, new vol.: Buddha and Bud-
dhism, by Arthur Lillie, $1.25.-Great Educator Series,
Coast is in itself much, and the “ Land of Sunshine
new vols.: Comenius and the Beginning of Educa-
has, besides, the devoted services of an editor who tional Reform, by Will S. Monroe, A.B.; Pestalozzi
throws into it the force of an ability and an individual-
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1900.]
185
THE DIAL
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186
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
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1900.]
187
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197
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A Sensible English Grammar.
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200
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
Announcement of New Books
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The Woman That's Good
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THE LATEST AND BEST BOOKS ON CHINA
ARTHUR H. SMITH'S TWO SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES.
CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS.
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VILLAGE LIFE IN CHINA. A Study in Sociology. 8vo,
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For 50 years a Resident of China. PRESIDENT W. A. P. MARTIN, D.D., LL.D.
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Missions and Politics in China.
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1900.]
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Book Buyers, $8.00. Cash wilh order.
AMERICAN PRESS CO., Baltimore, Md.
For circulars giving further information, address
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AR
FOLKS IN
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RENTANO'S
OOKS *
MONTHLY F
Fowler & Wells Co., 27 E. Twenty-first St., NEW YORK.
The American Institute of Phrenology.
The new session began Wednesday, September 5, 1900.
Study and Practice of French.
By L. C. BONAME, 258 South 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
A carefully graded series for preparatory schools, combining thor.
ough study of the language with practice in conversation. Part I.
(60 cts.) and Part II. (90 cts.), for primary and intermediate grades,
contain subject-matter adapted to the minds of young pupils. Part III.
($1.00, irregular verbs, idioms, syntax, and exercises), meets require.
ments for admission to college. Part IV., Hand-book of Pronuncia-
tion (35 cts.), is a concise and comprehensive treatise for advanced
grades, high-schools, and colleges.
Ready: The Study of Ivanhoe.
By H. A. Davidson.
Arranged for high-school students. References, Topics for
Critical Study, Composition work on the text.
Single copies
50 cts.
Ten copies or more, each
30 cts.
Publisher, H. A. DAVIDSON, No. 1 Sprague Place, ALBANY, N. Y.
CATALOGUES
R
Y MAIL BULLETIN
.
AT POPULAR PRICES
218 WABASH AVENUE
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
.
Early Fall Styles
OF
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.
Of Woolens for Men's wear
Ready for Inspection After September 1.
Sent to any address free when requested.
SUITS TO ORDER
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NICOLL THE TAILOR,
851 and 853 Sixth Avenue
New York City.
Corner Clark and Adams Streets, CHICAGO.
NO BRANCH STORES.
JOSEPH GILLOTT'S STEEL PENS
NOW READY. A NEW
FOR GENERAL WRITING, Nov. 404, 382, 604 E. F., 601 E. F., 1044 PHYSICS FOR SCHOOLS.
FOR FINE WRITING, Nos. 303 and 170 (Ladies' Pen), No. 1.
FOR SCHOOL USE, Nos. 404, 303, 604 E. F., 1047, and
FOR VERTICAL WRITING, 1045, 1046, 1065, 1066, 1067.
Charles Burton Thwing, Ph.D., Knox College.
FOR ARTISTIC USE in fine drawings, Nos. 659 (Crow Quill), 290,
291, 837, 850, and 1000.
Correspondence with Science Teachers earnestly solicited.
Other Styles to suit all hands. Gold Medals at Paris Exposition,
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BOSTON, MA88.
BY


208
(Sept. 16, 1900.
THE DIAL
Recent Bowen-Merrill Publications
ALICE OF OLD VINCENNES
By MAURICE THOMPSON.
Illustrated in Colors.
A charming bistorical love story, dealing with
the most romantic and thrilling episode in the
Revolutionary War.
12mo, Cloth, Price, $1.50.
WITH HOOPS OF STEEL
By FLORENCE FINCH KELLY.
Illustrated in Colors.
A stirring tale of the West, brim full of life,
action, and color. The characters are picturesque ;
the author's style easy and natural.
12mo, Cloth, Price, $1.50.
SWEEPERS OF THE SEA
By CLAUDE H. WETMORE.
Illustrated.
This tale of a strange navy has that subtle some-
thing from the sea which makes the heart leap and
exult.
Price, $1.50.
PATROON VAN VOLKENBERG
By HENRY THEW STEPHENSON.
Illustrated in Colors.
A tale of Old Manhattap in the year 1686. Writ-
ten in forceful, fragrant English. The plot is
stirring and the characters worth portraying.
Price, $1.50.
THE PENITENTES
By LOUIS HOW.
Dramatic and delightful. This story is one of
which any master craftsman might be proud.
12mo, Price, $1.50.
THE TRAGEDY OF HAMLET
Edited by EDWARD DOWDEN.
The first volume of an entire new edition of
Shakespeare.
Demy 8vo, Price, $1.25.
SONGS FROM DIXIE LAND
By FRANK L. STANTON.
Illustrated.
A collection of verse all instinct with melody and
sweetness.
12mo, Price, $1.25.
SMILES YOKED WITH SIGHS
By ROBERT J. BURDETTE.
Illustrated.
A volume of good-humored rhymes. If they
don't make you laugh, then you're incorrigible.
Price, $1.25.
ONE THOUSAND AMERICAN FUNGI
By CHARLES McILVAINE.
38 Color Plates, 25 Engravings, 300 Etchings.
The only complete book on mushrooms and toad-
stools.
One Large Volume, 800 pages.
Price, $12.00 Net.
THOMAS JEFFERSON
THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF
By S. E. FORMAN.
All of his important utterances, compiled from
state papers and from his correspondence.
One Large Volume, 476 Pages,
Price, $3.00 Net.
IN PREPARATION — An Entirely New Book of Poetry by Mr. Riley
HOME-FOLKS After a silence of four years a new volume of Riley verse -- serious and
in dialect — will be published early in October. That it will take its place
as one of the notable books of the year goes without saying. The advance
JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY. orders number many thousands.
BY
THE BOWEN-MERRILL COMPANY, Publishers, Indianapolis, U. S. A.
THB DIAL PRESE, YING ARTS BLDG., CHICAGO.


THE DIAL
A SEMI- MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
FRANEDSTE BROWNE.}
Volume XXIX.
No. 343.
CHICAGO, OCTOBER 1, 1900.
10 cts. a copy. S FINE ARTS BUILDING.
Rooms 610-630-631,
82. a year.
SOME EARLY FALL NOVELS
PUBLISHED BY HARPER & BROTHERS
A Great American Romance
THE EXPATRIATES
By LILIAN BELL
“The Expatriates” is remarkable for its daring, its surprises of plot, its modern setting, and
its courageous handling of striking events. Its scene opens at the great fire at the Bazar de
Charité at Paris, and the story swings back and forth over two continents. It has scenes in both
New York and Chicago, and throughout is characterized by the most unswerving patriotism.
Frontispiece. Cloth, $1.50.
THE LOST CONTINENT THE SON OF CARLEYCROFT
By CUTCLIFFE HYNE
By THEODORE BURT SAYRE
A story of adventure with a strong love inter- A rattling good romance in which swash-
est. Full of startling and dramatic situations. buckling knights, bold highwaymen and fair
Illustrated. $1.50.
ladies play their parts. A dramatization of
the story will be produced shortly.
THE INFIDEL
$1.50.
By MISS BRADDON
The author's work is too well known to
ST. PETER'S UMBRELLA
necessitate any recommendation of this book.
By KÁLMÁN MIKSZÁTH
It is enough to say that it is a characteristically Translated from the Hungarian. A quaint
good story of English life in George II.'s day. and extremely amusing tale of Slavic life.
$1.50.
Illustrated. $1.50.
THE DISHONOR OF FRANK SCOTT
By M. HAMILTON
A story with so startling a plot that it is certain to attract widespread attention. The
author, an Englishwoman, handles the novel situations she has devised with masterly skill,
which must inevitably make the book a certain success. It is a book of most remarkable power.
$1.50.
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK


210
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
TWO GREAT NOVELS
READY EARLY IN OCTOBER
BARRIE'S MASTERPIECE
Tommy and Grizel
By JAMES M. BARRIE, Author of “Sentimental Tommy,” etc.
MR.
(R. BARRIE'S new novel bas been accepted everywhere as the most important book
which he has yet written - a character-study of remarkable originality, presented
a
with power, humor, and pathos. The Chicago Advance says: “Barrie has created a
: 6 a
character absolutely unique and of striking individuality. There is no other such instance
of vivid and subtle character-study in recent fiction.” “ The inimitable Tommy,” says
one reviewer, “ redeems the promise of his youth, and Barrie presents him so lovingly
that he is fascinating.” The advance orders for the novel are so large as to make a first
edition of 40,000 copies necessary.
“ The reappearance of Barrie and Tommy in SCRIBNER's is cause for devout rejoicing
among novel-weary readers. Here are originality and quiet humor and deft work-
manship to make even the most sated take courage once more.”—N. Y. Evening Post.
TUustrated by Bernard Partridge. 12m0, $1.50
A STIRRING HISTORICAL ROMANCE
The House of Egremont
>
By MOLLY ELLIOT SEAWELL
Author of "The Sprightly Romance of Marsac," etc.
THIS historical novel is the most important, and longest piece of fiction that Miss
Seawell has yet written. It is a romance of the seventeenth century, dealing with the
friends of the exiled Stuarts, and is full of adventure. It is a time to which Miss Seawell
has given special study and which always exerts a great fascination. The author's dramatic
style, so well exemplified in “ The Sprightly Romance of Marsac,” is still more apparent
in this new work.
Illustrated by C. M. Relyea. I 2m0, $1.50
>
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, PUBLISHERS
NOS. 153-155-157 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK CITY


1900.]
211
THE DIAL
PUBLISHED TO-DAY
THE FLAME OF LIFE
(IL FUOCO)
BY GABRIEL D’ANNUNZIO
AUTHOR OF
“ THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH,” ETC.
TRANSLATED FROM THE ITALIAN BY KASSANDRA VIVARIA.
350 Pages. Decorative Cloth.
PRICE, $1.50
The strongest book by this great writer. ·
The advance orders have nearly exhausted a large first edition.
L. C. PAGE AND COMPANY
BOSTON, MASS.


212
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
PUTNAM'S NEW BOOKS
.
.
The Works of George Borrow.
Literary Hearthstones.
A New and Popular Edition, containing the authorized Studies of the Home-Life of Certain Writers and
and complete texts, and including certain suppressed Thinkers. By MARION HARLAND, author of “Some
material now printed for the first time, and with Colonial Homesteads and Their Stories," “Where
notes, etc., by WILLIAM I. KNAPP, author of “The Ghosts Walk," etc. Fully illustrated. 16mo, price
Life of George Borrow."
per volume, $1.50.
THE BIBLE IN SPAIN.
SECOND SERIES – NOW READY.
LAVENGRO. ROMANY RYE.
HANNAH MORE.
JOHN KNOX.
THE GYPSIES OF SPAIN. (Nearly ready.)
FIRST SERIES - PREVIOUSLY ISSUED.
4 vols. Illustrated, 8vo, each $2.
CH TTE BRONTE. WILLIAM COWPER.
This is the first uniform edition of Borrow's works to "The writer has read her authorities with care, and,
appear in this country, and the fact that they are to be edited
whenever it has been practicable, she has verified by personal
by the famous Scholar Gypsy's biographer, Professor W. I. investigation what she has heard and read. We have, as a
Knapp, is sufficient criterion of their excellence.
result, narratives excellent as records and distinctly readable.
Anecdotes are introduced with tact; the treatment of the
The Complete Works of Lord authors is sympathetic and characterized by good judg.
Macaulay.
ment."' - New York Tribune.
Knickerbocker Edition. With an introduction by Later Love Letters of a Musician.
EDWARD P. CHENEY, A. M., Professor of European
By MYRTLE REED, author of “Love Letters of a
History in the University of Pennsylvania. 20 vols.,
Musician," etc. 16mo, $1.75.
12mo, containing over 300 photogravure and other In “Later Love Letterg" there is all of the charm of the
illustrations. Per set, $30.00.
earlier book. The treatment is original, and the musical
Also divided as follows:
quotations fit so perfectly with the sentiment of the letters
NOW READY:
that nothing is forced or stilted.
HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Ten vols.
$15.00
NEARLY READY:
A History of Greece.
ESSAYS, SPEECHES, AND POEMS. Ten vols. . $15.00 By EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A., LL.D., Jowett Lecturer
Historic Towns of the Southern States.
in Greek History at Baliol College, Oxford. To be
completed in four parts, sold separately.
Edited by Lyman P. POWELL. Witb introduction by
NOW READY.
W.P. TRENT. With about 175 illustrations. Large
PART III.- From the Thirty Years' Peace to the Fall
8vo, $3 50.
of the Thirty at Athens, 445-403 B. C. 8vo, $2.25.
PREVIOUSLY ISSUED:
PREVIOUSLY ISSUED.
HISTORIC TOWNS OF NEW ENGLAND. 160 illustrations.
8vo
$3.50
PART 1.- From the Earliest Times to the lonian
HISTORIC Towns OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 150 Revolt. $2.25.
illustrations. 8vo, $3.50. 3 vols., in box, as a set, $10.50 PART JI.– From the Beginning of the lonian Revolt
“The towns are sketched by various well-known writers, to the Thirty Years' Peace, 500-445 B. C. $2.25.
who have done their work with evident enthusiasm. They
are books brimful of interest. Both text and illustration
distinguish them.”—Independent.
A New Study of the Sonnets of
Sons of the Morning.
Shakespeare.
By PARKE GODWIN. 16mo, $1.50.
By EDEN PHILLPOTTS, author of “Children of the
A notable addition to the literature of the sonnets. It
Mist,” etc. With frontispiece, 8vo, $1 50.
will, doubtless, raise up a host of followers ready to defend
This is the first novel written by Mr. Phillpotts since the its every position against all comers. The wiser sort will find
publication of the beautiful and powerful story, the “Chil- in it much to accept, while they take unfeigned delight in
dren of the Mist." It represents more mature work and can the venerable author's enthusiastic exposition of his lofty
but add to the reputation that came to him through the theme.” – New York Times Saturday Review.
earlier book. The keenest and most pertinent word of appre-
ciation for the “Children of the Mist" came from the veteran Meditations of the Heart.
novelist, R. D. Blackmore, who, “knowing nothing of the
author," wrote of the deep interest, the rare humor, and the A Book of Private Devotion for Old and Young. Col-
vivid descriptions” that he found in the story. The author lected, Adapted, and Composed by ANNIE JOSEPHINE
of “Lorna Doone" has since passed away, and more directly
LEVI.
than could be true of any other English writer, Eden Phillpotts
With an introduction by Rev. Dr. GUSTAV
is recognized as his successor,
GOTTHEIL. 16mo, $1.25.
A Book for All Readers.
Designed as an Aid to the Collection, Use, and Preservation of Books, and the Formation of Public and Private
Libraries. By AINSWORTH Rand SPOFFORD. 12mo, half vellum, $2.00.
" In all the field of books about books there is nothing else in existence which covers so well and so clearly, so wide a
range of subjects. . It is impossible to read a single chapter, or even a page of the five hundred contained in the present
volume, without either gaining fresh information upon some particular subject, or finding some fact we half know, so clearly
stated as to make a lasting and vivid impression upon us. Written by a man thoroughly versed in library lore and methods,
Mr. Spofford's book will be found of the utmost value by all who either are, or wish to become, attached to library forces."
- New York Times Saturday Review.
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS. 27 & 29 West TWENTY-THIRD STREET, NEW YORK.
,
24 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND, LONDON.


