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E. Sweet, Ida T. Thurston, Mrs. Frank Lee,
Willis Boyd Allen, W. E. Barton, and other
popular writers for young people, are published
by us, and may be ordered direct at wholesale
rates or through booksellers. Catalogue free.
THE PILGRIM PRESS
14 Beacon Street
175 Wabash Avenuo
BOSTON
CHICAGO
Impressions of
Japanese Architecture
was undertaken. For twenty-
nine years the ablest and most
devout scholars in America and
England gave themselves to
reverent, patient and careful
study of the original text, and
how to convey its exact true
meaning in the language of
to-day.
The American Standard is
not a new Bible, but the old
Bible made plain. Not a new story, but the Old
Story more clearly and simply told.
It is not a departure from the inspired Word, but
a drawing closer to it.
It is the standard for all the great religious
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Theological Seminaries, Bible Training
Schools, Y. M. C. A., Universities, Colleges,
Religious Associations, and the various
Societies of every denomination, because it is
the Bible in plain English, thus making the use of
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Write for Our 40-page Book,
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Revised
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or can quickly get from us, any style
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ing to size and binding. See that
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print and the endorsement of the
American Revision Committee on
the back of the title page. We
sell direct where booksellers will
not supply.
THOMAS NELSON & SONS
and the Allied Arts
By RALPH ADAMS CRAM
Handsomely bound and illustrated. Net $2.00
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The Appreciation of Pictures
By RUSSELL STURGIS
73 illustrations.
Net $1.50
A critical and historical treatment of pictures by the lead-
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the following
NOTABLE ART BOOKS
The Appreciation of Sculpture
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Net $1.50

The Story
The Bean & Sas
41 V, East 18th Street, New York
AYLO
THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO.
PUBLISHERS
33-37 E. 17th St., NEW YORK


1906.]
71
THE DIAL
Burrows' New Books
BOOKS FOR LIBRARIES
Published in 1905 by
HENRY HOLT & CO.
By JAMES DOUGLAS, LL.D.
29 West Twenty-third Street, New York
Old France in the New World
(Quebec in the 17th Century)
Octavo, Buckram, extra, fully illustrated, $2.50 net.
(Postage, 21 cents.)
In a review of great length the New York Tribune said: “The work
is a valuable addition to the increasing literature of Canadian his-
tory"; and the Manitoba Free Press, in a four column critique,
concludes as follows: "Old France' will be invaluable to those who
wish to study in the formative period the people who now form one-
third of the population of the Dominion."
A Book Without an Unfavorable Notice.
This full and comprehensive volume by Dr. Douglas, on the early
history of Canada, is realy an epitome on all that is interesting in
North American history during the period covered. The final chapters
dealing with the Hudson Bay Company, Colonization Companies Past
and Present, and the portions devoted to Indians and Archäology, are
of the highest importance. The index is admirable.
Descriptive circular on application.
DRAMA
On Ten Plays of Shakespeare. By SȚOPFORD
BROOKE. 12mo. $2.25.* "A more delightful volume of
criticism it would be hard to find."— Boston Transcript.
Dramatists of Today. By EDWARD EVERETT HALE, Jr.
12mo. $1.50.* “Well worth reading a second time.”-
Dial.
Shakespeare's London. By H. T. STEPHENSON.
With over 40 illustrations. 12mo. $2.00.*
ORTH (SAMUEL P.)
Five American Politicians: Burr-
Douglas-Clay-Clinton-Van Buren
Size, 742 x 5% inches; 447 pages, photogravure portraits,
cloth $2.00. (Postage, 12 cents).
The machinery of modern politics had its inception in the desire
of certain men to carry out issues and fulfil ambitions highly necessary
to their own advancement and success. There have been many dis-
tinct successes in this peculiar field, but it has been Dr. Orth's ohject
to show the beginnings of this essentially American phase of political
life. Each of the five great names contributed some special feature.
To Aaron Burr may be given the credit of the first American politi-
cal machine. It has survived the century as Tammany Hall.
De Witt Clinton was the founder of the Spoils System, the earliest
and most pernicious of all forms of graft. The life of the man was a
series of paradoxes; the strong and weak points constantly in contrast
one with the other.
The system originated by Clinton was deftly carried by another to
Washington. The story of Martin Van Buren is one of careful plotting
and clever manipulation.
A Master and Victim of Compromise and Coalition, Henry Clay
stands preëminent. Five times he stood for the presidency, either
before the convention or the people, only to be defeated. For half a
century he was a leading actor on our political stage; the organizer of
a powerful party; the originator of great issues.
One other name - Stephen A. Douglas, Defender of State Rights,
must be included. His life was given to that period which determined
for us whether we were to be a nation or a confederation.
The book is written in a lucid, straightforward manner, the author's
chief object being to bring out the foremost political episodes in the
lives of the five men under consideration.
The growth of the System and party machinery; the origin of the
caucus and its decline; the rise and development of the convention
plan, and other details of modern politics are treated exhaustively
from an historical standpoint.
NATURE
A Guide to the Study of Fishes. By David STARR
JORDAN. 1223 pp. 936 illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo.
$12.00.*
American Insects. By VERNON L. KELLOGG. With
812 figures, 11 colored plates, 647 pp. 8vo. $5.00.*
Animal Snapshots. By SILAS A. LOTTRIDGE. With
85 photographs. 12mo. $1.75.* “No more commend-
able book treating of wild life has ever come under our
notice.”_Field and Stream.
Extinct Animals, By E. RAY LANKESTER. Profusely
illustrated. Large 12mo. $1.75 net. “A delight ...
filled with photographs . fascinating to a child.”—
Critic.
RUSSIA AND THE PHILIPPINES
Russia. By SIR DONALD MACKENZIE WALLACE. New,
up to date edition. 8vo. $5.00.
Russia from Within, By ALEXANDER ULAR. Large
12mo. $1.75.*
Our Philippine Problem. By H. P. WILLIS. 12mo.
$1.50.*
Narrative of the Adventures of
Zenas Leonard, a Native of Clearfield
County, Pa., who spent five years in Trap-
ping for Furs, Trading with the Indians, 1839.
Edited by Dr. W. F. WAGNER. An accurate reprint of one of the
scarcest pieces of Americana, three or four copies only being known to
exist.' As a member of the Walker California Expedition of 1833-34
and one of Bonneville's party at a later date, the author gives many
facts heretofore unauthenticated. Portraits, illustrations, and maps
are added, and the volume ranks with Lewis and Clark or the Gass
Journal. An edition of five hundred and twenty copies only will be
issued, with a complete introduction, copious notes, and an index.
Printed on Dickinson paper, each volume numbered.
Octavo, cloth, extra, $5.00 net. (Postage, 12 cents.)
JUVENILE
Nut Brown Joan. By M. A. TAGGART. Decorated.
12mo. $1.50.
Dandelion Cottage. By CARROLL WATSON RANKIN.
12mo. Illustrated. $1.50. “An exceptionally good
book for girls."—Wisconsin Free Library Bulletin.
The Boys of Bob's Hill. By C. P. BURTON. Illus-
trated. 12mo. $1.25.
The Peter Newell Mother Goose. By C. S. BAILEY.
Illustrated by PETER NEWEL. 12mo. $1.50.
Young Folks' Cyclopedia of Natural History. By
J. D. CHAMPLIN and F. A. LUCAS. Profusely illus-
trated. 12mo. $2.50.
A Book of Verses for Children. Compiled by E. V.
Lucas. Library Edition. $1.00.* “We know of no
other anthology for children so complete and well
arranged.”—The Critic.
* Add ten per cent of price for postage. :
THE BURROWS BROTHERS COMPANY
PUBLISHERS
CLEVELAND, OHIO


72
[Feb. 1, 1906.
THE DIAL
Important New Macmillan Books
JUST READY
Mr. William Holman Hunt's reminiscent
Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
Two volumes, richly illustrated, $10.00 net.
“ At last there is set before the world the book which has been none too patiently waited for
for many years past, and an absorbing, interesting, and valuable book it is, fluently and admir-
ably written, and on its lighter side vastly entertaining. . . . Likely to survive as long as
English art is treasured and studied.”— Daily Graphic (London).
AMONG RECENT ISSUES
THE SECOND EDITION OF
Mr. F. Marion Crawford's Salve Venetia !
Salve Venetia! Gleanings from History
“These two volumes, rich in anecdote and story, packed with legend and fact gleaned from
Venetian history, make interesting reading. ... The make-up of the book is most attractive,
and it is beautifully and lavishly illustrated with 225 drawings by Joseph Pennell, . . . and
they render admirably the picturesque quality of Venice.”- The Evening Post (New York).
Two volumes in a box, crown 8vo, $5.00 net (carriage extra).
Mr. Samuel Isham's illustrated History of American Painting
“Those of his acquaintance have long known Mr. Isham’s exceptional fitness for his task.
. . . It was expected to be good; it is even better than was expected.”— The Nation.
Uniform with “ Taft's Sculpture,” in a box, $5.00 net.
Mr. B. L. Putnam-Weale's The Re-Shaping
The Re-Shaping of the Far East
By the author of "Manchu and Muscovite"
Illustrated from fine photographs. Two volumes, $6.00 net.
“A remarkably searching, analytical, clear, and comprehensive presentation of what is on the
surface, and beneath it as well, an intricately complicated and perplexing situation. .
Withal, there has been nothing printed so far that so minutely dissects and so lucidly demon-
strates the complex organism of Oriental diplomacy.”- The New York Tribune.
JUST READY
Mr. Winston Spencer Churchill's Life of Lord Randolph Churchill
“There is every dish in it that can whet the palate, all the things that everyone wants to know
and only a very few can find out; the real views that lie behind the plausibilities of the plat-
form, the private relations that lie behind public politeness, all the secret springs of which the
world sees only the resulting acts. And yet it is no book of the backstairs. The revelations
are of things of real interest, and are given in letters from the actors themselves, published
with their consent.”- Times's Literary Supplement (London).
In two Svo volumes, $9.00 net.
Dr. Henry Charles Lea's A History of the Inquisition of Spain
By the author of the “ History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages.” In four volumes, 8vo,
to be issued at intervals of about six months.
The price of Volume I., ready January 25, is $2.50 net.
The standing of Dr. Lea’s “ History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages,” which has been
translated into both French and German, gives assurance that this work will take a permanent
position as an authoritative and dispassionate account of an institution which possesses
perennial interest, whose history extended over nearly five hundred years disastrous to the
glory and prosperity of Spain.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 64-66 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK


THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER
BY THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
PAGE
.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th THE LIBRARY IN THE SCHOOL.
of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $3. a year in advance.
postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico;
The effort to bring public libraries into coöp-
in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a
year for extra postage must be added. REMITTANCES should erative relations with public schools, which had
be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE its tentative beginnings about a quarter of a cen-
DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions
will begin with the current number. When no direct request
tury ago, has since that time steadily progressed
to discontinue at expiration of subscription is received, it is until the work of the teacher has gained numer-
assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired.
ous points of contact with the work of the libra-
ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communi-
rian, and both schools and libraries have been
cations should be addressed to
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. benefited by the work. In many places, teachers
are given special facilities for obtaining the books
they need in their classrooms, and pupils are en-
couraged to become card holders at the libraries.
No. 471. FEBRUARY 1, 1906. Vol. XL. Sometimes delivery stations are established in
the schools themselves; while in the libraries,
CONTENTS.
special rooms are invitingly fitted up for the use
of children, and special attendants provided to
THE LIBRARY IN THE SCHOOL .
73 meet their peculiar needs.
FIELD LIBRARIES. Melvil Dewey
75
This is the briefest kind of summary of an
extension of library activity that has accom-
COMMUNICATIONS
78
Some Bibliographic Needs and · Possibilities.
plished many good results, and may be expected
Eugene Fairfield McPike.
to accomplish many more. But no amount of
Mr. Swinburne as “a Love Poet." Francis effort of this description can absolve the school
Howard Williams.
from the duty of having a library of its own,
A BIOGRAPHY OF CARLYLE'S BIOGRAPHER. and of enlisting library intelligence to put the
Percy F. Bicknell
80 books to their
proper use.
Now schools do not,
SOME CURRENT RAILWAY-RATE DISCUSSION.
as a rule, perform their duty in this respect, and
H. Parker Willis .
82 their failure to perform it constitutes one of the
most obvious present defects in their manage-
A DEFINITIVE GOETHE BIOGRAPHY. Lewis A.
Rhoades
85 ment. It is the purpose of the present article
to indicate in rough outline what the schools
REASON IN RELIGION AND IN ART. A. K.
Rogers
ought to do, and what the friends of public
education ought to insist upon until the needed
TWO RECENT BOOKS ON SHAKESPEARE.
reforms are secured. What we shall
Charles H. A. Wager
will
say
89
apply mainly to schools of higher grade, because
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
elementary schools cannot do very much in this
The negro influence in our history. – A poet's
direction.
first book of prose. - Washington as explorer and
They can encourage a taste for read-
expansionist. - Dr. Osler in pithy paragraphs.
ing good books of the juvenile class, and can see
Romantic episodes in the history of Illinois. – that such are made obtainable ; they can also
Milton and his contemporaries. — Records of a give children some elementary instruction in the
photographer-naturalist. -- English men and meas use of books for study. For these purposes a
ures from 1876 to 1885.-A contribution to the Gar-
few works of reference and a carefully-chosen
rison anniversary.—Comments on things and places,
books and men. — A lively study of “La Grande circulating library should suffice. But when
Mademoiselle.”
the high-school years are reached, a far more
BRIEFER MENTION
96 thorough-going plan should be adopted. A
general idea of what that plan should be, and
NOTES
97
some notion of its points of application to the
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
98
ordinary high-school course of study, will be
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
99 | given in the present discussion.
.
.
.


74
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
A concrete example will serve to indicate our of the difficulty to be attacked, because their
point of view. We have just now in mind one need of such rescue was the most urgent. To
of the largest and newest high schools in one of teach physics and chemistry from books alone,
our largest cities. It is a school occupying half or with the aid of a few demonstrations by the
of a city block, and costing upwards of a quar- instructor, was a farcical proceeding, and it is an
ter of a million dollars. It is a school providing undoubted gain to have substituted therefor a
an extensive variety of courses in mathematics, more rational method. But that difficulty has
natural science, ancient and modern languages, been coped with, and now hardly exists. The
history and literature, besides the courses in those urgent problem of the present is to provide the
so-called “ commercial ” subjects with which so means for teaching history and literature by the
many
of our schools have been equipped of late direct use of their materials ; that is, to substi-
years by way of a concession to the demand for tute the easy use of many books for the hard
what is hastily assumed to be a “practical’ memorizing of one. Our schools are only just
form of education. Now a full third of the beginning to grapple with this problem, and its
space of the school — practically one whole floor
practically one whole floor solution will not be reached until the same meas-
out of the three
is set apart for the labora ure of facilities is afforded in this group of
tories in which are taught the courses in physi- studies as it has long been taken for granted must
ography, biology, physics, and chemistry. One be afforded in the scientific groups. In other
small room constitutes the library, a room that words, the teaching of history and literature
will accommodate about thirty students at a must be carried on in a well-equipped library,
time, and will hold barely twenty-five hundred with constant use of the authorities, with the
volumes ! Nor does this school offer a very ex setting of tasks that cannot be performed with-
ceptional case. Many other high schools of its out the student's own correlation of many printed
kind are in existence, or are now being built sources of information, and with the kind of in-
upon the same lopsided plan, and it is time to telligent guidance that can alone be given by
make an energetic protest in behalf of the the instructor who is himself familiar with the
cultural subjects and the proper provision for methods and materials of historical and literary
their pursuit.
investigations.
School authorities have become so used to this To bring about this desired result a school
state of things that they do not stop to think how must have a library in which at least one-half
absurd it is. Roughly speaking, we may say
of the class-work in history and literature may
that the work of a typical high school falls into be done. The library must be large enough to
five classes, approximately equal in the amount accommodate all the classes that need to use it,
of attention they receive. One of these five which means that the space it occupies should
classes is the natural science group, another is be approximately equal to the space now occu-
the foreign language group, another is the his- pied by the combined laboratories. It must be
tory group, and another is the English language provided with many books, and often with many
and literature group. The fifth group is a mis-
is a mis- copies of the same book, which is quite as neces-
cellaneous assemblage to which everything else sary a thing to do as to provide many microscopes
may be relegated. Now the all-important thing for students of biology and many balances for
to be noted is that the library must be the labora- students of chemistry. And it must have a gen-
tory of two entire
groups besides parts of others, erous appropriation for its maintainance, which
or of fully one-half of the entire work done by means that the total sum annually available for
students of the school. Yet in the typical case school supplies ought to be apportioned about
we have outlined, the natural science group alone equally between library and laboratories. It is
has something like twenty times the laboratory a matter of the barest justice that as much
space assigned in the library room) to the far money should be spent upon books as upon
larger group
of the studies which are best called biological supplies and chemical glassware and
humanities. The disproportion between bread reagents. We believe that the most important
and sack in Falstaff's tavern score is the only thing now to be done for the improvement of our
parallel worthy of the occasion.
secondary education is to develop the human-
We would not be taken as grudging in any istic studies upon the lines here suggested, and
way the most liberal provision of appliances for to make of the library the chief centre of the
the teaching of science. In the endeavor to
In the endeavor to school's activity.
rescue education from the
grasp
of text-book rou A school can do nothing more valuable than
tine, scientific studies presented the first phase thus to accustom its students to the intelligent


1906.]
75
THE DIAL
.
and money
handling of books. The watchword of the last
FIELD LIBRARIES.
generation was an appeal to get away from
books and into direct contact with things. This
Every civilized nation has learned that education
pays on the material side as well as on the higher
was justifiable in so far as it meant the getting
plane. No wise statesman dares neglect it. Our free
away from text-books, and into contact with
schools reach the remotest hamlet. Indeed, distri-
the real materials of knowledge, and the ap bution of schools has been overdone, and like other
peal has been fully vindicated in the case of states New York finds that many of its 11,000
the scientific subjects.
Now in the case of school districts could wisely be consolidated ; for it
history and literature, it must be remembered, would often be cheaper to transport the children
the books themselves are the things
not the from two or more of the weakest districts to a better
student's own text-book, which may here be
school, than to attempt to support so many different
as much of an obstacle or a nuisance as it was in
buildings and teachers. Whatever the method, no
the other case, but the books that are used for
intelligent man denies that every home must be
reached with educational facilities.
investigation, for comparison, for criticism, and
This education is for the young, in school, and
for the training of judgment and logical faculty. for a limited course. It is of priceless importance,
There is no respect in which work done with and well worth the many millions paid for it yearly.
books in this sense may not prove as effective But there is another means of education quite as
for the ultimate purposes of education as work important, not for the young alone but for all, to be
done with the microscope and the balance. We had at home instead of in school, and lasting not
regard this as an understatement of the truth, for a short course but through life. For this the
and would not hesitate to make a much larger
term “home education” has wisely been chosen to
claim.
differentiate it from school education, which is
obtained not at home but in regular teaching insti-
Furthermore, when we consider how much the
tutions. The problems of home education are com-
education that is continued after schooltime is paratively new. There is great lack both of men
over depends upon the right use of books, we
for its work. We must choose from many
can hardly be too emphatic in asserting that possible plans those that will give the best practical
something of that use should be learned in the results from limited resources. In a comprehensive
school. Yet almost nothing of the sort really is
view of home education we find five distinct factors :
learned. The average student in a high school
libraries, museums, clubs, extension teaching, and
does not know the difference between a table of
tests and credentials. Of these any competent stu-
contents and an index, does not know what a con-
dent is sure to find libraries easily the most important,
cordance is, does not know how to find what he
efficient, and economical, and the natural centre for
the other four agencies. The growing recognition
wants in an encyclopædia, does not even know
of this fact is shown by more than a hundred new
that a dictionary has many other uses besides that
laws concerning libraries passed in America, and
of supplying definitions. Still more pitiful is 402 gifts, made from private resources, aggregating
his nužve assumption that a book is a book, and $16,000,000, in a single recent year. There has
that what book it is does not particularly mat been nothing in educational history equal to this
ter. It is the commonest of all experiences to modern library movement. It has the most support
hear a student say that he has got a given state-
and the least opposition, the most liberal grants by
ment from a book, and to find him quite inca taxpayers, the most generous gifts from phi nthro-
pable of naming the book. That the source
pists. We are astounded to find how much has been
done for this side of education, but more astounded
of his information, as long as that information
is printed somewhere, should be of any conse-
when we study deeper to see how little of what is
needed has as yet been accomplished. We spend
quence, is quite surprising to him, and still more
fabulous sums each year and are proud of our sta-
the suggestion that it is also his duty to have tistics, but we reach only a small proportion of those
some sort of an opinion concerning the value who most need help. Any observer who looks below
and credibility of the authority he thus blindly the surface finds many houses in both city and coun-
quotes. If the school library, and the instruction try where no good books are bought or read. Some
given in connection with it, should do no more people read nothing; some only newspapers, and
than impress these two elementary principles
these often the poorest rather than the best; some
upon the minds of the whole student body, it
read magazines, good, poor, or indifferent; but the
number of book readers is pathetically small. There
would go far towards accounting for itself as an
are some whole villages where not half a dozen of
educational means. That it may, and should, do
the best books find their way. There are colleges
much more than this is the proposition that we where the amount of the best reading outside the
have sought to maintain, and we do not see how prescribed text-books is startlingly restricted. Stu-
its essential reasonableness may be gainsaid. dents are too busy with required studies and other


76
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
duties, and as a result are graduated and sent out move on from point to point till they are actually
to swell the army of non-readers, though the reading worn out in service, giving larger returns for each
habit would have been worth to them more than all dollar invested than has ever been found possible
the learning of their college text-books.
in any other field. This method, one of the most
We have learned that in education as in farming valuable in modern librarianship, does the greatest
new soil gives the largest crops. A given amount good at moderate cost.
of effort does double good when spent on the young It is easy to devise ways of doing good, but most
rather than on adults. Profiting by this knowledge, of them cost too much to be practicable. It is easy
we give more attention than ever before to the to devise inexpensive plans, but most of them are
needs of children. Special rooms, and librarians not effective. To secure efficiency at low cost is
naturally fitted and trained for assisting children, the great problem in all educational, religious, or
are being added to the best libraries. Home libra- philanthropic work. You may compel your horse
ries reaching little groups with books and a friend” to go to the water, but he will drink only if he
are sowing good seed, but there is not more than one wishes it. The best library, either permanent or
where a thousand are needed. The wise farmer who travelling, is of little use to the man who will not
has more land than he can work properly looks read. It is well worth all it costs to supply books
over his territory and selects for first attention that to those who are hungry for them, but we must not
which promises best returns. As we look over the neglect the underlying problem of creating the appe-
library field ripe for the harvest on every side, we tite. Our system is not a complete success until it
find the greatest need at present in the rural sec reaches most of the people for whom it was planned.
tions. A little over half of our people live in the The inexorable law of circulation, which applies to
country. They have a larger margin of leisure, a community as much as to the blood, has taught us
fewer distractions, and fewer opportunities to get that we cannot safely ignore the submerged tenth.
the best reading. They read more slowly and care Five Points filth may beget Fifth Avenue fever.
fully, and get more good from books than their high- Their folly may cause our funeral. If there is a
pressure city cousins, whose crowded lives leave little
cancer in the foot the poison will circulate to the
time for intellectual digestion. These facts are un heart and brain. A town is not safe because it has
questioned, and one would think that philanthropists sewer mains through every street if the residents
wishing to do the greatest good with a given sum of fail to connect their houses with them. Schoolhonses
money would look to the country, rather than to the and teachers do not educate if the children stay
town where large numbers in a small territory make away. Boards of health may compel reckless citi-
it easy to support public libraries. One might fairly zens to connect their houses with the sewer system,
expect that more than half the gifts for books and truant officers may enforce compulsory education
libraries would go to that half of the people who by laws, but statutes cannot help us in our equally press-
common consent have most leisure for reading and ing need of inducing people to read the best books.
fewest opportunities to get books; but instead of hav As in war and manufacturing, it is the man behind
ing their pro rata share, which would have been the machine or method that determines its efficiency.
about 52 per cent., an analysis of the 402 gifts of a Much good is done by making books readily avail-
recent year aggregating $16,000,000 shows less able. The taste of readers improves by reading
than one per cent. devoted to this rural reading. even without guidance, but the best results demand
The explanation is doubtless that attention has never that behind the library's books there shall be an
been properly called to the facts, and that the solu earnest human soul, whose chief concern is to make
tion is not obvious. A rich man who wishes to im other lives better and more useful, through the influ-
prove the reading of his fellows can build a library ence best exerted by good reading. The visitor in
or stock it with books in a city, but he hardly knows our little home libraries who meets once a week with
how to reach rural homes even if he understands the children, to give needed help; the reference libra-
their pressing needs.
rian, now so prominent a factor in the best libraries;
As a partial solution of the problem, we started and the children's librarian, one of the best of the
our New York State system of travelling books, new special workers, these are all practical recog-
pictures, and collections, in 1892. Remarkable re nitions of the fact that no magnificence of buildings,
sults have been secured, and the system, still growing wealth of resourses and endowments, excellence of
rapidly, has been gradually but generally accepted catalogues and indexes, or liberality of hours and
as a permanent factor in education. A community rules, can ever take the place of the trained expert
which is too small, or which thinks itself too small, who is at heart the reader's sympathetic friend.
to own and support a public library may thus feel Such a helper may change the whole course of a life
free to accept, for a small fee for transportation, by giving the experimental reader confidence and
a hundred of the choicest books for six months. stimulating interest at the first short interview. The
Novelty has then worn off. A library, like a res man or boy who has been spending his evenings
ervoir, becomes stagnant, and the interest of readers lounging about the country store or saloon and
can be maintained only by adding new books at doubtfully tries the experiment of going to the
frequent intervals, or by changing the entire libra library instead, should be handled with as much -
ries in the travelling system. Thus the same books skill as the trout that approaches the bait, for he is


1906.]
77
THE DIAL
as easily frightened away. He needs a sympathetic leading promising readers steadily on to higher and
helping hand across the stepping-stones of an un better things. If on any trip he did not have in
tried stream. The range of books is vast. The new his wagon just the book wanted, he could record the
reader needs not only books, but a friend. A coun need and bring the book next time from the central
try boy, who has never seen the city, dropped at library from which his routes would radiate. He
night in the Grand Central station of New York may would invite his readers to visit the central library
have skill and self-reliance enough to find his way whenever they went to town and to feel free to ask
safely, but he is infinitely better off if a friend meets for help in person or by letter.
him. In our best large libraries the reference and All would know that there was no commercial
children's librarians perform these functions, for the interest behind the work, and would feel confidence
constituency is large enough to justify the expense. in asking guidance when they wished to buy books
How are we to give at practical cost similar help to
of their own.
A book owned is much better than a
these scattered readers in rural homes who need it book loaned. If the travelling librarian can in-
even more? Obviously no one small community duce his readers to apply their money to buying
can afford to pay for the whole time of a competent good books he will have done an educational work
guide to books and reading.
of incalculable value. To assist in this, endowments
The itinerant principle offers a solution. The or gifts should pay necessary expenses of adminis-
travelling book must be supplemented by the trav tration, so that
any
reader
may have brought to him
elling librarian, who can give a day or two each at wholesale cost any book among those it is espe-
week or month to the locality too small to afford his cially desirable to distribute. It is pathetic to see
entire time. The economic principle is sound. Hun- | how books manufactured simply to sell are scattered
dreds of thousands of commercial travellers prove through rural homes. People impressed with the
that business men find the itinerant principle the value of good reading give their hard-earned money
cheapest and best way to get their wares into com to clever agents who charge them high prices for
munities too small to support a permanent store or books which ought to go to the paper-mill and not
agent. The missionary who has seven stations to on the book shelf.
The best way to cure this evil
each of which he gives one day a week, the judge is not by declaiming against it, but by giving people
who moves from point to point to hold his court, the the best books at cost instead of these
poor
books at
orchestra or company who give only one or more high prices. The distribution of trash will stop as
entertainments in places too small to support a per soon as it is unprofitable, for it is done only from
manent organization, illustrate the universal appli- pecuniary motives.
cation of the principle which we must adopt in order No one who fully appreciates the great influence
to get best results at least cost.
of books and reading can doubt that the money
The commercial traveller does his best work only required to equip such a book wagon and to pay
when he can carry his samples with him. People the salary of such a travelling librarian would
need object lessons. The travelling librarian must yield very large educational dividends. The wagon,
have with him a considerable collection of books horses, and harness would cost about $1000, and
for his house-to-house and individual work. He can the thousand suitable volumes would cost as much
do much good by gathering those interested in more. If as
many
books were in the hands of readers
schoolhouses or churches for an evening talk, stimu as in the wagon, so that while changing the books
lating interest and good resolutions and giving help from house to house the wagon continued substan-
ful suggestions; but when he sits down with the tially full, the stock would be perhaps two thousand
family or an individual to talk about personal read volumes. This investment would mean about $3000,
ing he must have open before him some of the books besides the salary and travelling expenses. This
for which he is trying to create an appetite. As latter item would be small, for farmhouses would
these are too heavy to carry about by hand, we must compete with each other for the privilege of keep-
have a book wagon with horses or motor, holding ing the wagon over night and having extra op-
perhaps a thousand volumes carefully selected for portunity to examine its resources. A man worth
this peculiar work. With this equipment the man $3000 a year could use his time to good advantage
or woman with a genius for the work has a rare in this way. There are men of real ability so deeply
opportunity for usefulness. If it suggests the re interested in the work that they would do it for much
ligious colporteur distributing books and tracts, we less if necessary. Age, experience, and other elements
must remember that only religious and educational would determine the necessary salary, but it would be
work has ever moved deeply the human heart to perhaps a moderate estimate to allow $3000 for the
missionary effort, and the work of which we are equipment of the wagon and $2000 a year for salary
talking belongs clearly to this class. The book
and expenses. When I first proposed this new work
wagon would have its regular route, repeating its some five years ago the term “field libraries”
visit at intervals of perhaps two or more weeks. seemed well suited to designate the idea. Admirable
This book missionary would come to know his opportunities, with cooperation and needed super-
constituency as a pastor knows his people. He vision, await the first gifts for launching this very
· would learn natural abilities and tastes, and would practical enlargement of the itinerant principle.
become skilful in developing latent interests and
MELVIL DEWEY.


