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The Bright Side and the Other Side: What India Can Teach
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206
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1907.]
207
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208
[April 1,
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1907.]
209
THE DIAL
MOST REVOLUTIONARY
BOOK EVER WRITTEN
THE LIFE AND GENIUS OF
The Ego and His Own
NATHANIEL.
HAWTHORNE
By FRANK PRESTON STEARNS
By MAX STIRNER
Translated by STEVEN T. BYINGTON
Benj. R. Tucker, originally appeared in Germany more than
sixty years ago, but, as Dr. J. L. Walker says in his English
introduction: “Fifty years sooner or later can make little
difference in the case of a book so revolutionary.” At first it
created a tremendous furore, but it was so far in advance of its
time that the interest subsided. The last decade, however, has
witnessed a Stirner revival of no mean proportions; biographies
of the author have been written, and translations of the book
have appeared in several languages. The purpose of the work
is to destroy the idea of duty and assert the supremacy of the
will. Lange, in his “ History of Materialism,” refers to it as
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210
[April 1, 1907.
THE DIAL
Important New Macmillan Books
A NEW BOOK OF EXTRAORDINARY INTEREST
Rev. R. J. Campbell's The New Theology
Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 net.
MR. CAMPBELL'S pulpit utterances started the most widespread religious discussion of modern times; men
of every denomination seem to feel that he is presenting the purest truths of their own faiths; this book is his
first systematic presentation of his theological position, from which he has so successfully reached the universal
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NEW AND UNHACKNEYED FICTION
Mr. John Oxenham's new novel The Long Road
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Mr. Jack London's new novel Before Adam
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Owen Wister's How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee Cloth, with illustrations, 16m0, 50 cents.
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OTHER RECENT ISSUES OF SPECIAL VALUE
Life and Letters of Edwin Lawrence Godkin
Cloth, crown 8vo, two volumes. 84.00 net.
Edited by ROLLO OGDEN, editor of the New York Evening Post. The editor has wisely allowed Mr. Godkin
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and powerful influence in many directions.
Mr. Putnam Weale's The Truce in the East and its Aftermath
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Mr. Franklin Pierce's The Tariff and the Trusts
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Gen. Henry L. Abbot's book on The Panama Canal
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Mabel Osgood Wright's seventh edition of Birdcraft
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IMPORTANT WORKS OF REFERENCE
Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture
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in the text and 100 plates. To be complete in four quarto volumes. Sold only in sets. Send for an illustrated
prospectus giving terms by monthly payments.
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Grove's Dictionary of Music. Vol. III.
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The third volume of the revised, enlarged, and illustrated edition of this unrivalled standard. The work now
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAOB
.
.
No. 499.
APRIL 1, 1907. Vol. XLII.
THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH.
CONTENTS.
When Lowell and Holmes and Whittier died
in the early nineties, the most important chap-
THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH
211 ter in the history of American literature was
LITERATURE OF THE WESTERN FUR TRADE. closed. They were the last of the elder poets
Lawrence J. Burpee .
212 of the New England singers who had long
CASUAL COMMENT
held the national conscience in their keeping,
214
Mr. Henry James's literary methods. --- Things new
with the grateful reverence of the younger gen-
but not true. — German and American reading
eration for their reward. But there were still
habits. — Presidential praise of books. — Women poets left us — youngsters by comparison,
writers of fiction in England. - The Authors' Club
although fast approaching the venerable term
and Publishing Association. — A shock to the cul-
tured ear. - Pessimistic despondency over the
- and we felt that the torch was worthily borne
literary outlook. - The librarian who reads. The
by Stoddard and Stedman and Aldrich. Then
simplicity of Esperanto. - “Greatest scandal waits Stoddard died, worn out with years, and now
on greatest state.” — The Fielding bi-centenary. Aldrich has laid down his pen, and we have left
Robinson Crusoe's island.
us only one poet of large achievement to repre-
THE CAREER OF A GREAT EDITOR. W. H. sent the mid-century period which saw our
Johnson
216
nation in the throes of its deep agony and wit-
THE ART OF WHISTLER. Frederick W. Gookin. 218 nessed its great moral awakening.
SHAKESPEARE AND THE MODERN STAGE.
Thomas Bailey Aldrich was born November
Charles H. A. Wager
220 11, 1836, and died March 19, 1907. His sev-
LORD ACTON'S IDEALS OF HISTORY. E. D.
entieth birthday, in curiously exact coincidence
Adams
221 with that of Henry Mills Alden, was cele-
Gasquet's Lord Acton and his Circle. Lord
brated a few months
ago,
and
gave his friends,
Acton's Lectures on Modern History. - The Cam known and unknown, the opportunity of paying
bridge Modern History, Vol. IV.
him their tribute of admiration and affection.
THREE BOOKS ON MUSICIANS AND MUSIC. As one born in the thirties, he belonged to the
Josiah Renick Smith . .
224 decade of Edwin Booth and Bret Harte, of Mr.
Mason's The Romantic Composers. - Young's Mas-
Stedman, Mr. Howells, and Mr. Clemens, with
tersingers. - Gilman's The Music of To-morrow.
all of whom he was linked by personal intimacy.
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . 225
His boyhood began and ended in Portsmouth,
Lucas Malet's The Far Horizon. – Mrs. Steele's A
with an intervening decade in New Orleans.
Sovereign Remedy. -- Mrs. Dudeney's The Battle
of the Weak. - Mrs. De la Pasture's The Lonely
When he was sixteen, his father's death cut
Lady of Grosvenor Square. — Marriott Watson's short his plans for entering Harvard, and he
A Midsummer Day's Dream. — Marriott Watson's started to earn his living as a banker's clerk in
The Privateers. - Charles Egbert Craddock's The New York. But the literary instinct was too
Amulet.— Miss Gale's Romance Island.— Bennett's
strong to be repressed, and he soon turned to
The Treasure of Peyre Gaillard.-Nicholson's The
Port of Missing Men. — Payne's When Love
editorial work for his support, with poetry for
Speaks. - Taylor's The Charlatans.
his avocation. He associated himself successively
with several journals in New York and Boston,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
228
The child and his book. The experimental method
and in 1881 was called to the proudest editorial
in Biology. - Studies in flowers for the art student. post in the country, becoming the successor of
— Essays in the Elian manner. — The psychology Mr. Howells as editor of the Atlantic Monthly.
of races. — The latest recipe for success. — The art
For nine years he occupied the Park Street
of enamelling in Europe. - Another guide to hap-
sanctum with its back window view of the most
piness. — The story of Arctic exploration.
peaceful spot in Boston — the Old Granary
BRIEFER MENTION
231
cemetery, whose occupants, as he used whim-
NOTES
232 sically to say to visitors, were highly satisfactory
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
233 neighbors, because they never brought manu-
.


212
[April 1,
THE DIAL
scripts for his inspection. Then, in 1890, he ever was such a thing, having its place beside
passed the blue pencil (symbolically speaking) “ Tom Brown at Rugby," " Treasure Island,"
on to Horace Scudder, and, made free from all and perhaps two or three others. And there
sordid cares by the legacy of a generous friend, are yet other volumes of choicely-fashioned prose,
applied himself for his remaining years to the taking now the form of fiction, now the form of
fine art of living. Youthful to the last, in both impressions de voyage. Nor must we forget
spirit and appearance, he looked at the world the miniature prose tragedy of “Mercedes,"
with Horatian eyes until just the other day, effective both to read and to witness in per-
when the veil of death was drawn over them. formance. That work, and the blank verse
Few of our writers have been as loved as he “Judith of Bethulia," represent the author's
was; still fewer have left, as he has left, the contributions to the practicable drama, and
memory of the artist so closely interwoven with gives evidence that he was both a playwright
the memory of the rich personality.
and a poet.
Delicate artistry was, indeed, the most char It is to the poet that Aldrich was, however,
acteristic mark of his work. One of his earlier that our thoughts turn first and last. He set
poems recounts the things he would do if the for himself the highest possible artistic stand-
soul of Herrick dwelt within him. They were ards, and came sufficiently near to their reali-
the very things that he afterwards did, and not zation to win laurels that will remain green as
merely with the exquisite art of his exemplar, long as any feeling for beauty remains to us.
but also with an instinct for purity that puts to He wrote little during his later years, the kindly
shame the amatory parson of Devonshire. Even muse heeding his prayer to her,
more than of Herrick, however, does his work “ That I may not write verse when I am old.”
remind us of Landor, whose trick of epigram, His own lines, representing a bearer's soliloquy
burdened with a wistful pathos, he caught with at the funeral of a minor poet, may fittingly
extraordinary facility.
be drawn upon to close this brief tribute to his
“October turned my maple's leaves to gold; fragrant memory.
The most are gone now; here and there one lingers:
Room in your heart for him, O Mother Earth,
Soon these will slip from out the twigs' weak hold,
Who loved each flower and leaf that made you fair,
Like coins between a dying miser's fingers."
And sang your praise in verses manifold
What could be more Landorian than that? And delicate, with here and there a line
Only the image of the maple leaf marks it as a
From end to end in blossom like a bough
The May breathes on, so rich it was. Some thought
distinctive product of the New England soil
The workmanship more costly than the thing
from which the poet sprang. Yet this “enamoured Moulded or carved, as in those ornaments
architect of airy rhyme," so delicate of fancy, Found at Mycenæ. And yet Nature's self
so graceful of utterance, had also weighty mat Works in this wise; upon a blade of grass
Or what small note she lends the woodland thrush,
ters to disclose, and a weighty manner for their
Lavishing endless patience. He was born
expression. He found, as so many other poets
Artist, not artisan, which some few saw
have done, in the sonnet the form most fit for
And many dreamed not. As he wrote no odes
his serious mood. Such sonnets as “ Unguarded When Cræsus wedded or Mæcenas died,
Gates," “ Fredericksburg," and "By the Poto And gave no breath to civic feasts and shows,
are the work of no lyrical trifler; they
He missed the glare that gilds more facile men
A twilight poet, groping quite alone,
are examples of the deepest thought and the
Belated, in a sphere where every nest
noblest deliverance that our poetical literature Is emptied of its music and its wings.”
can offer.
In paying tribute to Aldrich the poet we must
not forget Aldrich the prosateur. The latter
LITERATURE OF THE WESTERN
aspect of his genius will hardly be left out of
FUR-TRADE.
the reckoning by those who are old enough to
remember the delightful surprise of “ Marjorie
Few things can be more gratifying to the patri-
otic American or Canadian than the marked revival,
Daw," and the piquant charm of “ Prudence
within the last few years, of interest in the early
Palfrey” and “ The Queen of Sheba," when
records of the two countries. This interest is re-
those inventions were first from the press. And
vealed not only in the readiness of the governments
where is the American boy, young or old, who on both sides, federal, state, and provincial, to spend
ever read “The Story of a Bad Boy," and
money for the preservation of national archives, but
failed straightway to give it an abiding place in still more strikingly in the increasing demand, all
his affections? It is a juvenile classic, if there over the continent and from all classes of people,
mac


