6000 or 7000 reals, having fed 29 persons every
capitol, and this gave the Confederates the oppor-night, ravenous wolves who never ate before and
tunity to defend Richmond by demonstrations in probably never will again unless some Milor or Em-
the far-away valley of the Shenandoah. The Con- bajador should make that journey ... The let-
federates are commended for the way in which their ters show their writer to have been something of a con-
leaders cooperated with one another, in sharp con noisseur in feminine beauty. It may be added in pass-
trast with the jealousy among the Federal com ing that he thrice, in a comparatively short life, bent
manders; but they are condemned for their too his neck to the matrimonial yoke. The letters from
defensive policy, for their neglect of their western England, after his return home, describe with viva-
frontier, and for placing too many men, who were city and wit his literary pursuits, which were chiefly
afterwards captured, in the fortresses guarding the in the way of writing reviews and special articles for
rivers. The estimates of the leading generals are fair the “ Quarterly," the “Edinburgh," and other prom-
enough. Lee and Jackson are the great military fig inent journals. Five years were devoted, intermit-
ures of the war; next come McClellan, Grant, and tently, to his Spanish guidebook. The illustrations
Sherman; the two Johnsons and Stuart are not so accompanying these letters are from sketches, draw-
important, the authors think, as the Southerners ings, and paintings, but not from Ford's hand though
consider them ; Halleck was a fraud ; Longstreet is he was no contemptible draughtsman. They are in-
pronounced slow; and the opinion is ventured that teresting, and not merely decorative. Two Alham-
had Jackson been with Lee at Gettysburg, they would bra drawings by the first Mrs. Ford are especially
have won.
The decisive factor of the war was the pleasing. On the title-page is printed, after Ford's
Union Navy, which blockaded the coast and broke name, "1797 — 1858," although both the editor and
the Confederate lines along the rivers. The authors other authorities give his birth-year as 1796.
are mistaken in saying that the Abolitionists gave
Lincoln an enthusiastic support and “supplied the
Mr. Andrew Lang's versatility is no
A disentangler
Northern armies with their best soldiers.” The
of the secret longer a matter of surprise. Of his
work contains no new material, it makes little use of
of the Totem.
many fields of enterprise, the one
the official records, and it shows nothing striking most frequently cultivated leads him into the inter-
as to arrangement or presentation; but it is a useful esting domain of the early psychology of man.
condensation of the best military histories and is In his latest venture, the quest is for “ The Secret
illuminated by much judicious comment.
of the Totem" (Longmans), a perplexing quarry


266
[April 16,
THE DIAL
with mysterious haunts. Mr. Lang's methods are ditional important fact is stated that neither Norfolk
the sturdy ones held in high esteem by the Anglo nor Sir Francis Knollys laid stress upon them.
Saxon mind, quite aptly described as an exalted The second of these biographies, by Miss Hilda T.
common-sense. Penetration is no adequate substi Skae (published by Lippincott), is less judicial in
tute for thoroughness; but it is the better half of tone. Referring to the episode just spoken of, we
what should be a joint equipment for the chase. find the statement, “ Mary must be prevented from
Whatever the totem comes to mean in more elabo appearing in her own defence. ... No originals of
rately organized communities, its simpler status is a these documents were asked for; nor, supposing
tribal relationship, with its fundamental service in they had ever existed, do they appear to have been
the regulation of the eligibility of marriages between seen since the date of their alleged discovery. . . .
near of kin. It is a totem-kin at all events, how- The Conferences neither established nor disproved
ever variable a relation that term may cover. The Mary's guilt; but they served the purpose of giving
next
query relates to the primitive condition of man publicity to charges which her detractors were only
before this type of marriage-restriction was insti too interested in spreading.” (The italics are the
tuted: whether of large promiscuous herds, or of reviewer's.) This is certainly an attempt to bias
small unit groups ruled by one or a few male patri- opinion in Mary's behalf. The full truth, however,
archs. Mr. Lang, with Darwin and many others, will never be known. The student cannot but won-
adheres to the last named supposition. Somehow der, sometimes, whether Schiller's poetic insight has
from this relation there developed a system in which not given a fairer appreciation of Mary's character,
the men of one group could take as wives only those despite the fact that he dealt with historic material
of another; and the designation of each was that of with the utmost freedom and invented the three
the animal to whose totem each belonged. The name points upon which the plot of his tragedy turns, than
is ever a potent influence in savage psychology, and is to be gained by searching the archives and follow-
animals are held in high esteem; but the institution ing the devious mazes of political intrigue that deter-
prompted the name, not the converse. Why animal mined the career of the beautiful and unhappy queen.
names were chosen is no more of a mystery than that
we still speak of the inhabitants of three adjoining
A distinctly notable contribution to
The story of
states as Badgers, Gophers, and Wolverines. In oppo-
a wayward our comprehension of the vicissitudes
personality.
sition to the view that the totem marriage-restriction
of personality has been made by Dr.
was either a moral one or an innate response to the
Morton Prince in his story of “The Dissociation of
dangers of in-breeding, Mr. Lang posits it as an
a Personality” (Longmans). Professor James has
outgrowth of the necessity of the young males to look given a classic description of the manner by which
elsewhere for partners, and of coming to look in
an individual becomes the complex self that he is by
the several furtherings and relinquishments of the
convenient or preferred tribes. The rest of the asso-
ciations with the custom, as well as the complex group
possible selves that he might have been; and thus
of tales and rites and beliefs that attach to the rela-
the unity of our personality may well be said to be
tion, grow naturally out of the psychological habits
an achievement, however natural a one. The storm
of primitive man. There is more to the theory than
and stress period of an impressionable adolescence
this; and its application to the facts, and its accounting precipitates these struggles of inner conflict, com-
for the exceptions and crossing with other customs,
plicated by outer circumstance. The story of Miss
make the whole an intricate tale upon which the
Beauchamp is that of a young woman in whom these
author of “The Disentanglers” has spent his cus-
several potentialities -- conflicting embodiments of
tomary ingenuity.
a complex and abnormal nature alternately and
interferingly took command and divided the house
The unhappy life and tragic death of against itself. The assimilative processes became
Two new books Mary Queen of Scots are a perennial grouped about several centres with complex relations
source of literary and romantic as to one another; and the “eccentric" selves, neglect-
well as of historic interest. The past year adds to the ing and antagonizing the interests, each of the other,
already long list two new biographies. One of these, gave rise to many a hopeless conflict in the practical
written by Mr. A. H. Millar and imported by the arena. The several characters thus selfishly shaping
Messrs. Scribner, is best characterized by the con their several fortunes developed such opposed char-
cluding sentence of the preface: "To explain fully acteristics that Dr. Prince acknowledges the tempta-
the conditions under which her life was passed is not tion to call his book “ The Saint, the Woman, and
possible within liniited space, but an honest attempt the Devil.” Most startling of all is the revelation
will here be made to place the events of her che that the Miss Beauchamp who sought his professional
quered career faithfully before the reader, so that aid, then a college student whom her friends thought
he
may draw his own conclusions.” The book is, in “queer,” but yet one of themselves, proved to be but
the main, a careful and not too detailed presentation a variant of the original Miss B., who was at last
of facts. Regarding the famous Casket Letters, for discovered as the rightful heir of this personality
example, Mr. Lang's conclusion is cited, that " while disinherited by a violent hysterical attack, and in the
some portions of the most incriminating letters are end restored to her own, and the several rivals ejected.
genuine, these have been tampered with,” and the ad It takes five hundred pages to disentangle these


1906.]
267
THE DIAL
a Platonic
a name
threads, and to prove that truth is stranger than fic C. Vedder, Professor of Church History in the Crozer
tion, and yet more coherent. This "biographical Theological Seminary, has laid all students of reli-
study in abnormal psychology” is most discerningly gious history under obligation to him for his contri-
portrayed, and is recommended alike for the fasci bution of a life of Hübmaier to the series of “Heroes
nation of the theme and the insight that it affords of the Reformation” (Putnam). The difficulties
into the methods by which psychology comes to the encountered in the preparation of the book have not
aid of practical treatment and diagnosis. Yet the been easily overcome, for the bibliography of the sub-
whole story is but the abnormal development, writject contains few works in the English language.
large, of what in miniature phase we all recognize While not the founder of the sect of Anabaptists, and
as a factor in the genesis of self-expression. By no while himself repudiating that title as recognizing
means the slightest service of the volume will be that the validity of infant baptism, Hübmaier was the
of showing the kind of analysis that alone is adequate leader of the sect, was recognized as such in his day,
for an understanding of the waywardness of our and rose to the distinction of being fourth on the list
wonderfully and fearfully made minds.
of heretics whose works were placed by the Roman
A truly Platonic friendship between
Church on the “Index Librorum Prohibitorum,” in
The story of
1616. He was at one time friendly with the Swiss
two boys is related in language so
friendship. choice and beautiful as almost to
Reformers, but later engaged in controversial writ-
ings with Zwingli. He entered upon his task of re-
smack of preciosity, by Mr. Forrest Reid
that has a somewhat pseudonymous look - in his
form in 1523, which left only five years of his life
for that work, for he suffered martyrdom as a leader
sumptuous little quarto entitled “The Garden God,"
of the Anabaptists, by burning, on the 10th of March,
which is published by Mr. David Nutt of London in
1528. His life of about forty-seven years was wholly
a limited edition of 250 copies. The hero of this
is Graham Iddesleigh, who seems to have
spent in Switzerland and in the valley of the Dan-
prose poem
been early infected with the divine madness described ube, and was lacking in incident; but twenty-six of
in the “ Phædrus,' the madness caused by a re-
his writings are extant, and to bring the volume up to
the standard size set for the series, an appendix has
newed vision of that supernal beauty wherein the
soul revelled in its unembodied state. This madness,
been added containing his excursus “On the Sword”
and his “Hymn," - the latter both in German and
finding in Harold Brocklehurst a living embodiment
in English translation. With its numerous illustra-
of that faintly remembered beauty, issues in a friend-
ship at once vehemently passionate and absolutely
tions the book gives an interesting picture of certain
pure. The untimely death of Harold leaves his friend phases of the great Protestant Reformation not to be
inconsolable; and so the story of their love, told
found elsewhere.
thirty years after by the mourning survivor, is an
The second volume of the new and
A great reference
elegy, though in prose. The memory of the beauti work of Music revised edition of “Grove's Diction-
ful youth is not to die “without the meed of some
and Musicians.
ary
of Music and Musicians” (Mac-
melodious tear.” We have been assured, by one who millan) amply confirms the promise of the first,
is no mean poet himself, that we do poets and their which has been reviewed at considerable length in
song a grievous wrong if our own soul does not bring THE DIAL. The amount of new matter contained
to their high imagining as much beauty as they sing. in these volumes will be apparent when it is con-
“The Garden God” is emphatically the kind of sidered that in the same alphabetical limits are in-
book to which one must bring a spirit of sympathy, cluded 1594 pages, as compared with 950 in the
a submission to the tale-teller 's magic spell. The original first and second volumes. All the subjects
friendship described is as transcendently beautiful of general interest and the most important biogra-
as that pre-terrestial loveliness whereof the Platonist phies not only have been greatly extended but they
has fleeting glimpses, and which the Wordsworth are illuminated with more careful analysis and schol-
lover is dimly conscious of as having its dwelling in arly criticism. The work now comes down to the
"the light of setting suns, and the round ocean, and letter M, and the second volume includes 361 new
the living air, and the blue sky, and in the mind of biographies besides about 100 miscellaneous items.
man.” Exactly who or what the garden god is, re It is gratifying to note the generous space devoted
mains a little vague. One thing at least is certain : to American musicians. Arthur Foote, Stephen Col-
it is neither Priapus nor Vertumnus.
lins Foster, Patrick S. Gilmore, Frederick Grant
attempted explanation should end only in further Gleason, Leopold Godowsky, Louis Moreau Gotts-
befogging the question, it shall here be left to the
chalk, Asger Hamerik, Heléne Hastreiter, Victor
ingenious reader.
Herbert, Richard Hoffman, Clayton Johns, Edgar S.
Balthasar Hübmaier has been here- Kelley, Franz Kneisel, Henry E. Krehbiel, Benjamin
A hero and
leader of the tofore sadly neglected in the bio J. Lang and his daughter Ruthven, and Charles M.
Reformation. graphical literature of the English Loeffler, are awarded both generous space and treat-
language relating to the Protestant Reformers of the ment. It will be pleasant to all American musical
Sixteenth Century; and of the two published biog- scholars to find that Stephen Collins Foster, the most
raphies of him, one is in the Bohemian language and distinctive and purely original of all American com-
the other is in German. The Reverend Dr. Henry | posers with the possible exception of Billings (the
But lest any


268
[April 16,
THE DIAL
In the world
father of American psalmody, who, it is to be re ited. A memoir of Dr. Street and the editor's
pre-
gretted, was not included in the first volume) is prop face give some account of the pains that have been
erly recognized as deserving a place in the Grove taken to make the history complete and accurate and
Pantheon; and all Chicagoans will be glad to see the illustrations varied and interesting. French ex-
that Frederick Grant Gleason has been awarded a plorations, Jesuit settlements, the visits of the Indians
similar honor. Mr. Gleason was a musical scholar of who were the earliest settlers to use the island as a
great learning and a composer of high ability, whose summer resort, the warfare between New England
work will receive ampler recognition in the future and New France, the coming of Tory proprietors, -
than it did while he lived and worked so modestly all make romantic chapters, full of lively interest.
and sincerely. In any dictionary of this kind there With the division of the island into townships, a more
will naturally be some omissions, but they are very prosaic era begins; but Dr. Street has managed to
few in the new Grove, and no exception can be taken find material for two readable chapters dealing re-
to the scholarly character both of the revised and spectively with the life of the farmers and fishermen
the new matter.
whose peaceful ownership of the islands was dis-
When Mr. Horatio F. Brown writes turbed by the advent of the summer colonies, and
The love of
Venice and its of Venice, we are sure of something with the island's churches. The rapid development
modern charm, good; and his latest work, “ In and
of the various summer resorts, from the simple begin-
Around Venice” (Imported by Scribner), justifies nings of the sixties and seventies, is briefly chron-
all expectations. Although Mr. Brown feels thor icled. The whole history is simply and interestingly
oughly the ever-fleeting, ever-varying charm of this told, and is attractively illustrated with artistic views
wonderful city, unique among all the cities of the
of island scenery and with portraits of explorers as
world, he does not write simply of its picturesque old settlers. There is also an excellent map.
aspects. He is learned in all the lore of the region,
historical, geographical, practical, and artistic. The
In "The Canterbury Pilgrimages
of Chaucer's
history he divides into four great periods, – of con-
(Lippincott) Mr. H. Snowden Ward
pilgrims.
solidation, of empire, of entanglement, and of decline.
has sought to accomplish a double
Most brilliant of these, of course, was the second.
purpose: first, to discuss the history of the martyr-
dom and cult of St. Thomas of Canterbury; secondly,
Then it was that Venice emerged victorious from her
struggle for the Eastern empire; then wealth was
to describe the pilgrims to his shrine and the routes
pouring into her coffers and bringing in the pomp
taken by them. His first task is performed in about
of art, the pageantry of existence, her palace fronts
a third of the book. The volume contains little that
along the Grand Canal, her learned academies, her
is new; but the author tells well the tragic story
printing-press, her schools of painting, her regal
of Becket, and portrays vividly the pilgrims to his
receptions, the splendor of her state functions, the
shrine and their diversions, in the form of a running
sumptuousness of private life, — all, in short, that
commentary on the Prologue and the framework of
made her what she was, the dazzling pleasure-garden
the “Canterbury Tales.” Some of the etymologies
of Europe, the envied of other states. But her great-
and translations are open to question (e. g., thumb
ness and pride led on to her downfall ; ceasing to be of gold, p. 182; yeddings, p. 194); also, may
Chaucer be said to have written "an astrolabe"
the mart of Europe, she gradually wasted away till
she was but a wreck and hollow show of her former (p. 147)? A large number of good illustrations
glory. Nevertheless, our own Venice, the Venice of
much enhance the value of the book, which will
to-day, has a charm all its own; and it is with this
doubtless serve to make the world of Chaucer's pil-
that the present work chiefly concerns itself. There
grims more real, especially to the younger readers
are interesting chapters on the old Campanile, both
of to-day.
before and since its fall; chapters on each of the two
columns which guard the Piazzetta, on Knockers,
NOTES.
on Piles and Pile-driving, on Fêtes, etc. The latter
half of the book is given to the surrounding country
A second edition of Mr. George Howell's “ Labour
and villages, such as the river Brenta, the Eugenean Legislation, Labour Movements, and Labour Leaders,” in
Hills, and Istria. The illustrations, though not nu-
two volumes, is published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co.
« The Garden Book of California,” by Belle Sumner
merous, are very satisfactory, and are in direct rela-
tion to the text rather than merely ornamental, as so
Angier, and a newly revised and enlarged edition of Mr.
Charles Keeler's “ Bird Notes Afield" will be published
often is the case in books of this kind.
shortly by Messrs. Paul Elder & Co. of San Francisco.
Frequenters of Mount Desert, who Two new volumes, making an even dozen in all, are
A romantic
know it only as a cool and salubrious
added by the Messrs. Scribner to their “ Beacon" edi-
island history.
tion of the writings of Mr. F. Hopkinson Smith. « At
summer resort on the Atlantic coast,
Close Range” and “ The Wood Fire in No. 3” are the
will enjoy reading its quaint traditions and stirring respective titles, and both are collections of short stories.
history in the volume entitled “Mount Desert: A His-
“Men and Things” is the sub-title of a volume called
tory” (Houghton), for which Dr. George E. Street “ Mark Twain's Library of Humor," and published by
gathered the material, and which, since Dr. Street's Messrs. Harper & Brothers. The contents are selections
death, another enthusiastic Mount Deserter has ed. from the writings of some two score American humor-


1906.]
269
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, containing 62 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Lincoln : Master of Men. By Alonzo Rothschild. With por.
traits in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 531.
Houghton, Miffin & Co. $9. net.
Five Famous French Women. By Mrs. Henry Fawcett,
LL.D. Illus., 12mo, pp. 304. Cassell & Co. $2.
Party Leaders of the Time. By Charles Willis Thompson.
With portraits, 12mo, pp. 422. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.75 net.
John Witherspoon. By David Walker Woods, Jr., M.A. With
portrait, 8vo, gilt top, pp. 295. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50 net.
Spirit of the Age Series. First vols.: Whistler, by Haldane
Macfall; Robert Louis Stevenson, by Eve Blantyre Simpson.
Each illus., 16mo. John W. Luce & Co. Per vol., 75 cts, net.
The Story of Princess Des Ursins in Spain. By Constance
Hill. New edition ; illus. in photogravure, etc., 12mo, gilt top,
“Crown Library." John Lane Co. $1.50 net.
pp. 256.
HISTORY.
Old Time Notes of Pennsylvania: A Connected and Chron-
ological Record of the Commercial, Industrial, and Educa-
tional Advancement of Pennsylvania, and the Inner History
of all Political Movements since the Adoption of the Con-
stitution of 1838. By A. K. McClure, LL.D. Limited autograph
edition; in 2 vols., with portraits, large 8vo, gilt tops, uncut.
John C. Winston Co. $8. net.
The Rise of American Nationality, 1811-1819. By Kendric
Charles Babcock. With portrait and maps, 8vo, gilt top,
pp. 339. "The American Nation." Harper & Brothers. $2.net.
Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the
Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. Compiled and trans.
with commentary by James Henry Breasted, Ph.D. Vol. II.,
4to, pp. 428. University of Chicago Press. $3. net.
ists, and include pieces in both
prose
and verse.
We
understand that the « Library” is to include further vol-
umes, although the one now published affords no indi-
cation of such an intention.
A reprint of David Low Dodge's “War Inconsistent
with the Religion of Jesus Christ," edited by Mr. Edwin
D. Mead, is a recent publication made by Messrs. Ginn
& Co. on behalf of the International Union. The orig-
inal dates from 1812, and was written in protest against
the impending war with England.
Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. will issue early in
May two books not previously announced. These are
“Science and Idealism,” by Professor Hugo Münster-
berg, being his recent Harvard address at Yale; and a
little volume of studies on “ The Reading of Shakes-
peare,” by Professor James M. Hoppin of Yale
University.
Mr. Bram Stoker's Life of Sir Henry Irving is an-
nounced for issue in the autumn by the Macmillan Co.
The two volumes will contain many of Irving's letters,
and will be illustrated with portraits, stage photographs,
etc. Mr. Stoker, who is well known as a novelist, was
for twenty-five years one of Mr. Irving's closest personal
friends, and acc
ccompanied him on all his tours in the
capacity of manager.
The following text-books have recently been published
by the Macmillan Co.: A two-volume “ Course of Study
in the Eight Grades,” by Dr. Charles A. McMurry;
**City Government for Young People,” by Mr. Charles
Dwight Willard ; "The Principles of Oral English," by
Messrs. Erastus Palmer and L. Walter Sammis; “Mod-
ern English: Book One," by Mr. Henry P. Emerson and
Miss Ida C. Bender; “ English Grammar for Begin-
ners,” by Professor James P. Kinard; “ Advanced Alge-
bra,” by Professor Arthur Schultze; and “Argumenta-
tion and Debate,” by Professor Craven Laycock and
Robert Leighton Scales.
The anonymous novels, “ Calmire” and “Sturmsee,”
heretofore published by the Messrs. Macmillan, now
come to us in new editions with the imprint of Messrs.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. At the same time, there comes
the revelation of their authorship, for we are told that
they are the work of Mr. Henry Holt. We must con-
gratulate the veteran publisher upon these books, which,
as examples of discursive and philosophical fiction, take
a very high rank. They discuss, between them, nearly
all the major problems of religion and social science,
and this with a keenness and sanity deserving of the
highest commendation. It is not often that a man shows
himself capable of thinking as clearly, and reasoning as
intelligently, upon as great a variety of subjects as come
within the purview of these two novels.
“ Fordham's Personal Narrative of Travels: 1817-
1818” is the title of an interesting historical work to be
published this spring by the Arthur H. Clark Co. of
Cleveland. This hitherto unpublished manuscript, only
recently brought to light, was written by an observing
young English pioneer and explorer, describing his trav-
els and observations in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois. An introduction
and notes are to be furnished by Professor Frederic A.
Ogg, of Harvard. The same firm will also issue shortly
« Audubon's Western Journal: 1849-1850,"recounting
an overland journey with a party of gold-seekers from
New York to Texas and through Mexico to California.
Miss M. R. Audubon and Professor F. H. Hodder
have supplied a biography, introduction, and adequate
annotation.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Brief Literary Criticisms. By Richard Holt Hutton; selected
from the “Spectator" and edited by Elizabeth M. Roscoe.
With photogravure portrait, 12mo, uncut, pp. 417. Eversley
Series." Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Famous Introductions to Shakespeare's Plays. Edited
by Beverley Warner, D.D. With portraits, 8vo, gilt top,
pp. 268. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.50 net.
Plays, Pleasant and Unpleasant. By Bernard Shaw. In
2 vols., 12mo, uncut. Brentano's. $2.50 net.
The Ghost in Hamlet, and Other Essays in Comparative Lit-
erature. By Maurice Francis Egan, LL.D. 16mo, pp. 325.
A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. net.
Hither and Thither: A Collection of Comments on Books
and Bookish Matters. By John Thomson. 8vo, gilt top,
pp. 388. George W. Jacobs & Co.
The Study of a Novel. By Selden L. Whitcomb, A.M. 12mo,
pp. 331. D. C. Heath & Co. $1.25.
Old Tales from Rome. By Alice Zimmern. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 294.
A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.25.
POETRY AND THE DRAMA.
In Sun or Shade. By Louise Morgan Sill. 8vo, gilt top,
pp. 226. Harper & Brothers. $1.50 net.
Rahab: A Drama in Three Acts. By Richard Burton. 12mo,
uncut, pp. 119. Henry Holt & Co. $1.25 net.
Bird and Bough. By John Burroughs. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 70.
Houghton, Miffin & Co. $1. net.
Songs from the Heart. By Alice Adele Folger. Illus., 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 59. The Grafton Press. $1.25 net.
.
FICTION
Lady Baltimore. By Owen Wister. Illus., 12mo, pp. 406.
Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Silas Strong: Emperor of the Woods. By Irving Bacheller.
With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 340. Harper & Brothers. $1.50.
The Evasion. By Eugenia Brooks Frothingham. 12mo,
pp. 415. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
The Spoilers. By Rex E. Beach. Illus., 12mo, pp. 314. Harper
& Brothers. $1.50.
The Patriots : The Story of Lee and the Last Hope. By Cyrus
Townsend Brady. Illus. in color, 12mo, pp. 348. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $1.50.
A Motor Car Divorce. By Louise Closser Hale. Illus. in
color, etc., 12mo, pp. 319.• Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50.


270
(April 16,
THE DIAL
How the Bishop Built his College in the Woods. By
John James Piatt. Illus., 12mo, pp. 74. Cincinnati: Western
Literary Press. 75 cts. net.
A Common Sense Hell. By Arthur Richard Rose. 12mo,
pp. 176. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1. net.
CRITICISED AND PLACED
Highest References
RUTH L. GAINES
The Century Building, 1 West Thirty-fourth Street, New YORK
Autente
uthors
gency
FIFTEENTH YEAR. Candid, suggestive
Criticism, literary and technical Re-
vision, Advice, Disposal. MSS. of all
kinds. Instruction. REFERENCES:
Mrs. Burton Harrison, W.D. Howells,
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, Thomas
Nelson Page. Mrs. Mary E. Wilkins
Freeman, and others. Send stamp
for Booklet to WM. A. DRESSER,
Mention The Dial, R. 7, 400 Broadway, Cambridge, Mass.
STORY-WRITERS, Biographers, Historians, Poets - Do
you desire the honest criticism of your
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adventures of the Dean of Beckminster and other on SIDGWICK. A tale of German University and En-
an uncharted island in the Pacific. $1.50.
glish country life. Second printing. $1.50.
New York Sun: “Marked by admirable humor . . . one of
The Dial : “A piquant situation, and it is developed with in-
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of the best of the year, and it is by no means devoid of the Fothergill's 'First Violin'; ... the tale is a good one told
qualities that appeal to the literary sense."
with much humor and much excellent character study . .
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told novels of the season, and should be one of the most popular,"
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812 figures. 647 pp. $5.00 net. Carriage extra.
WATER'S FERNS OF THE NORTHEASTERN STATES. Over 200 illustrations. 362 pp. $3.00 net. By mail $3.34.


276
[May 1,
THE DIAL
HARPER'S LATEST FICTION
FENWICK'S CAREER
By MRS. HUMPHRY WARD
The story follows the career of a poor artist of brilliant talents and promise who comes to
London to win bread and recognition from the great, uncertain public. Fenwick conceals the
fact that he is already married to a country girl in Westmoreland, and from this develops a situa-
tion intensely dramatic, in which Fenwick's wife and the beautiful daughter of Fenwick's rich
London patron play leading parts. Many of the scenes portray that social London which Mrs.
Ward's recent novels have pictured so wonderfully and with such insistent charm.
Illustrated by Albert Sterner
Price, $1.50.
TWO-VOLUME EDITION DE LUXE - Limited to 498 numbered sets, with autograph of
Mrs. Ward. Illustrations by Sterner in photogravure on Japan paper. Deckel Edges,
Gilt Tops, Specially Boxed
Price, net, $5.00.
.
THE FLOWER OF FRANCE
By JUSTIN HUNTLY MCCARTHY
This is the story of Joan of Arc charmingly
retold in Mr. McCarthy's inimitable style. While
the romance follows history in the main, the au-
thor has given it here and there imaginative
touches that enhance the beauty and interest of
the romance. A stage version of the book will be
produced by Sothern and Marlowe next season.
Price, $1.50.
THE PRINCESS OLGA
By ERVIN WARDMAN
Ervin Wardman's new novel recalls The Pris-
oner of Zenda.
The hero is a plucky young
American engineer. His adventures in Crevonia,
a little independent kingdom of Europe, which
proves to be a nest of plots and intrigues, ar
thrilling indeed. It is the most absorbing kind
of modern romance.
Price, $1.50.
SILAS STRONG
By IRVING BACHELLER
“An epic hero." — Springfield Union.
“A modern Leatherstocking. Brings to the city dweller the aroma of the pine and the music
of the wind in its branches.” — San Francisco Chronicle.
“ A stronger character than Eben Holden." - Utica Observer.
Price, $1.50.
THE SPOILERS
By REX E. BEACH
“A story of the hunger for gold digged out of the hills and the hunger of man for woman and for
woman's love — a story that is true of all men and all real women since time began.”- Albany Journal.
“ Not often does the reader come upon a story of this virile quality. It will grip the reader's attention
until the last page is turned. No better romance of the life of civilized men, reverting under primitive
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brilliant success. - Brooklyn Eagle.
Illustrated by Clarence F. Underwood. Price, $1.50.
HARPER & BROTHERS
PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK


1906.]
277
THE DIAL
EVERY LIBRARY SHOULD HAVE
THE SUMPTUOUS AND DEFINITIVE VOLUME
COLLECTED SONNETS OF LLOYD MIFFLIN
Henry Frowde, London. 1st edition. Photogravure portrait. $2.60. Postpaid, $2.80.
This handsome volume, with its wide-margined 400 pages, contains 350 of the best Sonnets which the
author has produced during a life devoted to poetry. In every way the book is a remarkable production.
It contains many new Sonnets not before published. No American library can be considered complete
without it.
READ THE VERDICT OF HIGH AUTHORITIES IN GREAT
BRITAIN AND AMERICA
Westminster Review : Mr. Lloyd Mifflin's sonnets exceed in number the Rime of Petrarch, and cover
a wider field of thought, experience, and imagination. . . . It would be idle to attempt, in the limits of a
short notice, anything like a critical examination of this wonderful collection. . . . He possesses a vivid
imagination, kept under severe restraint, a delicate ear for rhythm, together with the faculty of pictorial
presentation. These qualities, combined with a well-nigh faultless technique, render him unapproachable
by any living English sonneteer.
Mrs. Ella Higginson :- No American has ever made such an enduring and noteworthy contribution to
the sonnet literature of the world. He stands beside Wordsworth. His work has the dignity, the serenity,
the seriousness, the fine imagination and the diction, exquisitely simple and rich, that mark the great poet.
Mr. W. D. Howells : A little more courage to know what is undeniably great, although it is our own,
seems to me still desirable in our criticism, and when it comes Mr. Miffin's poetry will have its reward.
St. Andrew's University : — Lloyd Mifflin is a poet born, not made. We cannot withhold our admira-
tion from a collection of sonnets which have a charm and a beauty about them giving evidence of the work
of a poet of remarkable poetic genius.
Aberdeen Free Press : To the rare gift of a penetrative imagination he brings a finely balanced intel-
lect and a keen sense of poetic diction. . . . In his highest flights he shows a warmth of imagination, a
richness of colour, a clarity of thought, and an almost perfect technique that shows him not unworthy to
walk beside the greatest sonneteers in the annals of the English language.
Prof. A. S. Mackenzie, Kentucky State College, in the Louisville Courier-Journal :-- Lloyd Mifflin, in
my opinion, is the greatest poet of America, past or present. The sad part of it is that a man has to
die to become famous.
Dundee Advertiser : - There are some critics who maintain that American poetry is on the decline.
The halcyon days of Bryant, Longfellow, Poe, Lowell, Whittier and Whitman are gone, it is said. While
there may be a grain of truth in the accusation, it cannot justly be alleged that poetry of the higher order no
longer has an exponent in America while Lloyd Mifflin still remains to carry on the great tradition of song.
Yorkshire Post :- ... Some are suffused with tenderness and beauty: a few, very few, are splendidly
strong. To say that some half-dozen should find a place in the most choice “Sonnet Anthology” of the
future is the greatest praise we can conceive.
Evening Post : Mr. Mifflin is justly entitled to a high position as a sonneteer. In his own way there
is no one now living to equal him. Indeed, it is only just to remember that there have been in the course
of English literary history only a very few poets who could get together a collection of sonnets at once so
numerous as this and of such high technical excellence. The volume contains three hundred and fifty
pieces, and is then but a selection.
R. H. Stoddard : His faults are condoned by many excellent qualities, and by one in which he has no
superior among living American poets, if indeed an equal - a glorious imagination. . . . The man who wrote
this sonnet (" The Flight”) is a true poet, and must soon be reckoned among the masters of American song.
FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
AMERICAN BRANCH
Nos. 91-93 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK CITY
OTHER BOOKS BY LLOYD MIFFLIN: At the Gates of Song (Frowde, $1.25); The Slopes of Helicon
(Estes, $1.25); The Fields of Dawn, and Echoes of Greek Idyls (Houghton, Mifflin & Co., each $1.25); Castalian
Days (Frowde, $1.25); The Fleeing Nymph (Small, Maynard & Co., $1.00); My Lady of Dream — just published —
(Frowde, $1.00). Postage extra.