78
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
COMMUNICATIONS.
SOME BIBLIOGRAPHIC NEEDS AND
POSSIBILITIES.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
When Lawyer Pleydell compared Dominie Samp-
son's mind to a pawnbroker's shop stowed with all
kinds of goods, which, however, were piled in utter
confusion, he supplied a simile that is not altogether
inapplicable to the world's store of knowledge at the
present day. There is this distinction, however, that
the latter case is not hopeless, for an effective remedy
lies close at hand. During past centuries, various at-
tempts have been made, more or less successfully, to
classify all literature under specific as well as general
heads. It may well be asked if the science of bibli-
ography did not exist, at least in crude form, long be-
fore the invention of the printing press, for we are told
that the clay tablets recently discovered in the library
of the palace of Assur-bani-pal, at Nineveh, were duly
arranged in accordance with the subjects to which they
related.
Bibliographers of the past, like pioneers, have assisted
in the advance of civilization, but of the modern bibli-
ographer and skilful prospector increased demands are
made, for it suffices not that they should submit merely
a skeleton outline of things examined. Many pertinent
notes must accompany their respective reports, because
upon their accuracy and comprehensiveness rests the
subsequent investment of valuable time and precious
energies. Even Prescott's “Conquest of Mexico,” not-
withstanding the original researches made by its accom-
plished author, would possess much less charm except
for the labors of his predecessors in the same field.
The bibliographer, however, is likely also to be a
bibliophile, and the loves of the latter may sometimes
conflict with the most useful work of the former. The
American point of view, being essentially practical, in-
sists that he was right who said: “The only useful
knowledge is the knowledge that is of use.” Logically,
therefore, the most useful knowledge is the knowledge
that is of most use. The Library of Congress, in its
bibliographic and other departments, obviously takes
this view of the matter, and endeavors to supply the
people's wants and to anticipate their needs. Consider,
for example, the timeliness of one of its recent issues,
a “ List of References on Primary Elections.” Here is
a good illustration of what can be accomplished, bibli-
ographically, by a watchful observation of the trend of
public affairs.
The State Library School at Albany, and some other
similar institutions, make the presentation of an original
bibliography compulsory as a condition of graduation.
Some of these compilations find their way into print, and
others are preserved in manuscript form. The com-
pilation of special bibliographies of subjects of vital and
current interest or permanent usefulness, seems really
to constitute one of the most important phases of the
work yet to be performed. There is now an uncounted
number of such monographs in print, and the list is being
augmented daily. To centralize this work, to establish
a kind of bibliographic clearing-house, in America, is
the step, a very essential one, that is most naturally
next in order. How soon this step can be taken depends
wholly upon the generosity of intelligent, representative
citizens having the requisite means.
It is problematical how much longer the Smithsonian
Institution can consent to act as a regional bureau, in the
collection and preparation of material for the “ Inter-
national Catalogue of Scientific Literature ” published
by the Royal Society of London, for the International
Council. The time will come, and that, perhaps, quickly,
when it will be absolutely necessary to establish an
American bureau of bibliography upon which will at
once devolve many important tasks. Among needed
undertakings that have been suggested are an interna-
tional catalogue of technological literature, which would
prove of great interest and use in the United States,
and a new bibliography of bibliographies. The latter,
one of the projects informally considered by the Bibli-
ographical Society of America as stated in a very
interesting note by President Lane, should prove to be
the crowning work of bibliography, a veritable index to
indexes, a kind of starting point for all serious investi-
gations thenceforth. The general summing up of
knowledge and the saving of time that such an index
would insure, are elements too important to escape the
attention of thinking people.
In 1904, there appeared from the George Washington
University of Washington, D. C., an announcement by
President Needham of the proposed establishment of a
department of bibliography and library science, as soon
as negotiations could be completed having in view an
endowment of two hundred thousand dollars, with
which to start the work. This evident appreciation of
the value of bibliographic research in the United States
will not pass unheeded. The large libraries of many
American cities offer a wonderful field for study, but
what can compete with the facilities that are so accessi-
ble at our national capital? Students residing in the
city of Washington would have advantages not else-
where obtainable. The George Washington University
has by its proposition given a typical example of the
spirit of modern American university management.
Conformable to that spirit, one may safely expect pro-
ductive work, consisting of many invaluable contribu-
tions to bibliography, to issue from the collective labors
of the department when inaugurated. There is no
question about the potential energy of a great body of
enthusiastic students, and of their positive power under
guidance. They will quickly seize the opportunity thus
afforded for the performance of useful work, in the
natural course of study, and the ultimate results will
undoubtedly be far beyond present estimation. Whether
or not other educational institutions will add biblio-
graphic research to their curriculum remains to be seen.
The field, which is extremely comprehensive, might
very wisely be approached inter-collegiately. It cannot
be thus approached too soon. The existence of a cen-
tral bureau of bibliography would facilitate inter-
communication between investigators and the exchange
of data relating to monographs wanted or in prepara-
tion; all which would redound to the advancement of
knowledge and good citizenship.
The subject of coöperative cataloguing has proved to
be of widespread interest, in evidence of which fact
one needs only consult the pamphlet, issued by the
Library of Congress, entitled “Bibliography of Co-
operative Cataloguing,” by Messrs. Torstein Jahr and
Adam Julius Strohm. An examination of this valuable
collection, comprising 366 titles, is a necessary prelude
to any serious study of the problem, which, as intimated
above, is not without a solution. The difficulty is not so
much to find a solution that will answer requirements
fairly well, as to extract the best from all the plans


1906.]
79
THE DIAL
severally suggested, and finally to put the whole scheme when did Wordsworth ever write a love poem ? Pro-
into operation. Unrestricted coöperative cataloguing fessor Pancoast speaks of his doing so “at rare mo-
and universal or international bibliography are subjects ments." Will he not tell us when these moments were ?
that must necessarily be very closely related. It ap The reference to Browning strikes me as unfortunate
pears to the writer that among the chief works, perhaps because Professor Pancoast cites him as one who writes
the chief work, to be undertaken by a central bureau of of love as a “ high-minded gentleman,” and not (like
bibliography, would be the compilation of a new bibli Mr. Swinburne) as “a delirious pagan.” Surely if a
ography of bibliographies, as mentioned above. To breaking down of conventions is to be taken into the
avoid frequent revision, it should be supplemented count, Browning can give Mr. Swinburne aces and
periodically by notices of additional bibliographies pub- spades, for he not only makes love the supreme law of
lished subsequently or which may have been overlooked life, but brands as sin the usually accepted ethical rules
in previous collections. This problem, from an English established for its control (vide “ The Statue and the
standpoint, seems very nearly to have been solved by Bust”).
Courtney's “Register of National Bibliography,” re It is hardly fair to confuse the sex motive, avowedly
cently published.
at the basis of the work of both Browning and Mr.
Bibliographies need not be, and ought not to be, con Swinburne, with that lofty intellectual passion which
fined to works in the compiler's mother-tongue. At characterizes the poetry of some of the other writers
least a fair working knowledge of other modern lan whom Professor Pancoast names. Neither does it seem
guages is possessed by many who consult such works, quite fair to refer to some of the most exquisite pieces
and it may be observed in passing that the acquisition of metrical idealism in the language as “80-called love
of an ability to comprehend printed German, French, poems.”
FRANCIS HOWARD WILLIAMS.
Latin, Spanish, or Italian, offers no insurmountable
obstacles to the American student, if he is blessed with
Philadelphia, January 18, 1906.
any leisure moments to devote to such fascinating
study.
In the February number of “ The Printing Art” Mr.
Pure science is naturally one of the most attractive
Lindsay Swift has some well-considered remarks on the
fields of bibliographic research; while science, in its
“Atrocities of Color Supplements” (as issued by our Sun-
broadest meaning, well-nigh covers the entire realm of
day newspapers) which deserve a much wider and more
knowledge, including history. There is much that can
general audience than the constituency of the excellent
be done in the collection of authorities on the local his-
periodical in which they appear. Mr. Swift's arraign-
tory of American states, territories, counties, cities, and
ment of this distinctively American nuisance is based on
towns. These subjects of growing importance and
both ethical and artistic grounds. We should like to
interest merit the close attention of individual inves-
quote the entire article, but can find room only for a
tigators, of whose monographs, deposited in local
small portion. “It is impossible to describe the vul-
libraries, facsimiles should be transmitted the Library garity and insanity of their drawing and coloring; and it
of Congress for the benefit of a wider circle of students.
cannot be that the editors, who must be men of some
These facsimiles might consist of ordinary (typewritten) ability, however devoid of scruples, approve of their
carbon copies, though the “ black print,” or “vandyke,
own mischievous work. Even the newest of the rich dis-
process furnishes a means of duplicating original manu-
play some personal taste in their belongings and adorn-
scripts very cheaply and acceptably. The publication
ments, and even editors may have artistic consciences.
of a bulletin by the Library of Congress (proposed in
Their answer to criticism against their methods inva-
the “ Library Journal,” 30: 858) to report special bib-
riably is: The public will and therefore must have what
liographies needed or in preparation, would bring inves-
it wants. I am not so sure about that. The public
tigators in touch with each other. It would do more,
visits beautiful museums and libraries and seems to enjoy
for such a bulletin would form a practical basis for
them; it goes to churches where good music may be
coöperation.
EUGENE FAIRFIELD McPIKE, heard; it will support a decent play and condemn a
Chicago, January 20, 1906.
nasty one. But it can be debauched and can have its
dawning sensibilities for art or anything else that is
worth while blighted; and there is no debauchery or
MR. SWINBURNE AS “A LOVE POET."
blight, outside the domain of obvious immorality, more
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
deadening to the public than this continually thrusting
The communication of Professor Pancoast, published everything that is sordid, vulgar, and belittling before
in THE DIAL of January 16, commands the respect of its uncultured but curious eyes. It would not be
all who know how eminently he is qualified to discuss so bad if these wretched perversions of so innocent and
a question of comparative poetics, and it is to be hoped helpful a relish to life as the comic reached only persons
that the points which he raises against Mr. Swinburne's of mature life. Even readers whose time is so valueless
matter, as opposed to his manner, may be met temper that they can afford to waste more than a glance at a
ately and without recrimination, as he suggests. Sunday paper must realize how worthless pictures of
Meanwhile, it seems to me that Professor Pancoast's this sort really are. It is the children who suffer, for
argument is weakened by reference to Emerson, Words they absorb unconsciously the unsavory quality of such
worth, and Browning. Mr. Swinburne is essentially and efforts to amuse, and are thus the involuntary victims
avowedly “a love poet,” and it is because of his supreme of voluntary and responsible corruptionists. At a time
mastery of verbal melody that he excels all others in the when this country is seriously trying to implant a knowl-
vivid and compact expression of erotic emotion. Now, edge of and stimulate a taste for better things, artistic
while I have profound reverence for the names of both and ästhetic, through exhibitions in museums, libraries,
Emerson and Wordsworth, I should like to remark that and even in Sunday schools, it is not a little disheart-
if there could be anything funnier than Emerson's essay ening to realize that every step in this direction gets a
on love it would be an erotic poem by Wordsworth. But weekly setback through these colored atrocities."


80
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
DIAL
one
The New Books.
twenty years of labor on his History, his visit
to this country and his lectures here on Ireland,
his South African experiences, and his Oxford
A BIOGRAPHY OF CARLYLE'S
professorship, to which he was appointed as
BIOGRAPHER.*
Freeman's successor.
“ Il n'y a rien qui s'arrange aussi facilement Turning back now to the first chapter, we
que les faits,” says Talleyrand, and, curiously find the author acknowledging himself, both as
enough, the remark is quoted with approval by writer and as reader, no friend to genealogical
Froude. Whether it is also a favorite quota- details. So far so good ; but his contention that
tion of his biographer, Mr. Herbert Paul, is a “ few indeed are the families which contain more
matter of conjecture. Without asserting that than one remarkable figure” might easily be
his Life of Froude exemplifies the facility of met by a very respectable array of refutatory
arranging facts to the best advantage, it is cer-
instances. Blood will tell, to some extent. low-
tainly true that the book is highly eulogistic; ever, Froude’s ancestry needs no apologies,
but what good biography is not ? If the biogra- although one may gladly enough begin with the
pher is not in hearty sympathy with his subject, subject proper of the book. Besides losing his
what zest can the reader bring to the perusal of mother (Margaret Spedding) in early childhood,
his book ? And surely Froude has been bit- and having an unsympathetic father in the Arch-
terly enough and often enough assailed as a deacon of Totnes, little Anthony was subjected
wilful perverter of facts to deserve a handsome to a peculiar discipline at the hands of his older
presentation of the case by counsel for the de- brother Hurrell, whom nevertheless he wor-
fence. As a Lincoln's Inn barrister and a lit- shipped as “a born leader of men.” The fol-
térateur of proved ability, Mr. Paul appears to lowing passage has a certain significance :
be exactly the man for the task to which he has Conceiving that the child wanted spirit, Hurrell once
put his hand. It is true, he claims to have had took him up by the heels, and stirred with his head the
mud at the bottom of a stream. Another time he threw
no personal acquaintance with the historian;
him into deep water out of a boat to make him manly.
near the end of his book he describes his 66
But he was not satisfied by inspiring physical terror.
and only experience of Froude and his ways," Invoking the aid of the præternatural, he taught his
which was confined to the overhearing of an
brother that the hollow behind the house was haunted
after-dinner talk ; but he may be all the more
by a monstrous and malevolent phantom, to which, in the
plentitude of his imagination, he gave the name of Pen-
trustworthy in his account of the man for not
ingre. Gradually the child discovered that Peningre
having experienced more intimately the charm
was an illusion, and began to suspect that other ideas of
that so many of Froude's friends found in the Hurrell's might be illusions too. Superstition is the
historian's personality.
parent of scepticism from the cradle to the grave. At
Three of the eleven chapters into which the
the same time his own faculty of invention was rather
stimulated than repressed. He was encouraged in tell-
author divides his book are especially note-
ing, as children will, imaginative stories of things which
worthy. In his first he presents a picture of the never occurred.”
motherless boy's harsh upbringing that will be
The ill usage and want of sympathy experi-
new to most readers. In his fifth he gives a de-
tailed and amusing account of Freeman's fren- also in the succeeding three years of home life,
enced by the boy as pupil at Westminster, and
zied assaults on his commendably unretaliatory until his entrance at Oxford, might well have
brother historian, which it is hard to read with had a permanent and blighting influence on
out taking sides against the aggressor and his his character.
“ ferocious pedantry,” as Matthew Arnold hap-
Unhappily, in spite of the head master's remon-
pily styled it. His eighth chapter deals with
strances, Froude's father, who had spent a great deal
the relations between Froude and Carlyle, and of money on his other sons' education, insisted on placing
reviews briefly, and without violating good taste, him in college, which was then far too rough for a
the alleged indiscretions of Carlyle's biographer. boy of his age and strength. On account of what he
Of course Froude is vigorously defended, and leigh, he took a very high place, and was put with boys
had read, rather than what he had learnt, at Buckfast-
even the most hostile reader cannot but be im- far older than himself. The fagging was excessively
pressed with the difficulties and embarrassments
The bullying was gross and unchecked. The
that beset the unfortunate literary executor.
sanitary accommodation was abominable. The language
Other chapters, perhaps equally interesting,
of the dormitory was indecent and profane. Froude,
describe Froude's student life at Oxford, his
whose health prevented him from the effective use of
nature's weapons, was woke by the hot points of cigars
* THE LIFE OF FROUDE. By Herbert Paul. With portraits.
burning holes in his face, made drunk by being forced
New York : Charles Scribner's Song.
to swallow brandy punch, and repeatedly thrashed. He
severe.


1906.]
81
THE DIAL
was also more than half starved, because the big fellows ing letter to Lady Salisbury will be illuminating:
had the pick of the joints at dinner, and left the small
fellows little besides the bone. Public schools had
“ If Lord Salisbury has not repented of his kind
not yet felt the influence of Arnold and of the reform-
promise to me, I shall in a few weeks be in a condition
ing spirit. Head masters considered domestic details
to avail myself of it, and I write to ask you whether
beneath them, and parents, if they felt any responsibility
about the beginning of next month I may be permitted
at all, persuaded themselves that boys were all the bet-
to examine the papers at Hatfield. I am unwilling to
ter for roughing it as a preparation for the discipline of
trouble Lord Salisbury more than necessary. I have
the world. The case of Froude, however, was a pecu-
therefore examined every other collection within my
liarly bad one. He was suffering from hernia, and the
reach first, that I might know clearly what I wanted.
treatment might well have killed him."
Obliged as I am to confine myself for the present to
the first ten years of Elizabeth's reign, there will not be
Mr. Paul's admiration of Froude as historian
much which I shall have to examine there, the great
is enthusiastic. "He was not a chronicler," he bulk of Lord Burleigh's papers for that time being in
admits, 66 but an artist, a moralist, and a man of
the Record Office — but if I can be allowed a few days'
genius.” And further, “A paste-pot, a pair of
work, I believe I can turn them to good account.”
scissors, the mechanical precision of a copying Furthermore, to those who allege that Froude
clerk, are all useful in their way; but they no
wrote without sufficient preliminary reading of
more make an historian than a cowl makes a authorities, Mr. Paul declares that he "
neg-
monk.” With a relish that it is difficult for the lected no source of information, and spared
reader not to share, the biographer points out himself no pains in pursuit of it. At the
some rather surprising errors in Freeman's ac Record Office, in the British Museum, at Hat-
rimonious criticism of the man whom he chose field, among the priceless archives preserved in
so bitterly to revile under the shelter of anon the Spanish village of Simancas, he toiled with
ymity. The style of his criticism is familiar unquenchable ardour and unrelenting assiduity.
to readers of the Review in which it appeared Nine-tenths of his authorities were in manu-
as the successive volumes of Froude's History script. They were in five languages. They
were published. Freeman's professing of no ill-filled nine hundred volumes. The hand-
will, “ only a strong sense of amusement in writing, too, was often well-nigh illegible. All
bowling down one thing after another," re of Froude's voluminous transcripts from the
ceives a curious comment in the marginal notes
Simancas papers he is said to have deposited in
to his copy of the work criticised. It may the British Museum, as a sort of public check
furnish amusement to quote a few of these from on his own fidelity in dealing with the sources
Mr. Paul's pages.
“ Beast!” is one entry, of his narrative.
66 Bah!” another. “May I live to embowel The chapter entitled “ Froude and Carlyle
James Anthony Froude !" is a third fervent reveals a decidedly tangled state of affairs as
interjection. “ Froude is certainly the vilest existing after Carlyle's death, in the matter of
brute that ever wrote a book,” is still another his piles of papers and his probable desire as
mode of expressing this “ strong sense of amuse to their ultimate disposition. Pathetic is poor
ment." Such revelations of temper hardly Froude’s plaint in a letter to Max Müller, in the
betoken the dispassionate calm of authoritative midst of all his troubles as literary executor.
criticism. The whole story of this paper warfare “ What have I done,” he asks, that I should
a warfare in which, except for Froude's late be in such a strait? But I am sixty-four years
appearing and admirably temperate rejoinder old, and I shall soon be beyond it all.” Unless
entitled “ A few words on Mr. Freeman,” the we hold the stern doctrine of James Mill, that
hostilities were almost all on one side -
only acts and not motives are proper subjects
to illustrate anew how weak is the cause that for judgment, it is impossible to refuse some
consents to employ the aid of sarcasm, innuendo, measure of condonation to a well-intentioned
superciliousness, or even the milder forms of offender. To know all is to pardon all, and
imperfect courtesy and half-candor that lie so when we once recognize in Froude the streak of
perilously ready to the hand of critic or editor. literary freakishness that was peculiar to his
The disingenuousness that may lurk even in the genius, it is scarcely in human nature to be
apparently innocent " we fear," or "we hope," or
severe with him
except that one must always
we trust,” of one who argues for victory more censure anything that looks like wilful perver-
than for truth, is a matter of daily illustration. sion of truth, or weak surrender to prejudice.
It has long been charged against Froude that The romancer gets the better of the historian
in writing his History he made but the most in his case ; he has, in short, the defects of his
cursory examination of valuable papers placed qualities, and without those defects he would not
at his disposal at Hatfield. Perhaps the follow- have charmed precisely as he did his thousands
serves


82
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
of readers, or produced a biography that, with
SOME CURRENT RAILWAY-RATE
all its faults, has a fascination approaching even
DISCUSSION.*
that of Boswell's masterpiece. Yet this must
The railroad-rate question is apparently faring
not be taken as a whitewashing of Froude, or as
distinctly better than did the monetary problem
excusing lenity on a biographer's part toward in one respect at least. This is that the atten-
notorious swervings from the straight line of
tion of careful investigators as well as of the
truth.
Attempting to refute a familiar charge against general public was attracted to the subject prior
to the time when it became an acute public
Carlyle, Mr. Paul writes : “ Nothing annoyed
issue. Enough had already been written, before
Carlyle more than to be told that he confounded
the problem of government control of railway-
might with right. He declared that, on the
rates became prominent in the public mind, to
contrary, he had never said, and would never
provide a body of material upon which investi-
say, a word for
power
which was not founded
gators could fall back, and to furnish, what was
on justice.” This is rather amusing. Of course
even more important, a fund of experience in
Carlyle was annoyed. What man of sense and the inquiry indicating the points at which fur-
humanity would consciously uphold the mon-
ther study and analysis was desirable. It has
strous doctrine that might makes right ? Nev-
thus been possible, when the necessity came, for
ertheless a predisposition to discover right trained investigators to continue the preparation
pretty uniformly on the side of might may be
of information as to railway rates for use by
so ingrained in a man’s nature that he cannot legislators and by the public. On the other
suspect its presence any more than he can look hand, it remains true that much of the study
into his own eyes. As Martineau long ago well
that has been devoted to the railroad problem,
expressed it, for Carlyle, “ as for so many gifted during the past few years, has either run along
and ungifted men, the force which will not be special lines or has been hidden in public docu-
stopped by any restraint on its way to great
ments and court decisions. A real service both
achievement, — the genius which claims to be
to the semi-technical world and to the general
its own law, and will confess nothing diviner
than itself, — have an irresistible fascination. public, therefore, is performed by those who are
His eye, overlooking the landscape of humanity, ready for assimilation.
prepared to gather up the results thus made
always runs up to the brilliant peaks of power :
Since President Hadley's book on American
not, indeed, without a glance of love and pity railroad transportation, fragmentary and incom-
into many a retreat of quiet goodness that lies
safe beneath their shelter ; but should the sud- plete as it was, which attracted so much atten-
tion some years ago, there has been relatively
den lightning, or the seasonal melting of the
little in the way of comprehensive study of this
world's ice-barriers, bring down a ruin on that
question. The appearance of a group of studies,
green and feeble life, his voice, after one faint
chief among which may be mentioned Professor
cry of pathos, joins in with the thunder and
Johnson's valuable book of a year or two ago,
shouts with the triumph of the avalanche. Ever
was the beginning of a series of volumes which
watching the strife of the great forces of the have now provided a body of literature for the
universe, he, no doubt, sides on the whole
enlightenment of that part of the reading public
against the Titans with the gods : but if the
which wishes to inform itself
upon
serious ques-
Titans make a happy fling, and send home a
tions of current import. Merely to give a list
mountain or two to the very beard of Zeus, he of the titles of the books that should be included
gets delighted with the game on any terms and
in the group here described would be a consid-
cries, Bravo!'"
erable task ; but the publication within a few
If lives of men of letters are, to many read weeks of one another of books as useful as
ers, too often but dreary reading, it is a com-
Professor Meyers's “ Government Regulation of
plaint that cannot be brought against Mr. Paul's Railway Rates,” Judge Noyes's " American
life of Froude. Whether it be that his sym Railroad Rates" and Mr. Haines's “ Restric-
pathy with his subject has imparted to him
tive Railway Legislation is itself notable.
something of Froude's own consummate art as
Here we have three volumes, one by an
a literary craftsman, certain it is that he has
academic student of the question, one by a
produced a very readable account of one whom
jurist and railway president, and one by a civil
Sir John Skelton enthusiastically described as
“the most interesting man I have ever known.”
Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
.
AMERICAN RAILROAD RATES. By Walter Chadwick Noyes.
RESTRICTIVE RAILWAY LEGISLATION. By Henry S. Haines.
New York: The Macmillan Co.


1906.]
83
THE DIAL
engineer and practical railroad manager. It is ness principles and are wholly indefensible and
interesting to note that in certain respects these vicious” are, according to Judge Noyes, four
volumes, while they do not cover the same in number: (1) prosperity, (2) the Elkins law,
ground, come to similar conclusions. Professor (3) railroad consolidation, and (4) a belated
Meyers's book, already very fully discussed else realization of the injurious effect of discrimina-
where, need not be further considered here. It tions. Evidently the author did not have in
stands in a somewhat different class from the mind the existence of the pass system, when
two companion volumes, both because of its these words were written, but referred only to
broader scope, the smaller practical experience freights. It may be observed that his opinions,
of its author, and his greater dogmatism. The as thus stated, are in substantial accord with
work of Judge Noyes and Mr. Haines represents those of the public officials in Washington who
the ideas of the sane and conservative railway are charged with the duty of enforcing the rail-
men of the country. As such, these two vol way legislation of the country. Continuing, he
umes are entitled to exceptionally close study traces the effect of competition and combination,
not only because they embody the result of actual and shows how far rates vary and how far they
experience, but because they evidently voice the are influenced by changes in equipment.
ideas of those who know how legislation would Mr. Haines naturally looks at the railroad
affect a great industry.
question from the standpoint of an engineer
Of the two books, the broader, as the title and business man rather than from that of a
denotes, is that of Mr. Haines, the more inten- lawyer or student. His chapters on railroad
sive and special is that of Judge Noyes. Both, finance and railroad construction are enlighten-
however, have their main centre of interest, at ing. He traces with some care the nature of
least at the present time, in the question of how the railroad charters that have been granted
far government control of railroad-rates can be and the character of the restrictions by which it
really successful.
has been sought to regulate and control the
Judge Noyes gives a lengthy and most care growth of the great railroad net of the United
ful study of the way in which rates grow up, of States. In this connection, it may be observed
their limitations, and of the questions relating to that two of the most important things connected
classification and changes in rates. He points with the growth of the railroad system have not
out clearly what conditions give rise to discrimi been the subjects of much if any restrictive regu-
nation, and analyzes the effect of the so-called lation or legislation. One of these two points is
“basing point” system and similar plans. Just the gauge of the roads, which, says Mr. Haines,
here, it is interesting to note Judge Noyes's was made uniform by the railways, at their own
general conclusion, with regard to discrimina- instance, and at very substantial cost, while the
tion, that the state of affairs existing in 1898, other is the matter of route. The author's
when the Interstate Commerce Commission re chapters on railroad operation and on railroad
ported that a large part of the railroad business traffic are less satisfactory than those already
was done upon illegal rates, has now come to referred to, yet they furnish a good and clear
an end. Personal discrimination, thinks Judge review of these topics. In reviewing the growth
Noyes, is now practically over. He admits the of a system of rate-making, Mr. Haines adopts
continued existence of discrimination between a historical method in part. In part, his treat-
localities, but believes that it is inevitable that ment is analytical ; but, like Judge Noyes, he
some such differential rates shall exist. They regards rates as the result of practical competi-
result from the application of the “principle of tion. The rate-maker, he says, does not origi-
value” in rate-making. The same service may nate or create rates.” In practice his rates are
have a different value when rendered to different determined, as to reasonableness, by what the
localities. When competition makes local dis traffic will bear, and, where competition exists,
criminations necessary, they are justified by the by rival bidding for the business. Discrimina-
value principle. As for discriminations between tion between places is regarded by Mr. Haines,
commodities, this is a problem of classification, and also by Judge Noyes, as to some extent a
and involves no hardship if what the author con necessary incident. At times, it may become
siders proper principles in rate-making are care unjust or unreasonable, — primarily when more
fully applied. The conditions that have brought is charged for the short haul than for the long one
about the present more satisfactory state of in the same direction. Regulation of rates is
affairs as to personal discriminations, which, first considered from a historical standpoint by
says the author, "are opposed to all good busi Mr. Haines. He has a general chapter on the


84
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
In case a
regulation of rates through pooling associations ; posed require the exercise of judicial functions
then one on the work of State railroad commis by the Interstate Commerce Commission and the
sions, and then a chapter on pending legislation exercise of non-judicial functions by the courts.
affecting interstate commerce. In Chapter XI. Judge Noyes's suggestion for legislation is the
is given a theoretical discussion of “State con establishment of a special interstate commerce
trol of corporatious engaged in a public service,” court which should ascertain whether or not a
and lastly a final treatment embodying some given rate is or is not unreasonable.
“ Conclusions.” The chapter in which Mr. given rate were found unreasonable, this fact
Haines parallels Judge Noyes's discussion to should be certified to the Interstate Commerce
some extent is that which deals with pending Commission, which should then, on the basis of
legislation.
the papers in the case and without further
As already noted, the main present interest hearing, make a maximum rate to take the
in both Mr. Haines’s and Judge Noyes's work place of the unreasonable rate. This new rate
is in what they have to say of the present efforts should remain in force for a specified time.
at State control of rates and their theoretical While Mr. Haines does not go into any such
bearing. In a careful constitutional discussion, complete analysis, or recommend any such de-
Judge Noyes, as it seems to us, demonstrates tailed plan as does Judge Noyes, there is noth-
the following ideas : The power of Congress and ing in his treatment that is not in accordance
of the State legislatures is limited by the com with the latter's views. He does not believe in
merce clause of the federal constitution and by any quasi-judicial commission, nor does he seem-
the fourteenth amendment. The making of ingly believe that anygeneral power for rate-mak-
rates by law is purely a legislative function. ing should be granted the Interstate Commerce
The legislature may act either directly or through Commission under existing conditions. Should
a commission or other administrative body. a rate-making power be accorded to it, however,
Three limitations, however, of special character “ it should be in fact a court of first instance,
apply in the case of Congress : (1) the division says Mr. Haines. It should act solely on com-
of the function of government into three depart- plaints. It should never prosecute of its own
ments, (2) the fifth amendment, and (3) the motion. It should be strictly impartial. In this
provision against port preferences. The division view of the case. Mr. Haines has evidently in
of functions indicates that there must be no mind somewhat the same thought as has Judge
confusion of legislative, executive, and judicial Noyes,— the creation of a real railroad court.
functions, resulting from any act that Congress He does not carry the idea further, and suggest
may pass. The fifth amendment provides that the delegation of the rate-making function to
no private property shall be taken, without due some commission as a separate and independent
process of law or without just compensation. administrative body charged with the revision
The provision against port preferences makes it of given rates. But it is evident that this is an
plain that no preference to the ports of any one idea which - granting the interference of gov-
State, resulting from the acts of Congress, will ernment in rate-making as unavoidable — would
be held constitutional. The ultimate real test be in harmony with the general tenor of his
of the constitutionality of a law-made rate is, thought. These ideas as to railroad rate con-
however, whether such rates are confiscatory. trol, therefore, with the reasoning which leads
As a result of his reasoning along these lines, thereto, and with the abundant supply of in-
and of his application of them to existing legis- formation upon allied topics which is provided
lation, Judge Noyes reaches the conclusion that in both books, are the chief contributions made
existing remedies for unreasonable charges are to the pending discussion by two of the most
ineffectual as far as they go, and do not go far careful of recent thinkers on railroad questions.
enough; while because of his view that the
H. PARKER WILLIS.
adjudication of the reasonableness of a rate is
a judicial function, of the further opinion that
OF special interest in connection with the Franklin
judicial and legislative functions cannot be com-
bicentennial anniversary this year is the announcement
from Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. that they have
bined, and of the view that judicial functions
in preparation a notable limited edition of Franklin's
can be exercised only by judges holding their Autobiography, to be printed under the direction of Mr.
offices during good behavior, he is led to think
Bruce Rogers, and illustrated with famous portraits in
that most of our pending legislation, including
photogravure. In style and excellence of typography
and manufacture, the volume will resemble the edition
the recent Esch-Townsend bill, is impossible. of Cavendish's Life of Cardinal Wolsey recently issued
The greater number of the measures now pro by this house.