1900.]
218
THE DIAL
New Books from the List of A. S. Barnes & Co.
MISTRESS CONTENT CRADOCK
6
AN HISTORICAL TALE OF NEW ENGLAND LIFE IN THE
TIME OF GOVERNOR WINTHROP AND ROGER WILLIAMS.
By ANNIE ELIOT TRUMBULL, Author of "A Cape Cod Week,” “ Rod's Salvation,” “Christmas
Accident,” etc. 12mo. Cloth, Illustrated. $1.00.
“A charming Colonial romance.”—The Congregationalist.
“Winsome and captivating, Content pleases us of to-day as she did the lover who patiently waited to obtain the
gift of her not too easily engaged heart, and the quiet story of her fortunes is well worth following.”-Literature.
“ Mistress Content Craddock' will be welcomed as a very interesting story and a thoroughly wholesome
book, while historical portraitures, delicious bits of description, and the charming style of the narrative will
render attractive to every reader this very definite picture of Puritan life.”—The Literary Review.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
A CHRISTMAS ACCIDENT,
ROD'S SALVATION,
And Other Stories.
And Other Stories.
12mo. 234 pp. Cloth. $1.00.
With Illustrations by Charles Copeland.
These sketches — there are seven of them — will
12mo. 285 pp. Cloth. $1.00.
please the general reader and the critic. The former “ It is all told in quiet, easy fashion, the satire is
will enjoy the wit, the delicate satire, the happy bits of without vehemence, and the pathos, while affecting, is
nature description, the accurate characterization, the not harrowing. Yet the author shows herself to pos-
touches of pathos ; the latter will notice the quiet, sess the genuine creative sense of inevitableness.".
well-bred art, the deft technic that produces the result. Book-Buyer (New York).
A CAPE COD WEEK.
AN HOUR'S PROMISE.
12mo. 170 pp. Cloth. $1.00.
12mo. 265 pp. Cloth. $1.50.
“ The author shows her readers that a week spent on This time, instead of a New England maiden, it is
Cape Cod counts for more than many weeks that may “Altamera Clayton of Embree, Georgia,” who enchants
be spent at other places of popular resort. The par- Miss Trumbull possesses “ keenness, quickness,
ticular week .. was a September week, when the and acuteness of mind which make capital narrative
picking of the cranberry bogs was just beginning. ... and fine descriptions of nature.”
The author's visit to the Cape was made in company
“ Miss Trumbull is blessed by a most delightful and
with a party of girls who ... deserve having their unpretentious gift of story telling. Her work suggests
talk and chatter reported in a book just as beautiful a twilight musician ; she has a certain dainty humor in
as the one we have now in hand.”—Boston Transcript. her touch.”—The Citizen.
us.
a
Just Published,
A Biographical sketch of J. DORMAN STEELE, Ph. D., Teacher and author.
By MRS. GEORGE ARCHIBALD. 1 vol. 12mo. Cloth. Illustrated. Gilt Top. $1.00.
“A simple life story, which cannot be too heartily commended to the reading of every public-school teacher
in America.”—Chicago Evening Post.
“A most valuable addition to the libraries of lovers of books biographical, and especially to those who
knew, reverenced, and loved the good man.”—Elmira (N. Y.) Evening Star.
« The record of a sterling and interesting life ; may be read with profit by many who are not acquainted
with the man or his work."-Springfield Republican.
BIRD GODS. By Charles DeKay.
With Decorations by George Wharton Edwards.
1 vol. 12mo. Cloth. Gilt Top. Pages, xxiv.+249=273, $2.00.
A very artistic volume by Hon. Charles DeKay, late Consul-General at Berlin, in which the results of much
research in out-of-the-way and dead languages is presented in a lucid style and a popular way. Every one
interested in birds from the side of humanity or natural history, all to whom the beginnings of religion offer
fascinating problems, will enjoy this little book, which is decorated by Mr. George Wharton Edwards, whose
clever band and fancy bave struck just the right notes of savagery and quaintness for such a theme. Cover, title-
page, beginnings and ends of chapters, tables of contents, etc., have their own charming original design, while the
pages of text are frequently marked by some little sketch in which the figure of some real or mythic bird appears.
For sale by booksellers, or sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, by the publishers.
A. S. BARNES & COMPANY, 156 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK


214
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
Houghton, Mifflin & Company's New Books
THEODORE PARKER, PREACHER AND REFORMER.
By JOHN WHITE CHADWICK. With two Portraits. Crown 8vo, $2.00.
A biography of one of the most marked characters in American history. Theodore Parker was one of the
great preachers of his time, and one of the prophetic reformers. He was regarded as a dangerous heretic, but
he is now gladly recognized as one who was merely in advance of his day, a robust believer in all the essentials
of religion, and a most interesting personality. Mr. Chadwick is peculiarly qualified to tell the story of his
great life, and he tells it with a fine sense of proportion, with perfect sympathy, and with uncommon literary
charm.
COUNSEL UPON THE READING OF BOOKS.
A Group of Talks by H. Morse STEPHENS, AGNES REPPLIER, President ARTHUR T. HADLEY, BRANDER
MATTHEWS, Bliss PERRY, HAMILTON W. MABIE. With an Introduction by HENRY VAN DYKE. 12mo, $1.50.
The lectures treat of Poetry, History, Fiction, Economics, Biography, Essays, and Criticism ; and the names
of the lecturers are ample guaranty of the ability and practical value of the volume. Bibliographical Notes
increase its usefulness, and Dr. van Dyke's Introduction gives it additional attraction.
a
THE UNITED STATES IN THE ORIENT.
By CHARLES A. CONANT. 12mo, $1.25.
Mr. Conant has given special attention to the eco-
nomic and political problems growing out of the new
relations of the United States in the far East. His
book will be of great service to those who recognize
the tremendous competition which now drives the great
manufacturing nations, and who wish to understand the
serious questions wbich confront the United States in
its role of a “world power."
EDNAH AND HER BROTHERS.
By ELIZA ORNE WHITE, author of « When
Molly Was Six," " A Little Girl of Long Ago,"
etc. With four illustrations and a decorative col-
ored cover. Square 12mo, $1.00.
Ednah Beverly is nine and has three brothers
younger and two cousins a little older. They make
delightful visits to their grandmother near Boston,
have a picnic at Nabant, go gypsying in Pennsylvania,
and spend a winter in New York. They do a host of
interesting things, and have uncommonly good times.
FORTUNE'S BOATS.
By BARBARA YECHTON, author of “A Young
Savage,” etc. Crown 8vo, $1.50.
A story of five sisters, one of whom is companion
to a wealthy lady; one is a newspaper woman, and
writes a novel ; one is a “charity visitor,” and another
is an artist in arranging pictures, furniture and bric-a-
brac. They encounter sundry young men
and this
book tells the pleasant story of what the sisters did in
their various callings, and of the approaches made in
the case of each to what promised to be a desirable
“ manifest destiny."
FRIEND OR FOE.
A Tale of Connecticut during the War of 1812. By
FRANK SAMUEL CHILD, author of “ An Un-
known Patriot." Illustrated. Crown 8vo, $1.50.
This story is in a comparatively new field, the War
of 1812; and while it has much of the spirit of that
time, it abounds in adventures, incidents of interests ;
and has heroes and heroines, which make it very at-
tractive to youthful readers.
RIVERSIDE BIOGRAPHICAL SERIES.
It is proposed to publish a group of compact volumes which shall show History in the making, through the
Lives of Leaders in the State, the Army or Navy, the Church, Letters, Science, Invention, Art, Industry, Ex-
ploration, Pioneering, or others of the various fields of human activity. It is expected that during the coming
year such biographies (of over 100 pages each) will appear of
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,
THOMAS JEFFERSON,
ANDREW JACKSON,
WILLIAM PENN,
LEWIS AND CLARK,
JAMES B. Eads.
PETER COOPER,
GENERAL GRANT,
Ready October 6. ANDREW JACKSON.
By WILLIAM GARROTT BROWN. A clear, strong, vivid account of Jackson as a man, as a soldier, and
as a politician. It is impartial, appreciative, and admirably written. 12mo, with photogravure portrait,
75 cents ; School Edition, with half-tone portrait, 50 cents, net.
Sold by all Booksellers.
Sent Postpaid by
Houghton, Mifflin & Company, Publishers, Boston.


1900.]
215
THE DIAL
NEW BOOKS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS
last season.
RULERS OF THE SOUTH: Sicily, Calabria, and Malta.
By F. MARION CRAWFORD, author of " Corleone," “Ave Roma Immortalis,” etc. With 28 pho- Uniform with
togravures and 100 illustrations in the text by HENRY BROKMAN. 2 vols., 8vo, $6.00, net. “AVE ROMA
Also a "large-paper" edition, limited to 150 copies. Cloth, crown 8vo, $12.50, net.
a
IMMORTALIS."
Besides its literary and historical value it is a rarely handsome gift book.
SPANISH HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS. ALONG FRENCH BYWAYS.
By KATHARINE LEE BATEs, Professor of English Litera- By CLIFTON JOHNson, author of “ Among English Hedge-
ture in Wellesley College. Profusely illustrated. Cloth, rows."
." With 48 full-page illustrations and 38 vignettes
crown 8vo, $2.25.
by the author in the text. Crown 8vo, $2.25.
Charming companion volumes on the lines of " Among English Hedgerows," so popu
STAGE-COACH AND TAVERN DAYS.
Uniform with
By ALICE MORSE EARLE. Illustrated by photographs, gathered by the author, of real things and · Home Life in
happenings. Buckram. Crown 8vo, $2.50.
Colonial Days."
Buckram, $2.50.
HOME LIFE CHILD LIFE
Buckram, $2.50.
• Unique valuable as well as
“Useful and attractive .
entertaining."— Mail and Express.
IN COLONIAL DAYS.
nating volume." - The Dial.
Each profusely illustrated from photographs.
THE DREAM Fox STORY BOOK.
By MABEL OSGOOD Wright, author of "Wabeno the Magician," "Tommy Anne and the Three Hearts,"
"" Citizen
Bird,” etc. Illustrated with 80 drawings by OLIVER HERFORD. Small quarto, $1.50, net.
TOMMY ANNE AND THE THREE HEARTS and its sequel WABENO, THE MAGICIAN.
“Has had a remarkable success . and has "A veritable treas-
well deserved it.” – The Evening Transcript.
"A better gift book for little folks there
1
ure."-Phila, Press. could not be."- American,
. . a fasci-
.
NEW MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS.
CITIZENS' LIBRARY
MORRIS. The History of Colonization from the
Earliest Times to the Present Day
OF ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND SOCIOLOGY,
By HENRY C. MORRIS, formerly United States Consul at
Under the general Editorship of RICHARD T. ELY,
Ghent, Belgium. Cloth, 8vo.
Ph.D., LL.D., University of Wisconsin.
LEE. Historical Jurisprudence
An Introduction to the Systematic Study of the Development of
BULLOCK. Essays in the Monetary History of
Law. By GUY CARLETON LEE, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins Uni-
the United States
versity. 8vo, cloth, $3.00, net.
By CHARLES J. BULLOCK, Ph.D., Williams College,
author of "The Finances of the United States from 1775 to
McCURDY. History, Prophecy, and the Monuments;
1789," etc.
or, Israel and the Nations
Volume III. TO THE END OF THE EXILE AND THE CLOSE OF THE
MACY. The American Party System from 1846
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216
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THE DIAL
D. APPLETON & Co.'s NEW BOOKS
THE STORY OF THE SOLDIER
By General G. A. FORSYTH, U. S. A. (Retired). Illug-
trated by R. F. ZOGBAUM. A new volume in the Story
of the West Series, edited by RIPLEY HITCHCOCK. 12mo,
cloth, $1.50.
In the great task of opening the empire west of the Missouri the
American regular soldier has played a part as large and heroic as it is
unknown. The purpose of this book, written by a gallant officer who
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ground by tracing the origin of the regular soldier, the popular feeling
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trated in General Forsyth's brilliant and dramatic accounts of the
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THE INDIVIDUAL
A Study of Life and Death by Professor N. S. SHALER of
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;
D. APPLETON & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK


THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
....217
.
.
-
as an art.
.
No. 343.
OCTOBER 1, 1900. Vol. XXIX. mental divergence of method and of aspiration ;
the two ideal types are here exhibited in the
CONTENTS.
strongest of possible contrasts.
Transferring now our attention from the
THE ARTHITECTURE OF THE MIND .
single field of architecture to the broader domain
NIETZSCHE AND HIS PHILOSOPHY. Sigmund
of art in general, we find the same contrast of
Zeisler .
219
type exhibited wherever we look, although we
JAMES MARTINEAU: A STUDY. E. G. J. 222
broaden our terms to correspond with the wider
HISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY. Paul view, and now say classical and romantic, in-
Shorey .
225 stead of simply saying Greek and Gothic. The
A DAUGHTER OF THE REIGN OF TERROR.
Parthenon is classical art, but so also are the
Josiah Renick Smith .
228 “Antigone” and the Hermes of Olympia and
RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne
229
the Pompeian frescoes. So also are the fugues
Butler's The Choice of Achilles. — Jevons's The of Bach and the canvases of David, and the
Living Past. - Van Dyke's The Toiling of Felix. « Hellenics" of Landor. On the other hand,
- Peck's Greystone and Porphyry. - Mitchell's
Amiens cathedral is romantic art, but so also
The Wager. — Loveman's A Book of Verses.
Fiske's The Battle of Manila Bay. - Trent's Verses. are the sculptures of Michelangelo and the
- Betts's A Garland of Sonnets. – Taylor's Moods.
plays of Shakspeare and the paintings of Ros-
- Mrs. Brooks's The Search of Ceres. — Miss Crane's
Sylva.
setti. In some sense even, as a foreshadowing
of the romanticism of the modern Christian
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
233
A short account of Modern Italy. - The story of
world, the measures of Pindar and of Virgil
Richelieu.-A dissection of the Hexateuch.-Famous escape from the restraints of the classical spirit,
pets of Oxford University. — The latest in biology.
and take the freer range which we attribute
- A famous secondary school of England. - Living
primarily to the form of art which it was the
province of the Middle Ages and the Renais-
BRIEFER MENTION.
236
sance to develope in all its fulness of creative
NOTES
236
splendor.
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS
237 It does not seem to us an altogether fanciful
(In continuation of the List contained in THE DIAL
analogy to find in the domain of the intellectual
for Sept. 16.)
life, as distinguished from the creative, a sim-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
240
ilar divergence of fundamental types. We find
LIST OF NEW BOOKS .
240 the intellect whose characteristics are unity
and symmetry and definite relationship of ac-
tivities; and we find the intellect with whose
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIND.
characteristics these are strongly contrasted,
In the history of architecture there have to which they are often diametrically opposed.
been two predominant types, the Greek and In the first category we have the makers of
the Gothic. Each of them has undergone his systems, the men whose works exhibit an archi-
torical modifications, in accordance with the tectonic character so evident that our attention
changing needs of mankind, but each has is directed to the coherent whole rather than
nevertheless remained true to its fundamental to the separate details. That is, each detail,
ideal. In the case of Greek architecture, that however significant in itself, becomes much
ideal has comprised unity of design, symmetry more significant when considered in relation
of construction, and simple definite relations to the entire logical structure. Such an intel-
between the several parts. In the case of lect keeps itself well in hand, restrains the
Gothic architecture, it has meant more atten- tendency to capricious expression, is firmly
tion to detail than to the general plan, a dis- based upon certain fundamental ideas, and
regard of severely proportioned lines, and a brings every vagrant fancy wherewith it is beset
certain degree of confusion of aim. The dif- to the primary test of this essential conformity.
ference between the Parthenon and the Bible We recognize this type of mind in Euclid, in
of Amiens," for example, illustrates a funda. | Aquinas, in Spinoza, in Kant, and in Mr.
.
.
.
.
.
.


218
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
Herbert Spencer. In each individual case, we seeks to make life of one piece, to shape its
realize that the work must stand or fall as a intellectual activities into a consistent whole.
whole, that, given a logical method of proced. Every new idea must be brought to the test of
ure, it will stand if the foundations are sound, those already accepted, must be examined and
and that if they are shaky the entire structure reëxamined in the light of the principles that
must totter to its fall.
have been adopted as fundamentally important.
In the second of our categories we find those This attitude toward truth is maintained at the
discursive intellects that are content to exhibit cost of much strenuous endeavor, the severe
the separate facets of truth as it is revealed to repression of many a natural impulse, and the
them, that take sufficient satisfaction in its stern rejection of many a pleasing fancy.
sparkling gleam, and make no effort to bring Viewed in retrospect, the reward seems suffi.
the light to a single focus. They feel instinc- cient; but it is hard to keep the chords of the
tively that truth as a whole must be self-con- mind strung to the requisite pitch, and the
sistent, and leave to more systematic minds temptation at times becomes great to break
the task of reconciling seeming contradictions loose from the stiffening bonds of prescription,
and of elucidating whatever appears paradox and give unimpeded play to the faculties.
ical. Such minds, when actively at work, live Minds of the other type — and this is no doubt
intensely in the present moment, leaving the the prevailing one — are considerably freer in
past and the future to care for themselves, and their activities, and thereby more receptive of
giving slight heed to the accusation of inconsist- new impressions. The hobgoblin inconsistency
ency. To this intellectual type we accredit has no terrors for them ; they are prepared at
Cicero (the epistolary and philosophical Cicero) any time to take a new intellectual start, to
Montaigne, Samuel Johnson (with all his ignore past conclusions, and to formulate fresh
crabbed prejudices), Voltaire, Hume, Ruskin, ones in accordance with the new light in which
and Emerson. Probably the traditional clas- some truth seems to stand revealed. The pure
sification which makes of all men by nature reason is no longer the sole dictator of thought,
either Aristotelians or Platonists is not very but shares its empire in some measure with the
different from that which we have here sought forces that control the emotional life. This
to indicate.
attitude finds its satisfactions in the intense
Each of these contrasted modes of the intel- realizations of the moment which it permits, in
lectual life has its own particular attendant the part which it allows to the sense of won-
dangers, and each needs the corrective influ- der, and in the ever-alluring prospect of com-
ence of the other. In the former case, there ing upon new gateways of truth. To declare
.
is always the danger of doctrinaireism, of twist- for one or the other of these attitudes is prob-
ing the truth to fit the preconceived scheme, of ably futile; each thinking mind finds its choice
seeking to demand acceptance by the sheer already made by the time the instinctive and
force of logical coherency. Reverting to our unconscious period of thought is past. And
architectural figure, there is always the danger whether the philosophy of conduct be built up
of magnifying the importance of the structure by the logical method of a Spinoza or by the
qua structure, and of the consequent failure to haphazard method of a Montaigne, the prac-
adapt it to human needs. In the latter case, tical outcome is apt to be much the same with
there is always the danger of encouraging a minds of normal endowment.
lax mental habit, of holding the requirements of We have discussed these contrasting men-
logic too cheap, of allowing the impulse or the tal attitudes with reference to the individuals
emotion of the moment to usurp the sway of whom they primarily concern ; let us in con-
the sovereign reason. The resulting structure clusion discuss them with reference to their
is apt to be comparable to one of these com- influence upon the stream of human thought.
posite buildings in which the eye is engaged by In the long run, do the systematic thinkers
many fascinating details, but in which it can determine the intellectual currents of history,
take no satisfaction as a whole.
leaving only its eddies and surface-ripples to
The natural bent of each individual who be shaped by the discursive thinkers ? Our
leads the intellectual life in any sort will fix first thought is that they do. When we think
the essential type to be aimed at. Each type
Each type of the immense authority, exercised for cen-
has its peculiar satisfactions no less than its tury after century, of an Aristotle or
peculiar dangers. There are some who can Aquinas, it seems as if such were the only in.
conceive of no other ambition than that which tellectual forces that have counted. But a little
an
a