1907.]
213
THE DIAL
for reprints of early narratives and the publication supply of mnch-needed pemmican ; he is interrupted
of manuscript material. Books that previously were by a drunken Indian, and pauses long enough to
to be found only in large public libraries, and were turn him out of the fort; a cry comes from without
known only to a few historical students, are now in that buffalo are crossing the river, and he rushes out
thousands of private libraries ; while many valuable to take a hand in the slaughter; the next day we
manuscript journals have been edited and brought perhaps get the story, graphic in its simplicity and
within the reach of everyone.
directness. Then there comes a time when some
In an age of artificial conditions, of stiff conven real or fancied grievance brings down upon the fort
tions, and of pride in material achievements, it is a war-party of fierce Sioux or Blackfeet; the trader
wholesome to turn back to these simple records of pauses in the midst of a word, hears the menacing
our pioneer forefathers, and correct our point of yell of the savages, grabs his gun and runs to guard
view in the light of their achievements. The broaden the gate. The interrupted word is never finished.
ing influence upon public opinion of a wide reading The grimy manuscript, with its fast-fading record
of the narratives of men like Alexander Mackenzie, of a forgotten life, is all that remains to tell the story
Jacques Cartier, Captain Cook, La Salle, David of one who took his part in the stirring drama of
Thompson, Lewis and Clark, the two Henrys, and the Western Fur-trade.
Zebulon Pike, can hardly be over-estimated. These Then the narratives themselves make anything
men were not spotless heroes, but there is much in but dry reading. They belong to a period that is
what they accomplished that was essentially heroic, past, and to a race of men almost extinct. They
and, what is greatly to the point, there is not a word are often absolutely startling in their revelation of
in any of their narratives to suggest that they were primitive passions, primitive desires, primitive vir-
conscious of this heroic quality. They did what was tues,-civilization brought in contact with savagery
to be done with a singleness of purpose that one in an untamed environment, dropping the veneer
sometimes misses in the complex life of the present of conventionality, gradually approximating to the
day. They were men of action, in the best sense of frank simplicity of aboriginal life, though fortunately
the term. They were pathfinders of a continent, to maintaining some grip on the essential virtues. The
whom we owe much more than we are inclined to Indian that we meet with in the pages of Alexander
remember. The incentive that drew them to the Henry or Samuel Hearne is almost ludicrously
path of discovery, a path beset by hunger and thirst, unlike the idealized creation of Fenimore Cooper,
dangers and disappointments, was one that fortu and the traders and voyageurs of real life do not
nately cannot be measured in coin.
remotely resemble those of the drawing-room nov-
For many years the deep human interest of these elist; yet they are none the less interesting on that
records and narratives was unappreciated.
account.
not, in fact, until Francis Parkman had touched the The student of human nature in the rough will
eyes of a preoccupied public with his magician's find abundant data in the unexpurgated pages of
wand that they began to see the power, the pathos, many an old manuscript journal; the social reformer
the dramatic appeal of these forgotten documents. may discover illustrations to point any conceivable
The writer has had occasion within the last twelve moral; the novelist can have his pick of a thousand
month to read some fifty or sixty original narratives plots from real life, many of them infinitely stranger
of Western Fur-traders, a few in print, many more than fiction, and each furnished with its appropriate
(and these by far the most interesting) in the state setting. Is there anything
setting. Is there anything more dramatic in fiction
in which they were written, sometimes on foolscap, than the picture of La Vérendrye at the foot of the
sometimes on wrapping paper, occasionally (when Rocky Mountains, gazing at their glittering peaks
paper was not obtainable) on birch-bark; and once, in the firm belief that immediately beyond lay the
far off in the heart of the Rocky Mountains where long-sought Western Sea, and bitterly turning back
even birch-bark was not to be had, the fur-trader, when the prize seemed within his very grasp, be-
not to be beaten by circumstances, wrote his journal cause of the childish fears of his Indian hosts; or
on a thin piece of board. To one familiar with the of Simon Fraser threading with grim pertinacity the
life of the Western trader, pathfinder, pioneer, these appalling cañon of the Fraser, simply because he
old manuscripts tell many a tale between the lines. had been ordered so to do; or of Alexander Mac-
Here the
paper
is browned by the smoke of a camp kenzie painting that brief but pregnant inscription
fire, or scorched in drying the ink too near the on the shores of the Pacific, “ Alexander Mackenzie,
flames; here is a grease-spot of a buffalo or moose from Canada, by land the twenty-second of July,
steak; there the
spray
of a rapid has blurred a word one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three"?
or two; or perhaps whole pages are illegible, twisted Of the scores of narratives left by Western ex-
out of shape, the ink smeared up and down the page, plorers and fur-traders, comparatively few have
while one pictures the trader's journal thrown from yet been published. In many cases the original
the upset canoe and fished up by some following documents have already been lost or destroyed; but,
paddle. Still more significant are the breaks in the fortunately, a large number have been gathered into
narrative. The trader drops his pen or pencil to the national archives of the two countries, or are
trade a fathom of tobacco, a handful of beads, a preserved in the libraries of historical societies.
pound of powder or shot, for peltries or perhaps a There is here a rich mine awaiting the industry of
It was


214
(April 1,
THE DIAL
another Dr. Elliott Coues - or, for that matter, of
a dozen Elliott Coues ; a mine which will afford
ample returns for all the patient industry that may
be expended upon it. LAWRENCE J. BURPEE.
soon consign all existing steam engines to the junk
heap. Almost any reader of newspapers can cite similar
instances. They are numerous enough, often amusing,
but in the end monotonous.
CASUAL COMMENT.
MR. HENRY JAMES'S LITERARY METHODS recall those
of Walter Pater, if the truth has been told about the
two writers' manner of composition. It is said of Mr.
James that he dictates his first draft slowly, and this
is afterward typewritten by his secretary, with wide
interlinear spaces. Then, much in the manner of Pater,
the author goes over this preliminary sketch or skeleton,
filling in and elaborating, rounding and padding and
polishing, until, satisfied with his creation, the artificer
sends it forth, confident that each faintest shade of
thought has received adequate expression. From Mr.
James's latest book, “The American Scene," let us take
a single sentence, presenting first its bony structure,
and then clothing it in all the rounded fairness and
grace (his detractors might say, the clumsiness and
heaviness) of its abundant adipose tissue. Concerning
Philadelphia's spread-out appearance we read in the
skeleton, • The absence of the perpetual perpendicular
seemed to symbolize the principle of indefinite level
extension.” That is graphic and satisfying. What is
gained, or lost, by verbal elaboration and somewhat
eccentric punctuation, will appear from the following:
“ The absence of the note of the perpetual perpendicular,
the New York, the Chicago note — and I allude here
to the material, the constructional exhibition of it-
seemed to symbolize exactly the principle of indefinite
level extension and to offer refreshingly, a challenge to
horizontal, to lateral, to more or less tangental, to rotary,
or, better still, to absolute centrifugal motion.” Small
wonder is it that when an acquaintance rashly asked
Mr. James the exact meaning of a certain sentence of
his, the distinguished author gravely and coldly replied
that if the passage as it stood, representing as it did his
carefully matured thought, did not explain itself to the
reader, it was useless to enter into oral discussion of
its meaning
THINGS NEW BUT NOT TRUE so often make their
appearance in the daily press under the guise of scien-
tific facts that a correspondent is moved to write to
“Science" urging congressional legislation “to check
the publication of all items that convey erroneous im-
pressions relative to matters in which the whole com-
munity is interested.” Such censorship of the press is
undesirable in principle, even if practicable in the matter
of pseudo-scientific “stories "'; but a little experience of
newspaper ways soon enables the intelligent to discount
or wholly disbelieve all items of a startling or sensa-
tional character. Discoveries and inventions that,
according to the newspaper, promise speedily to revo-
lutionize some branch of art or industry or domestic
economy are published at short intervals, and the cred-
ulous await developments in eager expectation. But
developments, or even further references to the epoch-
making invention or discovery, never come; and least
of all does the newspaper print a retraction or modifi-
cation of its startling “story.” Not long ago a Roches-
ter machinist was said by some enterprising reporter to
have devised an application of steam that would very
GERMAN AND AMERICAN READING HABITS are placed
in instructive comparison by recent reports from two
public libraries, one in Germany and one in this country,
serving communities of about the same size. The Krupp
Library of Essen, in the fiscal year 1905-6, circulated
388,001 volumes; the public library of Troy, N. Y., in
its latest annual report gives a circulation of 62,000
volumes, or less than one-sixth as many. The Essen
library, established primarily, we infer, for the benefit
of Herr Krupp's thirty thousand workers in steel, has
51,750 volumes. The three-hundred-thousand-dollar
white-marble library building at Troy shelters, we ven-
ture to guess, a considerably larger collection; and the
city on the Hudson is, besides, something of an educa-
tional centre, with its Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
its Emma Willard Seminary, and other schools, while
the Prussian town is known to us chiefly for its output
of big guns. But in fairness we should add that if the
people of Altendorf, which was incorporated with
Essen seven years ago, also depend for their reading
matter on the Krupp Library, the force of this com-
parison is weakened.
PRESIDENTIAL PRAISE OF BOOKS goes little ways in
some cases, as in that of « The Woman Who Toils,"
which received a free advertisement in the President's
“ race suicide” letter but is said to have been commer-
cially unsuccessful on this side of the Atlantic. Con-
trariwise, “The Simple Life,” by Pastor Wagner,
appears to have been helped by a good word from the
White House, although the book might well have won
popularity, but perhaps less quickly, on its own merits.
Now the query arises, will M. Victor Bérard's scholarly
work on the “Odyssey “ profit appreciably by the com-
mendation bestowed upon it from the same high quarter?
It is safe to reply that the book is of too solid worth,
of too special a nature, to be clamored for by the great
easy-going, pleasure-seeking public. Eighteen months
ago, before the English translation had appeared, some
appreciative references to and quotations from this work
were made in our pages; and we are now glad to note
any indication, however faint, that even a fractional
part of the reading public is beginning to recognize the
merits of this ingenious and painstaking French scholar.
WOMEN WRITERS OF FICTION IN ENGLAND have never
been more conspicuously in the majority than at present.
“ Not since Rousseau and Richardson," says a careful
observer of the situation, “has the thought of a nation
been shaped — or at least reflected — by its novels as
it is to-day.” In a recent list of the twelve best-
selling books in England not a single male author is
represented. The titles and authors are: “Fenwick's
Career," by Mrs. Ward; “ The Far Horizon," by Lucas
Malet (Mrs. Harrison); « The Treasure of Heaven,"
by Miss Corelli; “ The Gamblers," by Mrs. Thurston;
“ Prisoners,” by Miss Cholmondeley; “ The Dream and
the Business,' by John Oliver Hobbes (Mrs. Craigie);
“The Viper of Milan,” by Majorie Bowen; “ The White
House,” by Miss Braddon; “ In Subjection," by Ellen
Thorneycroft Fowler; “ A Sovereign Řemedy," by Mrs.
Steel; “ The Incomplete Amorist,” by E. Nesbit (Mrs.
Hubert Bland); and “ A Queen of Rushes,” by Allen