278
[May 1,
THE DIAL
AUGUSTINE
THE MAN
A Dramatic Poem by AMELIE RIVES (Princess Troubetzkoy).
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1906.]
279
THE DIAL
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Of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister at Law.
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280
[May 1,
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WITH WALT WHITMAN
SPRING PUBLICATIONS
FROM THE PRESS OF
IN CAMDEN
JENNINGS & GRAHAM
This illuminating diary record has
CINCINNATI
been truly likened to Boswell's John THE STORY OF THE MASTERPIECES
By CHARLES M. STUART, D.D.
son in the fulness and veracity of the
To the full-page illustrations of the old masters have been added Watts'
Love and Death, Burne-Jones's Wheel of Fortune, and five plates
revelation of the poet's daily life and
showing Sargent's Prophets with the story of each. Quarto, 149
thought
pages, 16 full-page plates. Special cover design by Miss Raymond.
His conversations and his
Boxed. Price, $1.00 net.
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WHERE PUSSIES GROW
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famous men-of-letters show afresh the A beautiful collection of bright, attractive songs for children, both
words and music, written by one who has been most successful in
breadth of his human interest and this line, with themes familiar to children and pleasing to all.
Appropriately illustrated with ten color plates, some of them full-
the acuteness and candor of his criti page and many smaller in black. Beautifully illuminated cover,
with unique design in color. Quarto, oblong, 12% x 10 inches.
cal judgment. By HORACE TRAUBEL.
Bound in Boards. Price, $1.50 net. Postage, 20 cents.
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JOHN FISKE
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LL.D. 12mo. 275 pages. Printed on Old Stratford paper. Price,
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| This, like the above, is an intimate Missionary Interpretation of History. By Richard T. 8to-
biography, by a lifelong friend, THOMAS The Greatest Need of the Modern Church. By Alex.ME
SERGEANT PERRY — and the only life
The Enthusiasm of God. By Dinsdale T. Young. 12mo. 253
pages. Printed on Old Stratford paper. Price, $1.20 net.
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THB SALVATION OF THE BODY BY FAITH. By the Author
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1906.]
281
THE DIAL
Two William
Ritchie Books
THE MECHANIC
By ALLAN McIVOR, Author of “The Overlord”
A ROMANCE OF STEEL AND OIL
NOVEL readers will be interested in how John Worth, the hero and
EL readers will be interested in how John Worth, the hero and
mechanic, acquires an education ; how he battles with the magnates of
Oil; how he marries Lurgan's daughter, Catherine, a famous heiress ; how he
triumphs over all obstacles, and of right becomes a great captain of industry.
.. Read of his love for his wife and child ; his deep affection for the uncle
who reared him, and his reverence for his father who died to save him...
Read of his terrible and prophetic vengeance.
12mo, cloth, $1.50.
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The Story of the Constitution of the
United States
IE
By ROSSITER JOHNSON, LL.D.
F THERE is one subject in which we may reasonably expect every American citizen to be interested,
that subject is the National Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land. Many of our intel-
ligent citizens possess a copy of the Constitution, or at least have read it. But few indeed are familiar
with the story of its formation.
The whole narrative is not only a significant piece of history, but an intensely interesting story, and will
surprise some who imagine they are familiar with the history of our country. We commonly think the
Fathers of the Republic framed it in their patriotic wisdom. How many of us are aware that some of
them opposed it and did their utmost to defeat its acceptance? How many know that one of our most
honored Presidents was among these opponents? How many know of the impracticable sections that
escaped being incorporated in it? How many are aware that in some States it was ratified by a bare
majority? How many are familiar with the agency of Washington, Franklin, and Madison in its forma-
tion? How many know that George Clinton then Governor of New York, and afterwards Vice-President
of the United States tried hard to have New York reject it?
Heretofore this wonderful story was to be found only in pieces scattered through many books and doc-
uments. Now it may be had in a single handy volume, “The Story of the Constitution of the United
States," published at the price of
ONE DOLLAR NET, POSTPAID.
Published by WILLIAM RITCHIE, No. 70 Fifth Avenue, New York


282
[May 1, 1906.
THE DIAL
“No former edition of Franklin's Writings has ever
approached this in fullness.” — The Review of Reviews.
The Writings of
Benjamin Franklin
Edited by ALBERT H. SMYTH, Professor of the English Language and Literature
in the Central High School, Philadelphia. With Portraits and Illustrations.
Special Limited Edition in Ten Volumes, Cloth, 8vo.
Price per volume, $3 00 net (carriage extra).
COMMENTS OF THE PRESS
BOSTON TRANSCRIPT:
“A valuable and interesting compilation of the writings of Franklin, revealing more completely
than any other the private character of the man."
BOSTON HERALD:
“ Franklin's significance in literature appears when we remember that he was the first American
to transcend provincial boundaries and limitations, and the first author and scientist to achieve wide
and permanent reputation in Europe. His autobiography was vivid, truthful, thrilling with life, for
it was the simple, fascinating narrative of a career that began in lowly surroundings and ended in
splendor. It contained therefore the substance of the stories that have chiefly interested the world.”
CHICAGO TRIBUNE:
“ There was never a man whose interest extended to so many widely severed fields as did Franklin's.
Besides the scientific problems which he studied out to a satisfactory solution, we find foreshadowed
in his casual suggestions the germs of many later discoveries. His literary and political activity is
mirrored in his writings, and his own autobiography is one of the classics of English literature.”
NEW YORK TRIBUNE:
“No more worthy tribute to the great philosopher and patriot could well have been contrived than
the wholly admirable edition of his writings which Professor Smyth has collected and edited with so
much reverent scholarship and painstaking research."
THE FORUM, (New York) :
Everywhere we touch him he is the human and therefore the fascinating Franklin . . . when his
limitations have been duly considered, it remains true that Franklin, like Defoe, and for much the
same reasons, is one of the most fascinating of mortals, at least to students who examine his char-
acter by means of his self-revealing writings.” — W. P. Trent, Columbia University.
BALTIMORE SUN:
“Of all the editions of the works of Franklin, this is the best."
Published
by
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CONTENTS.
present a number of practical problems of the
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GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
283
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AN APOSTLE OF CLEAR THINKING. Percy F. but the scientific spirit. To establish certain
Bicknell
285 general principles in connection with this phase
COMMUNICATION
287 of governmental enterprise, and to suggest the
Improvised Means of Naval Warfare. F. H. reforms most greatly needed in the interests of
Costello.
rationality and economy, are the aims of a recent
THREE DECADES OF THE AMERICAN UNI-
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VERSITY. F. B. R. Hellems
289 pared by the expert labors of Mr. James Inger-
TWO VIEWS OF A GREAT ENGLISH KING.
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Laurence M. Larson
291 The first of the problems calling for consid-
SLAVERY AND ITS AFTERMATH.
W. E. Burg-
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hardt Du Bois
294 Roosevelt has recently had something to say
MONARCHY OR REPUBLIC IN FRANCE. Henry
upon this subject, and has put it in his emphatic
E. Bourne
295 and effective way, with the consequence of a
slight decrease (about three per cent), of last
PARTISANS AND HISTORIANS IN SOCIAL
SCIENCE. Charles Richmond Henderson
296 year's printing bill from that of the year pre-
Wells's A Modern Utopia. - George's The Menace ceding. This is far from the reduction of fifty
of Privilege. - London's The War of the Classes. per cent that the President believes to be possi-
Holland's The Commonwealth of Man. Grinnell's
Social Theories and Social Facts. — Ashley's The
ble, but it is at least a step in the right direction.
Progress of the German Working Classes. The sweeping reduction thus suggested (in the
Devine's Efficiency and Relief. - Taylor's Agri Message of 1904) was to be brought about
cultural Economics. - Spargo's The Bitter Cry of
the Children.
rather by a lessening of output than by a low-
ering of labor-cost; expert private testimony,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
298
however, stands ready to declare that even the
Essays, chiefly Shakespearean. — American man-
ners and customs in "76.-The problems of heredity, amount of printing now done would cost under
studied in royal families.—Dreams and visions from private contract only from one-half to two-thirds
"the heights." — Studies and speculations on the
Earth and its foundation. — Landscape art and the
of what is now paid for it. It will thus be seen
modern Dutch artists. — The criticism of life and that a combination of both these methods of
human ideals. - Early voyagers on the coast of
economy might be made to reduce the appro-
New England. - Commemoration of a heroic deed.
- Fish stories by an English sportsman.
priation for printing purposes to about one-third
of its present amount.] Such a saving is well
NOTES
302
worth attempting, even in the face of the dis-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
303 heartening thought that the sum saved might
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
. 303 very likely go to help building another battle-
.


284
[May 1,
THE DIAL
of the pen-
2
ship, or to subsidize a few ship-owners, or to why there are four depository libraries in Nash-
increase the monstrous extravagance
ville and only one in Memphis ; why there are
sion system, or to stuff the “pork-barrel ” of two in Tallahassee with three thousand inhabi-
appropriations for rivers and harbors and pub- tants and only two in Cleveland with four hun-
lic buildings.
dred thousand ; five in New Orleans and but
The wastefulness of the methods employed by two in either San Francisco or Buffalo.") And
the Government Printing Office becomes obvious the wonder is accentuated when we attempt to
upon the most superficial inquiry. It has for realize in imagination the actual receipt and
long been nothing short of a national scandal housing by, say, the Woman's Harmony Club
that the aid of labor-saving machinery should of Smith Centre, Kansas, of the more than five
have been rejected at the arrogant behest of the hundred volumes that are automatically lavished
labor-unions. This evil has been in part reme upon a depository library.
died, but much yet remains to be accomplished. The unsuspecting individual, no less than the
The needless multiplication of jobs is an evil unprepared library, is also the victim of this in-
inherent in every governmental enterprise, but discriminate bounty. Every member of Con-
the public has a right to be indignant at the gress has something like a couple of thousand
bare-faced manner in which, until recently, the volumes at his disposal annually, and feels bound
printing business of the United States was con to scatter them broadcast to gladden the hearts
ducted with an eye single to the amount of of his constituents. “ The over-zealous Con-
patronage that was to be got out of it. There gressman means well without doubt, but beware
are also many minor sources of wastefulness. of him, specially if he be a new one with first
There is the unnecessary duplication of material, enthusiasm and a desire to do favors to every
there is the printing of matter that serves only man, woman, and prospective voter in his district.
to magnify the importance of the bureau or He is very likely to make your library the dump-
individual that produces it, and there is the pub- ing ground for all the scraps, remainders, and
lication of editions so large that they cannot even job lots of documents, bound and unbound, which
be forced as gifts upon an unwilling public. he can beg, coax, or wheedle from his brother
The statistics for 1904 report the destruction as Congressmen or the government officers. You
waste paper of no less than 126,112 volumes of first hear of his benefaction when the postmaster
public documents, which fact offers an eloquent informs
you of one or a dozen sacks of mail at
revelation of haphazard management.
the office for you.” This is a case in which there
The methods employed in the distribution of ceases to be a virtue in the familiar counsel about
government documents appear to be as haphaz- gift horses. As a mere matter of self-defence,
ard as the methods of production. There are, the mouth of this particular horse should be
to begin with, “ depository libraries,” which gently but firmly opened, and his teeth carefully
receive full sets, and “ remainder libraries, examined, before he is admitted into the stable.
which get the fractional remnants of editions not Even the library, which is popularly supposed
otherwise exhausted. The system of depository to be an institution that welcomes books, may be
libraries produces some curious results. All
All seriously embarrassed by the supply of free liter-
state libraries are authorized depositories, and ature. A depository library must find a hundred
each member of Congress may designate a library feet of new shelving every year for this particular
on his own account. For example, “though
For example, " though accretion, which is no easy matter for a large
3 there are ten depository libraries in Minnesota, institution, and a quite impossible matter for a
the third city in the state, Duluth, has none, small one.
Then of course there is the further
and there is not one within one hundred and fifty demand which these books make
upon
the admin-
miles either in Minnesota, Wisconsin, or Michi- istrative expenses of the library. “It is certainly
while the library designated for the district true,” says our writer, “ that the sudden sight
in which Duluth is located is at a high school in of a government document fills the breast of the
a town of five or six thousand people.” Again, average librarian with sensations ranging from
Mr. Wyer ventures to wonder, and we may vague distrust and uncertainty to a distinct sink-
wonder with him, “Why the Woman's Harmony ing of the heart and a feeling of real dread and
Club of Smith Centre, Kansas, the Public Li helplessness. One librarian, very capable and
brary of Hopkinsville, Kentucky (which does not sensible and not at all cowardly in most things,
appear on the Commissioner of Education's carefully sets aside on a particular shelf each
latest list), and the Ladies' Library Association, government document as it reaches her library,
Greenville, Michigan, are on the depository list ; letting them accumulate there till long after she
gan,


1906.]
285
THE DIAL
ing Office.
might have made some of them very useful, wait- trayed when in later life he undertook to write on
ing, as she expresses it, “till she gets up courage religion, need not here concern us ; what does interest
enough to tackle them.'” This is by no means
us is the man's ardent devotion to the amelioration
humorous exaggeration ; it is a literal portrayal of our lot through the enlightenment of intellectual
of the attitude of most librarians toward these
blindness and the straightening out of crooked pro-
cesses of thought. His heart was, after all, better
portentous guests from the Government Print-
than his head, which is saying a good deal. “A book
in breeches,” he was often called ; and Carlyle, after
As a matter of fact (and of common sense), reading his autobiography, denominated the writer
only the largest libraries should attempt to "a thing of mechanized iron," and his book “the
accommodate these books in complete sets, or autobiography of a steam engine,” utterly lacking in
in anything but a narrowly limited selection. human qualities. But Mr. Frederic Harrison and
And the chief value of the Bulletin in which others who knew him have testified to the warmth of
Mr. Wyer has discussed the subject lies in the
his emotions and the nobility of his nature, while
guidance it offers to the small library. It tells
such records as we have of his life present numerous
what publications are of sufficient usefulness to
instances of generous self-sacrifice and of unusual
kindness of heart. So ardent in fact was his tempera-
deserve a place in the lesser collections, and it
also tells how to classify and catalogue them.
ment, beneath his perfect self-discipline, that it has
been said of him, as was said of his admired Turgot,
This information is of the greatest practical by Condorcet, that he was “a volcano clothed in
value, and the New York State Library is to ice.” The ice in Mill's case was the result of a frigidly
be thanked for having provided it in so con unemotional training received at the hands of a se-
venient a form. We may have to wait a long verely exacting father. Bishop Thirlwall, in one of
while for any general reform in the methods of his letters, comes near the truth in calling Mill “a
production and distribution, but every library noble spirit who had the misfortune of being edu-
may do something on its own account to make cated by a narrow-minded pedant, who cultivated his
the best of a bad matter and to adapt a faulty did not succeed in stifling them” (i. e., the non-
intellectual faculties at the expense
of all the rest, yet
system to everyday needs.
intellectual faculties). In similar vein, Professor
George S. Morris writes: “I conclude that J. S.
Mill's greatest personal misfortune was that he was
AN APOSTLE OF CLEAR THINKING.
born the son of James Mill, and not of Johann Gott-
lieb Fichte. He presents the appearance of a noble
“The man who impressed me most of them all,” nature confined in intellectual fetters, which, forged
said a distinguished American after visiting, in an for him, he himself did his best to rivet
upon
himself
official capacity, most of the leading statesmen of without wholly succeeding. He attracts a sympathy
Europe, was John Stuart Mill. You placed before at once regretful and affectionate. Perhaps his spec-
him the facts on which you sought his opinion. He ulative failures, engraved already so conspicuously
took them, gave you the different ways in which they upon the tablets of the intellectual history of his race,
might fairly be looked at, balanced the opposing con may contribute more for the world's final instruc-
siderations, and then handed you a final judgment tion than the inconspicuous successes of many another
in which nothing was left out. His mind worked like less renowned.”
a splendid piece of machinery; you supply it with A more repressive influence than the elder Mill's
raw materials, and it turns you out a perfectly fin on anything like boyish spirits, or the outbreak of
ished product.”
those nameless enthusiasms that belong to healthy
A century has passed since John Stuart Mill was adolesence, could not well be conceived. Life, to James
born*; a third of a century, nearly, since he died †; Mill, was at best a necessary evil, to be gone through
but his life and work have not yet ceased, and will not with as much avoidance of pain as possible, and with
soon cease, to interest and instruct. Much of his little or no expectation of pleasure. Yet even he
teaching may have become obsolete in that best sense gave at least one proof of the impracticability of so
whereby a doctrine, through general adoption, loses dreary a doctrine. As a penniless literary adven-
its former significance, and some of his precepts have turer in London, he allowed himself to fall in love, to
undoubtedly been superseded; but the man's charac marry,
and to become the father of a family, eight
ter and aims still exert upon us a very sensible degree children being born to him. This was a course of
of that extraordinary influence felt by his contem conduct than which, as his son points out, nothing
poraries, and still excite something of the admiration could be more at variance with his later teachings;
that even his opponents were forced to bestow. and James Mill himself, as if repenting of this con-
The flaws that can be picked in his experience cession to the promptings of nature, sought to atone
philosophy, the unsatisfactoriness of his ultilita for it by a harshness toward wife and children that
rianism, the inconsistencies into which he was be attracted the notice of visitors. It is significant that
the son, in his autobiography, makes no mention, or
May 8, 1873.
next to none, of his mother. He would almost seem
May 20, 1808.


286
[May 1
THE DIAL
..
to have had no mother, but to have sprung, Minerva much at least is true, that he, like the rest of us, must
like,in full intellectual panoply from his father's brain. have held changing notions of what constitutes true
Of the training he received from his father, of its happiness, as he advanced from the cradle to the
inhibitive no less than its educative influence, much grave. If it be true, as Professor Jevons has ven-
might be said. That it habituated him to the doing tured to assert in criticising Mill, that “there is
of violence to his own deeper and warmer nature, hardly one of his more important and peculiar doc-
many indications, pathetic to us now, go to prove. trines which he has not himself amply refuted,” this
Perhaps most if not all of the inconsistencies and self is due, as has already been said, to the conflict be-
contradictions that we encounter in his philosophy tween the precepts impressed on his intellect by his
are traceable to the glaring defects in that astonishing father and the promptings of his own more ardent
system of “cram” to which he was early subjected. nature.
Lisping Greek vocables at three, he had, by the time Despite all failures in his life-long endeavor to
he was eight years old, gone through Æsop's Fables, arrive at truth, Mill may nevertheless be styled the
the whole of Herodotus and of Xenophon's Cyro- apostle of clear thinking. The weak parts of his
pædia, the Anabasis wholly or in part, the Memora abstract speculation lose their importance in com-
bilia of Socrates, some of the lives of the philosophers parison with the indomitable passion for justice with
by Diogenes Laertius, a part of Lucian, two orations which he strove to disseminate the truth as embodied
of Isocrates, and six dialogues of Plato. If the list in practical reforms. Mr. John Morley, writing of
makes us gasp, we are in danger of losing our breath Mill's resemblance to Turgot and of “the nobleness
entirely when we reflect that in those days Greek- and rarity of this type," says: “Its force lies not in
English lexicons were not, and their Greek-Latin single elements, but in that combination of an ardent
progenitors were shut to Mill because he had not yet interest in human improvement with a reasoned
learned Latin. His father, engaged at the same table attention to the law of its conditions, which alone
in writing his monumental “ History of British In deserves to be honoured with the high name of wis-
dia,” served him as Greek dictionary,-- an exertion dom. This completeness was one of the secrets of
of patience on the part of this impatient and hard Mr. Mill's peculiar attraction for young men, and
worked man that must be placed to his credit. Fur for the comparatively few women whose intellectual
ther details of this remarkable experimentin education interest was strong enough to draw them to his books.
need not here be given. The Autobiography and He satisfied the ingenuous moral ardour which is
Professor Bain's life of Mill contain full informa instinctive in the best natures, until the dust of daily
tion. The pupil's loyalty to his teacher in after life, life dulls or extinguishes it, and at the same time he
despite the warping and stunting effects of this in- satisfied the rationalistic qualities, which are not less
human system of training, is one of the most pathetic marked in the youthful temperament of those who
and also one of the most admirable traits of Mill's by-and-by do the work of the world. This mixture
character. Of the insufficiency of his education to of intellectual gravity with a passionate love of im-
satisfy the cravings of his deeper self, he experienced provement in all the aims and instruments of life,
an early proof; although it was to no culpability on made many intelligences alive, who would otherwise
his father's part that he ascribed the painful crisis have slumbered, or sunk either into a dry pedantry
through which he passed in 1826. Taught to believe on the one hand, or a windy, mischievous philan-
in the greatest-happiness principle of Bentham and thropy on the other. . . . He recognized the social
his disciple, the elder Mill, the young man suddenly destination of knowledge, and kept the elevation of
realized that, were the greatest immediate happiness the great art of social existence ever before him, as
of the greatest number to be attained, he for one the ultimate end of all speculative activity.”
should still cherish unsatisfied longings. This dis It was as a clear thinker and cogent reasoner, not
covery plunged him into a state of deep and long- by any imposing and majestic authority, that he won
continued dejection, from which he at last fought his over his followers and still commands the admiration
way out by the help of Wordsworth's poetry, and with of his readers. The impersonal but irresistible per-
the hard-earned conviction that the happiness prin- suasion of truth itself appeals to us in his pages.
No
ciple, however irrefutable in theory, cannot stand drum-and-trumpet proclamations, but rather self-
the test of practice, and that happiness itself, even effacement and a modest reverence for the sacred
though the end and aim of our desires, is not to be purity of truth, are what we find in his life and works.
attained by directly seeking it. But though he was So little did he seek the fame of a discoverer of truth,
forced to make this partial surrender, he continued if only the truth might finally be reached, that he
to the last to maintain, with that doggedness of in took more pains to disguise and obscure his origi-
tellect that refused to deny theoretical principles in nality than most writers do to give prominence to
which he had been drilled, that "happiness is the theirs. He accords so much credit to his predecessors,
test of all rules of conduct and the end of life." To even where he differs from them, that, as Professor
be sure, it may be said in passing, a definition of Cairnes has remarked in discussing his “ Political
"happiness" might conceivably be so framed as to Economy," he seems to leave little credit to himself.
render this theory acceptable to the austerest moralist, It is this attitude of detachment, of freedom from
and perhaps it was with some such definition in mind prejudice, of willingness and even eagerness to be
that the theory came at last to be held by Mill. So refuted if he is in the wrong, that makes Mill so


1906.]
287
THE DIAL
attractive to the lover of fair play. “I found hardly must have contributed no little to his election, to
any one,” he tells us in writing of himself, “who which he had conscientiously refused to contribute
made such a point of examining what was said in anything in money. One reply of his, a reply of two
defence of all opinions, however new or however old, words only, to an opponent's question, is so character-
in the conviction that even if they were errors there istic of his ethical and intellectual honesty, that it de-
might be a substratum of truth underneath them, serves mention here. Asked by a hostile hearer, who
and that in any case the discovery of what it was that hoped to overwhelm him with confusion, whether he
made them plausible, would be a benefit to truth.” had in any of his writings called the English working
Mill was happily situated for the prosecution of classes liars, Mill promptly and calmly answered,
his favorite studies. Holding an increasingly remu “I did.” After a pause to recover from their aston-
nerative position in the India House, where his duties ishment, his hearers broke into enthusiastic applause,
were not very burdensome, and from which he retired and acknowledged, in the words of a spokesman,
on a handsome pension at fifty-two, he could devote that they wished, not to be flattered, but to be told
his hours of leisure to the writing of books whose of their faults.
pecuniary success or failure was a minor considera Minor biographical details of this kind, even in
tion. As he himself has well said, “the writings by so short an article as the present, need no apology
which one can live are not the writings which them if we bear in mind that a thinker's life is the master-
selves live, and are never those in which the writer key to the interpretation of his thought. Through the
does his best.” It was characteristic of him, too, allurements of biography some readers, previously
that he early shook off those irksome bonds to whose shrinking from the task, may perchance be won over
constraint the frequenters of fashionable society to the serious study of the grand problems of phi-
think themselves obliged to submit. “I was enabled,” losophy, to a sense of their perennial dignity and
he says, writing of himself at the age of thirty-seven, beauty, and to a conviction of their present vital
“to indulge the inclination, natural to thinking import. The lives of few philosophers are so worthy
persons when the age of boyish vanity is once past, of contemplation, so free from disquieting and dis-
for limiting my own society to a very
few
persons. enchanting features, so stimulative to high thought
General society, as now carried on in England, is so and noble endeavor, as the life of John Stuart Mill.
insipid an affair even to the persons who make it
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
what it is, that it is kept up
for
any reason rather
than the pleasure it affords.” Of the impression he
himself made on others in society, we have abundant
testimony, mostly favorable. Carlyle's description
COMMUNICATION.
of his conversation as “sawdustish ” we must hold
to be rather ill-natured than apt. But would any
IMPROVISED MEANS OF NAVAL WARFARE.
talker in Carlyle's company receive his unqualified
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
praise ?
“His [Mill's] demeanor with reference to
The communication from Captain A. T. Mahan, in
the other participants in the conversation,” says Pro-
your issue of April 16, relative to my former article on
fessor Bain, his biographer and intimate friend,
the fighting value of privateers in the war of 1812, is
was sufficiently marked. He never lectured or
interesting and valuable. I seem, however, to have
worded my article in a way that has caused me to be
declaimed, or engrossed the talk. He paused at due
misunderstood. Will you therefore give me a little
intervals, to hear what the others had to say; and further
space in which to explain my meaning, and also
not merely heard, but took in, and embodied that in to add a few words in support of one contention that I
his reply. With him, talk was, what it ought to be, made? I should care less about the matter had the
an exchange of information, thought and argument; articles appeared in a publication of less weight and
and an exchange of sympathies when the feelings importance than THE DIAL ; as it is, I feel that I ought
were concerned. He did not care to converse on any
in justice to myself to add something further.
other terms than perfect mutuality. He would
The passage showing that I was not fully understood
expound or narrate at length when it was specially
is that with which Captain Mahan closes his communi-
wished; and there were, of course, subjects that it
cation. He admits (earlier) that we all have liberty to
express our opinions, and thinks that, though he regards
was agreeable to him to dilate upon; but he wished
my contention as wrong, the chief harm is in what it
to be in accord with his hearers, and to feel that
preaches as to the future. He believes that it reflects
they also had due openings for expressing concur a dangerous tendency of the times with regard to our
rence or otherwise.”
naval policy. I wish to say, then, that I did not for a
Characteristic of this desire to let the light in from moment mean to advocate a policy of “trusting to im-
as to our naval defenses. On the con-
all sides, in the interest of clear thinking and right provised means
reasoning, was his attitude as a parliamentary candi-
trary, I believe that the changed conditions of naval
warfare call for the most careful and elaborate prepara-
date. Excepting the one subject of religion, which
could well be excluded as irrelevant, he invited ques-
tions in the matter of fighting ships. Our long Atlantic
seaboard needs a strong naval defense, just as a tall
tions and objections of whatever sort when he ap boxer needs his two strong arms to protect both his face
peared on the platform to address the voters of West and his body.
minster. The wit and readiness there displayed by I trust that I have made myself clear on that point,
him, to the surprise and delight of his acquaintance, and that I have not urged our success (whatever that
66