1900.]
219
THE DIAL
in the total reckoning, philosophical thought the
reflection will bring the counter-opinion into can relish Nietzsche the writer. He never wearies
view, and make us doubt our hasty initial as- the reader by following the same train of thought
sumption. Systems have their day and become
for more than a page at a time, though it is true
stripped of their authority, whereas no sincere
that the same idea crops up in fragmentary form
over and over again. But no less wonderful than
expression of the human spirit, struck out in
his
power of language are the scope and breadth of
the glow of some moment of intense vision,
his observations, the depth of his borings into the
ever wholly loses its validity. This is why the
human heart, the boldness of his inconoclasm, the
poets, on the whole, bave influenced the thoughts Promethean presumption with which he tramples
of men more than the philosophers. We may under foot all the received standards of morality.
take leave to doubt whether the "Summa The starting point of Nietzsche's philosophy is
Theologicæ ” bas, all things considered, proved the formula that the “will to power” is the main-
so potent and penetrating an influence upon
spring of life. “What is good ?” he asks. “All that
religious thought as the “ De Imitatione
increases the feeling of power, will to power, power
Christi," and we may confidently assert that,
itself, in man.” “What is happiness?” “ The feeling
that power increases, that resistance is overcome."
The will to power is the tendency of every man
owes a greater debt to Plato than it does to
to assert his ego, to give dominance to his inten-
Aristotle. The influence of the unsystematic tions. Nietzsche finds not only in all the manifes-
writers is less imposing, but it seems to be tations of unadulterated human nature, but of
farther-reaching than that of the architectonic nature generally, this tyrannical and inexorable
thinkers. It is, after all, the open mind that assertion of claims to power. Now, if one aims at
makes possible all intellectual progress, and predominance and extension of power, it means
the mind of the systematic philosopher has too
subordination and subjection for another. Then
often but a single outlook, which may be in
only can a higher culture be created, where there
the wrong direction, turned toward the fading
are two clearly distinguishable castes, the one to do
the work of society, the other to enjoy true leisure,
past rather than toward the glowing future of
human thought.
a caste of compulsory workers and a caste of free
or voluntary workers. The ennoblement of the
human race-
-or, as Nietzsche calls it, — the eleva-
tion of the type of “man” — is the work of an
NIETZSCHE AND HIS PHILOSOPHY.
aristocratic society, of a state of castes built upon
suppression, subjection, and force.
A thoroughly
By the death of Friedrich Nietzche, the world felt and asserted difference between class and class,
has lost the most radical philosopher of the century, the continuous looking down by the dominant caste
and one of the most picturesquely eccentric figures upon their subjects and tools, and the equally con-
in all literature. While at first he was under the ţinuous practice of the two castes in commanding
influence of the philosophy of Schopenhauer and and obeying, respectively, result in what Nietzsche
the artistic and æsthetic views of Richard Wagner, styles the “pathos of distance.” Without this,
he soon entered the arena as an absolutely inde- there could never have arisen that other more mys-
pendent thinker, with an entirely original philoso- terious pathos, that desire for a constantly growing
phy, whose avowed object was to reform all modern increase of the distance within the soul itself, the
culture, yea, to bring about a new epoch in the evolution of ever higher conditions, in short; the
• history of human civilization.
elevation of the type of man.
The aphoristical style of the works of this second A healthy aristocracy which will be a guarantee
and principal period of Nietzsche's literary activity of ascending culture cannot exist, according to
was a departure from all precedent. His work was Nietzsche, unless it realizes that it is itself the aim
done almost exclusively in the open air. Stopping and object of human society. It must necessarily
still in his walks, or lying outstretched in a Swiss accept without the slightest scruples of conscience
or Italian landscape, he would fix upon loose sheets the sacrifice of countless human beings who for its
the thoughts on men and things which crossed his sake must be depreciated to imperfect beings, to
brain, recording all the joy and pain of his soul in slaves and tools. The root of such an aristocracy
scintillating epigrams, full of deep thought, boldness, is the conviction that society does not exist for its
and sarcasm. Undoubtedly he has devoted much own sake, but merely as the frame and ground-
labor to the polishing of his sentences, so as to find work upon which a select kind of being, to-wit,
the most expressive word, the most picturesque that aristocracy, rises to the height of its task, the
phrase, the most striking simile. His sentences have elevation of the type of man; comparable to those
an enrapturing splendor, a bewitching grace, and a climbing plants of Java which with their arms em-
dramatic animation to which must very largely be brace the oak tree so long that finally they creep and
attributed the great effect which his works have rise high above it, but, supported by it, develop
had upon his readers. Even those who do not and exhibit their crown in a higher and freer sphere.
admit the inspiration of Nietzsche the prophet, Thus, egoism, according to Nietzsche, is an


220
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
9)
>
-
essential attribute of the noble soul which accepts dency of European culture towards producing a
the fact of its egoism without any question mark, coddled, pitiful, weak, and low-minded race, by
without the slightest feeling of hardness, force, or valuing the greatest good to the greatest number
arbitrariness ; on the contrary, as something which as the highest maxim of society. This crime against
is founded in the very nature of things, as some- life should be reversed by a thoroughgoing “re-
thing which is justice itself. The noble soul admits valuing” of ethical values. This tendency should
that there are others entitled to equal rights with be arrested by aristocracy. It should deliver itself
itself; it honors itself in them and in the rights from the enervating principles of “good and evil,”
which it accords to them; it doubts not that the ex- should place itself “beyond good and evil,” should
change of honors and privileges is of the essence accept the only mode of valuation becoming to it,
of all commerce between equals.
namely, the distinction between “good and
It is clear to Nietzsche that a dominant class “bad” or “contemptible;" it should again as-
must have different forms and views of life than a sume the reins of mastery, subjugate the masses
serving class. In his review of the many different and spoliate them for its purposes; in short, it
systems of morality, be they coarser or finer, which should again hold in high regard, and bring to fur-
among different peoples and at different times have
ther development, the proud instincts innate in
governed the conduct of men, Nietzsche discovers man, and thereby save at least itself from degener-
two general types : a morality of aristocracy, which ation and decadence. With this achievement, a
he calls Master Morality, and a morality of the domi- new, a higher, a more beautiful, a more powerful
nated class, which he calls Slave Morality. Mas- type of man will have been created. This ideal
ter Morality distinguishes between good and bad ; type Nietzsche calls “ Uebermensch” - over-man,
Slave Morality between good and evil. In the
beyond-man. To cultivate these noble instincts,
case of Master Morality, the exultation and pride to breed this higher race everywhere and in suffi-
of the soul is valued as “good,” while everything cient numbers to fulfil their historical mission,
contrary to these conditions of the soul is valued Nietzsche advises those who confess this master
as “bad.”
“Good ” is everything which the high- morality of “good” and “bad ”— the “emanci-
minded nobleman does ; "bad" or contemptible, is pated spirits," as he calls them to live in solitude,
”
—
everything which the noble spirit dislikes. Bad away from the pitiable morality of the present 80-
and contemptible is the coward, the uneasy, the small, ciety, which must make life unbearable to them.
the suspicious, the conventionally moral, the relig. | In “Thus spake Zarathustra,” Nietzsche apos-
iously scrupulous, the one who is ever thinking of trophises these free spirits and prepares them for
narrow utility, the one who humbles himself, the dog their tremendous task.
kind of man who tolerates mistreatment of himself.
One may easily imagine that this apostle of aris-
Thus all noble morality and view of life arise
tocracy has no patience with the doctrine of the
from aristocracy's triumphant approval of its own equal rights of man. He thunders against it in a
doings. Not so with the morality and view of life
of all dominated and dependent classes, the so-called The bloody farce with which the French Revolution
dozen keys and in a hundred variations.
Slave Morality. There the hatred of aristocracy, played itself out, its immorality,' is of little account to me;
the craving for an alleviation of their condition, is what I hate is its Rousseau-morality - the so-called 'truths'
uppermost in their moral valuations. The slave
of the Revolution with which it operates to the present day,
and wins over to itself all the shallow and mediocre. The
has a justifiable suspicion of everything which is
doctrine of equality! But there exists no deadlier poison ;
honored as good by the dominant class. For what- for it seems to be preached by justice itself, while it does
ever is there “good” must needs hurt the oppressed, away with justice. . . . 'Equality to the equal, inequality to
and is therefore regarded as "evil ” in Slave the unequal'—that would be the true teaching of justice ; and
Morality. On the other hand, the slaves have
the corollary likewise, 'Never make the unequal equal.'-
That such dreadful and bloody events happened around the
gratitude and appreciation for all the qualities doctrine of equality, has given a sort of glory end luridness
which tend to lighten the burdens of the suffering to this modern idea' par excellence ; so that the Revolution
and oppressed – like pity, charity, warm hearted- as a spectacle has seduced even the noblest minds. That is,
after all, no reason for esteeming it any higher."
ness, patience, industry, kindness. All these quali-
ties are in Slave Morality classed as “good.”
Nietzsche is the deadly foe of Christian morality,
And now we can understand Nietzsche's form- of the teachings of the Church, because it antag-
ula, “beyond good and evil.” It means a realm onizes the preservative instincts of life as sinful, as
removed from Slave Morality, in which men are temptations ; because it is inimical to happiness on
“superior to the illusions of moral sentiment." earth ; because it takes the part of the
weak and
Nietzsche deplores that in the battle between the low against the higher type of man. He regards
Master Morality and Slave Morality, between the concepts of “the other world,” “last judgment,”
Roman aristocratic method of valuation on the one “immortality of the soul,” as inventions of the
hand and Jewish-Christian-plebeian on the other, priest, as torture instruments by which he designed
the latter has been victorious along the whole line. to and did become master. He arraigns the man
The entire European civilization has received its of to-day, who cannot be ignorant of these things,
decisive feature through the catchwords of Slave for still professing Christianity. With terrible force
Morality, “good” and “evil.”
he exposes our hypocrisy by contrasting our un-
6


1900.)
221
THE DIAL
of man.
-
Christian acts in public and private life with our an end of civilized society, and we resolve ourselves
Christian professions. Says he:
into a band of brutes. The aggregate of human
“What happens to the last sentiment of seemliness, of happiness is certainly more increased by uplifting
respect for ourselves, when our statesmen even, otherwise a the masses than by the elevation of the few through
very unbiased species of men, and practical Anti-Christians
the humbling of the many.
through and through, call themselves Christians at the present
day, and go to the communion ? . . . A prince at the head of
Nor are the concepts of God, immortality, heaven
his regiments, splendid as the expression of the selfishness and hell, indispensable ; for we know there are
and elation of his nation, - but, without any shame, confess- men, and many of them, who without such beliefs
ing himself a Christian!... Whom then does Christianity
are honest and honorable, kind, and tolerant; who
deny? What does it call the world'? To be a soldier, a
judge, a patriot; to defend one's self; to guard one's honor;
love truth, despise falsehood, practice charity, con-
to seek one's advantage; to be proud. ... All practice of quer egoism, all without hope of reward or fear of
every hour, all instincts, all valuations realizing themselves punishment in this or another world; who recognize
in deeds, are at present Anti-Christian ; what a monster of the existence of moral laws of nature, as they do
falsity must modern man be that he nevertheless is not
ashamed to be still called a Christian.”
the laws of the physical world ; who are ethical to
the core without believing in any creed; who are
Nietzsche's great mistake was to fight all tradi-
religious without religion. No, it is not necessary
tional morality as such, because some of its teachings to be a Christian, nor even a believer in any posi-
were repulsive to him, because some of its teachers,
tive religion, to admit that without morality (by
especially the early disciples of Christ, went so far
which, it will be perceived, I do not mean the whole
as to demand the annihilation of all natural instincts
traditional code of morals) the world would be
The code of Christian morality, with its
chaos. Nietzsche, however, arraigns the whole
rigid asceticism, its thorough negation of every
system as a positive evil, as inimical to the instincts
positive desire or will, can certainly not be more of life.
mistaken than Nietzsche's immoralism, with its un-
The trouble with Nietzsche's criticisms is that
bounded license, self-glorification, and self-indul-
he became so enamored of the one fixed idea that
gence. If it is really necessary to revise our code of
the many must be kept in subjugation in order that
morals — and that might be admitted, — then the
the few might be the stronger, freer, nobler, and
first thing necessary is to overcome this one-sided
happier, which idea be expresses by the formula
prejudice against the traditional concepts of moral-
“pathos of distance," that our civilization — which
ity as a whole.
tends to diffuse light and warmth, freedom and
The essence and end of all morality is the liber- happiness, to strengthen the weak, to free the en-
ating of some latent force which is needed for the
slaved, to enlighten the ignorant, to elevate the low
solution of the problems of civilization. The work
- appears from his view point as decadence and
of Christianity was to prepare and fit the half-bar-
degeneration. He complains that our civilization
barous peoples of Europe for the task of civilization,
and its methods are “anti-natural.” Of course
for which there was slumbering in them an abun-
they are. Civilization and naturalness are neces-
dance of latent power.
But this latent power bad
first to be made free and available by a thorough alness would be to efface history, to retrace our
sarily contradictory terms. But to return to natur-
cleansing of their hearts and minds from the brutal
steps to the cradle of the human family — not that
instincts and desires, the coarse and primitive cradle which is supposed to have stood in Paradise,
thoughts and views which possessed them. The
but the one to which Darwin refers ; to become
purgative applied by Christianity to accomplish cannibals or beasts of prey. This is certainly not
this cleansing process was asceticism, the negation Nietzsche's ideal. If not, why thunder against
of the senses.
It was
an heroic remedy; but
“anti-naturalness" ?
whether too heroic or not, one might well pause
for
Has Nietzsche's ingenious, brilliant, and original
It is this remedy which Nietzsche so
attempt to arrest the victorious course of socialism,
severely condemns. He judges all morality merely
to resist the powerful onslaught of the masses in
by its negative means and methods. Many of these
their fight for economic and social equality, any
we can and do safely dispense with nowadays, chance of success ? I think not. His aristocratic
many of these we might in our present state of civi-
theory, the principles of his “ beyond morality,”
lization recognize even as evils. Nietzsche has
run directly counter to the ethical evolution of man-
irrefutably established the hollowness and hypocrisy kind for millenniums. This evolution clearly tends
of many a paragraph in our code of morality. We
to increase constantly the circle of those who are
might even disregard some of its positive commands.
permitted to participate in the blessings of civiliza-
For example, it is not necessary that we should
tion, the advantages of education, the opportunities
love our neighbor as well as we do ourselves, and
of free government. The wheel of history runs
we do not do it, either. But with all that, unless
with irresistible force in the direction of uplifting
we are willing to respect the rights of others,
the masses. Its course cannot be stopped even by
whether rich or poor, mighty or weak; unless we
the extraordinary power and genius of a Nietzsche,
accord equal opportunities to all, no matter how
for it is propelled by that mightiest of all forces —
constituted; unless we fight selfishness and condemn
Humanity
the spoliation of the weak and unfortunate, there is
SIGMUND ZEISLER.
**
an answer.


222
(Oct. 1,
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-
definite than is to be found in these scholastic
The New Books.
flights of Mr. Jackson's.
Simplicity of style is a merit which Mr.
Jackson seems at times to consciously avoid,
JAMES MARTINEAU: A STUDY.*
especially in that section of his book where it
No sweeping disparagement of Mr. Jack- ought to be cultivated. For instance, after
son's learned and thoughtful life of James telling us in plain English that Dr. Martineau
Martineau is intended when we say that the was in figure a “spare” man, he carefully adds,
general reader is likely to find it lacking in “Of adipose tissue he had no superfluity”;
the order of facts which, since Boswell, have while the birth of a child is thus chronicled :
formed the recognized staple of biography. “ Apon another came to bless them, a baby
Dr. Martineau certainly was not the ideal | Helen, an angel visitant that stayed not long.'
quarry for a Boswell. He seems to have led, But whatever may be Mr. Jackson's short-
so far as is humanly possible, the purely intel-comings as a narrator of simple events, and as
lectual life, and his memory is not of the sort a biographer in the usual and we think the
about which anecdotes naturally cluster. Still, proper sense of the term, there can hardly be
we think that the portrait drawn by Mr. Jack- a question as to his signal merits as a critical
son is unduly deficient in warmth and color, though in general acquiescent and admiring
and that had he shown us more of Dr. Mar- expositor of Dr. Martineau's philosophico-
tineau as Dr. Martineau showed himself to religious creed and teaching. As an exposi-
those who knew him familiarly in life, he would tion, therefore, of Dr. Martineau's teaching,
have produced a more life-like as well as a and as an account of the progressive steps by
more attractive picture. In fact, the impres- which the force of that teaching was borne in
sion one gets of Dr. Martineau from Mr. Jack- upon a mind not altogether inclined to accept
son's (in point of ordinary biographical detail) it as true in its entirety, Mr. Jackson's book
somewhat lean and unsatisfying pages suggests must be pronounced a most satisfying and nu-
Heine's description of Mme. de Staël's con- tritive one. Mr. Jackson's original plan, in
ception of the Germans — a race of men, that preparing the volume, was to present a simple
,
is to
say, “ without livers, mere animated pieces account of Dr. Martineau's life, to be followed
of virtue wandering over snowfields, and dis- by an analysis of his doctrines. “ As I medi.
coursing of naught but morals and philosophy.” tated, however,” he says, “ the thought occurred
r
Even in that section of his book which is pro- to me that I might make the volume not only
fessedly devoted to the portrayal of Dr. Mar- an account of Dr. Martineau, but also an utter-
tineau “ The Man,” it is rather mainly as the ance of my own mind; and these two aims
austere exemplar of high moral and intellectual have ruled my labor.” After briefly outlining
living that Mr. Jackson elects to consider his the general course of his own gradual conver-
hero; and this, he thinks, should “suffice"
sion to the opinions of his master, Mr. Jackson
for his readers. “Of the quiet hours spent adds, “ Thus have I toiled on, as serenely sat-
with him,” he disappointingly assumes, “I isfied with Dr. Martineau as was John Fiske
need not tell."
with Herbert Spencer when he wrote the elo-
“Suffice that they fixed in my mind the impression quent volumes of his Cosmic Philosophy.”
of a sage, a hero, and a saint; of one who might con-
James Martineau came of French Huguenot
verse with Plato, and dare with Luther, and revere
with Tauler; an habitué of the Academy, who thrilled
stock, his refugee ancestor being Gaston Mar-
to the Categorical Imperative, and who knelt at the
tineau of Bergerac, who came to England after
Cross."
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and
To the Kantian inquirer it will be pleasant and settled at Norwich, where he practiced as a
significant to learn that Dr. Martineau was at surgeon. It was at Norwich that James Mar-
once a Christian, and to some extent a walker tineau was born, on April 21, 1805. From
in the “ olive grove of Academe,” and that he eight to fourteen years of age he attended the
could also “thrill to the Categorical Impera- Norwich grammar school, whence he was trans-
tive”; but we suspect the plain reader, who ferred, at the instance of his sister Harriet, to
seeks in biography mainly the portrait of a
a boarding school at Bristol, then under the
man, will sigh for something more concrete and head-mastership of Dr. Lant Carpenter, whose
influence upon his rarely promising pupil
* JAMES MARTINEAU: A Study and a Biography. By Rev.
A. W. Jackson. With portraits. Boston: Little, Brown,
proved to be as abiding as it was wholesome.
On Dr. Carpenter, as on two later preceptors of
а
a
& Co.