1906.]
85
THE DIAL
wisely excluded from his text, and relegated to
A DEFINITIVE GOETHE BIOGRAPHY.*
notes, all critical discussion of the statements
Ten years ago German scholars published sev made. His original intention was to make of
eral notable biographies of Goethe, and others these notes a continuous scientific discussion of
have since appeared. The single volume by the facts upon which his narrative is based, but
Richard M. Meyer, for example, is a preisge- considerations of space prevented this ; and, as
krönte Arbeit, brief and at times trenchant in they stand, the notes sometimes amplify, and
its critical estimates, a book for the student sometimes merely state authorities, regarding
rather than the general reader. The needs of mooted points.
the latter were especially met in the two vol It must be evident, even to the casual reader,
umes by Heinemann, a readable and attractive that Bielschowsky possessed unusual penetration
account of the poet's life, environment, and and acumen in psychological analysis. He de-
works, and particularly valuable for the numer velops his story much as a good novelist might,
ous pictures of places and people. Both these and so reveals the growth of the poet's character
biographies appeared in the same year with the in its various phases. In his critical estimates
first volume, and with the other works alluded he uniformly leads up to the circumstances un-
to preceded the second volume of Bielschow der which the work in question was produced ;
sky's Goethe sein Leben und seine Werke. and, in the case of the more important, he fol-
Each of these various works has merits of its lows this with a lucid and extremely sympathetic
own, but none has taken the place that Biel outline of its content. This is done in a way
schowsky's may fairly claim. Its importance, to hold the interest of the reader and to empha-
as the best biography of the poet that has size the central thought, and is followed by
appeared, is so generally acknowledged that a judicious criticism, either favorable or unfavor-
translation has been called for, and this is now able as the case may be. The treatment of
supplied by Professor William A. Cooper of Werther affords an admirable illustration.
Stanford University. The English-reading pub- Goethe's experiences at Wetzlar, related in a
lic is thus paying to the lamented German previous chapter, prepare
the
way
for an ac-
scholar the compliment that the Germans paid count of his Lotte cult, of which the story is a
many years ago to Mr. Lewes's “ Life and poetic reflection. After outlining the plot, em-
Times of Goethe," and as their translation of phasis is placed upon the point, so often unap-
that book was long their most popular account preciated, that everything in the story flows
of the poet's life, so Bielschowsky's book, by naturally from the character of the hero. The
reason of its fuller and more accurate informa- | author further remarks the wealth of life de-
tion, will now take the place in our libraries that picted, the firm though brief delineation of the
Mr. Lewes's held so long.
various subordinate characters, and the wonder-
[Bielschowsky based his work upon the rich ful naturalness and warmth that characterizes
material made accessible by the opening of the it, and concludes with an account of the effect
Goethe archives and by recent philological in- of the story upon Goethe's contemporaries.
vestigation ; but as he designed it for the use Especially noteworthy in this whole treatment
of the widest circles, he felt that the choice and is the fact that the biographer makes his reader
selection of material was imperative. As he
As he not simply comprehend but feel, as perfectly
remarks in the preface to the first volume, natural, the effect that Goethe's book produced ;
only details disclose the man and the poet, and he does not simply understand the situation,-
the surest safeguard against error in the proper he sympathizes with it.
understanding of his works is afforded by ap Bielschowsky's treatment of Goethe's atti-
proaching them in relation to his life. This idea tude toward the War of Liberation is charac-
was further confirmed by his view of Goethe's teristic of the sympathetic and yet judicial way
character as typically presenting an intensified in which he deals with the poet's career.
He
picture of humanity. He therefore entered into
makes clear the reasons why Goethe failed to
a detailed study of the circumstances and influ- respond to the enthusiasm against Napoleon by
ences that formed the poet's character and con indicating his just appreciation of the political
trolled his career. He studied carefully all reforms brought about under French domina-
sources and exploited all new material ; but he tion, and the slight danger that he felt of any
By Albert Bielschowsky, Ph.D.
real loss of the essentially German spirit in
Authorized translation from the German by William A. Cooper, education and literature. He also points out
Goethe's idea of the effect of the Prussian or
THE LIFE OF GOETHE.
A.M. Volume I., 1749-1788., From Birth to the Return from
Italy. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.


86
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
Austrian supremacy that would result from the fickle passion and intense personal selfishness.
overthrow of the French,—“an emancipation Bielschowsky certainly does not think of it in
not from the yoke of the foreigners but from this relation. He neither glosses faults nor fails
one foreign yoke,” as he expressed it. “And
“ And to tell the pain they caused. His attitude is in
yet,” so the author concludes, “the experienced general one of cordial affection, that may dis-
Goethe was wrong.” He underestimated the approve but is ready to forgive, but he offers
power of national feeling, and did not appreciate no explanation of that subtle dual personality
that the German spirit must always be alien to
that
any student of the poet must feel.
the French, and hence under their tutelage The chapter on Faust also deserves special
could not but fail in the full development of its mention, but this is only partially the work of
inner individuality. Political reasons based Bielschowsky. At the time of his death he had
upon the position of the Duchy of Weimar also completed the account of the genesis of the
had weight in determining Goethe's conduct poem; the balance of the chapter was written
and, to some extent, his sympathies, so that his by his friend, Professor Ziegler of Strassburg.
contemporaries were neither surprised, nor did In this portion the pages dealing with the clas-
they expect him to act differently. They also sical Walpurgisnacht and with Homunculus
realized the permanent value of his work and are especially to be commended. In their brief
its power as a national force; there is, further, outline and frank censure of those elements in
no lack of evidence that Goethe's attitude was these scenes that are wholly without any real or
not the result of indifference. Thus Biel- fancied connection with Faust, far better ser-
schowsky presents the poet's position and the vice is rendered toward the proper understand-
influences that determined it, neither entirely ing of the poem than in any attempt to justify
commending nor wholly censuring, but stating or explain them. Common sense and poetic
it in the light of contemporary conditions, insight are happily blended, and without any
rather than from the standpoint of the special attempt to make out a symbolism that it is more
pleader holding a brief for or against the poet. than doubtful the poet ever imagined.
The chapter on Goethe's Lyrics is one of the Professor Cooper's translation is, in general,
most valuable and suggestive in the work. The a very satisfactory piece of work. He renders
poet attributed much of his power to the influ- paragraph by paragraph, indeed sentence by sen-
ence of Spinoza, whose conception of God, in- tence, excepting in one or two instances men-
carnate in the world, involved the idea of the tioned in his preface. The language is usually
divine in all objects as necessary parts of the well-chosen, and renders the thought, and in
whole, but as more or less fully manifested, in some degree the style, of the original. Occa-
proportion as the object is more or less com sionally a phrase or sentence smacks somewhat
pletely essential and enduring. But the essen of the class-room, and a less literal rendering
tial and permanent in Goethe was, Bielschowsky would have made the meaning clearer. For ex-
argues, his nature as a poet, while that which ample, the phrase " becomes absorbed with her
was accidental and temporary found expression [Frau von Stein) in the bony structure of man,"
in the man of the world and of affairs. The is an awkward way of saying “studied care-
poet saw as with “annointed eye” the ultimate fully the structure of the human skeleton.”
truth in the contradictions and confusions of So “ the irridescence of Merk’s nature” (Das
human life, while the man was often distracted Schillernde) hardly conveys to the English
and went astray. But it was in this very con reader the idea of versatility which the context
fusion and error that the poet often found the shows to be the author's thought.
6. The cor-
material that he treated as typical and symbolic, roded [durchgebeizt] sons of the twentieth cen-
and thereby, as he said, corrected his conception tury” is literal and meaningless ; so also “ the
of things. A long chapter on the various lapidary personality of Orange" is hardly clear.
groups of lyrics follows, tracing each poem, as Other instances, especially in the literal render-
far as possible, to the incident or experience ing of figurative language, might be cited. It is
that called it forth. Space forbids any detailed
detailed also to be regretted that the page headings of
analysis ; rather the question suggests itself the original have not been preserved ; they cer-
whether the brilliant rhetorical discussion just tainly facilitate the use of the book as a work
outlined applies only to the poet's method. of reference. On the whole, however, the few
May it not suggest an explanation of the strange trifling faults, unnoticed except by the critic in
contradictions that the story of his life affords, quest of such material, are so far outweighed by
his calm serenity and generous nobility, his the conspicuous merit of the work that it is


1906.]
87
THE DIAL
Each man may
hardly fair to mention them. It is sincerely is such as his rather arbitrary idealization has
to be hoped that the concluding volumes -- the painted it, the true value of the ideal is lost.
translation is to be in three rather than the two Moral harmonies are not given, they have to be
of the original — may not be long delayed. made; and the curse of superstition is that it
LEWIS A. RHOADES. justifies and protracts their absence by pro-
claiming their invisible presence. Thus God,
for practical religion, stands only for that which
makes for the Good. A theodicy which attempts
REASON IN RELIGION AND IN ART.*
to extend the divine to the entire world, and to
Professor Santayana's two notable books on
“ The Life of Reason,” which recently appeared, prove that whatever is is good, breaks down the
very distinction which gives goodness and the
have been followed up promptly by two addi- divine their human meaning, and reduces every-
tional volumes in the same series, which deal thing to the dead level of an unmoral naturalism
respectively with “ Reason in Religion” and
or pantheism. The whole difficulty again lies
“ Reason in Art.” This leaves unpublished only in the supposed need of turning a practical
the final volume, on “ Reason in Science.” Of moral ideal into an account of the objective
the two latest volumes, the one on “ Reason in
constitution of the universe. It is chimerical
Religion ” has the greater speculative interest,
to expect the rest of the world to be determined
since it is in the problems of religion that the
by that moral significance which by its very
opposition culminates between the general philo- nature is in terms of particular human interests.
sophical conception which Professor Santayana
“ The attempt to subserve the natural order
represents, and that which more commonly under the moral is like attempts to establish a
passes current. As readers of the earlier books
government of the parent by the child — some-
will recall, “ The Life of Reason” is constituted
are not averse to.”
thing children
So that
by that realm of ideal values in experience religion ought to be for each man, not
not a literal
which, springing from the soil of the natural im-
account of what is or has happened, but the
pulses and passions, has for its task the bringing imaginative expression of those ideals which are
of these to a self-conscious and harmonious ex-
most vital to his own nature.
pression. It is no part of its business to leave us
have his own loves, but the object in each case
with an account of what reality is beyond our
is different. So it is, or should be, in religion.
experience; rather, its sole function is the prac-
Literal truth is as irrelevant, as it is irrelevant
tical one of understanding and accepting and
to an artist's pleasure to be warned that the
using the situation in which a mortal may find
beauty he expresses has no objective existence.
himself. This, of course, is valid equally of the
religious experience. For the author, therefore, ticular treatment from this general standpoint
There is little space to consider the more par-
religion is frankly conceived as poetry. It is a
of religion in its historical expressions, though
symbolic rendering of the moral experience, this contains much interesting matter. The
which has its value by reason of its power
to
earlier chapters take ир
vitalize the mind and transmit by way of par- pects of the religious experience, such as magic,
the more primitive as-
ables the lessons of life. Accordingly, as be-
sacrifice, prayer, and mythology. Interesting
tween religions there is a difference only of better
also is the historical appreciation of Hebraism
and worse, never of true and false. It is the
and of Christianity. The author's natural sym-
root defect in religion — the tendency to forget
that it is poetry, to arrogate to itself literal pathy is with the Greek rather than the Hebraic
type of mind. Paganism seems to him nearer
truth, and lay claim to be an objective state-
than Hebraism to the Life of Reason, from the
ment of fact. In this way the myth, which was
fact that its myths are more transparent and its
but a symbol substituted for empirical descrip- temper less fanatical ; and it is probable that
tions, becomes an idol substituted for ideal val-
there are elements in the Hebrew religion
ues ; instead of a representation of experience which he fails in consequence to give their just
as it should be, it becomes a pretended infor-
emphasis. It certainly is a question whether
mation about experience or reality elsewhere.
the religious position of the historical Jesus
This always tends to confuse intelligence and
has the quite derivative and incidental signifi-
dislocate sentiment. The essential harm of it is
cance which his generalizations — following a
that by persuading man that the world really popular interpretation — assign to it. Fully
adequate or not, however, the analysis is acute
enough and true enough to make very good read-
* THE LIFE OF REASON. By George Santayana. New vol-
umes: Reason in Religion, and Reason in Art. New York:
Charles Scribner's Eons.


88
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
and use.
ing. The characterization of the Protestant ele- damental connection with rational and - in the
ment in Christianity is particularly happy, in its end — social and moral experience. The rose's
opposition to the Oriental strain of unworldliness grace can more easily be plucked from its petals
and asceticism with which it has entered into un than the beauty of art from its subject, reasons,
stable combination. Professor Santayana's vision
The fine arts are butter to man's
is keen for the weaknesses of the Protestant and daily bread; there is no conceiving or creating
Teutonic temper, its emphasis on the
supreme them except as they spring out of social exi-
importance of success and prosperity, its con- gencies. Irresponsibility in the artist, the rest-
ventional conceptions of duty and earnest ma- ing content with the mere mystic glow of a per-
terialism, its cheerful optimism, its regard for sonal experience, must be fatal to a true and
profitable enterprise and practical ambition as a adequate art. To be bewitched is not to be
sort of moral vocation, its tendency to mistake saved, though all the magicians and ästhetes in
vitality, both in itself and in the universe, for the world should pronounce it so. The sponta-
spiritual life.
“ The point is to accomplish neous is the worst of tyrants, for it exercises a
something, no matter particularly what; so that needless and fruitless tyranny in the guise of
the Protestant shows on this ground some re duty and inspiration. The earth's bowels are
spect even for an artist when he has once full of all sorts of rumblings; which of the
achieved success.” In the later chapters there
In the later chapters there oracles drawn thence is true can be judged only
follows an instructive analysis of the main as by the light of day. If an artist's inspiration
pects of the religious life — piety or loyalty to has been happy, it has been so because his work
the necessary conditions of life, spirituality or can sweeten or ennoble the mind, and because
devotion to ideal ends, and charity; and in con its total effect will be beneficent. Art being a
clusion there is a discussion of the ideal in- part of life, the criticism of art is a part of
terpretation of immortality. The chapter on morals. No personal talent avails to rescue an
“Spirituality and its Corruptions”—fanaticism art from labored insignificance when it has no
and mysticism, namely — may be recommended steadying function in the moral world, and must
as a particularly good expression of that whole waver between caprice and convention.
temperamental attitude toward life which is In form, then, art represents that which
summed
up
in 66 The Life of Reason."
should be the goal of life — experience harmon-
“Reason in Art” lends itself especially to ized, self-justifying, the revelation of an intrin-
quotation, and I can perhaps not do better than sic value. Beauty gives men the best hint of
to put together as nearly as possible in the ultimate good which their experience as yet can
writer's own words some of the points which offer. Its defect lies in the fact that hitherto
are particularly characteristic. There are two it has been content with its minor harmonies,
main aspects to the book. On the one hand, it and, immersed in them, has failed of any large
takes up the arts in particular, and, tracing grasp on reality as a whole. And so long as it
them back to a purely automatic and spontane needs to be a dream, it can never cease to be a
ous expressiveness, without ideal value, it tries to disappointment. Its facile cruelty, its narcotic
show how they come to take on more and more an abstraction, can never sweeten the evils we re-
ideal and rational significance. The most no turn to at home; it can liberate half the mind
table thing about the treatment, however, is less only by leaving the other half in abeyance. In
its suggestions in detail toward an historical the mere artist, too, there is always something
understanding of the arts than the general crit that falls short of the gentleman and that de-
ical attitude which underlies the volume as a feats the man. The poet, at home in the me-
whole. It would be hard to point to a more dium, is, in the world he tries to render, apt to
searching criticism of the irrationalities that be a child and a stranger. Poetic apprehen-
enter into the artistic and ästhetic side of ex sion is a makeshift in so far as its cognitive.
perience, or a more effective dealing with the worth is concerned ; it is exactly in this respect
common fallacies by which these irrationalities what myth is to science. The poetic way of
are not merely overlooked but are exalted into idealizing reality is dull, bungling, and impure ;
essential conditions of art and beauty. Starting a better acquaintance with things renders such
from the definition of art as that element in the flatteries ridiculous.
Life of Reason which consists in modifying its A consequence of this is that a large part
environment the better to attain its end, the our art is artificial and simply made to be ex-
book is a sustained argument against the view hibited ; it is therefore gratuitous and sophisti-
which would loosen the fine arts from this fun-cated, and the greater part of men's concern
of


1906.]
89
THE DIAL
seums
on
66
with it is affectation. A living art does not stracted spirits playing with casual fancies ; it
produce curiosities to be collected, but spiritual would be a habit inseparable from practical
necessities to be diffused. What we call mu- efficiency. All operations, all affairs, would
mausoleums, rather, in which a dead then be viewed in the light of ultimate interests
art heaps up its remains — are those the places and in their deep relation to human good. The
where the Muses intended to dwell ? An artist arts would thus recover their Homeric glory;
may visit a museum, but only a pedant can live touching human fate as they clearly would, they
there. But there is possible an art more ade would borrow something of its grandeur and
quate to the Life of Reason. Such an art must pathos, and yet the interest that worked in
be an achievement, not an indulgence. It will them would be warm, since it would remain
rise above the incidental dreams and immature unmistakably animal and sincere.
idealizations of poetry as it now is, to a new
A. K. ROGERS.
and clarified poetry which, while having the
power
of
prose to see things as they are and the
courage to describe them ingenuously, shall also
Two RECENT BOOKS ON SHAKESPEARE.*
idealize in the true way, by selecting from this
reality what is pertinent to ultimate interests However disastrous the triumph of Baconian-
and can speak eloquently to the soul. Art, as ism may prove to all Shakespearian biography
mankind has hitherto practised it, too much
and to much Shakespearian criticism, it will
resembles an opiate or a stimulant. It is a dream not cause such books as Professor Stephenson's
in which we lose ourselves by ignoring most of Shakespeare's London ” to depreciate in
our interests, and from which we awake into a value. The London of 66 Shake-speare, the
world in which that lost episode plays no further pseudonymous playwright, is also the London
part and leaves no heirs. Life and history are of “Shaksper, the Stratford actor-manager.”
not thereby rendered better in their principle, Wherefore, it behooves the scholar who would
but a mere ideal is extracted out of them and make a permanent contribution to the subject
presented for our delectation in some cheap to be wise in time, and if he cannot yet go with
material, like words or marble. The only the Baconians, at any rate not to exclude him-
precious materials are flesh and blood. The self from a share in their triumph. Professor
moments snatched for art have been generally Stephenson, however, has not been as wise as
interludes in life, and its products parasites in this; while the substance of his book will be
nature. To exalt fine art into a truly ideal equally valuable, whichever way the future may
activity, we should have to knit it more closely decide the question, he himself gives too many
with other rational functions, so that to beautify indications of orthodoxy not to be liable to perse-
things might render them more useful, and to cution when the heretics have their turn. And,
represent them most imaginatively might be to to say the truth, the orthodox may look for
see them in their truth. To gloat on rhythms scant quarter in that great day, for they have
and declamations, to live lost in imaginary pas- given none.
sions and histrionic woes, is an unmanly life,
We could wish that Professor Stephenson's
cut off from practical dominion and from ra book might commend itself as certainly to the
tional happiness. A lovely dream is an excel- lover of good letters as to the lover of history.
lent thing in itself, but it leaves the world no Its style is hardly worthy of its theme. While
less a chaos, and makes it by contrast seem even we are far from wishing to be captious, we can-
darker than it did. That beauty which should not praise the following sentences as likely to
have been an inevitable smile on the face of do honor to American academic culture : “ The
society, an overflow of genuine happiness and plan familiar to us, from Bacon's essay Of
power, has to be imported, stimulated artificially, Building, was followed by many of the Eliza-
and applied from without; so that art becomes bethan builders, though lack of means to build,
a sickly ornament for an ugly existence. True and room for the double court, in the London
art is simply an adequate industry; it arises houses, often led to a considerable alteration”
when industry is carried out to the satisfaction (p. 14); “ A pair of draw-strings working oppo-
of all human demands, even of those incidental site the small of the back enabled one to tighten
sensuous demands which we call æsthetic, and or loosen his doublet at will ” (p. 37). Such
which a brutal industry in its haste may despise SHAKESPEARE'S LONDON. By Henry Thew Stephenson. New
or ignore. To distinguish and create beauty
York : Henry Holt & Co.
would then be no art relegated to a few ab Boston : Small, Maynard & Co.
BACON CRYPTOGRAMS IN SHAKESPEARE. By Isaac Hull Platt.


90
[Feb. 1,
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sentences are by no means uncommon; nor is suaded that his accounts of Elizabethan places
a “false concord ” absolutely unknown. The and customs would have been more vivid and
Shakespearian reminiscence in “a monument interesting if confirmed by constant reference
that age cannot wither” (p. 285), hardly pro to dramatic literature. As it is, his book will
tects the expression from criticism ; and the am render intelligible many an obscure allusion.
biguity of the sentence quoted below, even in its It will not, however, give its readers a clear
context, is likely to give pause to the most alert or a unified picture of Elizabethan London.
of readers. Speaking of the fall of water be We can fancy such a picture, a composition, not
neath London Bridge at certain hours, and of a catalogue, sufficiently detailed to have reality,
its effect on river traffic, the author says: “If,
• If, and so vivified and harmonized by the construc-
in the journey, it was necessary to cross the tive imagination as to leave upon the reader's
bridge at mid-tide, the passenger had to land mind much the same impression as the pictur-
and wait ” (p. 63). To such slips, of course, esque old city must itself have left on all who
any writer is liable ; but they ought not to occur had eyes to see it. This, pe
This, perhaps, will be the
in a work connected with the study of Shake- delightful result of such work as Professor Ste-
speare. It is too often forgotten that literary phenson's. Meantime, we may be content with
themes involve stylistic obligations. The proof- the glimpses that he gives us of rural London,
reading, for the most part, is satisfactory, though and its “ fair hedge-rows of elm trees, with
the first comma in the following clause conceals bridges and easy stiles to pass over into the
a well-known Elizabethan idiom : “whether pleasant fields, very commodious for citizens
wheat be good, cheap, or dear” (p. 132). The therein to walk, shoot, and otherwise to recreate
spelling of Spenser with a c (p. 243) seems and refresh their dull spirits in the sweet and
to have escaped both proof-reader and author. wholesome air” (Stow); the cottages in the
The index, as is usually the case, is not com- suburbs “ for poor bedrid people," who lay " in
plete, and the usefulness of the book is thereby their bed within their window, which was toward
materially diminished.
the street, open so low that every man might
We have found no important errors in mat see them, a clean linen cloth lying in their win-
ters of fact. “The despicable pedant from dow, and a pair of beads, to show that there lay
Scotland” (p. 178) is perhaps too severe a
a bedrid body, unable but to pray only," ap-
characterization of James the First, and it is pealing to the charity of the devout; the fires
certainly an exaggeration to say that Camden's burning in the city streets thrice a week to
Britannia "to this day is the starting point of cleanse the air polluted by the refuse of the
all study of ancient Britain " (p. 122); at least, “ kennels"; and the bell of St. Sepulchre's toll-
John Richard Green did not think so. The ing for the execution of criminals, while the bell-
author, undeterred by Mr. Sidney Lee, asserts man read, as the malefactors passed the church,
that “ in 1598 William Shakespeare was living “All good people pray heartily unto God for
in the parish " of St. Helen's (p. 205).
these
poor sinners who are now going to their
The work is, of course, founded on Stow's death for whom the great bell doth toll.” In
Survey of London," of which the first edi the chapter on the theatres, the author makes
tion appeared in 1598; and naturally the most the interesting suggestion that the hut above
interesting parts of it are the quotations from the stage, which figures in several contemporary
Stow and other contemporary chroniclers. But prints, contained the machinery that operated
Professor Stephenson has brought together a the traverse (pp. 320, 323).
large amount of material scattered in modern The book is illustrated with many interesting
works and reprints (p. v.), and has illustrated it and unusual prints, plans, and maps. Alto
by frequent quotation from Elizabethan drama- gether, it is a useful addition to the library of
tists. We could perhaps have spared some of the student of the Elizabethan drama.
his facts, many of which are neither important
nor relevant, for the sake of a larger number It is quite true, as Mr. Isaac Hull Platt re-
of illustrative passages from the plays.
6. The
marks in his “ Bacon Cryptograms in Shake-
Shoemaker's Holiday” and “ The Knight of the speare,” that while the “Shaksperians
Burning Pestle,” for example, are mines of in- possession, they are not in undisturbed posses-
teresting allusion that could have been worked
Mr. Platt's little book is the latest at-
to advantage. We must not, of course, find tempt to create such a disturbance. And at the
fault with Professor Stephenson for not doing outset we feel bound to say that while we do not
what he did not undertake to do, but we are per- find Mr. Platt's arguments convincing, we quite
66
are in


1906.]
91
THE DIAL
Mr.
agree with him that the “Shaksperians” who
Shaksperians” who hands ; by those of Doctor Hacket.
have taken part in the controversy have rather Benjamin Johnson (the learned and judicious
often confounded ridicule and refutation. Im- | poet), and some others.
plications of asininity and idiocy no doubt “im We have already intimated that we do not
part a gusto," as Charles Lamb would say, to find Mr. Platt's reasoning cogent or his posi-
the
pages
of the 66 Saturday Review," but they tions tenable. Yet it would not be profitable
are not war. We would not, therefore, lay our to undertake a refutation here. As he truly
selves open to the charge of failing to approach says,
says, “the argument for the Baconian author-
“ Bacon Cryptograms" in a spirit of becoming ship depends upon a vast mass of circumstantia
seriousness.
evidence. It is not a chain, but a bundle of rods.
The book consists of eight more or less con Whether Jupiter can break it or not, remains to
nected papers, the most important of which are be seen; but to pull out one or two of the weak-
“ The Bacon Cryptograms in Love's Labour's est of the rods from the bundle and triumphantly
Lost," which deals with the Latin of Act V., proclaim their weakness does not materially
Scene I., - The Bacon Cryptograms in the affect the strength of the case (p. 101). But
Shake-speare Quartos,” and “The Testimony supposing one rod after another is withdrawn
of the First Folio.” Mr. Platt's tone is emi- from the bundle, here and there, by this student
nently moderate. “I wish distinctly to deny,” he or that, and neatly broken? In any given dis-
says, “ that what I am about to present proves cussion, we may admit that the body of testi-
Bacon's authorship of the Plays. What I do mony in favor of the Baconian authorship is not
claim, and I think in reason, is that they seem to invalidated; but when all the important argu-
constitute grounds for a very strong suspicion ments have been severally demolished, as we
that he was in some manner concerned in their believe they have been, the case collapses. This,
production or associated with them” (p. 2). of course, assumes that the Baconians have
The arguments presented are so detailed irrefragable evidence enough to put the Shake-
that it is impossible to do them justice in a spearians on the defensive, which we are far from
brief summary. Roughly it may be said that admitting. Let us take a rod or two at random.
Mr. Platt resolves the nonsense word “ honori Mr. Platt quotes Davies's sonnet to Bacon, the
ficabilitudinatibus” (L.L.L., 5. 1. 44) into
last lines of which are,
66. Hi ludi, tuiti sibi, Fr. Bacono nati,' which “My Muse thus notes thy worth in every line !
may be translated, “These plays, originating
With yncke which thus she sugars; so, to shine,"
with Francis Bacon, are protected for them and comments, “ The allusion in the last line,
selves,' or entrusted to themselves,'” of which .. to Shake-speare's “sugared sonnets among
it is doubtful whether the Latin or the English his private friends' seems very obvious” (p. 28).
is more cryptic ; that he finds the name Bacon in To which we reply, only to a convinced Baconian.
the headpieces of the quartos of The Taming of The name Bacon, that he discovers in the head-
a Shrew, The First Part of the Contention, and pieces of certain quartos, is, we assert, visible
Richard II.; and that Jonson's connection with only to the eye of faith. The discovery of a
the First Folio and his relations with Bacon and Bacon cryptogram at the beginning and end
Shaksper, the actor-manager, seem to bring of Lucrece is — we try to “deliver all with
Bacon pretty close to, at least, an editorial asso- charity” — absurd.
absurd. His interpretation of the
ciation with the Folio." It must be admitted Latin of Love's Labour's Lost" is incoherent
that in dealing with the last of these points he and unintelligible, and of the nonsense word
has taken a neat vengeance on Mr. Churton still more nonsensical. His notion that the
Collins, whose paper on “ The Bacon-Shake- Lucy caricatures (he seems to be unaware that
speare Mania” in his “Studies in Shakespeare” 2 Henry IV. contains one of the best) were
must be cheerless reading to all Baconians. Mr. suggested to the playwright by the Stratford
Collins rashly asserts that “there is not a par actor-manager from his own experience, is, to
ticle of evidence that Jonson gave the smallest put it mildly, fantastic. He believes the address
assistance to Bacon in translating any of his “ To the Great Variety of Readers,” in the
works into Latin” (p. 352); and adds in First Folio, to be by Bacon, partly because it is
a footnote, referring to Archbishop Tenison's topheavy with legal phrases ”; but he forgets
Baconiana, "the only translator named is that legal phraseology is a literary convention
Herbert.” Mr. Platt shows that a few
pages of the period, as the sonneteers bear witness.
further on, Tenison says, “ The Latin transla He cites the passage, dear to the Baconian heart,
tion of them was a work performed by divers from Timber, in which Jonson says of Bacon