288
[May 1,
THE DIAL
«
war.
success was) in 1812 as a justification for trusting in
improvised means" of defense now.
Captain Mahan further says that he is not correctly
quoted as admitting that our privateers in 1812 were
largely instrumental in bringing about the conclusion of
that war. If I have been dull in understanding Cap-
tain Mahan's meaning, I am sorry for it ; but I must
remark that I did not quote his book as wholly sustain-
ing my contention. I said that his book admitted it
“in part.” I supposed that it did, and quoted from it
a passage regarding the injury done to British commerce
by our cruisers, including privateers, in the course of the
I now understand Captain Mahan to mean that,
while the harm was great, it was not much greater than
England had previously sustained from France, and so
was of moderate importance. The book can be read,
and the meaning judged. I certainly meant to be fair.
As to the matter in the first instance at issue, it would
appear almost presumptuous for one not an acknowl-
edged authority to contend with one of Captain Mahan's
standing ; yet it is also true that great authorities differ,
and it is better to think for oneself at times, and be
wrong, than not to think at all. I will try to be brief
in covering this point.
Captain Mahan says, speaking of the war, “We had
fought and lost.” This is seemingly because Great
Britain refused to change her position on either of the
issues for which we went to war, -- a purely technical
conclusion, as it seems to me. As a matter of fact, we
had won the greater number of our sea-battles, while
Great Britain had not done anything of moment to us
on land ; and the fact that after this she nearly or wholly
discontinued her odious impressment practices, shows
how she regarded our attitude in that matter. If we
had not fought her, it is likely that she would have con-
tinued to impress American seamen; as a result of the
war, she stopped. We certainly had reason, if we may
trust some information that has come down to us, to
believe that she meant to stop the practices complained
of, but regarded it as humiliating to say so formally.
As to the amount of harm done by our privateers,
which was the original question at issue, Captain Mahan
now says that the British Minister for Foreign Affairs,
who was abroad at the time, and who conducted the
business of his office for the time by letter, does not even
mention it; furthermore, that the loss was not much
greater than in the war with France. It is easy to be
wrong, but it seems to me that the omission by the
Minister to comment on this matter is not a proof that
it was not felt to be serious.
It might have been seri-
ous, and yet not have seemed sufficiently so to compel
immediate attention. It must be remembered that the
loss inflicted on English commerce by our privateers
was mainly falling on the people, and not on the gov-
ernment direct; and that the British government of that
day, though in a way responsible to the people, by no
means always bent its immediate views to agree with
the popular desire.
Moreover, it is not alone the amount of damage that
is done in the course of a war that is most effective. As
one writer puts it, " The object of all wars is to operate
on the mind of the enemy to the extent of bringing him
to the desired terms.” What effect did our privateers
have on the public mind of England, in addition to the
harm they actually accomplished? It is of course impos-
sible to answer this question; we can only guess. But
we know that our privateers were far more daring in
their exploits than were the French, and that the fear
of them helped to raise the price of many staples of
living to a serious pitch — flour to $58. per barrel, beef
to $38., etc. We must bear in mind that the contests
of our regular navy with England's did not result in the
capture of very many ships, though relatively we made
an excellent showing; and yet our victories made a
powerful impression in England. The victories of our
privateers were generally of a kind to touch the pockets
of the English rather than their pride, and so were not
of a kind to call for so much public comment; never-
theless they told in a very practical direction. Let me
quote a little on this point. Speaking of the loss of the
first English frigate, the London “ Times” said:
"We know not any calamity of twenty times its amount that
might have been attended with more serious consequences to
the worsted party, had it not been counterbalanced by a con-
temporaneous advantage of a much greater magnitude” (refer-
ring to Wellington's victories in Spain).
Yet England had lost one thirty-eight gun frigate out of
a navy consisting of hundreds of ships. Governments
where the people, if pressed too hard, will rise and
overturn the existing authority, cannot in war go the
limit of the people's resources. An attempt to do very
much less has often brought rulers and ministers disas-
trously to the ground.
Again, “ The Times,” in speaking of the victory of
the “United States over the “ Macedonian,” says:
"Oh, what a charm is here dissolved! What hopes will be
excited in the breasts of our enemies!” etc.
Again a mere frigate action, and the loss of a thirty-
eight, with its captain and a few men killed.
Mr. Spears, in his “ History of our Navy,” says:
"The selfish interest of an individual in his property is, as has
often been noted, a pledge of good citizenship. His selfish inter-
est in his property, bluntly speaking, tends to making him
behave himself becomingly. ... The same rule applies to
nations. The possession of property liable to be lost through
war is a pledge of peace on the part of the nation owning it.”
That this “selfish interest” would or did endure quietly
the rise of prices in England caused largely by our pri-
vateers, and the other troubles consequent on this har-
rowing kind of warfare, is certainly hard to believe. It
does not agree with what the ship-owners as well as the
consumers said at the time.
Finally (since I have already used too much space),
I will finish my quotations by a brief one from “The
American Merchant Marine," page
128:
The master of a British merchantman who had been three
times captured and as many times recaptured, said that he had
sighted no fewer than ten American privateers in a single voyage.
. . But the most dramatic and effective work of the privateers
was right on the British coast, and in the chops of the English
Channel. This produced in Britain a comical blending of fury
and despondency, which found voice in the memorials of the
merchants of Liverpool and other seaport towns. A typical
remonstrance is that of the merchants of Glasgow."
This remonstrance is given in full, but is too long to
insert here. It recites that insurance was affected, a
heavy tax had to be paid for convoys, etc. It is worth
reading entire, as indeed is the rest of the book, if one
wishes to see just what our practical “ irregulars ” did
at that time.
With all this and much more before me, I must still
believe that our privateers were a mighty factor, if not
the mightiest, in causing Great Britain, relieved of
Napoleon, and before she had heard of her defeat at
New Orleans, to consent to make peace. That we did
not win as to the form of this, is true; but I am unable
to see why we did not win the substance.
F. H. CoSTELLO.
Bangor, Maine, April 19, 1906.


1906.]
289
THE DIAL
order, President Gilman devoted his exceptional
The Mew Books.
ability and energy. Sparing himself at not a
single turn, he exhibited a laudable self-reliance;
but he exhibited also that strength of the strong
THREE DECADES OF THE AMERICAN
UNIVERSITY.*
which can profit by the strength of others. As
The history of the American "university " as
a people, we owe much to James B. Angell,
Charles W. Eliot, and Andrew D. White; but
distinguished from the “ college " can hardly be
for no other service should we be more grateful
said to begin before the seventies of the last
than for their timely encouragement and practi-
century; and without the least disparagement of
any other seat of learning, it may be said that
cal helpfulness in the formative period of the
the establishment of Johns Hopkins marked the fully recognized in the dedication of the volume
new university. Their willing kindness is grate-
opening of an era. In 1873 the will of a Bal.
timore merchant provided for the founding of a
before us, and it will not be forgotten by future
new university, and a propitious mood of fortune generations.
which had favored the selection of a sagacious
The far-seeing head of the institution destined
to be so important staked everything upon
his
body of trustees extended its favor to their ap: faculty. Again and again he insists on the
pointment of a capable president. Daniel Coit
Gilman, born at Norwich in Connecticut, became
supreme importance of the teaching staff in a
a graduate of Yale in 1852, and continued his
university, a fact not undeserving of notice in
these days when the university president looms
studies both there and at Harvard as well as in
Europe. The following years saw him connected
so large before the public eye and the ordinary
with the Sheffield Scientific School and holding professor is lost in the crowd. “ But the idea,
a chair at Yale, until, in 1872, he was called to
he says, “is not lost sight of, that the power of
the university will depend upon the character of
the presidency of the University of California,
where he helped to rescue a State University
its resident staff of permanent professors. It is
their researches in the library and laboratory;
from the limitations of a college of agriculture
their utterances in the classroom and in private
and enlarge it to meet the requirements of a
life; their examples as students and investiga-
magnificent commonwealth.” With this valua-
tors, and as champions of the truth ; their pub-
ble training the first president of Johns Hopkins
lications, through the journals and the scientific
brought an invaluable spirit, a combination
which made him not only a master craftsman
treatises, which will make the University of
before the final launching of the university, but
Baltimore an attraction to the best students, and
serviceable to the intellectual growth of the
a reliable and confidence-inspiring pilot for the
land.” But if President Gilman staked every-
first twenty-five years of the subsequent voyage.
That the waters should always be smooth, and
thing upon his faculty, he took good care that
his stake should not be lost. The first professors
that favoring breezes should always swell the
sails, no pilot could ensure. Of the stormy
were Sylvester, Gildersleeve, Remsen, Rowland,
Morris, and Martin ; a few years later, Welch,
waters, however, only incidental mention is made
Halsted, Kelly, and Osler formed the nucleus
in the present volume.
The new president suggested the emphasizing themselves would constitute a eulogy on the wis-
of the medical faculty. These ten names in
of the idea of a "university" and the desira-
dom of the trustees, which was doubtless in this
bility of building up an institution quite different
connection the wisdom of the President. All of
from “college ”; he wished “ to make an ad-
the hopes implied in the above quotation were
dition to American education, not introduce a
rival.” The times were ripe. Opportunities for
realized, and more ; for these giants may be said
to have fashioned the mould for the future of
graduate study were then few; the relation of
the American university.
the professional schools to the college of liberal
arts was but ill adjusted; research was largely
To a cause, however, as to an individual,
a matter of individual initiative and pursuit ;
blessing comes but seldom unattended by bane ;
and the new order of things was not productive
facilities for the publication of original articles
solely of good. When the far-reaching benefits of
were inadequate ; withal, there was a goodly
body of young men ready to profit by a better
Johns Hopkins and the other great universities
became obvious, donations on a magnificent scale
order of things. To the promotion of the new
began to grow common, until, as our author
• THE LAUNCHING OF A UNIVERSITY, and Other Papers.
points out, more than one institution to-day has
Sheaf of Remembrances. By Daniel Coit Gilman. New York:
an endowment larger than that of all the insti-
а
А
Dodd, Mead & Co.


290
[May 1,
THE DIAL
are the
It was
tutions which were in existence in 1850. But ing of a “Sheaf of Remembrances," is divided
if a strong university is a great good, a nominal into two parts, the first (chapters I.-IX.) being
university is a great evil; and we find the dan- concerned more immediately with the Johns
ger noted that “the country will soon have a Hopkins University, the second (chapters X.-
superfluity of feeble universities, as it has had XXII.) embodying various addresses. The
a superfluity of endowed colleges.” When a previous publication of certain portions is men-
searcher for real conditions in our higher educa- tioned in the preface. The thoroughly inter-
tion begins to peer behind the august mask of esting first part, with chapters X. and XIV.,
the word “university,” he finds everything from would have made a valuable volume. “ Fun-
the highest type of an institution of learning to damental Principles," " The Original Faculty,"
the lowest representative of the propagation of “Some Noteworthy Teachers,” “ Resignation,
vanity, — everything, in fact, from Harvard to “ Remembrances,” and “ Research
an institution of which it can only be said that captions of chapters that prove to be as fruitful
the dead are there. When a denominational as the headings suggest. Indeed, there is no
university with a small faculty confers more disappointment save in the sixth chapter, which
advanced degrees than Yale, words lose their includes an account of the establishment of the
meaning. Flagrant cases, however, will ulti- Carnegie Institution ; but here the disappoint-
mately defeat their own ends, by cheapening the ment is keen. It will be remembered that the
donor's degrees in competition with the degrees original purpose of Mr. Carnegie was “ to make
of standard institutions, and on the whole we are the gift directly to the nation, and for that
doing better. Another danger,—that graduate reason he communicated an outline of his plan
work, with its insistence on research and printed to the President of the United States, by whom
results, would lead to sterile investigation and it was received with the most generous appre-
unprofitable publication, — is upon us. Toociation. Reflection led to a change.
often we investigate the fluctuations in the price about this reflection and change that we had
of woolen socks in New England during two colo- hoped for enlightenment. Whatever title might
nial decades, when we might more profitably be have been given to an institution founded on
acquiring a decent historical horizon and eco the unchanged plans, it could have been made
nomic perspective; nor should we be eager to put to mean a National University endowed with
forth a thesis on the hiccough of Aristophanes $10,000,000 as a mere beginning, admitting of
in Plato's “Symposium” before we have read the correlation with existing governmental scientific
Republic.” With regard to printing, we are departments and with other educational institu-
the victims of a veritable cacoëthes; we have too tions of the country, incorporating the most
many “Studies," "Investigations," and similar
Investigations,” and similar advanced ideas and the highest ideals, and pro-
publications of such strange double power that viding thoroughly adequate means for investi-
in them a worthy article may be entombed or gation and leadership. Such an institution
an unworthy article be given a temporary sem appeared to many educators as a wellspring of
blance of life. To change our author's words almost unlimited possibilities. When “reflec-
a little, there should be less printing and more tion led to a change,” it was widely charged that
editing. Furthermore, the young instructor, a few eminent university leaders, fearing pos-
fresh from the seminar, is sadly inclined to be a sible competition for their own graduate schools,
pedant rather than a pedagogue; the minute in- had fostered this reflection unduly; it was, and
vestigator too often fails to become the inspiring is, generally believed that, at any rate, they
teacher, and“ it does not appear that the under-could have ensured the success of the original
graduates receive better instruction than they conception of the “ evangelist of beneficence
received in the earlier days.” Howbeit, all of if they had deemed it best for our national edu-
these features are incidental, and can be changed. cational interests. From President Gilman we
As to any responsibility therefor on the part of expected the enlightening word; but darkness
Johns Hopkins, we may quote a characteristic is still upon our eyes, and we must still believe
statement made by Professor Gildersleeve years where we cannot prove. That these eminent
ago to the present writer. Young man,” he and honorable men must have been influenced
said, “ whatever benefits have accrued to Amer- by altruistic and compelling motives, we are
ican education from graduate work may be all anxious to believe ; but it would have been
traced to Johns Hopkins; the evils all came pleasant to change faith for knowledge. In
from ..
all ages the small have craved the confidences
“ The Launching of a University,” consist of the great.


1906.]
291
THE DIAL
The second part of Dr. Gilman's book inevi Our closing impression, however, should not
tably suffers in comparison with the significant be given by words suggestive of fault-finding.
chapters of the first part. The topics include President Gilman's book has been welcome
“ Books and Politics,” “ De Juventute,” “Greek reading, and will doubtless be warmly received
Art in a Manufacturing Town,” “ Hand-Craft by all interested in higher education and in the
and Rede-Craft,” “ Civil Service Reform," and history of our great institutions of learning. To
so forth. In the treatment, of course, there are few gleaners in this field is it allowed to present
always manifested sanity, lucidity, breadth of such a “ sheaf of remembrances.”
view, and generosity of sentiment; but one or
F. B. R. HELLEMS.
two of the addresses must strike a careful reader
as approaching dangerously near to hack-work.
One feels that the first part could have been
Two VIEWS OF A GREAT ENGLISH KING.*
written by but few men, whereas the second could
have been written by many, and might better
It may seem to many that there is no great
have appeared as a separate volume with a
need for a new biography of Henry VIII. Few
frankly descriptive title. A respectful reviewer names in English history are more generally
may be allowed to submit that there are too many
familiar than that of the second Tudor, and the
cases of the publication of miscellaneous essays leading facts of his long reign are known to all
and addresses under attractive titles suggestive who have read the story of Britain. It is true, the
of unity of theme. Publishers admit that they world knows what happened in Henry's reign,
are only human, — and on the whole it is per but just why and how it happened is still a mat-
haps desirable that university presidents should
ter of dispute. Especially when we approach the
share that amiable weakness; but the title on subject of the King's character and motives, of
the cover ought to convey the same idea as the his plans and policies, of his personal achieve-
words on the title-page. It is needless to say
ments and those due to his ministers, we meet
that in the present instance the title-page is above
the most diverse opinions. Where one writer
reproach.
condemns, another condones or justifies ; one
Were the task not so uncongenial, it would
offers an apology where another merely ventures
be possible to point out a few slips of the pen to explain ; what one attributes to royal foresight
or lapses from careful presentation. A volume another ascribes to the shrewdness of a councillor.
containing an address on Greek Art should This disagreement is due in part to the fact
hardly be guilty of the following : “ The touch
that the sources necessary to an exhaustive study
of Phidias was his own, and so inimitable that of Henry's reign were not accessible to earlier
not long ago an American, scanning with his writers. Recently, however, there have been col-
practised eye the galleries of the Louvre, dis- lected from various parts of Europe - from
covered a fragment of the work of Phidias long Spain, France, Venice, Ireland, and Great Bri-
separated from the other fragments by that tain, -thousands of documents dating from Tu-
sculptor which Lord Elgin had sent to London.
dor times, the study of which will add materially
The artist's stroke could not be mistaken, - it
to our knowledge of the sixteenth century. These
was his own, as truly as our sign-manuals, our newer sources, we are told by Henry's most
autographs. Our author can refer only to the
recent biographer, “probably contain at least a
discovery by Waldstein of the Lapith head in
million definite facts relating to the reign of
the Louvre and its relation to one of the Parthe-Henry VIII.” To write the story of Henry's life
non metopes, and he certainly leaves the impres and achievements is evidently no easy task. For-
sion that Phidias actually carved the metopes tunately, however, the work of sifting and inter-
with his own hand. Of course the metopes are
Of course the metopes are preting these materials has been undertaken by
the work of the great Athenian in a perfectly one whose great knowledge of the Tudor period
true sense ; but that they show the actual strokes renders him peculiarly fitted for such an effort.
of his chisel, few would venture to maintain. It was with pleasure that students noted three
A slip of a different sort attached the heading years ago that Prof. A. F. Pollard, of University
“ Incidents of the Early Years ” to a chapter of College, London, had written a biography of
which a fourth is devoted to the Carnegie Insti- Henry VIII. Unfortunately, the edition then
tution founded so recently. Minor lapses and published was of the more expensive order, and
an occasional awkward sentence in a volume of
*HENRY VIII.
three hundred and eighty-six pages are pardon- | Green, & Co.
THE WIVES of HENRY THE EIGHTH. By Martin Hume. Illus-
able even if undesirable.
By A. F. Pollard.
New York: Longmans
trated. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co.


292
[May 1,
THE DIAL
the work was consequently placed beyond the believe that Wolsey's management of affairs was
reach of the
average book-buyer.
Since then it ever so complete as has been thought. The King,
has been revised and republished, and now though much taken up with theology, with his
appears as a plain, solid, but attractive volume, navy, with tournaments, and with a thousand
which the lover of history will be glad to possess. other matters that appealed to the royal vanity,
The story begins with a brief sketch of the watched details very closely and became in-
early Tudors, in which the author emphasizes the creasingly vigilant after 1519. Nor does he con-
fact that Henry's great strength lay in the pop- sider the passing of Wolsey as something to be
ular belief and fear that he alone stood between regretted either by Henry or by the nation.
English prosperity and a return of the anarchy Henry's government achieved nothing while the
that England had experienced during the Wars Cardinal was at the helm. It is true, he “staved
of the Roses. In the next chapter we get a view off for many years the ruin of the church, but
of “ Prince Henry and his environment,” and an he only did it by plunging England into the maël-
effort is made to account for his wonderful pop- strom of foreign intrigue and of futile wars.'
ularity then and later. The average Englishman The discord that appeared in the royal family
could not help admiring a prince who was the about 1527 is treated more from the political
best athlete in the kingdom; and, continues the than from the domestic side. This subject, and
author, if “there ascended the throne to-day a the later matrimonial ventures of the King, the
young prince, the hero of the athletic world, the author cannot avoid discussing ; but he gives
finest oar, the best bat, the crack marksman them no more space than their importance seems
of his day :
. endowed with the iron will, the to demand. Henry had not been married long
instinctive insight into the hearts of his people, before serious misunderstandings arose in the
the profound aptitude for government that royal household. Catherine was not only queen
Henry VIII. displayed, he would be a rash man of England, she was also the accredited Spanish
who would guarantee even now the integrity of ambassador at the English court. As such, she
parliamentary power or the continuance of cab- strove earnestly, if not always tactfully, to hold
inet rule.” From this passage, and others like Spain and England in close alliance ; but Henry
it that might be quoted, it appears that Professor soon found that to follow the erratic Ferdinand
Pollard does not value the political sense of his about as an ally was not only difficult but dan-
countrymen very highly. But here we must be gerous, and the queen's position soon became a
allowed to retain our doubts.
trying one. To this was added personal bereave-
In the third chapter we learn how Henry was ment in the death of nearly all her children.
taught statecraft. “The young King entered the Professor Pollard believes that “there is no rea-
arena of Europe, a child of generous impulse in son to doubt Henry's assertion that he had come
a throng of hoary intriguers — Ferdinand, Max- to regard the death of his children as a Divine
imilian, Louis XII., Julius II., each of whom judgment, and that he was impelled to question
was nearly three times his age.” The scheming his marriage by the dictates of conscience "; but
and plotting of these royal highwaymen is told he adds that conscience “often moves men in
in striking terms. " But the meekest and saintli- directions indicated by other than conscientious
est monarch could scarce pass unscathed through motives; and of the other motives which influ-
the baptism of fraud practised on Henry, and enced Henry's mind, some were respectable and
Henry was at no time saintly or meek.” He some the reverse."
learned that he too could employ the methods of Perhaps the strongest part of Professor Pol-
diplomacy, so-called, and when the “ hoary in lard's work is his account of the origin and
triguers” passed off the stage in the second decade progress of the movement that separated Eng-
of the sixteenth century, the centre of diplomatic land from Rome. With the origin of this move-
intrigue shifted to the English court.
ment the King's domestic difficulties had nothing
The subject of foreign affairs continues to do. The author shows that the governing
through the following three chapters, with the elements in England were at that time strongly
interest centering about the person of Cardinal anti-ecclesiastical. Any action taken in oppo-
Wolsey. The Cardinal was, says Professor Pol- sition to Papacy was sure to be popular; and
lard, "the greatest, as he was the last, of the no one understood this better than Henry. The
ecclesiastical statesmen who have governed En- | author also holds that while the King earlier in
gland. As a diplomat pure and simple, he has his reign respected Papacy more than any
other
never been surpassed ; and as an administrator monarch in Europe, he had always considered
he has had few equals." But the author does not himself supreme ruler of the English church.


1906.]
293
THE DIAL
“Even in the height of his fervor against heresy, author's purpose is to show how the powerful
Henry was in no mood to abate one jot or tittle men who stood about the King made use of his
of his royal authority in ecclesiastical matters.” weaknesses to further political and religious ends,
The question of ecclesiastical supremacy be- and particularly “ how each of his wives in turn
came a practical one in 1529, when the Pope was but an instrument of politicians, intended
allied himself to Henry's enemy Charles and to sway the King on one side or the other.” Thus
transferred the hearing of the suit between Catherine stood for close relations with Rome and
Henry and Catherine to the Papal court. Henry the Empire ; Anne Boleyn for a French alliance
immediately summoned Parliament, and the pro- and Lutheran reform. After Anne's death, the
cess of actual separation from Rome began. So two factions alternately dictated matrimonial
obedient did this body seem to be, that it is often terms to the King, until with Catherine Parr
spoken of as a servile Parliament. But Professor " the Protestants won the last trick.”
Pollard denies that it ever showed any signs of Major Hume admits that reform was in the
servility ; frequently, he says, it displayed the air in the early sixteenth century, but he does
very opposite temper. Some historians believe
Some historians believe not seem to think that England was seriously
that the King must have packed the Parliament; disaffected. “ The real author of the great
but the author holds that this belief is not sup schism of England was not Anne or Cranmer,
ported by any evidence whatever. “ The general but Luther’s enemy Charles V., the champion
harmony between King and Parliament was of Catholicism.” Had he not so persistently
based on a fundamental similarity of interests ; urged the Pope to refuse the annulment of
the harmony in detail was worked out, not by Henry's marriage (not through love or sym-
the forceful exertion of Henry's will, but by his pathy for his aunt, but to prevent an alliance
careful and skilful manipulation of both Houses,” between France and England), no one in En-
especially of the House of Commons.
land would have defied Rome and no schism
No one can read the story of Henry's career,
would have appeared.
as Professor Pollard tells it, without feeling that The view that the author gives us of society
he must have been a remarkable man. But that during the reign of Henry VIII. is a dismal one.
he was “the most remarkable man that ever sat In his characterizations of the leading persons
on the English throne ” few are prepared to be of the period, he displays no appreciation or sym-
lieve. On the whole, it seems that the author's pathy; apparently he finds no one with whom he
view of Henry's character as man and monarch can sympathize unless it be the Emperor Charles.
is entirely too favorable. The unlovely side of Catherine of Aragon, of whom the world would
the King's life is by no means ignored. “ His fain think with respect at least, is said to have
besetting sin was egotism, a sin which princes been“ no better than those about her in moral
can hardly and Tudors could nowise avoid”; and principle,” not a saint or a meek martyr, but one
this egotism promoted the development of many who was “ fully a match in duplicity for those
other traits of the mean, unmanly sort. But this against whom she was pitted.” From one who
side of Henry's character is not given the usual speaks in this way of that strong and resolute
prominence. The emphasis is placed on those queen, kindly treatment of Henry's other con-
qualities that made him a great king, shrewd sorts, not to mention Cranmer and Cromwell, is
ness and energy, foresight and power. “He had not to be expected.
the strength of a lion, and like a lion he used it.” There is much in both of these volumes that
When the reader passes from Professor helps us to understand more fully this difficult
Pollard's biography to Major Hume's history age, but the great riddles of the Tudor period
of Henry's marriages, he soon finds himself on still remain unanswered. The rather attractive
a decidedly lower plane. The English is more gentleman whom we learn to know in Professor
colloquial and less dignified ; but as the subject Pollard's biography the world will probably not
itself frequently lacks in dignity, this can be accept as the true Henry VIII. The question
forgiven. Major Hume also has had access to of the source of Henry's strength is not answered
great bodies of new sources, but in the inter-
the inter- by saying, as Major Hume virtually does, that
pretation of these he sometimes differs radically he had no strength. On several minor points,
from the author just considered. Instead of the also, the reviewer would like to question the
imposing monarch that Professor Pollard paints, interpretations proposed ; but he remembers that
he sketches a mean, cowardly, selfish wretch, there are a million facts that he has not exam-
whose abilities were extremely small, and whose ined, and considers it more discreet to refrain.
vanity and wickedness alone were great. The
LAURENCE M. LARSON.