1900.]
223
THE DIAL
later years :
Dr. Martineau's, James Kenrick and Charles merly of Norwich. The settlement was a
Wellbeloved, Mr. Jackson bestows some appre- pleasant one, with a sufficient income, and a
ciative pages. After two years at Bristol Dr. demand
upon his time and strength not excess-
Martineau studied mechanical engineering in ive. In addition to taking pupils in Hebrew
the works of Mr. Fox, of Derby; but a year and the higher mathematics, Dr. Martineau
spent in this not altogether congenial pursuit was enabled to compile a new hymn-book for
sufficed ; and he announced his desire to enter his church, which was sorely needed, and which
the ministry, much to the disappointment of was published in 1831. A sermon on “ Peace
his father, who saw in the change the surren- in Division,” printed in 1830, seems to have
der of a calling that ensured a comfortable been the earliest of his published works. On
livelihood for one which, outside the Establish the death of Dr. Taylor, Mr. Martineau came,
ment, meant comparative poverty. The son's or might have come, had he chosen to do so,
wish prevailed, however, and Dr. Martineau by succession to his place. But here an insu-
accordingly entered Manchester College, then perable obstacle (insuperable to the morally
at York, a school of liberal divinity, which high-strung Martineau, that is) presented
had at the period of Dr. Martineau's under itself, in the extraordinary form of an un-
graduateship already accomplished the tran- expected increase of salary. This increase of
sition to the older type of Unitarianism. £100. proved on examination to be a share of
Later on, says Mr. Jackson, it took on Unit- ancient Regium Donum, latterly a parliamen-
arianism of the more modern type, which anon tary grant, but originally a royal bounty be-
under Martineau it further unfolded, and now stowed by Charles I. upon the Presbyterians
under Drummond reflects its fullest develop- of Ireland to secure their loyalty, and thus in
ment. The course at Manchester College was the nature of a bribe. Many good men had
five years ; and these for James Martineau received it unquestioningly, making, perhaps,
were years of intense application - or, as John
-
no nice scrutiny into its origin, or into its
Kenrick put it, of “ intemperate study." He essential character. But to the fine sense of
worked by a theory which he thus stated in Mr. Martineau the taint of bribery clung to it
still; and there were, besides, other reasons
“I remember thinking that the use of education was why a decidedly scrupulous man must reject it.
to correct the weakness of nature, rather than to develop In the first place the Bounty was a “religious
its strength, which would take care of itself ; and so I
gave double time to whatever I disliked, and reserved
monopoly” - it was a sum received from the
- a
my favorite studies for spare moments of comparatively
taxation of all, but diverted to the benefit of
tired will."
a few.
In 1827, at the age of twenty-two, Mar- “The people gave ; only Presbyterians received.
tineau completed his college course, and was Quakers, Free-Thinkers, Catholics, were taxed with
“ admitted to preach.” In 1828 he was for-
the rest, and for the support of a worship in which
mally ordained, according to the Presbyterian they did not participate and with which they had no
sympathy. Were the question brought to those wbo pay
usage.
Dr. Martineau's early Presbyterian- this fund whether they would subscribe for the mainte-
ism was, however, as Mr. Jackson carefully nance of Presbyterian worship, there could be no doubt
points out, English, not Scotch, a material of their refusal. It was not, therefore, a 'free-will
, ,
distinction, as the American must be reminded.
offering,' but an exaction upon reluctant consciences."
“In America the name Presbyterian suggests John In the second place, Martineau conceived
Knox and the Assembly’s Catechism; while in England that his acceptance from the State of a stipend
for the last three hundred years there has been a Pres-
for which he did no service to the State was
byterianism that writes its history from the days of
Baxter, whose broad and tolerant spirit it has reflected. equivalent to the holding of a sinecure
A ruling principle with it has been, that there shall be either that, or,
were he, in his sacerdotal
no binding dogma. . . . Indeed it is the antecedent of
character, to earn the Bounty by doing service
English Unitarianism; and a large number of the Uni-
for it a secularization of his office to which
tarian churches in England to-day, and nearly all those
of Ireland, are Presbyterian in their history. . . . The
he could not be a party. Thirdly, State rémun-
church, then, that ordained Mr. Martineau, stood for eration seemed to him a bar to the progress
the heresy of the day."
of religious thought, for it created an obliga-
After a year of schoolmastering and preach- tion, direct or implied, which must act as a
,
ing at Bristol Martineau was called to the check on the free utterance of opinion.
co-pastoral office at the Eustace Street Pres. Fourthly, State support of religion be held to
byterian Church in Dublin, his colleague and be injurious to the “ credit and influence of
the senior incumbent being Dr. Taylor, for Christianity.”
Christianity.” It will be suspected that you
a


224
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
+
“bold for pay the faith you are paid merely as he said, “a new intellectual birth.” Ger-
for holding." In fine, Dr. Martineau concluded man Philosophy was of course not neglected
that one of two things must be: either the at its fount. Mr. Jackson concludes :
church must give up the Bounty, or else he « The effect of these studies, however, was something
and the church must part company. The
more than enlarged knowledge; from their influence
first alternative was voted on by the congre-
the deflection from the Necessarian view which Mill
had detected reached to conscious and complete repu-
gation, and Dr. Martineau's party was defeated
diation. He was converted to that spiritual philosophy
by one vote.
of which through all his toilsome life he was to be a
From Dublin Dr. Martineau passed to the
fervid apostle."
ministry of the Paradise Street Chapel at Manchester New College was moved to Lon-
Liverpool, of which church he became sole don in 1853; and in 1857 Dr. Martineau,
pastor in 1835. In 1836 appeared his first resigning from his Liverpool pastorate, went
original book, “ The Rationale of Religious to the metropolis to give his whole time to the
Inquiry”; and in 1839 he was the leading College. It was not until 1872, however, that
champion of Unitarianism in the celebrated he finally laid down his pulpit burden, by re-
“Liverpool Controversy" - a spirited theo- signing his office at Little Portland Street
—
logical battle royal which greatly delighted Chapel — that modest, slimly-attended, ill-fur-
the contest-loving public, and of which Mr. nished little tabernacle where, said Sir Charles
Jackson gives an entertaining account. Dr. Lyell bitterly, “England hid her greatest
Martineau and his colleagues seem to have preacher."
carried rather too many guns for their Anglican In 1866 Dr. Martineau was the centre of a
opponents, who drew away at the close of the heated controversy, the occasion of which was
combat in a badly riddled and demoralized, if his nomination to the chair of Logic and Mental
not exactly sinking condition.
Philosophy in University College. The pro-
In 1840 came Dr. Martineau's appointment fessorial body were as a unit in his favor; but
as Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in the Council bitter opposition was encoun-
and Political Economy in Manchester New tered, led by George Grote. Of Dr. Marti-
College — an event which “determined his neau's fitness in point of attainments there was
life to Philosophy conjointly with Theology.” of course no question ; but the College was a
His introductory lecture contained the follow. secular foundation, and Dr. Martineau was a
ing passage, which seems especially worth theologian, which was sufficient to prompt the
quoting in a day when “ Anglo-Saxonism” is hostility of Mr. Grote.
hostility of Mr. Grote. He was, moreover, a
widely proclaimed as the final and choicer ex- Unitarian ; and this was sufficient to determine
pression of civilization, which may be propa- the opposition of a section of the Council who
gated even with the sword.
might perhaps have brooked a theologian had
“ Complaints are often made of the uncertain and his divinity been of the orthodox stripe. The
shadowy results from all speculative science : and vote on the issue was a tie, and the chairman
certainly it will construct no docks; lay no railways; decided against Dr. Martineau.
weave no cotton; and, if civilization is to be measured
exclusively by the scale and grandeur of its material
Mr. Jackson's version of the story of the
elements, we can claim for our subject no large oper- estrangement between Dr. Martineau and his
ation on human improvement. To use the words of sister Harriet is interesting, and goes to show
Novalis, . . . . Philosophy can bake no bread; but it that the alienation was all on one side
can procure for us God, freedom, and immortality.'
.. What periods could be least well spared from
side, that is, of the brilliant and warm-hearted,
the progress of civilization ? Surely, the golden ages
if somewhat mutable and impetuous sister.
of philosophy in Greece, and its revival in modern Mr. Jackson has brought to his task special
England, France, and Germany. What are the names, qualifications for it, and it was undertaken by
whose loss from the annals of our race would introduce
the most terrible and dreary changes in its subsequent
him, we believe, with the warm approval of
advance? Those of Plato and Aristotle in the ancient
Dr. Martineau. His book is primarily one of
world; of Bacon, Locke, and Kant in more recent scholarship and exposition ; but it is full of
times: and it is surely easier to conceive what we should the traces of an independent and inquiring
have been without Homer, that without Socrates.”
mind. As a Boswellian portrait it might well,
In 1848 Dr. Martineau went to Germany, we repeat, have been fuller. As a study of
where he remained fifteen months, studying, Dr. Martineau the religious teacher and the
mainly under Trendelenburg, logic and the philosopher of religion it leaves little to be de-
history of philosophy, which led to Greek sired. The volume is well made, and contains
philosophical studies, the effect of which was, a fine portrait of Dr. Martineau. E. G. J.
a
:
6
on the


1900.)
225
THE DIAL
It na
nition not only of Eighteenth century but of
HISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY.*
Nineteenth century English thought. Here
The perfect historian of philosophy must at last Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel are reduced
unite in himself seemingly incompatible qual- to something like their true proportions, and
ities. He must combine analytic acumen with receive considerably less space than that as-
patient erudition in a measure rarely found. signed to Mill, Darwin, and Spencer. It would
Kant and Spinoza philology will avail him be unreasonable to demand more, and regret
little if he has no genuine insight into the that Professor Höffding could not emancipate
problems with which Kant and Spinoza strug- himself from the Kantian superstition, that
gled. And, on the other hand, there is in last infirmity of the philosophic mind. For
every philosophy a contingent and historical another generation at least, scholars will con-
element which can be appreciated only by tinue to represent the “Critique of Pure Rea-
the methods of the historian and the philo- son ” as an epoch-making achievement, while
logian.
deploring its artificial schematism, repudiat-
Professor Höffding of Copenhagen, author ing its most characteristic distinctions and
of the most recent of the many histories of classifications, rejecting most of its distinc-
philosophy that have been translated for the tive doctrines, and pinching into pilulous ex-
English public during the past two or three iguity the slight residuum of psychological
decades, perhaps more nearly fulfils these re-
truth.
quirements than any of his predecessors. His The history of modern philosophy has been
“ Elements of Psychology” is the sanest and written so often during the past sixty years
clearest, as Professor James's is the most that the story has become conventionalized.
readable, comprehensive treatment of the sub- The transition from mediævalism to the Re-
ject put forth in the past twenty years. It naissance, the Italian forerunners of Bacon
shows him to possess the indispensable quality and Descartes, Cartesianism, and the other
of a firm grasp on the essential presuppositions great constructive systems of the Seventeenth
of modern science without its too frequently century, the critical and psychological school
accompanying drawback — a hard, ignorant of English thought from Bacon and Hobbes to
contempt for those who, in Aristotle's phrase, Locke and Berkeley and Hume, the relation
have disciplined the intelligence before us. of Kant to the problems which Hume raised,
“ Consciously or unconsciously,” he tells us the speculative post-Kantian systems, and the
in his Psychology, “philosophic speculation new scientific positivism of Nineteenth century
always works with psychological elements." French and English thought, - on all these
And if this makes it helpful to a psychologist topics very much the same things are said
to have studied the history of philosophy, it with slightly varying emphasis and coördina
makes it indispensable to the historian of phil- tion in all of the chief histories now before the
osophy that he should be a psychologist. On public.
the historical side, Professor Höffding has Professor Höffding's distinctive merit is that
prepared himself for his task by numerous he is throughout intelligible and sane. He is
studies published during the past thirty years, by no means lacking in sympathy and appre-
including monographs on Montaigne, Spinoza, ciation for modes of thought opposed to his
and Kant. Lastly, pending the improbable
But he writes consistently from the
advent of an English history of Philosophy, point of view and in the terminology of a
it is for us a distinct recommendation that scientific thinker and psychologist of to-day.
a
Professor Höffding is a Dane, open to influ. He thus escapes the sheer clotted nonsense
ences from London as well as from Berlin, that results in some histories of philosophy
and so prepared to preserve a juster perspec-
from the partial and inconsistent adoption of
tive in the presentation of English and Ger- the terminology of the system under discussion,
man thought than we find in the Erdmanns, or from the blending of that terminology with
the Ueberwegs, the Windelbands, and the the language of some one of the modern post-
Falckenbergs, on whom we have been com-
Kantian systems of Germany. This may
pelled to rely. This is the first general history sometimes be a defect in the eyes of the pro-
of philosophy in which there is adequate recog-
fessional student, who will learn more of the
technique and the architecture of some of the
*A HISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY, By Dr. Harald
Höffding. Translated from the German edition by B. E.
great systems from Ueberweg or Erdmann.
Meyer. New York: The Macmillan Co.
But it will be a great recommendation to the
own.


226
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
general reader, who wishes to get at the cen- This chapter is strangely inadequate. Höffding
tral thought of Spinoza or Kant, and who does not, like Erdmann, in lofty superiority
cares nothing for the precise relation of the to the chronology, exclude Gassendi from the
“ modes” to the "attributes,” or for the me- list of modern philosophers. He assigns him
diating function of the transcendental sche- a chapter by the side of Descartes. But it
mata.
consists of two pages, while Descartes receives
Before reaching Descartes in the first vol- forty. Yet, unless we are to hold that history
ume, Professor Höffding devotes some two makes no mistakes, and that the value of a
hundred pages to the philosophy of the Ren- philosopher is precisely proportional to the
naissance and the new birth of science. In
In figure he has made in the history of letters, it
these chapters he treats of the “discovery of is certain that Gassendi deserves no less con-
man ” by the humanists and the accompany- sideration from the thoughtful historian than
ing growth of the ideas of natural law and Descartes. He was right, and Descartes was
natural religion, of the new conception of the wrong, on nearly every question with regard
universe in Copernicus and Bruno, and the to which they differed. He states more clearly
new methods of scientific investigation created than Descartes many ideas for which Descartes
by Kepler and Galileo, and with many mis- and Hobbes are praised by Huxley and
understandings heralded by the rhetoric of Höffding. And his penetrating criticism com-
Bacon. Notable is the emphasis laid on the pletely overthrew the speculative house of
political speculations of Machiavelli and the cards which Descartes erected to divert the
psychology of the great humanist Vives. In attention of the church, and which is his
deed, one of the chief merits of the work is chief claim to a place in the history of
the attention paid throughout to the progress philosophy. But Gassendi's work is hidden
of psychological analysis and the ethico-politi- away in ponderous Latin tomes, while Des-
cal theory of the state. The long chapter cartes' “ Discourse of Method " caught and
'
on Giordano Bruno is evidently a labor of kept the ear of the public, and his cleverly
love. Bacon, as is the fashion of the day, advertised system, by the very transparency
,
receives something less than justice. The of the artifices of its construction, provoked
chapters on the new conception of the world and facilitated the logomachies which gave
are introduced by a clear account of the it notoriety. It may be observed, in passing,
Aristotelio-Mediæval world-scheme. This is that the statement for which no authority
well as far as it goes. But the sharp contrast is given, that Gassendi attributed sentiency
thus presented between the least valid part to the atoms, is apparently based on the
of the philosophy of Aristotle and the most first edition of Lange's “History of Mate-
brilliant achievement of the new science leaves rialism.” In the second edition Lange with-
an entirely exaggerated impression of the drew it.
originality and independence of the fifteenth Professor Höffding gives an excellent untech-
and sixteenth century thinkers. To prepare nical description of the great seventeenth cen.
for a correct estimate in this matter, the his. tury systems of Descartes, Spinoza, and Leib-
tory of modern philosophy should be prefaced nitz, whom he evidently admires more than any
by similar résumés of the Aristotelian psychol- other group of speculative thinkers. That is a
ogy, of the ethico-political philosophy of Plato's matter of taste. They do gratify the common-
“ Republic" and Aristotle's “ Politics," of the place metaphysical instinct for ingenious sys-
Stoic and Epicurean ethical and religious tem building, and Spinoza in addition to this
polemic as presented in Cicero,- of every- appeals strongly to some minds on the ethical
thing, in short, which the great humanists and religious side by his peculiar “ blend" of
took over from the philosophy of antiquity. mathematical austerity with cosmic emotion.
Höffding frequently discusses the claims of But apart from the specific scientific achieve-
Galileo, Hobbes, Gassendi, and Descartes to ments of Descartes and Leibnitz, the seven-
priority in ideas or problems which must have teenth century systems are worth to us pre-
been the common possession of all scholars cisely what they may contain of sound psycho-
who had read the de Anima, Lucretius, Plato, logical and ethical analysis — and no more.
and Diogenes Laertius. The chapter on Gas- And it may be a paradox, but it is hardly an
sendi would have been a convenient place for exaggeration to say that they might all be
such a treatment as we miss of the contribu- eliminated without seriously affecting the prog.
tion of ancient atomism to modern thought. ress of genuine philosophic thought through
>