92
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
that he “performed that in our tongue which institution; the struggle between free and slave
may be compared or preferred either to insolent labor; the nationalization of the North and of the
Greece or haughty Rome," and reminds us that South, which practically resulted in two nations under
in the First Folio lines Jonson applies almost
one government; abolitionists and “fire-eaters" ;
Calhoun, Webster, Davis, Toombs, and “Uncle
the same words to the author of the plays. But
Tom's Cabin"; and the race question. In the long
Jonson in both passages is imitating Seneca ;
strife between North and South the writer's opinion
the original contains the words insolenti Grce-
is that both sides were right, but he has small regard
ciae, and it is surely not remarkable that a
for the moral convictions of abolitionists and the
scholar should apply to different persons an in- principles of "fire-eaters,” whom he considers natu-
teresting literary allusion, especially when it con ral phenomena. The “powers unseen”— that is,
tains a sonorous phrase into the bargain. Mr. natural forces, or evolution,- fought on the side of
Platt exclaims, we believe in jest : “ Think of the North and gave to that section the victory. Mr.
it— the author of Hamlet allowing his daugh- Reed, by personal observation and long experience
ters to be brought up without being taught to
in the Black Belt, was well acquainted with slavery,
write! That fact alone is sufficient to put Mr.
and is an authority on the present condition of the
blacks; but while he asserts the great advantages
William Shaksper out of court.” If inatten-
of free over slave labor, he seems not to understand
tion to the education of one's daughters is to be
the real economic evil at the basis of slavery; nor
regarded as a test of the authenticity of one's does he explain exactly how slavery injured the
works, “ Paradise Lost” must no longer be at Southern whites, though he states that it was an evil
tributed to that very neglectful parent, John to the whites. In fact, like some other Black Belt
Milton, but to the " syndicate of which Elwood writers, he seems to lose sight of the fact that the
was president,” referred to by Mr. Churton Col- South had free as well as slave labor, that most of
lins ("Studies in Shakespeare," p. 333).
the whites were non-slaveholders, and that mainly
Such are some of the rods, and such their upon
this class fell the evils of the system. Speak-
frangibility. The Shakespearians may breathe ing only of the mass of the blacks, he compares
their condition under slavery with their present
a sigh of relief, and resume their immemorial
situation under the crop-lien, convict-lease system,
repose. Mr. Platt, at any rate, cannot break and peonage, and decides that their later state is
their sleep.
CHARLES H. A. WAGER. the worse. Though weak in his knowledge of the
statistics and economics of slavery, he sees that it is
better for the whites that the system was destroyed.
Mr. Reed states that in Georgia he has observed that
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
the negro is losing ground in shops and mines, on
The negro
Mr. John C. Reed of Atlanta, for-
the farm, and as a servant, and he believes that the
influence in
merly a Confederate soldier and a white. The small upper class of negroes who have
our history.
member of the Ku Klux Klan, is the
won their economic freedom is left out of considera-
author of an interesting volume called “The Broth-
tion. The book is valuable because it is written by
ers' War” (Little, Brown, & Co.). The book is
one who is familiar with much that he writes about;
not an account of the Civil War, but a philosophical
but there are many who will hardly agree with some
explanation of the differences between North and
of the conclusions presented.
South during the nineteenth century,— a treatise
on the negro influence in American history. Mr.
Convenient volumes that one can take
Reed writes in the best of temper, out of the fulness
A poet's first to the fire, and that are cut up into
book of prose.
of personal knowledge on some subjects and in
short chapters that stimulate without
curious ignorance on others. In his introduction he taxing the brain, are always attractive to the book-
tells the South that it must recognize that slavery lover. Sir Lewis Morris, hitherto known to readers
had to be destroyed because it stood in the way of as a poet, now offers a collection of twenty-eight
national unity, and that it must now allow free and short papers and addresses, which he collectively
calm discussion of the race question; on the other entitles " The New Rambler" (Longmans). “He
hand, the North, he says, must acknowledge that will,” he says in his preface, referring to himself
slavery was mainly a good to the blacks and an
in the third person,
“ be well content should his
evil to the whites ; that the negroes of great ability attempts in prose meet with a measure of the suc-
are not fair representatives of their race but are cess awarded to those which he has only heretofore
tinctured with white blood ; that the Ku Klux Klan made in verse.” Merely noting by the way
the curi-
did a great work in saving the South from Afri ous misplacing of “only” in this sentence, we pass
canization; and, finally, that the purity and sin on to the body of the book, which contains some
cerity of the Southern ante-bellum leaders must be very good reading. Especially commendable are his
conceded. Some of the topics treated are: Slavery remarks on “The Place of Poetry in Education."
as a disruptive force, and as a social and economic | Talleyrand's warning to the youth who had no taste


1906.]
93
THE DIAL
66
ran
merce.
for whist,“ Young man, you are preparing for stated, “to obtain information of the nearest and
yourself a miserable old age," — he thinks might
he thinks might best communication between the Eastern and West-
also be addressed to the young person insensible ern waters, and to facilitate as much as lay in my
to the charms of poetry.
His denial that poetry power the island navigation of the Potomac.” The
requires to be clothed in metrical form, and his asser Diary is almost entirely a study of the western
tion that “much of Mr. Ruskin's Stones of Venice, highway problem. Washington's belief was that
or Modern Painters, and almost the whole of Mr. “there is nothing which binds one country or one
Carlyle's History of the French Revolution, is un state to another but interest”; and this “cement of
mixed and fine poetry,” will not pass unchallenged ; interest” was needed to attach to the East the rap-
nor will his opinion that Milton and Spenser were idly growing West, whose people stand as it were
unfortunate in the choice of a theme for their great on a pivot, and the touch of a feather would almost
poems. What he says, in his strictures on current incline them either way.” It was necessary, for
criticism of poetry, about a “conspiracy of silence" political as well as commercial reasons, that the
among critics, is a familiar cry; yet who but a dis West be opened up to the East, and not be left to
appointed poet would say it is not also a foolish and cast its lot politically and commercially with the
groundless complaint? Sir Lewis Morris, however, Spaniards of the South or the British of Canada.
is far from being an unsuccessful poet, for he tells And as a good Virginian, Washington was con-
us on another page that his “Epic of Hades" vinced that the proper route from the East to the
through three editions of 1000 copies each in its West lay through Virginia. The Diary shows that
first year, and thence went steadily onward, till in on this western trip he sought for and obtained
the present year it has reached its fiftieth thousand detailed information about every river and creek and
or more"; and that "great lawyers not a few, the valley that could possibly be used for purposes of com-
whole world, in fact, of cultivated people, and last,
After careful investigation, he concluded
not least, my friend and master, Lord Tennyson, that an all-Virginia route to the West was not
hastened to acknowledge the merit of the somewhat practicable; but that Maryland, which was willing,
audacious new writer.” Once upon a time, as Sir and Pennsylvania, which was unwilling, must also
Lewis will doubtless remember, an author who com assist in the undertaking and share the benefits with
plained of this diabolical “conspiracy of silence" Virginia. Mr. Hulbert's part has been to edit care-
was advised to join the conspiracy. One whose fully the Diary, which has not before been published
books of poetry sell to the extent of Sir Lewis's as a whole, and to add a careful essay on the
surely need not hesitate to follow the advice. Ap ** Awakening of the West,” which is, so to speak, a
preciative and somewhat extended mention is made translation of the Diary into modern narrative, with
of Mr. Charles Leonard Moore's half-serious, half- explanations of the text. Washington's spelling of
whimsical essay entitled “A Competitive Examina proper names was phonetic and eccentric, and for
tion of Poets,” which appeared in The DIAL some the general reader Mr. Hulbert has performed
years ago. Sir Lewis, as some will recall, has labored genuine service in explaining the crabbed text and
long in the cause of public education in Wales, be the picturesque orthography. According to him,
sides producing rapidly-selling volumes of verse; the great value of the Diary is to throw a side-light
and his experience of life and acquaintance with
upon
the Washington who was
“First in Peace,
literature make his reflections and reminiscences and the daring explorer, the shrewd clear-headed busi-
counsels well worth reading.
ness man, the “first commercial American," whose
“Washington and the West” (Cen-
influence upon American expansion and upon the
Washington
as explorer and tury Co.) is the title of a volume policy of internal improvements was so profound,
expansionist.
the greatest man in America had there been no
embracing Washington's Diary kept Revolutionary War.”
during his western journey in September, 1784,
together with an Introduction and an explanatory
The soldier on parade should have
essay by Mr. Archer Butler Hulbert, author of
in pithy
his nerves under such control that
“Historic Highways.” In 1783, before resigning paragraphs. a spider might spin its web over his
from the army, Washington wrote a friend: “I face without causing so much as the twitching of a
shall not rest contented till I have explored the muscle. This perfect self-command, in small wor-
Western Country and traversed those lines ... which ries as in larger anxieties and dangers, is repeatedly
have given bounds to a new Empire.” Already, and emphatically enjoined upon the physician by
between 1748 and 1783, he had made five trips to Dr. William Osler in his “ Aequanimitas," and else-
various parts of the western country. This last and where. From his numerous addresses and printed
longest journey, through western Maryland, western papers a handy volume of “Counsels and Ideals
Pennsylvania, and northwestern Virginia, was un (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) has been compiled, with
dertaken in September, 1784, for two purposes : the author's consent and cooperation, by Dr. C. N. B.
Washington wanted, first, to look after the extensive Camac. From the days of Sir Thomas Browne, to
tracts of western lands belonging to him, which go no further back, our polite literature has been en-
squatters were settling upon and speculators were riched with the productions of physician-authors, the
offering for sale in Europe ; and, second, as he had humanities and the beneficent art of healing having
Dr. Osler


94
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
with a copy
Milton and his
a certain natural inter-relationship, or consanguinity. characters, and old steamboat days. There are also
To this noble line of wielders of both
pen
and scal many illustrations. Altogether the book is highly
pel, to whom Dr. Osler more than once refers with attractive, and will be found particularly useful in
professional pride, his own name has already been the schools, every one of which should be provided
added by the reading public. His claiming of Keats
as one of the physician-poets may at first produce a
Mrs. Boas's “ With Milton and the
slight interrogative uplift of eyebrows; but it ap-
Cavaliers” (James Pott & Co.) is not
pears that the author of “Endymion ” was in fact a
contemporaries.
an instructive or a well-written book.
licensed surgeon, however completely one may have
It is a compilation of familiar facts concerning
forgotten his brief term of hospital practice. What
seventeenth century notables, made in accordance
most impresses one on examining this selection from
forty-seven of the author's fugitive pieces is not only those of Milton's time who helped to make En-
with the theory that “we must follow the lives of
the professional and practical wisdom displayed, and
gland what he knew it ” in order that we may have
the breadth of view revealed, but also the wide read-
ing in writers not commonly held to be a necessary
some faint appreciation of the difficulties in which
part of a doctor's library. Even a careless turning clearest insight poet has ever shown into the won-
his lot was cast, and to which perhaps he owed the
of the leaves of “Counsels and Ideals” brings to
derful dealings of the Creator, and man's first
light many apt allusions to and quotations from
disobedience." The papers, however, are not con-
Plato, Aristotle, St. Paul, Shakespeare, Milton,
nected in any way, and therefore fail to suggest
Bunyan, Sterne, Oscar Wilde, Lowell, George Eliot,
the unified view of the period, at which Mrs. Boas
and numerous others. Of especial interest to young
aims. The style is rambling and inconsequent, the
physicians, this book also attracts the general reader
paragraphing eccentric, and the author's critical and
by reason of its fine literary quality, to say nothing of interpretative comments feeble. The following is
the sound substance to which this quality serves as
her remark on the style of Sir Thomas Browne: "He
a sauce. An instructive commentary on a certain
was a most industrious writer throughout his long
pet theory of the author's is furnished by the dates
life, and his works well repay careful study. ...
at which the forty-seven cited addresses and essays
His style has a charm of its own, and one which left
were delivered or published. Only one is dated ear-
lier than 1890, while fifteen belong to the years
its mark upon the prose of the time at which he
wrote.” The author has not even the doubtful merit
1900–1905. Take 1849 as a subtrahend, and be-
of a good strong prejudice on either side of the great
hold the result!
seventeenth century struggle. The Latin dedication
Romantic
When a successful historical novelist to the memory of Professor York Powell, however,
episodes in turns historian in the sober sense, we
is charming. We are grateful, too, for the follow-
Illinois history.
may count upon a readable book. ing passage on the child's vision of the world, from
When he has for his subject so significant a region
Traherne's “Centuries of Meditation":
as the State of Illinois, we may count also upon a
“ The corn was orient and immortal wheat which never
remarkable degree of interest. This is the case of
should be reaped nor was ever sown. I thought it had stood
from everlasting to everlasting. The dust and stones of the
Mr. Randall Parrish, whose “ Historic Illinois : The
street were as precious as gold: the gates were at first the end
Romance of the Early Days," has recently been pub- of the world. "The green trees when I saw them first through
lished by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. It remains one of the gates transported and ravished me; their sweetness
to be added that the author has made use of a wide
and unusual beauty made my heart to leap, and almost mad
range of good authorities, and has not allowed imag-
with ecstacy, they were such strange and wonderful things.
Boys and girls tumbling in the street were moving jewels :
ination (save as far as picturesque effect is concerned) I knew not that they were born or should die. . . . The
to get the better of fact. It is his bold but not ap city seemed to stand in Eden or to be built in Heaven. The
parently exaggerated contention that no State of the
streets were mine, the temple was mine, the people were mine,
their clothes and gold and silver were mine, as much as their
Union surpasses Illinois in the romantic incidents
sparkling eyes, fair skins, and ruddy faces. The skies were
of early days. These are full of color, action, and ad- mine, and so were the sun and moon and stars, and all the
venture, for above these peaceful plains and woods world was mine ; and I the only spectator and enjoyer of it."
once waved the flags of four contending nations,
while men of the white race and the red strove
No nature book has been writtten for
Records of a
continually for mastery. A few of Mr. Parrish's
photographer a long time so comfortable in its
gen-
subjects may be mentioned to illustrate the richness naturalist.
eral tone as Mr. Silas A. Lottridge's
of his field. There are the mound-builders, the Fort “ Animal Snapshots and Ho Made” (Holt). It
Dearborn
massacre,
and the Black Hawk War. There occasions no misgivings about the author's accuracy,
are the explorations and adventures of Marquette, and causes even the ordinary reader little embar-
La Salle, and Tonty. There are the stories of the rassment at his own ignorance. Lovers of nature-
Spanish invasion, of Clark's expedition, and of the sensations may call the book commonplace, and so
Mormon expulsion. There are the narratives of lead in a sense it is, for the animals it presents in text and
mining, border outlawry, and the struggle against pictures are those with which every farmer's boy is
slavery. And there are special chapters upon such familiar— woodchuck, musk-rat, squirrel, fox, and
subjects as the story of the capital, notable border raccoon,
and the birds are those we all know.
..
-
-


1906.]
95
THE DIAL
and measures
There are no thrilling tales, except as the tragedies themselves. The fifth and concluding volume of
of all out-door life are thrilling to readers who have Mr. Paul's work, approaching still nearer to the
sympathies. The author does not even make as present time, should be of yet greater interest to
much as he might out of his heroic struggles for those who wish an understanding of contemporary
photographs of the shyer creatures ; indeed the obvi- English politics.
ous fault of the book is that it does not emphasize
The William Lloyd Garrison centen-
A contribution
the method of securing pictures enough to justify to the Garrison nial anniversary has elicited from the
its title. But the very familiarity of the subjects anniversary.
pen of Mr. Ernest Crosby a little vol-
endears them, and the author's modesty is refresh ume entitled “Garrison the Non-Resistant,” which
ing. The only danger is that the reader, taking comes from the Public Publishing Company of Chi-
comfort in much that he already knows, will miss the cago. Considering the history of the past few years,
rarer quality of certain passages. There is plenty it is a fact of hopeful significance that such a char-
of implicit poetry in some of the descriptions, such acter as that of Garrison has received so generous
as that of a tryst with the gray squirrels at dawn, and widespread recognition as the hundredth anni-
when “there is a regular tattoo of sounds on the versary of his birth has called forth. There are
forest floor, caused by tiny showers of dew shaken many who assert, and who doubtless honestly be-
from the leaves, as the squirrels leap from the end | lieve, that Garrison was a drag rather than a help
of one slender branch to another.” And as for to the anti-slavery cause, for the reason that his
originality, nothing more need be said than that Mr.
methods were not generally adopted, and because
Lottridge placed a microphone in the wall of his the actual freeing of the slaves came about as an
bluebird box, and attached a telephone to it, so incident of a policy to which he was ardently op-
that he heard all the family conversations during posed. Those who go below the surface know the
the nesting season. The photographs are all enjoy- shallowness of such a view. Just such an agitation
able, while a few of them - that of a muskrat swim-
as Garrison led was absolutely essential to that re-
ming, of a woodcock on her nest, and of a chicken vulsion of public opinion without which the freedom
hawk “at attention” are triumphs of the art. of the slave, by any method whatever, was an utter.
The fourth volume of Mr. Herbert impossibility. We cannot agree with Mr. Crosby
English men
Paul's “History of Modern En-
in his criticism of Garrison for not throwing his
talents as a reformer into the cause of labor in its
from 1876 to 1886. gland” (Macmillan) covers the ten
years from 1876 to 1885. As in the preceding clean-cut question of right and wrong ; there were
conflict with capital. Freedom or slavery was a
volumes (previously reviewed in THE DIAL) the
author's method is that of strict chronological nar-
good and bad people on both sides, but one side was
rative, based on a study of Parliamentary Papers essentially right in what it asked and the other
and of the few biographies and memoirs so far essentially wrong. No such clearly definable issue
available. His work is everywhere compact, but
has as yet appeared in the struggle between capi-
talists and laborers. Also, while we agree with Mr.
his terse and vigorous style gives emphasis to what
might otherwise easily read like a mere summary
Crosby in his ardent opposition to war, we can
of political events. In the present volume also, Mr. hardly assent to his view that Garrison's abolition-
ism was a mere incident in his career as a non-
Paul evidently feels himself much more familiar
with the conditions he is studying and much more
resistant. Apart from these possible flaws, however,
free to give a personal judgment upon the policies times, and we hope that it will have a wide reading.
Mr. Crosby has written a wholesome book for the
adopted or upon the acts of parliamentary leaders.
He is himself a Liberal in politics and has been a
A volume of 320 pages in which there
Member of Parliament, so that his criticisms must things and places, are thirty-eight essays or articles on
necessarily be read with allowance for his point of
subjects as widely different and un-
view. Yet he is free in his criticisms of both par related as "The Tannery at Mondoa” and “The
ties, and his intimate knowledge of the inner work- Religious Significance of Precious Stones" presents
ings of political life, and his personal acquaintance some difficulties to the reviewer which are not re-
with the men he is describing, render such criticisms concilable to the usual critical standards. The
well worth while in themselves. In general he is final chapter, “Chips from a Literary Workshop,”
inclined to attack the policies of the Tory party, adds fifty different topics commented upon in short
and to criticise his own party simply on the ground paragraphs; and all of this material goes to make
of errors in political manœuvring. As this history up the latest published work of Mr. Frederic Row-
approaches the present time and becomes more per land Marvin, “ The Companionship of Books, and
tinent to present-day conditions, it assumes a livelier Other Papers" (Putnam). The author has here
tone, and many little-known but illuminative anec collected articles, essays, notes and scraps, often-
dotes of men are introduced that serve to render the times mere paragraphs or sentences about various
history itself much more attractive. Disraeli's things,— books, places, and men. Some of the longer
flippant yet piercing phrases, Gladstone's ponderous articles have been published in magazines; others
oratorical effects, or Bright's clear-cut analyses of are here printed for the first time. To judge of
conditions, all help to leave an impress of the men the whole as literature is out of the question. To
Comments on
books and men.


96
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
read it as the note-book of a man well-read and fession when a mere girl ; success followed so fast
broadly interested in a vast number of things, lit that in a few years she was playing with Booth, of
erary and otherwise, is the best method of approach. whom she has several pleasant personal anecdotes
Mr. Marvin has covered a large field in his choice to relate in her entertaining autobiography, “ The
of subjects, and they sound well as titles, but are Memories of Rose Eytinge” (Stokes). The most
often disappointing in their unfolding. He fails to interesting portions of the book deal with the larger
realize an ideal in the chapter on “ The Companion- professional career of Miss Eytinge, when she be-
ship of Books," but he is tender and sympathetic came one of the best known of our women players ;
over the tomb of Heloise and Abelard and the story with her official residence in Cairo, as the wife of
of Paolo and Francesca. He is perhaps at his best the American representative, George H. Butler ;
when musing over the qualities of an old friend or with her return to the stage as a member of
some obscure hero. He becomes lugubrious when the famous Union Square Company – her“ Rose
lingering in graveyards or writing about “The Michel ” days; with her triumphs in London, where
Modern View of Death” or “Dust to Dust,” etc., she became acquainted with Charles Dickens, Wilkie
etc. Mr. Marvin recalls to our minds a number Collins, Edmund Yates, Robert Buchanan, Mrs.
of forgotten themes in a pleasant way, and says a Gladstone, and others as well known. The book
great many good and wise things in a plain and abounds in interesting bits of reminiscence, anec-
simple manner. There is in his writings a little of dotes, and incidents of public characters, with side-
the preacher and a little of the teacher and a good lights on their idiosyncrasies, forming the naïve
deal of the philosopher, but less of the literary man chronicles and observations of over half a century.
than one might expect to find in such a volume.
A fortunate choice of subject and a
A lively study
of " La Grande decided skill in presenting it places
BRIEFER MENTION.
Mademoiselle."
Mme. Arvède Barine's “ Louis XIV.
and La Grande Mademoiselle" (Putnam) in quite
Two new volumes in the attractive “Oxford Poets,"
published by Mr. Henry Frowde, are the “Complete
• a different class from the perfunctory and colorless
Poetical Works of William Cowper,” edited by Mr.
studies of the heroines of the old French régime H. S. Milford, and a reprint of the three-volume edi-
which are turned out in large numbers at every tion of Browning's poems issued in 1863, with “ Pau-
publishing season. It would perhaps be more diffi line" and two short fugitive pieces added. Especially
cult to write a dull book about “La Grande Made welcome is the Cowper volume, which includes every
moiselle” than a brilliant one. But Mme. Barine poem of his hitherto printed except the translations of
has made her heroine's strange personality so vivid
Homer and “ Adamo,” with full and careful editorial
and individual, and has entered so thoroughly into
apparatus. These well-printed and inexpensive edi-
the spirit of her mad vagaries and misguided im-
tions of the poets deserve high praise.
pulses, that the narrative has all the vivacity of
“ The American Catalog ” (sic) now sent us from the
office of “The Publishers' Weekly," covers the five
fiction, though at the same time its historical care
years 1900-4 inclusive, and is a thick volume of about
and accuracy are evident at every turn. This vol-
fifteen hundred pages, each year being paged sepa-
ume takes up the career of Mlle. de Montpensier rately. It differs from the other volume of the same
where the same author's previous study, “The title in giving full title entries with annotations, instead
Youth of La Grande Mademoiselle" dropped it, of condensed titles. It is practically a reprint, sys-
just at the close of the Fronde. Mlle. de Montpen tematized into one alphabet for each year, from the
sier never lost the ideals of her youth and accepted
weekly record of “The Publishers' Weekly," and is, of
the new régime of absolute monarchy and abased
course, a work of indispensable importance to librarians,
nobility only after a life-time's hopeless struggle.
editors, and booksellers. The publishers plan to issue a
similar volume at the end of each five-year period.
Next to depicting her heroine, Mme. Barine has
been interested in making intelligible the enigmat- Hidden Page, and published by Messrs. Houghton,
“ The Chief American Poets,” edited by Mr. Curtis
ical personality of the young king, so different from
Mifflin & Co., is a companion volume to the same edi-
the old man of Saint-Simon's "Mémoires," and in tor's “British Poets of the Nineteenth Century.” It
showing how he imposed his ideas of kingship, aims to provide not an anthology, but a corpus of the
which were Spanish rather than French, upon his best work of the nine poets included, who are Bryant,
generation. Altogether, she has written a delightful Poe, Emerson, Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, Lowell,
study of a fascinating epoch. The translation, which Whitman, and Lanier. Since the volume has over seven
is
anonymous, is
hundred two-columned closely-printed pages, it is not
and unaffected. There are
easy
thirty illustrations from contemporaneous sources.
impossible to give a fairly adequate representation of
this number of poets. The work of the editor includes an
An American
introduction, footnotes, indexes, biographical sketches,
Rose Eytinge was in the hey-day of
actress of her popularity during the “palmy
and bibliographies. Each bibliography has four sections:
the old school.
editions, biography and reminiscences, criticism, and
days ” of the American drama,—the
tributes in verse. The number of references here given
days of Edwin Booth, Lester Wallack, E. L. Daven-
is sufficient for a fairly complete study of each of the
port, and Augustin Daly, of all of whom she was the
poets concerned, and it is particularly for this feature
associate and personal friend. She entered the pro of the volume that we are grateful.