294
[May 1,
THE DIAL
6
an economic catastrophe brought on by unwise
SLAVERY AND ITS AFTERMATH.*
political theorizing and precipitated by fanatics,
That the Negro American has been the
or was it a great moral question of right and
central fact of American history is illustrated
wrong which caused the economic and political
by Mr. George S. Merriam's volume on "The crisis? Mr. Merriam apparently would lean to-
Negro and the Nation ”; and that he still occu ward the second of these interpretations, and yet
pies a considerable part of the stage is empha- not wholly. He is fearful of being unjust to the
sized by Mr. William A. Sinclair's perfervid South. His picture of slavery is not unpleasant,
rhetoric in his book called “The Aftermath of
and there is a shade of something like contempt
Slavery." The first is an octavo volume of 436
in his estimate of Nat Turner, John Brown, and
pages which aims to show, in short chapters and William Lloyd Garrison. They had their place,
in popular style, the connection of slavery with
he would seem to say, and their virtues, but on
United States history. The result is a history the whole they did about as much harm as good,
of the United States with the Negro as the cen and were lamentably weak in the head.
tral fact. The narrative is perhaps naturally a In other words, Mr. Merriam, in a generous
bit disjointed and sketchy, and the almost inevit-
attempt to be fair to the “other side,” is in some
able mistakes of the popular writer have crept respects unfair to the Abolitionist. Yet his sin-
in- for instance, when the slave trade is said to
ning here is so mild compared with the Southern
have been made piracy in 1808 instead of 1820 ranters and Northerners like the Columbia Uni-
(p. 22), when Calhoun is made secretary of war
versity school of political fable that one lays
in 1844 instead of secretary of state (p. 75), and down the book with a feeling of considerable
Benjamin Harrison president at the tender age satisfaction and with thankfulness for an author
of seven (p. 71). Probably many such small
who stands on a broad platform of humanity and
errors and slips could be found, which, while they
who hopes to hear “ the pathetic melody of the
mar, do not by any means seriously detract from
Negro spirituals, the brave rollicking strains of
the real value of the work.
Dixie,' and the triumphant harmony of · The
This real value lies in the new point of view Star-Spangled Banner ' blend and interweave in
from which the Negro is studied. The literature the Symphony of America” (p. 411).
of American slavery is large, and the literature Both Mr. Merriam and Mr. Sinclair believe
of the “ Negro problem ” growing; and yet we in national aid to Southern education ; but what
seldom get a sane, sober narrative which treats
Mr. Merriam suggests as possibly wise, Mr.
both these things as parts of one continuous Sinclair demands as “an imperative necessity."
whole, and that whole as one ordinary chapter of These passages suggest the difference in the
human history clustering about the rise of a na spirit of the two books. Mr. Sinclair has given
tion in a nation. The every-day point of view, 358
pages of passionful fervid commentary on
therefore, the lack of partisanship or intense
the Negro since emancipation. The over-zealous
fervor, makes the book useful as a college text-
critic might point out many faults in the work.
book or as perhaps the only easily-obtainable It is not well digested, there are some over-
summary of an intensely-interesting history.
statements, and much padding in the way of
Mr. Merriam's attitude toward the Negro, the
poetry and quotations from easily-accessible
South, and Slavery is on the whole the attitude
sources. And yet the book is of great value.
of the Rebound, so to speak,—that is, of the mass It is alive. It is throbbing.
It is throbbing. It carries a mes-
of the thinking part of the nation who, having
sage,
and the soul of the writer is so full that
had their feelings intensely harrowed by slavery, the words, facts, periods, and phrases tumble
wrought to fever heat by war, and worried by Re out often incoherently with many repetitions
construction, are now disposed to discount much
and a liberal sprinkling of exclamation points.
of their former fervor, philosophize over events, The collection of facts and especially quotations,
and pass calm judgments on events that were not the vivid portrayal of recent public opinion
calm. The danger of this attitude is that often toward the Negro, and the flat, outspoken ac-
in an attempt to be judicious we miss the larger count of the demands of black men, have seldom
truth. For instance: is it true that the war was been better done. One unfamiliar with the great
*THE NEGRO AND THE NATION. A History of American Sla American problem would be mystified by the
very and Enfranchisement. By George S. Merriam. New York: book, but a newspaper and periodical reading
Henry Holt & Co.
• THE AFTERMATH OF SLAVERY. A Study of the Condition American of to-day will find that it gives him a
and Environment of the American Negro. By William A. flesh-and-blood point of view. Mr. Sinclair is no
Sinclair, A.M.,M.D. With an introduction by Thomas Went-
worth Higginson, LL.D. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. doubled-tongued apologist, nor is he a historian


1906.]
295
THE DIAL
of philosophic calm bringing back a picture of eration of the territory through the efforts of
the past. He is speaking of human difficulties M. Thiers, and, as an epilogue, the overthrow
in which he has lived and moved. He is, as a of Thiers on the twenty-fourth of May. In the
Negro, demanding the things which he wants as present volume (II.), it is the campaign of 1873
a man, not by indirection or implication, but by for the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy.
plain blunt words. He
says
of the South : A little less than a third of the volume is given
“ The South was wrong, even if it was united, on the to the story of the royalist intrigue. As soon
slavery question but public opinion destroyed slavery. as the tale is concluded and the minor political
“ The South was wrong, even if it was united, in struggle involving the fate of the Broglie cabi-
making war on the republic — but public opinion saved
net becomes the subject, the interest falls off
the republic.
decidedly. This volume also includes several
“ The South was wrong, even if it was united, in its
threats to shoot colored soldiers and their white officers chapters on the literary, artistic, and religious
when captured — but public opinion kept the colored situation as the country recovered from the effects
soldiers on the firing line and protected them.
of the war.
“ The South was wrong, even if it was united, in
passing the Black Code – but public opinion destroyed mician, as well as an ardent republican of the
M. Hanotaux is an historian and an Acade-
the Black Code.
“ The South was wrong, even if it was united, in its
school of Gambetta ; consequently, every fig-
hostility to the great measures of reconstruction - but ure is sketched sympathetically and each phase
public opinion achieved the reconstruction it wanted. of the absorbing drama is described with an
“ The South IS wrong, even if it is united, in the objectivity rare even in French historical writ-
extreme un-American and unholy attitude assumed
ings, and remarkable when one recalls that not
to-day — and public opinion will be found equal to the
all the actors, nor all the issues, are dead. Only
task of dealing with it."
in one instance does a sentence seem to contain
And he demands three things as remedies : 1,
a particle of political venom. This is where the
Presidents without caste prejudices; 2, na-
author refers to the “ senile vanity” of M. Thiers.
tional aid for Negro education ; 3, reduction for
The treatment is not only sympathetic, it is
Southern representation.
fresh, because M. Hanotaux has had access to
Here we have, then, in these two books, the
important unpublished material, memoirs, and
voice of the calmer retrospective North, charit-
private papers.
able toward error, suspicious of fervor, believing M. Hanotaux has told the story in such a way
in American freedom and democracy; and the
as to make perfectly clear its true dramatic in-
voice of the Negro, eloquent with his wrongs,
terest. This comes not merely from the bearing
insistent for his rights, with the shadow of
pain across his words. Which is Truth ? Prob- although such a stake would give dignity to any
of the struggle upon the fate of the Republic,
ably both.
W. E. BURGHARDT Du Bois. political conflict. The deeper interest is pro-
duced by the note of universality in the struggle
of the actors,—the Comte de Chambord, the
Comte de Paris, Marshal MacMahon, the Duc
MONARCHY OR REPUBLIC IN FRANCE.*
de Broglie, M. de Chesnelong, M. Louis Veuil-
lot, - to drag France back from the inevitable,
In reading the later history of the Third
from what they regarded as the abyss of the re-
Republic, it is difficult to avoid a sense of con-
fusion. Until 1901, when the great problem of public. They felt sure of success, for the Nat-
Church and State seemed to concentrate atten-
tional Assembly had a monarchist majority, and
it could use the constituent power, if only princes,
tion, there was a distracting succession of short
ministries with constant revision of policy. Of president, and deputies could reach an under-
standing upon the significance of the restoration
course, upon a less superficial view confusion
of the Comte de Chambord. It was a much
disappears and the lines of development become
easier matter to patch up the
clear. But in the earlier and more heroic period,
personal difficulties
between the
younger
and the elder branch; for
when the Republic was battling for life, the
while the Comte de Paris was ready to recognize
issues are plainer and events fall into natural
Chambord's legitimate claims to the throne,
groups without the aid of serious reflection. This
neither he nor his followers were willing to repu-
has given both of M. Hanotaux’s volumes unity
diate 1830 and return to 1814. All the formu-
of theme. In the first volume, it was the lib-
las which they were able to devise rested upon
• CONTEMPORARY FRANCE. By Gabriel Hanotaux. Translated
the basis of popular sovereignty. But the Comte
from the French. Volume II. (1873-1875). With portraits. New
de Chambord would come back with his 66 prin-
York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.


296
(May 1,
THE DIAL
ciple” and its symbol, the white flag, or he would the French twenty-five years ago appear almost
not return at all. Otherwise he felt he would an attempt to outline a lay religion for men
simply be “a stout man with a limp."
Wandering between two worlds, one dead,
The climax was reached when the Comte de
The other powerless to be born."
Chambord came secretly to Versailles, after his At times one wonders if this be not a personal
letter of October 27 had ruined all chance of a confession. Not only in this chapter on “ The
restoration by vote of the National Assembly. Moral Crisis,” but elsewhere, the book is more
He loved France and the army, and honestly than a history, it is the reflection of attitudes of
believed that if he presented himself to the army mind of a contemporary Frenchman of a fine
the soldiers would see in him their chief and would type. This enhances the value of a book which
accept the white flag as the emblem of French aims to interpret for us Contemporary France.
military glory, consecrated by the remembrance
HENRY E. BOURNE.
of the “deeds that God had wrought through
his beloved Franks.” The politicians and their
compromising formulas might be waved aside.
There was one obstacle: the support of the Mar-
PARTISANS AND HISTORIANS IN SOCIAL
SCIENCE.*
shal-President was necessary. But, monarchist
though he was, MacMahon could not ignore the Sectarianism has played an important role in the
Assembly which had clothed him with authority. profession of medicine and in theology, and social
This looked to him like an intrigue which would science has no right to hope for exemption. As
tarnish his honor. There was nothing left the
books on themes of group interests pour from the
prince but to go away as secretly as he had come.
press and give expression to inward need or public
On his journey to Versailles he had passed fresh claim upon public attention. The judge on the
demand, we come to expect a partisan note in each
through Paris and had been driven by the black-
bench must listen to opposing views and hold the
ened walls of the Tuileries. On this journey scales even, that justice may be done ; and this play
also he passed through Paris, and drove to the of antagonistic interests is the rough method by
Invalides, the palace sacred to the glories of the which all aspects of truth are brought to light. Not
army. From the depths of his carriage he gazed in a censorious spirit, therefore, do we attempt to
at a military funeral as it marched out of the characterize the rather vigorous discussions named in
gates. “ This funeral ceremony was his last con-
connection with this article. Characterization is not
tact with the army, with Paris, with France. He
entire condemnation, and criticism is not a synonym
went away and returned to the exile which he
of mere fault-finding.
We begin with the book by Mr. H. G. Wells, “A
was never to leave again.”
In M. Hanotaux's chapter on the literature of where it belongs. The oriental dervish whirls himself
Modern Utopia,” because one cannot be quite certain
the period, he interprets suggestively the effect
about on his axis until he becomes dizzy with inspi-
of the débâcle upon the tendencies of French ration and finds himself talking aloud in a supernat-
thought, particularly among writers whose work ural world. The introduction to utopias is through
had matured before the disasters of 1870 and of a black-art of transportation; but once beyond the
1871. To the historical student, the most interest borders of the knowable, the new world still retains
ing passage describes the spiritual mood in which familiar aspects. Indeed, in this modern refuge of
Taine undertook his work on the “ Origins of optimism the phrases of evolutionary science intrude
Contemporary France.” In reaching his con-
with insistence. The ancient ideal cities of the sun
clusion, M. Hanotaux has used the unpublished
were good enough to stand still and small enough to
letters of Taine. He says that if Taine “ had
• A MODERN UTOPIA. By H. G. Wells. New York: Charles
Scribner's sons.
written later, he would have written another THE MENACE OF PRIVILEGE. By Henry George, Jr. New
book. Further from the events of 1871, the im-
York: The Macmillan Co.
WAR OF THE CLASSES. By Jack London. New York: The
pression would have been less strong, the work Macmillan Co.
more just perhaps, but less beautiful. What is
this book, on the whole, save the supreme ex SOCIAL THEORIES AND SOCIAL FACTS. By William Morton
pression of patriotic anxiety, the poem of sorrow Grinnell. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
THE PROGRESS OF THE GERMAN WORKING CLASSES IN THE
and doubt? . . . If posterity wishes to know
LAST QUARTER OF A CENTURY. By W. J. Ashley. New York:
the condition of the soul of France on the morrow Longmans, Green, & Co.
EFFICIENCY AND RELIEF. A Programme of Social Work. By
of the war, it will open this book, which, in its
Edward T. Devine. New York: The Macmillan Co.
despairing pages, prolongs and repeats the plaint AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS. By H.C. Taylor. New York: The
of the vanquished.”
Macmillan Co.
THE BITTER CRY OF THE CHILDREN. By John Spargo. New
The pages on the religious consciousness of York: The Macmillan Co.
THE COMMONWEALTH OF Man. By Robert Alton Holland.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.


1906.]
297
THE DIAL
find room in a happy valley. Nothing smaller than just as passionate against collectivism in the Rev. Mr.
a whole planet will answer for the larger conception Holland's “The Commonwealth of Man.” This
of the world-state. There are the usual stage prop clerical advocate of capitalism and wars of conquest
erties of socialistic speculation, advanced notions of burns with the same fire which blazes in the rhetoric
stirpiculture, rewards for legitimate and well-bred of the iconoclast. One can almost see them take each
children, travel two hundred miles over a noiseless other by the throat. How conciliatory to the wage-
track while you glance out of the window, and a love earner must this sentence appear: “Why is not the
story in broken narrative of ejaculations. There are, workingman in Church? .
The banker is there,
apparently, people who like their economics and pol- the merchant, the manufacturer, the lawyer, the
itics in dilution, with a flavor of classic salt; and Mr. doctor, the teacher, every class but the labor class.
Wells will afford them enjoyment. Those who ask Can the Church be Christ's which wins every
for facts in support of hypotheses will grow weary of class that believes in soul, but cannot win the one
following the digressions. But why quarrel with one class that believes in body?” One of these writers
who brings us up to problems of the ages in sparkling - the optimistic preacher - gives his energy to
dialogue ?
paint the bright side of the present world; the other
Whatever one may think of the economic reasoning denounces all present arrangements and offers a
and conclusions of Mr. George, we must confess ad- paradise in a socialistic future. The task of the
miration for his loyalty to the life-aims of his famous reader must be to sift out wheat by means of these
father. The root of all evil, we are still told, is monop-whirlwinds, and add some considerations which both
oly of land, for from that spring all the wrongs of duellists were too excited to notice.
privilege. The story is depressing and harrowing: After the warmth of Single-tax and the fever of
merchant princes or their heirs revel in luxury and Socialism comes the chill wind of Individualism in
shameless excess ; the workingmen are becoming Mr. Grinnell's “ Social Theories and Social Facts”;
poorer, feebler, more hopeless; the trade-unions, or and here statistics are arrayed to make at least a
ganized to resist privilege but ignoring the single-tax, show of proof. We are told that railroad com-
run into absurd blunders; the masters of privilege per- panies may safely be left to a policy of undisturbed
vert law, rule by injunctions and bayonets, purchase freedom, and that captains of industry and organ-
bosses, resist reforms in the Senate, corrupt politics, izers of monopoly will tenderly care for the common
enslave the editors, stifle the voice of truth in uni-good; but that trade-unions, Socialists, advocates of
versities, tune the pulpit, excite wars of conquest, municipal ownership, Interstate Commerce Commis-
and, generally, hurry the Republic downward toward sions and collectivism in general, are all “contrary
the fate of Greece and Rome. There is truth in the to nature.” It is vaguely hinted that rich men may
lugubrious indictment, as there is a dark side to all occasionally be guilty of peccadilloes, but that real
life. But it is not the whole truth, and it would crimes must mostly be laid at the door of operatives,
not be difficult to exhibit evidence that, bad as some especially when they unite their efforts to better their
parts of life are, we are gaining ground. Education lot. “The poor in a loomp is bad,” especially when
has not altogether failed ; courts are not the sinks of they attempt collective bargaining.
injustice here described. Socialists would say that An example of judicial and balanced argument
Mr. George does not go more than half-way to the is given by Professor Ashley, who attempts to clear
goal: if landed property ought to be confiscated, why the air in a fiscal controversy in England, and is
not "expropriate” all capital ? So we come back compelled to investigate the question whether the
to the controversy waged years ago over “Progress German workmen, under a regime where the State
and Poverty.” The argument is the same, only the recognizes a moral duty to its citizens, are as badly off
illustrations are different.
as they are represented to be in England. Opponents
Mr. Jack London, author of “The Sea Wolf” and of a protective tariff on imports in Great Britain
“The Call of the Wild,” ventures into the field of have been accustomed to paint the misery of German
socialistic theory in his “War of the Classes,” and workingmen in dark tints, because it belongs to their
his style betrays the hunter's eagerness and thirst for argument to trace poverty to such a policy. Inci-
blood. He not only explains, but also incites, the dentally, the historian of industry has rendered a
” of which he treats. Here again there are service to the discussion of workingmen's insurance
valuable suggestions carried up from contact with which of late has become interesting to American
the under-world; explanations of opposition to mili- capitalists and wage-workers. Partisans of private
tia among wage-workers, and the rapidly growing corporations engaged in the insurance business have
movement toward political action. The economic gone out of their way to tell us that obligatory insur-
reasoning, however, is not clear, and there is little ance in Germany has lowered wages and enslaved the
constructive thinking. The chief value of the book employes. With the touch of a master, Professor
lies in its power to paint in vivid colors the senti- Ashley shows beyond question that the years during
ments which are gathering force in cities, and which which insurance has become national in extent have
it were folly to ignore or minimize.
been most profitable for both capital and labor.
It is a curious experience to turn from Mr. During precisely these years when the nation took
London's passionate plea for Socialism to the protest the best care of its producers, it has marched to the
war


298
[May 1,
THE DIAL
first rank among the manufacturers and traders of may prejudice certain minds against his message ;
the world; its soil is largely owned by small proprie- but it were better to listen, because the very life of the
tors, who are prospering ; higher wages are earned nation is involved, and the measures recommended
in shorter hours and with increased output; deposits might have been offered, as they have actually been
in savings banks are larger than formerly ; coopera- | invented and tested, by persons who were never
tive trading is popular; more and better food is con suspected of extreme political views.
sumed; the use of distilled liquor has diminished ;
CHARLES RICHMOND HENDERSON.
the death-rate falls ; suicide is less frequent; emi-
gration has dwindled ; there are fewer paupers in
a larger population; the relation of employers to
employees has become less antagonistic.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
A competent representative of the Charity Organi-
Dr. Maurice Francis Egan's “The
Essays, chiefly
zation Society movement, with broad university Shakespearean.
Ghost in Hamlet, and Other Essays”
training in economic science, offers in outline the
(A. C. McClurg & Co.) is a book of
essential aspects of a new discipline which he calls real vitality. It contains no very novel views, and
its
the ability to attain and hold a place in
a productive and normal society. Since efficiency We could wish to be reminded less often that the
is the result of all the cooperating agencies which author is a Roman Catholic. Distinctions of that
affect health, income, and education, the knowledge sort seem to us not wholly appropriate to literary
required to promote efficiency must be assembled discussion, for literature shows its celestial affinities
from all the sciences that deal with hygiene, sanita-partly by being “no respecter of persons.” Dr. Egan's
tion, economic activity, and culture. The specific sobriety of judgment is, however, in no way injured
point at which the author naturally enters this field by his religious convictions. Of a book by the late
is that of relief to social debtors; and his illustra Richard Simpson, on “The Religion of Shake-
tions are drawn from the constructive efforts of one speare,” he observes that “to persons who have
of the most powerful and influential philanthropic already made up their minds that all the greatest
agencies in the world. The little book is packed actors in the world's history were of the one Faith,
with ideas, and is larger than it looks.
either by anticipation or participation, it will be
“ Agricultural Economics,” by Mr. H. C. Taylor, delightfully edifying and perennially refreshing.”
is a clear and instructive discussion of that large He quotes the following comment, by Father Bowden
branch of special and practical economics which so of the Oratory, on the passage in Cymbeline, “For
vitally concerns the principal industry of this coun notes of sorrow out of tune are worse than priests
try. It marks a departure from the conventional and fanes that lie”: “Read ironically, the text
English and American treatises on political econ means, ‘You talk of the lying priests and their lying
omy, and follows more nearly the German method temples ; I hold your vile psalm-singing to be ten
which has produced such immense results. This times worse?”; upon which he remarks, not too
volume is scientific in its substance, although for the severely, that such interpretation implies “chronic
most part popular in style. It deals with the factors Philistinism.” “If Shakespeare,” he adds, “wrote
of agricultural production, the organization of the that very human and exaggerated and sweet speech
farm, the forces which determine prices, the distri of Guiderius to be read ironically,' he deserves to
bution of wealth, values of farm property, means of be deprived of the honor of having written it.” Dr.
acquiring land, tenancy, and landownership. Egan calls these papers essays in comparative
Of all this group of books, that of Mr. Spargo, literature”; and one of them, not the most interest-
“The Bitter Cry of the Children,” makes most direct ing, is devoted to “The Comparative Method in
and cogent appeal to the home feeling, the national Literature.” The volume gives a pleasant impres-
interest, and the social conscience. We must leave sion of the author's wide reading. German, French,
to the medical men a final judgment of the asser and Spanish literature is laid under contribution,
tion that all infants start life as equals, and we may and one of the papers, “The Greatest of Shake-
reserve our own estimate of the number of under-fed speare's Contemporaries," is an interesting sketch of
children in this country. But there are two facts Calderon. The essay on “ Imitators of Shakespeare"
made as clear as sunlight in this searching volume: is devoted to a comparison of Aubrey Thomas
in our cities a vast number of innocent children are De Vere's play, “Saint Thomas of Canterbury,"
suffering and dying, or growing up to weakness and with Tennyson's "Becket," greatly to the disadvan-
inefficiency; and, short of radical measures, we have tage of the latter. “ He had a noble figure and a
it in our power to prevent most of this social degra- sublime time,” says Dr. Egan, “and he belittled them
dation. Testimonies of physicians and charity vis- both, because he would not understand them, or
itors, statistics, economic reasoning, pathetic stories because he was desirous of the applause of the fre-
and pictures are employed in turn to awaken the quenters of theatres.” The titular essay of the vol-
apathetic and rally the just and humane to a com ume, though interesting, is unsatisfactory as an
mon standard. The author is a Socialist, and that interpretation of Hamlet's character. “He is pas-


1906.]
299
THE DIAL
99
American
manners and
customs in '76.
sion's slave; passion has made him tardy; . . . he and economic topics, in which men are secondary.
has killed, and he wills to kill; he is not the Prince Residents of New Hampshire, which abolished sla-
seeking justice for a crime against the nation, but a very through a court decision in 1784, will scarcely
mere individual not even justifying the means by the approve the statement that “ Massachusetts, solitary
end. . .. Doubting, he coupled hell with heaven and alone of these commonwealths, shook off the
and earth, and so, like his nobler father, he died un curse by a determined effort, and deduced in 1783,”
satisfied.” This is to lay undue stress upon the direc etc. Space is wanting for extracts illustrating Ameri-
tion of the Ghost, "Taint not thy mind.” Besides can life when politics were provincial, machinery
the essays already mentioned, there are papers on crude, mining and metallurgy almost unknown, pub-
“Some Pedagogical Uses of Shakespeare," " Lyrism lic libraries wanting, art undeveloped, and when
in Shakespeare's Comedies," "The Puzzle of Ham clubs were confined almost wholly to nien's eating
let,”
,” “A Definition of Literature,” and “The Ebb and drinking coteries. Excessive drinking, the au-
and Flow of Romance.” It is painful to have to thor tells us, was America's greatest vice until far
remark so often upon the style of professional stu down into the nineteenth century, when temperance
dents of literature. Can it be that there is no neces crusades first began. The people were utilitarians
sary effect of such study upon one's own habits of in their pursuits, displaying little real culture or taste
expression? Is Ovid's Abeunt studia in mores, then, in art. Impudent quackery imposed upon the simple
untrue? Dr. Egan's style, as we have intimated, is and credulous of the common people. Repression
not quite worthy of his theme. Nor is it a matter and retribution, and not reformation, were the ob-
of slight importance that a professor of literature jects of penal laws. Scarcely five years before the
should misuse the word “connote” (p. 147), and First Continental Congress assembled in Philadel-
misquote Richard III. (p. 272). Noblesse oblige. phia, a ship-load of English girls was brought to
that city and the girls placed on sale, presumably for
Mr. James Schouler, author of a
marriage. Such are a few of the many interesting
well-known “History of the United
glimpses afforded by this unique volume, on the
States," has enlarged a series of lee-
Americans of 1776.
tures on American History into a volume of three
hundred pages bearing the title “Americans of
Dr. F. A. Woods has made a most in-
The problems of
1776" (Dodd, Mead & Co.). Although concise and heredity, studied teresting biological study of "Mental
euphonistic, the title is not sufficiently explanatory.
in royal families and Moral Heredity in Royalty
Instead of a fulsome panegyric, the book is an excel (Holt), that exhibits an enormous diligence in pur-
lent study of the economic, social, and intellectual suit of a well-designed plan. The publicity attaching
life of the American colonists about the time of the to these pedigreed members of the human stock makes
American Revolution. What Weeden and Lodge it possible to trace their life-histories through many
have done for the colonies during their entire exist- generations, and to follow the careers of the several
ence as such, this investigation does for them at a branches of the family. The same publicity makes
given period. Among the chapter titles may be it possible to gather records of the kind of lives they
found: “Freemen and Bondmen,” “Dress and Diet, led and the kind of characters they possessed. The
“Amusements,” “Houses and Homes,” “Fine Arts,” | data for such appraisal are abundant for the distin-
“ The Press,” and “Education.” Other writers | guished king or prince; but it is often at the cost
have in recent times attempted with varying success of much ransacking of records that even a sparse
to give us glimpses of the environment of our fore statement can be found in regard to all the mem-
fathers, — their homes, their furniture, and their bers of the family on the paternal and the ma-
customs ; but no one has approached the task with ternal side, who survived to adult life. Dr. Woods
the scholarly experience of Mr. Schouler. The result insists upon a complete genealogy on both sides ;
shows that certain difficulties exist in an attempt of for his ultimate comparisons are statistical in na-
this kind, even for the trained specialist. In the ture, and, to be fair, require as careful an account-
first place, no chain of events, such as is found in ing of the obscure as of the prominent, of the weak as
political history, gives continuity to the recital; bio of the strong. Hence the scions of the great Houses
graphy is wanting to give personality to the dry - Hanover and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwerin and
facts ; in the end, the reader has a kaleidoscopic im Hohenzollern, Orange and Orleans, Montmorency
pression rather than a perspective. Taking into due and Condé, Romanoffs and Vasas, Hapsburgs and
consideration these difficulties, the present volume Bourbons — are encompassed in the inquiry, the ulti-
cannot fail to satisfy. It is a storehouse of informa mate purpose
of which is to decide how far heredity
tion, collected, as the author says, from newspapers, played the chief part, in contrast with circumstance or
magazines, pamphlets, letters, and diaries of the pe a resolute will, in the determination of what man-
riod under consideration. The paucity of references ner of men and women they were. Having adopted
at first thought seems unfortunate; but reflection certain inevitably approximate and arbitrary stand-
shows the impossibility of certifying the multitude ards of excellence for mental and moral traits, Dr.
of statements drawn from such diverse sources. The Woods assigns to each individual (on the basis of
index, containing only proper names casually men historians' and biographers' estimates) a rank in the
tioned, is inadequate for a volume devoted to social scale of ten. In coordinating the data, an extremely


300
[May 1,
THE DIAL
the Earth and
Dreams and
r'isions from
strong case is made out for the dominance of heredity author and his venerable mother forms a frontispiece
as the most potent factor in the issue. There are to the book, whose autobiographic flavor adds still
exceptions, which the law distinctly provides for ; and further to its interest.
there are equally unexpected agreements in detail,
Studies and
which the law anticipates. The work is thus brought speculations on
The geologist wanders over a wide
field and penetrates many a neglected
into relation with the more general studies of Mr.
its foundation.
Galton and Mr. Pearson, who have developed mathe-
path. Occasionally he is persuaded
to sit by the roadside and expound to laymen some-
matical formula for the treatment of such data. Side
thing of what he has seen. The tales he tells are
by side with the central conclusion that blood makes
often of marvellous interest; and it is as good for
the man, and that the men of high grade are apt to
the geologist to talk aş for the layman to hear, since
have high-grade ancestors and descendants, is the
he is thereby forced to submit his conclusions to the
equally important conclusion that mental and moral
traits are themselves correlated, and that the strongest gists have done rather better in this particular than
common-sense review of his fellows. English geolo-
mentally are in the same statistical sense the worthiest have the Americans. In the book entitled “The
morally. Equally corroborative is the negative evi-
dence that shows how poor strains of blood, especially (Dutton), Dr. Sollas, Professor of Geology at
Age of the Earth, and other Geological Studies "
in the case of nervous defect, continues its vitiating Oxford, expounds and speculates entertainingly on
potency, - again in support of heredity determina-
tion. Quite naturally, such conclusions must be judi- coral islands, the genesis of flints and of fresh water
the age and figure of the earth, the formation of
cially applied as well as derived. Dr. Woods rarely
goes much beyond the statistical warrant of his evi faunas, and gives a very human sketch of a visit to
the Lipari Isles. The age of the earth has been a
dence, and has at all events presented his case more
strongly and more judicially, as well as scientific-
fruitful topic for discussion since Steno first attempted
ally, than has any other contributor to this particular dox interpretations of the Mosaic account. Geolo-
to harmonize his observations in Italy with the ortho-
problem.
Of the writing of Utopias there will gists in general have argued for some hundred or
more millions of years. Physicists have attempted
probably never be an end -- unless
" the heights."
to beat them down to a beggarly twenty to forty
(terrible thought!) Utopia should
one day be realized. Nor will there ever be lacking Kelvin.' Professor Sollas works out to his satisfac-
millions, — “nearer twenty than forty,” according to
readers of these social studies in the guise of fiction.
tion a median figure, approximately fifty millions,
little story, “The Building of the City Beautiful,” though this impresses one rather as an averaging of
issued in attractive form by Mr. Albert Brandt, emphasized by American investigators regarding the
Trenton, N. J., is now added to the number. The
California. The hero is nameless, simply designated whole subject would seem for the present to be
scene is laid partly in Palestine and Egypt, partly in physical data upon which Kelvin's estimate is based
are apparently unknown to Professor Sollas. The
as “the man "; the heroine is a nobly beautiful Rus-
sian Jewess, Miriam, sometime secretary to Sir Moses wholly within the field of speculation. Two of the
Montefiore. The attempt to rear a “ city beautiful”
best chapters in the book relate to the influence of
on the heights overlooking San Francisco results, of
Oxford on the history of geology and to the use of
fossils in the study of strata. In the former, inter-
course, in failure ; for below is the great city with its
temptations, and man is but mortal after all. Yet
esting side-lights are thrown upon the development
hear the words of the builder's mother at the close
of English scientific opinion; and in the latter,
of the book: “My son, there is no failure, there can
Huxley's homotaxis conception is very justly criti-
be no failure for those who really try. The only failure
cised. The objections which Huxley found to believ-
possible in life is the failure to try, and persistently ing in wide contemporaneity of geologic formations
try, for the best. The good, the glory, the consola-
are met by arguments based on past climates and an
tion of it all is the ennobling effort. Let us bravely The very strong argument which may be based
elaboration of Heilprin's objections from migrations.
leave results to Him." To the average novel-reader
the book will seem but the vague and dreamy lucu-
upon the known physical history of the earth is not
used. The book closes with a chapter on “Geologies
bration of a visionary hermit. It certainly takes no
firm hold on the hard realities that most of us feel
and Deluges,” in which the difficulties in the way of
bound to reckon with. The rose must have its thorn
a universal Noachian deluge are considered in con-
nection with the historical evidence of floods in
(we speak not of the Burbanked rose), the fairest
face will have its mole or birth-mark,
Chaldea and elsewhere.
Latin punningly puts it, “ Ubi uber, ibi tuber.” Let
Three hundred years ago,at the end of
Landscape art
us not, however, deprecate any such attempts as the
the Italian Renaissance, for the first
Californian poet's to ameliorate our condition, even
time in the history of art the study of
though we are well assured that entire success would Nature for its own sake began and artists came to
leave us wretched, with nothing further to strive for, realize that landscapes without any interest connected
no more ideals to cherish, no hope of better things to with human life in them were proper subjects of study
gild with promise each tomorrow. A picture of the for their own innate beauty. Three great painters in-
or, as the old
and the modern
Dutch artists,


1906.]
301
THE DIAL
on the coast of
augurated this movement in art, Rubens, Nicolas existence is, one may still be permitted to think, a
Poussin, and Claude. “Landscape Painting and trifle too thoroughgoing in the light alike of consist-
Modern Dutch Artists" (Baker-Taylor) is a concise ency of theory and of the satisfaction of our concrete
history of this branch of painting from the awaken human interests. For, after all, the real point comes
ing of art to the recent French Impressionists and the back to a question of the fundamental meaning and
modern revival in Holland. The author, Mr. E. B. value of life ; and, with all admiration for Professor
Greenshields, points out that all through the history Santayana, it is still possible to feel that he misses
of landscape art a strong subjective element is found something vital in the deepest human experience, the
in the works of the great artists, each one revealing lack of which is likely now and again to bring the
the individual manner in which the painter was af reader up with a sharp feeling of protest. But this
fected by Nature. It was Whistler who propounded need not interfere with the almost unqualified appre-
the theory that there is no such thing as a national ciation of very much of the author's philosophy of
art, but that all art is purely personal to the individ life. In the brilliant analysis and interpretation of
uality of the artist. In treating modern Dutch art, ideals in relation to their natural basis, the work
the present author does not pretend to any finality of offers a contribution of permanent value to philo-
judgment, but has made note of opinions arrived at sophical literature.
by one who is fond of their pictures. Biographical
and critical sketches are furnished of Josef Israels,
Early voyagers
Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. have
the father of the school, the revered of his country-
recently published one of those per-
New England.
fect volumes that are the joy of the
men, the sympathetic portrayer of Holland's peasan-
bibliophile in paper, print, and combination of the
try; of Matthew Maris, the painter of dreams; of
two. It is entitled “ Sailors' Narratives of Voyages
William and James Maris ; of Bosboom, Mauve, and
along the New England Coast, 1524-1624," and is
Weissenbruch. Most people know of the Dutch ar-
tists in an indefinite way, associating them vaguely History, Mr. George Parker Winship, of the John
the work of that well-known authority on Colonial
with picturesque landscapes, odd-looking peasants,
Carter Brown Library. In most beautiful pages
of
and mist-enveloped canals. To them, this volume
text set between rules in the manner in use in the
will come with all the interest of novelty. Mr. Green-
shields, who has established himself as an authority
age of Elizabeth, he has given us Giovanni da Ver-
on the artists under discussion, has approached his
razano, Bartholomew Gosnold, Martin Pring, Samuel
de Champlain, George Waymouth, George Popham,
task with ardor, and has assembled his material with
Raleigh Gilbert, Henry Hudson, Samuel Argall,
an eye keen both to the true and the interesting. The
John Smith, Thomas Dermer, and Christopher
numerous illustrations are helpful to the text.
Levitt. Introducing each selection is a sketch of the
The criticism
With the completion of “The Life
traveller and of the causes and purposes of his ad-
of life and
venture. There are also maps from the narrations
of Reason," in Professor Santayana's
volume “Reason in Science” (Scrib-
of Smith and Champlain, and beautiful facsimile
ner), we may be permitted to repeat the judgment title-pages from the books of Brereton and Rosier,
expressed in these columns on the earlier volumes, that
containing the voyages of Gosnold, and Waymouth,
both philosophy and literature have been enriched
and also from Captain Smith's " Description." Here
by a work of very remarkable qualities. Indeed, for
the lover of old voyages and adventures has the
the combination of fertility, sanity, and keenness of
whole New England section in a delightful form,
insight in the criticism of life and human ideals, with
worthy of the famous mariners thus associated
a high degree of literary charm, it would be difficult
together. Especially welcome are the somewhat rare
to point to its equal in modern philosophical litera-
narratives of Gosnold, Pring, Waymouth, and Pop-
ture. That it represents a final point of view for
ham. Here, too, is good and vigorous English from
philosophy, is indeed not so evident. One should
men as sturdy with the pen as with the sword or on
perhaps hesitate to confess to a prejudice, which,
the quarterdeck, - English of the type of King
according to Professor Santayana, is the certain mark
James's Version, resonant with fire and life. It is a
of an incompetent thinker. But it may be ques-
good style to contemplate, in view of the dilutions
tioned whether the time-honored craving which men
that more recent literature has tolerated; it is the
have had, or have thought they had, to know things
language of men who did things and took no great
in terms of their so-called “existence,” will so readily
credit for the doing.
yield to this proposed reinterpretation of all beliefs
On a December afternoon of 1901,
as formulations of an ideal of life. That such
Commemoration Miss Bessie Blair, a girl of rare and
beliefs are “mythical,” in the sense that they are
beautiful character, while skating with
not subject to the sort of verification which is called a friend on the Ottawa River, came suddenly in the
scientific, is no doubt true. Doubtless also this false twilight upon a wide
space
of
open water, and before
substantializing into concretions of existence of what the danger could be avoided the two found themselves
are in truth laws or aspects of spiritual experience, submerged in the icy current. Henry Albert Harper,
is a frequent - a very frequent — thing in human a young journalist and writer on economic and social
thought; and the criticism of it is fruitful. But questions, after vainly attempting a rescue by other
that no real place whatever is left for belief about means, plunged in to assist the drowning. He per-
human ideals.
of a heroic deed.