1900.]
227
THE DIAL
He
Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and their we leave out of account the body of thought
nineteenth century successors. What engages which English readers associate with the names
the attention and arouses the enthusiasm of the of Darwin, Spencer, and Huxley, which can
student here is precisely what impressed Cicero hardly be appropriated to any one thinker,
in the artificial constructions of the Stoics — the prediction is in a fair way to be verified.
the ingenuity of the terminology, “the admir. There are whole ranges of ideas with regard
able coherence and consecution of ideas, the to the life of the emotions and the will in
correspondence of beginning, middle, and end.” which we are all disciples of Schopenhauer.
The Stoic system and terminology dominated And if anything could justify his cynical view
in the literary world for five centuries. But it of the philosophic guild, it would be their
was embodied in no book that the world would persistent habit of appropriating his essential
not willingly let die, and now it survives merely thoughts while diverting the reader's attention
as the memory of a mood, a temper in the to the flaws in his character and the external
reception of experience on the part of its later inconsistencies of his system. Schopenhauer's
nominal Roman disciples. And such will be fame, however, will take care of itself. There
the fate of all systems of philosophy as such. are fundamentally just two classes of philos-
It is the great book that lives, not the ingen- ophers — those whom posterity can read, and
ious system.
those whom it cannot and will not read.
Professor Höffding's admiration for the belongs to the first class, whose influence is
Cartesians does not prevent his doing ample cumulative, while the others exist only in the
justice to the English and French thought of histories of philosophy.
the eighteenth century. The long chapter on Of the thought of Mill, Darwin, and Spen-
Rousseau shows how far he is from identifying cer, Professor Höffding gives an excellent
philosophy with metaphysical system building analysis, equally removed from the slavish
.
For the great post-Kantian constructive sys- adhesion of the disciple, and the wilful mis-
tems, he evidently feels an imperfect sympathy understanding of the Oxford neo-Kantian who
-partly, perhaps, because he holds that there undertakes to demolish the philosophy of evo-
is no excuse for further dogmatizing about the lution. A short book on modern German
Absolute after Kant. Fichte, Schelling, and philosophy from 1850 to 1880 concludes what
Hegel, I cheerfully abandon to him. But I is, taken all in all, the sanest and most readable
must protest against his treatment of Schopen- History of Philosophy yet written.
hauer, though it is fairer than that found in The translation of this work is no worse
the ordinary history of philosophy. Professor than the average performance in this kind,
Höffding here forgets the principle laid down and seems perhaps better because no process
in his preface, that an inconsequence in a great of "upsetting" can convert Professor Höff-
“
.
thinker is often nothing but the natural conse- ding's comparatively short and lucid sentences
quence of the fact, that his genius displays into the “pure, definite, and highly finished
,
itself in several lines of thought. Schopen- nonsense ” which results from the attempt to
hauer was only thirty years old when he wrote english Erdmann's account of Hegel. It
Die Welt als Wille; and the example of Fichte, presents several baffling mistakes, such as
Schelling, and Hegel made it inevitable that “finite” for final (Vol. I., p. 231), “ barred
the ambitious
young
should throw his own the way" for prepared the way (p. 473), and
ideas into the form of a systematic construction. the use of spiritualistic (p. 235). Misprints
A good dialectician can drive a coach-and-four are altogether too frequent. “Memotechnical ”
through the system ; but the book is none the (sic) (p. 131), “ inventionum” for inven-
less a masterpiece of literary architectonics. tionem (p. 265), “ fractum ” for pactum
This framework Schopenhauer used for the (p. 283), “citus” for citius (p. 198), “ Telsio”
setting of all his subsequent thought and for Telesio (p. 100), “ Plautinus " for Plo-
writing. But this in no wise detracts from tinus (p. 519), “Trivlens” for Tvivlens
the infinite wealth and suggestiveness of his
The dates also are too often
thought.
wrong. Kant's first publication was in 1755,
M. Brunetière said, several years ago, that not in 1775 ; Schelling was called to Berlin in
when the literary account of the century was 1841, not in 1861, and Schleiermacher was
summed up, Schopenhauer would be found to not delivering addresses or writing letters
have influenced the higher thought of the
in this world in 1881-2.
age more than any other one philosopher. If
PAUL SHOREY.
>
man
a
(p. 503).


228
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
A DAUGHTER OF THE REIGN OF TERROR.*
feeling, and on the verge of revolt against the
Convention government in Paris. Alexandrine
It is not often that the attention of students (whose mother had happily died before these
of the French Revolution is diverted from calamities) was a gentle child of thirteen, and
Paris, the great central stage on which that passionately attached to her aunt, whose heroic
awful tragedy of blood and fire was mainly and self-sacrificing nature fully deserved all
enacted. As early as the end of the seven. her devotion. The young girl was soon matured
teenth century, the great city on the Seine not into a heroine by the forcing process of per-
only dominated the provinces but eclipsed and secution. Together with her father and aunt,
hid them from view. That fine old conception she underwent the suspense and privations of
of Louis XIV., that he was the State, made the siege of Lyons by the revolutionary forces.
him jealous of the growing power of his cap- When the city fell (October 9, 1793), she
ital, and led him to various attempts to curtail was carried into another and more dismal circle
its prosperity ; but the establishment of his
of the Inferno. M. des Echerolles was relent-
court at Versailles served to defeat the purpose lessly hunted, only escaping by a series of
of the Grand Monarque. In 1740 Montesquieu bairbreadth adventures ; and the beloved aunt
could say to a friend, “ France is nothing but was arrested and imprisoned. Their poor
Paris and a few distant provinces which Paris
apartments had been “sequestrated” and
has not yet bad time to swallow " -- a saying placed under the charge of a certain Citizen
which the philosophic De Tocqueville, a cen- Forêt; and there poor little Alexandrine was
tury later, pruned down into the epigram, left to face the situation as best she might.
“At the time of the Fronde, Paris was nothing The Terror now began grimly enough in Lyons;
but the largest French city: in 1789 it was the guillotine “ went as gaily as in Paris ;
France."
and its too-slow work was supplemented by the
It is hardly surprising, then, that the young wholesale Fusillades (which, curiously enough,
readers of Carlyle or Thiers or Guizot should Alexandrine does not seem to have noticed).
have Parisian dates and names so burned in On the 22d Pluviose, Year II. (February 11,
upon their consciousness as to fancy that there 1794), the crushing blow fell; the guillotine
were no days of horror but the Tenth of
claimed Mdlle. des Echerolles, and Heaven
August, the Second of September, the Twenty- seemed indeed to have deserted her unhappy
first of January -- no Jacobins but those of
niece. Yet by degrees new friends were found,
Paris no Terror save that of the Concier-old friends cautiously reappeared ; and Alex-
gerie and the Place de la Révolution. The andrine found her way back to the home of
desolations of Nantes, Toulon, Marseilles, her childhood, where for a while she was per-
Lyons, La Vendée, are scarce-heard minor mitted to dwell, under pretty close surveillance.
plaints in the mighty burden of the central
A temporary revival of the Terror again drove
Babylon.
her father into hiding, and imposed fresh in-
The narrative now before us, in which Paris dignities upon herself. She managed to live
is hardly mentioned, will help to correct this through them all, and might reasonably have
error in perspective, and to show that these expected a better return from her father for
provincial communities, “over which," in her devotion than the announcement that
Carlyle's words, “ History can cast only glances at the age of seventy-four — he was to marry
from aloft,” yet writhed through their full again. The prospective bride, who was fifty,
proportionate share of the misery inflicted in was a kindly, sensible woman; but the blow
the name of Liberty. The book is the simple, was a heavy one, and meant once more exile ;
unaffected story of a young gentlewoman, so now Alexandrine turned her steps to Paris,
Malle. Alexandrine des Echerolles, whose where a position was found for her as com-
father, M. Giraud des Echerolles, bad an panion to an afflicted lady, who in her lucid
estate near Moulins in the Nivernais. At the
intervals proved a kind and considerate friend.
outbreak of the Revolution he was violently In 1807 Malle. des Echerolles, now twenty-
dispossessed of his property, and with his sister eight years of age, was tendered the post of
and daughter sought refuge in Lyons, which
governess to the daughters of the Duchess
at that time was strongly anti-revolutionary in Louis of Würtemberg. The offer was accepted,
* SIDE LIGHTS ON THE REIGN OF TERROR. Being the and the young Frenchwoman bade farewell to
Memoirs of Mademoiselle des Echerolles. Translated from her native land forever. In her own words,
the French by Marie Clothilde Balfour. New York: John
“I attached myself promptly to the four
:
Lane.


1900.]
229
THE DIAL
princesses confided to my care, and my life
RECENT POETRY.*
was thenceforward a happy one; I have grown
old in this august house, loaded with favors The poetry of the last few months is not remark.
in which my family has shared.”
able in quantity or in quality. Out of perhaps thirty
She lived until 1850, and was thus enabled
volumes we have selected a dozen that seem to de-
thoroughly to revise her memoirs ; the first
serve mention, but no one of them rises above the
level of minor verse, and the best of their contents
edition of which, under the title of “Quelques
is derivative. The most important of the twelve
Années de ma vie," is said to have been issued
is “ The Choice of Achilles, and Other Poems,” by
in 1793, at Moulins, i. e., before the removal
Mr. Arthur Gray Butler.
to Lyons. The bulk of the work, therefore,
"Long life and ease, or glory and the grave ?”
must have been the fruit of later years' labor.
These are the alternatives between which the hero
An edition, with a preface by Réné de Les-
of the Iliad has to choose, as he debates with him-
pinasse, was published in 1879; and this is self whether or not he shall join the Trojan expe-
the original of the very excellent translation, dition.
which now lies before us, by Marie Clothilde
“Oh! for an oracle
To sound above these tortures of the mind,
Balfour.
And strike their brawling silent! Never yet
Originally composed for a small circle of Since deepening manhood darkened first these lips,
friends, the narrative has the frankness and
Bringing the larger choices of the soul,
I doubted so before."
spontaneity of a journal intime. Of art there
is none, unless it be the art of concealing art.
When the choice is made, it is voiced in these ring-
Moralizing is abundant, after the fashion of
ing words:
“Come then! Who is for life, let him live here!
the times; and the author's piety was genuine Who is for death and glory, let him go,
enough to be a real help in time of need. She And mount to heaven, and add a star to fame,
has no political views to expound; her interest
Not setting like the sea-washed Pleiades ;
!
Quick to the port! Across the crisping waves
in her surroundings is entirely domestic; her
Our prows point seaward, point the Asian shore :
eyes throughout are bent upon her appointed Achilles wakes, is on his way to Troy."
task of tracing the thread of the family mis- “ The Choice of Achilles” lies between strenuous
fortunes through the terribly tangled web of conflict and inglorious ease; “ The Choice of
the Reign of Terror. Like Boswell, she has Heracles” lies between sensuous gratification and
unconsciously made a great book, and her devoted toil. And in the second case, as in the
ower true tale ” will successfully challenge first, the heart-
the output of the modern vein of romantic
"Thus nobly wooed, with mighty transport filled,
Knew its own nobleness, and put forth strength,
fiction.
Like oaks in old Dodona, seat of Gods,
Mrs. (or Miss) Balfour has given us a When mounts the sap in springtime."
spirited translation, preserving in large meas- So the hero girds himself for his labors, and be-
ure the naïveté of the original, and bringing comes the "helper of the world.”
us everywhere face to face with the gentle but
* THE CHOICE OF ACHILLES, and Other Poems. By
resolute and cheerful personality of her author. Arthur Gray Butler. New York: Oxford University Press.
There are some small but perplexing discrep- THE LIVING Past, and Other Poems. By Thomas Seton
ancies in dates which should have been ad-
Jevons. New York: The Macmillan Co.
THE TOILING OF Felix, and Other Poems. By Henry
justed; and one slip of this kind is made by
van Dyke. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
the translator berself in a footnote on p. 232,
GREYSTONE AND PORPHYRY. By Harry Thurston Peck.
where she fails to correct the error of the text New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
putting the execution of Louis XVI. on the THE WAGER, and Other Poems. By S. Weir Mitchell,
17th of January instead of the 21st. A few
M.D., LL.D. New York: The Century Co.
A BOOK OF VERSES. By Robert Loveman. Philadelphia :
infelicities may be noticed : “ignored” (p.
J. B. Lippincott Co.
115) is retained in its archaic English sense; THE BATTLE OF MANILA Bay, and Other Verses. By
“ radiation ” (p. 289) and “ brigade” (p. 256) Horace Spencer Fiske. University of Chicago Press.
are not true translations, and “savoury
VERSES. By W. P. Trent. Philadelphia : Alfred M.
Slocum Co.
(p. 98) is an adjective in English. The pub-
A GARLAND OF SONNETS. In Praise of the Poets. By
lisher has maintained the reputation of the Craven Langstroth Betts. New York: A Wessels Co.
Bodley Head by giving the work a vivid Moods, and Other Verses. By Edward Robeson Taylor.
typography and a rich emblematic cover,
San Francisco: D. P. Elder & Morgan Shepard.
THE SEARCH OF CERES, and Other Poems. By Sarah
making it a joy to behold and a comfort to
Warner Brooks. New York: A. Wessels Co.
read.
Sylva. By Elizabeth G. Crane. New York: A. D. F.
JOSIAH RENICK Smith.
Randolph Co.
>


230
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
a
tions :
6
" Then forth he fared, calm and resolved, not loud The writer does little more than frame variations
In vaunting, nor with fire of self-applause
upon the sentiment of these verses in the subsequent
Deceitful stirred; but silent, steadfast, calm,
pages. It is but a forced resignation that nature
Knowing his old self dead, yet of the new
Not certain, more in ignorance than in fear:
wrings from his soul, and his yearning for the van-
As when a minstrel takes a harp new strung,
ished past is still in the poignant stage, has not
And strikes the strings with trembling, lest they make
given place to a calm acceptance of the decrees of
Discordant music, but he finds them true :
fate. It is all very touching and very sincere, and
And then henceforth upon the ears of men
its turbulence of emotion has a strange power of
Grows a new strain, melodious, liquid, pure,
Sweet, ordered, heavenly, Nature's hymn of praise, impressing itself upon the mood of the reader.
Like that which kindled first the Orphean lyre ;
For the second time, Dr. Henry van Dyke has
And still that song, when ended, yet lives on
gathered a slender sheaf of verses into a book,
Hid in men's souls, and, buried for a while,
which he has entitled “ The Toiling of Felix," from
Wells forth anon in music, in some spring,
Maytime of hearts; and, as a call divine,
the principal piece in the collection. This poem is
It wakes a singer here, a singer there,
a fanciful legend, based upon a text from the
Till earth is filled with singing: and the spheres
“Logia" found at Oxyrhynchus, and is just the
Listen above: ('t was thence the wonder came
sort of gentle verse that Longfellow might have
To heal our jars ;) and from concordant throats
Swells up one strain of faultless harmony."
written upon such a theme. Good fisherman that
These two noble poems occupy the forefront of Mr. he is, for other capture than souls, the author gives
Butler's volume, and have not a little of the grave
us also a few angling lyrics, from which we take
this graceful bit:
cadence of the master who has so evidently inspired
“There's wild azalea on the bill, and roses down the dell,
them. Another classical echo, in a different key, is
And just one spray of lilac still abloom beside the well;
heard in the lines called "Sunt Lacrymæ."
The columbine adorns the rocks, the laurel buds grow pink,
“But song more sweet shall never twine
Along the stream white arums gleam, and violets bend to
The rue and rose in one short line;
drink."
Or more pathetic give to grief
So alluring a picture as that should entice the lover
An outlet, for a moment brief,
of nature forth, even if not intent upon killing some-
To loose awhile the captive woe
thing. « The River of Dreams” is the best poem in
Whose prisoned drops refuse to flow;
And, like a draught of myrrh in wine,
this volume, and we quote the last of its seven sec-
To mix in tears an anodyne ;
Than in that world's epitome,
“The river of dreams runs silently down
Sad Virgil's sweet 'Sunt lacrymæ.''
By a secret way that no man knows;
But the soul lives on while the dream-tide flows
We must find space for one more illustration of Mr.
Through the gardens bright, or the forests brown ;
Butler's finished and tender-hearted verse, and it is
And I think sometimes that our whole life seems
found in what is easily the gem of the collection,
To be more than half made up of dreams,
in the faultless lyric called “Peace.”
For its changing sights, and its passing shows,
And its morning hopes, and its midnight fears,
“Winds and wild waves in headlong huge commotion
Are left behind with the vanished years.
Scud, dark with tempest, o'er the Atlantic's breast;
Onward, with ceaseless motion,
While, underneath, few fathoms deep in ocean,
The life-stream flows to the ocean, -
Lie peace and rest.
And we follow the tide, awake or asleep,
“Storms in mid-air, the rack before them sweeping,
Till we see the dawn on Love's great deep,
Hurry and hiss, like demons hate-possessed;
When the bar at the harbour-mouth is crossed,
While, over all, white cloudlets pure are sleeping
And the river of dreams in the sea is lost."
In peace, in rest.
“ This is a practical age and it longs for a prac-
Heart, O wild heart, why in the storm-world ranging,
tical poet,” says Mr. Harry Thurston Peck by way
Flit'st thou thus midway, passion's slave and jest,
When all so near, below, above, unchanging
of introduction to the lengthy study in hexameters
Are heaven, and rest ?"
which comes at the end of “Greystone and Por-
phyry,” his recently-published volume of verse. In
The note of revery, of retrospect tinged with
pursuance of this suggestion, the poem goes on to
melancholy, is the prevailing note of “The Living
discourse of actual life in terms of the most uncom-
Past and Other Poems," by Mr. Thomas Seton
promising realism.
Jevons. It is struck clearly enough on the opening
"Ye who seek for applause from a matter-of-fact generation
page.
Follow for once and all the curious cult of the Ugly,
“And now the lilac blooms; I pluck a sprig,
Turn to the bold-faced jig who, cased in follicular bloomers,
And in the blossoms find and seem to see
Straddles the wind-puffed wheel; to the nymphs who are
Familiar faces that are gone before
loved by the coster,
Gone to return with each returning Spring.
Smut-faced factory girls with voices husky and raucous,
About the porch the silent ivies cling,
Hair soot-sifted, hands black-nailed and roughened and
And in the distant grove the robins wildly sing;
warty -
Cling till the walls are mouldered; sing till love
These be the poet's theme."
Of singing bursts those red blood-tinctured throats,
And down the twilight breeze the echo, dying, floats.
The satire is grim enough, and is pushed home with
Now they are gone, and I alone remain,
a persistent energy that for the moment almost
And all the world's wild music is in vain,
persuades us that all sentiment is sickly and all
Its speech is sorrow and its song is pain."
idealism illusive. Luckily, the antidote for this
>
G6
9