1907.]
215
THE DIAL
| The simPLICITY OF ESPERANTO, an artificial lan-
Raine (Mrs. Beynon Puddicombe). A list of the six nevertheless there would somehow and in due season be
“ best-sellers” in America, drawn up at the same time, evolved a new form of romance to fit the new environ-
shows but one female novelist to five of the other sex. ment. Is he tired of waiting, that he so soon abandons
Are American and English women changing places in this not unreasonable hope? He should bear in mind
the scheme of things ?
that evolution is a slow process. Possibly his despond-
ency is partly due to the natural ebb of buoyant hope-
THE AUTHORS' CLUB AND PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION, fulness as old age draws on.
a new organization of which report reaches us, has
elaborated a most beautiful scheme for the enrichment
THE LIBRARIAN WHO READS is not lost, we like to
of its members; nor are the fair proportions and grace believe. “ The illiterate librarian’ might almost serve
ful outlines of this plan, as an ideal creation, marred
to designate more than one custodian of books whose
by the prosaic fact of its utter impracticability. Con-
attention is so largely given to details of administration
vinced that publishers are pocketing the lion's share of that he forgets the library's primary purpose. At next
profit in the book business, the members of this asso-
summer's meeting of the American Library Association
ciation propose to do their own publishing, each one for “ The Use of Books" is to be the main subject for dis-
himself (or herself) with the moral support of the cussion, a wise choice that moves the « Library Journal”
others. “ Each author,” we read, “is to copyright his to admit, editorially, that while ways and means rightly
own book in his own name, and have the say of the
claim much attention, yet “it is true that in A. L. A.
mechanical make-up thereof, and make what contracts conferences and other library meetings so much em-
he wishes with the printer, etc.; each author is person- | phasis has been laid upon methods of administration as
ally to pay all the expense of getting his work into to obscure the fact that books are the main factor in a
book form and the expense of newspaper and magazine library, and it is well to insist from time to time upon
advertising.” Excellent ! - except that authors, espe the book in itself as the central fact."
cially new authors, are seldom capitalists, or even in a
position lightly to risk a thousand dollars or so on a
literary venture. A society of impecunious authors,
guage remarkably easy for us Indo-Europeans to learn,
each eager for a generous share of the book-buying
public's patronage, and so each pitted against his fel-
appears to be surpassed by the simplicity of the Chinese
and Malay tongues, which are extremely difficult for
lows, has its amusing aspects. We are told it was
us. Count the rules of grammar in each, and convince
“ rumination on the evils of the existing order that
yourself. This interesting revelation comes out in the
“ has led to the uprising of the authors.” Perhaps a
course of a little dispute carried on between Professor
little experience of the publisher's trials and troubles
Leo Wiener, of Harvard, who exposes the weaknesses
may in its turn lead to the down-sitting of these same
of the new language, and a remonstrant Esperantist,
authors in a chastened and instructed frame of mind.
who hastens to its defense. The truth of the matter
would seem to be that Esperanto is not, and perhaps
A SHOCK TO THE CULTURED EAR of Boston is the
never claimed to be, a world language, but rather a
present cry of the street-car conductor, “Out the nearest
means of inter-communication for that part of the world
door!”. on cars of the two-door pattern. This is a sad
known in a general way as Christendom.
lapse on the part of a railway company noted for the
courtesy and intelligence and superior education of its
“GREATEST SCANDAL WAITS ON GREATEST STATE,”
officials, and for the correctness of its printed rules and
signs; a company whose suburban cars run through a
is a truism; but nothing serious need be feared by
admirers of Walter Pater from the controversy (of a
favored region where the very owls at night, with their
“to whit, to whom!” teach the lesson of the objective
mild sort) now developing between the Wright and
Benson factions in regard to Mr. Wright's new and
case; a company, finally, that shrinks not from the ex-
detailed life of Pater, wherein the later biographer
pense of two additional letters in its numerous posted
charges the earlier with twelve astonishing errors. This
warnings to the motorman to “run slowly," while less
pother will in no wise affect the fair fame of the gentle
grammatically conscientious corporations save paint and
follower of Aristippus, except perhaps to heighten its
labor by allowing their cars to "run slow,” in defiance
lustre.
of Lindley Murray. What shall we say of this raucous
chant, “Out the nearest door!” – is it a case of super THE FIELDING BICENTENARY, to be celebrated on
lative ignorance, or merely of comparative carelessness? the 22d of this month, should bring into clear relief, not
the coarser qualities of the writer whose freedom of
PESSIMISTIC DESPONDENCY OVER
scope excited Thackeray's envy, but the sterling virtues
OUTLOOK is Mr. Frederic Harrison's note in a recent of honesty and fidelity, of manliness and womanliness,
newspaper article on modern English writers and their that his upright and downright heroes and heroines
work. Witchery of form, native humor, mother wit,
tend to illustrate. There are few old authors to whom
creative genius, he avers, are sadly lacking, and their
the mature reader can more profitably and pleasurably
places are but ill supplied by careful English, indus return than bluff Henry Fielding.
trious learning, and sterling common-sense. It is an age
of machinery, and not of natural spontaneity. Fourteen ROBINSON CRUSOE'S ISLAND is still extant, and not
years ago Mr. Harrison, moved by somewhat the same submerged as was recently reported to the grief of all
spirit that now prompts him to utter his plaint, pub Defoe readers. Dr. J. S. Keltie, secretary of the Royal
lished a magazine article on “ The Decadence of Geographical Society, has declared that Juan Fernandez
Romance"; but while noting the decline, he yet wound did not disappear in the late Valparaiso earthquake.
up with a cheering assurance that, though modern con Those valleys and rocks that (as Cowper affirms) have
ditions were unfavorable for the production of the old never heard the sound of the church-going bell, still
time novel of love and war and knightly adventure, bear their ironical witness to the charms of solitude.
THE
LITERARY


216
(April 1,
THE DIAL
The New
eries, not from war in the abstract, but from
Books.
some real and present war, and give us a good
square gaze at its stark naked body; and then
THE CAREER OF A GREAT EDITOR.* we shall realize that Bellona is not fit
company
“What a noble record of courage and energy for enlightened and self-respecting people.
in the highest causes to recall” exclaimed James Mr. Godkin reached America soon after the
Bryce, when the news of Mr. Godkin's death close of his Crimean experience, and, as with
reached him, five years ago.
And no more ac-
Schurz, his first impressions were of the rising
curate characterization of Mr. Ogden's volumes opposition to the cruelty and anomaly of slavery.
can be given than Mr. Bryce's own words,
He determined at once to see Southern condi-
“ a noble record of courage and energy in the tions with his own eyes, and his letters to the
highest causes." Like Carl Schurz and Henry Daily News,” during a horseback journey
Villard, with both of whom he was to be so
which lasted from December, 1856, to the fol-
closely connected, Mr. Godkin came to America lowing April, furnish a vivid and instructive
as a young man because he loved the ideals for picture from which Mr. Ogden has drawn some
which the great American republic seemed to fifty pages of well-chosen extracts. We clip
stand, and the opportunities which it seemed to a bit concerning the Walker“ filibuster” episode.
offer for working out successfully the great “While passing over the lake between New Orleans
problems of human society and government.
and Mobile I was present while one of General Walker's
The Godkin family runs back through some
agents preached filibusterism to the passengers in the
cabin. The facility with which these men are, or rather
eight centuries of residence in Ireland to a little
were, allowed to harangue, beat up for recruits, collect
colony of Englishmen who settled in the Barony supplies and arms, and despatch them to the scene of
Forth, on the coast of Wexford, and became hostilities, is a curious commentary upon Mr. Marcy's
Protestants during the period of the Reforma-
terrible letters to Lord Palmerston. From the high
tion. James Godkin, the father, driven from
moral tone assumed by the United States government
in its correspondence upon the Crampton affair, one can
his Presbyterian pulpit because of his vigorous hardly be got to believe that Walker's agents have had
“ Repeal Essays " in support of the Young Ire- recruiting offices open in all the seaports, with flags
land movement in 1848, served later as editor
flying from the windows with offers inscribed upon
of the Londonderry “ Standard” and after-
them of a free passage to, and free farms in, Nicaragua,
for more than a year past.”
wards of the Dublin “ Daily Express," acting
also as Irish correspondent of the London
Doubtless then as later, when Mr. Godkin had
“ Times,” and was naturally an untiring advo-
become a naturalized citizen of the country he
cate of Home Rule for Ireland to the end. No
had loved long before he had ever seen it, many
theorist could have devised a better parentage
readers saw in this only a foreigner virulently
for the production of just such a keenly intel-
assailing “ American institutions.
The major-
lectual and vigorous fighter for reform causes
ity of us have not yet reached the point where
as Edwin Godkin proved to be.
we can appreciate and adopt the higher patriot-
The “singular powers of expression " com-
ism which, like wise and benevolent surgery,
memorated by Mr. Bryce in the felicitous in-
will build for a more healthful future by fear-
scription composed for his tombstone, together lessly cutting and cauterizing where cancerous
with his keen perception of what was worth growth or poison has entered. A social or
expressing, were sufficiently developed at the political abuse was to him simply a disease, to
of twenty-two to warrant the London “ Daily
age
be fought as relentlessly as a physical disease in
News” in sending him to the East as its cor-
one of his own family, and the untiring energy
respondent during the Crimean War. From
of the fight was as surely the mark and measure
of his love in the one case as in the other.
this service Mr. Ogden dates one of the most
firmly rooted of his later mental and moral The keen disappointment which Mr. Godkin
characteristics : “Indelible impressions were
felt in the closing years of his life, when he
gained — chief of them, hatred of war. He had
saw the United States, and then England, each
seen its horrors naked.” We thank Mr. Ogden
engaged in a war which seemed to him easily
for the expression. Some day the time will
avoidable and fraught with the gravest danger
come when we shall allow a writer with the eye
to fundamental principles of English and Amer-
of a Godkin to strip the rags of mock patriotism,
ican liberty, was closely akin to the bitter sorrow
mock modesty, and a good many other mock-
of which Mr. Ogden, with delicate sympathy,
has given us a glimpse on the occasion of his loss
• THE LIFE OF EDWIN LAWRENCE GODKIN. By Rollo Ogden.
In two volumes. New York: The Macmillan Co.
of a little daughter and later of his wife.