1906.]
97
THE DIAL
Lippincott's “Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer, or
NOTES.
Geographical Dictionary of the World” has been for
many years one of the works of reference absolutely Dr. C. T. Winchester, Professor of English Literature
indispensable to every school, library, and home, not at Wesleyan University, has written a popular Life of
merely because it has had no rival, but also because it John Wesley which the Macmillan Co. will presently
has been, in its successive editions, a work of such
issue.
thorough execution and admirable plan as to leave no “ Napolgon and his Times” is the title of the new
room for adverse criticism. A work of this sort, of volume in “ The Cambridge Modern History.” It
course, must be revised at intervals, and the book in will probably be completed in time for issue during
question has now been given a very complete revision March.
at the hands of Messrs. Angelo and Louis Heilprin. It “ Tarry at Home Travels” is the title of a new book
is printed in new type from cover to cover just half a by Dr. Edward Everett Hale announced by the Macmil-
century from the appearance of its first edition. There lan Co. for Spring publication. The volume will be fully
are upwards of two thousand two-columned pages. illustrated from portraits, old prints, and photographs.
No better idea of the great advances made of late “A Guide to the Ring of the Nibelung,” by Mr.
in the field of artistic photography could be gained than Richard Aldrich, is published by the Oliver Ditson Co.
from the volume called “ Photograms of the Year,” There are numerous illustrations in musical notation,
published by Messrs. Tennant & Ward, New York. and the book furnishes a very helpful aid to the study
This is a collection of reproductions and criticisms of of Wagner's great tetralogy.
typical photographic pictures of the year just closed,
“ The Plays and Poems of Christopher Marlowe"
compiled by the staff of the English - Photographic
and « The Miscellaneous Works of Goldsmith” make
Monthly," assisted by A. C. R. Carter. There are re up the contents of the latest volumes in the ever-
ports from France, Germany, Denmark, Canada, and welcome “ Caxton Thin Paper Series,” imported by
Spain, besides a general retrospect of “ The Work of
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons.
the Year” and detailed accounts of the two great Eng-
Dr. Stopford Brooke's new volume of criticism, which
lish exhibitions of 1905. More than one hundred and
The
he is now preparing, will probably be entitled “
fifty representative photographs, finely reproduced and
Poetic Movement in Ireland.” The book will contain
printed, illustrate the pages of this interesting volume.
appreciations of Matthew Arnold, Dante Gabriel Ro-
The annual volume of proceedings of the National
setti, Clough, and William Morris.
Educational Association, reporting the Asbury Park
The Open Court Publishing Co. send us a pamphlet
meeting of last July, has now been published, and will
containing Count Tolstoy's essay on “ Christianity and
be found to contain a series of discussions, quite as im-
Patriotism,” accompanied by extracts from certain others
portant as usual, of most of the educational topics of
of his essays, the whole translated by various hands, and
timely interest. Even more valuable, in some respects, provided with an epilogue by Dr. Paul Carus.
are the three special reports, separately printed, that
An explanatory list of “ Abbreviations Used in Book
accompany the main volume. The subjects of these
reports are industrial education in rural schools, taxa-
Catalogues” has been compiled by Mary Medlicott of
tion in its relation to education, and the present condi-
the Springfield City Library, and is published by the
Boston Book Co. Many others besides librarians will
tions of salary, tenure, and pension, under which the
teachers of the United States are performing their
find this modest pamphlet of much usefulness.
poorly-rewarded labors. These reports ought to serve
A timely addition to the “Old South Leaflets" is
as the basis of an early improvement in the professional
made in “ Franklin's Boyhood in Boston," a selection
status of the teacher, and of a widened sense of respon-
from the opening pages of the Autobiography. At the
sibility in the matter of taxation.
end of the pamphlet are printed the provisions relating
Particular interest attaches to the new volume of
to Boston in Franklin's will and a few helpful notes.
English “ Book-Prices Current ” (London: Elliot Stock)
We have just received from the Government Printing
Office a
because of the unusual number of rare and valuable
“ List of the Benjamin Franklin Papers in the
books which have been sold at auction during the sea-
Library of Congress,” compiled by Mr. Worthington
son of 1905. Some sixty-nine works, most of them in sin-
C. Ford, also the annual report of the Librarian, Mr.
gle volumes, brought their owners over £24,000. Fust
Herbert Putnam, for the year ending with last June.
and Schaeffer's Psalter of 1459, the Countess of Pem-
A careful examination of an interesting but hitherto
broke's “ Au Tonie,” dated 1595, Caxton's " Book called rather neglected subject is promised by the Baker &
Caton," and twenty-one Shakespeariana were among
Taylor Co. in a volume entitled “The Country Town,
the great prizes of the year. Another item of unusual
a Study of Rural Evolution.” The author is Mr. Wil-
interest to collectors is the catalogue, running to ninety
bur L. Anderson, and an introduction is contributed by
pages, of the library of the late Mr. John Scott, of Largs,
Dr. Josiah Strong.
Ayrshire, whose volumes of English history, because Mr. Frederic Harrison has completed a drama on
of their extreme rarity, have an interest for the biblio which he has been engaged since the publication of his
phile quite out of proportion to their market value. Byzantine romance, “ Theophano.” It is not a drama-
This new volume of “Book Prices Current" has, like tized version of that tale, but rather a tragedy founded
its predecessors, been very carefully compiled and fully on the same incidents. The play will not be published
indexed. The subject index which formerly stood at until it has appeared on the stage.
the beginning of the work has been united with the The « Letters and Addresses of Thomas Jefferson
general index, and the whole now appears in one alpha is the ninth volume in the series of reprints issued by
bet at the end. On the whole, bibliophiles will find the the Unit Book Publishing Co. It is edited by Messrs.
new volume more than ordinarily interesting and useful; William B. Parker and Jonas Viles, and gives us nearly
while to booksellers and librarians it is, of course, an three hundred pages of carefully-selected text, besides
ndispensable working tool.
the notes. Similar volumes of Washington, Adams,


98
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
Franklin, and Hamilton, are mentioned as being in prep-
aration. These books are a positive boon for teachers
of history in our schools.
Herr Julius Wolff's rhymed narrative of “ The Wild
Huntsman,” first published thirty years ago, has found
a skilful translator in Mr. Ralph Davidson, and a sym-
pathetic illustrator in Mr. Woldemar Friedrich, the
combined product now making an English book pub-
lished by the Messrs. Putnam.
“ The Book of Photography, Practical, Theoretic,
and Applied,” edited by Mr. Paul N. Hasluck, is pub-
lished by Messrs. Cassell & Co. It is a big book of
some eight hundred pages, encyclopædic in scope, and
abundantly illustrated. It will prove a veritable boon
to amateur and professional photographers alike.
A pretty « Lewis Carroll Birthday Book” has been
compiled by Mrs. Christine Terhune Herrick and is
published by the A. Wessels Co. There are alternate
blank pages throughout the volume, with selections
from Dodgson's inspired nonsense for each day in the
year, and several of Tenniel's drawings.
“The Bivouac of the Dead and Its Author," by Mr.
George W. Ranck, is a small book published at the
Grafton Press. While we are by no means certain that
the poem in question is “ the greatest martial elegy in
existence,” it is important enough to deserve this treat-
ment, and the accompanying commemoration of Theo-
dore O'Hara, its author.
Specimens of Discourse,” edited by Dr. Arthur
Lynn Andrews, is a new volume of the “ English
Readings ” published by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.
The contents are of a nature to illustrate the four fun-
damental types of composition, and are consequently of a
very miscellaneous character. The book is intended for
students in high schools and the early years of college.
Some time this month the Harpers will publish the
first volume of a series to be called “ The Mark Twain
Library of Humor.” It is the aim of the editor to in-
clude not only representative selections from the works
of the recognized fun-makers, but to give full and right-
ful place to those writers who while working in a wider
field, have yet given expression to the purest humor.
The first volume will be called “ Men and Things."
Mr. Clyde Fitch's play, “ The Girl with the Green
Eyes,” is published in book form by the Macmillan
Co., with due reservation of the rights of performance.
While far from being a distinguished illustration of the
literary drama, the play reads very well — possibly
better than it sounds when acted. And we always
welcome the appearance of acting plays in a form that
permits of their being read at all.
After several years' preparation, Messrs. Henry Holt
& Co. will shortly begin the publication of an important
series of books dealing with contemporary political,
economic, and social questions, to be called " American
Public Problems." The first volume is entitled “ Im-
migration and its Effect upon the United States," and
is the work of Dr. Prescott F. Hall, for many years
secretary of the Immigration Restriction League.
Neither this nor the volumes to follow are designed to
present any particular theory or to uphold any especial
doctrine. Each will contain a complete history of the
question treated, in its political and legislative aspects ;
with all the available facts pertinent to it, and a careful
and impartial discussion of the policies advocated. The
series is under the general editorial direction of Mr.
Ralph Curtis Ringwalt, of the New York bar.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
February, 1906.
Architecture, Domestic, Some Recent Designs in. Studio.
Arctic, Two Years in the. Anthony Fiala. McClure.
Army as a Career Lloyd Buchanan. World's Work.
Art Books, Significant. Royal Cortissoz. Atlantic.
Barrier, The Last. Charles G. D. Roberts. Harper.
California's Fruit Crops, Saving. W. S. Harwood. Century.
Ceramic Work of Burslem Art School. E. N. Scott. Studio.
China, The New. Thomas F. Millard. Scribner.
Christian Endeavor Movement. H. B.F. Macfarland. No. Amer.
Christianity in Japan, Future of. J. L. Deering. World Today.
City's Fight for Beauty, A. Henry Schott. World's Work.
Comet. What is a ! William H. Pickering. Harper.
Constitution, Written, Elasticity of. Hannis Taylor. No. Amer.
Damrosch, Frank. E. N. Vallandigham. World's Work.
Electoral Corruption in England. Arthur Pottow. No. Amer.
Eliana: the Latest Windfall, William C. Hazlitt. Atlantic.
English Art Club, The New. E. Douglas Shields. World Today.
Erie Canal and Freight Rebates. C. H. Quinn. World Today.
“Essex, The Gentleman from." Lincoln Steffens. McClure.
Europe, Diplomatic, Masters of. World's Work.
Exploration. N. S. Shaler. Atlantic.
French Presidency and American. Munroe Smith. Rev.of Revs.
Galveston's New Sea-Wall. W. Watson Davis. Rev. of Reviews.
Georgia, A Great Citizen of. Albert Shaw. Review of Reviews.
Germany, How Science Helps Industry in. Review of Reviews.
Government as a Home-Maker. Hamilton Wright. World Today.
Gulf Ports, Development of our. Review of Reviews.
Hankey, William Lee, Art of. A. Lys Baldry. Studio.
Harper, President. John H. Finley. Review of Reviews.
Hayti, Future of. Eugene P. Lyle, Jr. World's Work.
"Ik Marvel," Charm of. Annie Russell Marble. Atlantic.
Imperialist, First American. W. S. Rossiter. North American.
Impressionist Painters, Reminiscences of. George Moore. Scrib.
Industrial Securities as Investments. C. A. Conant. Atlantic.
Japan since the War. Mary C. Fraser. World's Work.
Japan's“Elder Statesman.” W. Elliot Griffiis. North American.
Jefferson, Joseph, at Work and Play. Francis Wilson. Scrib.
Kansas Land Fraud Investigation. World Today.
Keats, Portraits of. William Sharp. Century.
Lesser Virtues, The. Anonymous. Lippincott.
Life Insurance Remedy, The. World's Work.
Life, The Riddle of. H. Chariton Bastian. World Today.
Mexico, The Year in. Frederic R. Guernsey. Atlantic.
Miniatures, Recent Vienna Exhibition of. Studio.
Moose, The, and his Antlers. Ernest Thompson Seton. Scribner.
National Academy of Design Exhibition. Studio.
National Portraiture Gallery. William Walton. Scribner.
Negro, Joys of Being a. Edward E. Wilson. Atlantic.
New York Revisited. Henry James. Harper.
Nola, Feast of Lilies at. W.G. Fitz-Gerald. World Today.
Opera in America, Early Days of. Rufus R. Wilson, Lippincott.
Parental Schools, Our. Mary R. Gray. World Today.
Photography, Marvels of. H. W. Lanier. World's Work.
Pianists Now and Then. W, J. Henderson. Atlantic.
Poetry, English--What it Owes to Young People. No. American.
Pure Food Bill and Senate. H. B. Needham. World's Work.
Railroads, President and the. Charles A. Prouty. Century.
Ranch, The 101. M. G. Cunniff. World's Work.
Representation, Congress Can Reduce. No. American.
Richardson, Fred, Some Pen Drawings by. Studio.
River, Toilers of the. Thornton Oakley. Harper.
Robinson, Sir John Charles, Etchings of. A. M. Hind. Studio.
Senate, The United States. William Everett. Atlantic.
Senatorial Courtesy, Salvation by. World Today.
Severn, Joseph, A Reminiscence of. R. W.G. Century.
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. Harold Hodge. Harper,
Sinai, The Egyptians in. W. M. Flinders-Petrie. Harper.
Society of Western Artists Exhibition. Studio.
South's Amazing Progress, The. R. H. Edmonds. Rev. of Revs.
Speech, Schoolmastering the. T. R. Lounsbury. Harper.
State, Building a, by Organized Effort. Review of Reviews.
Telephone Movement, The. Jesse W. Weik. Atlantic.
Texas, Southwest, Growth of. Review of Reviews.
Theatre Francais, The. H. C. Chatfield-Taylor. World Today.
Tito, Ettore, Paintings of. Ludwig Brosch. Studio.
Trolley Car as a Social Factor. K. E. Harriman. World.Today.
Trust Company Reserves. George W. Young. No. American.
Turgot, Statesmanship of. Andrew D. White. Atlantic.
Umbrian Idyl, An. Anne H. Wharton. Lippincott.
United States a Parsimonious Employer. North American.
Villas of the Venetians. George F. Fernald. Scribner.
War, Is the United States Prepared for? North American.
Workingmen's Insurance. C. R. Henderson. World Today.


1906.]
99
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 78 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
A Life of Walt Whitman. By Henry Bryan Binns. Illus. in
photogravure, etc., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 369. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $3. net.
Further Memoirs of the Whig Party, 1807-1821. With
some miscellaneous reminiscences. By Henry Richard Vas-
sall, third Lord Holland; edited by Lord Stavordale. With
photogravure portraits, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 420.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $5. net.
Edvard Grieg. By H. T. Finck. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 130. "Living Masters of Music." John Lane Co. $1. net.
John Fiske. By Thomas Sergeant Perry. With photogravure
portrait, 24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 106. Beacon Biog-
raphies.” Small, Maynard & Co. 75 cts. net.
Lord George Bentinck: A Political Biography. By B.
Disraeli. New edition; with introduction by Charles Whib-
ley. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 385. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net.
HISTORY.
The Jews of South Carolina, from the Earliest Times to the
Present Day. By Barnett A. Elzas, M.D. Large 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 352. Press of J. B. Lippincott Co. $6. net.
The Federalist System, 1789-1801. By John Spencer Bassett,
Ph.D. With maps, 8vo, gilt top, uncut. pp. 327. The
American Nation." Harper & Brothers. $2. net.
Somerset House. Past and Present. By Raymond Needham
and Alexander Webster. Illus. in photogravure, etc., large
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 344. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50 net.
Carthage of the Phoenicians in the Light of Modern Exca-
vation. By Mabel Moore. Illus. in color, etc., 12mo, uncut,
pp. 184. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
A History of the Friends in America. By Allen C. Thomas,
A.M., and Richard Henry Thomas, M.D. Fourth edition,
thoroughly revised and enlarged. 12mo, pp. 246. John C.
Winston Co.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
In Peril of Change: Essays Written in Time of Tranquillity.
By C. F. G. Masterman, M.A. 12mo, pp. 331. New York:
B. W. Huebsch. $1.50 net.
The Thread of Gold. By the author of " The Home of Quiet.”
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 286. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. net.
Heroic Romances of Ireland. Trans. into English prose
and verse, and edited, by A. H. Leahy. Vol. II., completing
the work. Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 161. London: David Nutt.
BOOKS OF VERSE.
Selections from the Poetry of John Payne. Made by
Tracy and Lucy Robinson; introduction by Lucy Robinson.
With photogravure portrait, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
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New Collected Rhymes. By Andrew Lang. 12mo, gilt top,
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The Collected Poems of Wilf Campbell. 8vo, gilt top,
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Poems of the Seen and the Unseen. By Charles Witham
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Words of the Wood. By Ralcy Husted Bell. 12mo, uncut,
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At the Gates of the Century. By Harry Lyman Koopman.
16mo, uncut, pp. 88. Boston: Everett Press.
Poems of Love and Nature. By Leonard A. Rickett. 16mo,
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Dalmar, Daughter of the Mill. By Charles W. Cuno. Illus.,
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Varied Voices from the Muse of Beech Bend. By William
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mercial Job Printing Co.
A Maker of History. By E. Phillips Oppenheim. Illus.,
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Double Trouble; or, Every Hero his Own Villain. By Herbert
Quick. Illus., 12mo, pp. 320. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.50.
Peter and Alexis: The Romance of Peter the Great. Ву
Dmitri Merejkowski; authorized translation from the Rus-
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The Long Arm. By Samuel M. Gardenhire. Illus., 12mo, pp.
345. Harper & Brothers. $1.50.
Vrouw Grobelaar and her Leading Cases. By Perceval Gib-
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Barbara Winslow, Rebel. By Elizabeth Ellis. Illus., 12mo,
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In Old Bellaire. By Mary Dillon. Illus., 12mo, pp. 363. Cen-
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A Lost Cause. By Guy Thorne. 12mo, pp. 306. G. P. Putnam's
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The Sage Brush Parson. By A. B. Ward. 12mo, pp. 390.
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Napoleon's Love Story: An Historical Romance. By Wac-
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No. 101. By Wymond Carey. Illus., 12mo, pp. 378. G. P.
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The Weight of the Crown. By F. M. White. 12mo, pp. 319.
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The Castlecourt Diamond Case. By Geraldine Bonner.
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TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Flashlights in the Jungle: A Record of Hunting Adven-
tures and of Studies in Wild Life in Equatorial East Africa.
By C. G. Schillings. Authorized translation by Frederic
Whyte; with introduction by Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G.
Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 782. Doubleday, Page & Co.
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The High-Road of Empire : Water-Colour and Pen-and-Ink
Sketches in India. By A. H. Hallam Murray. Illus. in color,
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The Great Plateau: Being an Account of Exploration in
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Captain C. G. Rawling. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 319. Long-
mans, Green & Co. $5.
New Egypt. By A. B. De Guerville. Illus. in photogravure,
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A Book of the Riviera. By S. Baring-Gould. Illus., 12mo,
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Sicily. By the late Augustus J. C. Hare and St. Clair Baddeley.
Illus., 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 142. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1. net.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
Shinto (the Way of the Gods). By W. G. Aston, C.M.G. 8vo,
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The Bible and Spiritual Criticism. By Arthur T. Pierson.
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The True Doctrine of Prayer. By Leander Chamberlain;
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A Church Calendar for 1906. Large 4to, pp. 61. Thomas
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POLITICS AND ECONOMICS.
The Empire and the Century: A Series of Essays on Impe-
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introduction by Charles Sydney Goldman, and a poem by
Rudyard Kipling entitled “The Heritage.” With maps,
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The Cost of Competition : An Effort at the Understanding
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McClure, Phillips & Co. $2.net.
Modern Germany. By 0. Eltzbacher. 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 346. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50 net.
Quakerism and Politics. By Isaac Sharpless, LL.D. 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 225. Ferris & Leach.
ART AND MUSIC.
Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.
By W. Holman Hunt, O.M. In 2 vols., illus. in photogra-
vure, etc., 8vo, gilt tops. Macmillan Co. $10. net.
Newnes's Art Library. New vols.: Puvis de Chavannes,
text by Arsene Alexander; Dante Gabriel Rossetti, text by
Ernest Radford. Each illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo.
Frederick Warne & Co. Per vol., $1.25.
FICTION.
On the Field of Glory: An Historical Novel of the Time of
King John Sobieski. By Henryk Sienkiewicz; trans, from
the Polish by Jeremiah Curtin. 12mo, pp. 334. Little, Brown
& Co. $1.50.
The Wheel of Life. By Ellen Glasgow. 12mo, pp. 474. Dou-
bleday, Page & Co. $1.50.
The Angel of Pain. By E. F. Benson. 12mo, pp. 364. J. B.
Lippincott Co. $1.50.


100
[Feb. 1,
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1906.]
103
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THE “MAGAZINE PROBLEM” SOLVED
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106
[Feb. 16,
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CENTURY LIBRARY
IS BECOMING MORE POPULAR EVERY YEAR
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The new Century Library contains the complete works of
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1906.]
107
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BOOKS OF PERMANENT VALUE
New Edition Now Ready
THE LIFE OF CHARLES LAMB
By E. V. LUCAS, Editor of the “Works and Letters of Charles and Mary Lamb."
Two volumes. 8vo. 50 Illustrations. Net $6.00.
"A perfect book about Charles Lamb, his sister, and his friends. . . . A biography which, for its comprehensiveness
as a record, its store of anecdote, its sympathetic tone, and its winning style, promises to rank as a classic."
-New York Tribune.
We finish the book, not with a note of admiration after a brilliant display of rhetoric, but with a quiet sigh of
unfeigned sorrow at a forced parting from a very dear friend. ... This is perhaps the greatest triumph of the biographer,
who is a man after Lamb's own heart and one of his own best pupils. ... The biography contains a wealth of entertain-
ment which it would be difficult to overestimate."-London Times.
THE LIFE OF GOETHE
By ALBERT BIELSCHOWSKY. Authorized translation from the German by William A. COOPER,
Assistant Professor of German in Leland Stanford Jr. University.
To be in 3 volumes. Illustrated, large 8vo. Each $3 50 net.
Vol. I. FROM BIRTH TO THE RETURN FROM ITALY. Now Ready.
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form is maintained throughout, and the book reads like a story, the first volume at least like a most romantic one."
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LOUIS XIV. AND LA GRANDE MADEMOISELLE
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Mme. Barine has made her heroine's strange personality so vivid and individual, and has entered so thoroughly
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108
[Feb. 16, 1906.
THE DIAL
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66
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The Life of Lord Randolph Churchill
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Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
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“At last there is set before the world the book which has been none too patiently waited for for many
years past, and an absorbing, interesting, and valuable book it is, fluently and admirably written, and
on its lighter side vastly entertaining: . . Likely to survive as long as English art is treasured and
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A History of the Inquisition of Spain
By Henry Charles Lea, LL.D. In four volumes, 8vo, to be issued at intervals of about
six months.
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The recognized importance of Dr. Lea's “ History of the Middle Ages,” which has been translated
into both French and German, gives assurance that this work will take a permanent position as an
authoritative and dispassionate account of an institution which possesses perennial interest.
Mr. B. L. Putnam-Weale's The Re-Shaping of the Far East
By the author of " Manchu and Muscovite”
Illustrated from fine photographs. Two volumes, $6.00 net.
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER
BY THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
PAGE
a Love
.
.
soul within him (assuming that he has such an
organ), is given lists of books, that he by no
No. 472. FEBRUARY 16, 1906. Vol. XL.
means wants to read, and well-worn tags, dated
from Bacon to Ruskin, upon the philosophy of
CONTENTS.
the subject. Despairing of these abstract instruc-
A. POINT OF DEPARTURE
109 tions, he suppresses his budding aspirations, and
falls stolidly back upon the diet of husks so
THE DELIGHTS OF INDISCRIMINATE READ-
ING. Percy F. Bicknell.
111 freely, and in some aspects so alluringly, set
COMMUNICATION
112
before him by the public prints of the day.
A Final Word about Mr. Swinburne as
The young man or woman who has been the
Poet." Henry S. Pancoast.
victim of systematic literary instruction in the
PRE-RAPHAELITISM FROM A NEW ANGLE. schools is in little better case. He has been
Edith Kellogg Dunton
113
supplied with critical standards, but they con-
A NEW HISTORY OF EDUCATION. Edward 0. stitute to him no more than a barren formulary;
Sisson.
116
he has read the history of literature, which may
TWO AMERICAN MEN OF LETTERS. W. E. have stored his memory with names and titles,
Simonds
119
but has not enriched him with spiritual gifts.
AN OXFORD HISTORY OF ENGLAND. St. George Stretched upon the Procrustean bed of literary
L. Sioussat
122
study, his members have lost their freedom of
RECENT AMERICAN POETRY. William Morton
action, or have been ruthlessly lopped off because
Payne
125
Collected Sonnets of Lloyd Mimin.— The Poems of
they did not fit the structure. The annals of
Trumbull Stickney.- Gilder's In the Heights. dead and alien periods have been displayed
Cawein's The Vale of Tempe.---Lodge's The Great before a mind quivering with vital impulses, and
Adventure.— Sands's The Valley of Dreams.-Wat-
son's Old Lamps and New.- Bayne's Perdita.-
his interest in the poets has been suppressed by
Givler's Poems.- Sherman and Scollard's A South the historical and philological pedantries which
ern Flight.— Scott's New World Lyrics and Bal-
lads.- Collected Poems of Wilfred Campbell.
their proper study entails, as he is given to
understand it. That literature might yet become
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
128
A contribution to the study of Dutch painting: -
for him the very bread of life is the last thought
A practical believer in the Golden Rule.- A monu with which he lays aside the books which have
mental edition of George Herbert.— Experiences presented it to him in so unsympathetic and
with a self-supporting country home.- More of
repellant a fashion.
Sainte-Beuve's “Portraits” in English.- A New
England physician of the old school. The idolatry What may be done to save the soul thus so
of wealth in America.— Authoritative chapters on nearly lost ? The question is one of the most
the vocal art.— Romance and history of an Italian
valley.-Shall the earth be kept still habitable ? serious ones possible, and whoever succeeds in
The history of our smallest commonwealth.- Leg finding the right answer to it is sure of both
ends of the Italian saints.
appreciation and gratitude. Probably the first
NOTES
132 delusion to be dismissed is that any one answer,
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
133 or even any
hundred answers,
will
prove
ade-
quate. The matter is one for individual diag-
nosis and prescription, not for the application
A POINT OF DEPARTURE.
of general rules. Or rather, this delusion, rightly
Mr. Lang once remarked, in his airy way, viewed, is the synthesis of all the special delu-
that the man who really cares for books reads sions that take the form of book-lists, and study-
them all. This, we believe, was said à propos courses, and culture-systems. As for Mr. Lang's
of some discussion or other about the “ hundred easy dictum, that is obviously a counsel of per-
best books,” or about “ courses of reading,” or fection for the few, a petitio principii for the
about “ the pursuit of literature as a means of many.
many. The problem is not how to deal with
culture.” The theme has many names and guises, those who truly care for books — they may
but in all of them it remains the same old theme. safely be left to their own explorations - but
The anxious inquirer, when he seeks counsel of how to help those who might learn to care for
the pundits as to how he may save the literary | books under sympathetic and intelligent guid-
.
.


110
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
ance. And it must frankly be admitted that a for when they are called to account for their
considerable fraction of those upon whom the misdeeds before the bar of judgment.
experiment may be made will be found finally The philosophical basis of this method is of
incapable of anything like a genuine love for the simplest, and persuasion rather than force is
literature, even when we frame a highly catholic its watchword. It assumes that everyone who
definition of that expression. This atrophy of has read at all has developed some special inter-
faculty is, however, in many cases more apparent ests, and that these interests may be deepened
than real, and it behooves us all to do what we by judicious counsel. It should not be difficult
can to promote the activity of the function when
to divert by degrees the mind that has found
its failure is the result of either early abuse or pleasure in the tinsel and pinchbeck of " When
lack of opportunity.
Knighthood Was in Flower” to the sterling joys
We make no claim of profundity for such provided by Scott, or the mind that has found
suggestions as we have to offer for the suitable satisfaction in the cheap buffoonery of “ David
treatment of these patients, and shall be quite Harum” to the immortal art of Dickens. Taking
satisfied if our remarks rescue a few young the existent interest as the point of departure, and
people here and there from the malpractice under always working upward upon the line of least
which they have suffered hitherto. The heart resistance, more may be aceomplished than is
of every person of sensibility goes out toward readily imagined, far more, certainly, than may
the many unfortunates who, under the impres- be accomplished by viewing the subject of the ex-
sion that they are acquiring culture, and that periment de haut en bas, and expecting his tastes
the value of the acquisition must be proportional to conform immediately to standards that are to
to the painfulness of the effort, are to-day toiling be achieved only after extensive reading and the
with artificially-planned courses of reading, or exercise of much discriminating judgment.
plodding through such formidable works as If something be asked for a little more com-
Grote's “ History of Greece" and Carlyle's prehensive than this process of replacing a poor
“ Frederick the Great” and Ruskin's 6 Modern novel by a better one, we offer for our final sug-
Painters”
- to say nothing of such works as gestion the following device. Take as the point
the Mahabharata" and the Kalevala" and of departure some book of the highest character
the “ Niebelungenlied,” which choice exotics that it is safe to choose, and one selected because
invariably blossom in the “
gay parterre ” of
it has the twofold merit of appealing to an
every conspectus of the world's best literature already established interest of the reader and of
as recommended for earnest minds. Something tending to awaken broader interests of an allied
better than this, surely, it is within the power nature. Then map out a plan of further read-
of ordinary intelligence to commend and urge ; ing for the express purpose of fortifying these
the case calls for homely simples far more than dawning new interests, until by insensible de-
it does for the ransacking of the pharmacopoeia grees a new and widened horizon shall be found
in search of strange remedies.
to have replaced the old contracted one. Many
Our notion is, briefly, that interest and sym works of historical fiction, for example, are rich
pathy form the basis of all good advice about in these radiating interests, and might be made
reading. Even so admirable a treatise as that nuclei for a growth of culture that should be at
of Mr. Frederic Harrison upon “ The Choice once painless and profitable. 66 Westward Ho!”
of Books ” will not do much for the mind untu “ The Cloister and the Hearth,” and “Henry
tored and astray. Far more may be done by Esmond” may be given as illustrations. Or,
some simple suggestion, in the line of an interest if it be safe to venture upon something more
already existing, made by some person with a serious than a novel as the point of departure,
sympathetic insight into the workings of the how effective a use might be made of such a book
inquirer's mind. This is the method by which as Trelawney's memorials of Byron and Shelley,
library workers are to-day throughout the coun or one of Mr. Morley's studies of the French
try stimulating young readers, and unobtrusively philosophers, or a volume of Symonds's history
leading them into the pleasant paths of literature. of the Italian renaissance! What vistas each of
This is the method which teachers in the schools these books unfolds to an active mind, and what
should employ, and doubtless would employ, rich pastures does it open to cultivation ! And
were it not for the paralyzing restrictions im- how easy it would be, in pursuit of this plan,
posed upon them by courses of study and lists under skilful guidance, to acquire almost without
of books for required reading. The framers of knowing it a fruitful acquaintance with one of the
these deadly devices will have much to answer most significant periods in the life of mankind !