1900.]
231
THE DIAL
cynicism may be found close at hand, in such a
“Behind the scenes the kings and queens
poem as “ Love, It Is Night” – too long to quote
Are merely mortals; Juliet leans,
in full and almost too lovely to mutilate
A tired girl, against the screens,
Behind the scenes.
“Dimmed into dusk the flame-clouds disappear,
The homing bird sweeps low in circling flight,
" The final act is on, and lo!
And distant bells come faintly to the ear —
The loving heart of Romeo
Love, it is night.
Must crack with misery and woe;
“Now that the world is hushed in sombre grey,
The noble Paris, too, shall die,
Stand not apart nor shut me from your sight;
"And tears spring up in every eye;
One little word is all I have to say -
Then exit all, while rogue and saint
Love, it is night."
Are scrubbing off the mask of paint,
Behind the scenes.''
The note of yearning, of pathetic regret for an
irrecoverable past, breathes through this poem, as This is magazine verse of modest merit, and de-
well as through others in the collection. Its ac- serves a word of modest praise.
cent is less tragic, but not less deep, in such verses
Mr. Horace Spencer Fiske is the author of a
as “ Heliotrope,” which tell how “the sound of a
volume of verses, some of which are merely trivial,
voice that is still" yet thrills the soul of the scholar
while others rise to the dignity of lofty utterance
who, for all his fame, has missed the best gift inspired by happily-chosen themes. The sonnet
, ,
of life.
form is that in which Mr. Fiske does his best work,
"And he had learned, among his books
That held the lore of ages olden,
and his sonnets outnumber his other pieces. They
To watch those ever-changing looks,
are for the most part occasional, suggested by works
The wistful eyes, the tresses golden,
of art or literature. “ The Bronze Horses of St.
That stirred bis pulse with passion's pain
Mark's" may be taken as a characteristic example.
And thrilled his soul with soft desire,
And bade fond youth return again,
“Triumphal horses that so long ago
Crowned with its coronet of fire."
Beside the Bosphorus their chariot drew –
Till that blind victor doge their beauty knew,
We are glad that Mr. Peck is not the practical And snatched from out the city's overthrow :
poet” of his own imagining; the strength and ten- Six centuries of sunset did they glow
derness of most of the pieces here published mark
Fair as Apollo's horses to the view,
him for an idealist at heart, in spite of the flippancy
When swift adown the westering slopes of blue
They flash to drink the night's deep overflow.
which he at times affects.
But splendid war-steeds still the victor's eye
Dr. Weir Mitchell's verse is always graceful in
Alluring, they must stand beside the Seine,
A soldier's ruthless dream to glorify
diction and scholarly in content, and his latest vol-
Until he fell; and they once more might gain
ume, “The Wager and Other Poems,” while it That place of peace within the sunset sky
contains nothing particularly impressive, makes a
Where pigeons coo - the saint's resplendent fane."
pleasant addition to the long list of his published Mr. Fiske's verse is grouped under several catego-
volumes. “The Wager” is a dramatic composition ries. “College Verse," "Chicago Verse," " Son-
.
”
in a single act, with a romantic French setting of
nets on Sculpture,” and “Sonnets on Shakspeare”
the seventeenth century. Both the blank verse and are four of the chief sections. The volume is enti-
the interspersed lyrics are admirable. The poem
tled “The Ballad of Manila Bay and Other Verses,”
which we like best is “ The Sea Gull,” with its bur.
but we care less for the titular poem and the accom-
den of haunting and melancholy beauty. Here are
panying ballad, “ The Charge of San Juan,” than
three stanzas :
for most of the other contents. If " of Roosevelt's
“Thine is the heritage of simple things,
Rough Riders the fame grows never old,” there are
The uptasked liberty of sea and air,
Some tender yearning for the peopled nest,
some, at least, who wish that it might, in view of
Thy only freight of care.
subsequent developments. And the refrain of the
titular ballad gives us pause, for it runs:
“Thou hast no forecast of the morrow's need,
No bitter memory of yesterdays;
"And men by a million hearth-fires shall tell of Manila Bay-
Nor stirs thy thought that airy sea o'erhead,
How Dewey swept past the forts at night,
Nor ocean's soundless ways.
And struck the Dons in the flushing light,
And for freedom won the day."
“Thou silent raider of the abounding sea,
Intent and resolute, ah, who may guess
If the day only had been won for freedom, as the
What primal notes of gladness thou hast lost
poet fondly imagined when he wrote these lines !
In this vas loneliness."
But it seems to have been won instead, temporarily
The contents of Mr. Robert Loveman's new at least, for a despotism no more deserving than
“ Book of Verses” are very simple things indeed. that which it overthrew. America can never take
His flights rarely exceed a dozen lines at a time, genuine pride in that brilliant achievement as
but within that compass he often succeeds in long as it shall seem to have been tainted with un-
expressing a pretty conceit or a graceful fancy. worthy motives — with treachery toward an unsus-
“Behind the Scenes” may be taken as a typical picious ally, with the last of conquest and base
example:
commercial greed.
>


232
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
-
room.
Mr. William P. Trent, in the volume of “Verses " "Ah me! the pity of this great world's past,
that he has recently given to the public, strikes a
The causes lost, the sighs, the fallen tears,
The slow, blind rolling of the heavy years,
truer ethical note in his treatment of our unfortu-
And all the dark unmeaning shadows cast !
nate war with Spain.
Canst thou not see the sad procession vast
“Yet wherefore should the race that bunts thee down
Of them that strove with fortune – mighty peers,
Insult thee in thy fall ?
Bearing their crowns or scrolls or harps or spears
Merely to seize and wear thy ancient crown
Only to lay them down and die at last ? ]
Is not the end of all.
“Peace, fool, bebold that calm sea on whose breast
The souls of them that fought at Troy of old
“ Have we acknowledged Wisdom for our queen ?
Were waſted till they reached the Isles of Rest
Do we possess our minds
In joy and faith and love and peace serene?
That lifted from the waves their sands of gold,
Whence sprung the palms beneath whose shade the Blest
Or do the evil winds
Of earthly lives serene the story told.”
“Of passion beat upon our foreheads now
“A Garland of Sonnets," by Mr. Craven Lang-
As erst on thine, O Spain ?
stroth Betts, consists of thirty-three tributes to as
Shall we before no gilded idol bow ?
Shall we secure remain
many poets, couched in terms of conventional
praise, but revealing little insight, and not in any
* From ignorance and cruelty and lust
Of splendor and of power ?
way remarkable for felicity of expression. William
O God, in whom alone is perfect trust,
Morris is thus apostrophized, and the sonnet fairly
What clouds are these that lower ?
represents the average quality of the collection :
Mr. Trent's verses are in many respects highly
“Chaucer and Spencer, gather him to your heart,
The burly Radical of dreamy rhyme !
satisfactory. While they are not all that we could
And crown him with the Trouvère's bay sublime,
wish them to be in technical craftmanship, they are That ne'er till now had graced the British mart;
the expression of a finely cultured and an essentially For even to him the story-teller's art
poetic mind, always aiming at high ideals, and Came glamorous out of Fancy's buoyant clime,
The mintage of that golden ore of time
often finding just the words that are needed by the
From the world's childhood; for he voiced in part
thought. Of the longer poems with which the col-
Your mid-sea swaying melodies, the breath
lection begins, “Sataspes,” suggested by a passage
Of pastoral lands, of flowry meads, and mores,
in Herodotus, is one of the best, but it would be And your pale, poignant picturing of death,
still better if the author had given himself more
And your dear, tender ruth for love in tears.
No idle singer he, whate'er he saith ;
“Corydon,” which is an elegy upon the His pilgrim torch relumes the shadowed years !”
death of Matthew Arnold, is a noble poem, and we
Mr. Edward Robeson Taylor, in his “ Moods
wish that we had space for more than the closing and Other Verses,” has also inscribed sonnets to a
tapza :
great many poets, among them the French poet of
• But thee, O Corydon, shall the gracious light
“Les Trophées,” whose own sonnets he has trans-
Cheer not on earth, and if, as thou didst sing,
Man's life is bounded by oblivion's night,
lated into English. Here are the lines devoted to
Thou bast the dark forever. Not the spring
M. de Hérédia :
Rising from winter's grave to thee could bring
" 'Twas eagle-winged, imperial Pindar, who
Authentic tidings of a world that lies
Sent down the ages on the tide of song
Beyond the sbadows that dark planets fling
The thought that only to the years belong
On this low earth of ours. Art thou more wise,
Those deeds that win immortal poets' due.
O master, now, and hast thou seen it with thine eyes ?”
Still rise his crowned athletes to the new,
On his unwearied pinions borne along ;
It is rather noteworthy that the two finest elegiac
Still shepherds' pipe and lay sound sweet and strong
tributes to Arnold should have come from Amer.
As when Theocritus attuned them true.
ica, but we have seen no others that equal this by
And so through thee, the feats of heroes great,
The hues of life of other times than ours,
Mr. Trent and Mr. Carman's “ Death in April.”
With such refulgence in thy sonnets glow,
Mr. Trent's “ Souvenirs of Travel” include several
That in the splendor of their new estate,
charming compositions, among which “ Assisi” is
They there, with deathless Art's supernal powers,
probably the best.
Shall o'er the centuries enchantments throw."
“Thou little town amid the Umbrian hills,
It is impossible to find anything to praise in such
Methinks thou liest in shadows all the day-
verse as this. It is commonplace in ornament and
Some ghostly' presence, is it not, that fills
wooden in resonance. Yet it is as good verse as
Thy narrow streets and crumbling houses gray ?”
we can find in the two hundred varied pages of
“Ah yes ! his saintly shade that long ago
Mr. Taylor's volume.
Loved nature through and through from man to clod
There is some lovely verse in “The Search of
Then what to thee the noontide's Aaunting glow,
Ceres, and Other Poems,” by Mrs. Sarah Warner
Assisi, where St. Francis walked with God ?"
Brooks. The writer has an old-fashioned way
of
Mr. Trent writes excellent sonnets, and some of saying things simply and effectively, and her tech-
them will be remembered by readers of The DIAL, nique is for the most part admirable, although the
for they made their first appearance in our pages. ear is now and then vexed by a redundant line.
If we must make a choice among them, it shall be « Foretold"
” is a short poem in which the writer's
“ The Isles of Rest."
powers are exhibited at their best:
a
66
a


1900.]
233
THE DIAL
.
Drawing us each to each, though not one word
We spoke of love. Pale grew the rosy west,
Earth deeply breathed in slumber, ocean heard,
With answering murmurs gently her caressed,
The flowers sighed softly to the wooing wind,
The maiden moon sank in a cloud's embrace ;
When love moved all things, did not nature kind
Speak for us both? Thy soul sprang to thy face,
Imperious summoned mine to pay love's debt;
As mine flashed back love's answer, our lips met."
There is much delicate feeling, and no little of
technical mastery, in the little volume that has
yielded us the above quotations.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
a
“How went with thee, dear heart, the laggard years unblest
Ere we two met? Alack ! no skill have I to see.
I can but know, sweet, that (their prescience guessed)
All my life's days were then but prophecies of thee.
Thy being thrilled my maidenhood from far
As winds unseen thrill aspen leaves. The sea
Sang of thee: Autumn, rustling through her ripened
sheaves,
Old Winter, drowsing numbly neath his snows,
Spring, with blown lilacs, in clear monotone,
And Summer, drunk with new wine of the rose,
Foretold thy advent: and in solemn joy, alone,
Yearning, I waited, till my heart beat fast
Hearing what way thy love-led footsteps went ;
And then I knew that God was good. Life flowered
at last!
I looked into thine eyes, belov'd, and was content."
There are a number of memorial pieces in this
volume, of which the best seems to be the irregular
sonnet addressed to the memory of William E.
Russell :
"With poiséd stars his steadfast soul kept pace,
And all his life was clean as snows untrod;
For, ever as a flint he set his face
For righteousness and duty, truth and God !
Bruised in a Circean herd's unseemly strife,
Like the hurt deer, he sought green shades of rest,
Cooling the fevered pulses of his life
On the great Mother's ever-healing breast.
Then to his couch of dreams, at hush of night,
An angel bore sooth poppies, fringed and white:
Softly he laid them on his quiet eyes,
And, like a lover, kissed away his breath,
And dreaming on, he woke in Paradise
Immortal! And knew not the face of Death!"
“ The Search of Ceres ” is a charming poem, in an
original stanzaic form, of which an illustration
may be given :
“Night swept her sables through the vale,
Above hung Hesper, calm and pale,
In bosky depths a nightingale
Her fleeting hushed before my wail,
As, crazed with woe, I sought for thee,
Persephone, Persephone !”
Tbe
queen
of the under-world is also taken as
the subject of two poems in the "Sylva" of Miss
Elizabeth G. Crane. From the first of them, tell-
ing of Proserpine's first return to earth, the fol.
lowing verses are taken:
“Before her now the gates of Tartarus
Swung grudging wide, while every churlish bolt
; Shrieked out upon her, but she passed up, up,
Inhaling through glad nostrils the fresh smell
Of genial earth, whose lap with new growth teemed ;
For all the spring yearned in her blood štill she
Broke through the earth with flowers, embraced and fell
At golden Ceres' feet, and with quick touch
Her winter mourning changed to summer joy."
The writer's fondness for classical themes is again
evinced in the exquisite poem, “Marpessa to
Apollo,” suggested by the masterpiece of Mr.
Stephen Phillips. The group of irregular sonnets
at the close of the volume provides us with the
following extract, in which the writer appears at
her best :
“Dost thou remember how a silence fell
Between us when beneath the stars we stood ?
Our light talk dropped, above it, we knew well,
Swept ever on love's strong and silent flood
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Among the “Stories of the Nations”
A short account
series (Putnam) unusual interest at-
of modern Italy.
taches at the present moment to the
monograph on Italy by Professor Pietro Orsi. The
author is an Italian scholar of note, a professor of
history in R. Liceo Foscarini, Venice, and a keen
student of contemporaneous events and conditions.
His present work, though limited in scope, fur-
nishes excellent reading for anyone wishing to profit
by an educated Italian's studies of his country's
history and its future. An interesting departure
from the commonly accepted point of view lies in
the credit given to distinctly literary men, not di-
rectly engaged in political affairs, for their efforts
in behalf of Italian unity in the first half of the
present century. In every field of literature men
were to be found who gave their best efforts and all
their energy to the betterment of political condi-
tions in Italy. These writers held diverse views
and were interested in different projects, yet their
influence was steadily directed toward increasing
among the Italian people the desire for Italian unity
under some form. Thus the Neo-Guelph party,
which would have had Italy a federated state with
the Pope as president, was founded as the result of
the writings of Vincenzo Gioberti, “the prophet of
the revolution of 1848.” Sardinia was urged as
the natural and necessary centre of the future state
by Cesare Balbo in his Speranze D'Italia. Re-
publicanism, pare and simple, found its chief
exponent, of course, in Mazzini, but others less in-
tensely political by nature contributed to its pro-
gress, as when the actor, Gustavo Modena, recited
to enthusiastic audiences Silvio Pellico's Francesca
Da Rimini. The tragedies of Niccolini, Massimo
D'Azeglio's Ultimi Casa Di Romagna, deprecating
violence but bitterly attacking the papal govern-
ment, the works of the patriotic poets, Giovanni
Berchet and Mercatini, all served to maintain and
to increase popular fervor for some form of national
unity, and are recognized as constituting an im-
portant factor in the development of the modern
state. After 1859 the men of action take the front
of the stage, and a brief account is given of polit-