1907.)
217
THE DIAL
It was this passionate love for free institutions, comes to us above the level of possible error of
quickened by keen perception of the abuses by judgment, then we shall never have him in this
which they were endangered in the one land world at all. This much may be said, however,
where they seemed otherwise to have the best that when it would have been worth millions to
chance of full development, that led Mr. Godkin malign interests to break down his reputation
into the movement for establishing The Nation" before the American people, no enemy ever
in 1865. Readers of THE DIAL do not need a found it possible to lodge one base or unmanly
detailed support of the statement that he made act or motive at his door. It was this high
of this modest looking periodical, never of large idealism, inexpugnable integrity, and unsullied
circulation, a power for political regeneration purity of motive, that drew and held for his
before which more wrongdoers have trembled paper so many readers who always felt it nec-
than before
any other single factor in the whole essary to add to their letters of praise for some
history of American political journalism. The particular service to any good cause the state-
rescue of the government service from the ment that they often felt obliged to disagree
corruption which the Civil War had found bad with him. Doubtless approval thus qualified
enough, and left still worse, naturally appealed always struck him as the best possible proof
to him as fundamental to all desirable lines of that he was succeeding in his fundamental pur-
improvement. It was truly a cry in the wilder- pose, that of stimulating really vigorous thought
ness when he began.
on social and political problems in the minds of
For the class of critics who
“It was, to most people, a strange European whimsey. intelligent men.
I remember being invited to a breakfast in Washington, would echo the gibe of some exposed rascal that
given by Mr. Henry Adams, who was then one of us, his only dissatisfaction with himself was "the
to bring together a few friends of the reform and some fact that his name had one too many syllables
Congressmen. To me fell the task of explaining to a
he could feel nothing but amused contempt.
United States Senator what we aimed at. He knew
nothing of Civil Service Reform except the name, and
His weapons were reserved for foes of more
that it was something Prussian.' He listened with significance.
politeness to my exposition of its, merits, but it was
The cry of “pessimism” was often raised
evident to me that he considered me an estimable hum-
against him, a word which in recent times has
bug or visionary.”
run a neck-and-neck competition with "patriot-
It was not long that any beneficiary of entrenched
ism ” as “the last refuge of scoundrels. The
political abuses was able to regard the writer of clearness of vision which can distinguish evil
the editorials in “ The Nation" as a visionary from good, the firm belief in the human possi-
on the side of attack, at least, though many bility of intellectual and moral progress, the
doubtless persuaded themselves that he was vivid hope that such progress would follow
deficient on the constructive side. Even people intelligent effort, the readiness to put his life
who ought to know better are sometimes hood- enthusiastically into such effort,—these were the
winked into the belief that you have no right elements of the “ pessimism ” of Edwin Law-
to burn the tents of political pirates, squatting rence Godkin; and when really intelligent peo-
government preserves,
until
you
have
ple come to reject this for a style of “ optimism
some essentially similar structure ready to put which could see existing evils with the clear eye
in their place. The subsequent history of the of a Godkin and still be “at ease in Zion,” then
Civil Service movement is clear enough evidence, the time for a real pessimism will indeed have
even if other were lacking, that when Mr. God-
That the conditions growing out of the
kin felt it his part to take up the work of con- Spanish and Boer wars saddened his declining
struction his ideas always had live roots in the years is of course known to all ; but it was no
solid ground of experience and common sense. sadness of final despair, as is well shown by an
We cannot take space to follow him through extract from a letter written from England to
the various conflicts into which loyalty to prin- Wendell P. Garrison, within less than six
ciple and unbounded energy led him, first in months of his death. “Some day I believe civil
the columns of “The Nation," and from 1881 service reform will have become as obvious in
in the “ Evening Post.” Of course he met America as it is here ; anything else is unthink-
opposition at many points from thoroughly repu able. The anti-slavery fight seemed even more
table and disinterested sources. It is not nec hopeless, yet it was won, and now people won-
essary to argue that this opposition was never der that there ever was any fight at all.” And
well taken. If we are to recognize no truly it was that other arch“ pessimist,” Professor
great, high-minded, and loyal leader until he Norton, who wrote to Mr. Godkin only two
on the
come.


218
[April 1,
THE DIAL
-
Each one
years earlier,
66 when the work of this cen in his philosophy. Out of a maze of conflicting
tury is summed up, what you have done for the
have done for the ideas the true concept has gradually emerged.
good old cause of civilization, the cause which As to what is the right point of view, there is
is always defeated, but always after defeat now little difference of opinion among the writers
taking more advanced position thun before, and critics who are conceded to belong to the
what
you
have done for this cause will count first rank.
for much.”
Nevertheless, there is no royal road by which
To Mr. Godkin's strenuous warfare against this point of view may be attained.
injustice and wrong-doing, Professor A. V. must traverse anew the many complex and puz-
Dicey added as his second pronounced char- zling problems that beset the path leading to
acteristic “ his extraordinary kindness to his the heights from whence is unembarrassed vis-
friends.” Mr. Ogden's records of this kindness ion, and many there are that get halted by the
make the most delightful reading. Among wayside.
Among wayside. The man who starts with the firm
those friends were Bryce and Dicey and Leslie belief that the vital thing in art is the spiritual
Stephen, Lowell and Curtis, Professor Norton content, as distinguished from the manner and
and his accomplished sisters, Gilman and Eliot quality of its presentation, seldom gets much
and Andrew D. White, and a host of others further; though the difference between his out-
whose names are of the very cream of moral and look and that of the artist and connoisseur may
intellectual worth on both sides of the ocean. ever remain to him an inscrutable mystery.
Nothing could be finer than his respect and For those who hold this opinion, Miss Elisa-
affection for his colleague, the late Wendell P. beth Luther Cary's exceedingly interesting study
Garrison, whose inestimable services to “ The of the works of James McNeill Whistler offers
Nation ” were noticed editorially in THE DIAL much food for thought. And they, as well as
of March 16.
those who do not need its lesson, should be able
The work of Mr. Ogden on these volumes has to find in it much pleasant mental refreshment.
been admirably done. With an editorial self As a piece of critical writing, it is eminently
suppression which finds its best parallel in the sound and true to right principles. In dealing
work of Professor Norton, he has given us Mr. with an art as refined in conception and execu-
Godkin's story from Mr. Godkin's own pen, tion as that of Mr. Whistler, — so exclusive,
supplying only the connecting links without one might say, it is needful to have clear
which that story could not be fully understood. understanding and fine discrimination. These
If on every educated American's most accessible qualities characterize Miss Cary's book in a high
shelves it could have its fitting place alongside degree. Within the brief space of eight short
Curtis's “ Addresses and Orations,” the Let- chapters the master's achievements in the several
ters of James Russell Lowell,” the Life of media in which he worked are surveyed and
William Lloyd Garrison" by his sons, and analyzed with rare insight, and the whole aspect
Bryce's “ American Commonwealth," there and trend of his art are set forth.
would be little ground for pessimism as to the The estimate that places Mr. Whistler among
future of Democracy in America.
the foremost of modern artists, and even counts
W. H. JOHNSON. him the greatest of these, is difficult for the
general public to understand. He did not paint
for “the man in the street.” Nor, indeed, did
THE ART OF WHISTLER.*
he paint for the connoisseurs and critics, but for
Art-criticism of the higher order that rests
the pure delight he found in creating beautiful
things. No artist was ever less influenced in
upon the firm basis of a sound, consistent, and
his work by what others thought or felt about
comprehensive fundamental metaphysic has
it. For anecdotal art he had unbounded con-
made great strides in the years since the Pre-
Raphaelite Brotherhood, preaching their doc-
tempt. As an elaborate binding upon a book
trine of “ sincerity,” made impassioned protest
that is not read usurps the first place in the
eyes of the observer, so does a story introduced
against pseudo-classicism, and John Ruskin woke
into a picture. More than that, in telling the
up the critics and art lovers of his day by his
trenchant sentences and by the captivating rhet-
story the artist is apt to leave out his art.
Whistler would have none of it. As a story-
oric that still, for many, conceals the defects
teller he had a marked gift, but he was too much
of an artist to tell his stories with brush or
Elisabeth Luther Cary. With a tentative list of the artist's
works. Illustrated. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co.
pencil.
.
*THE WORKS OF JAMES MCNEILL WHISTLER. A Study. By


1907.)
219
THE DIAL
This statement does not imply that his art, sky, the smoke irradiated against it and cooling and
as has been alleged, deals solely with externals graying in color as it rises, the yellowish gray fore-
ground make a pattern of line and color lovely in itself,
and is lacking in expressive and “human
that would still be lovely if the orange and yellow of
qualities. How full of these it really is, Miss the fireworks were stains of blood and carnage, if the
Cary easily demonstrates. She points out that smoke rose from a battle-ground, if the dark hulks of
what Mr. Whistler was concerned with was not the trees were heaps of slain. The beauty is absolutely
cheap realism, which he scorned, but quintes independent of the subject, and the sentiment of the
sential truth — the very soul and poetry of propriety of this sentiment in works of art is what
scene is strictly the pictorial sentiment. The exclusive
things seen. It is this that gives vitality to Whistler strove to impress upon his hearers in his • Ten
almost everything he did. One may contem O'Clock,' and what Ruskin was instinctively combatting
plate his brushwork with the greatest satisfac-
when he called the Nocturne in Black and Gold' a
tion ; linger with delight over the skilful use of
pot of paint flung in the public's face.''
line in his etchings; gaze with rapture upon his
The half-tone illustrations of the pictures
marvellous touch with pastel, by which he suc-
described in these extracts serve chiefly to em-
ceeded in realizing something of the ineffable phasize the reasonableness of Whistler's objec-
dipped quality ” — to use his own phrase — tion to all reproductions of his works. The most
that is so precious in the glaze of certain choice that can be said of the thirty illustrations in
pieces of Japanese pottery. Yet it is not the the book is that they add something to its use-
masterly technique that makes the deepest im- fulness. More than half of the volume is taken
pression. Technique with Whistler was always up by lists of Whistler's paintings, drawings,
a means to an end, and never a thing to be lithographs, and etchings, which should prove
exploited for its own sake. He took infinite serviceable for reference. These lists have been
pains to conceal all traces of laborious effort. compiled principally from Exhibition catalogues.
What he did care greatly for was the planning The retention of the phrase “ lent by” as an
of the spaces and accents, the arrangement of indication of present ownership seems a little
lights and darks, the harmonious combination out of place. This, however, and a few slips in
and interplay of color, the subtle discrimination proof-reading, are blemishes so slight as hardly
in the tone values, — all the elements, that is, to be worth mentioning. In its outward ap-
of composition. These things, it should per- pearance the book shows unusual taste. The
haps be said, are not a part of technique. They deep cream-colored paper is perhaps a little too
belong to conception, not to execution.
thick and makes the volume needlessly heavy ;
The sure feeling with which Miss Cary has
but the combination of color in paper and bind-
penetrated the message of Whistler's art is well ing is a delight to the eye.
shown in the following descriptions of two of The aptness of Miss Cary's phraseology is .
his works owned in New York:
deserving of more than casual comment. Ex-
“One of Mr. Mansfield's drawings represents a
ception must, however, be taken to one expres-
woman of great nobility of form, whose classic drapery sion, because it denotes an erroneous use of a
does not disguise her classic proportions, and who stands word that is very common. In speaking of
leaning with one arm resting on a shelf or ledge. The
effect is rendered by the slightest means, but the dispo-
Whistler's etchings she says he felt “ the charm
sition of the weight, the swell of the arm supporting
and value of spontaneity of effect and a deco-
the body, the relaxation of the other arm, the capacity rative plan." It is evident that what is meant
of the whole strong buoyant figure to move with energy by " a decorative plan " is a carefully balanced
and lightness, are perfectly felt. These are the facts
space composition. The use of the word “deco-
essential to our enjoyment, and they are not obscured
by any irrelevances. They keep alive the spirit in which
rative” to describe it is inaccurate. A thing
ancient art realized the nude by the consistent rejec-
cannot be decorative unless its purpose or use
tion of all but its life-enhancing and ästhetic attributes. is to decorate some other thing.
They touch idealism on the side of this rejection, but In contrast to this verbal slip, the words with
they have all that is artistically important in the real.”
which the author ends her chapter “On
Of the famous "Nocturne in Black and Gold:
Whistler's Theory of Art” may be quoted.
The Falling Rocket,” now owned by Mrs.
“One more impression of his quality may be added
Samuel Untermyer, she says:
to this incomplete notation, not for its special but for
“A concentrated blaze of light fills the scene with its general importance. He has been described truth-
splendor and there is a double line of rising and falling fully as the apostle of good taste, with a minifying
fire. Here again is the reproduction of a beautiful inflection suggested in the phrase. But good taste no
visual image by the abstract means familiar in Japanese longer is a negligible quantity in any practice of life. It
art and only recently familiar in Western art. The involves particularly a sense of the appropriate which
dark masses of blackish gray foliage, the dusky blue is not the grammar but the style of poetry. It implies