1906.]
111
THE DIAL
he espe-
humorous who had been born, and who was dying
THE DELIGHTS OF INDISCRIMINATE or dead, married or about to be, for the past eight
READING.
days.” This " firm and close-grained mind,” indepen-
dent of all authority except reason and truth, quick
A choice instance of a mind edacious of all human
to detect weakness, fallacy, or unfairness, and ever
knowledge is found in Dr. John Brown's uncle by insistent upon accuracy and clear thinking, served as
marriage, Mr. Robert Johnston, an elder in the a sort of whetstone on which the minister sharpened
church of his brother-in-law and Dr. Brown's father, his wits at these weekly sittings. Of the bodily
the Rev. John Brown, and a merchant and “ por- aspect of this interesting man one is glad to be told
tioner" in the little Lanarkshire village of Biggar something. Short and round, homely and florid,
as we learn from the author of “ Rab and his
he was thought by his nephew to bear a probable
Friends.” This Johnston, as is related at some resemblance to Socrates. Careless in his dress, he
length in the first volume of “Spare Hours,” not habitually carried his hands in his pockets, was a
only intermeddled fearlessly with all knowledge, but great smoker, and indulged in much more than the
made himself master of more learning, definite and Napoleonic allowance of sleep. He had a large, full
exhaustive, in various departments, than do many skull, a humorous twinkle in his cold blue eye, a soft
university scholars in their own chosen specialties. low voice, great power of quiet but effective sarcasm,
" Mathematics, astronomy, and especially what may and large capacity of listening to and enjoying other
be called selenology or the doctrine of the moon, and men's talk, however small. It will readily be in-
the higher geometry and physics ; Hebrew, Sanscrit,
ferred that he was unplagued by the itch of author-
Greek, and Latin, to the veriest rigors of prosody ship. Like the cactus in the desert, always plump,
and metre; Spanish and Italian, German, French, always taking in the dew of heaven, he cared little
and any odd language that came in his way; all to give it out. Nevertheless, from first to last, many
these he knew more or less thoroughly," writes his magazine articles and a few pamphlets, dealing with
admiring nephew, “and acquired them in the most questions of the day, dropped from his pen ; but such
leisurely, easy, cool sort of way, as if he grazed and
a man, as his nephew says, is never best in a book :
browsed perpetually in the field of letters, rather
he is always greater than his work.
than made formal meals, or gathered for any ulterior
There comes to mind another and much earlier
purpose his fruits, his roots, and his nuts -
devourer of all sorts of then-existent book-learning,
cially liked mental nuts — much less bought them
but one possessed of far less pith and character,
from anyone.” Every personage in Homer, great or independent judgment, and power of observation,
small, heroic or comic, he knew as well as he knew
than our canny Scotchman. Marsilio Ficino, the
the village doctor or shoemaker; and he made it a
Florentine, contemporary with Cosimo de' Medici,
matter of conscience to read the Homeric poems and placed by him over the Platonic Academy
through once every four years. Tacitus, Suetonius, which the nobleman had founded not long before,
Plutarch, Plautus, Lucian, and nobody knows how distinguished himself by his ardent pursuit of all
many other classical and post-classical authors, he knowledge, but especially of that quintessence of all
was familiar with, together with such moderns as knowledge which we call philosophy. Though a
Boccaccio, Cervantes (whose “Don ” he knew almost Canon of St. Lorenzo and the avowed champion of
by heart), Addison, Swift, Fielding, Goldsmith,
Christian philosophy, he is said to have kept a lamp
Walter Scott, down even to Miss Austen, Miss burning before Plato's bust, and it is certain that he
Edgeworth, and Miss Ferrier.
produced a Latin translation of Plato's works that
But not with the characters of history and fiction is still held in high esteem. Extending his studies
alone was this village shop-keeper on intimate terms. over the entire field of ancient literature, as Pro-
All the minutest personal gossip of the parish, one is fessor Villari tells us, Ficino eagerly devoured the
partly grieved and partly amused to relate, was rel works of every sage of antiquity. Aristotelians,
ished and assimilated by him. Poachers and ne'er- Platonists, Alexandrians, all were read by him with
do-wells appealed to his sympathies, while on the untiring zeal. He sought out the remains of Con-
other hand no one could more keenly enjoy a learned fucius and Zoroaster -and be it noted that this was
doctrinal discussion with the parish minister.
“ This
in the middle of the fifteenth century, when such a
singular man," continues the chronicler, "came to the search was something far different from what it is
manse every Friday evening for many years, and he now in the twentieth. Leaping from one age to
and my father discussed everything and everybody; | another, from this philosophic system to that, he
beginning with tough, strong head work — a bout welcomed all learning as grist to his mill. Not only
at wrestling, be it Cæsar's Bridge, the Epistles of did he become a living dictionary of ancient phi-
Phalaris, the Catholic question, or the great losophy, so that his works are practically an ency-
roots of Christian faith ; ending with the latest joke clopædia of the philosophic doctrines known up to
in the town or the West Raw, the last effusion of his time, but he was also versed in natural science,
Affleck, tailor and poet, the last blunder of Æsop the so far as such knowledge was then obtainable, and
apothecary, and the last repartee of the village fool, had received from his father some training in med-
with the week's Edinburgh and Glasgow news by icine. He is especially interesting, however, as the
their respective carriers ; the whole little life, sad and | incarnation of that spirit of exultation that was


112
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
aroused throughout Europe by the discovery of the so large a fraction of true manhood and woman-
literary treasures of antiquity. There is enough hood. Should the cosmic scheme ever be so im-
that is likable in him, as portrayed in Professor modest as to lay bare its secret to our gaze, we
Villari's work on Savonarola, to make us forgive should be literally shocked to death. Thus the fasci-
the incurable pedantry of the man. For pedant nation that lures to the pursuit of ultimate truth is the
he certainly was, so stuffed with ill-digested learning fascination of the unattainable. With the enlarge-
that he had lost the power of independent thought ment of one's sphere of knowledge, the surface pre-
and was never content until he could make his sented to the encompassing Unknowable, to use Her-
ideas, if he had any, square with Plato, or with bert Spencer’s figure, is correspondingly increased ;
Aristotle, or even with some ancient skeptic or whereby one's sense of awe and mystery and won-
materialist. And so we leave him, sadly deficient in der is by so much deepened and intensified. And
native faculty, but possessed of an admirable thirst although the further one progresses in knowledge,
for knowledge.
the more profound becomes one's conviction of
Still another choice spirit, to whom nothing human ignorance, nevertheless there is a wholesome satis-
was devoid of interest, is that genial hypochondriac faction in learning how little we really know. To
who, to cure himself of melancholy, wrote one of attain at last to something like a clear and compre-
the most fascinating, as it is one of the most fan-
hensive survey
of the variety and profundity of our
tastic, works of literature. Of the author of "The ignorance, is well worth the price of a lifetime spent
Anatomy of Melancholy" far too little is known. in study. To master the domain of human knowl-
But there is in the “ Athenæ Oxonienses” a quaint edge (to say nothing now of ultimate truth) is no
characterization of the man that is worth much. longer possible. All the greater, therefore, our envy
“He was,” says Wood, as quoted in the “ Dictionary in contemplating those bygone dabblers in all then-
of National Biography,” “an exact mathematician, existent branches of learning. They came nearer
a curious calculator of nativities, a general read to the attainment of universal knowledge, so called,
scholar, a thorough-paced philologist, and one that than will ever again be possible. Yet there is com-
understood the surveying of lands well. As he was fort in the thought that the literature of power, the
by many accounted a severe student, a devourer of sum total of things warmly and humanly interesting
authors, a melancholy and humorous person, so by and significant, does not grow nearly so rapidly as
others who knew him well a person of great hon the field of science and its unliterary literature.
esty, plain dealing and charity. I have heard some That the true hunger for knowledge is notably in-
of the antients of Christ Church often say that his satiable, is of course easy to explain. Each added
company was very merry, facete and juvenile, and shred of information draws into view a tangled web
no man of his time did surpass him for his ready of countless desirable acquisitions, so that the appetite
and dexterous interlarding his common discourse grows with feeding. The domain of possible con-
among them with verses from the poets or sentences quest increases to the learner's vision when once he
from classical authors.” Bishop Kennet, quoted also is seized and swept away by the passion for research,
in the “ Dictionary," says of Burton that "in an in a geometrical progression whose constant factor
interval of vapours” he was wont to be extremely is large.
cheerful, after which he would fall into such a state
It may be, finally, as we are often enough assured
of despondency that he could only get relief by going by good men, that this impossibility of satisfying
to the bridge-foot at Oxford and hearing the barge- the intellectual appetite is providential, and that the
men swear at one another, “at which he would set chief function of the insatiate craving for all knowl-
his hands to his sides and laugh most profusely”; edge is to point us at last to the exercise of other
which will perhaps recall to some the passage in and higher faculties which shall in the end bring
Burton's preface relating a similar practice attrib the peace that passeth understanding.
uted to Democritus. Burton died at or very near
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
the time he had foretold some years before in cal-
culating his nativity. Wood records a report, cur-
rent among the students, that he had “sent up his
COMMUNICATION.
soul to heaven thro' a noose about his neck," in order
not to falsify his calculation. Beneath his bust in A FINAL WORD ABOUT MR. SWINBURNE AS
Christ Church Cathedral, where he was buried, is
"A LOVE POET.”
this curious epitaph, composed by himself: “ Paucis
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
notus, paucioribus ignotus, hic jacet Democritus When I ventured to ask some questions in your col-
Junior, cui vitam dedit et mortem Melancholia.” umns about Mr. Swinburne's poetry, I had no intention
To the eager devourer of all knowledge, the charm
of entering into any discussion which they might possi-
of this incomprehensible universe of ours is in one
bly provoke. But the very courteous communication of
important respect much like the charm of a living
Mr. Francis Howard Williams, published in The DIAL
of February 1, seems to demand a response.
person: it lies largely in what is below the surface
As Mr. Williams himself intimates, his communica-
and only approximately and doubtfully attainable
tion does not deal with the main question, but with a
by shrewd conjecture. In a human being it is side issue - or rather with several side issues. It is
found in those reserves of personality that constitute chiefly a protest against my incidental references to Mr.


1906.]
113
THE DIAL
And so
Swinburne's love-poems. Not only does Mr. Williams
consider Mr. Swinburne “ essentially and avowedly a
The New Books.
love-poet,” but he claims that he excels all others in
the vivid and compact expression of erotic emotion.”
Passing over this statement without comment, I will try PRE-RAPHAELITISM FROM A NEW ANGLE.*
to answer Mr. Williams's questions, and in so doing I
trust that I may make my position more clear.
It is impossible to escape a certain feeling of
Mr. Williams objects to my referring to certain love- disappointment in connection with Mr. Holman-
poems of Mr. Swinburne's as “ so-called love-poems." | Hunt's long-awaited account of the Pre-Raphael-
This raises too long a question for a short letter. The
ite movement. Other chroniclers have pictured
word "love" as we commonly use it is undoubtedly
broad and elastic enough to include those poems in the
this as a dramatic, impassioned revolt. They
first series of “ Poems and Ballads ” which I had in
have dwelt upon its splendid enthusiasms and
mind. There are many kinds of love and many classes generous hero-worship, its light-hearted gaiety
of lovers. Speaking broadly, these poems are properly and its spontaneous humor.
and its spontaneous humor. Their lively me-
“ called” love-poems, but (as I intended to suggest)
moirs have been full of clever anecdotes and
they deal with love only, or chiefly, as a thing of the
senses. In a familiar sonnet (CXVI.), to which I have entertaining personalities.
entertaining personalities. The Pre-Raphaelite
already referred, Shakespeare speaks of love as "the painters have been invariably treated not merely
marriage of true minds.” This is incomplete, but noble. as artists and poets but as men, eccentric at
In another sonnet (CXXIX.) he lays bare another and
a very different kind of emotion ; he does not call this undertaking a new project than patience and
times and irresponsible, with more energy in
love, but gives it another and a baser name.
comprehensive line he describes this emotion as “ the training for finishing it, but full, nevertheless,
expense of spirit in a waste of shame.” Poems which of the joy of living and of working, and of that
sympathetically portray such an “expense of spirit” many-sided responsiveness to the best things that
are “called” love-poems, but, in my judgment, their
place is not with the true love-poems of the literature,
is the characteristic spirit of the amateur, in
which deal with a gift which is half divine in its nobler
the true sense of that misused term.
and more truly beautiful aspects. Is there not a basis
interest in the Pre-Raphaelite movement has
of truth in the story of Tannhäuser, as Wagner pre come to depend less upon approval of its poetic
sents it? The poet of Venusberg is deprived of his
or pictorial expression than upon appreciation
place among the Troubadours, the true poets of love.
The poet of " Laus Veneris " shows us human passion
of the remarkable personality of the artists.
in its earthly and least exalted form, - passion, with its
But Mr. Holman-Hunt's idea is that we have
inevitable successors, satiety, world-weariness, and de- already had far more of this sort of thing than
spair. Whether such poems are true love-poems, or is good for us; that in the effort to render the
whether they profane the name of love, is a matter of
movement fascinating and dramatic its real pur-
opinion and definition.
A few minor points remain to be noticed. I did not
pose has been lost sight of, and that in the
say or imply that Emerson did, or could, write love maze of anecdote and personality dates have
poetry. To that charge I plead not guilty. Mr. Williams been distorted, followers have been confused
asks : “When did Wordsworth ever write a love with leaders, and truth has been outraged. His
poem ?” I referred, of course, to the little group of
poems, which are sometimes spoken of as the “ Lucy'
purpose, then, is to write a history that shall
poems (“She dwelt beside untrodden ways,” “ Three
be accurate, exact, and impersonal, that shall
years she grew,” etc.), and to the poem beginning “She show in plain prose how the Pre-Raphaelite
was a phantom of delight.” These masterpieces need painters worked among other English painters
neither praise nor justification, but it may be interesting of their day, that shall explain what was their
to note that Professor F. B. Gummere, in his little book
on “Poetics.” places them among the most representa- theory of art, what each Brother contributed to
tive love-lyrics of the literature.
the movement, and how the critics and the pub-
I am sorry to be obliged to differ so often from Mr. lic received his work. In particular the author
Williams, but I cannot agree with him about Browning. wishes to correct certain dominant errors in the
I feel that the poet of that great apostrophe “ 9 Lyric popular view of the movement.
The book,
Love,” the poet who wrote “ By the Fireside,” “One
Word More," and "Love among the Ruins ” (to give
therefore, has quite a different scope and inter-
only a few examples), ranks with the true love-poets of
est from those with which its title challenges
the literature. He is the poet of love in its noblest comparison. Both Mr. Holman-Hunt's author-
aspect as “ the greatest good i' the world.” Even if ship and his peculiar understanding of Pre-
« The Statue and the Bust” were an exception to this,
the other poems would remain, but I do not regard it
Raphaelitism lead to a heavy emphasis upon
his
as an exception. The poem has puzzled many readers,
own work. But he does not wish the book to
and it is perhaps somewhat ambiguous, but I am con be considered as autobiography merely. He
strained to say that in this instance I think Mr. Williams clearly aims at getting a hearing with the peo-
has failed to understand Browning's meaning.
*PRE-RAPHAELITISM AND THE PRE-RAPHAELITE BROTHER-
HENRY S. PANCOAST.
HOOD. By William Holman-Hunt. In two volumes. Illustrated.
Hartford, Conn., Feb. 8, 1906.
New York: The Macmillan Co.


114
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
ing it.
ple who have preferred Rossetti's work to his and Rossetti should ever have been drawn to-
own and who have regarded Madox Brown as wards one another, or even imagined that they
the chief source of Rossetti's initial inspiration, could pull together. From Holman-Hunt's point
-- who have accordingly been interested in of view the Brotherhood was a disastrous failure.
the Pre-Raphaelite movement, without, as Mr. Rossetti was from the first utterly oblivious of
Holman-Hunt thinks, in the least understand his obligations to it. He confused minute ren-
dering of nature with mediævalism, which Millais
Of course the whole controversy hinges, like and Holman-Hunt abhorred. As soon as he had
most controversies, upon the definition of the raised a storm of opprobrium with his first
terms. Mr. Holman-Hunt means one thing by " P. R. B." picture, which, contrary to agree-
Pre-Raphaelitism ; and William Rossetti, Mrs. ment, he exhibited in advance of Millais's and
Burne-Jones, and the general reader mean quite Holman-Hunt's, he coolly withdrew from the
another. According to Mr. Holman-Hunt, he fray and never again exhibited at the Academy.
originated, and he and his life-long friend But he did not stop with sins of omission. The
Millais talked over and agreed to battle to rancorous criticisms of the Academy, put forth
gether for, the Pre-Raphaelite theory. This often anonymously by himself and his friends,
theory seems to have been simply the accurate did them no harm, but greatly injured Holman-
and careful rendering of natural objects. Hol Hunt and Millais, whose idea had apparently
man-Hunt carried it to its furthest point when been to conduct a peaceful, conciliatory cam-
he went to Syria, subjecting himself to untold paign. Worst of all, Rossetti's showy painting
discomfort and a good deal of danger in order and great power of influencing younger men
to paint sacred subjects in their proper environ- misled Ruskin into naming him the leader of the
ment. But he worked out all his backgrounds movement, a designation that Rossetti accepted
“ with the eye on the object.” He took long complacently. As a matter of fact, Rossetti's
walks over the moors with a lantern to study “Arch-Pre-Raphaelitism” as his friends laugh-
the right effects for “ The Light of the World,” ingly named it, was merely arch-heresy in Hol-
and even painted a large part of the picture by man-Hunt's eyes, and since Millais eventually
lamp-light, out-of-doors, in the damp chill of abandoned the gospel that he had professed so
autumn. The original, unalloyed Pre-Raphael ardently, Holman-Hunt alone continued to paint
ite idea, as Mr. Holman-Hunt uses the term, after the true Pre-Raphaelite manner.
does not seem to have gone deeper than the While we are glad to do justice to Mr. Hol-
method of getting one's data. It left the imagi- man-Hunt, and interested in comparing his point
nation untouched, and therefore could not affect of view with those of other historians, we can-
the underlying conception of the painting. not willingly consent to his high-handed substi-
His picture of The Scape-Goat,” with its ob tution of one stage of the movement for the
vious beauties and obvious limitations, perhaps whole story. A Pre-Raphaelite school that leaves
embodies the theory more fully, because more out Rossetti and accords merely a casual men-
baldly, than any other one painting ; and an tion to William Morris and Burne-Jones is
attempt to realize how Rossetti might have indeed shorn of its glory. What Mr. Holman-
treated the same theme will set the ideals of the Hunt's history fails to allow for is the personal
two painters in illuminating contrast.
equation and its marvellous power of developing
But when, in 1847, Rossetti left Madox a situation. William Rossetti was one of the
Brown in despair at the dulness of forever paint seven original Brothers. A comparison of his
ing pickle-jars and came to Holman-Hunt's studio statement of the aims of the organization with
to work under his direction, the Pre-Raphaelite Holman-Hunt's will show that even at first there
idea, which had not yet received its name, was were different interpretations. It is impossible
largely in the air. Rossetti received it with his to imagine Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Holman-
accustomed enthusiasm, even Mr. Holman Hunt understanding the simplest statement in
Hunt admits that he had a genius for feeling precisely the same way, and as the new ideas
and propagating enthusiasm, — and threw him were sown abroad largely through Rossetti's
self with eager abandon into the organization of magic influence, they were necessarily modified
a formal crusade against the conventional stand in the
process, glorified or distorted accor-
ards and tyrannous Philistinism of the Royal ding to the point of view. It never seems to
Academy.
occur to Mr. Holman-Hunt that his conception
It seems little short of amazing, considering of Pre-Raphaelitism makes it immeasurably less
the temperamental obstacles, that Holman-Hunt significant than it has come to be considered.


1906.]
115
THE DIAL
That the strongest proof of the virility and power Robinson. After some alterations had been
of the movement was the way it grew to include made the Jew feared that the baptized likeness
new thoughts and adapted itself to new person had been destroyed, and insisted upon a re-
alities is to him inconceivable. He regards an christening. Needless to say, before the artist
idea as a static thing ; to give it life is to destroy was through with him he proved to be as great
its unity, and you must accordingly rename it a rascal as he was sophistical a reasoner.
at every stage.
There are vivid reminiscences of Thackeray,
Holman-Hunt's hostility to Rossetti is inev- Tennyson, the Brownings, and the Carlyles.
itable, but there seems to be no better reason Tennyson particularly attracted Holman-Hunt,
than jealousy for the former's determined belit- and the poet seemed to have treated him with
tlement of Ford Madox Brown. It is always unwonted consideration. He gives a lively ac-
difficult to settle claims of priority; and it is count of a walking trip through Cornwall, on
of small consequence, since both worked inde which Tennyson, Palgrave, and Val Prinsep
pendently, whether Holman-Hunt or Brown were his associates. With his fixed dread of
first arrived at Pre-Raphaelite conclusions. being lionized, the poet begged his companions,
But Holman-Hunt is unwilling to give Madox who were all much
younger
than he, not on any
Brown any credit for originality. He insists account to call him by his surname. Palgrave
upon reducing him to the humble rank of fol- paid no heed to this injunction during the day,
lower, declaring that when the Brotherhood was but as he followed the poet about the cliffs he
organized he was not Pre-Raphaelite, that he was continually shouting - Tennyson " at the top
was never officially asked to join the Brother- of his lungs. At the inn, however, he ostenta-
hood, and that his instruction contributed very tiously referred to him as “ the old gentleman.
little, if anything, towards Rossetti's develop-Tennyson objected to this designation, and
ment. Even if these contentions are fully justi- Palgrave retorted that it was absurd to assume
fied, we should like Holman-Hunt better if he that his name would be noticed. Each time the
had shown more generosity towards a rival. discussion was renewed Tennyson showed more
But it is high time to turn from the contro temper, until finally there was an open rupture
versial to the narrative interest of the book. and Tennyson retired to his room to pack.
Holman-Hunt tells his story well, in a style “When the poet had gone Palgrave said to us,
more earnest than lively, and with a memory
• You've no idea of the perpetual worry he causes me.
for detail that is truly marvellous. The Syrian Yes," he returned. The last words that Mrs. Tennyson
Val ejaculated, Did you say that he caused you ? '
journeys, full of strange adventures and unique said to me on leaving were that I must promise her
experiences, furnish some delightful chapters. faithfully that I would never on any account let Ten-
One of the greatest of the many difficulties nyson out of my sight for a minute, because with his
incident upon the ignorance and superstition short-sight, in the neighborhood of the cliffs or on the
of the natives was the finding of trustworthy be alone.e hom lever thinking of my promise, and he
models. He tells an amusing story of a shop- continually trying to elude me; if I turn my head one
keeper whose promise he secured to sit for a minute, on looking back I find him gone, and when I call
figure in the great Temple picture. The Jew out for him he studiously avoids answering.' But you
failed to appear,
and Holman-Hunt's interpreter
call him by his name ?' we pleaded for the poet. Of
course I do, for I find that his fear of being discovered
explained his scruple thus :
gives me the best chance of making him avow himself.””
“Well, you know the merchant's name is Daoud
A few moments later Tennyson appeared to
Levi. On the Day of Judgment the Archangel Michael
will be standing at the gate of heaven, and the names apologize for the “ bickerings” and to explain
of all faithful children of Abraham will be called out. how Palgrave's voice, “ like a bee in a bottle,'
When Daoud's name is called, if there were a had interfered with his opportunities for peace-
picture of him, it might be that the likeness would
ful revery. And next day he persisted in start-
arrive first, and this might be passed in, and the name
struck off the roll; and when he arrived to demand ad ing home, accompanied by the faithful Palgrave,
mittance he might be told that Daoud Levi has already and arguing violently, as they drove off, against
entered in, and that he must be a pretender.”
the need of Mrs. Tennyson's caution. All of
Holman-Hunt managed to keep a serious face which goes to show that Rossetti was not the
while he inquired whether baptizing the por- only genius who tried his friends' forbearance to
the breaking point.
any. The Jew thought it would; so, after the There are a great many good stories and
;
first few strokes, Hunt sprinkled the likeness illuminating bits of criticism in the book which
with water and declared its name to be Jack | would well bear quoting, but these examples


116
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
must suffice. The great charm of the narrative some marked excellence ; and its external make-
lies in the connected and undetachable story of up is all that could be asked. A general survey
Holman-Hunt's career, with its fine concentra reveals at once two great virtues : a broad and
tion, its brave, conscientious pursuit of an ideal, yet sane and definite conception of the subject,
and its great achievement in spite of heavy odds. and a rich body of material, in general well
If we yield one kind of admiration to Rossetti
chosen. The writer has hit a happy mean
and the circle of young enthusiasts that he between the narrow ideal of a “ history of peda-
gathered about him, we cannot but grant another gogy” on the one hand, and such a general and
sort to Mr. Holman-Hunt. Where the others subjective view as that of Thomas Davidson in
rushed gaily over obstacles, he labored with his little “ History of Education ” on the other.
dogged perseverence to overcome them. Though The discussion everywhere recognizes the fact
his
range of sympathy was smaller, he was scru that education is an integral part of the whole
pulous in the discharge of every obligation. If development of humanity in history, and yet
his inspiration was less exalted and less bril does not forget that it is dealing with education
liant than theirs, he pursued it with an industry and not with the whole progress of thought
that they could not achieve and an indomitable and life.
courage that they could not better. Best of all
There are, however, some omissions and some
he has kept his temper in the face of much faults in proportion. We are surprised to
provocation to lose it; his attitude toward the find an extensive treatment of such a remote
Academy, toward the critics, and toward Rossetti topic as Chinese education, and not a word upon
is admirably dignified. Few men, therefore, the more relevant subject of Hebrew education;
have had more promising material for an auto with the educational theories and practice of the
biography, and there are no dull pages in the Chinese our history has had no contact or inter-
two thick volumes, though at times the narrative action, while with the Hebrew there are many
moves rather slowly, and the long conversations points of relation. Again, it would seem that
of by-gone years are a little stilted and colorless to give the Middle Ages 126 pages and the
in repetition.
Renaissance and Reformation only 90 is con-
The illustrations in photogravure and half- ceding too much to mere length of time instead
tone are numerous enough to reproduce all of taking into account real historical significance.
Holman-Hunt's important works and a great Vittorino da Feltre, John Sturm, and Melanch-
mass of sketches and studies. There are also thon are disposed of in an average of two pages
several portraits of the artist, and a large num each, - surely a scant recognition of their place
ber of pictures by his contemporaries, which in the work of actual education.
are referred to in the text by way of showing The chapter-headings contain some question-
the widespread influence of the true Pre- able terms.
able terms. Oriental education is set down as
Raphaelite motive, as Holman-Hunt interpreted “recapitulation ”; is it not rather simply repe-
it.
EDITH KELLOGG DUNTON.
tition or reproduction of type ? Indeed, it is
hard to see why the sub-title of primitive edu-
cation, “ non-progressive adjustment,” does not
fit Oriental education quite as well. Greek edu-
A NEW HISTORY OF EDUCATION.* cation is called " education as progressive adjust-
It can hardly be said that we have too many
ment"; but did not Greece distinctly fail to
histories of education, or that we yet have suit- adjust her education to new conditions and so
able text-books on the subject. The subject succumb to national decay? Plato's pedagog-
itself is comparatively new, and awaits satisfac- ical vision had no realization in actual Greek
tory treatment both for general reading and for education, and we can by no means assert that
the classroom. Professor Monroe's new book its realization would have proved to be a pro-
gives great promise, at first glance, of being a gressive adjustment. Locke serves as repre-
nearer approach to the desired text-book than sentative of the disciplinary conception of edu-
any previous one: it is, as the author notes in cation, but in the process seems to us to suffer
the preface, several times as large as most of a certain narrowing and distortion, only par-
those now in use, and all will agree that these tially corrected by admissions that he also rep-
latter are quite too scanty; it is published by a resents realism and naturalism.
firm whose imprint is a guarantee of at least Closer examination reveals much that is
excellent. We may mention particularly the
A TEXT-BOOK IN THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION. By Paul
treatment of Realism, which is broad and illu-
Monroe. New York: The Macmillan Co.


1906.]
117
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are con-
We are
&& ܕܕ
minating in the highest degree. In the pages words “ Ye shall know the truth, and the truth
on Rousseau and in the entire treatment of shall make you free” ascribed to an " Apostle”
Herbart the author succeeds in giving in con (p. 140); does our national ignorance of the
densed form and clear outline the essential con Bible affect even university professors ? On page
tributions made by the two men to educational 75 the terms 6 Iren and “ Melliren
doctrine. Indeed, the whole book gives proof fused, although both have been defined on a
of the broadest and richest acquaintance with preceding page in a quotation from Plutarch.
the field; the great mass of material is in general But these points are insignificant compared
handled in such a way as to show that ample with other and more serious errors.
knowledge of the subject which is the requisite told that Plato, in the “ Republic,” “ rejects all
of the scholar and the teacher.
the Homeric poems ” (p. 136), and “would
Thus the selection of material and the general eliminate the use of the poets altogether”(p. 95).
treatment deserve high commendation. They The reviewer can find no such declarations
are such as go to the make-up of the ideal text in the Republic," but finds on the contrary
book of the subject; and this fact makes it the that Plato says distinctly, after rejecting the
more to be regretted that the book suffers from “ pantomimic poet,” “ we ourselves will make
some serious faults, which greatly lessen its use of the more severe and unattractive poet
value both for the general reader and for the (Rep. 398 A. B.). Is it not seriously incorrect
student. All these faults seem to be the result to charge the Greeks with an “ Oriental attitude
of one thing, — haste. It is as though the au toward womankind” (p. 95)? The author as-
thor had with all due pains and care gathered sumes " the absence of all thought of the gods
his material and framed his plan, and then, or of the future life as having to do with either
urged by some sudden impulse, thrown the motive for or outcome of conduct in this life.”
book together and rushed it through the press. Surely a moment's thought would have brought
The power and equipment which parts of the to mind Minos and Rhadamanthus, and the
work show, to say nothing of other work of the tenth book of the “ Republic," and numberless
same author, forbid us to think that the book distinct and emphatic expressions in Greek myth
might not have been of far higher excellence in and epic and drama and philosophy, which
its final form. As it is, there are flaws and would show the assumption to be utterly false;
errors on almost every page which sadly mar indeed it is hard to see how such a phrase could
the quality of the book.
have been coined even in the greatest haste and
The least important of these defects are petty heedlessness. A similar misconception
errors, not exactly typographical, for they could religious life of the Greeks is found on page 750,
by no means be charged to the printer, but where their education is said to have excluded
rather such points as might easily be due to all recognition of supernatural or religious ele-
incompetent proof-reading; as for example mis ment. The very reading books of the Greek
spelled words, especially proper
“ Vit-boy, Homer and Hesoid, were full of just those
terino da Feltra” (pp. 398, 399), “ Scotus elements ; and Plato's chief objection to parts
Erigina” (p. 278), “ Furstenschulen ” (p. 389); of these poems is that their theology is untrue
ephoebi” for “epheboi” (p. 75); and such and that they are in consequence dangerous in
slips of the pen as the statement that Alexander the extreme. Moreover the whole life of the
of Hales was the author of the “ Summa Greek, boy and man, was hedged about by the
Theologiae” (p. 305), while on a preceding religious and supernatural element; in school
page it is correctly ascribed to Thomas Aquinas. and out, the child was constantly under its in-
With such minor errors may be classed the fre fluence. Was it not largely the break-down in
quent omission of important references. Long the religious element which brought about the
citations on pages 366 and 525 are not even ac educational crisis in the days of Aristophanes
companied by the name of the work from which and Socrates, and the subsequent decay of
they are taken ; Aristotle's “ Poetics” is simply Greek life?
referred to as “ another work” (p. 155). Defi We are told that Francis Bacon 66 wrote
nite citation of chapter or page is the exception. nothing directly on education ” (p. 468); as a
It should not be forgotten that a text-book of this matter of fact there are several considerable
sort should be framed for the hand of the teacher passages upon education in the “ Advancement
as well as that of the student, and the critical of Learning.
and literary apparatus provided accordingly. On
page
732 we find the statement, concern-
We are not a little surprised to find the ing France, that“ religious instruction was given
names,