234
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
Richelieu.
>
ical changes since that time. Political leaders are ideals; he wished France to be the first state of
gently criticised and riotous disturbances deplored, Europe, he desired that her boundaries should grow
but in these latter the author finds no cause for be- broader, her power grow greater, her influence
lieving that the Italian people are weary of union, become larger. He wished to shape the form of
or that the state is about to fall to pieces. They government so that these ends might be attained,
are rather caused by economic troubles specifically and he accomplished the object which he undertook.
demanding readjustment by the united govern- It is doubtful whether the French people were any
ment, not tending to overthrow it. Even of the happier at the end of Richelieu's administration
long standing quarrel between Pope and King, the than at its beginning, but beyond question, France
view is expressed that ultimately the Pope will see was a more powerful state.” The book has the
his own best interest and yield bis untenable posi- usual attractions and conveniences which we have
tion. The author is distinctly a patriot, and whether learned to expect in the volumes of this series :
or not his views are well founded, his patriotism there are twenty-three portraits from authentic
and enthusiasm are refreshing, after the recent sources, maps and plans of France and Paris,
lugubrious prophecies by others of the approaching and a sufficient index.
a
dissolution of Italy. The translation, by Mary
The first volume of Mr. W. E. Addis's
Alice Vialls, is generally good, though it is mark-
A dissection
“ The Documents of the Hexateuch"
edly better for the inspiring utterances of great of the Herateuch.
leaders like Cavour, or Mazzini (the text abounds
appeared several years ago, and now
in quotations) than for the author's own writing.
the second, on “ The Deuteronomical Writers and
the Priestly Documents" (Putnam) presents its re-
Of all the “ Heroes of the Nations,” sults. These are the questions asked and answered
The story of
none is more essentially the centre in its nearly 500 pages : (1) What was the kernel
of romantic possibilities than the of the Deuteronomical code as found in Deuteron-
great Cardinal, Armand du Plesis de Richelieu.omy, chapters 12–26? (2) What is the character
The average reader of this latter day dramatizes of the historical and introductory chapters (1-11)
him as “under the red robe,” drawing round him to this code? (3) What chapters were appended to
“the magic circle of the Church,” bolding midnight the laws in the strict sense of the word, wbich en.
conferences with messengers booted and spurred or force its observation partly by promises and threats,
disguised bravoes in hodden gray: in general, as a and partly explain the way in which it was trans-
relentless spider, who “thrilled at each touch and mitted by Moses to the Levites? (4) What was the
lived along the line,” and gave his enemies the work done by the Deuteronomic school which edited
choice between submission and death. All this he older historical works, and inserted remarks of their
doubtless was; but in Mr. James Breck Perkins's own in criticism of past history? The first question
volume on “Richelieu and the Growth of the French is answered (p. 18) by, “it is not incredible that a
Power" (Putnam) the author has pretty thoroughly dozen hands may have been at work within this
stripped off the draperies, and has sought to tell a narrow compass” (chaps. 12–26). The second is
plain tale plainly — the story of the petty provincial decided by, "they (chaps. 1-4:40) are a later ad-
Bishop of Luçon, who pushed and flattered and dition by a writer of the Deuteronomic school”
intrigued his way to a place at court; who was (p. 20); "chaps. 5-11 must also proceed from dif-
more of a priest than an author, more of a soldier ferent bands.” To the third question we find the
than a priest, and was most of all the statesman answer, that Deuteronomy chap. 28 is an authentic
whose theory of government was absolute monarchy part of the original book, chap. 27 is transitional
with a minister for monarch. Mr. Perkins writes between 26 and 28, and is composed of old and of
of his hero with cool candor; he has apparently no new material; chaps. 29-30 are by a later writer
illusions as to any of the amiable virtues being of the Deuteronomic school; chaps. 31–32 are also
included in Richelieu's outfit: and his readers have made up of material of different dates. Briefly,
little choice but to accept his summary of the Car- the fourth question is answered by finding traces of
dinal's character: “His intellect though acute was the Deuteronomic writer in the decalogue, in the
not original, his character though vigorous was not book of the covenant, in Joshua 1-12, and here
exalted. . . . He was sagacious in his policy, tire- and there in Judges and Kings. Now, to make all
less in his activity, and remorseless in his animos- of this plain to the reader, the author has presented
ities. Imperious when he held power, he was these documents in English translation, and in dif-
obsequious when he sought it: no one flattered ferent kinds of type to represent the different docu-
the great more adroitly when he was himself a ments, and has arranged them in the proper order,
person of small account.” Mr. Perkins's concluding under appropriate divisions and subdivisions. Abun-
words on the results of Richelieu's policy have a dant footnotes are used to give quotations from
certain timeliness to-day: “It is desirable that other works, reasons for the position taken, and
comfort should be generally diffused and that critical remarks on the text. This work displays a
wealth should increase, yet the accumulation of vast amount of critical genius, and presents the
money is not the sole object of national, any more vanguard of the extreme radical school of analytical
than of individual existence. Richelieu had other criticism of the Hexateuch.


1900.)
235
THE DIAL
a
a
Among the varied schemes conceived rents of air upon the distribution of life in moun-
Famous pets of
by humane English men and women tain regions. Dr. Thorndike discusses instinct and
Oxford University.
for the purpose of swelling the fund the associative processes in animals with experi-
consecrated the needs of the wounded soldiers in mental evidence that controverts some generally
the Boer country, is an ingenious and interesting accepted views. The reactions of minute organisms
device brought to maturity by members of the to various forms of stimuli are summarized by Dr.
scholarly circle connected with Oxford University. Jennings from his recent studies, and an account of
It is the publication of a neat volume comprising the blind fishes of North America is given by Pro-
upward of a score of brief, unpretending sketches of fessor Eigenmann. Other lectures treat of neglected
“Some Oxford Pets” (Oxford: B. H. Blackwell). factors in evolution, the growth of color in moths
Each is by a separate hand and commemorates and butterflies, the physiology of secretion, and old
feelingly the virtues and manners of individuals of and new interpretations of regeneration. The ap-
the inferior races that have been by chance or choice plication of statistical methods to the problem of
adopted as housemates and familiar friends. Pro- variation and the study of race changes is warmly
fessor and Mrs. Max Müller tell of the endearing advocated by Professor Davenport. The closing
traits of a couple of dachshunds that were for years chapter is a brief but most interesting account of
valued companions. Mr. W. Warde Fowler writes Professor Loeb's startling discovery of the produc-
the memoir of Billy, the fox-terrier, who was trained tion of artificial parthenogenesis in the eggs of sea-
to respect the rights of birds as faithfully as did urchins by the use of chemical solutions.
his master. Dr. Fairbairn declares his abiding
affection for two full-blooded terriers who betrayed
It is with feelings of envy that the
A famous
their noble pedigree in their dignified behavior. secondary school American reads Mr. Lionel Cust's
of England.
One contributor relates the story of a brown owl
History of Eton College” (im-
that, completely domesticated, evinced surprising ported by Scribner), the latest volume of a series
intelligence in a loyal attachment to its owner that
on English public schools, those ancient founda-
lasted through a considerable lifetime. Another tions which succeed in giving the governing classes
gives an engaging account of a jerboa, that strange
of England an education so suitable for their coun-
creature of whom Browning said:
try's ambitions. But it is rather because of the
"There are none such as he for a wonder-
associations, the “ atmosphere,” which centuries of
Half bird and half mouse.
classical and literary cultivation within its ancient
A rat, a mouse, a hen, and a chameleon are among walls have created, than for any of those curiously
the list of humble beings honored with a memorial barbaric tendencies in the English aristocracy which
by loving survivors. The sketches possess an in-
Matthew Arnold deplored, that Americans are en-
terest apart from the subjects they treat. They
vious. Founded by that most amiable king, Henry
reveal the gentle side of the writer, and in every VI., in 1440, and persevering under conditions prac-
case win us by the kind and just consideration tically unchanged until 1875, Eton has acquired a
shown to dumb dependents who were thrown upon
momentum in the educational world which no sec-
the mercy of their masters, and were never neglected ondary school in the United States can hope to rival.
nor oppressed. The historettes were compiled by In the growing sense of “shame in dying rich
Mrs. Wallace and furnished with a preface by Mr. which would be so promising a sign in our national
W. Warde Fowler, M.A.
life were it less suggestive of mediæval penitence,
the secondary schools have been forgotten; and
The same high standard of scientific
more than one whose brief years were filled with
excellence found in previous issues
in Biology.
hope and promise of almost Etonian usefulness have
is to be seen in the “Woods Holl
been permitted to languish and die.
Biological Lectures" (Ginn & Co.) for 1899. The
titles of the sixteen lectures show that the annual
In his little volume, “ The Arts of
volume for the past year is somewhat more varied
Living as
Life” (Houghton), Mr. R. R. Bowker
than usual in its contents and that it contains a
discusses with compelling thought-
large amount that is non-technical for the general fulness various phases of the conduct of life as a
reader. The lecturers come from the leading uni- well ordered existence informed by culture and
versities throughout our country and speak upon high ideals. His more important chapters deal with
themes which are their specialties. The book thus education, business, politics, and religion, and in
affords first-hand information in condensed and the course of them he sets forth with a pleasing lit-
usually very readable form upon subjects at present erary art the attitude towards life and its problems
prominent in biological discussion. Professor Camp- of a man of fine culture and clear conception of the
bell writes of the evolution of the higher plants in broader aspects of our relation to environment and
the light of cytology, and Professor Penhallow of to ourselves. Mr. Bowker has nothing strikingly
the evidence which fossil plants reveal of the course original to offer in his philosophy of life, but the
of evolution of the vegetable world. Professor philosophy is so attractive and well rounded out,
MacDougal reports upon a new field of investiga- and the presentation of it has so much of the charm
tion, the effect of ascending and descending car- of meditation and personality, that the reader is
9
The latest
an Art.


236
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
.
glad to follow it with something more than inter-
NOTES.
est. Concluding, he says: “The thought of Evolu-
tion, opposing itself alike to the doctrines of special “ Poems from Shelley and Keats,” edited by Mr.
creation in nature, of revolution in society and Sidney C. Newson, is a school text recently published
government, and of instant .conversion' in religion, by the Macmillan Co.
has become the great light upon God's universe, which
The American Jewish Year Book for 5661 (1900-
more than any other before given to man, gives
1901), edited by Dr. Cyrus Adler, will be issued at
us knowledge even of the uses of evil and the great
once by the Jewish Publication Society of America.
Dr. F. D. Allen's edition of the “Medea " of Eurip-
hope of the triumphing of good. In this thought,
ides, revised by Dr. Clifford H. Moore, is among the
to each of the sons and daughters of men is com-
latest educational publications of Messrs. Ginn & Co.
mitted the destiny of Man. This is the End of
Alice B. Stockham & Co. are the publishers of a
the Arts of Life.” In an age so full of feverish
small book on “ Tolstoy,” in two parts, the first of
eagerness to drink the wine of life to the lees and
which is the work of Miss Alice B. Stockham, and the
wait not we may well be grateful for every such second the work of Mr. Havelock Ellis.
calm survey of the larger possibilities of existence “ Bibliomania in the Middle Ages," by F. Somner
and its finer aspirations, and no one can read Mr. Merryweather, is the subject of the next volume to
Bowker's volume without feeling that the atmos- appear in the series of book-lovers' classics published by
phere of his work-a-day world has been cleared Messrs. Meyer Brothers & Co., of New York.
somewhat by the breath of some diviner air blown Beginning with the September number, “ Art Educa-
upon him from the heights.
tion" appears in an enlarged and improved form, and
hereafter will make its appeal to all who are interested
in art matters, whether teachers of the subject or not.
Mr. Richard Watson Gilder has reissued his “ Five
BRIEFER MENTION.
Books of Song," being his complete poetical writings,
in an edition which embodies numerous revisions and
The school text-books of to-day are so immeasurably
additions to the earlier text. The Century Co. publish
better than those of fifteen or twenty years ago that
the volume.
there are few departments in which anything is left to
be desired. But the ideal book of English history for
A single volume contains Parts III. and IV. of the
“ Handbook to Christian and Ecclesiastical Rome,”
school use has been long delayed, and we welcome Mr.
J. N. Larned's “ History of England” (Houghton) as
which has been prepared by Messrs. M. A. R. Tucker
at least a close approach to that ideal. We have never
and Hope Malleson. The work is published by the
Macmillan Co.
seen a better book upon the subject, and should find it
difficult to suggest wherein the present work might be
“Whence and Whitber," by Dr. Paul Carus, is a
improved. In style, in choice of illustration, in topical
volume of popular philosophy, being “ an inquiry into
analysis, and in helpful material for the use of teachers,
the nature of the soul, its origin, and its destiny.” It
it is a thoroughly admirable production, and should at
is issued by the Open Court Co. in their “ Religion of
once find its way into secondary schools everywhere.
Science Library.”
The cosmopolitan scholarship of Signor Federica “ Places I Have Visited,” published by Messrs. Dodd,
Garlanda, the editor of the Italian “ Minerva," is at-
Mead & Co., is one of Lamb's biblia a-biblia. It is a
tested by a number of publications in philology, political
blank book, in which a traveler may record his im-
science, and literary criticism. His latest work (Rome: pressions, and set forth the circumstances of his visit
Laziale) is entitled “Guglielmo Shakespeare, il Poeta to any particular place.
e l'Uomo.” It is a careful study of the life and times White’s “ Selborne" and the ever-delightful “ Travels
of Shakespeare, with a readable account of the most of Sir John Mandeville” are given us as the two latest
important of the plays, particular attention being given volumes in the “ Library of English Classics "published
to those having Italian subjects. It is full of reverence by the Macmillan Co. Mr. A. W. Pollard is, as here-
for the genius of the poet, and exhibits an appreciation
tofore with this series, the editor.
of his qualities somewhat deeper and more subtle than The Macmillan Co. send us Volume III. of Mr. Evelyn
we expect from a critic of the Latin race.
Shuckburgh's translation of “ The Letters of Cicero."
Mr. David McKay is the publisher of a new edition One more volume will complete this undertaking, and
of an important practical manual by Mr. Oliver Davie. provide us with the entire extant correspondence of the
It is entitled " Methods in the Art of Taxidermy," great Roman statesman and man of letters.
and gives complete expert directions for every process The seventh and concluding volume of Professor
connected with the preparation and stuffing of the Bury's edition of Gibbon's “ Decline and Fall” has just
skins of animals, including birds, mammals, crustace- been published by the Messrs. Macmillan. An index
ans, fishes, and reptiles. The author was engaged of nearly two hundred pages, prepared by Mrs. Bury,
upon this work for many years, and it has the benefit appears with this volume, and immeasurably enhances
of his life-long experience. The illustrations consist the value of the edition.
of nearly a hundred full-page engravings.
One of the latest — we do not venture to say the
The Messrs. Scribner have revamped the translation, latest - translators of Omar is Professor F. York
made more than twenty years ago, of Gaboriau's most Powell, who has tried his hand at a few of the Rubai-
popular novels, and the result is a uniform set of six yat. His “XXIV. Quatrains from Omar," as pub-
presentable volumes. The set includes « Monsieur lished by Mr. M. F. Mansfield, makes a very pretty
Lecoq” and its sequel or supplement, “ The Honor of little book, but the verse is tame at the best, and we
the Name,” « File 113," « The Widow Lerouge," “ Other cannot understand what could have persuaded any one
People's Money,” and “The Mystery of Orcival.” to compose or to publish it.