302
[May 1,
THE DIAL
ished with Miss Blair, who had nobly endeavored to The publishing rights of Mr. G. Bernard Shaw's
dissuade him from an attempt that meant almost cer-
“Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant " have been acquired
tain death, but to whom he could only reply, “ What
by the Messrs. Brentano, who reissue the two volumes
else can I do!” The young lady's companion, a
in a neat edition in a box.
young man, escaped as by a miracle, else the world
“The Language of the Northumbrian Gloss to the Gos-
would have been the poorer for not knowing how
pel of St. Luke," by Miss Margaret Dutton Kellum, is
published by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. in the series of
courageous and self-denying the two victims had
6. Yale Studies in English.'
shown themselves. Harper's oldest and nearest
“A Premature Socialist,” arranged as a comedy from
friend, Mr. W. L. Mackenzie King, now offers in a
“The Altruist,” by “Ouida,” forms a volume sent us
small volume entitled “The Secret of Heroism”
by the Broadway Publishing Co. Miss Mary Ives Todd
(Revell), a tribute to the memory of his brave com- | is responsible for the dramatic version.
rade. It gives in brief an account of the tragic event, Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. publish English Essays,"
a history of the Sir Galahad monument erected to selected for college use by Professor Walter C. Bronson.
Harper's memory on Parliament Hill, Ottawa, and The texts range from Bacon to Stevenson, and are pro-
an outline of Harper's life with extracts from his let-
vided with biographical and other notes.
ters and journals. It is a book to make the reader
“ The Climbers,” Mr. Clyde Fitch's well-known play
humbler, braver, purer, and, whether for a lifetime
in four acts, is published in book form by the Macmillan
or but for a day, every way better.
Co., thus continuing the series begun recently by the
similar publication of « The Girl with the Green Eyes."
Good fishermen are proverbially si-
“ The Elements of Grammar and Composition," by
Fish stories
by an English lent, at least while engaged in the
Mr. W.F. Webster and Miss Alice Woodworth Cooley,
sportsman.
sport, and their skill is reported to
is a new volume in the “Webster-Cooley Language
be inversely proportional to the magnitude of their
Series,” published by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
A volume of “ Brief Literary Criticisms,” by the late
own accounts of their success. Whatever craft Mr.
Richard Holt Hutton, originally contributed to “ The
Beavan may display with rod and line at sea or on Spectator,”and now edited by Miss Elizabeth M. Roscoe,
the banks of the Medway, the reader of his volume is a welcome addition to the “Eversley Series” of the
entitled “Fishes I Have Known” (Wessels) is left Macmillan Co.
in no doubt as to the effectiveness of his tales of the From the office of « The Publishers' Circular" we
fishes he has caught in British waters, in those of have “The English Catalogue of Books for 1905,” be-
the colonies, and of South America. The author ing the sixty-ninth annual issue of this useful guide for
appears not to have tested his skill in North Ameri- booksellers and librarians. Authors, titles, and subjects
can waters. One does not look for strict adherence
are brought within a single alphabet.
to scientific accuracy of statement in an account of
Under the title of “Harper's Young People's Series,”
fishing methods and experiences by an enthusiastic
we have five reprinted volumes : Lewis Carroll's
" Alice,” “ Through the Looking Glass,” and “The
angler, but this hardly excuses the statement that
Hunting of the Snark,” and Miss Lucy C. Lillie's “ False
soundings in the Sargasso Sea seldom give more
Witness” and “ Phil and the Baby."
than one hundred fathoms! The book is written
A volume that is likely to prove of equal interest to
from the sportsman's point of view, but by one who sociologists and to students of literature is Dr. William
is evidently a nature-lover as well as a good story-Clark Gordon's “ The Social Ideals of Alfred Tennyson
teller. There are a number of interesting illustra as Related to his Time," which the University of Chi-
tions.
cago Press announces for immediate publication.
Miss Esther Singleton's " Holland, as Seen and De-
scribed by Famous Writers," is a book of extracts, com-
NOTES.
piled upon a plan already familiar to Miss Singleton's
readers, and abundantly illustrated by photographic
“ Nature and Health,” by Dr. Edward Curtis, is a plates. Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. are the publishers.
popular treatise on the hygiene of the person and the The authorized translation of Senator Antonio Fogaz-
home, just published by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.
zaro's romance entitled “Il Santo," which has excited
Anthony Trollope's “ The Vicar of Bullhampton,” in much interest in Italy, will be published within a few
two volumes, is added by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. weeks by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Professor
to their edition of “ The Manor House Novels."
William R. Thayer will supply an introduction to the
Mr. Oliver Leigh has prepared a study of “ Edgar American edition.
Allan Poe: The Man, the Master, the Martyr," which “Old Tales from Rome," by Miss Alice Zimmern, is
Mr. Frank M. Morris of Chicago will publish at an a companion volume to the author's “Old Tales from
early date.
Greece," and relates in simple language the immortal
“The Legend of St. Juliana,” translated from Cyne- legends of Virgil, Livy, and Ovid, together with a few
wulf and the Acta Sanctorum by Mr. Charles William from miscellaneous sources. Messrs. A. C. McClurg
Kennedy, is a publication of the library of Princeton & Co. are the American publishers.
University
Reprints of “ Amaryllis at the Fair” and “ After
An important study “On Speculation in Relation to London; or, Wild England,” by Richard Jefferies, are
the World's Prosperity, 1897-1902,” by Miss Minnie published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co., in an edition
Thorp England, is published in the January, 1906, issue uniform with other volumes by the same author. These
of the “University Studies” of the University of wholesome and beautiful books deserve a far wider
Nebraska.
vogue than has yet been accorded them by the public.


1906.]
303
THE DIAL
66
A set of little books called the “Spirit of the Age
Series" is inaugurated by Messrs. John W. Luce & Co.
The first two volumes of the series give us an essay-
study of Whistler, by Mr. Haldane Macfall, and one of
Stevenson, by Miss Eve Blantyre Simpson. They are
pretty little books, and have several illustrations each.
“ Krausz's Practical Automobile Dictionary,” a word-
compilation in English, French, and German, made by
Mr. Sigmund Krausz, is published by the Frederick A.
Stokes Co. Twelve thousand technical terms are in-
cluded, and we can imagine the motorist in foreign
parts exceedingly grateful for the presence of the little
book in his luggage in time of need.
Songs of the University of Chicago," edited by Mr.
William A. McDermid, is a volume published by Messrs.
Hinds, Noble & Eldredge. It includes the special songs
of the institution in question (among them numbers
from the several comic operas produced of recent years
by the student body), and in addition many other
songs
which are the common property of all colleges.
An ~ Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary,” including
a grammar of the Ainu language, by Rev. John Batch-
elor, for twenty-five years an English missionary in Yezo,
among these aborigines of the Japanese archipelago, has
been issued in a second edition by Messrs. Kegan Paul,
Trench & Trübner, of London. The work is of great
scientific interest, as the Ainu tongue is Aryan in form
and the basic ethnic stock of the Japanese is Ainu.
“A Manual of American Literature,” by Mr. James
B. Smiley, is a small book for youthful students, essen-
tially biographical in treatment, published by the Amer-
ican Book Co. Other school publications of the same
house are“
Thirty More Famous Stories," retold by
Mr. James Baldwin ; “ Waste Not, Want Not Stories,"
retold by Mr. Clifton Johnson ; and a text-book of
Composition-Rhetoric,” by Mr. Stratton D. Brooks
and Miss Marietta Hubbard.
A series of " Language Readers,” six in number, is
published by the Macmillan Co. They are edited by
Professors Franklin T. Baker and George R. Carpenter,
with the assistance of Miss Jennie F. Owens. Their
contents are carefully graded, and the books are sup-
plied with pedagogical apparatus in generous quantity.
Schools which still cling to the “reader" habit will find
this series acceptable, for it is, with the possible excep-
tion of the “ Heart of Oak” books, as good as any other
now on the market.
Arrangements for the publication of “The Cambridge
Medieval History" have now been made by the Syndics
of the University Press. The first volume will be pub-
lished soon after the appearance of the last volume of
“ The Cambridge Modern History," with which it will be
generally uniform, and the work will be completed in
eight volumes. “ The Cambridge Medieval History"
has been planned by Professor J. B. Bury, and will be
edited by Professor H. M. Gwatkin, Miss M. Bateson,
and Mr. G. T. Lapsley.
Two works of unusual artistic and biographic import-
ance have been secured for Fall publication in this coun-
try by the Macmillan Co. The first is the authorized
biography of Walter Crane, entitled “Fifty Years of an
Artist's Life”; a number of interesting works by Mr.
Crane never before reproduced will be contained in the
volume. The second of these books is “ The Life, Let-
ters, and Art of Lord Leighton,” prepared by Mrs.
Russell Barrington, to be issued in two volumes, with
one hundred illustrations in color, photogravure, and
half-tone.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
May, 1906.
Actress, An, -On Guard. Clara Morris..
McClure
Agricultural Coöperation. Annie E. S. Beard... World To-day
American Aristocracy, Scions of. H. D. Richardson. No. Amer,
Architectural Treatment of a Small Garden..
Century
Athletic Situation, The. W. T. Reid, Jr.. World To-day
Baedeker in the Making, James F. Muirhead.
Atlantic
Baer, George F. Frederic W. Unger..
Rev. of Revs.
Battle, Man's Feeling in. S. H. Byers.. .Harper's Mag.
Bianca, Angelo Dall 'Oca. Alfredo Melani.
...Studio
Book Illumination, Art of. Edith A. Ibbs..
Studio
Briartown" Nature Sketches. Harold S. Deming ....Harper
California's New Inland Sea. F. G. Martin..
Appleton
Camping with President Roosevelt. John Burroughs.. Atlantic
Christ in Art, Modernizing of. John P. Lenox... World To-day
Colombia, New Era in. Francis P. Savinien...... Rev. of Reve.
Color Prints, Some More. Russell Sturgis.
Scribner
Composition, Act of. Wilbur L. Cross..
Atlantic
Congo Museum, The. Frederick Starr.
World To-day
Consular Service and Congress. J. Sloat Fassett. Rev. of Revs.
Conventions of 1906.
Rev. of Revs.
Corn Gospel Train, A. E. P. Lyle, Jr.
World's Work
Cornish, Gardens of. Frances Duncan.
Century
Coryate, Thomas. - Primitive" Tripper." H. V. Abbott Atlantic
Desert, Mastery of the. Frank W. Blackmar....No. American
Differentials, Vital Question of. J. W. Midgley.. Rev. of Revs.
Diseased Meat, Selling of..
World's Work
Effeminization, Our National. J. Conger-Kaneko World's Work
Experience. Meredith Nicholson.
.Reader
Farm Mortgage of To-Day. Charles M. Harger... Rev. of Revs.
Fittest, Survival of the. Tudor Jenks..
Appleton
Flower Painting, Modern. T. Martin Wood.
Studio
“Forty Acres and a Mule.” Walter L. Fleming.. No. American
Froude. Goldwin Smith.
Atlantic
Garden, An Ancient. Helen E. Smith.
Century
Garden, The Terraced. Susan S. Wainwright. . Atlantic
Glass Mosaic. W. H. Thomas.
Studio
Government Meat Inspection. T. H. McKee... World's Work
Groll, Albert L., Landscape Painter..
Studio
Holidays and History. William R. Thayer..
. Atlantic
Houston, General Sam, and Secession. C. A. Culberson.. Scribner
Human Plant, Training of the. Luther Burbank, .Century
Human Race, - Is it Mortal? C.W. Saleeby....Harper's Mag.
Indian, Failure of Education for. F. E. Leupp.... Appleton
Indian Types of the Southwest, Vanishing. E. S. Curtis Scribner
Industrial Transition of the U.S. C. M. Harvey...... Appleton
Insurance, - Shall we Still Buy ? Elliott Flower World To-day
International Aricultural Institute, The.. No. American
Labrador, Explorations in. Mina B. Hubbard.. Harper's Mag
Libel, Law of. Richard W. Child..
Atlantic
Life Insurance and Speculation. C. J. Bullock. . Atlantic
Life Insurance Surplus, The. B. J. Hendrick. .McClure
Lincoln the Lawyer -- conclusion. Frederick T. Hill... Century
Lucca, The Baths of. Neith Boyce..
Scribner
Man and the Actor. Richard Mansfield.
. Atlantic
Marsh, Frederic Dana, Painter. Arthur Hoeber.
Studio
Meat Inspection. Dr. W. K. Jaques....
World's Work
Mexico, A Return to. Thomas A. Janvier. Harper's Mag.
Milton. George E. Woodberry..
McClure
Mind, Feeding the. Lewis Carroll.
.Harper's Mag.
Mississippi, Completing the. Aubrey Fullerton.. World To-dav
Monte Carlo, The Ironic, Ward Muir..
. Appleton
Morocco Conference, The. Ion Perdicaris.
Appleton
Moros, Nature of the. Lloyd Buchanan. World To-day
Mount Vernon in Washington's Time.
Century
Mount Vernon, Old Garden at. Francis E. Leupp. Century
Municipal Ownership. G. S. Brown.
No. American
Municipal Ownership in Chicago..
Rev. of Revs.
National Integrity. Albert J. Beveridge..
Reader
New England's Deep-Sea Fishing Interests.......
..Rev. of Revs.
New York Post Office, The. Louis E. Van Norman Rev. of Revs.
New York Revisited - conclusion, Henry James Harper's Mag.
New York to Paris by Rail. H. Rosenthal.. Rev. of Reus.
Normandy, A Corner in. Mary K. Waddington... Scribner
Novel of Manners, 1790-1830. Will D. Howe..
Reader
Packingtown, Unhealthfulness of..
World's Work
Panama Canal, Truth about. H. C. Rowland. . Appleton
Pan-American Railway, Business Side of. H.G. Davis No. Amer.
Poetry, Some Recent. Louise C. Willcox. No. American
Quarantine, Modern. Alvah H. Doty.
Appleton
Race Problem, Africa's Reflex Light on. C.F. Adams.. Century
Railway Rates and Court Review. C. A. Prouty... Rev of Revs.
Railways of Africa. Lieut.-Col. Sir Percy Girouard.... Scribner
Railways, World's Highest. Eugene Parsons.... World To-day
Roche, Alexander, R.S.A., Art of. Haldane MacFall.... Studio
66


304
[May 1,
THE DIAL
Royal School of Embroideries in Athens. Anna B. Dodd.. Cent.
Russian Editor and Police. Ernest Poole.. World To-day
Russian Peasant Industries. Aymer Vallance.
Studio
St. Louis after the Fair, Rolla Wells.
World To-day
Sailor of Fortune, A. Robert W. Neal.
World To-day
San Francisco Catastrophe, The.
Rev. of Revs.
School Reports, Demand for Better. W. H. Allen Rev. of Revs.
Senate, Truth about the. C. Arthur Williams... World To-day
Shakespearean Literature, Some Recent. W. A. Neilson Atlantic
Sicily, the Garden of the Sun - II. William Sharp.... Century
Southern Life before the War. "Frank Clayton"..... Atlantic
Spanish Treaty Claims. Hannis Taylor...... .No. American
Speaker of the House, - Has he too Much Power ? World To-day
Traction Merger, New York's Great..
World's Work
Trapper, Real Character of. W. H. Wright.. World's Work
Turkey, Issues between U. S. and. Americus No. American
Washington, The City of. Henry James.. No. American
Wells, Rolla, Mayor of St. Louis..
World To-dav
West Point and Annapolis, Code at.
Appleton
Whales, Capture of. Clifford W. Ashley Harper's Mag.
Where to Plant What. George W. Cable.
Century
Work Horse Parades. Paul P. Foster..
World To-day
Young Man and his Money, The..
World's Work
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Tragedies of Algernon Charles Swinburne. Collected
library edition; in 5 vols., 8vo, gilt tops. Harper & Brothers.
$10. net.
The Vicar of Bullhampton. By Anthony Trollope. In 2 vols.,
with frontispiece, 16mo, gilt tops. "Manor House Novels."
Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.50.
After London; or, Wild England. By Richard Jefferies. 8vo,
pp. 311. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
Les Classiques Francais. New vols.: George Sand's La Mare
au Diable, with preface by Louis Corniquet ; Sainte-Beuve's
Profils Anglais, with preface by d'André Turquet. Each with
photogravure portrait, 18mo, gilt top. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Per vol., leather, $1. net.
The Small House at Allington. By Anthony Trollope;
with Introduction by Algar Thorold. In 2 vols., 24mo, gilt
tops. “Pocket Library." John Lane Co. $1.50 net.
The Song of Songs. Arranged in Seven Scenes by Francis
Coutts; illus. by Henry Ospovat. 24mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 65. “Flowers of Parnassus." John Lane Co. 50 cts. net.
POETRY AND THE DRAMA.
Plays and Lyrics. By Cale Young Rice. Large 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 317. McClure, Phillips & Co.
Augustine the Man. By Amélie Rives (Princess Troubetzkoy).
With photogravure portrait, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 83. John
Lane Co.
Love's Testament: A Sonnet Sequence. By G. Constant
Lounsbery. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 135. John Lane Co.
The Cloud Kingdom. By I. Henry Wallis; illus. by Charles
Robinson. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 174. John Lane Co.
Into the Light, and Other Verse. By Edward Robeson
Taylor. 12mo, uncut, pp. 156. San Francisco: Stanley-Taylor
Co. $1.25 net.
Mystery of the West. By Henry Nehemiah Dodge. 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 62. Gorham Press. $1.25.
Rubaiyát of Hope. By A. A. B. Cavaness. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 35.
Jennings & Graham. $1. net.
The Dying Musician. By Mary Elizabeth Powell. 12mo, gilt
top, pp. 96. Gormam Press. $1.50.
Over the Bridge, and Other Poems. By Ella M. Truesdell.
12mo, pp. 89. Gorham Press. $1.25.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 124 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Joseph Jefferson: Reminiscences of a Fellow Player. By
Francis Wilson. Illus. in photogravure, etc., 8vo, gilt top,
pp. 354. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2. net.
Paul Jones, Founder of the American Navy: A History.
By Augustus C. Buell. Commemoration edition; with a sup-
plementary Chapter by General Horace Porter, LL.D. In
2 vols., with portrait, 12mo, gilt tops, uncut. Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons. $3.
In the Days of Scott. By Tudor Jenks. With portrait, 16mo
pp. 279. “Lives of Great Writers." A. S. Barnes & Co. $1. net.
The Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans, as Told
by Themselves. Edited by Hamilton Holt; with Introduction
by Edwin E. Slosson. 12mo, pp. 299. James Pott & Co. $1.50.
Robert Louis Stevenson. By G. K. Chesterton and w.
Robertson Nicoll. With portrait, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 49.
James Pott & Co. 50 cts.
HISTORY.
The Development of the European Nations, 1870-1900
By J. Holland Rose, Litt.D. Vol. II., with maps, large 8vo
gilt top, pp. 351. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
A History of the Reformation. By Thomas M. Lindsay ,
M.A. Vol. I., The Reformation in Germany from its Be-
ginning to the Religious Peace of Augsburg. 8vo, pp. 528.
International Theological Library.” Charles Scribner's
Sons. $2.50 net.
The Glory Seekers: The Romance of Would-Be Founders
of Empire in the Early Days of the Great Southwest. By
William Horace Brown. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 337.
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Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865-1877. By John S.
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LUCY OF THE STARS
By FREDERICK PALMER, author of "The Vagabond."
A vivid, powerful story of love, politics, and business to-day. The interesting and varied characters of the two heroes and
the two heroines, the keen and witty comments on men and things, and the strong and thoughtful ideas underlying the
story, make this a great novel. Illustrated. $1.50.
THE PINK TYPHOON
By HARRISON ROBERTSON.
A bright, quick, and delightfully amusing love story, in
which an automobile is one of the principal characters. It is
a tale of the automobile at home, not a touring story. $1.50.
THE LAW-BREAKERS
By ROBERT GRANT.
The first book of short stories that Judge Grant has written
in ten years. There are problem stories, love stories, and
tales of character and humor. $1.25.
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
NEW YORK


310
[May 16,
THE DIAL

EVERY LIBRARY SHOULD HAVE
THE SUMPTUOUS AND DEFINITIVE VOLUME
Collected Sonnets of Lloyd Mifflin
Henry Frowde, London. 1st edition. Photogravure portrait. $2.60.
Postpaid, $2.80.
This handsome volume, with its wide-margined 400 pages, contains 350 of
the best Sonnets which the author has produced during a life devoted to poetry.
In every way the book is a remarkable production. It contains many new
Sonnets not before published. No American library can be considered complete
without it.
Read the Verdict of High Authorities in Great Britain and America
Westminster Review : – Mr. Lloyd Mifflin's sonnets exceed in number the Rime of Petrarch, and cover
a wider field of thought, experience, and imagination. . . . It would be idle to attempt, in the limits of a
short notice, anything like a critical examination of this wonderful collection. . . . He possesses a vivid
imagination, kept under severe restraint, a delicate ear for rhythm, together with the faculty of pictorial
presentation. These qualities, combined with a well-nigh faultless technique, render him unapproachable
by any living English sonneteer.
Mrs. Ella Higginson :- No American has ever made such an enduring and noteworthy contribution to
the sonnet literature of the world. He stands beside Wordsworth. His work has the dignity, the serenity,
the seriousness, the fine imagination and the diction, exquisitely simple and rich, that mark the great poet.
Mr. W. D. Howells : – A little more courage to know what is undeniably great, although it is our own,
seems to me still desirable in our criticism, and when it comes Mr. Mifflin's poetry will have its reward.
St. Andrew's University : — Lloyd Mifflin is a poet born, not made. We cannot withhold our admira-
tion from a collection of sonnets which have a charm and a beauty about them giving evidence of the work
of a poet of remarkable poetic genius.
Aberdeen Free Press : — To the rare gift of a penetrative imagination he brings a finely balanced intel-
lect and a keen sense of poetic diction. . . . In his highest flights he shows a warmth of imagination, a
richness of colour, a clarity of thought, and an almost perfect technique that shows him not unworthy to
walk beside the greatest sonneteers in the annals of the English language.
Prof. A. S. Mackenzie, Kentucky State College, in the Louisville Courier-Journal: - Lloyd Mifflin, in
my opinion, is the greatest poet of America, past or present. ... The sad part of it is that a man has to
die to become famous.
Dundee Advertiser : - There are some critics who maintain that American poetry is on the decline.
The halcyon days of Bryant, Longfellow, Poe, Lowell, Whittier and Whitman are gone, it is said. While
there may be a grain of truth in the accusation, it cannot justly be alleged that poetry of the higher order no
longer has an exponent in America while Lloyd Mifflin still remains to carry on the great tradition of song.
Yorkshire Post:– ... Some are suffused with tenderness and beauty: a few, very few, are splendidly
strong. To say that some half-dozen should find a place in the most choice “ Sonnet Anthology” of the
future is the greatest praise we can conceive.
Evening Post : – Mr. Mifflin is justly entitled to a high position as a sonneteer. In his own way there
is no one now living to equal him. Indeed, it is only just to remember that there have been in the course
of English literary history only a very few poets who could get together a collection of sonnets at once so
numerous as this and of such high technical excellence. The volume contains three hundred and fifty
pieces, and is then but a selection.
R. H. Stoddard : – His faults are condoned by many excellent qualities, and by one in which he has no
superior among living American poets, if indeed an equal — a glorious imagination. ... The man who wrote
this sonnet (" The Flight”) is a true poet, and must soon be reckoned among the masters of American song.
FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
AMERICAN BRANCH
Nos. 91-93 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK CITY
OTHER BOOKS BY LLOYD MIFFLIN: At the Gates of Song (Frowde, $1.25); The Slopes of Helicon
(Estes, $1.25); The Fields of Dawn, and Echoes of Greek Idyls (Houghton, Mifflin & Co., each $1.25); Castalian
Days (Frowde, $1.25); The Fleeing Nymph (Small, Maynard & Co., $1.00); My Lady of Dream - just published —
(Frowde, $1.00). Postage extra.