118
[Feb. 16,
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up
to
in all the schools.” The past tense makes the scheme for the training of women which Pro-
sentence quite indefinite, but it is nevertheless fessor Monroe would seem by implication also
misleading, in view of the fact that religious
to approve.
instruction was abolished in the government The style of the book must be dealt with
schools about 1882, and a moral and civic in- briefly. Evidences that the author is no incom-
struction put in its place. The account of the petent writer are abundant; many chapters,
situation in England, though apparently brought especially those already mentioned with com-
down to 1903, ignores the Act of 1902, prob- mendation in the earlier part of this review, are
ably by far the most important educational clear and quite sufficiently polished; but large
measure in the history of English schools portions of the work are marred in style appar-
the present time. Since that Act went into force ently by the same haste that has played such
it is no longer true that “these two systems of havoc with the accuracy. Vagueness, obscurity,
State or board schools and Church or voluntary and ambiguity are frequent. There is often
schools remain side by side” (p. 734).
confusion in the summary of doctrine, as for
On the question of religious education the example the treatment of Rousseau on pages
book is peculiarly unfortunate. We are told 553-560. The title of this section is “ Three-
on page 59 that “our schools to-day must elimi fold Meaning of Nature in the Emile"; the
nate the religious element”; is this not simply three meanings are all there, but in such form
repeating a common misapprehension, that be that the student would have great difficulty in
cause the public school must be unsectarian it apprehending them ; in fact only one who knew
must also be non religious ? At least the state them in advance could well feel sure that he had
ment involves the prejudgment of a great ques detected them. The account of Comenius's
tion, and can only be defended by an exceed school system (pp. 492 f), which might be made
ingly narrow definition of the phrase "religious so perfectly clear, is seriously clouded by lack
element.” It is quite in accordance with this of clear progress and careful use of terms.
that we find Rousseau's famous “ Confession of There are many minor defects of form, of
Faith of a Savoyard Vicar" dismissed with the which a few specimens may be given. “ Locke
words " we can devote no attention to it here, is the founder of the naturalistic movement in
since it is aside from our main interest education, for in many respects, as he freely
(p. 565). Nevertheless we are told that the acknowledges, Rousseau is indebted to him
question of religious education is a problem of (p. 522). Who freely acknowledges? Gram-
very great importance (p. 750); and we cannot mar and fact seem here to be at odds. There
but wonder why it should be so completely is a frequent unfortunate use of the phrase
excluded from the book. On the same page we
as with,”
thus, “ Locke, as with Rousseau,
read that " Little or no attempt at solution is ostensibly supplanted authority by reason
being made and little interest aroused.” Is there (p. 523). Not infrequently sentences are found
then no Catholic Church in America, bending which are not rhetorically coherent, as for exam-
every energy to this very task? And if the ple : “ As the most important of all English
Catholic activities are out of the range of the writers on the subject of education, or at least
author's attention, he might at least have men as ranking with Ascham and Spencer, the main
tioned the Religious Education Association, thoughts of Locke's treatise deserve presenta-
organized in 1902, and numbering in 1904 tion” (pp. 513, 514). There are many of these
about 2000 members, very many of whom are blemishes, some obscure, some ambiguous, some
educational leaders.
merely awkward ; their frequency confirms the
It is surprising to find Plato's doctrine of belief that great haste is the occasion of these
the education of women held up as the type faults also.
toward which the twentieth century is striving It is cause for genuine regret that a piece of
(pp. 140, 141). “ The differences lie in the work so well begun and with such great possi-
difference of character, not in the difference of bilities should be thus disfigured and damaged
a man and a woman hence should have by a multitude of errors and blemishes, some
the same education.” Is it not rather true that indeed of importance, but most of them petty in
modern doctrine admits fully the differences of themselves, and all avoidable by more care in
sex, and the consequent differences of educa- writing, revising, and proof-reading. But with
tion ? Even co-education is
very
far from mean all its faults the book is probably the best thing
ing identical training, to say nothing of identical available for college classes in the history of edu-
function in life, a part of Plato's chimerical | cation. Vigilance on the part of the instructor
66
sex


1906.]
119
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can do much to correct the errors. We can only more is said, perhaps, than of the fact that in
hope for an early second edition, rigorously his own independent way the youth was reading
revised, and in parts rewritten,
omnivorously in all the rich pastures (if one may
EDWARD O. Sisson. in this connection so mix the metaphor) of the
world's literature. For three years
he nerve-
lessly pursued the law. At last he began to
find himself, and, in 1843, elected literature.
TWO AMERICAN MEN OF LETTERS. *
Lowell's verse received its first potent impulse
Lowell and Lanier : the names chime pleas- in his love for Maria White; but definite inspi-
antly, and with some significance, thus linked.
At least two admirable studies recently pub-cratic instincts and his ardent humanitarianism,
ration came, with the development of his demo-
lished — among the most notable offerings of a
in the early forties. Temperance reform, then
year unusually rich in biographical literature
woman suffrage, finally the anti-slavery move-
impress the reader with a definite feeling that ment, enlisted his fervent support. In that
this elder bard of New England, with his clear epoch of stormy debate he did not withhold his
ideality of vision, and this later southern min-
voice. The spirit which shaped some of his most
strel, with his fine perception of the spiritual characteristic work was already evoked. His
sense of life, are closely akin in the lyric brother- ringing utterance was heard in poems like the
hood. We will not push the parallel. The “ Stanzas on Freedom,” and the sonnet to
differences and discrepancies are palpable in the
Wendell Phillips, both of which belong to 1843.
achievement of the younger poet whose fancy
“ The Present Crisis,” that superb climax of
had hardly begun its second flight; Lanier's lyric eloquence, came in 1845. The year 1848
singing stopped in the poet's fortieth year, just is designated by the biographer as Lowell's
ten years before the life of Lowell closed at the
annus mirabilis. It saw the publication of the
full age of seventy.
second series of the “ Poems" and the comple-
Mr. Greenslet's study of Lowell is admirably tion of “The Fable for Critics,” the “ Biglow
made. The material at hand, including the Papers,” and the “ Vision of Sir Launfal”;
recently-augmented edition of the poet's letters, these besides numerous articles and poems con-
must have been almost embarrassing in its ful-
tributed to the magazines.
ness to one whose purpose was to present within
For Lowell the satirist, Mr. Greenslet has
the
space
of a single volume a comprehensive unqualified praise.
view of the life of Lowell and a consistent inter-
“Little as he liked to be reminded of it in his later
pretation of his work.
However that may be, years, Lowell was the author of the • Biglow Papers,'
the result is a compact record of this many and it is as the author of the · Biglow Papers' that he
sided life and a really judicial discussion of the is likely to be longest remembered. . · In variety,
poet's place in literature - the first essentially
unction, quotability, ethical earnestness, humor, wit,
fun, even in pure poetry and pathos, they stand quite
critical biography of Lowell yet attempted. by themselves in American literature. Criticism can-
Our gleaning from the volume must be not touch them."
meagre. Mr. Greenslet's survey does not add
Oftener than we are apt to remember, these
materially to the vital facts of Lowell's life as years of Lowell's early manhood were invaded
already familiar. There was, to begin with, the by sorrow. In 1847 the Lowells lost their little
auspicious environment of Elmwood
Elmwood -- the daughter Blanche, scarce a twelvemonth old ;
stately colonial mansion set in a “ bowery lone-
bowery lone- three years later, Rose, their third child, died in
liness” which drew the bluebirds and the orioles infancy. The intimate personal expression of
and the robins,- where the love of outdoor life the poet's grief is given in the affecting lyrics :
was bred ; and indoors there were books,- his “She Came and Went,” “ The Changeling,"
clergyman-father's well-selected library, within and - The First
and The First Snowfall." In 1850 the
and among which he browsed knowingly; as a poet's mother, — from whom he had inherited
child he was read to sleep from “ The Faerie
the strong mystical tendency so clearly felt in
Queene," and rehearsed its adventurous episodes his serious work as a whole, — died; her in-
to his playmates. Then came the four years of tensely imaginative mind had become disordered
the Harvard student, colored by a few whimsi in 1842, and for several years she had been an
cal breaches of academic decorum, of which
inmate of an asylum. The cloud had rested
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. His Life and Work. By Ferris heavily over the household, but bitterness was
Greenslet. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
still in store. In 1852, while enjoying their first
By Edwin Mims. Illustrated. Boston:
trip abroad, the Lowells were again bereaved
SIDNEY LANIER.
Houghton, Miffin & Co.


120
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
in the death of Walter, their little son, as they the less, richer in humor, metaphor, gusto, — in
were passing the winter in Rome. Meanwhile short, in genius, – than any other critical writ-
Mrs. Lowell's health had been declining, and ing that America has produced ; and it is not far
soon after the return home, in 1853, the poet surpassed in these qualities by anything in the
buried the wife of his youth. His burden of language.” With a glowing tribute to Lowell's
grief is felt in “ Palinode,” “ After the Burial,” potent influence in the cause of culture and of
and The Dead House." “Something broke conscience while alive, his biographer prophesies
my life in two,” he said later, “and I cannot the enduring potency of this many-sided talent
piece it together again.'
suffused throughout the works of the first true
Of the history conveyed in the later chapters American man of Letters."
of this work we have not space to speak. The
biographer has given a vivacious record of the In the stormy battle years of 1861-5, when
multiform activity which so distinguishes this Lowell, already secure in the fame of his early
useful representative of letters, this cultured verse, was flashing Northern sentiment into the
servant of democracy in public life.
sharp and stinging lines of the second “ Biglow
Mr. Greenslet's critical estimate of Lowell's Papers,” Sidney Lanier was fighting as a pri-
work in verse and prose is conservative and vate soldier under the flag of the Confederacy.
altogether judicious. Of the three hundred Born in Macon, Georgia, in 1842, he had just
poems included in the final edition of the works, completed his college course in Oglethorpe and
less than fifty, he believes, “ possess any vivid had been called to a position as tutor in that
Among the traits which give institution, when the war broke. Lanier flung
distinction to Lowell's best poetry, he empha- himself into the struggle with the same ardor
sizes : “the utter and fervent sincerity of the that sent Paul Hamilton Hayne, George W.
moods expressed in it”; “ the amount of mind Cable, Maurice Thompson, and the poet Timrod
that lay back of it”. he finds in Lowell more to the support of the Southern cause. Sidney
of the Shakespearian mind than in any other Lanier and his brother, Clifford, - two slender
American poet; and “ the consistent ideality gray-eyed youths, inseparable in their service of
which was both root and branch of his abound danger and hardship- extracted all the romance
ing intellectual life.” These qualities, together
These qualities, together which their experience provided. In 1863, they
with a keen, sensuous love of nature, Lowell were on scout duty along the James ; Lanier
had ; the indispensable gift of poetic style he wrote later with enthusiasm of his
army
life :
had, also, -- " but intermittently ; it is shown We had a flute and a guitar, good horses, a beauti-
multitudinously in lines and passages, rarely ful country, splendid residences inhabited by friends
through entire poems.” For the “Commemo-
who loved us, and plenty of hair-breadth escapes from
ration Ode" and the " Agassiz," the critic ex-
the roving bands of Federals. Cliff and I never cease
to talk of the beautiful women, the serenades, the
presses natural and unqualified admiration ; it moonlight dashes on the beach of fair Burwell's Bay
is, however, to the “ Biglow Papers,” vitalized and the spirited brushes of our little force with the
by the fluent and irrepressible wit of the satirist, enemy."
that he recurs oftenest, and with a final word Poor Lanier it is almost all there - his whole
of highest praise. In speaking of Lowell's brief story! the brushes with the enemy, the
prose, “ savory” is the apt word with which Mr. hair-breadth
escapes,
the music and the romance,
Greenslet describes his style. In the best prose the boyish enthusiasm, the pluck, the heroism
of the essayist, he finds a union of vitality and and complaint, never! The pathos, also, in that
antiquarianism which imparts one of the chief brief life of achievement, which began when
charms to his diction. “ Side by side with sub the war closed, — that note, too, was struck
tilely allusive phrases that thrill the ripe reader in these prophetic years. In '64 the brothers
with gleaming memories of old and far-off au were transferred to Wilmington, and placed as
thors will be found some breezy vocable of the
signal officers
upon
the blockade-runners. Here
street that strikes a sudden gust of fresh air Sidney Lanier was captured and for five months
across the page. It is as a critic of literature, was confined in the Federal prison at Camp
Mr. Greenslet thinks, that Lowell's fame will Lookout; it well-nigh became his tomb. With
probably be most enduring, at least that his emaciated frame and shattered physique the
work as a critic of literature will last in greater young soldier went home, like so many other
bulk than anything else of his.” If his criticism youthful veterans, south and north, to fight for
is not always temperate, not always judicious, or life in the coming years.
With Lanier the
minutely accurate in scholarship, “it is, none struggle was for both life and livelihood. He
66


1906.]
121
THE DIAL
raven
best be sug-
66
was twenty-three years old, unsettled as to his months later his more successful poem “ The
future, and under the shadow of those “ Symphony” appeared in the same magazine.
days” of the desolated and demoralized South. His new friendship with Bayard Taylor pro-
“Our hearths are gone out and our hearts are
duced the invitation to write the words for the
broken ”— he plaintively sang ; yet he turned Centennial Cantata. The first collection of his
the plaint into a song of cheer; still he found
poems was published in 1877.
the romance. In 1867 he was married to Miss Lanier's story is less familiar to the general
Mary Day, of Macon, and the poems of his reader than is that of Lowell, and it is so com-
wooing-time and of his wedded life are as tender pelling that we have been betrayed into these
and sweet as the lyrics Lowell sang to Maria details. The real pathos of it may
White. For five years Lanier tried to follow gested by two quotations from his letters to his
the law, and then, in 1873, he gave himself to friend and fellow-poet, Hayne. Writing in the
art. He went to Baltimore, alone - except for early seventies, he says :
his flute. Lanier's flute is as famous as Lanier ; “ I have not put pen to paper in a literary way
in
it is a part of his personality. Its mellow notes long time. How I thirst to do so, - how I long to sing
had cheered the soldier and his comrades by
a thousand various songs that oppress me unsung — is
unexpressible. Yet the mere work that brings me
camp-fire and in prison ; it had been softly
bread gives me no time.”
played in many a surreptitious serenade ; but it
was more widely known than this, for Lanier
Again, when the tale of his life was almost told,
was a musician of remarkable power, and he was
under date of November 19, 1880, he writes :
called by many the finest flute-player in America,
For six months past a ghastly fever has taken pos-
if not in the world. Lanier's musical genius is
session of me each day at about 12 m., and holding my
head under the surface of indescribable distress for the
almost the chief element in his story. So far
next twenty hours, subsiding only enough each morning
as he could trace his ancestry it disclosed this to let me get on my working harness, but never inter-
talent in its possession : in the Restoration period mitting.
mitting. . . . I have myself been disposed to think it
there were five Laniers in England who were
arose purely from the bitterness of having to spend my
time in making academic lectures and boys' books
musicians ; in Charles I.'s time Nicholas Lanier
[the series of “ The Boy's King Arthur,” “ The Boy's
was painted by Van Dyke, and wrote music for
Froissart,” etc.) - pot-boilers all — when a thousand
the masques of Jonson and for the lyrics of Her songs are singing in my heart that will certainly kill
rick; the father of this Nicholas was a musician
me if I do not utter them soon."
in the household of Queen Elizabeth ; thus Sid Yet the poet extracted the joy of life, as he
ney Lanier came naturally by his gift. In Balti-
In Balti- toiled, singing, with his “ Tampa Robins” –
more, Lanier's flute secured him a position in “If that I hate wild winter's spite -
the Peabody Orchestra, and furnished the means
The gibbet trees, the world in white,
The sky but gray wind o'er a grave
of living for several years. Theodore Thomas
Why should I ache, the season's slave?
is said to have been on the point of making the
I 'll sing from the top of the orange-tree
artist first flute-player in his orchestra, when
Gramercy, winter's tyranny.”.
Lanier's health finally failed and he was com Thus, too, through the last suffering years of
pelled to give up the struggle.
his illness and weakness he went patiently,
But Sidney Lanier found also in Baltimore blithely; singing the song of his “Stirrup-Cup
his first opportunity to gratify what had been - his bold challenge to Death:
the ambition of the years since his college course
- the opportunity to study literature and the
“ David to thy distillage went,
scientific principles of verse. The unfulfilled
Keats, and Gotama excellent,
Omar Khayyam, and Chaucer bright,
dream of his youth had been a systematic course
And Shakespeare for a king-delight.
in the German universities ; this was not to be
“Then, Time, let not a drop be spilt:
realized, but in the richly-equipped Peabody
Hand me the cup whene'er thou wilt;
Library of Baltimore he found his university.
'Tis thy rich stirrup-cup to me;
Never was there a more assiduous student.
I'll drink it down right smilingly.”
Especially did he devote himself to the field of I In rapid succession he wrote three wonderful
Old English poetry. Soon there were invita- poems, each a masterpiece :
poems, each a masterpiece : “ The Revenge of
tions to lecture, and in the city he came to have Hamish," "How Love looked for Hell," and
an established reputation as a fascinating lec "The Marshes of Glynn.” In 1879 the poet was
turer on English literature. In 1875 he first appointed to a lectureship in the Johns Hopkins
won recognition as a poet by the publication of University. The fruit of this professional con-
“ Corn” in “ Lippincott's Magazine "; and four nection we have in two volumes, neither of


122
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
which is characterized by scientific precision
AN OXFORD HISTORY OF ENGLAND.*
or minutely accurate scholarship; nevertheless
“ The Science of English Verse” and “The
In Great Britain, as upon the continent and
English Novel ” are recognized as indispensable in our own country, the coöperative method of
to the student of English literature to-day. In writing history is in favor. The “ Cambridge
the winter of 1880-1 Lanier gave up the pain- Modern History” now in the midst of its course
ful struggle ; withdrawing from the University, is, of English works, the most distinguished one
he went for relief to the pine lands in the of this character ; but several have already been
mountains of North Carolina. Here, Septem-carried through, and more are promised shortly.
ber 7, 1881, he passed away.
Among those which are just making their ap-
This is the mere outline of the heroic life, the pearance, none will be regarded by students with
story of which has now been told by Mr. Mims. greater interest than the “Political History of
The characteristics of this interesting volume England,” which is to be published, in twelve
are its picturesqueness, its simplicity, its fulness volumes, under the editorship of the Reverend
of detail and its dispassionate discussion of
William Hunt and Mr. Reginald Lane Poole.
Lanier’s claims to a permanent place among our
These names assure for the series warm appre-
American poets of fame. Not the least valuable ciation in the world of scholarship, for Dr.
of its features is the intelligent and sympathetic Hunt, now President of the Royal Historical
presentation of the South's condition at the Society, has recently been associated with the
close of the war. To the general student of
Dean of Winchester in editing the best history
American literature, this phase of the work is of the English Church that has yet appeared ;
most illuminating in relation to the recent lit while Mr. Poole, who, since Gardiner's death,
erary development of the South, as well as in
has been sole editor of the 66 English Historical
the narrower relation of its influence upon the Review," has himself done much in other ways
intellectual growth of Sidney Lanier. Mr. for the growth of historical and cartographical
Mims's work represents the first complete bio-science.
graphy of this southern poet. It is something
If the names of the editors are likely to in-
of a distinction to have served as the first inter- spire confidence, no less can be said of the au-
preter of a character so fine and rare ; it is a
thors of the twelve volumes. Had another title
great distinction to have performed the honor been sought for the work, this might well have
able service so well.
been “ The Oxford English History”; for not
Lowell and Lanier : they met once, in 1875. only the editors, but all except two of the thir-
Lanier was in Boston visiting Charlotte Cush teen authors (one of the volumes is written by
man,
his
very dear friend, then ill at the Parker two men) either are now or have been connected
House. Two delightful afternoons were spent
with Oxford University. The two exceptions
with Longfellow and Lowell. Of this visit the are Mr. Thomas Hodgkin, who will write of
latter afterward wrote:
England before the Norman Conquest, and Mr.
“He was not only a man of genius with a rare gift George Burton Adams, Professor of History in
for the happy word, but had in him qualities that won
Yale University, whose book carries the narra-
affection and commanded respect. I had the pleasure tive from the Conquest to the end of the reign
of seeing him but once, when he called on me in more of John.
gladsome days,' at Elmwood, but the image of his shin-
ing presence is among the friendliest in my memory.”
This limitation to a few authors gives each the
Lowell and Lanier : they were somewhat alike opportunity for treatment of an extended period,
and results in solid volumes of nearly five hun-
in their ideality, their sincerity, their intellectu-
dred pages, instead of many individual chapters,
ality, in the deep spiritual vision which has
glimpses of things beyond the knowledge of the large number of small treatises, as in “ The
as in the “Cambridge Modern History," or a
world ; they were not unlike in their poetic tone.
American Nation." There are no illustrations
Lanier was hardly more than thirty-nine at his
death ; what might he not have done had he
other than a few maps, carefully prepared for
their historical significance. An especially
been given ten years longer to live and sing !
Still he had written the poems which we have
* A POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Edited by Rev. William
Hunt, M.A., and Reginald L. Poole, M.A. Vol. II., From the
named; he had written “ The Song of the
Norman Conquest to the Death of John (1066-1216), by George
Chattahooche," the “ Psalm of the West,
to the Death of Edward III. (1216-1377), by T. F. Tout, M.A.
“Sunrise "-- and “The Marshes of Glynn." Vol. X., From the Accession of George III. to the Close of
Pitt's First Administration (1760-1801), by William Hunt, M.A.
W. E. SIMONDS. New York: Longmans, Green & Co.
Burton Adams.
Vol. III., From the Accession of Henry III.


1906.]
123
THE DIAL
praiseworthy feature is the thorough biblio- story. It is taken up by Professor Tout, to
graphical apparatus appended to each volume. whom the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
The editors have done their work silently. are familiar ground. This volume carries the
Thus far the volumes appear without individual narrative down to 1377, and, like the preced-
prefaces, and one finds no “editors' introduc- | ing one, leaves England in an age of transition,
tions” beyond a two-page statement of the pur the age of Froissart, of Wyclif, and of
pose of the work as a whole. The process of Chaucer. During this long and eventful time,
“ linking” is left to the reader, who, unassisted but four kings ruled in England, Henry III.
by editorial finger-posts, may find the good and the three Edwards, and son succeeded
things for himself. In this respect the three father. Two of them were great, though in very
volumes which we have now to review seem to different ways, and with very different results
us to have suffered no loss.
for their land. But under all four the growth
These volumes are the second, third, and of England's sturdy national life went on. In
tenth of the series ; and together they amount this volume, as in that which preceded it, we
to more than thirteen hundred pages of text. It cannot but regret the entire subordination of
is evident that within the limits of a brief review, everything to politics, which we do not believe
criticism of detail must give place to general to make all of history. Here only a part of the
suggestions. In Professor Adams's book, we fourth chapter and the entire last chapter are
find the period 1066–1216 handled with the devoted to those deeper changes in town and
calm judgment which the author's former writ- country, in Church and University, in law and
ings in this and kindred fields have led us to art, which after all is said are what to-day inter-
expect; and we comment on this the more, by est us in mediæval life. But with this limita-
reason of the controversial tone which has per tion and such it seems to be we must not
vaded much that others have written upon the quarrel, for it is an intended characteristic of
same topic. The reigns of the Norman and the whole series.
earlier Plantagenet kings present to the student From the middle ages to the reign of George
many problems which even England's wealth of III. constitutes a sudden and difficult leap, and
historical sources has not yet made perfectly perhaps this fact is sufficient to account for
clear. Much of the recent work has been rather the feeling of relative disappointment that we
destructively critical, and the reflection of this get from reading the tenth volume, the work of
in Professor Adams's book leaves the reader the editor, Dr. Hunt, which extends over the
with a certain feeling of negation. William, years 1760-1801. It seems hard for modern
we are told, did not regard all the land of the English historians who write of the eighteenth
English as rightly confiscate. That the manors century to suppress their own political senti-
of the feudal barons were scattered about in ments. If Mr. Trevelyan, for example, has
different parts of England must not be attrib- given us a Whiggish history of England, here is
uted to a conscious intention thereby to weaken a good Tory antidote. Not that Dr. Hunt's work
their
power.
The traditional view of the mak- is unscientific or intentionally partisan,— on the
ing of the New Forest is open to question. The contrary there is evidence that the writer has
oath at Salisbury, again, was not a very novel striven to be just throughout. His proclivities
performance. These negative opinions might appear, however, in the descriptive adjectives
leave the student sorrowing for his departed and epithets applied to men and measures,-
faith, did not Professor Adams supply occasional Horne Tooke, for example, is always labelled,–
passages upon the constitutional changes and as well as in the larger discussions and inter-
social development of the period — such as the pellations of events. The younger Pitt is very
discussion of feudalism (pp. 14–23) or that of properly his hero, and King George himself
ecclesiastical affairs (pp. 38-50) so sugges-
appears as a greater man than in most accounts
tive and stimulating as to make one regret the of the reign. On the other hand, the Whigs in
great emphasis laid upon political history to the general, and Charles James Fox in particular,
hurt of other fields. Taken as a whole, the work are handled with an acerbity which contrasts
of Professor Adams covers a difficult period of amusingly with the over-sympathetic estimate
English history with a combination of unity and of Mr. Trevelyan.
depth that neither Sir James Ramsay nor Miss For revolutions Dr. Hunt has no love. Speak-
Norgate has completely attained.
ing of the younger Pitt he says:
With the struggle over the Charter and with
“In later days [he] altogether abandoned a liberal
the death of John, Professor Adams leaves the policy, for he was called on to give England that which


124
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
is infinitely more important than liberal measures, the Dr. Hunt fails to mention that the legal pro-
preservation of its constitutional and social life from
fession, in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland,
the danger of revolution” (p. 283).
and Virginia, was of longer training and of
This may be regarded as typical of Dr. Hunt's
greater reputation : indeed his references to the
attitude. What he says of the French Rev-
middle and southern colonies is in general unsat-
olution would indicate that he took rather a
isfactory. Again the author goes on to say:
narrow view of the real meaning of that mighty
struggle. Ireland fares little better. But, while
“ Their [the colonies'] constitutions differed in vari-
ous points; in some the governor was appointed by the
it would be of interest to examine Dr. Hunt's
crown, in others by the proprietary. All alike enjoyed
general account of the close of the eighteenth a large measure of personal and political freedom; the
century, we feel that it is more important to
had the form and substance of the British Constitution:
discuss briefly his attitude in respect to our own
they had representative assemblies in which they taxed
themselves for their domestic purposes, chose most of
controversy with the mother-country. This their own magistrates, and paid them all; and it was
attitude is strikingly like that of Chalmers, and seldom that their legislation was interfered with except
is presented in a summary which the author with respect to commerce.”
gives on pages 141-142.
Such general statements are hazardous. In the
“The spirit which underlay it can be traced with proprietary provinces, in 1760, the governors,
growing distinctness since 1690 ; it was a spirit of inde- although nominated indeed by the proprietors,
pendence, puritan in religion and republican in politics,
were subject to the approval and control of the
impatient of control, self-assertive, and disposed to
opposition. It was irritated by restraints on industry
crown. In Rhode Island and Connecticut, on
and commerce, and found opportunities for expression the contrary, the governors were elected, and
in a system which gave the colonies representative not appointed at all. As to the choosing of mag-
assemblies while it withheld rights of self-government. istrates, the statement in the text would have,
... It is to be remembered that England's colonial
in the case of some colonies, e. g. Maryland, to
policy was then, as it is now, the most liberal in the
world. American discontent existed before the reign undergo serious limitation. If customs officers
of George III.; it was kept in check by the fear of are to be included, not all magistrates were paid
French invasion. It was when that fear was removed by the assemblies, and if the last clause be
that England began to enforce the restraints on com literally true, surely such important exceptions
This change in policy fell most heavily on the
New England provinces, where Whig tendencies were
as the vetoes and prohibitory legislation of En-
strongest, and specially on Massachusetts. A small and gland as to paper money, land-banks, and tobacco
violent party in the province fanned the flame of dis currency should at least be mentioned.
content, and the attempts at taxation, which added to In this one respect like Mr. Lecky, Dr. Hunt
the grievances of the colonists, afforded a respectable emphasizes the commercial system as the chief
cry to the fomenters of resistance. Their wish was
aided by the apprehension aroused in the minds of their
source of colonial irritation. His account of that
fellow countrymen, by the increase in the part played system, however, is somewhat loose. There was
by the prerogative and by the predominance of the no Navigation Act of 1657 (p. 55). It should
Tories in England. While men in other provinces, as
be explained why before 1733 trade with the
Patrick Henry in Virginia, worked in sympathy with
French West Indies was “contraband ” (p. 56).
Samuel Adams and his associates, the revolution was at
its outset engineered at Boston, and was immediately
We have ventured thus far into detail not
determined by the quarrel between Great Britain and because Dr. Hunt's conclusions are necessarily
Massachusetts. In the events which led to the Revo-
erroneous, but because it seems that they are
lution the British government appears to have shown a
shortsighted insistence on legal rights and a contemptu-
rather dogmatic. Against minor errors of fact
ous disregard of the sentiments and opinions of the
or of exaggeration we are glad to set the general
colonists ; the revolutionists generally a turbulent, inso accuracy of the narrative, and the very fair-
lent, and unreasonable temper.”
minded judgment of Washington's career, and
With the narrative of the bare events of the the calm acceptance of the justice of André's
Revolution we have little fault to find, but Dr. execution. Finally, with reference to Dr. Hunt's
Hunt's interpretation of these, and his grasp general estimate of our rebellion, we feel that
of colonial conditions, seem to us not entirely the chief deficiency again results from the
satisfying. Let us take for example his descrip- concentration of attention upon the legal and
tion of the colonies found on
page
54.
political sides of the struggle. Revolutionary
“Though Puritanism as a religious force was well nigh politics, in very truth, were not always savory :
extinct in the New England provinces, it affected the it is only on the deeper grounds of social and
temper of the people: they set a high value on speech economic development that the real understand-
making and fine words, and were litigious and obsti- ing will some day be reached.
nate; lawyers were plentiful among them and had much
influence.”
ST. GEORGE L. SIOUSSAT.
merce.
-