1900.)
237
THE DIAL
-
Part III. of Mr. Evelyn Abbott's “History of
Greece,” now published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's
Sons, extends from 445 to 403 B, C.; in other words,
from the Thirty Years' Peace to the Fall of the Thirty
at Athens. It includes some reprinted matter from
the author's “ Perides.” One more volume will com-
plete the work.
The late Hugh McCulloch's “ Men and Measures of
Half a Century," which has now for some time been
out of print, is reproduced in a new and cheaper edition
by the Messrs. Scribner. It is well that this should
bave been done, for the work is one of the most impor-
tant memoirs of its period, and is much in demand by
students of American history.
“Ned Myers ; or, Life before the Mast,” has been
added by the Messrs. Putnam to their “Mohawk” edi.
tion of Cooper's novels. This book, it will be remem-
bered, is the one recently discovered, and thought at
first to have remained unpublished, although it was
afterwards proved to have seen the light. It now takes
its long vacant place in the library sets of Cooper.
Messrs. Newson & Co., New York, are the publish-
ers of “A Modern English Grammar," by Mr. Huber
Gray Buehler. It seems to be a sensible sort of book,
free from scholastic rubbish, and thoroughly practical
in method. It is evidently the work of an experienced
and successful teacher of the subject. It also speaks
well for the new publishing house of which it consti-
tutes the first venture.
Dr. Raymond M. Alden is the author of a treatise on
“ The Art of Debate” (Holt), which will be found
highly useful by students who are training for forensic
honors. The discussion is lucid, and the illustrative
material adduced is of the most helpful sort. Nor
should we neglect to mention the appended list of sub-
jects for debate, which will doubtless help many a com-
mittee of students to solve the vexatious initial problem
of deciding upon the question to be debated.
The news of the death of Thomas Davidson, wbich
occurred on the 14th of September, will cause wide-
spread grief, not only in educational and philosophical
circles, but wherever his influence was felt, which
means among great numbers of men and women to
whom the intellectual life is not so much a professional
matter as the highest of general human concerns. To
many such people, his writings and his lectures came
as a quickening influence and a vital inspiration, en-
forced by a large and sympathetic personality. His
books were the least important of his points of contact
with his fellow-men, and his life was an even finer
thing than his published work. Born a Scotsman in
1840, bis footsteps sought one centre of learning after
another in England and on the Continent, and for his
last score or so of years he was a resident of this
country. His chief studies were in Greek and scholastic
philosophy, in the theory of education, in the fine arts,
and in the higher reaches of literature. He was the
interpreter of such men as Aquinas, Bonaventura,
Dante, and Rosmini. He was a vigorous philosophical
thinker, with a touch of mysticism, seeming at times
a radical, and at others a reäctionary. His summer
school of philosophy in the Adirondacks attracted an-
nually a notable company of serious men and women,
and exercised a considerable influence over contem-
porary thought. The fine old ideal of plain living and
high thinking was never better exemplified than in the
person of this robust and genial scholar, whose loss we
now chronicle with unfeigned regret.
THE SEASON'S BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
In continuation of our Announcement List of Fall
Books, in The Dial for September 16, we give the fol.
lowing List of Forthcoming Books for the Young.
Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales, trans. by H. L.
Brækstad, with 250 illustrations by the Danish artist Hans
Tegner, $5.-Josey and the Chipmunk, by Sydney Reid,
illus., $1.50. — Pretty Polly Perkins, by Gabrielle E.
Jackson, illus., $1.50. - The Century Book of the Amer-
ican Colonies, by Elbridge S. Brooks, illus., $1.50. — St.
Nicholas Book of Plays and Operettas, illus., $1.-Bound
volume of St. Nicholas for 1900, 2 parts, illus., per part
$2. (Century Co.)
A New Wonderland, by L. Frank Baum, illus. in colors, etc.,
by Frank Verbeck, $1.50. — The Little Boy Book, by
Helen Hay, illus. in colors by Frank Verbeck, $1.50.-An
Alphabet of Indians, by Emery Leverett Williams, with
descriptive text by Mrs. Williams, $2.- In and Out of the
Nursery, verses and songs by Eva Eickemeyer Rowland,
illus. by Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr., $2. – The Moon Babies,
verses about Chinese children, by G. Orr Clark, illus, in
color, etc., by Helen Hyde, $1.50. - Beasts and Birds,
drawings by Frank Verbeck, verses by Helen Hay, $1.25.
- A Hand-Book of Golf for Bears, drawings in colors by
Frank Verbeck, verses by Hayden Carruth, $1.- Nanny,
by T. E. Butler, illus. in colors, $1. – In Camp with a Tin
Soldier, by John Kendrick Bangs, new edition, $1.25.
(R. H. Russell.)
The Grey Fairy Book, edited by Andrew Lang, illus., $2.
The Princess's Story Book, edited by George Laurence
Gomme, illus., $2. – The Golliwogg's Polar Adventures,
pictures in colors by Florence K. Upton, verses by Bertha
Upton, $2.- Urching of the Sea, by Marie Overton Corbin
and Charles Buxton Going, illus., $1.25. (Longmans,
Green, & Co.)
The Dream Fox Story Book, by Mabel Osgood Wright, illus.
by Oliver Herford, $1.50 net. – The April Baby's Book of
Tunes, by the author of " Elizabeth and her German Gar-
den," illus, in colors. — The Reign of King Heria, edited
by Wm. Canton, illus. by Charles Robinson. - A Noah's
Art Geography, written and illus. by Mabel Dearmer.
The House That Grew, by Mrs. Molesworth, illus. – Hel-
met and Spear, stories from the wars of the Greeks and
Romans, by Rev. A. J. Church, M.A. - The Tale of the
Little Twin Dragons, illus. in colors by S. Rosamund
Praeger (Macmillan Co.)
The World of the Great Forest, how animals, birds, reptiles,
and insects talk, think, work, and live, by Paul Du Chaillu,
illus., $2. - The Jack of All Trades, or New Ideas for
American Boys, by Daniel C. Beard, illus. by the author,
$2.–The Outdoor Handy Book, for playground, field, and
forest, by Daniel C. Beard, illus., $2. - Fairies and Folk
of Ireland, by William Henry Frost, illus., $1.50:--Brethren
of the Coast, a tale of West Indian pirates, by Kirk Munroe,
illus., $1.25. - New books by G. A. Henty, comprising :
In the Irish Brigade, a story of the reign of Louis XIV.;
Out with Garibaldi, a story of the liberation of Italy; With
Buller in Natal, or A Born Leader; each illus., $1.50.
(Charles Scribner's Sons.)
Goops and How to Be Them, a manual of manners for polite
infants, written and illus. by Gelett Burgess, $1.50.- The
Snow Baby, by Josephine D. Peary, illus., $1.50. — Jack
among the Indians, a sequel to "Jack, the Young Ranch-
by George Bird Grinnell, illus., $1.50.-
Heroes of
the Revolution, by Tom Hall, illus., $1.25. - Children of
the Revolution, facsimiles of water-color drawings by
Maud Humphrey, $2.- Little Continentals, and Little
Folks of '76, facsimiles of water-color drawings by Maud
Humphrey, each $1.25. - A Day in the Zoo, a novelty
colored picture book, $3,50.-Queer Folks, a combination
picture book in colors, by Lothar Meggendorfer, $1.50.-
Attention, movable pictures in colors, by Lothar Meggen-
dorfer, $2. (Frederick A. Stokes Co.)
Old Songs for Young America, illus. in colors, etc., by B.
Ostertag, music arranged by Clarence Forsyth, $2.50.-
The Wild Animal Play, by Ernest Seton-Thompson, illus.,
50 cts. — Under the Great Bear, a story of adventure in
Labrador and the Arctic Sea, by Kirk Munroe, illus.,
$1.25.-The Autobiography of a Tom-Boy, by Jeannette L.
Gilder, illus., $1.25. — Boys' Book of Explorations, by
Tudor Jenks, illus., $2.-The Little Bible, Old Testament
stories simply rewritten for young people, by J. W.
Mackail, $1. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)
man,
.


238
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
Friend or Foe, a tale of Connecticut during the War of 1812,
by Frank Samuel Child, illus., $1.50. - In the Hands of
the Redcoats, a tale of the Jersey ship and the Jersey
shore in the days of the Revolution, by Everett T.
Tomlinson, illus., $1.50. – Ednah and her Brothers, by
Eliza Orne White, illus., $1.--Dorothy Deane, and Dorothy
and her Friends, by Ellen Olney Kirk, new editions, illus.,
each $1.25. - The Book of Saints and Friendly Beasts, by
Abbie Farwell Brown, illus. — Mountain Playmates, by
Helen R. Albee. - A Georgian Bungalow, by Frances
Courtenay Baylor, illus., $1. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
A Child of Glee, by A. G. Plympton, illus., $1.50.-A Little
American Girl in India, by Harriet A. Cheever, illus.,
$1.50. — Brenda, her School and her Club, by Helen Leah
Reed, illus., $1.50. – Nan's Chicopee Children, by Myra
Sawyer Hamlin, illus., $1.25. - The Christmas Angel, by
Katharine Pyle, illus. by the author, $1.50.– The World's
Discoverers, the story of bold voyages by brave navigators
during a thousand years, by William Henry Johnson, illus.,
$1.50. — Doris and her Dog Rodney, by Lily F. Wessel-
hoeft, illus., $1.50. – Phoebe, her Profession, a sequel to
"Teddy, her Book," by Anna Chapin Ray, illus., $1.50.
- Tom's Boy, by the author of “Miss Toosey's Mission,'
illus., $1.- The Young and Old Puritans of Hatfieid, by
Mary P. Wells Smith, illus., $1.25.- Gold Seeking on the
Dalton Trail, by Arthur R. Thompson, illus., $1.50.-
Scouting for Washington, a story of the days of Sumter
and Tarleton, by John Preston True, illus., $1.50. (Little,
Brown, & Co.)
Donegal Fairy Stories, by Seumas MacManus, illus, $1. -
The Jumping Kangaroo and the Apple-Butter Cat, by
John W. Harrington, illus., $1. – Yankee Enchantments,
by Charles Battell Loomis, illus., $1.25. (McClure, Phillips
& Co.)
Anneke, a little dame of New Netherlands, by Elizabeth W.
Champney, $1.50.-A new Sherburne book, by Amanda M.
Douglas, $1.50.- A Little Girl in Old Washington, by
Amanda M. Douglas, $1.50. - A Short History of Music,
told for young people, by Anna A. Chapin, illus., $1,50.-
Elsie's Young Folks, by Martha Finley, $1.25. — The
Adventures of Mabel, for children of five and six, by
Harry Thurston Peck, new edition, illus., $1. (Dodd,
Mead & Co.)
For the Honor of the School, a story of school life and inter-
scholastic sport, by Ralph H. Barbour, illus., $1.50.
Reuben James, a hero of the forecastle, by Cyrus Town-
send Brady, illus., $1.- In the Days of Jefferson, or The
Six Golden Horseshoes, a tale of republican simplicity, by
Hezekiah Butterworth, illus., $1.50. (D. Appleton & Co.)
Shireen and her Friends, the autobiography of a Persian cat,
by Gordon Stables, illus., $1.25. - Fairy Folk from Far
and Near, by A. C. Woolf, M.A., illus. in colors, $1.50.-
Bully, Fag, and Hero, by Charles J. Mansford, illus.,
$1.50. — The Adventures of a Boy Reporter in the Philip-
pines, by Harry Steele Morrison, illus., $1.25. — Tales
Told in the Zoo, by F. C. Gould, illus., $2. - The Young
Gunbearer, by G. Waldo Browne, illus., $1. — The Little
Colonel's House Party, by Annie Fellows-Johnston, illus.,
$1. — Chums, by Maria Louise Pool, illus., $1.- Cozy
Corner Series, new vols.: The Story of Dago, by Annie
Fellows-Johnston ; Farmer Brown and the Birds, by
Frances M. Fox; For his Country, by Marshall Saunders ;
A Little Puritan's First Christmas, by Edith Robinson ;
Little Sunshine's Holiday, by Miss Mulock; The Water
People, by Charles Lee Sleight; The Prince of the Pin
Elves, by Charles Lee Sleight; Helena's Wonderworld, by
Frances Hodges White; The Adventures of Beatrice and
Jessie, by Richard Mansfield; A Child's Garden of Verse,
by R. L. Stevenson ; each illus., 50 cts. (L. C. Page & Co.)
The Armed Ship America, by James Otis, $1.25. - Rita, by
Laura E. Richards, illus., $1.25. - The Animals of Æsop,
illus, in colors, etc., by J. J. Mora, $1.50.- Traveller Tales
of South America, by Hezekiah Butterworth, illus., $1.50.
– Fighting for the Empire, by James Otis, illus., $1.50.-
For the Liberty of Texas, by Captain Ralph Bonehill,
illus., $1.25. — For Tommy, by Laura E. Richards, $1.
Chatterbox for 1900, illus, in colors, etc., $1.25. - Little
Folks? Illustrated Annual, illus., $1.25. Boston Boys of
1775, by James Otis, illus., 75 cts. - The Boy Duck-Hunt-
ers, by Frank E. Kellogg, illus., $1.50. – Ned, Son of
Webb, what he did, by William 0. Stoddard, illus., $1.50.
- A Tale of the Old School, by F. H. Costello, illus.,
$1.50. — The Substitute Quarter-back, or The Quality of
Mercy, by Eustace L. Williams, illus., $1.25. — The Boo.
Boo Stories, by Gertrude Smith, illus., $1. — The Pixie
and Elaine Stories, by Carrie E, Morrison, illus., $1.25.
What Did the Black Cat Do? by Margaret Johnson,
75 cts.— The Littlest One of the Browns, by Sophie Swett,
illus., 50 cts. - Young of Heart Series, new vols.: The
Little Earl, by Qaida ; The Child of Urbino, and Monfflon,
by Ouida ; A New Little Tong's Mission, by Etheldred B.
Barry; The Burglar's Daughter, by Margaret Penrose ;
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, by Washington Irving;
The Bicycle Highwaymen, by Frank M. Bicknell ; Ted's
Little Dear, by Harriet A. Cheever ; each illus., 50 cts.-
Snow-White, or the House in The Wood, by Laura E.
Richards, illus., 50 cts. (Dana Estes & Co.)
The Arabian Nights, illus. by W. H. Robinson, Helen
Stratton, A. D. McCormick, A. L. Davis, and A. E.
Norbury, $3. — The Water Babies, by Charles Kingsley,
illus, in colors, etc., by Goo. Wright, $2.– Fairy Stories
from the Little Mountains, by John Finnemore, illus., $1.
Alice in Wonderland, and Through the Looking Glass,
by Lewis Carroll, illus. in colors by Blanche McManus,
new edition, two volumes in one, $2. (A. Wessels Co.)
In the Hands of the Cave-Dwellers, by G. A. Henty, illus.,
$1.25 The Roggie and Reggie Stories, by Gertrude
Smith, illus. in colors, $1.50. Wonder Stories from
Herodotus, retold by G. H. Boden and W. Barrington
D'Almeida, illus. by H. Granville Fell. — The Road to
Nowhere, by Livingston B. Morse, illus., $1.50. (Harper
& Brothers.)
Baby Goose, his Adventures, by Fannie E. Ostrander, illus.
in colors by R. W. Hirchert, $1.25. - Fireside Battles, a
story for girls, by Annie G. Brown, illus. by J. C. Leyen-
decker, $1.25. A Fairy Night's Dream, by Katharine E.
Chapman, illus. in colors, etc., $1. (Laird & Lee.)
The Scottish Chiefs, by Jane Porter, illus. by T. H. Robinson,
$2.50. Lullaby and Cradle Songs, by Adelaide L. J.
Gossett, illus. in colors, $2. – Types of British Animals,
by F. G. Aflalo, illus. by E. Caldwell, $2. — Animals of
Africa, by H. A. Bryden, illus. by E. Caldwell, $2.-
Pictures from Bird Land, illus. in colors by M. and E.
Detmold, $2.-The Book of Shops, verses by E. V. Lucas,
illus. in colors by F. D. Bedford, $2.50. Babies and
Bambinis, pictures of Italian children, in colors, by Edith
Farmiloe, verses by E. V. Lucas, $3. - Red Jacket, the
Last of the Senecas, by Col. H.R. Gordon, illus., $1.50. —
The Lobster Catchers, a story of the coast of Maine, illus.,
$1.50. — Charge, a story of the Boer War of 1881, by
George Manville Fenn, illus., $1.50. — Venture and Valour,
stories by various writers, edited by G. A. Henty, illus.,
$1.50. — The Children of the Rectory, by L. T. Meade,
illus., $1.50.– England's Hero Prince, a story of the Black
Prince, by Gordon Stables, illus., $1.50.- The Odyssey
for Young People, illus., $1,50. — Odeyne's Marriage, by
Evelyn Everett Green, illus., $1.50.- In Aelfred's Days,
a tale of Saga the Dane, by Paul Creswick, illus., $1.50.
Her Next Door Neighbor, by M. S. Comrie, illus., $1.25
Bruno and Bimba, by Evelyn Everett Green, illus., $1.50.-
Nancy's Fancies, by E. L. Haverfield, illus., $1.25. -
Dutton's Holiday Annual for 1901, illus. in colors, etc.,
$1.25. — The Sunday Picture Book, a book of Bible
stories, by L. L. Weedon, illus. in colors, etc., $1.25. —
Sunny Days, stories by various writers, illus. in colors, etc.,
$1.25. (E. P. Dutton & Co.)
The House-Boat on the St. Lawrence, or Following Fron-
tenac, by Everett T. Tomlinson, illus., $1.50. — True to
Himself, or Roger Strong's Struggle for Place, by Edward
Stratemeyer, illus., $1. – Between Boer and Briton, by
Edward Stratemeyer, illus., $1.25.-Aguinaldo's Hostage,
or Dick Carson's Captivity among the Filipinos, by
H. Irving Hancock, illus., $1.25. - In the Days of Alfred
the Great, by Eva March Tappan, Ph.D., illus., $1. -
Rival Boy Sportsmen, by W. Gordon Parker, illus., $1.25.
- The Little Dreamer's Adventure, a story of droll days
and droll doings, by Frank Samuel Child, illus., $1.25. -
Two Little Street Singers, by Nora A. M. Roe, illus., $1.
- Almost as Good as a Boy, by Amanda M. Douglas,
illus., $1.25.-Randy's Summer, a story for girls, by Amy
Brooks, illus., $1. – Jimmy, Lucy, and All, by Sophie
May, illus., 75 cts. Boy Donald, by Penn Shirley, illus.,
75 cts. (Lee & Shepard.)
With Washington in Braddock's Campaign, by Edward
Robbins, illus., $1.25. — The Girls of Bonnie Castle, by
Izola L. Forrester, illus., $1.25. – Callias, a tale of the fall
of Athens, by Alfred J. Church, $1.25. — A Plucky Girl,
by Laura T. Meade, illus., $1.25. A Roman Maiden, by
Emma Marshall, illus., $1. — Dimple Dallas, or The
Further Fortunes of a Sweet Little Maid, by Amy E.
Blanchard, $1. - A Life of St. John for the Young, by
George L. Weed, illus., 75 cts. — Mabel's Mishap, by


1900.]
239
THE DIAL
Amy E. Blanchard, 50 cts. - Fanny and her Friends, by
Emma Marshall, 50 cts. — Marjorie's Doings, by_Mrs.
Geo. A. Paull, 50 cts. - Tommy's Adventures, by Emily
Paret Atwater, 50_cts. - Phil Fuzzytop, or With the
Dream Maker, by John Habberton, new edition, 50 cts.
(George W. Jacobs & Co.)
Uncle Bart, the tale of a tyrant, by G. Manville Fenn, illus.,
$2. — The Shadow of the Cliff, by Catherine E. Mallan-
daine, illus., $1.25. - Lone Star Blockhouse, by F. B.
Forrester, illus., $1.25.-Over the Garden Gate, by Alice F.
Jackson, illus., $1. – Leila's Quest, and what came of it,
by Emma Leslie, illus., $1.-
A Door of Hope, a tale of
the Danish invasion in the reign of King Alfred, by Annie
L. Gee, illus., 80 cts. — Fiddlesticks, rhymes and jingles,
by Hilda Cowham, illus. in colors, etc., $1. — Sunday for
1901, illus. $1.25. --The Midget Series, comprising : The
Enchanted Doll, by Mark Lemon, illus. by Richard Doyle ;
The Story without an End, by Friedrich W. Carove, told
in English by Sarah Austin, illus.; Favourite Fables for
Tiny Tots, illus. by A. S. Wilkinson ; Songs of Innocence,
by William Blake, illus.; The Seven Champions of Christ-
endom, illus. by A. G. Walker; each 50 cts. (E. & J. B.
Young & Co.)
Earning her Way, by Mrs. Clarke Johnson, illus., $1.25.-A
Maid at King Alfred's Court, by Lucy Foster Madison,
illus., $1.25. - The Boer Boy of the Transvaal, by Kate
Milne