1906.]
311
THE DIAL
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
NEW BOOKS
The Silver Age of the Greek World
By JOHN PENTLAND MAHAFFY
“ This book is intended to replace my Greek World under Roman Sway,' now out of print,
in a maturer and better form, and with much new material superadded. There has grown up,
since its appearance, a wider and more intelligent view of Greek life, and people are not satis-
fied with knowing the Golden Age only, without caring for what came before and followed
after. In this Silver Age of Hellenism many splendid things were produced, and the world
was moulded by the teaching that went forth from Greek lands." (Extract from the preface.)
490 pages; small 8vo, cloth, $3.00. Carriage 17 cts.
Hebrew Life and Thought
By LOUISE SEYMOUR HOUGHTON
The reader of the Bible who wishes to be well informed, and who yet finds little to attract him
in accounts of scientific investigations, will do well to read this book. Enriched with the fruits
of a life-time of study and versed in the intricacies of modern criticism, the author approaches
her subject with a depth of feeling that reminds one of the best religious writers of the past.
390 pages; 12mo, cloth; $1.50. Carriage 15 cts.
The Social Ideals of Alfred Tennyson as Related
to His Time
By WILLIAM C. GORDON
It is rare that two departments of study are combined as cleverly and as profitably as English
literature and sociology are combined in this work. It is a treatment, on a somewhat novel
plan, of a subject at once literary and scientific. 266 pages; 1 2mo, cloth; $1.50. Carriage 11c.
The Legislative History of Naturalization in the
United States
By FRANK GEORGE FRANKLIN
The process by which our national laws rose out of chaos is a subject of perennial interest.
Not jurists alone, but all intelligent citizens, will be attracted by this summary of the intricate
debates that fixed our national procedure regarding naturalization. 330 pages; 12mo, cloth;
$1.50. Carriage 13 cts.
The Finality of the Christian Religion By GEORGE BURMAN FOSTER
A long-looked-for work of profound interest to students of religion is now appearing in “ The
Finality of the Christian Religion," by George Burman Foster. Certainly no reader will
escape a sense of sincere admiration at the power with which the problem is handled - the
grasp, the fearlessness, the insight. 530 pages; 8vo, cloth; $4.00. Carriage 22 cts.
Ancient Records of Egypt
By JAMES HENRY BREASTED
Notwithstanding the rapid progress made during the last quarter-century in the reproduction
and publication of documentary sources for our knowledge of the peoples of antiquity, no
attempt has hitherto been made to collect and present in a modern language all the documents
bearing upon Egyptian history. After ten years of labor, Prof. James H. Breasted now offers
to Egyptologists and students of history a corpus of Egyptian inscriptions. The work is being
published in four volumes, of which the first and second are now ready. To those who sub-
scribe before July 1 a special price of $12.00 per set is offered ; after July 1, $15.00 per set.
Carriage 20 cents additional for each volume.
Russian Reader
By SAMUEL NORTHRUP HARPER
After extensive studies in Moscow, Berlin, and Paris, Mr. Harper is bringing out a “Russian
Reader," an adaptation of a French book compiled by Paul Boyer and N. Speranski.
400 pages; 8vo, cloth; $3.00. Carriage 20 cts.
ADDRESS, DEPT. 20
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
CHICAGO AND NEW YORK


312
[May 16, 1906.
THE DIAL
Important New Macmillan
Publications
VERY RECENT ISSUES
NEW NOVELS JUST READY
Mr. John Luther Long's new novel
The Way of the Gods Cloth, $1.50.
Since the death of Lafcadio Hearn there is no one
who approaches the author of “Madame Butter-
fly” in the ability to make his readers feel the
charm and atmosphere of Japan, while he tells of
the fair Hoshiko's longing for the intense joy
offered her at the price of great pain.
Mr. Owen Wister's new novel
Lady Baltimore
By the author of "Tho Virginian.' Cloth, $1.50.
Charmingly illustrated from original drawings.
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trifling with the manners of people of leisure.
There is an ideal, an ideal, beneath it-the Ameri-
can people. Very many readers will exclaim
that they did not know he could do this sort of
thing; write, that is, a 'high comedy,' cut and pol-
ish a jewel, move nimbly among very delicate
emotions and ideas, which a single lapse into awk-
wardness or roughness would destroy.”
The Times, London.
Agnes & Egerton Castle's novel
If Youth But Knew Cloth, $1.50.
The story shows that rare combination of poetic
tenderness and romantic adventure which is the
unfailing charm of the fiction of these authors."
- Record-Herald, Chicago.
Dr. Andrew Macphail's novel
The Vine of Sibmah cloth, $1.50.
The author's intimate knowledge of Puritan times
give the vitality of real scenes to the adventures of
the valiant soldier who, after the Restoration,
went seeking a certain winsome woman. Among
Puritan divines and Puritan pirates, among Jesuits
and Quakers, soldiers and savages, the quest leads
him and his readers.
The Writings of
Benjamin Franklin, Vol. VI.
Collected and edited, with a Life and introduction,
by ALBERT H. SMYTH. Special Limited Edition in
ten volumes, of which six are now ready. Sold by
sets only. Price, $3.00 net per volume, as issued.
“No former edition of Franklin's writings has ever
approached this in fulness."--Review of Reviews.
The Works of Maurice Hewlett
Edition de Luxe in ten volumes, of which Vol.
VIII., The Fool Errant, is just ready. Cloth deco-
rated, gilt top. Sold on order for sets only.
Price, $3.00 per volume, as issued.
For color, for picturesqueness, for character and
for original power, they are among the best things
done anywhere in our time." - New York Tribune.
Cambridge Modern History
Planned by the late LORD ACTON. Edited by A, W.
WARD, Litt.D., G. W. PROTHERO, Litt.D., STANLEY
LEATHES, M.A. Vol. IX., NAPOLEON. Just
Ready. To be complete in twelve imperial 8vo
volumes.
Each, cloth, $4.00 net.
Dr. Kaempfer's
A History of Japan
as translated by J. G. SCHEUCHZER.
The First Complete Reprint of this famous work
since its publication in 1727. Three volumes with
facsimiles of the original plates. Uniform with the
Reprint of Coryat's Crudities, in the general style
of Hakluyt's Voyages and Purchas His Pilgrimes.
Three volumes, cloth, 8vo, $9.00 for the set.
John A. Ryan's A Living Wage
A discussion of both its ethical and economic
aspects, and of the basis of industrial, religious
and moral fact upon which its principle rests.
Cloth, 12mo, $1.00 net.
Professor L. H. Bailey's
Plant Breeding
Fourth edition, with additional material on the
current practice of plant breeding.
Cloth, 12mo, $1.25 net.
Dr. Forest Ray Moulton's
An Introduction to Astronomy
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it not only some knowledge of scientific achieve-
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NEW NOVELS IN PREPARATION
FOR IMMEDIATE ISSUE
Miss Marie Van Vorst's new novel
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suburban town, by the author of "Amanda of the
Mill.” The story is realistic and human, and its
interesting theme is handled fearlessly, Cloth, $1.50.
Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright's
The Garden, You and I Cloth, $1.50.
The new book by the author of "The Garden of a
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returns to the famous home garden, which her
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so charmingly.
Mr. Winston Churchill's new novel
Coniston Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50.
By the author of “Richard Carvel," "The Crisis,"
etc. Freely illustrated from drawings by Florence
Scovel Shinn.
To appear June 14.
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER
BY THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
PAGE
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th
of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $3. a year in advance,
THE TEACHING PROFESSION.
postage prepard in the United States, Canada, and Mexico;
in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a
No greater evil could befall the educational
year for extra postage must be added. REMITTANCES should system of this country than that of becoming
be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE
DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions
definitely crystallized into the type of organiza-
will begin with the current number. When no direct request tion exemplified by mercantile and corporate
to discontinue at expiration of subscription is received, it is enterprise. The evil is imminent, and sometimes
assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired.
seems inevitable, so pervasive are the influences
ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communi-
cations should be addressed to
that tend to make educational administration a
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. matter of business, and so persuasive is the argu-
ment from analogy when addressed to ears pre-
disposed by every familiar association to accept
its validity. Material and commercial modes of
No. 478.
MAY 16, 1906.
Vol. XL.
thinking prevail so largely in our national con-
CONTENTS.
sciousness, and impose themselves so masterfully
upon our narrowed imagination, that most people
THE TEACHING PROFESSION
313 are ready to accept without hesitation their ex-
AN ACTOR'S MEMORIES OF A FELLOW ACTOR.
tension into the domain of our intellectual con-
Percy F. Bicknell.
316 cerns, particularly into that of the great concern
THE RE-SHAPING OF THE ORIENT. Frederic
of education. Why, it is naïvely asked, why
Austin Ogg.
317 should not the methods that we apply with such
pronounced success to the management of a bank
WALPOLE LETTERS, OLD AND NEW. H. W.
Boynton.
320
or a railway prove equally efficient in the man-
agement of a system of schools or a university ?
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELLER IN THE LAND
Why should there not result from their employ-
OF PIZARRO. Thomas H. Macbride
322
ment here the same sort of efficiency that results
THE BASIS OF CHRISTIANITY. T.D.A. Cockerell 323
from their employment elsewhere? Why should
RECENT ENGLISH POETRY. William Morton not the educational fruits of autocratic control,
Payne
325
centralized administration, and the hierarchical
Hardy's The Dynasts. — Phillips's Nero. -Selec-
gradation of responsibility and authority, be
tions from the Poetry of John Payne. — Lang's New
similar to their fruits in the field of commercial
Collected Rhymes. — Herbert's Poems of the Seen
and the Unseen. — Ricketts's Poems of Love and activity ?
Nature. — Last Poems of Richard Watson Dixon.
These questions are not difficult to answer,
- Lounsbery's Love's Testament. — Marks's The but it is difficult to frame the answer in terms
Tree of Knowledge. - Ethna Carbery's The Four
that the successful man of affairs will find in-
Winds of Eirinn. — Eva Gore-Booth's The Three
Resurrections and the Triumph of Maeve.
telligible. The subject is one that he approaches
with a prejudiced mind, although his bias is not
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
330
so much due to perversity as to sheer inability
Problems of Ireland and the Irish. – New edition
of Swinburne's dramatic works. – A meritorious
to realize the fundamental nature of the question
history of the United States. — Strange pranks
at issue. He is so fixed in the commercial way
played by lightning.-Eleven famous Introductions of looking at organized enterprise that he cannot
to the plays of Shakespeare. — Life and letters of an so shift his bearings as to occupy, even tempo-
unfortunate Italian princess. — The story of Greece
once more re-told.-- The memoirs of an abolitionist.
rarily, the professional point of view. Now the
- An English admirer of Germany's development.
idea of professionalism lies at the very core of
educational endeavor, and whoever engages in
BRIEFER MENTION
333
educational work fails of his purpose in just so
NOTES
334 far as he fails to assert the inherent prerogatives
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
335 of his calling. He becomes a hireling, in fact
.
-


314
[May 16,
THE DIAL
one of
if not in name, when he suffers, unprotesting, teaching profession more and more the resort
the deprivation of all initiative, and contentedly of the poor in spirit, to whom the words of the
plays the part of a cog in a mechanism whose Beatitude must have a distinctly ironical ring.
motions are controlled from without. Yet the To become a teacher in this country is, except
tendency in our country is to-day strongly set in the case of a few favored institutions or
toward the recognition of this devitalized system systems, to subordinate one's individuality to a
of educational activity as suitable and praise- mechanism, and to expose one's self-respect to
worthy, and the spirit of professionalism in indignities of a peculiarly wanton sort. It is
teaching is engaged in what is nothing less than no wonder that the young man of parts is not
a life-and-death struggle. When a university over-anxious to enter a profession so forbidding
president or a school principal can indulge un to every professional instinct, and that he turns
rebuked in the insufferable arrogance of such an aside from the educational field, however strong
expression as my faculty” or
my
his natural inclination to enter it, when he gets
teachers,” when school trustees are capable of sight of the artificial obstacles to its proper
calling superintendents and principals and teach cultivation.
ers "employees," it is time to consider the matter It is often urged that the money rewards of
somewhat seriously, and inquire into the probable the teaching profession are insufficient to attract
consequences of so gross a misconception of the to it the better class of men. This is undoubt-
nature of educational service.
edly true up to a certain point, but to insist
There is one general consequence which sub upon it overmuch is to take a more cynical view
sumes all the others. It is that young men of of human nature than we are willing to take.
character and self-respect will refuse to engage Inadequate compensation is a grievous fault
in the work of teaching (except as a makeshift) of our educational provision, but it is not so
as long as the authorities in charge of education grievous as the faults that undermine profes-
remain blind to the professional character of the sional self-respect, and sap educational vitality
occupation, and deal with those engaged in it as at its very root. Yet these graver faults are
objects of suspicion, or, at best, as irresponsible easily remediable, and would be promptly rem-
and unpractical theorists whose actions must be edied if we could once rid ourselves of the
kept constantly under control and restricted by obsession of the commercial or military type of
all manner of limitations and petty regulations. administrative organization. If the educational
Membership in a profession implies a certain laborer is worthy of his hire, he is even more
franchise, an emancipation from dictation, and worthy of the trust and confidence that neces-
a degree of liberty in the exercise of judgment, sarily appertain to his delicate and specialized
which most members of the teaching profession duties, and to refuse him these is to degrade his
find are denied them by the prevalent forms of effort into the mere journeyman's task. The
educational organization. And the denial is whole question of the relative importance of
made the more exasperating by the conscious- compensation and consideration was thus stated
ness that these rights (which are elementary by one of the speakers at the Illinois Trustees'
and should be inalienable) are withheld by per- Conference of last October: “Young men of
sons whose tenure of authority is more apt to be power and ambition scorn what should be reck-
based upon the executive energy or the ability oned the noblest of professions, not because that
of the schemer or the success of the man of prac- profession condemns them to poverty, but be-
tical affairs than upon expert acquaintance with cause it dooms them to a sort of servitude.
the conditions of educational work. The “ busi- The problem is not one of wages; for no
ness ” president or administrative board is bad university can become rich enough to buy the
enough, and the “political ” president or board independence of any man who is really worth
is worse ; yet upon the anything but tender purchasing.
mercies of the one or the other most men who The more closely the business analogy is ex-
devote their lives to the noble work of teaching amined the more apparent is its failure to fit
must in large measure depend.
the conditions of education. Efficiency in busi-
The inevitable consequence of this condition ness is achieved by the subordination of individ-
is, as we have said, that a process of natural ual initiative to centralized direction. A highly
selection is constantly tending to drive the most capable manager makes all the plans, and trans-
capable men into professions which may be pur- mits his ideas, through his heads of departments,
sued upon professional terms, and to make the to the host of workers, who are expected to do
.


1906.]
315
THE DIAL
exactly as they are told. Now this arrangement, authority may well seem to deserve the name
entirely proper in a department store or a rail of chaos, but intelligent minds will not be ter-
way company, becomes almost worthless when rified by a word which means, in this instance
fitted to a university or a system of public and in the last analysis, nothing more than
schools, for here the one essential factor of suc a recognition of the fact that teachers and stu-
cess is that the teachers, who are in this case the dents are alike individuals, and that prescrip-
host of workers, should be left unhampered by tion en masse is the poorest possible way of
specific directions, and free to apply their own dealing with difficulties that concern individuals
specialized intelligence to their work. Every alone.
attempt to shape that work from above, except Aside from the cry of chaos, every plea for
in such mechanical or formal matters as the the rehabilitation of the teaching profession is
allotment of duties and the arrangement of pro sure to be met by the assertion that large num-
grammes, especially every attempt to impose bers of those engaged in it are unfit for the
tests or dictate concerning methods, is likely to burden of professional responsibility. This is
work direct injury, and is certain in time to probably true. It would be
probably true. It would be surprising if it were
eliminate from the body of workers the very not true, when we consider the meagreness of
persons whom it is most desirable to retain. the rewards hitherto held out to the rank and
For it cannot be said too often or too emphat- file of the profession, and the constant growth
ically that teaching is the personal concern of of the regulative tendency which unfailingly
instructor and student, and that any meddling operates to deter the best men from becoming
with this delicate and intimate relation will work teachers, and to drive from the ranks the best
much more mischief than good. So the com of those already enlisted. The situation, more-
mercial ideal of high-priced imperious manage over, as respects the sort of ability, the type of
ment and low-priced docile labor can have no outstanding personality, most to be desired,
place in educational work, where the ideal tends constantly to grow worse rather than bet-
should be rather that of cordial coöperation ter through the continuous operation of the same
between all the forces engaged, with the distinct malign influences. But was there ever a more
admission that educational policy (as far as vicious circle of argument than that which de-
such a thing is found desirable) must proceed fends the persistence in a system productive of
from the established teaching relation rather such unfortunate results by urging that the per-
than from the doctrinaire mandate of the exec sonnel of the profession has now been brought
utive theorist.
so low that the restoration of its inherent rights
We know very well the clamorous objections would entail disastrous consequences ? Very
that will be raised against the fundamental prop- possibly it would, and evils of this sort might
ositions above outlined. “Chaos is come again have to be faced, but they would be in their
will be the outcry whenever education is sought nature temporary, and not nearly as dishearten-
to be rearranged upon these conditions. To ing as the lasting and deepening evils involved
such rigidity of mind have the majority of edu- in the perpetuation of an administrative policy
cational leaders been reduced by the ideal of which is an affront to every professional instinct.
regimentation and the fetich-worship of system Professor Joseph Jastrow, in a remarkably
and uniformity that they are honestly incapable forceful and enlightened discussion of this sub-
of realizing the individualist attitude or of sym-ject in its bearings upon university administra-
pathizing with the more humane and rational tion (“Science,” April 13) puts the whole matter
principles which we have endeavored to set in a nutshell when he declares for the substitu-
forth. Jealous enough of professional privilege tion of “government by coöperation ” for “gov-
on their own account, they take a slighting view ernment by imposition. This is surely the ideal
of the equally valid claims to professional con toward which everyone having at heart the in-
sideration made by the body of actual teachers. terests of education as a professional matter
They are so impressed by their smoothly-working should strive, in fields both high and low, and
machinery as to forget completely that the fash we have observed numerous recent indications
ioning of souls is a very different affair from the of a reaction in this sense from the military or
manufacture of watches or other products of the corporate ideal which has hitherto had things its
mechanic arts. To their view, the alternative
own way.
But the enemy is still strongly in-
offered in place of their elaborate systems of trenched, and his position will not easily be
executive control and the graded devolution of forced.


316
[May 16,
THE DIAL
gifts of prints and letters in the extra-illustrating of my
The New Books.
own copy when the Autobiography should be published
in book form. He asked me to come and see him, ap-
pointing the business office of the Park Theatre, Boston,
AN ACTOR'S MEMORIES OF A
as the place, and one o'clock as the ur. As I entered,
FELLOW ACTOR,*
he sprang from his chair, and before anyone could
introduce us, he had grasped me by the hand, - and
For years, as one gathers from the pages thus was realized my youthful dream of meeting Rip
of Mr. Francis Wilson's “ Joseph Jefferson,” van Jefferson.”
the younger comedian has been dogging, with The curious reader will thank Mr. Wilson for
Boswellian intent, the footsteps of his elder having adopted, as he himself confesses, some-
fellow player. But the image here used is not thing of Boswell's pertinacious inquisitiveness
well chosen ; nor, perhaps, would the author of in gathering information for his intended vol-
the book feel himself complimented by being
ume. On one page we are somewhat amused
likened to Johnson's obsequious admirer. There to come upon the great actor in his dressing-
was evidently but little of the Johnson-Boswell room at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, arrayed in
relation between the two men, at least according a brown padded Chinese smoking jacket, and
to the Macaulay conception of the great Doctor's dozing in his chair, while his valet, the all-useful
biographer. Like ideals and kindred enthu- Karl, is in patient attendance, tickling the soles
siasms
appear
to have rendered the two actors of his master's feet with a feather, a gentle
congenial to each other. Fondness for and stimulation that drew off the blood from the
familiarity with Shakespeare may be noted in head and superinduced a feeling of drowsy com-
both, with something more than a nodding ac fort. Again, the biographer finds Mr. Jefferson
quaintance with the great masters of painting, clothed in a full suit of blue jeans and engrossed
a liking for literature and facility in the use of in his favorite avocation, painting.
the pen, and a high sense of the dignity of their “He must have known I was taking notes, for he
calling as dramatic artists.
said I must not print the Irving discussion — at least,
Having introduced the name of Boswell, let
not now. Sometimes I read aloud what he said, and he
corrected me if I had mistaken him. Like Boswell,
us permit Mr. Wilson to do what Boswell has
• I know not how such whimsical ideas come into my
done in the first part of his book; that is, let us head,' but I asked him the most disconnected things,
listen while the younger man narrates the cir-
which often extracted a laugh from him and always a
cumstances of his first entering the presence of reply... Boswell-like, I asked him a variety of un-
the elder.
related questions about his daughters, his sons, whether
he meant to revive • The Rivals,' why he painted with
“I first saw him one Saturday afternoon, in 1870, as his fingers, why his hair kept so dark, how long he had
I can see him now, on the southwest corner of Twenty- been playing • Rip van Winkle,' and the like. He told
third Street and Sixth Avenne, New York, eating me about his daughters, one of whom, Mrs. Farjeon,
Malaga grapes out of a paper bag. In those days there wife of the novelist, he had not seen for twenty years.
was a fruit-stand on that corner. He stood on the curb • Farjeon doesn't write any more, does he?' I asked.
stone abstractedly eating the grapes and watching the • Not now,' he replied; his style has gone out of
crowd file into Booth's Theatre for the matinee per fashion, I suppose. I am ashamed to say I have never
formance of · Rip van Winkle,' which was then in the read but one or two of his books.''
midst of an eight months' run. How I drank him in
and ate him up as he stood there, — and I remember
The most interesting chapter in the volume
how, boy-like, I brushed past him just to be able to feel
is the one giving a full account (already known
that I had come in contact with him ! My action had in part to magazine-readers) of the all-star pre-
not disturbed him, for he did not turn toward me or sentation of “ The Rivals, ten years ago this
make any sign that he had heard my frightened words month. Portraits of the actors and actresses in
of apology. This relieved me, for I was so scared at my
temerity that I should not have known what to say or
character, with their autographs in facsimile,
do. I followed him, at a respectful distance, across the accompany the narrative. The ludicrous pic-
street, past the main entrance of the theatre, to that ture of the author himself as “ David” is the
mysterious portal, the stage door, through which he
vanished from my admiring gaze.”
only portrait of him that the book contains.
Many matters throughout the volume are, per-
The actual meeting of the two and the begin- haps unavoidably, already familiar to readers of
ning of their acquaintance are thus described : Mr. Jefferson's Autobiography. The chapter
“I had been corresponding with Mr. Jefferson about entitled “The Author " is avowedly drawn
his Autobiography, but newly begun in the November largely from that work, and is somewhat of the
Century Magazine,' and he had promised to help with
nature of padding — very readable padding
*JOSEPH JEFFERSON, Reminiscences of a Fellow Player. By
though it unquestionably is. In an excellent
Francis Wilson. Illustrated. New York: Charles Scribner's
chapter called “Characteristic Days” occurs
>
6
Sons,


1906.)
317
THE DIAL
this paragraph on the burning of “Crow's Nest," Just a paragraph from Mr. Cleveland's remin-
the actor's summer home at Buzzard's Bay: iscences of his holiday companion, contributed
«« When I got your letter of sympathy,' he remarked, to the book, must be given here. The incident
•I said: Of all men, Wilson has lost most by this con narrated is of the most trivial sort, but is a
flagration in the way of autograph letters, programs, welcome aid to the imagination.
and what not, which I intended to send him. When it
was seen that the house must go,' he continued, 'my
“We were fishing for weakfish -called by Buzzard's
Cape Cod neighbors bethought them of saving the
Bay fishermen Squeteague.' He [Jefferson) had a
household goods, and rushed for the piano, a rattle-trap most exasperating habit of viciously jerking a fish after
thing I had long thought of replacing. They made for he was fairly hooked and during his struggling efforts
that because it was big and had shiny legs, I suppose,
to resist fatal persuasion boatwards. It looked to me
and pulled it out on the grass. Much less exertion would
like courting failure on the part of the fisherman to
have saved thousands of dollars' worth of beautiful
indulge in these unnecessary twitches. So on one occa-
paintings. Nevertheless, I appreciate their intention,
sion when he had a fish hooked and was enlivening the
and am grateful for their efforts.'”
fight by terrific yanks, I said to him, • What do you jerk
As the author remarks, “ the quiet way in which really all there is of the story, he turned his face to me
him that way for ?' With an expression that comprises
he laughed at the thought of the natives' tug- and said, · Because he jerked me.' What a trivial thing
ging away at heavy furniture, while Corots, this is to tell, and yet I cannot recall anything that illus-
Diazes, Troyons, Daubignys, and Mauves were trates better the quickness and drollery of his conceits.”
threatened with destruction, spoke volumes for What will be new to many readers is the fact
his philosophy that could thus permit him to that Jefferson was so much of a painter that he
smile in the face of such a loss. Perhaps the gave two exhibitions of his own work — sixteen
most remarkable thing about it, though, was the pictures at the first, fifty-five at the second—at
keen sense of the ridiculous shown. It was alto- the Fisher Galleries in New York, and, what is
gether charming." The next year, however, more, actually sold some of his canvases. Con-
1892, “ Crow's Nest” was rebuilt, and its owner scious that even a great actor's fame is of short
continued, with the same success as before, to duration, he longed to create something in this
play the country gentleman, entertaining his other branch of art that should survive him.
friends, as one may infer, with lavish hospitality. But perhaps, after all, he rested his hopes of
With a delightful touch of humor, the author lasting renown most confidently on his one con-
represents him as wrestling unsuccessfully (he siderable work of literature, the Autobiography.
was an unskilful carver) with refractory fowls Mr. Wilson's loving intimacy with his brother
and joints at the head of his own board. A player (though “ father” would perhaps be the
fondness for anecdote and reminiscence still better word here), as well as his familiarity with
further delayed the serving of his guests. On the literature, especially the biography, of his
one occasion, when he was engaged in the labori- profession, well qualifies him to produce, as he
ous dismemberment of a duck, while each visitor has produced, a pleasing and worthy portrait of
sat in breathless expectation of having at any one whom the theatre-goers of America, En-
moment to catch the bird and return it to the gland, and Australia will long cherish in fond
platter, he paused to tell the company that he remembrance. PERCY F. BICKNELL.
was reminded of Bill Nye's observation that in
amateur carving the gravy
seldom matches the
wall-paper.
Of more seriously instructive matters, we have THE RE-SHAPING OF THE ORIENT.*
a good account of the genesis and development It is now about two years since an official
of the Jeffersonian
Rip van Winkle
and
of the Chinese foreign customs service writ-
“ The Rivals,” pages of conversation on painting ing under the nom de plume of B. L. Putnam
and the drama, and every now and then bits of
Weale published his pioneer volume in the field
the genial actor's philosophy of life and glimpses of Far Eastern politics. This work, entitled
of his sunny disposition. A firm belief in a future “ Manchu and Muscovite," comprised an illu-
existence to which this is but the merest prelude, minating, if not altogether novel, exposition
and at the same time a keen enjoyment of this of Russian power and policy in the disputed
life and a determination to make the most of it, district of Manchuria. It predicted the war
are what one must especially admire in this ever which very quickly came, and in general pro-
active, alertly alive, and infectiously cheerful phesied pretty nearly the course of events which
veteran of the stage. Ex-President Cleveland
recent history has actually recorded. On the
figures somewhat prominently in the book, in
* THE RE-SHAPING OF THE Far East. By B. L. Putnam Weale.
connection with Jefferson's fishing diversions.
In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: The Macmillan Co.


318
[May 16,
THE DIAL
basis of its accuracy and judiciousness, students the final and complete defeat of the Russians on
of international relations gladly acclaimed Mr. land and sea, and the negotiation and ratifica-
Weale as one of the most keen-sighted and fair- tion of the Peace of Portsmouth. Events now
minded of the many people who write or have move so rapidly in the Far East that if one were
written on the affairs of the Orient. When, always to await the outcome of situations there
therefore, it was announced several months ago it is to be feared that he would never have a
that a larger and in many ways more ambitious chance to write at all ; at the same time, every
work was forthcoming from his pen, those who reader of Mr. Weale’s book, and no doubt the
have a special interest in such subjects looked author himself, cannot but regret that its pub-
for its appearance with more than ordinary in- lication was not held back a bare six months.
terest. It was but fair to expect from such a In fairness it ought to be said that even in the
writer a first-hand discussion of conditions and light of conditions now existing the bulk of it
problems in Eastern Asia surpassing in compre would call for comparatively little modifica-
hensiveness, virility, and general excellence, as tion ; but of course such matters as the future
well as in timeliness, all other treatises of its of British influence in the Orient, the destiny
character as yet available. It is pleasant to be of Korea and Manchuria, and the probabili-
assured, after an examination of the two stout ties of Russian aggression on the northwest
volumes just published, that in nearly all essen frontier of China, could be dealt with in a far
tial respects confidence has not been misplaced more satisfactory fashion now that the war is
and favorable anticipation has been at least ended than while its outcome was still proble-
fairly well justified. “ The Re-Shaping of the matical.
Far East ” is by no means a perfect work of its Taken as a whole, Mr. Weale's work may
kind, but its indisputable merits far outweigh be regarded as essentially a “reading journey
the faults which even the most captious critic through the Orient, particularly the regions
could ascribe to it.
north of the Yangtsze, with occasional pauses
The task which Mr. Weale has set himself is for the introduction of more or less elaborate
a stupendous one. It is nothing less than to discussions of important topics. Of the dozen
describe the Far East as it had come to be, a or more chapters taken up with a narrative of
century or more ago, under the interplay of the hypothetical journey on which the reader is
peoples and forces native to it; to trace the in- conducted, and with descriptions of people en-
troduction and growth of foreign, chiefly Euro- countered and places visited, two are devoted to
pean and American, influences; and, finally, to the ascent of the Yangtsze from Shanghai to
estimate the political, commercial, and social Hankow, three to the trip by rail and cart from
effects of these influences, and to forecast certain Hankow to Peking, and four to a tour from
grave changes which they give promise of bring- Peking by way of Tientsin, across the Gulf of
ing about in the not remote future. This being Pechili, past Chefoo and around the Shantung
its purpose, it must be observed before going coast to the little “ Kaiser-stadt” of Tsingtao,
further that the book suffers to a certain extent and thence over the German railway to the
from the fact that it was written, and unfortu- Shantung capital, Chinanfu. Then we are taken
nately sent to press, while the Russo-Japanese to Japan for a journey by rail (one chapter)
war was still in progress. While engaged in its from Nagasaki to Tokyo in war-time. Finally,
preparation, Mr. Weale was laboring under the returning to the continent, we find ourselves in
impression that that conflict would be waged to Korea, and three chapters more carry us from
the bitter end, — that it would be prolonged Fusan, in the “heel of the boot,” to the "panto-
indefinitely, until one of the contestants should be mime
mime" capital, Seoul. These narrative chap-
compelled to abandon it from sheer exhaustion. ters are not consecutive, however, and though
This misjudgment is not to be imputed to him as a rule delightfully written and abounding in
as evidence of serious disqualification as an information, they are manifestly designed mainly
observer, for everybody knows that the early to keep up interest,—in the words of the author,
conclusion of peace came about in a wholly unan “ to supply the necessary atmosphere.” The
ticipated manner, and that many another expert reader will hardly agree that the travels recorded
on the field of hostilities held the same opinion. in them are “unimportant," as Mr. Weale mod-
But, obviously, a book on the re-shaping of the estly affirms in his Preface, - unless, perchance,
Orient must sacrifice an appreciable measure of he is hurried, and dislikes the somewhat discur-
value to the reader of to-day by stopping short sive character which they impart to the book.
of the renewal of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, But it is quite possible to omit their story and yet