220
[April 1,
THE DIAL
sacrifices and restraints worthy of a passionate dedica who is competent to express an opinion would
tion, and so far as passion is felt in Whistler's art, it is deny the correctness of these positions. The great
felt as the passion of a decorum known to the modern
as to the ancient in its highest function. Dulce et
objection made to this standard is that it is a
decorum est not only to die for one's country, but to live
counsel of perfection, and that an attempt to
for one's ideal. This with singleness of mind he did.” apply it will empty the house and the manager's
FREDERICK W. GOOKIN. pocket alike. But Mr. Lee makes it quite clear,
from the testimony of Phelps, that Shakespeare
presented in this manner can be made to “ pay,
and he makes it equally clear, from the expe-
SHAKESPEARE AND THE MODERN STAGE.*
rience of Charles Kean and Sir Henry Irving,
Mr. Sidney Lee, a man whose utterances on
that the current method is sometimes ruinous
Shakespeare always merit attention, has brought from a business as well as an artistic point of
together an exceedingly interesting series of view.
papers contributed by him to various periodi It was a happy thought of Mr. Lee's to write
cals, in a volume entitled “Shakespeare and the a paper on “ Pepys and Shakespeare,” and this,
Modern Stage.” The
The papers differ, of course, no doubt, many readers will find the most amus-
in value, the last five being of less interest and ing thing in the volume,
ing thing in the volume, – amusing not only
importance than the others. It is indeed not because of Pepys's moral scruples as to play-
a little remarkable that so interesting a subject going, but also because of the vagaries of his
as Shakespeare's Philosophy, should have been dramatic taste. Over and over he determined
treated in so sketchy and inadequate a fashion. to go to the theatre no more, or at any rate to
The perfectly sound principle adopted by Mr. limit the frequency of his visits; but the tempta-
Lee, that ideas recurring frequently, though not tion was too strong. He resorted to sophis-
always appropriately, on the lips of Shake- tries to justify himself,
tries to justify himself, — as when he held him-
speare's characters may be safely accepted as
self excused for going to Drury Lane “ because
Shakespeare's own, should be carried much fur- it was not built when his vow was framed,” and
ther than he has chosen to carry it. It seems,
when he congratulated himself that his vow had
for instance, to lead inevitably to a stronger been kept because, though he went to the Duke
conviction of Shakespeare's fundamental fatal-
of York's House, he was unable to get places.
ism than Mr. Lee appears to hold.
But he probably imposed upon himself the
But the first six papers of the volume, though strongest pressure of which his thrifty soul was
brief, are of considerable importance, and form capable when he vowed to give ten pounds to
a group by themselves ; for with one exception the poor if he went to the theatre oftener than
they deal more or less directly with the staging
once in a fortnight. “ This, I hope in God will
of Shakespeare's plays. The first of them, bind me,” he said. “A Midsummer Night's
which appropriately gives a title to the book, Dream” he found“ insipid and ridiculous,"
is a sane and practical plea for emphasis upon “ Twelfth Night” “ silly” and “ weak," "Romeo
stage essentials — adequate scenery, trained
and Juliet “ the worst that ever I heard,” and
actors, and a varied repertory. The modern
The modern “ Othello,” when compared with Tuke's “ Ad-
stage, on the contrary, seems to be largely com-
ventures of Five Hours," " a mean thing." His
mitted to tendencies that are the direct opposite refusing his bookseller's offer of a copy of the
of these, — to an elaboration of accessories that First Folio and his choice of Fuller's “Worthies"
forbids the exercise of the imagination ; to the
and Butler's “ Hudibras " instead, are explica-
sacrifice of the play to the leading actor, and ble enough when we remember Pope's failure,
the consequent disaster to the training of the many years later, to appreciate the value of the
rest of the company; and to the system of long Folio.
Folio. Pepys lived at a critical time in the his-
runs of single plays, which is necessitated by tory of the Shakespearean stage, and his diary
the elaborate staging, but is quite certain to is therefore of great interest to students of
produce monotonous and wooden acting. In dramatic history. On the third of January,
this connection, Mr. Lee pays a high and de- 1661, he first saw women's parts acted by
served tribute to the aims and achievements of women. It was during his career as a play-
Mr. F. S. Benson. The chief value of this goer that elaborate scenery and costumes be-
paper, however, does not reside in its ideal stand came a regular feature of dramatic performances;
ard for Shakespearean productions. No one
the mechanical and spectacular devices used in
the production of “The Tempest” that he wit-
* SHAKESPEARE AND THE MODERN STAGE, and Other Essays.
nessed would do credit to Mr. Tree himself.
By Sidney Lee. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.


1907.]
221
THE DIAL
... nor
was the
The theatre of the Restoration retained, how belief in the universality of his knowledge and
ever, the immense advantage of a stage extend a trust in the correctness of his ideals. The
ing far out into the house, from which, as Colley editors of that monumental work now appear-
Cibber wrote, “ the most distant ear had scarce ing, the “ Cambridge Modern History,” asserted
the least doubt or difficulty in hearing what fell in the preface to their first volume that they
from the weakest utterance,
were striving to follow the plans outlined by
minutest motion of a feature, properly chang- Lord Acton, who was to have been the editor-
ing with the passion or humor it suited, ever in-chief of the undertaking. Historical essayists,
lost ... in the obscurity of too great a distance” as well as the authors of more ambitious his-
(p. 90). Pepys's attitude, after all, is really torical productions, have confessed themselves
that of the average British and American play- | inspired by the teachings of one whom they re-
goer, who, " if he were gifted with the diarist's garded almost as a master. And yet Lord
frankness, ... would echo the diarist's condem- Acton himself was not a producer, and has
nation of Shakespeare in his poetic purity, of nowhere stated definitely and at length his ideals
Shakespeare as the mere interpreter of human of historical study and historical writing. It is
nature, of Shakespeare without flying machines, partly with the purpose of emphasizing and ex-
of Shakespeare without song and dance; he plaining these ideals, partly to expand beyond
would characterize undiluted Shakespearean the circle of personal acquaintance a true knowl-
drama as a mean thing,' or the most tedious edge of Lord ·Acton's great qualities, that two
entertainment that ever he was at in his
at in his volumes have recently appeared from the pens
life” (p. 110).
of close friends and admirers.
The last paper in the volume bearing directly The first of these, by Abbot Gasquet, is
upon the modern production of Shakespeare is wholly taken up with the letters of Lord Acton
that on “ The Municipal Theatre," in which Mr. to his fellow editors of “The Rambler," and
Lee
urges
the success of the Vienna Volks later of the “ Home and Foreign Review."
Theater as an example to London, and pleads Acton became part proprietor and one of the
for this public recognition of the stage as an editors of “ The Rambler” in 1858, and after
important instrument of popular education. In the discontinuance of that magazine engaged
this connection, Phelps's words may well be himself, together with several of his colleagues,
borne in mind : “ I maintain from the experience in the organization of the short-lived “ Home
of eighteen years, that the perpetual iteration and Foreign Review." Both of these were
of Shakespeare's words, if nothing more, going Catholic publications, and by far the greater
on daily for so many months of the year, must part of the letters in Abbot Gasquet's volume
and would produce a great effect upon the public have to do with questions of policy and attitude
mind” (p. 120).
relating to parties and controversies within the
These are but a few of the many points of
Roman Catholic body. The editor himself re-
interest and value in this collection of papers, marks that many of the points involved were,
which will prove a boon to every student of even at the time, understood by none but edu-
Shakespeare. CHARLES H. A. WAGER.
cated Catholics, and that most of them have
since almost dropped from memory. It follows
that Lord Acton's letters in this volume are in
LORD ACTON'S IDEALS OF HISTORY.*
general quite beyond the understanding or ap-
It is a remarkable fact that much of the his- preciation of the non-Catholic reader of to-day.
Yet even such blind reading cannot fail to
torical writing emanating from England within
impress one with the truth of the claim for
the last five years professes to draw its inspira- Lord Acton of a universality of knowledge. His
tion from the teachings and precepts of the late
interests were never insular
Lord Acton. . His brief six years' tenure of exhibited a thorough British patriotism
though he always
but
the position of Regius Professor of Modern
extended to all modern lands; whenever during
History at Cambridge resulted in a deep-seated his frequent sojourns upon the continent he
wrote of contemporary political conditions, his
York: Longmans, Green & Co.
criticisms showed keenness of immediate per-
Edited by John Neville Figgis and Reginald Vere Laurence.
ception as well as thoroughness of historical
THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY. Planned by the late Lord knowledge.
Acton. Edited by A. W. Ward, G. W. Prothero, and Stanley But such letters are infrequent in the present
Leathes. Vol. IV., The Thirty Years' War.
volume, and were it not for a careful historical
• LORD ACTON AND HIS CIRCLE.
By Abbot Gasquet. New
LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY. By the late Lord Acton,
New York: The Macmillan Co.
New York: The
Macmillan Co.