1906.]
125
THE DIAL
much to conventional imagery. We do not press
RECENT AMERICAN POETRY.*
these points, because taken altogether they merely
The poetical work of Mr. Lloyd Mifflin is always prove
that Mr. Mifflin does not quite do what only
serious and deserving of respectful attention. Dur the
supreme masters of the sonnet have done. There
ing the last ten or twelve years it has been put forth can be no doubt, in the presence of this collection,
in a series of small volumes that students of Ameri that he has given proof of a true poetic gift, and made
can literature have learned to greet with welcome a considerable contribution to American literature.
and appreciation. By reason of being so scattered,
The late Joseph Trumbull Stickney was born in
his work has failed of its full effect, and has made
1874, was graduated from Harvard in 1895, and
something less of an impression than it should. It
died in 1904. He won high university honors, at
is particularly in the sonnet that Mr. Mifflin has Cambridge and afterwards at the French University,
worked, and now that he has brought together no
and during the last year of his life was an instructor
less than three hundred and fifty of his sonnets into
at Harvard. Most of his manhood and much of
a single stately volume, it is possible to get a clearer
his childhood was spent abroad. These facts are
and more comprehensive view of his total achieve- gleaned from the Biographical Note with which his
ment than has hitherto been vouchsafed. This book
literary executors have prefaced the volume of his
of sonnets is assuredly a worthy memorial of the collected “Poems.” The contents of this volume
poet's many years of endeavor. The sonnets are
include a reprint of the “ Dramatic Verses ” pub-
highly finished, and in the orthodox form, except lished in 1902, some incomplete dramatic studies,
for an intentional departure in one or two special a considerable collection of “ Later Lyrics,” besides
cases, for which artistic justification is not lacking sections of “ Juvenilia” and “ Fragments.” They
Their
range is wide, their diction is noble, and their
represent practically the whole poetical achievement
idealism is of the finer sort. Their excellence, of a man who was both a brilliant scholar and a
moreover, is so even that it is peculiarly difficult to
promising poet, a poet whose work fairly justifies
make a representative selection. With much hesita-
his being reckoned among "the inheritors of unful-
tion, we reproduce “The Victor,” which is at least as
filled renown.” Promise rather than fulfillment is
fine as any, although no finer than a score of others.
the mark of this work as a whole, for it reveals
“I am the Shadow, -I whose brooding wings
Stickney as still groping for a distinctive manner
Are gray with æons. I depopulate
rather than as having reached a definitive expression
The world; and all yon peopled stars await
My ravenous scythe. Through charnel dust of kings
of his powers. Reviewing his first volume, we were
I come, spurning the scepters. Though the stings compelled to speak of its “jarring staccato,” its
Of adders still are mine, I bear no hate,
“ far-fetched epithets,” and “its endeavor to be im-
But am beneficent. Minion of Fate,
pressive at the cost of clear thinking and verbal
I am the mausoleum of all things.
Stern and implacable sovereign of the dead,
restraint.” The “ Later Lyrics ” now first printed
But friend to him down-trampled in the strife, show us the process of fermentation still at work,
I, shrouded, cryptic, through the darkness go but serve also to deepen our sense of the poet's pos-
Silent for ever: yet it hath been said
sibilities. Such a sonnet as this on “Mt. Ida” is no
I lift the portals leading unto Life.
And thou, at last, - it may be thou shalt know.”
mean performance, and may be taken as illustrating
the highest level of his attainment.
It might be urged that the arresting thought, the
“I long desired to see, I now have seen.
memorable phrase, rarely occurs in Mr. Mifflin's
Yonder the heavenly everlasting bride
work; it might also be urged that he does not always
Draws the white shadows to her virgin side,
escape the temptation of fluency, that his ornament
Ida, whom long ago God made his Queen.
is often purely rhetorical, and that he resorts too
The daylight weakens to a fearful sheen;
The mountains slumber seaward sanctified,
• COLLECTED SONNETS OF LLOYD MIFFLIN, Revised by the
And cloudy shafts of bluish vapour hide
author. New York: Henry Frowde.
The places where a sky and world have been.
THE POEMS OF TRUMBULL STICKNEY. Boston: Houghton,
O Ida, snowy bride that God espoused
Mifflin & Co.
Unto that day that never wholly is,
IN THE HEIGHTS. By Richard Watson Gilder. New York:
Whiten thou the horizon of my eyes,
The Century Co.
That when the momentary sea aroused
THE VALE OF TEMPE. By Madison J. Cawein. New York:
E. P. Dutton & Co.
Flows up in earthquake, still thou mayest rise
THE GREAT ADVENTURE. By George Cabot Lodge. Boston:
Sacred above the quivering Cyclades."
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
This is the first of a group of three sonnets inscribed
THE VALLEY OF DREAMS. By H. Hayden Sands. Boston:
Alfred Bartlett.
to the sacred mountain, and the other two move upon
OLD LAMPS AND New, and Other Verse. By Edward Willard the same serene height of imaginative vision.
Watson, M.D. Philadelphia: H. W. Fisher & Co.
PERDITA, and Other Poems. By Charles J. Bayne. Atlanta:
Mr. Gilder's verse exhibits something of the heroic
Cole Book Co.
optimism of his own “Singer of Joy."
POEMS. By Robert Chenault Givler. Published by the author.
" He sang the rose, he praised its fragant breath ;
A SOUTHERN FLIGHT. By Frank Dempster Sherman and Clin-
(Alas, he saw the gnawing worm beneath.)
ton Scollard. Clinton, N. Y.: George William Browning.
NEW WORLD LYRICS AND BALLADS. By Duncan Campbell
He sang of summer and the flowing grass ;
Scott. Toronto: Morang & Co.
(He knew that all the beauty quick would pass.)
THE COLLECTED POEMS OF WILFRED CAMPBELL. New York:
He said the world was good and skies were fair;
Fleming H. Revell Co.
(He saw far, gathering clouds, and days of care.)


126
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
Immortally he sang pure friendship's flame;
Cawein's work is the even excellence which charac-
(Yet had he seen it shrivel to a name.)
terizes so great a quantity of matter.
And, ah, he praised true love, with golden speech;
(What though it was a star he could not reach.)
« The Great Adventure” is a volume of sonnets
His
songs in every soul the hero woke;
by Mr. George Cabot Lodge. His themes are the
(He in the shadows waited the last stroke.)
He was the singer of the joyous art;
major triad of Life, Love, and Death. The third
(Down to the grave he bore a broken heart.)”
section is particularly dedicated to the memory of
Mr. Gilder draws morals from nature no less than
Trumbull Stickney, and includes the following son-
from human life, as the following stanzas attest :
net, which we quote, not as one of the best, but as
the one which explains the title of the collection :
"The clouds upon the mountains rest;
“ He said: “We are the Great Adventurers,
A gloom is on the autumn day;
This is the Great Adventure: thus to be
But down the valley, in the west,
The sudden sunlight breaks its way,-
Alive and, on the universal sea
A light lies on the farther hills.
Of being, lone yet dauntless mariners.
In the rapt outlook of astronomers
Forget thy sorrow, heart of mine!
To rise thro' constellated gyres of thought;
Though shadows fall and fades the leaf,
To fall with shattered pinions, overwrought
Somewhere is joy, though 'tis not thine ;
With flight, like unrecorded Lucifers: -
The power that sent can heal thy grief;
Thus to receive identity, and thus
And light lies on the farther hills.
Return at last to the dark element, -
This is the Great Adventure!' All of us,
" Thou wouldst not with the world be one
Who saw his dead, deep-visioned eyes, could see,
If ne'er thou knewest hurt and wrong ;
After the Great Adventure, immanent,
Take comfort, though the darkened sun
Splendid and strange, the Great Discovery!”
Never again bring gleam or song,
The light lies on the farther hills."
We also quote the sonnet that comes next, as illus-
trative of the poet's occasional habit of experiment-
The majority of Mr. Gilder's new poems are occa ing in tetrameters.
sional, and few know as well as he how to find the
“ Above his heart the rose is red,
fitting word or the felicitous phrase with which to
The rose above his head is white,
celebrate a friend, or a cause, or a memory:
His
The crocus glows with golden light,
tributes to Joseph Jefferson and John Wesley are
The Spring returns, and he is dead!
models of this kind of composition.
We hark in vain to hear his tread,
We reach to clasp his hand in vain;
“The Vale of Tempe" is, according to a list of
Tho' life and love return again
titles printed at the back of the book, Mr. Cawein's
We can no more be comforted.
sixteenth volume of verse. If he should live long
With tearless eyes we keep steadfast
His vigil we were sworn to keep:
enough, there may some time be a sixtieth. “All
But, when he left us, and at last
Art's over long,” he remarks in the motto supplied
We saw him pass beyond the Door,
for the present collection, yet we cannot help feeling
And knew he could return no more,
that literature is the richer for these new poems,
We wept aloud as children weep."
albeit they strike notes long familiar to his readers. High praise must be given to the thoughtful and
Of our present-day ministrants at nature's shrine, imaginative qualities of Mr. Lodge's verse; he is a
he is perhaps the most unceasing and ardent in his
poet who is visibly growing with each new volume
devotions, and inexhaustible is the store of poetic he puts forth, and who may be expected to go far.
fancy that he consecrates to the object of his wor-
ship. We quote the lyric called " Revealment.”
“ The Valley of Dreams,” by Mr. H. Hayden
Sands, is a volume of lyrics possessing much medi-
“A sense of sadness in the golden air,
tative charm and a considerable degree of technical
A pensiveness, that has no part in care,
excellence. A representative poem is the following:
As if the Season, by some woodland pool,
Braiding the early blossoms in her hair,
“Why shed the bitter tears of Death
Seeing her loveliness reflected there,
For that which cannot be ;
Had sighed to find herself so beautiful.
Why long to linger in the breath
“A breathlessness, a feeling as of fear,
Of brief Mortality.
Holy and dim as of a mystery near,
A brighter Star shall light the Night-
As if the World about us listening went,
A gladder ending crowns the Fight.
With lifted finger, and hand-hollowed ear,
“Should we lament the fading rose ?
Hearkening a music that we cannot hear,
The rose shall once more bloom,
Haunting the quickening earth and firmament.
The smiling flower that upgrows
Around To-morrow's tomb,
“A prescience of the soul that has no name,
Though unperceived unto our eyes
Expectancy that is both wild and tame,
Fairer shall bloom to other skies.
As if the Earth, from out its azure ring
Of heavens, looked to see, as white as flame, -
“ And when at last we two shall pass
As Perseus once to chained Andromeda came,-
Into the great Unknown,
The swift, divine revealment of the Spring."
And coming flowers through the grass
Their deathless seed have sown,
The volume contains many other poems as exquisite
We, too, shall see a brighter day,
as this; indeed, the most surprising thing about Mr.
Brighter than all long passed away.”


1906.]
127
THE DIAL
..
We note an occasional tendency to resort to eccen Mr. Robert Chenault Givler is the author of a
tricities of diction, of which the following are illus volume of "Poems," printed upon buff paper, and
trations :
bearing no evidence of its place of origin. The
“With kisses sweet she tended it,
contents are given over to musings and raptures,
And 'neath its fragrant boon,
Within her wild hair bended it
silvery moonlight and gentle melancholy, abstract
And sangeth to the moon."
questionings and meditations upon nature, life, love,
“What a joyous life is yours !
and eternity. We quote these striking lines upon
What a life of thoughtless hours !
the “ Violoncello":
Winging on your pleasant tours,
“What hand first formed thee, Wind-harp of the soul ?
Through Midsummer's fragrant bowers."
Not that of man; this scroll, these curves and strings
“From her tresses all woven and spangled,
Are faded memories of immortal things
With those drops the night mignonettes wear,
Our spirits saw ere Time began to rolī
I caught from the odor which tangled,
His fretful stream 'twixt both eternities.
My heart as a rose in her hair,
The attollent Love that was there, -
“ What sound is that, which floats upon the breeze
That Pain of all Pains that was there."
Like a lost star searching the cave of night
For hiding place, to soothe its virgin light
The last example is rather cheap Poe, the second In the soft sobbing of the forest wind ?
turns liberty to license in the matter of pronuncia-
The tremulous sound grows softer than the dew
That slips between the leaves, and sweeter still
tion, and of the first we can do no better than repeat
Than sound of pebbles toyed by midnight rill.”
a memorable dictum, and say: “This will never do.”
Nevertheless, Mr. Sands is no little of a poet, and
These lines are undoubtedly poetry, and they rep-
we have read his verses with pleasure. Their form of
resent only a fair average of the author's gift of
publication is of a nature to delight the bookish sense.
expression.
“Old Lamps and New is a volume of lyrics and
“A Southern Flight” is a small volume of ten-
sonnets by Dr. Edward Willard Watson. They are
der and graceful lyrics, the joint production of two
love
songs for the most part, and the mingled joy and singers whose note is always clear and pure. Mr.
poignancy of belated love is their characteristic theme.
Frank Dempster Sherman signs "At Dusk.
“The air is filled with scent of musk
“The long gray shadows creep and closer fall,
The cool night winds across the meadows call;
Blown from the garden's court of bloom,
Where rests the rose within her room
High in the pallid sky the wan, white moon
Swims slowly in the silence over all-
And dreams her fragrance in the dusk.
Ah, Love, you weep that night must come so soon.
Above, attended by the stars,
“The sweetness of thy love steals over me;
The full moon rises, round and white,
Life never gave me love till I loved thee,
A boat in the blue Nile of night
Now, at the eve; I missed thee all the noon;
Drifting amid the nenuphars.”
So short they seem, the hours that yet may be —
“ And now the whippoorwill who knows
Ah, Love, you weep that night must come so soon.
A lyric ecstasy divine
• My arms are close around thee, and they press
Begins his song. Ah! sweetheart. mine,
Unto my heart thy perfect loveliness ;
What shall love's answer be, my Rose ? ”
Shall I scorn Fortune's dear belated boon?
Because the hours are few is joy the less ?
Mr. Clinton Scollard is the other poet, and he it is
Yet still you weep that death must come so soon.” who thus sings "At Twilight":
A pretty fancy, but no particular depth of emo-
“A little shallow silver urn,
High in the west the new moon hung ;
tion, characterizes Mr. Bayne's volume of verse.
Amid the palms a fountain flung
“Afloat” is a pleasing example.
Its snowy floss, and there, above,
“Ah! could we ever drift and dream
With its impassioned unconcern,
In these cool coverts of repose,
A hidden bird discoursed of love.
The world, like yonder restless stream
“I felt your hand upon my arm
Which vainly sparkles as it flows,
Flutter as doth a thrush's wing,
Would leave beneath thy sweet control
The calmed Propontis of my soul.
Then tighten. Sweet, how small a thing
Draws kindred spirits heart to heart!
More was that hour's elusive charm
“Still, if in this enchanted sphere
To us than eloquence or art."
No longer we may drift and dream,
'Tis ours at least to wake and steer,
Mr. Duncan Campbell Scott's “New World Lyrics
'Tis ours to leave the restless stream,
and Ballads” includes several pieces in somewhat
And twine from roses of to-day
A garland for some happier May."
ruder measures than are acceptable to a sensitive
but contains also a few poems as good as any
Sometimes, as in “There are other
in Spain,”
that the author has previously published. We are
we have society verse pure and simple.
particularly impressed with the truth and high spir-
“There are other eyes in Spain, -
itual beauty of “The House of the Broken Hearted.”
Dark and dazzling eyes, Crucita,
Rosebud lips which wait the rain
“ It is dark to the outward seeming,
Like the harvest for Demeter.
Wherever its walls may rise,
Do not distance with disdain:
Where the meadows are a-dreaming,
There are other eyes in Spain.”
Under the open skies,
66
ear,
eyes


128
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
Where at ebb the great world lies,
whole. In other words, nature and the soul of man
Dim as a sea uncharted,
are the lofty themes which inspire the poet through-
Round the house of sorrow,
out. But the nature of Mr. Campbell's interpreta-
The house of the broken-hearted.
tion is not the conventionalized and sophisticated
" It is dark in the midst of the city,
affair of the bookish poet; it is the universal mother
Where the world flows deep and strong,
Where the coldest thing is pity,
conceived of in her elemental and passionate char-
Where the heart wears out ere long,
acters, sung of in strains of intimate sympathy and
Where the plow-share of wrath and of wrong rapturous communion. And his conception of the
Trenches a ragged furrow,
soul of man is that of a man the hoper, man the
Round the house of the broken-hearted,
dreamer, the eternal child of delight and despair
The house of sorrow.
whose ideals are ever a lifetime ahead of his greatest
“But while the world goes unheeding
accomplishments, who is the hero of nature and the
The tenant that holds the lease,
Or fancies him grieving and pleading
darling of the ages. Because of this, true poetry
For the thing which it calls peace,
will always be to him a language, speaking to him
There has come what shall never cease
from the highest levels of his being, and a sort of
Till there shall come no morrow
translation from a more divine tongue emanating
To the house of the broken-hearted
The house of sorrow.
from the mystery and will of God.” These words
are taken from the dignified confession of poetical
“ There is peace no pleasure can jeopard,
faith with which the collection is prefaced. Trans-
It is so sure and deep,
And there, in the guise of a shepherd,
lated into verse a few pages further on, the thought
God doth him keep;
thus takes form:
He leads His beloved sheep
“Earth's dream of poetry will never die.
To fold when the day is departed,
It lingers while we linger, base or true
In the house of sorrow,
A part of all this being. Life may change,
The house of the broken-hearted."
Old customs wither, creeds become as nought,
Like autumn husks in rainwinds; men may kill
If we might make further quotations, they should
All memory of the greatness of the past,
be of "A Nest of Hepaticas."
Kingdoms may melt, republics wane and die,
“O Passion of the coming of the spring!
New dreams arise and shake this jaded world ;
When the light love has captured everything,
But that rare spirit of song will breathe and live
When all the winter of the year's dry prose
While beauty, sorrow, greatness hold for men
Is rhymed to rapture, rhythmed to the rose."
A kinship with the eternal; until all
That earth holds noble wastes and fades away."
Or of the Night Hymns on Lake Nepigon":
The greater part of the work now collected has
"Sing we the sacred ancient hymns of the churches,
made a previous appearance in other forms, and we
Chanted first in old-world nooks of the desert,
have more than once paid tribute to its sincerity and
While in the wild, pellucid Nepigon reaches
Hunted the savage.
beauty. Besides this
Besides this lyrical work, Mr. Campbell
has to his account eight poetical dramas, which he
“Now have the ages met in the Northern midnight,
And on the lonely, loon-haunted Nepigon reaches
promises to collect for us into a companion volume.
Rises the hymn of triumph and courage and comfort,
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
Adeste Fideles."
The Canadian poets certainly hold their own with
our minstrels on this side of the border. As we
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
opened the present review with the collected verse
of one of our own most serious singers, so we will
The " Portfolio" monographs, one
A contribution
close it with “The Collected Poems of Wilfred to the study of of the most valuable series on artistic
Campbell," a poet whose inspiration is both strong Dutch painting, subjects in English, has recently,
and sustained. We set no particular store by the after several years' interregnum, given us matter for
fact that an American Mæcenas has purchased an congratulation in the publication of Sir Walter Arm-
edition of this volume for distribution among the strong's volume on "The Peel Collection and the
various libraries of his foundation. It is a fact useful Dutch School of Painting" (Dutton). The purpose
for advertising purposes, just as President Roose of the author, one of the most discriminating of art
velt's recent laudation of “The Children of the critics, is to refute that premature judgment of
Night” was useful, but in neither case does the dis Ruskin which is quoted from the opening pages of
tinction have any critical weight, for it might just his “Modern Painters" to the effect that “most
as easily have fallen to some far less meritorious pictures of the Dutch School, except always those
work. But Mr. Campbell's poetry, quite independ- of Rubens, Van Dyke, and Rembrandt, are ostenta-
ently of this sort of uncritical patronage, deserves tious exhibitions of the artist's power of speech, the
serious consideration, and the volume of it, now clear and vigorous elocution of useless and senseless
brought together, is surprisingly large. It is classi words.” Sir Walter doubts if this be true, and
fied in eight divisions, of which the first, called shows convincingly that the great Dutch painters
“ Elemental and Human Verse," comes perhaps the speak “the same language as the great Italians of
nearest to exhibiting the predominant notes of the the sixteenth century or the great Athenians of


1906.]
129
THE DIAL
twenty centuries before.” Although the book nomi the heads of party candidates ; and how in his death
nally deals only with the pictures in the Peel Col he was mourned as many greater men are not. It
lection, it is really a monograph on the whole Dutch was this living out and living up to his beliefs that
School. In his treatment of the painters of still life, won such results; he was no mere theorist, and hav-
of landscape, and of portraits, the author makes | ing decided for himself what was the cause of much
clear who are the greatest masters in each group and of the unhappiness in the world, he did his utmost
gives his reasons for their rank. Among artists of to overcome this unhappiness by what he considered
the present day our critic will find ready sympathy just and fair treatment of the working-man. These
for all that he says in regard to the slight impor- letters show plainly what were his principles of
tance of subject as compared with the supreme action: in one particularly (“ Politics," written the
importance of style, of artistic worth. The chief next day after election, in 1900), he states his polit-
difference between the Dutch and Italian artists, so ical belief in no uncertain terms.
Sir Walter argues, lies in their choice of subject. “I am for a social and political order that will be true in
The landscapes and the models which these painters every detail to the idea of Equality, that all men are created
of the North portray are inferior in beauty to those
equal. I am for a social system that will grant to every
baby born on the planet equality of opportunity with every
which naturally served as material for the artists of
other baby. I am against a system that destroys a few by
the South. Yet no art has ever been condemned making them inordinately rich, while it destroys many by
for the humbleness of its subject-matter. Among making them inordinately poor. I am for peace, for har-
the many interesting points in this book are the
mony, for heaven; I am against war and hate and hell. I am
against government by force anywhere, and for government
author's illustrations of the familiar idea that a work
by consent everywhere. . . . My only hope, and all of my
of art is the interpretation of nature through the hope, is in the patriotism of the people, the love of man for
temperament of the artist. He makes another good man; I have no hope in any kind of partyism."
point in what he says about the focus of a painting, A man who believed these things so strongly, who
the size and character of the brush-strokes in acted them out in his daily life to the best of his
relation to the size of the painting and to the dis power and opportunity, who refused a nomination
tance proper to a correct view. Since this is not a to Congress because he would not be bound by any
history of painting, but a critical monograph, the party expectations or party ties; and who did his
author is perfectly justified in omitting discussion of best to spread his ideas because he was convinced
certain important painters, as Hals and Rembrandt, they were right, would always be sure of a following.
who are not represented in the Peel Collection. As the most forcible and significant utterances of
The volume is perhaps the best contribution to the such a man, these letters should find a ready wel-
critical study of Dutch painting since the publication come not only among his admirers but also among
of " Les Maîtres d'Autrefois” (1875). It will
(1875). It will all who are interested in the deeper problems of
enhance the appreciation of these great painters. It society. (Bobbs-Merrill Co.)
is something new in the literature of art. Its criti-
"There are few to whom this book
cism is fresh and stimulating. It is a book which A monumental
every lover of the Dutch School should
edition of
in
will seem worth while," writes Pro-
possess,
George Herbert. fessor George Herbert Palmer in the
order to read and re-read.
preface to his three-volume edition of the English
In his Introduction to the “Letters works of George Herbert (Houghton, Mifflin &
A practical
believer in the of Labor and Love,” by the late Co.). “ It embodies long labor, spent on a minor
Golden Rule.
Mayor Jones of Toledo, Mr. Brand poet, and will probably never be read entire by any-
Whitlock has said, better than can the reviewer,
one. But that is a reason for its existence. Lavish-
those things the reviewer would wish to say. And ness is its aim. The book is a box of spikenard,
after a careful reading of these letters, written by poured in unappeasable love over one who has
“Golden Rule” Jones to his working-men, one feels attended my life.” The result of this great labor of
that they must appeal to every fair-minded reader, love is probably the most minute and exhaustive
as they do to Mr. Whitlock, as the simple and edition of an English minor poet that has ever been
spontaneous expression of the beliefs of a spiritual- published. Nearly one-half of the first volume is
minded yet singularly practical man, with a gen filled by a series of Introductory Essays dealing
erous and abiding faith in his fellow-men. The with matters essential to a general understanding of
predominant idea of the book is that of liberty. Herbert's poetry; such as the great events of his
There is scarcely a letter in which the writer does time, his life and character, the type of his religious
not recur to the thought of greater liberty and verse, his style and technique. Most important of
equality among mer The story of Mayor Jones's all is the essay explaining and justifying the man-
life is well known, - how he rose, as the result of ner in which Professor Palmer has arranged and
an invention of his own, from the position of a grouped the poems. Chronology and subject-matter
humble worker in the oil-fields to a place of wealth resolve them into twelve significant groups, to each
and authority; how he educated himself in no mean of which special prefaces are furnished. Professor
manner; how he put in practice the beliefs that he Palmer's essays are terse, direct, and pithy, felicitous
formulated; how his life so won upon the people in their combination of tireless scholarly research
that he was elected to office again and again, over and infectious enthusiasm. The notes to the poems


130
(Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
DIAL
More of
Portraits "
are voluminous, but a simple classification makes undertake a small farm or to make an individual
selection among them easy. They include explana-
easy. They include explana- income by means of one or more of the pursuits
tions of the text, cross-references to similar passages described. Its arrangement is good, grouping under
in Herbert or his contemporaries, and the most illu each month the work and preparations especially
minating comments and illustrations that have been suited to the period, and summing up the author's
proposed by previous editors. The illustrations ten-years' experience in the way most likely to be
“ attempt to exhibit whatever portions of Herbert's helpful to the reader. She writes with that tem-
visible world have survived the centuries.” They pered enthusiasm that is apt to be convincing; and
show his homes, the churches with which he was con although she takes her subject seriously, she allows
nected, his portraits, — including what was probably herself occasional touches of humor. There are
the original of them all, not hitherto published, — and many illustrations from photographs, and a detailed
many interesting facsimiles of his manuscripts and table of contents, but no index.
printed works. The prose writings are included partly
for their intrinsic interest, but more for the light they
The Messrs. Putnam's Sons, who
Sainte-Beure's
throw upon the man and the poems, upon which it
last Fall brought out a two-volume
is Professor Palmer's great wish to concentrate in English. selection from Sainte-Beuve's work
attention. Type, paper, and binding are of the finest entitled “Portraits of the Seventeenth Century,"
quality, so that no pains have been spared to make have done a further service to English readers by
the new edition as notable in mechanical features publishing in translation two uniform volumes of
as it is rich in scholarship and in inspiration. It his " Portraits of the Eighteenth Century.” Miss
will be long before the edition is superseded as a Katharine Wormeley, whose supple and finished ren-
final effort to reconstruct the personality and inter- dering of Sainte-Beuve's delightfully spontaneous
pret the vital message of George Herbert.
style commended itself to readers of the other series,
has translated the “ Portraits” contained in the first
In Mrs. Kate V. St. Maur's “A Self-
Experiences with
of the new volumes, and Mr. George Burnham Ives
a self-supporting supporting Home” (Macmillan), we
has done very acceptable work in the second. As
country home.
find, not a book for the mere nature-
before, the studies have been chosen with a view to
lover, and certainly not one for or by the theoretical
representing the best of both the historic and the
farmer, but one in which the author has endeavored literary criticism of Sainte-Beuve. There have
to set down such results of her experiences as will been slight omissions of passages lacking in present
help others who wish to make an attempt as earnest interest, and where several essays upon one person
if not as extended as her own. She was moved to
exist they have been combined, omitting repeti-
try to make a dream come true, and by means of tions. The volumes are illustrated with portraits,
advertising she obtained a farm of twelve acres, not
and handsomely bound in buckram. M. Edmond
far from the city, containing a number of old build-
Scherer's appreciation of Sainte-Beuve, written in
ings and a small orchard. Her endeavor was to
October, 1869, at the time of the latter's death,
make this rented place support itself; and beginning forms an illuminating introduction to the first vol-
with six setting hens, she gradually added ducks,
ume. At a time when criticism has become a business
guinea-hens, and rabbits, until the place became a
rather than a vocation, it is worth while to recall
veritable stock-farm, while at the same time the gar- M. Scherer's account of Sainte-Beuve's aims and
den supplied the table, and the family savings soon
methods, — of the slow but sure development of his
purchased a cow. After the first year and a half
critical bent,--and we must inevitably wonder, with
she found herself able to bank the sum previously him, whether the royalty of letters is not fated to
spent in living expenses. The chief thing is that,
pass away like the other royalties,” or whether out of
instead of experiencing discomfort and privations,
the “ general mediocrity " of English criticism there
the family lived in greater comfort and happiness will ever arise another Sainte-Beuve. Meanwhile
than before. As might be expected, the book in
for delicacy, good taste, profundity of research, and
which such experiences and triumphs are unfolded
brilliancy of finish, his work remains unique, and
is quite different from the ordinary garden books, well deserves the tribute of adequate translation and
although it contains seasonable advice about the
sumptuous publication now being rendered it.
vegetable and fruit garden, the mushroom bed, the
care and feeding of poultry, ducks, geese, guinea-
A New England
One cannot read such a book as Dr.
hens, rabbits, the cow, pigeons, the family horse, physician of James Jackson Putnam's Memoir
bees, turkeys, pheasants, choice cats, and pigs. The
of Dr. James Jackson (Houghton,
author's directions are simple and untechnical, and Mifflin & Co.) without more than a passing regret
generally clear, for she has borne in mind her own for the days of the old-fashioned family physician.
unfortunate experiences in consulting expert refer How curious now-a-days to read that Stephen Hig-
ence-books. There are also many suggestions and ginson engaged the young Dr. Jackson “ to make
time-saving and labor-saving devices that only a daily visits to his wife and children, sick or well,”-
woman would think of; so that, while the volume a plan which the present generation recognizes as
contains information useful for any amateur, it is Chinese rather than American. But Dr. Jackson
preëminently of value to the woman who wishes to was a man worthy of such responsibility, and soon
the old school.


1906.]
131
THE DIAL
tise on
the vocal art.
are
“ made himself a trusted counsellor of the house and driven home by the compulsion of thorough
hold in all matters, a part which he was destined conviction. On February 11 Dr. Gladden was sev-
to play eventually for many families of the town.
enty years young; but through many years or few he
No wonder that the “town” of Boston flourished, will not cease to bear spoken and written witness to
when such eminent talent guided the everyday the truth as he sees it and lives it.
affairs of its citizens! How gracious a character
this office of counsellor-at-large developed in Dr. Authoritative
Mr. David Ffrangcon Davies's trea-
Jackson himself the present Memoir most readably
chapters on
The Singing of the Future
sets forth.
Dr. Holmes — his cousin of a younger
(John Lane Co.) is a direct and
generation not only describes him in the two
serious appeal to the English-speaking singer. The
poems “A Portrait
and “ The Morning Visit,”
author argues that voice and the singing instinct
but says of him,
“I have seen many noted British regarded from the physical point of