1906.]
319
THE DIAL
was in
get the essential things which the author has to of the helplessness and immobility of China. A
say about Far Eastern conditions and prospects. condition of permanent amity and stability is to
The wealth of material contained in the twenty be expected only when China shall have become
or more chapters composing the real body of Mr. a really modernized nation, able and determined
Weale's work defies analysis or even adequate to manage her own affairs without any interposi-
description within brief space.
The most im- tion on the part of foreign powers. Obviously
portant topics discussed at length (aside from this consummation is yet a good way off, though
historical matters) are railways as political the signs of its approach are now rapidly in-
weapons in the Orient, the foreign dominance creasing. In many respects the most satisfactory
in Peking, the character of the present Chinese portions of Mr. Weale's book are those which
government, the foreign services of China, Ger- have to do with the great awakening now indis-
man operations and ambitions in China, Anglo- putably in progress in the empire of the Celes-
Japanese relations, Japanese and non-Japanese tials. Particular stress is laid on the efforts at
interests in Korea, the attitude of Oriental present being made to provide the nation, for
governments and peoples toward the late war, the first time in its history, with a thoroughly
Russo-Chinese and Chino-Japanese relations, organized and disciplined army. Two years ago
Franco-Belgian scheming in the Far East, the the Chinese army numbered 100,000 men ; to-
attitude of the United States toward Oriental day it numbers just twice as many; and when
problems, and the re-arming and general rehab- the plans which have lately been determined
ilitation of China.
upon shall have been realized, its fighting
Mr. Weale’s fundamental conception is that strength will be 1,250,000. General Yin Tchang,
the Far East is in a state of unstable equilibrium, who will presently return to Peking from Berlin
and will so continue for a long time to come,
where he has been studying the greatest military
quite irrespective of the results of the war which machine known to modern times, and who will
progress as he wrote, or of any similar have supreme charge of the upbuilding of the
future contest which now seems at all possible. new army, declares that his nation proposes no
With unqualified emphasis he repudiates the longer to depend for her territorial integrity
notion that the defeat of Russia will mean that upon the good graces of foreign powers, and that
everything will be quiet in the Far East for it is her firm purpose henceforth to command
decades to come, without any other work being respect by being in a position to enforce it. It is
necessary than that which may be accomplished the belief of Mr. Weale that the arming of China
by the victorious Japanese armies. From his
is to be no mere fiction, but a bitter reality with
point of view, the war which the world has lately
which other nations will shortly be compelled
followed with so much interest is to be regarded to reckon. On this point he writes as follows:
as not in any sense a final struggle over the issues During a voyage of at least 2,500 miles through a
involved, but rather a mere episode, likely to
number of provinces I was careful to pay special atten-
tion to the military question and to engage every Chinese
have only temporary effects, and, in one form
officer and man time would permit in conversation. I
or another, to be repeated many times before was thus able to convince myself amply of several im-
international concord shall become the normal portant things, chief of which is the following : that
condition in the Orient. This may not be an
every Chinese commander and soldier has at last real-
ized that rifles and ammunition must be properly kept,
altogether agreeable opinion, but it is one which
that drill must be constant, that discipline must be very
many careful students besides Mr. Weale have
strict, and that the art of war must be studied day and
been forced to adopt, and on the whole it must night before troops can dare to face modern armies.
be admitted that existing conditions give it Everywhere I found clean rifles and proper ammuni-
good warrant. So far as occasions for dispute,
tion, suitable uniforms and splendid-looking men housed
in good, modern barracks. In his summer straw hat
rivalry, and open conflict are concerned, the
and imitation ķhaki clothing, or in his winter turban of
recent war certainly leaves the situation in all
sombre black and tight-fitting tunic and loose trousers,
essential respects about as bad as before. All the modern Chinese soldier presents a most business-
the old elements remain, the same nationali like and resolute appearance, and when a battalion of
ties, the same jealousies, the same suspicions,
such fellows click through their drill, the immense gulf
separating them from the former effete creatures who,
even the same old pledges concerning the evacu-
miserably paid and entirely under-fed, masqueraded as
ation and garrisoning of Manchuria. The Far serious soldiery, is clearly apparent. And whilst the
Eastern Question has lost not a whit of its capac ordinary man all over the world still pictures the Chinese
ity for inducing international friction.
soldier as this effete and worthless coolie, the fact is
becoming more and more clear to European military
As Mr. Weale clearly points out, this unset agents in China that the Chinaman is not only not effete
tlement of the Orient is an inevitable
consequence and worthless but that he is being developed into the


320
[May 16,
THE DIAL
most formidable soldier on the continent of Asia. Con So far as subject matter is concerned, then,
temptuous of death, physically far superior to the
Mr. Weale's book is of very uneven value. The
Japanese, with an immense pride of race and a quick-
ness and an ingenuity which far eclipse that of all other portions which are least adequate are as a rule
Eastern races, it requires but good leaders and a careful
those which deal with the topics of largest im-
selection from the great masses of men available to portance. As a record of travel, it is very good
evolve regiments, divisions, and army corps, which, indeed ; as a summary of historical develop-
conscious of their strength, will defy the best troops of
Europe. . . . China and her swarming millions, who
ments, it is even better ; but as a presentation
now number nearly ten times the population of Japan,
of actual existing conditions and problems, it
is and will be to the Continent of Asia what Russia is is in places all but an utter failure, — and
and will be to the Continent of Europe. Russia has owing entirely, as has been suggested, not to the
temporarily failed because her imagination — that im-
author's lack of information, but to his prejudice
mense and wonderful imagination has been too big and partisanship. The work is distinctly worth
for her. China has failed often, too, for other reasons.
But, failures or no failures, considered in its broadest
while, but it might easily have been made more
aspect, the Chinese are destined to be one of the three valuable than it is. At the very least, it might
great nationalities of the world.”
have been written with a little more regard for
The operation of foreign influences in China considerations of style.
considerations of style. The narrative chapters
is discussed by Mr. Weale at great length, but, not infrequently fall into a strain quite a bit
unfortunately, in a spirit so narrow and inhos more gossipy, even slangy, than is defensible in
pitable that the conclusions at which he arrives a book of such solid character. The careful
are often sadly vitiated by his ill-chosen point of reader will often be annoyed by evidences of
view. Mr. Weale is an Englishman to the core, hasty preparation and inadequate revision. The
and he writes with little sympathy for anything work of the proofreader has likewise been far
that is not English. The burden of his book is from perfect. There are curious errors in the
a lamentation at the recent weakness and ineffi- printing of titles and sub-titles (as on pages 45
ciency of English diplomacy in the Orient and and 334 of Volume I.), where of all places one
a solemn call to firmer policies and bolder meth would expect absolute correctness. The punctu-
ods. He coolly assumes that England has a ation, too, abounds in anomalies, for which
peculiar mission in the East, - a mission which, presumably the author is responsible. On the
sad to relate, she has not recently been fulfilling other hand, mention should not fail to be made
as she should, but which, none the less, every of the abundant and uniformly excellent illus-
other power is bound in honor to respect and in trations with which the book is embellished; also
no wise hinder. On this theory, quite naturally, of the elaborate appendix containing a dozen or
the Germans, the French, the Belgians, the more useful documents relating to Far Eastern
Russians, and even the Americans, come in for affairs since 1895.
FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG.
more or less severe castigation. The remarkable
achievements of the Germans in Shantung and
the Yangtsze valley form a fascinating chapter
in recent Far Eastern history, simply as an ex-
ample of daring national enterprise. One may
WALPOLE LETTERS, OLD AND NEW.*
not approve of what has been done, but he must
Mrs. Paget Toynbee's new edition of Wal-
at least lament that Mr. Weale's anti-German pole's letters runs to sixteen handsome volumes ;
proclivities have caused him to lose a splendid and contains over three thousand letters, about
opportunity to give the world a full and unpre-
a hundred of which are now printed for the first
judiced account of this subject. In a similar
time. Many of the old letters are here given in
way, the part which the United States has taken fuller form than they had in previous editions ;
in the development of the Orient is very inade-
and there is evidence on every hand that the
quately presented, if not actually perverted. editor has Alinched from none of that almost
The author plainly proposes to heap ridicule painful assiduity in research and collation which
upon American influence and policies in China,
we now exact of all comers. On the whole, her
but the attempt falls rather flat. That there text would seem to be more accurate and more
have been errors, nobody doubts; and that nearly intact than any of its predecessors. In
American diplomats and consuls in the Far East
one respect, however, the editorial method must
have not always been what might be desired, be said to have been regrettably arbitrary, not
everybody admits ; but that the same thing
can be said of even the English, is a fact equally
* THE LETTERS OF HORACE WALPOLE. Edited by Mrs. Paget
Toynbee. In sixteen volumes. Illustrated in photogravure.
obvious.
New York: Oxford University Press.


1906.]
321
THE DIAL
to say unscrupulous. It would not be true to him. We resent the decision of
any
editor as
say that Mrs. Paget Toynbee has bowdlerized to what is “ fit for publication.” A certain
Walpole. One might find ground of quarrel piquant edge is given to our distrust of the
that she attempts no consistent expurgation. present editor's judgment by the retention of
She has allowed very many passages to stand various passages in letters from Walpole to -
which are not to be recommended to the young
of all conceivable persons-
-Miss Hannah More.
person or easily stomached by the old one who To read with some consecutiveness, let us not
a
wishes to mend his author to fit his individual say all, but many of these old letters, is to ask
sense of propriety. Two safe courses would oneself wherein their charm lies, what has kept
seem to be open to the editor of a writer like them alive so long. Their writer was neither
Walpole : to clip, amend, and otherwise pretty very
noble nor a very
amiable character. In
frankly manipulate him for “ popular " use; or youth he was everything offensive suggested by
to take him as he comes and present him as he the eighteenth century label “ Wit.” He was
was, without fear or favor, without any sort of a popinjay, a fopling, an insincere beau, a blasé
sense of personal responsibility for him. It is man about town; in middle life he remained a
quite clear that in her present attempt to pro- superannuated sophomore; in age even he did
duce something approaching a “final” edition not cease to ogle or to sneer.
He had the con-
of Walpole, - a certainly elaborate edition cal-ceit of a Montaigne or a Pepys without their
culated to take its place with some state upon healthy full-blooded joy in being alive. He was,
other than “popular” shelves, — the editor
the editor in short, by his own laborious testimony, very
should have taken the latter course. As a mat- | much an ass.
much an ass. Yet he did not err in fancying
ter of fact, many passages have been omitted that he would be remembered and read not un-
from the earlier letters as “ unfit for publica- gratefully by posterity. For better as well as
tion.” These omissions have all been scru for worse he was that antiquated phenomenon,
pulously indicated in the footnotes ; but the a Wit. Is his esprit artificially cultivated under
reader is left with an uneasy sense of incom- glass ? It lives. Is his man-of-the-worldliness
pleteness. It would certainly be more com now become a somewhat discredited exhibit?
fortable for persons of delicacy if all gifted We still regard it with some attention.
tongues and pens had from the beginning of To the student of eighteenth century society
things been untainted with double meanings, Walpole is of course invaluable. Here is gossip
not to say such frank indecencies as our eight- concerning how many of those notabilities of
eenth century letter-writer was capable of. whom we know something from Pope, from Bos-
One may reasonably contend that a world which well, or from Fanny Burney. Here are other
we should like to see moral, or proper, does not touches which reveal to us the common point of
need to have preserved for it the passing leers view, or the fashionable point of view, in con-
and innuendoes of a defunct man about town. nection with all sorts of matters, from small-pox
But there is a special reason why, since the to the French Revolution, from Shakespeare to
edition lays claim to authority, most of Mrs. Loo. Here is gossip of the royalties, properly
Paget Toynbee's omissions must be deplored. obscure as to nomenclature, — hints about the
They occur in the important correspondence latest court scandals, — description of the most
with Horace Mann. This correspondence Wal- fashionable routs, of executions at Tyburn ; here
pole himself transcribed with a direct view to is a slighting allusion to Shakespeare, and quaint
its publication. He allowed the passages in mention of Pepys, not yet made famous through
question to stand, and thus, however mistakenly, the publication of the Diary, as “ the Secretary
gave them his authority. The original manu of the Admiralty," and of Charlotte Corday as
script still exists, and it is hardly to be doubted " the woman who stabbed Marat.” Here, too,
that sooner or later the passages in question are not a few excellent criticisms of contemporary
will take their place in some version which, other work, such as this on Mme. D’Arblay's “Ca-
things being equal, will supplant Mrs. Paget milla”: “I will only reply by a word or two to
Toynbee's. For the moment she may be excus the question you seem to ask; how I like · Ca-
able in preferring to connect her name with a milla'? I do not care to say how little. Alas!
more presentable Walpole ; but Walpole was not she has reversed experience, which I have long
always presentable according to modern stand thought reverses its own utility by coming at the
ards of propriety, and it is by his personal wrong end of our life when we do not want it.
standard, like that of a Montaigne, a Pepys, or a
This author knew the world and penetrated
Rousseau, that we shall in the end wish to judge characters before she had stepped over the thresh-


322
[May 16,
THE DIAL
upon
old ; and now she has seen so much of it, she has highway is in operation, all the tides of South Ameri-
little or no insight at all : perhaps she appre can commerce will set our way. Brazil, forsooth,
hended having seen too much, and kept the bags may still in that day have Rio Janeiro and Para,
of foul air that she brought from the Cave of
and a few other cities of the eastern coast may still
Tempests too closely tied.” This is a plain and
be allowed a place on the map, to carry on dealings
summary way of speech, which, with true cour-
with England and Germany as heretofore ; but the
vast bulk of South American commerce must pres-
tesy, he avoids uttering to Dr. Burney, who
ently flow westward and northward, not from the
makes fond inquiry of him the
same head.
coast alone of Chile and Peru, but from Argentina
And indeed Walpole is not so bad as, in his and the Amazons, and from many an unsuspected
self-conscious youth and prime, he chose to paint and unheard-of valley in the Andes and the Cordil-
himself. Steadily he mellows and softens with leras, to New Orleans and New York, thence to be
increasing years; gradually the mask of cynicism redistributed, if need be, to the waiting shores of
slips away from him ; gradually the hard outline Europe.
of his self-absorption is modified. The last of
It must be confessed that Mr. Pepper, by his
these volumes, containing letters written during energy, enthusiasm, and industry, has gone far to
the decade by which he survived the three score
establish his contention. What with shortened sea-
and ten years, are those which come nearest
routes, the impulse of new enterprise, the activity of
the American market, the increasing demand in the
attaching one personally to Walpole, by a tie
United States for South American rubber, and above
comparable to that which binds one to Gray or all, the rapid extension of railway service between
Cowper. With all their ancient gallantries and all the states in question, it does seem as if all things
valetudinarian complaints, they ring truer, are American were presently “coming our way.
pleasanter to re-read, than the artful records of It will surprise most readers, we think, to learn
his earlier and sprightlier pen.
that the great rivers of South America, the forks and
H. W. BOYNTON.
tributaries of the Amazon, are navigable for large
steamers to within a few hundred (actually less than
three hundred) miles of the Pacific Ocean! It is as
if one could enter the Mississippi and sail to the
Humboldt Basin! Of course, in the Andes railways
A COMMERCIAL TRAVELLER IN THE LAND may not follow altogether the shortest trails ; but the
OF PIZARRO.*
railway necessary to connect the Peruvian port of
“ The Isthmian Canal and the West Coast Coun-
Paita with Bellenista on the Maranon, a branch of
tries of South America " is the subject of the very
the Amazon, will be only three hundred and ten miles
latest volume added to our library of South American
length, and sixty miles are already in operation.
travel. The author, Mr. C. M. Pepper, is announced
From Bellenista to the falls of Monserriche, on the
newspaper man ” and a member of the ".
same river, is less than one hundred miles, and there
manent Pan-American railway committee”; he is
the traveller meets steamers from the Atlantic sea-
evidently a traveller of experience, he is a competent
board. Over such a situation and such a prospect,
observer, and in this fine volume has made skilful
the Isthmian canal once built, our traveller grows
and by no means tedious use of the latest available
naturally enthusiastic; he would reverse the centu-
statistics. As a result we have an unusual book.
ries, almost the current of the rivers ; the whole tide
While the style is that of the “newspaper man,
of Amazonian commerce, with all the untold wealth
rather cursory and with no pretence to grace, the
of the Brazilian forests, shall flow westward to Bal-
subject matter is interesting both for what the author
boa's sea, and enter the trade channels of the world
experiences and for the evident sincerity with which by the gates of Panama.
he presents his view. We have to do with a real
But Paita is not the only port of vantage. There
traveller, who goes with a purpose, who sees the
is Callao; only two hundred and twenty-five miles
regions he describes and sees them in an interesting
of difficult railway-building is needed to bring Callao
way; his observations are accurate, and his statistics in touch with the flood-plains of Brazil. In similar
more extended than is essential to the fashion, every South American port on the Pacific
argument.
coast is shown to have a prospect and a promise.
Our author sets out to demonstrate the effect which Guayaquil is already the exit of Ecuador, with
the Isthmian canal is having, and is likely to have, a narrow-guage road already "creeping” toward
upon the commercial relations of the South American Quito. This, once arrived, will of course bring
republics. The book is really an argument for the
westward all the commerce of the little republic.
speedy construction of the great canal, and the
Peruvian Arica is the port for imprisoned Bolivia,
attempt is to show that, once this bit of interoceanic and is distant only a little more than three hundred
miles from La Paz, the capital of the mountain
*PANAMA TO PATAGONIA. The Isthmian Canal and the West
Coast of South America. By Charles M. Pepper. With maps
commonwealth. In the mountains of Bolivia lie
and illustrations. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
waiting for exit every species of mineral wealth, in
as a
per-
are
no


1906.]
323
THE DIAL
:
no
her high valleys every opportunity for profitable
THE BASIS OF CHRISTIANITY.*
agriculture; once the canal is open, railways will
bring the wealth of Bolivia to the sea and thence The motive of Professor Pfleiderer's book on
by Panama to the shores of the United States. Nor “ Christian Origins” is best described in his own
is this all. Valparaiso, now fabulously rich in the
words :
sale of its nitrates, the accumulations of geological “The viewpoint from which the origin of Christianity is
ages,
will doubt hasten to bring its tribute to our
herein described is purely historical. . . . It lies in the nature
doors; and, better, all the products of the wide plains gin of our religion will differ vastly and in many ways from
of things that such a purely historical description of the ori-
of Argentina, soon to be farmed like the prairies of the traditional Church presentation. Hence, this book has
Iowa and Illinois, must seek an outlet westward not been written for such readers as feel satisfied by the tra-
along railways even now building, and pour through
ditional church-faith. It may hurt their feelings easily, and
confuse them in their convictions; I would feel sorry for that,
the capital of Chile.
because I cherish a respect for every honest faith. But I
Such is the argument of the volume. Its twenty know that in all classes and circles of society to-day there are
two chapters exhibit no arrangement, follow no par many men and women who have entirely outgrown the tra-
ticular sequence; the reader may essay any one of
ditional church-faith and who are possessed of an urgent
them, and find a discussion of some South American
desire to learn what is to be thought, from the standpoint of
modern science, concerning the origin of this faith and con-
problem, — but always from the isthmian view-point,cerning the eternal and temporal in it. To go out toward
and every chapter closes in a reference to the great such truth-seekers is a duty which the trained representative
canal.
of science dare not shirk."
But because we have to deal with commerce and
The work is condensed and devoid of technicalities,
trade, it must by no means be inferred that we have and has been rendered into excellent English. Its
time for nothing else. Our traveller is a traveller, author is a distinguished and highly competent
and he takes the reader along comfortably, and has scholar, who has devoted many years to the subject.
often time to stop and show him the exquisite beauty So far as any discussion of such intricate and obscure
of some sheltered Andean valley, or the glittering matters can be said to have authority, Dr. Pfleiderer's
summits of eternal snow where these limit some book
may be admitted to possess that attribute. It
Peruvian or Bolivian landscape. With him, we listen will come as a revelation to many whose ideas have
to rushing mountain torrents or cross the almost im- been completely muddled by the combination of
passable mountain deserts. Sometimes he takes us ignorant and evasive teaching current to-day, and
with him to visit his friends, and we catch pleasant the prediction may be ventured that it will do much
glimpses of the cosmopolitan social life that domi more, in the long run, to fortify religion than to de-
nates the far-off southern capitals. Betimes socio stroy it. It is impossible to give any useful summary
logical problems come to view. We walk among
the in this place. It may suffice to record the feeling
“cholos," we see the hard conditions of the
poor
in that just as evolution, properly understood, is a far
Valparaiso, no vale of paradise, alas! for thou grander idea than that of arbitrary creation, so
sands of its people. Again, we watch the formal the beginnings of Christianity, in their true histori.
processions of the church, or hear of the conduct of cal setting, loom up in such a way as to make the
elections, where open fraud determines the event orthodox account almost colorless by comparison.
with a completeness that would make our most ex Such a statement will seem to many persons extrava-
pert political manipulator faint for astonishment. gant in the highest degree, if they have never tried
But for all the order and disorder of our South to understand the historical point of view; but it is
American neighbors, a better day is dawning. They hard to believe that they can come to a complete
are doing great things for themselves. Long ener appreciation of the latter without acknowledging the
vated by too easily acquired wealth, the sale of their truth of the former. If this is the case, such work
natural resources, they now look forward to per as Dr. Pfleiderer's rescues for us the most precious
manent social and political relations and to stable heritage of mankind, which is in danger of being dis-
industries. For a prime stimulus to effort, and for carded because a stupid and intellectually dishonest
a perpetual determinant in all the future weal of generation will not separate it from the obsolete
millions of South American people, intelligent men elements with which it has been mixed. Daily and
in every South American republic now look to the hourly, people are abandoning religious ideals or the
completion of the Panama canal.
young are failing to acquire them, because they are
The book before us will be of value to every accompanied by tenets which cannot stand the test
American who would keep in touch with our own
of criticism. These do not know, and there are few to
commercial development; nor less does it deserve a tell them, that the story of Jesus means more, not
place in the alcove devoted to books of travel. It less, than it did before, since it is the story of what
is well-printed, and has many interesting half-tone man has done and been, not of the arbitrary and
illustrations. The maps, while helpful, are not as
unconditioned acts of a god. Scanty as are the
good by any means as the subject deserves. They authentic details concerning the life and work of
appear to be copies, in some cases at least, and the
• CHRISTIAN ORIGINS. By Otto Pfleiderer. Translated from
names they bear are not infrequently illegible. the German by Daniel A. Huebsch. New York: B. W. Huebsch.
THE FINALITY OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION. By George Bur-
THOMAS H. MACBRIDE. man Foster. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.


324
[May 16,
THE DIAL
Jesus, his teachings have come down through the ages, interesting nature. The author explains that the
in spite of misunderstanding and misrepresentation. book was written before that of Sabatier appeared;
Shorn of recognizably spurious elements, they shine while as for the portion dealing with the history of
out more clearly than ever before, and one might Christianity, it is admittedly a compilation, princi-
well think they have now a chance to be accepted at pally from Wernle and Bousset. The author, in his
their face-value. Are they thereby robbed of that preface, thus explains his attitude:
mystery which religion demands? Yes, in one sense ; “The book is a mirror of the development of the author's
but no, in another and better one; for in them we own experience - a development, moreover, which has not
find the greatest of all mysteries, the aspiration of
yet come to a close ; a fact which is also mirrored in the
the human soul to God.
book. He believes that a multitude of thoughtful men and
women are passing through an experience similar to his own;
Dr. Pfleiderer takes the trouble to remark, in his and that a greater multitude will travel, with bleeding feet,
preface, that no historical writer considers himself the same via dolorosa to-morrow and the day after. It is a
infallible, and least of all one who deals with such
pathetic and tragic, or inspiring and illuminating, spectacle,
difficult problems as those of early Christianity. In
according as one looks at it. Be that as it may, to all such
the author offers himself as a fellow-pilgrim, not without
spite of this, he shows more assurance in treating some hope that they may be a little less lonely for his com-
some of the knotty points than the facts possibly radeship, a little less bewildered for his guidance, and a little
warrant. There is perhaps no harm in this, if the
less sorrowful and discouraged for his own joy and hope.
reader remembers the prefatory caution; but in deal-
At all events, he has said what he sees, as was his duty, in a
straightforward way, obedient to Robert Browning's advice:
ing with the resurrection story in particular, there "Preach your truth; then let it work.'”
seems to be a tendency to explain things away too As a perfectly honest and courageous presentation
completely. Thus :
of Christianity, in the light of the most recent infor-
“For the sake of this popular need of concrete proofs, the mation as to physical facts, and the most earnest
narrator did not avoid the contradiction that the resurrected
body displayed its earthly materiality by the touching and
thought as to spiritual matters, Professor Foster's
the eating, while, on the other hand, his sudden appearance,
volume cannot fail to have a great and beneficial
disappearance and ascension to heaven proved its supermun influence. If it is not in any sense unique, but is
dane, ethereal nature. . . . For historical investigators, such rather a sign of the times, its significance is thereby
contradictions are unerring signs that they are dealing, not increased more than diminished. It has naturally
with tradition based on any kind of recollection, not with
naïve legend, but with a secondary form of legend, influenced
been criticized by those of the old school, and prob-
by apologetic considerations” (p. 231).
ably no one regrets more than the author the mental
Now why are they unerring signs of the kind indi- suffering it is likely to occasion ; but no one sees
cated? I have re-read the whole account with a
more clearly than he does that all this is necessary
mind as open as possible, and I must say that the
and inevitable, for the sake of religion itself. Indeed,
impression it leaves is simply this: that Jesus sur-
it would ill befit a follower of Christ, of all people,
vived the cross, and that things occurred very much
to be afraid of new truth.
as narrated, --except, of course, the ascension, which,
From the standpoint of a layman, I must confess
it will be noted, breaks abruptly into an otherwise
that the book seems to me too much elaborated in
logical narrative. One would certainly hesitate to
many places.
The individual sentences are clear,
insist upon this or any other special interpretation ;
but arguments are carried so far, and fortified by
but it seems at least probable that the story is based
such a multitude of considerations, that one is in
on more than apologetic fabrications and subjective danger at times of losing sight of the point. The
hallucinations.
style is much more like that which we are prone
In dealing with Peter's answer to Jesus on the road
to regard as “ made in Germany" than that of Dr.
to Cæsarea, “Thou art the Christ,” Dr. Pfleiderer
Pfleiderer's book, which did really come from thence.
remarks:
For my own use, I have underlined in red a large
“But this circumstance, that the scene of Cæsarea contra-
number of the most significant paragraphs and sen-
dicts the other presupposition of the gospels so crassly, is a
tences, and I find this a distinct help; perhaps in
strong proof in favor of the historic character of Peter's another edition italics might serve the same purpose.
answer; the distinct statement of time and place is also in
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
its favor."
Why not apply the same argument to the resurrec-
tion story?
A CORRESPONDENT in Tokyo sends us the following
item from the “ Japan Mail”: “ The translation of Mil-
Professor Foster's book on “ The Finality of the ton's • Paradise Lost' by Mr. Tsuchii Bansui, of the Sec-
Christian Religion” is a much larger and more elab ond High School, began to appear in the January Taiyo.
orate work, intended for professional theologians
. . Mr. Tsuchii's rendering of some of the finer pas-
rather than for the general public. A second vol-
sages seems to us to show that he has thoroughly under-
ume, increasingly constructive in character, is prom-
stood them and entered into their spirit. Mr. Tsuchii
has made a special study of poetry for many years past
ised in the near future. In many respects, this work
and it may confidently be predicted that this translation
is what might result from a combination of Sabatier's
of his will take precedence of all the renderings of
“Religions of Authority and the Religion of the Milton's sublimest poem which have appeared in Japan.
Spirit ” and Pfleiderer's volume just noticed, — not, It will doubtless be published in book form when the
of course, without much else of an illuminating and whole poem has been translated.”
-


1906.]
325
THE DIAL
6
RECENT ENGLISH POETRY.*
When Mr. Thomas Hardy published the first sec-
tion of “ The Dynasts,” he warned his public that
the rest of the work might never see the light. Ap-
parently, the reception given to that experimental
publication has been of an encouraging nature, for
we now have the second section of this colossal and
deeply-moving work, and may reasonably hope for
the third section needed in order to complete it. The
six acts and forty-three scenes of the instalment here
given us begin just before the battle of Jena and end
with Napoleon's crushing defeat in the Peninsula.
Wagram and Walcheren are intermediate episodes,
and an element of quasi-private interest is provided
by the scenes which lead to the divorce of Josephine
and the subsequent Austrian marriage. As before,
we have again the rapid shifting of action, the pano-
ramic stage-setting, and the supernatural apparatus
that proved so bewilderingly impressive when we
first made their acquaintance. The author thinks
nothing of a jump from Coruña to Vienna, or of a
scene that requires us to take in at one glance both
London and Paris, and the intervening leagues of
land and sea. Nor does he hesitate, when human
speech seems inadequate, to invoke the hosts of
“phantom intelligences” created by his cosmic
imagination, and to record their comment - pitiful,
sinister, and ironic upon the actions of the human
puppets whose antics they view from their serene
point of vantage. It is to the utterances of these
ethereal beings that we must look for whatever of
poetry there may be found in this dramatic pageant.
The unfortunate Walcheren expedition inspires the
finest poetical outburst of any length to be found
within the volume. It is the following Chorus of
Pities, which we are to take as echoing the plaint of
the stricken English soldiery, and to think of as sung
to aërial music:
“We who withstood the blasting blaze of war
When marshalled by the gallant Moore awhile,
Beheld the grazing death-bolt with a smile,
Closed combat edge to edge and bore to bore,
Now rot upon this Isle !
.
“The ever wan morass, the dune, the blear
Sandweed, and tepid pool, and putrid smell,
Emaciate purpose to a fractions fear,
Beckon the body to its last low cell
A chink no chart will tell.
“O ancient Delta, where the fen-lights fit!
Ignoble sediment of loftier lands,
Thy humour clings about our hearts and hands
And solves us to its softness, till we sit
As we were part of it.
“Such force as fever leaves is maddened now,
With tidings trickling in from day to day
Of others' differing fortunes, wording how
They yield their lives to baulk a tyrant's sway
Yielded not vainly, they!
“In champaigns green and purple, far and near,
In town and thorpe where quiet spire-cocks turn,
Through vales, by rocks, beside the brooding burn
Echoes the aggressor's arrogant career,
And we bent pithless here !
Here, where each creeping day the creeping file
Draws past with shouldered comrades score on score,
Bearing them to their lightless last asile,
Where weary wave-wails from the clammy shore
Will reach their ears no more.
“ We might have fought, and had we died, died well,
Even if in dynasts' discords not our own;
Our death-spot some sad haunter might have shown,
Some tongue have asked our sires or sons to tell
The tale of how we fell.
“But such bechanced not. Like the mist we fade,
No lustrous lines engrave in story we,
Our country's chiefs, for their own fames afraid,
Will leave our names and fates by this pale sea
To perish silently!”
To this chorus the Spirit of the Years replies :
" Why must ye echo as mechanic mimes
These mortal minions' bootless cadences,
Played on the stops of their anatomy
As is the mewling music on the strings
Of yonder ship-masts by the unweeting wind,
Or the frail tune upon this withering sedge
That holds its papery blades against the gale ?
- Men pass to dark corruption, at the best,
Ere I can count five score: these why not now?
The Immanent Shaper builds Its beings so
Whether ye sigh their sighs with them or no!”
And for a stage direction, to close the scene, we read
that "the night fog enwraps the isle and the dying
English army.” This is a grim sort of poetry, but
its impressiveness is unquestionable. The concep-
tion of the Immanent Shaper here illustrated is the
metaphysical basis of Mr. Hardy's drama. It is a
conception that sometimes employs the language of
Schopenhauer,
“So doth the Will objectify itself,”
and suggests, now the mood of Lucretius, now that
of the poet of “Vastness,” but without the note of
passionate faith that relieves the despair of that out-
cry. It appears over and over again. The Spirit
Ironic thus disposes of the defeat of Prussia and the
grief of Queen Louise:
“So the Will plays at flux and reflux still.
This monarchy, one-half whose pedestal
Is built of Polish bones, has bones home-made!
Let the fair woman bear it. Poland did.”
• THE DYNASTS. A Drama of the Napoleonic Wars. By
Thomas Hardy. Part Second. New York: The Macmillan Co.
NERO. By Stephen Phillips. New York: The Macmillan Co.
SELECTIONS FROM THE POETRY OF JOHN PAYNE. Made by
Tracy and Lucy Robinson. New York: John Lane Co.
NEW COLLECTED RHYMES. By Andrew Lang. New York:
Longmans, Green, & Co.
POEMS OF THE SEEN AND THE UNSEEN. By Charles Witham
Herbert. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell.
POEMS OF LOVE AND NATURE. By Leonard A. Rickett. New
York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
THE LAST POEMS OF RICHARD WATSON Dixon, D.D. New
York: Henry Frowde.
LOVE'S TESTAMENT. A Sonnet-Sequence. By G. Constant
Lounsbery. New York: John Lane Co.
THE TREE OF KNOWLEDGE. By Mary A. M. Marks. London:
David Nutt.
THE FOUR WINDS OF EIRINN. Poems by Ethna Carbery
(Anna McManus). New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co.
THE THREE RESURRECTIONS AND THE TRIUMPH OF MAEVE.
By Eva Gore-Booth, New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.