222
[April 1,
THE DIAL
preface one might easily miss the point of Lord in which an unsuccessful effort was made to
Acton's attitude as editor of a Catholic maga- keep away from controversial topics. Neither
zine. That attitude reveals at least one of Lord of these publications was suspended, says Abbot
Acton's ideals in historical study, — namely, a Gasquet in contradiction of ordinary historical
devotion to absolute and accurate historical accounts, because of direct intervention from
truth. He was a devout Catholic, but he was Rome, but rather because Lord Acton and his
equally devout in his love of truth, and was friends yielded to the conviction that such con-
never willing to let his loyalty to the Church troversies tended to over-emphasize what were,
relax in the slightest degree the rigor of any after all, unessential differences within the
historical presentation of previous Church con- Church. They yielded their active assertion
ditions or persons.
Abbot Gasquet brings this of opinions by publication, but retained the
out very clearly in his preface, and quotes an opinions. And Abbot Gasquet asserts also that
article in “ The Rambler,” not written by Lord to-day the criticisms and opinions of the Catho-
Acton, but perfectly representing his principles. lic circle, as he likes to call it, would meet with
“We [Catholics] have to encounter the belief that no opposition from the authorities of the Church.
we are not only crafty and false, but actually afraid of But the preface to the volume of Lord Acton's
the truth's being known. This belief has to be van-
“Lectures on Modern History” gives a different
quished, not by an angry denial of its justice, not by impression of the results of this controversy
taunts, not by bragadocio, but by proving our courage
by our acts. It is useless to proclaim that history and
for here it is stated that Lord Acton, wearied
science are in harmony with our religion, unless we and unsuccessful in the contest, welcomed the
show that we think so by being ourselves foremost in quiet promised by his appointment to Cambridge,
telling the whole truth about the Church and about her
and in the almost passionate devotion he exhib-
enemies."
ited for the concrete truths of history evidenced
The policy maintained by “ The Rambler'
the bitterness remaining from the struggle
had the quiet support of Cardinal Newman and through which he had passed. The lectures here
of
many of the most thoughtful Catholics in printed include the Inaugural lecture of 1895,
England ; but it was attacked with vigor by a
and nineteen lectures covering the period from
faction really, though not avowedly, directed by the Renaissance to the American Revolution,
Cardinal Wiseman, and the originality and dar-
delivered in the academical years from 1899 to
ing of “ The Rambler” made it an object of
1901. According to the editors of this volume,
nervous distrust to the general and more con-
much of Lord Acton's influence arose from the
servative Catholic body." The Rambler” and
“ The Rambler” and enthusiasm for his subject manifested by the
the “ Dublin Review were far apart in their lecturer, so that when placed in cold type the
treatment of Church history. Abbot Gasquet lectures may seem inadequate in comparison with
writes:
Lord Acton's reputation. It is certainly true
“ In historical matters, the policy of "The Dublin' that a first impression derived from a rapid
appears to have been to avoid, as far as possible, facing reading is that the lectures contain little that
unpleasant facts in the past, and to explain away,
could not directly deny, the existence of blots' in the
could not be found in any ordinary brief history
ecclesiastical annals of the older centuries. • The of the period. But as one reads more carefully
Rambler,' on the other hand, held the view that the he realizes that every statement of fact, every
Church had nothing to lose and much to gain by meet-
idea expressed, has been carefully selected, or
ing facts as they were. And acting up to this, it did
not hesitate to discuss the conduct of the Popes of the thoroughly weighed ; that the simple language
Renaissance and the characters of canonized saints, etc., used is purposely chosen in order that no con-
with entire freedom, on the ground that no supreme fusion may arise ; that the few facts cited and
office nor assumed sanctity was an a priori proof of illustrations given, from the multitude that
impeccability, and that it should not shield the one class
or the other from legitimate criticism. It taunted all might have been employed, are the exact ones
those who would attempt, for example, the rehabilitation
best suited to the lecturer's purpose ; and above
of bad popes, and would desire that all should shut all, that there runs through each lecture an
their eyes to the unpleasant facts of Church history, as ideal of the progressive development of modern
being plain whitewashers.
history so delicately stated as to be wholly unob-
Many attempts were made to smooth over the trusive, yet so clearly conveyed as to be per-
difficulties arising from these two diverse points fectly unmistakable. It is easy to assert the
of view, but in the end the situation became an unity of the history of modern states, or to phi-
impossible one, and “ The Rambler ” suspended losophize upon it and choose isolated illustra-
publication, as did its successor, “ The Home tions by way of proof; but the highest form of
and Foreign Review,” after a brief existence art in historical writing is that which narrates


1907.).
223
THE DIAL
events without specifying directly the ideals it before us in their turn, and we have to describe the
is sought to convey, and yet does emphatically ruling currents, to interpret the sovereign forces, that
convey such ideals to the reader. Of this form,
still govern and divide the world.”
Lord Acton's lectures are all excellent illustra-
“ By Universal History I understand that which is
distinct from the combined history of all countries,
tions ; while that on Luther
may
well stand as which is not a rope of sand, but a continuous develop-
an almost perfect example.
ment, and is not a burden on the memory, but an illum-
In his Inaugural lecture, Lord Acton used a
ination of the soul. It moves in a succession to which
more direct form ; and here he stated quite
the nations are subsidiary. Their story will be told,
not for their own sake, but in reference and in subor-
clearly his ideals of the real purpose of histor dination to a higher series, according to the time and
ical study. He told the contributors to the degree in which they contribute to the common fortunes
Modern History series which he had planned,
of mankind."
that "the recent past contains the key to the The second paragraph of the preceding quota
present time"; and in the Inaugural, delivered tion is given, with some slight changes in word-
some years earlier, he emphasized the usefulness ing, by the present editors of the Modern His
of history in freeing the mind from “illusions tory series in their Inaugural preface; but it is
or unsifted prejudices." “ Its study fulfils its exactly in the purpose here indicated that the
purpose, even if it only makes us wiser, without later volumes have more and more departed
producing books, and gives us the gift of his from Lord Acton's ideals. It is true also that
torical thinking, which is better than historical the original plan of having each chapter written
learning.” And again he said :
by the best qualified specialist has not been fol-
“For our purpose, the main thing to learn is not the lowed. In the present volume on the Thirty
art of accumulating material, but the sublimer art of Years War, for example, twelve of the twenty-
investigating it, of discerning truth from falsehood and
seven chapters are contributed by the editors
certainty from doubt. It is by solidity of criticism, more
than by the plenitude of erudition, that the study of his-
themselves. It may well have been discovered,
tory strengthens and straightens and extends the mind.” however, that it was impossible to secure the
These were his beliefs as to the purposes of his-
one recognized specialist supposedly available
torical study, asserting its practical character
for each minute period and topic, and certainly
and emphasizing the love of truth for truth's no just criticism can be directed against either
sake; but in treating of historical writing he
the matter or the method of Mr. A. W. Ward's
elucidates that which was the great character- six chapters in the present volume. But when
istic of his own lectures - the unity of modern
Lord Acton's main purpose is considered, —
history, and that a constant "progress in the
the purpose of leaving on the mind of the reader
direction of organized and assured freedom is its
an indelible impression of the continuous de-
characteristic fact and its tribute to the theory velopment of modern history, — it cannot but
of Providence."
be acknowledged that no single author in this
In fact, the two ideals that dominated Lord volume has succeeded in conveying such ideas
Acton's plan for the “ Cambridge Modern
as Lord Acton himself has conveyed them in
History” were, the study of historical condi-
his lectures. Compare, for example, Lord
tions that the present time might be rightly Acton's lecture on Richelieu with Mr. Stanley
interpreted, and a conception of history based
Leathe's chapter on the same character. Lord
on the thought of universal progress. These
Acton first guards his hearers against an over-
ideals were to be made manifest by the pens of estimation of Richelieu's abilities by stating
men who were masters of the particular epochs his “ low-water mark”; he then analyzes what
of which they wrote. In the preface to their
Richelieu really accomplished, and this analysis,
first volume, the present editors of the series accompanied by pertinent illustrations, renders
state that they “have adhered scrupulously to
the final dictum convincing. Mr. Leathes gives
the spirit of his [Acton's] design. But the pages of exact and careful detail in relation to
editors of Lord Acton's Lectures evidently do
Richelieu's acts and policy, gradually building
not agree that these ideals have been strictly a feeling of the greatness of his supposed hero ;
followed, and, although not offering any criti- then, in a few pages of adverse criticism, he
cism, have published as an Appendix Lord destroys the figure he has created. In fact, his
Acton's original letter to the contributors out-
criticism is not really criticism, but rather
lining his purpose. In this the most striking merely a bald denial of the merits usually
paragraphs are the following:
credited to Richelieu, and reads much like a
“ The recent Past contains the key to the present
condensation of Avenel's dicta. Lord Acton
time. All forms of thought that influence it come presents Richelieu as but the tool of his time,


224
[April 1
THE DIAL
the personification in France of the ripening composer found or made its way toward utter-
age of political absolutism; his acts and policy, ance through the possibilities of the modern
as in the toleration he showed to Protestants, orchestra. The six composers chosen by Mr.
indicative of a change in world policy, when Mason to illustrate this movement are Schubert,
France, in this period, was a leader. In short, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Berlioz, and
Lord Acton depicts Richelieu as an evidence of Liszt. To the study of these widely varying
progressive development in modern history. All natures Mr. Mason brings acute musical percep-
this Mr. Leathes does not see, or at least does tion, a sure grasp of his thesis, and an intelligent
not state even by implication ; with the result. sympathy which never weakens into partisan-
that his detailed accuracy fails utterly to give ship. He has no love for the advanced realism
to Richelieu a distinct place or purpose in his- of to-day, but frankly confesses that his attacks
tory. Thus the genius and the art of Lord on it will probably find few assenting voices.
Acton in conveying ideas while strictly adher- His views are set forth in clear and vigorous
ing to historical truth are wholly lacking in English, and with a self-respecting reserve as
this, and in by far the greater number of spe- far as possible from the gush which makes so
cialized chapters in the “ Cambridge Modern many easily-written books on music such terribly
History."
hard reading. Of the various essays, the one
It may be that the ideal of Lord Acton of a on Schumann seems to have been written from
new history that should present "a continuous most intimate knowledge and sympathy, and
development ... not a burden on the memory, will probably be read with most satisfaction.
but an illumination of the soul,” has been found | Mr. Mason admits the justice, from a technical
impossible of realization by the present editors ; | point of view, of Weingartner's criticism of the
or perhaps they are among those historians who Schumann symphonies as “composed for the
would deny that such an ideal is compatible with pianoforte and arranged for the orchestra "; but
a truthful and accurate narration of historical urges the intrinsic tonal beauty of the themes
events. It is not here
necessary
to repeat what as a compensating merit.
The two papers on
has previously been stated of earlier volumes of Mendelssohn and Berlioz are fine characteriza-
this series, that it still remains a wonderful com-' tions of two careers whose mutual contrast is
pendium of historical knowledge, to be trusted well-nigh antipodal. On the whole, Mr. Mason
in details, and containing many unusual aids for has given us a delightful book, well worth the
the student and the investigator. Yet its claim attention of both amateur and professional.
to a wholly original method is not well founded, The “Mastersingers ” of Mr. Filson Young
for other works of a similar character have been is a republication, with some additions, of a
equally devoted to accurate historical mono-
series of essays on musical subjects which ap-
graphs written by specialists, while Lord Acton's peared several years ago and which has there-
conception,—the conception of a modern history fore won something more than ephemeral recog-
that should move " in a succession to which the nition in England and America. As the work
nations are subsidiary,” and should be “ not a of so youthful a writer (Mr. Young tells us that
burden on the
memory, but an illumination of he was only nineteen when most of them were
the soul,”—has, either intentionally or by lack published), these papers display a remarkable
of ability to evolve it, been wholly set aside. maturity of thought and even world wisdom;
E. D. ADAMS.
and the fervid intensity of many passages is
intelligible and excusable. Some of the essays
are“ programme ” interpretations of great sym-
THREE BOOKS ON MUSICIANS AND MUSIC.* phonies like Beethoven's Pastoral and Tschai-
In a well-made volume called “ The Romantic kowsky's Pathetic ; “ Tristan and Isolde” is a
Composers,” Mr. Daniel Gregory Mason has
more objective description of Wagner's great
drama of love and death; and “The Spirit of
gathered a number of essays covering the period
the Piano” is a very just appreciation of
of musical history in which devotion to form
was rapidly modified by the insistence on the Chopin's genius. Mr. Young's essay on Hector
personal message, and the lyrical emotion of the
Berlioz may profitably be compared with that
of Mr. Mason mentioned above; and in The
Music of the Cafés we have a brief but telling
MASTERSINGERS. By Filson Young. Philadelphia: The J. B. sketch of the most innocent feature in the strange
Lippincott Co.
half-world of Paris.
THE MUSIC OF TO-MORROW. By Lawrence Gilman. New
York: John Lane Co.
Mr. Lawrence Gilman has for some years
* THE ROMANTIC COMPOSERS. By Daniel Gregory Mason.
New York: The Macmillan Co.