326
[May 16,
THE DIAL
9
CHORUS IRONIC.
The tragedy of the Spanish expedition is thus fore “Nay, while I live! The sight! A burning world!
shadowed by the Spirit of the Years :
And to be dead and miss it! There's an end
Of all satiety: such fire imagine !
“So the Will heaves through Space, and moulds the times,
Born in some obscure alley of the poor
With mortals for Its fingers! We shall see
Then leaping to embrace a splendid street,
Again men's passions, virtues, visions, crimes,
Palaces, temples, morsels that but whet
Obey resistlessly
Her appetite: the eating of huge forests :
The purposive, unmotived, dominant Thing
Then with redoubled fury rushing high,
Which sways in brooding dark their wayfaring!”
Smacking her lips over a continent,
The Spirit of the Pities thus comments upon the
And licking old civilizations up!
Then in tremendous battle fire and sea
distraught mind of the King of England:
Joined: and the ending of the mighty sea :
“The tears that lie about this plightful scene
Then heaven in conflagration, stars like cinders
Of heavy travail in a suffering soul,
Falling in tempest: then the reeling poles
Mocked with the forms and feints of royalty
Crash : and the smouldering firmament subsides,
While scarified by briery Circumstance,
And last, this universe a single flame."
Might drive Compassion past her patiency
To hold that some mean, monstrous ironism
In reading this, one is all the time conscious of the
Had built this mistimed fabric of the Spheres
workman, and can almost see him as he pieces the
To watch the throbbings of its captive lives,
composition bit by bit, until he thinks he has said
(The which may Truth forfend) and not thy said
enough. A comparison of this passage with the clos-
Unmaliced, unimpassioned, nescient Will!"
ing scene of Mr. Moody's “Masque of Judgment”
And the same subject evokes this interchange: would afford an instructive illustration of the differ-
ence between mechanical artifice and imaginative
SPIRIT OF THE PITIES.
“Something within me aches to pray
vision. “Nero ” is in four acts, beginning with the
To gome Great Heart, to take away
secret murder of Claudius, and ending with the burn-
This evil day, this evil day!
ing of the city. The chief element of artistic unity is
provided by the character of Agrippina : her ambi-
tion makes Nero emperor; her own murder avenges
“ Ha-ha! That's good. He'll pray to It :-
But where does Its compassion sit ?
that crime; and the crime of the son is in a measure
Yea, where abides the heart of It ?
avenged by the remorse that gnaws his consciousness
“ Is it where sky-fires flame and flit,
thereafter. Aside from this, the trait of Nero most
Or solar craters spew and spit,
emphasized is that of his artistic dilettanteism,
Or ultra-stellar night-webs knit ?
which is the key to the author's treatment of his
What is Its shape ? Man's counterfeit ?
character.
That turns in some far sphere unlit
Mr. John Payne is widely known as the founder
The Wheel which drives the Infinite ?
of the Villon Society and as the translator of Villon
and of the Arabian Nights. He is perhaps less
“Mock on, mock on! Yet I'll go pray
widely known as the translator of Boccaccio and
To some Great Heart, who haply may
Charm mortal miseries away!”
Bandello, of Omar and Hafiz, and of many miscella-
neous Arabic tales. These translations, numbering
It requires a superhuman degree of fortitude to ac-
twenty-seven volumes, have been the main occupa-
cept this view of the mystery of life, yet no other
tion of his life, and have, to a certain extent, ob-
seems vouchsafed to the inquiring eye of our poet, scured his original work. But no lover of what is
and he makes us feel, while under the spell of his
noblest in English poetry can afford to neglect his
imaginative vision, as if all others were but tricks
five volumes of verse, or the new matter that accom-
of our self-delusion. To descend from great matters
panies the Villon Society reprint of that verse in
to small, we must mention that a wrong accentuation
two quarto volumes. American readers should, then,
of the name Románoff has spoiled several verses of
be deeply grateful to Mr. and Mrs. Tracy Robinson
the drama.
for their labor of love in editing for the American
Although “The Dynasts” is written largely in public the “Selections from the Poetry of John
prose, and although what verse it contains is of a Payne,” which is now published in a single substan-
rugged and uncompromising character, the work tial volume, and which is supplied with an extremely
seems to us to contain more of the essential stuff of interesting study of his work as a whole. Mr. Payne
may be found in all the smoothly-flowing has never been a popular poet, and possibly never
measures of “Nero,” the latest dramatic poem of will become one, but he long ago won the suffrages
Mr. Stephen Phillips. Mr. Hardy, at least, has of the elect, and the praise of such men as Arnold,
"wrought in a sad sincerity," however faulty his Horne, Tennyson, Browning, Rossetti, Dr. Garnett,
expression ; while artifice and rhetoric seem to be Mr. Watts-Dunton, and Mr. Swinburne may well
the chief ingredients of the work of the younger console him (if he care at all about the matter) for
poet. The decline from “Paolo and Francesca " and the lack of popular applause. A prodigious scholar,
“Ulysses " is discouragingly marked. The nearest an accomplished musician, a lover of children and
approach to a purple patch is the following page, in animals, a thorough technician, and an indefatigable
which Nero's imagination pictures a conflagration worker, he has raised to himself a literary monu-
which shall consume the world:
ment that will not easily be overthrown. Of the
SPIRIT OF THE PITIES.
poetry than


1906.]
327
THE DIAL
72
poems included in the present selection, the ballads And the answer is thus given:
are perhaps the most striking, but their length and
Yes, there is one: for the sad sons of man,
closely-knit texture preclude our making use of them
That languish in the deserts, travail-worn,
for purposes of illustration. The beautiful poem
Five times five hundred years ago was born
called “Shadow-Soul,” although a long one, is more
Under those Orient skies, from whence began
All light, a saviour from the triple ban
amenable to the extractive process, and yields such
Of birth and life and death renewed forlorn.
stanzas as these:
Third of the Christs he came to those who mourn:
Prometheus, Hercules, had led the van.
“But over me a charm is cast,
His scriptures were the forest and the fen:
A spell of flowers and fate and fire;
From the dead flower he learnt and the spent night
Thy hands stretch out through wastes more vast,
The lesson of the eternal nothingness,
Thy dreams from deeper deeps aspire :
How what is best is ceasing from the light
Life throbs around me, like a blast
And putting off life's raiment of duress,
That sweeps the courses of a lyre.”
And taught it to the weary race of men.'
Of the influences that have shaped the development
"By times, too, as I walk alone,
The mists roll up before my eyes
of this poet, we are thus told by the editors : “ The
And unto me strange lights are shown
poets to whom he acknowledges an actual debt are,
And many a dream of sapphire skies;
first of all, the singer –
The world and all its cares are gone;
“Whose radiant brow is crowned
I walk awhile in Paradise."
With triple coronals ineffable,
Attesting the assay of heaven and hell,'
“Haply, one day these songs of mine
and
Some world-worn mortal shall console
The glad master standing with one foot
With savour of the bitter wine
On earth and one foot in the Faery land,'
Of tears crushed out from a man's dole ;
And he shall say, tears in his eyne,
of the postlude to the narrative poem Salvestra.'
There was great love in this man's soul ! ”
After Dante's sway and Spenser's he owns that of
minds so diverse as Drummond of Hawthornden,
The poet's preoccupation with music is here chiefly Henry Vaughan, Landor (in the Hellenics”), Words-
illustrated in a lovely poem inspired by Gluck's
worth, Heine (whom at one time he knew by heart),
Armide,” and in a copy of dedicatory verses to and Browning (in Men and Women,'' Paracelsus,'
Richard Wagner.
and the plays). Repelled by Swinburne's earliest
“O strong sweet soul, whose life is as a mountain, work, he came later to place him next to Shake-
Hymned round about with stress of spirit-choirs,
speare. Before the publication of The Masque of
Whose mighty song leaps sunward like a fountain,
Shadows,' the influence of Emerson had given way
Reaching for lightnings from celestial fires, -
to that of Schopenhauer, and this in its turn led
“O burning heart and tender, highest, mildest,
to the study of the Vedantic philosophy of ancient
Nightingale-throated, with the eagle's wing, -
India, which eventually became the poet's chief
This sheaf of songs, culled where the ways are wildest
And the shade deepest, to thy feet I bring.
mental and moral guide.”
Mr. Andrew Lang, following the famous example
“ Thine is the Future — hardly theirs the Present,
of Bottom, takes care to explain that things are
The flowerless days that put forth leaf and die — not always what they seem in his “New Collected
Theirs that lie steeped in idle days and pleasant, Rhymes,” and that his “ Loyal Lyrics”in praise of
Letting the pageant of the years pass by.
the Stuart cause “must not be understood as implying
“For the days hasten when shall all adore thee,
a rebellious desire for the subversion of the present
All at thy spring shall drink and know it sweet; illustrious dynasty.” It is well that he makes this
All the false temples shall fall down before thee,
disclaimer, for we should not like to have him drawn
Ay, and the false gods crumble at thy feet.
and quartered at present, yet this might be his fate
“ Then shall men set thee in their holy places,
were the Hanoverian usurper to take too literally
Hymn thee with anthems of remembering ;
Faiths shall spring up and blossom in thy traces,
the poet's vows of allegiance to the White Rose and
Thick as the violets cluster round the Spring."
the “ rightful king." Besides this group of songs
devoted to a lost cause, the volume contains spirited
The poem which includes these stanzas is dated
ballads, cricket, golf, and angling rhymes, delicious
1872, which shows it to be the product of an inde- parodies, and humorous verse upon artistic and
pendent and far-seeing judgment. The echo of Mr. bookish themes. “A Remonstrance with the Fair"
Swinburne's "Mater Triumphalis” is obvious, but is one of the happiest pieces.
that makes the verses none the less significant. Of
“There are thoughts that the mind cannot fathom,
the score or more of sonnets here given, we must
The mind of the animal male ;
quote one of the four inscribed to the Indian Savior
But woman abundantly hath 'em,
of mankind. The one preceding has asked the
And mostly her notions prevail.
question :
And why ladies read what they do read
Is a thing that no man may explain,
"Is there no sage of all we turn unto
And if any one asks for a true rede
Will guide us to the guerdon of our strife ? "
He asketh in vain.
.


328
[May 16,
THE DIAL
" Ah, why is each 'passing depression'
Mr. Rickett's “Poems of Love and Nature" are
Of stories that gloomily bore,
fairly commonplace in thought, but occasionally
Received as the subtle expression
Of almost unspeakable lore ?
arrest the attention by a bit of rhapsodical outburst
In the dreary, the sickly, the grimy
or startling imagery.
Say, why do our women delight?
“ Discord! and Death! and Dust!
And wherefore so constantly ply me
Rot! and devouring Rust!
With Ships in the Night ?”
From the lover's heart a god shall start,
The “ Jubilee Poems” (by bards that were silent)
But devils are born of lust."
constitute a group of parodies so good that it is dif This author does better when, as in “ The Sea,” he
ficult to choose among
them. “On Any Beach” is adopts a more quiet diction.
perhaps the best.
“The sorrow of the mighty sea
“For, in the stream and stress of things
Murmurs in its immensity,
That breaks around us like the sea,
And for its one long, sounding grief
There comes to Peasants and to Kings
Eternity has no relief
The solemn Hour of Jubilee ;
Nor word for all the rock-white pain,
If they, till strenuous Nature give
But out, far out, upon the main
Some fifty harvests, chance to live!
The troubled sapphire of its breast
Ah, Fifty harvests! But the corn
Sinks to a silence without rest.
Is grown beside the barren main,
“Blue symbol of an active power
Is salt with sea-spray, blown and borne
That stirs the passive Earth to flower!
Across the green unvintaged plain ;
And life, lived out for fifty years,
The gentle, passive Earth a bride
Who blossoms answer to the tide:
Is briny with the spray of tears!
And down the hills, along the plains,
“Ah, such is Life, to us that live
Love pours back through her river-veins,
Here, in the twilight of the Gods,
Till from the kisses of the sea
Who weigh each gift the world can give,
In time she bears humanity."
And sigh and murmur, What's the odds
So long's you're happy ? Nay, what Man A slender volume containing “The Last Poems
Finds Happiness since Time began ? "
of Richard Watson Dixon" comes to us under the
Mr. Herbert's - Poems of the Seen and the Un editorial supervision of Mr. Robert Bridges, and
seen” proclaim the author a Wordsworthian, not
with a preface by Miss M. E. Coleridge. Canon
merely by their frequent use of quotations from
Dixon was a poet of sincerity and thoughtfulness,
Wordsworth, but also by the spirit in which they
whose work won the suffrage of the elect, particularly
approach the shrine of nature. “Anima Alauda”
in the case of his terza rima narrative " Mano,”
which no less a critic than Mr. Swinburne called a
may illustrate this point.
“ triumphant success." There are less than two-
“A heaven of light doth compass round,
In prayer, the laverock-soul;
score pages in this final sheaf of song, and more
Outsoaring, in her song, the ground, -
than half of them are occupied by “Too Much
Upswinging tow'rds her Goal;
Friendship," a miniature epic having for its hero an
“Until the world, a blending mist,
Athenian whose fortunes (or misfortunes) suggest
Hath melted from her eyes;
those of both King Candaules and Job. Our quota-
And all above, like amethyst,
tion shall be “ The Earth Planet,” which is remark-
There gleam the unchanging skies."
able for its compact and vivid imagination.
In another aspect, Mr. Herbert's verse has affinities
* Thou fliest far, thou fliest far,
with the utterance of the transcendentalists and the
Companion of each circling star,
mystics, a quality revealed in his paraphrases from
But yet thou dost but fill thy year:
Platen and Rückert, as well as by echoes of philoso-
Thy orbit mayst thou not forsake,
phers from Plato to Coleridge. The following irre-
The path in space which thou dost make,
Till death shall touch thy charmed sphere.
gular sonnet is peculiarly typical of his mode of
thought and expression:
“Half turning to the weary blaze
“The mind of Man reflects the Universe:
Which measures out thy countless days,
No cosmic law, no rule of the great Pan,
Half bathing in the depths of night,
But in that mind its being doth rehearse :
Thou urgest thy unfaltering speed,
As if thou wouldst of force be freed:
If all was made, then all was made for Man.
Witness the words of one, who scarce had known
But still thou art the slave of light.
Their deep, oracular truth, - for he would rise,
“Or moved or fixed in vacancy
From gross and palpable things, to thought's high throne :
Thy pitying sisters gaze on thee,
God doth eternally geometrize.
Where'er be sped thy wondrous race:
Could Plato dream, how point, and line, and curve, -
Nigher to thee they may not come ;
All forms of thought, and modes of the ideal,
Their eyes weep light, their lips are dumb;
Would prove to be embodied in the real :
Time is their lord, their prison space.
Of Faraday's force-centres; Newton's law
Of mass unswayed, that will nor halt nor swerve;
" Thy lord is Time; to imitate
And pathways of the stars, which Kepler saw ? "
Eternity, yet bring thy date:
These poems make up for their deficiency in musical
Space holds thee; but seems infinite.
But what of them ? Thy mystery
utterance by the earnestness of their aspiration and
Or shared or not by them with thee,
the compactness of their thought.
Lies in thy breast - thy parasite.


1906.]
329
THE DIAL
“ Art thou alone the planet, Earth,
a brief and touching introduction. These Celtic
That gives to being that new birth
Of which the womb is care and pain ?
songs are if anything more Celtic than those of the
Lives man alone in that thick space
other Irish poets with whom their author is grouped.
Which through thin space doth hugely race,
Their characteristic imagery, their wistful sentiment,
A clot that swims the immeasured main ? and their haunting melody are typically illustrated
"Who answers ? Not the instruments,
in the stanzas “I-Breasil.”
To pierce all space which he invents,
“There is a way I am fain to go —
And to untwist each ray that beats
To the mystical land where all are young,
From the fire-fountain of these things
Where the silver branches have buds of snow,
And those remote sparks, whose wings
And every leaf is a singing tongue.
Win flame from nature's other seats.”
" It lies beyond the night and day,
“ Love's Testament " is a sonnet-sequence of sixty-
Over shadowy hill, and moorland wide,
six numbers, the work of Mr. G. Constant Lounsbery. And whoso enters casts care away,
There are eleven
groups of six sonnets each, classified
And wistful longings unsatisfied.
under the captions of love, absence, passion, doubt, 4. There are sweet white women, a radiant throng,
philosophy, content, separation, solitude, reconcilia-
Swaying like flowers in a scented wind :
But between us the veil of earth is strong,
tion, jealousy, and retrospect. We select an example
from the sixth group.
And my eyes to their luring eyes are blind.
“A blossom of fire is each beauteous bird,
“ Petal by petal, the sweet hours are shed,
Scarlet and gold on melodious wings,
The seasons pass, the old leaves fall away
And never so haunting a strain was heard
Stained with the scarlet of the wounded day,
From royal harp in the Hall of Kings.
The ancient year bows down his whitened head.
Oh love, with stealthy feet and hurried tread
“ The sacred trees stand in rainbow dew,
Time urges all things on and waits his prey,
Apple and ash and the twisted thorn,
Nor shall our tears prevent, our prayers gainsay,
Quicken and holly and dusky yew,
The hour that adds us to its buried dead.
Ancient ere ever gray Time was born.
“Oh mortal loveliness, immortal change,
“The oak spreads mighty beneath the sun
While memory whispers us this prophecy,
In a wonderful dazzle of moonlight green
That the sweet lingering past shall ever be
O would I might hasten from tasks undone,
A sweeter future, while our hearts exchange
And journey whither no grief hath been!
The new-born pleasure of familiar love,
“Were I past the mountains of opal flame,
Whose wings are folded, like a nesting dove."
I would seek a couch of the king-fern brown,
After all the tenderness and rapture of the preced-
And when from its seed glad slumber came,
A flock of rare dreams would flutter down.
ing sonnets, we must confess to considerable disap-
pointment at the cynical conclusion of the whole
“But I move without in an endless fret,
While somewhere beyond earth’s brink, afar,
matter, which counsels us to “ Count not upon a
Forgotten of men, in a rose-rim set,
woman,” to “ trust her not,” nor lend her
I-Breasil shines like a beckoning star.”
“The holy, tranquil, steadfast name of friend."
“ The Three Resurrections and the Triumph of
Nevertheless, there is much excellent poetry in Mr. Maeve” is the title of a new volume of poems by
Lounsbery's volume.
Miss Eva Gore-Booth. The first part of the title is
A weak dilution of Job and Omar, of Lucretius accounted for by the three pieces that open the vol-
and Dante, of Milton and Tennyson, of all the poets ume, poems upon the themes of Lazarus, Alcestis,
who have pondered over the mysteries of life and and Psyche. The second part of the title stands for
death, of sorrow and sin, of the soul and its Maker, a romance in dramatic form that fills the latter half
is offered us in “ The Tree of Knowledge," a se of the volume. Miss Gore-Booth is a very thoughtful
quence
of hundred and fifty-three sonnets. A poet, who avoids affected diction, and combines depth
fair example is the following:
with simplicity. The following exquisite stanzas on
“He look'd without, and saw the rolling seas,
“Poverty” will illustrate her workmanship:
The heav'ns alit with stars, the earth with flowers;
“ One swallow dared not trust the idle dream
He heard the wail of winds when tempest lowers,
That called her South through fading skies and gray.
The gentle sighing of the summer breeze,
One spirit feared to follow the wild gleam
The nightingale that sang his love to please.
That drives the soul forth on her starlit way.
And on a day the mountain belch'd forth flame,
Earth shook for fear, and all this solid frame
“As the starved swallow on the frozen wold
Seem'd to dissolve, and he along with these.
Lies dying, with her swift wings stiff and furled,
So does the soul grow colder and more cold,
He look'd within — and there he found a world,
In the dark winter of this starless world.
Where storms as fierce arose as those which hurl'd
The waves on high and laid the forest low-
“Poorer than slaves of any vain ideal,
Tides of desire and hate, restless as those
These are the saddest of all living things -
That give the other ocean no repose,
Souls that have dreamed the Unseen Ligit unreal,
Red flames of love and wrath, redder than lightning's
And birds without the courage of their wings.”
glow."
These poems are filled with the sense of wonder, of
The lyrics of the late “ Ethna Carbery” (Mrs. the mystery beneath the surface of things, of the
Macmanus) are collected into a small but precious unrealities which alone are truly real. This is voiced
volume by Mr. Seumas Macmanus, who contributes in the words of Alcestis returned from the grave.
one


330
[May 16,
THE DIAL
66
"Fear not, Admetos, the long road' -- she said
have been made. As it was, Ireland shared the great
Led me througb wind and fire, made pure by these,
measures of Parliamentary and municipal reform
I bring no deadly vapours from the dead,
No dreadful grave dust clings about my knees.
which she probably would not have achieved by her-
self. She received the blessing of national and un-
" . How shouldst thou, hearing but the last harsh sigh
sectarian education a generation before England did,
Of the poor noisy flesh, dream of the smile,
Of the unheard, invisible ecstasy,
and but for the attitude of the Irish priesthood
Lo, I have lived in light a little while !'”
would have received it in full measure. Concerning
This is the burden of “ Beyond,” which comes nearer
present grievances, Mr. Smith points out that Ireland
to being a sound argument for immortality than all
has more than her share of representation in Par-
the labored efforts of the theologian.
liament, that she has no established Church, that if
her priesthood would permit it she might have a
Because the world's soul looks me through and through
From every breaking wave and wild bird's wing,
complete system of national education, that her land-
I trust my own soul, knowing to be true,
law is more favorable to the tenant than that of either
Full many a worn-out old discrowned thing.
England or Scotland, that she receives subventions
“Because of those unearthly fires that shine
from the imperial treasury in aid of her land tenants
Beyond Duneira of the sunset waves,
which neither those of England nor Scotland receive,
I know that life is deathless and divine,
that the markets of the Empire are open to her and
And dead men's souls rest never in their graves.
so are its offices, and that so long as the Irish people
“Because of twilight over miles of green
will abstain from outrage and murder they will enjoy
And one small fishing vessel sailing far
On through the torment of wild winds unseen
the personal privileges of British freemen. Regard-
I steer my little boat by a great star.
ing the alleged grievance of Castle government, he
“Because the rose is sweeter after rain,
points out that its abolition was offered to Ireland
Because fierce lightning strengthens the weak sod,
long ago and by her was rejected. If granted inde-
I know life flares behind the golden grain,
pendence, she would have to assume many burdens
And ecstasy beyond the thought of God.”
and responsibilities now borne by the Empire, in-
Of “The Triumph of Maeve,” which fills two-thirds cluding military and naval defense.
A general
of this volume, we have no space to speak, beyond repudiation of rent would follow, and with it the
saying that it is a very beautiful poem, wrought in extinction of the landed gentry. The establishment
grave and subtle melodies, and filled with the haunt of a stable democracy among a people whose political
ing spirit of Celtic mysticism.
training has been agitation against government and
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
law, would be an arduous if not an impossible un-
dertaking. In the opinion of Mr. Smith, the choice
lies between separation and legislative union. Fed.
eration along provincial lines he pronounces pre-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
posterous. A larger measure of local self-government,
Problems of
Mr. Goldwin Smith's new book “Irish
however, might be conceded without an abandonment
History and the Irish Question” (Mc-
of principle, and would doubtless do much to improve
the Irish.
the situation.
Clure-Phillips Co.) is the latest addi-
tion to the large and increasing stock of literature
Mr. Swinburne's “Tragedies" are
New edition of
dealing with the Irish situation. It consists of a brief Swinburne's now published by Messrs. Harper
review of the history of Ireland from the earliest
dramatic works. & Brothers in a five-volume edition,
times to the present, and is prefaced by a discussion uniform with the six-volume edition of the “Poems”
of the natural resources of the island and the race which appeared more than a year ago. The entire
traits and characteristics of the Irish people. It is
It is poetical product of the greatest of living poets is thus
the saddest of all histories, says the author, being a made available in this collected form. We hope that
record of seven centuries of strife between races, some day we may have the prose writings to put be-
bloodshed, mis-government, civil war, oppression and side them. Mr. Swinburne does not revise his work;
misery. Mr. Smith reaffirms the view expressed in as far as our examination has gone, it has shown no
his little book on “Irish History and Irish Charac- changes whatever from the original texts. The first
ter,” published forty years ago, that most of the woes of these volumes gives us “The Queen Mother"
of Ireland have been due to natural circumstances and “ Rosamond,” the next three are devoted to the
and historical accident, quite as much as to the crimes Mary Stuart trilogy, and the fifth includes the four
and follies of her rulers. Nature's fatal mistake, he later dramas, "Locrine," “ The Sisters," “ Marino
maintains, was in peopling England and Ireland with Faliero,” and “Rosamund, Queen of the Lombards.”
different and uncongenial races. The Papacy, by At the close of the trilogy we have (very appropri-
inciting the Irish to rebellion, brought upon them no ately) reprinted the poet's “Encyclopædia Britan-
small portion of their sufferings. English protec-
nica essay on “Mary Stuart," and his note on
tionism must also bear a part of the blame. Never “ The Character of the Queen of Scots.” The nine
theless, the Liberal party did its best for Ireland; dramas which this edition includes, together with
and had the Irish members of Parliament done what “ Atalanta in Calydon” and “Erechtheus” (clas-
they should have done, more rapid progress might sified with the “ Poems ”) constitute one of the most
Ireland and


1906.]
331
THE DIAL
impressive achievements of English literature in the is strictly chronological, an excellent opportunity is
nineteenth century, an achievement which sends us afforded for seeing the colonies develop side by side.
back to Elizabethan times for a parallel, just as we The discriminating use of authorities is very evident,
must go back to Chaucer for a parallel to “The comparison and collocation being with our author a
Earthly Paradise” of William Morris. It is hardly favorite method of procedure. Nevertheless, for each
necessary to say (although “ Locrine
was once per group of facts he has invariably one main source of
formed in London) that these are not acting plays information, upon which he draws with scrupulous
(except for the purposes of the stage of antiquity), exactness. Thus, for Maryland there is Brantly's
but they constitute a perennial source of deep and chapter in Winsor; for Virginia, the works of Alexan-
noble pleasure for all lovers of poetry. Their highest der Brown; for Rhode Island, Richman; and for New
level is reached in “Mary Stuart” and in “Marino York, Wilson's “Memorial History.” In spite of a
Faliero,” the one being an almost faultless example few trivial errors in matters of date and the like, this
of grave restrained diction, the other of fervid poetic second volume is in the highest degree satisfactory.
eloquence. Concerning the value of the Tragedies It contains the very latest theories respecting such
as compared with that of Mr. Swinburne's lyrical subjects as the introduction of women and of negroes
work, critical opinion has differed greatly. “I have into Virginia, and is especially happy in its correct
been told,” says the author, “ by reviewers of note interpretation of the territorial grant of 1606. We
and position that a single one of them is worth all regret, however, that more attention has not been paid
my lyric and otherwise undramatic achievements or to the economic motives influencing the concession
attempts : and I have been told on equal or similar of religious liberty. It is true, there is reference to
authority that whatever I may be in any other field, the matter, but it is only incidental. We await with
as a dramatist I am demonstrably nothing." No interest the third volume of this meritorious history.
wonder that he has found this conflict of judgments
both “ diverting and curious.” But such a question
M. Camille Flammarion, as is well-
Strange pranks
does not really need to be decided at all, for, which played by known, is especially attracted by sub-
ever of these grand divisions of Mr. Swinburne's
lightning.
jects that are fanciful or capricious.
work makes the stronger appeal to us, we may none His recent book entitled “Thunder and Lightning”
the less be devoutly thankful that he has given us the (Little, Brown, & Co.) offers a fine illustration of
other also.
this peculiarity of his mind. Instead of being a
The second volume of Mr. Elroy
A meritoriou