1907.]
225
THE DIAL
;
sources.
romance
been saying good things about music to the mediate perceptions, and is revealed only to the
readers of American periodicals. Some of his clarified vision that can pierce the grossness of the
articles have been carefully revised and pub- sensual mists that envelope our daily lives. This
lished in book form under the title of “ The ideal is embodied for Mrs. Harrison (as is well
Music of To-morrow.” It would seem that known) in the Catholic church, and her book is
essentially the narrative of a new pilgrim's progress
Wagner is of yesterday, Strauss of to-day; and
toward that shining distant goal. Her pilgrim is of
for to-morrow we are to attain unto the under-
mingled Irish and Spanish blood, whose life has
standing of such composers as Vincent d'Indy, been shaped by circumstance into the conventional
Claude de Bussey, and Charles Martin Loeffler. | English mould. For upwards of fifty years he has
This position is maintained by Mr. Gilman with led a prosaic existence of mechanical routine as a
a persuasive rhetoric that will appeal most clerk in a banking house. He has certain marks
strongly to those who have studied the works of of distinction, however, such as the name of
these latest exponents of the divine art. As for Dominic Iglesias and a physiognomy of refined and
Richard Strauss, it is interesting, in view of the
ascetic type — which have always stood as the signs
recent clamor about “Salome,” to note that
of a character too finely individualized to lose its
Mr. Gilman regards him (quoting the epigram
stamp. He has done his daily work with faithful
of Mr. Ernest Newman) as “an enormously
efficiency until the time when we make his acquaint-
clever man who was once a genius."
ance, the critical time which superannuates him
6. Salome
and throws him in bewilderment upon his inner re-
is strongly objected to by Mr. Gilman, not be-
Then romance makes an unheralded en-
cause it is wicked, but because it is weak. The trance into his life
as embodied in
repelling subject is not atoned for by splendid a dazzling creature named Poppy St. John. She
music: “ the score is rich in the familiar is a being of air and fire, a creature of impulses
audacities of Strauss's style, but they are with-
that have been sadly in need of regulation, for lack
out point, without grip,” in short, the contor-
whereof she has gone sadly astray. But she so
tions of the Sibyl without her inspiration, - a
captivates us (as she captivates Dominic) that we
conclusion from which some musicians will be
half forget her frailty in the revelation of the better
inclined to dissent, who think that the score of
possibilities of her nature. What follows upon the
knitting of a relationship between these two is no
“ Salome” shows growth instead of decline, and
vulgar liaison, but the upspringing of long dormant
would place Strauss's nadir at the “Sinfonia higher instincts in both their souls. The rare sym-
Domestica."
JOSIAH RENICK SMITH. pathy which henceforth links their lives in spiritual
union reveals to both the far horizon; the woman
divests her life of unworthiness, and the man makes
RECENT FICTION.*
his peace with the church of his forbears. This is
the essential movement of a narrative that has many
A new book by the author of “Sir Richard minor features of interest - incisive characteriza-
Calmady ” is at hand, and may be reckoned among tion, descriptive charm, and grave beauty of diction.
the more considerable fictional productions of the It reaches an end of chastened pathos with the death
season, although it is far from equalling its remark-
of Dominic, from whom we feel that the friend who
able predecessor. It is called “ The Far Horizon,” lives to mourn his memory has won strength and
a title which symbolizes the quest of the eager spirit purification that will last out her remaining years.
for an ideal which lies beyond the range of our im The Welsh country, with its picturesque scenery,
* THE FAR HORIZON. By Lucas Malet (Mrs. Mary St. Leger its distinctive human type, and its religious emotion-
Harrison). New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
alism, is the setting of Mrs. Steel's new novel. A
A SOVEREIGN REMEDY. By Flora Annie Steel. New York:
Doubleday, Page & Co.
Welsh maiden is the heroine, a maiden so unso-
THE BATTLE OF THE WEAK; or, Gossips Green. By Mrs. Henry phisticated that she is afraid of love when it makes
Dudeney. New York: The G. W. Dillingham Co.
entrance into her life, and rejects the right man to
THE LONELY LADY OF GROSVENER SQUARE. By Mrs. Henry
de la Pasture. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
marry the wrong one lest by yielding to the former's
A MIDSUMMER DAY'S DREAM. By H. B. Marriott Watson. appeal she should find herself loving him too much
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
for her peace of mind. It makes a curiously unreal
THE PRIVATEERS. By H. B. Marriott Watson. New York:
Doubleday, Page & Co.
complication, and ends in a subdued sort of tragedy.
THE AMULET. By Charles Egbert Craddock. New York: The two men, one a poor bank clerk, the other a
The Macmillan Co.
wealthy aristocrat, are thrown together by accident
ROMANCE ISLAND. By Zona Gale. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-
Merrill Co.
in the first chapter, and discover that they bear the
THE TREASURE OF PEYRE GAILLARD. By John Bennett. New same name, although in no way related. This
York: The Century Co.
chance bond of union leads to an intimate associa-
THE PORT OF MISSING MEN. By Meredith Nicholson. Indi.
anapolis: The Bobbs-Merril Co.
tion, which even outlives their rivalry for Aura's
WHEN LOVE SPEAKS. By Will Payne. New York: The Mac hand. The rich man has the nobler soul, and his
millan Co.
THE CHARLATANS. By Bert Leston Taylor. Indianapolis:
poor namesake is poorer in character than in worldly
The Bobbs-Merrill Co.
possessions. But the irony of fate, coupled with the


226
[April 1,
THE DIAL
girl's idiosyncrasy, wins the prize for the unworthy girl, transplanted to the London palace in which a
aspirant, and nothing is left his rival but to die wealthy aunt, long estranged from her kinspeople,
gracefully and poetically in the last chapter. The is lying in her last illness. Death claims its own,
irony of the situation finds expression in the title, and the girl is surprised to learn that her brother
“A Sovereign Remedy,” for in this case his wealth (a soldier in Africa) has been made the legatee of
proves anything but a sovereign remedy for the his aunt's possessions. In her brother's absence she
hero's disease. Mrs. Steel is so wise a woman and so naturally takes charge, and tries to fit herself into
admirable a writer that her work always gives her new conditions. A neighboring Duke, distantly
pleasure of a refined sort, but the present story offers related, helps to smooth away her difficulties, and
only a pale reflection of the power displayed in her romance soon appears upon the scene. Then comes
novels of Indian life.
news of the brother's death in some far-off war, and
Mrs. Henry Dudeney's portrayal of rustic scenes with it the knowledge that he had been secretly
and characters are suggestive of the best work of married, leaving a widow and a child. This throws
George Eliot and Mr. Hardy, and are not unworthy doubt upon her interest in the property, which does
to be compared with those prototypes. This praise, not make a bit of difference to her lover, but greatly
high as it is, seems to us fairly earned by two or agitates his worldly-minded mother. Presently the
three of her books, and by none more fully than by widow, a Frenchwoman, appears upon the scene,
“ The Battle of the Weak.” In this strong and and proves to be a very satisfactory sort of relative.
beautiful narrative, moreover, we find the quality of She insists upon a division of the property, and all
charm, which was somehow lacking in the earlier ends happily. This is a book of manners and sen-
novels, and which was much needed to relieve the timents ; it touches only the surface of life, but
sombreness of their cast. The scene is Gossips it is agreeably written and proves mildly enter-
Green, a village on the Cornish coast; the time is taining.
that of the Napoleonic wars. On a wild night of Mr. H. B. Marriott Watson has recently written
1790, a Frenchwoman is cast ashore from a wrecked two stories for our entertainment, both highly inter-
ship, and lives just long enough to give birth to the esting, although in very different ways. One is." A
child who is the hero of the narrative. A year or Midsummer Day's Dream,” being a fantastic comedy
more later, the union of a retired soldier with a
of an English country house party; the other is
schoolmistress results in the birth of a girl. These “ The Privateers,” being an exciting tale of intrigue,
two, the boy whimsically named Quaker Jay, the adventure, and hairbreadth escape. The first of these
girl baptized as Lucy Bertram, are destined for one books brings us into the company of a pleasant
another in the end, but not until much suffering has group of people who are preparing for an amateur
chastened both their lives. We now pass lightly performance of “A Midsummer Night's Dream.”
over a score of years, and find Quaker a mad, The hero, who makes a belated appearance while
irresponsible youth, the puzzle and scandal of the the rehearsals are in progress, catches a brief glimpse
village, spectacular and vivid in his every act, a of a nymph fleeing through the park, and retains as
strange compound of recklessness and poetical mysti a trophy a shoe that she has shed in her flight. The
cism, resulting from the blending of unrevealed rest of the story tells of his efforts to pick out his
ancestral strains. Meanwhile, Lucy, conventionally Cinderella from the bevy of young women who are
nurtured, becomes the wife of the village physician, members of the house party. His tactics are of
a victim of self-repression, and a creature whose such a nature that the other men of the party, driven
life is measured by rule and precept.
It is a case
to exasperation, wait upon him one morning with a
of tragical mismating, for her every instinct turns categorical demand. They want to know whether
toward Quaker, whose eyes have pursued her with he has designs on all the girls in the house. After
adoring gaze from the time when they first fell being misled by several false clews, he at last dis-
upon her. How she struggles with the surging pas covers the object of his quest, and the consequences
sion, and how it fails to subdue her even upon a are what we have a right to expect. The vein of
critical occasion in which the sentimental novelist light and fanciful comedy in which this story is
would find ample warrant for her yielding, is subtly written makes of it a charming piece of work.
and powerfully set before us. Mrs. Dudeney shows “ The Privateers," on the other hand, is dis-
us how this most delicate of themes may be handled tinctly melodramatic. It is concerned with the
with perfect sincerity, yet without a trace of impure rivalry of two American speculators for the posses-
suggestion. She has written a story of truly wonder sion of a young Englishwoman who, unknown to
ful beauty, commingled with tragic pathos and quaint herself, is the heiress to the controlling interest in a
humor, a book over which the storm cloud of tragedy certain American railroad. She is abducted from
hangs, yet which ends with the serenity of sunset her home on the Isle of Wight, and carried to
peace.
Brittany on a private yacht. The hero is a gallant
“The Lonely Lady of Grosvenor Square" is Mrs. and resourceful British naval officer, who allies him-
Henry de la Pasture's latest novel. It is a delicate self first with one rival and then with the other, and
piece of work, quietly and charmingly sentimental, finally rescues the distressed damsel from both. It
but with little of the sparkle and animation of “The is a merry game of hide and seek, played all along
Man from America.” It tells of a modest country the Breton and Cornish coasts, and has enough des-


1907.]
227
THE DIAL
perate situations to stock two or three ordinary to inhabit. Miss Gale has a pretty fancy, a manner
romances. We cannot say very much for Mr. Wat of marked originality, and the trick of making a
son's Americans. Their acts and their words are deft use of bits of literary, scientific, and archæo-
reflections of an Englishman's fertile imagination logical information.
rather than products of observation — unless it be Poe would have opened his eyes wide had he
observation of American manners as depicted on the foreseen, among the progeny of "The Gold Bug,"
English melodramatic stage.
such a yarn as “ The Treasure of Peyre Gaillard.”
In “The Amulet” Miss Murfree has again made The analytical process which that pioneer in the
use of her extensive knowledge of the history of tale of mystery applied to the location of the spot
Tennessee, the period being that of the close of the where his hoard lay buried was simplicity itself in
Seven Years' War. The scene is the British out comparison with the method whereby the hidden
post of Fort Prince George, on the eastern edge of treasure is discovered in the present ingenious nar-
the Cherokee country, where a small garrison is beset rative. As a matter of fact Mr. Bennett overdoes
by its Indian foes, who are cowed but not subdued, the thing by too much subtlety, and by an appara-
and who treacherous character means the possi tus of documents which makes unconscionable de-
bility of surprise and massacre. The commander, mands upon the attention of his readers. Long
his querulous sister, his beautiful daughter, and two before the end is reached, the reader becomes wearied
young officers who are aspirants for her hand, are with so great a complication, gives up his attempt
the characters of this historical romance, which is to follow the clue, and is content to abridge the
a rather sketchy bit of work on the whole, although argument that he may the more speedily come to
it evinces a close acquaintance with Cherokee lore. its conclusion. The scene of the story is a South
Dramatically, the story leads up to an expedition to Carolina plantation, whose owner is so impoverished
the sacred town of Choté, for the purpose of seizing that he is on the verge of desperation ; under these
certain cannon which the Indians have kept in vio circumstances the discovery of the treasure becomes
lation of their treaty agreement; sentimentally, it a necessity of the situation, of which fact we are so
declares for the courageous leader of this expedition well assured that we grow careless in tracing the
and the corresponding discomfiture of his fatuous logical development of the search for it. The style
rival. Touches of poetic description are frequent in of the story offers a curious blend of romantic
adornment of the narrative, for in this respect Miss glamour with realistic description; at one moment
Murfree's hand has not lost its cunning, but other we are rhapsodizing over the beauties of nature, and
wise the book falls far below the high standard set at the next we are engrossed by a mass of prosaic
in her earlier writings.
detail. When the treasure is unearthed and disposed
“Romance Island” exists in the fourth dimen of, it brings close upon two millions of dollars, which
sion, which is the reason why it is not found upon sum is carefully itemized lest some lingering trace
the map. Its inhabitants are descended from Hiram, of incredulity should mar our unqualified acceptance
Prince of Tyre, and their civilization is far superior of so satisfactory a total.
to ours in most respects. An American has found The romantic and tragic history of certain mem-
his
way to them and become their king, which does bers of the Imperial House of Austria has provided
not at all suit the ambitions of the native Prince Mr. Meredith Nicholson with the basic material for
Tabnit, who presently finds a convenient way in his “Port of Missing Men.” It is only by way of
which to dispose of the alien usurper. Thereupon suggestion, however, for an attempt to identify his
Tabnit embarks upon a submarine and goes to New characters with actual Archdukes would be unprofit-
York, where the story opens after the events above able. It seems that a possible heir to the throne
related have all occurred. We are now introduced has disappeared somewhere in America, and that the
to the heroine, the daughter of the dispossessed succession must remain unsettled until it is deter-
king. Tabnit falls in love with her, abducts her, mined whether he be alive or dead. Meanwhile, a
and bears her to the island with the intention of gang of scoundrels are intriguing in behalf of another
making her his bride. Now the hero, who is a New claimant, for whom they are smoothing the way by
York newspaper reporter, has also fallen in love a series of ingenious assassinations. The key to
with her, and when she disappears, fits out an expe the mystery is in the possession of an expatriated
dition in pursuit of her. His yacht successfully Austrian who has become an American, and is
negotiates the difficulties of the fourth dimension, known as John Armitage.
known as John Armitage. He has the evidence of
and lands its party on the mysterious island. From the lost Archduke's demise, but does not care to play
this point on, all is extravaganza. The writer lets into the hands of the conspirators by revealing it.
her imagination run riot, but contrives to be enter The scene of the tale is first set in Geneva, but is
taining – save for a tendency to indulge in prolix soon transferred to Virginia, where the plot, which
description — until the climax is reached in the has been steadily thickening, comes to an exciting
restoration of the king, the effacement of his wicked finish. A high-spirited American girl is the heroine,
rival, and the triumphant rescue of the maiden, and the hero, after routing the conspirators, wins her
followed by her restoration to the world of prose;
for his bride as a matter of course. The story is
that is, to as prosaic a world as lovers are supposed | fashioned after the conventional romantic pattern,


228
[April 1,
THE DIAL
The child
..
and displays no little skill in both plot and charac-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
terization.
Corrupt politics and love are the ingredients, the
Readers of THE DIAL need no intro-
former predominating, of Mr. Will Payne's latest
duction to Mr. Walter Taylor Field,
and his book.
novel, “When Love Speaks.” The love interest is
several of whose papers on books for
of the homely everyday sort, to be paralleled in the children have appeared in its pages. These chap-
annals of a million homes; the political interest is ters and some additional ones on the same subject
similar to that which a close study of thousands of are now published in book form under the title,
American communities would disclose. The scene is “ Fingerposts to Children's Reading ” (McClurg).
a city of Western Michigan, in which a zealous dis Books are living and breathing companions to their
trict attorney conducts a desperate campaign against eager juvenile readers, Mr. Field well urges, and
corruption, and ends by discovering that the forces hence the care needed in their selection. Their
of evil are too powerful for him to cope with. This influence is both moral and ästhetic, and the two
disheartening conclusion is somewhat relieved by the are not so very widely separated. Nor is there any
outcome of the story upon its sentimental side, when useful distinction between boys' books and girls'
husband and wife, estranged by their differing points books : if both are real literature, they will interest
of view, learn the lesson that instinct is a better guide both sexes. Fairy tales receive a warm word of
than reason in the affairs of the heart. The in-
praise. The excess of periodical literature, most of
junction implicit in the novelist's treatment of his it of little worth, read by children is deplored, and
theme seems to be that we should take the world as the formation of good libraries in family, school,
we find it, with its mingling of evil motives with and Sunday school, is strongly recommended.
good, and not hope to eliminate the evil all at once. Chapters on reading in school, on supplementary
It is a counsel of practical wisdom, no doubt, but it reading, on the public library, on the illustrating of
seems to us also to have a tinge of despair. Probably children's books, and on Mother Goose, acceptably
he makes a little too much of the soul of good in fill out the volume. A fifty-page list of young
things evil, finding too ready an excuse for com people's books, with indication of the school grade
promise with wrong, and allowing indignation to or grades in which each work should be read, forms
cool when it were better to keep it white-hot. At an appendix. To an older person the list seems
all events, he has worked in a spirit of absolute lacking in many a fondly remembered favorite of
realism, and made a searching analysis of the meth- childhood; but, unless the catalogue were to be of
ods of the political corruptionist. Truthfulness undesirable length, this is inevitable. One criticism
rather than idealism is the note of the book, although of a general nature: the child in the author's mind's
it has latent idealism a-plenty, and "Pardon's the eye would seem to be rather precocious or priggish,
word for all ” would be a more closely descriptive or both. Can the ordinary child enjoy Shakespeare
Shakespearean motto than the one which actually in the original at nine or ten, even in the few plays
adorns the title-page.
named ? or the “ Essays of Elia” and Thoreau's
In “ The Charlatans” Mr. Bert Leston Taylor has “ Walden” at fourteen or fifteen? or Miss Edge-
given us a clever sketch of musical student life in a worth's “ Parent's Assistant”
at any age? The
large city. The city may with no great difficulty reviewer's experience strongly inclines him to say
be recognized as Chicago, and the Colossus ---other no, especially in the matter of Miss Edgeworth.
wise known as the Grindstone - may possibly And although Emerson's essays, Pastor Wagner's
suggest to some readers a particular institution in “Simple Life,” Carlyle's “Sartor Resartus," and
which music has been successfully commercialized Lowell's
prose
works look well on the school library's
for many years. To this hive of industry a young shelves, and by the mere displays of their lettered
girl from the country finds her way, under the delu- backs exert an educational influence, is any
scholar,
sion that it is a focus of musical culture. Since she even in the high school, qualified to get that benefit
has the true artistic endowment, she soon discovers from them that he might from reading other books
that the work of the Grindstone bears no relation to more surely within his mental grasp?
" Sartor”
music in any real sense, that its ways are those of might well give him a dislike for its author which
charlatanism and its spirit that of the philistine. he would never overcome. Mr. Field's book is
She slowly gropes her way toward the light, and attractive in form and carefully printed, — although
a promising artistic future seems to lie before her, “Clark : Self-Culture "is an inaccurate entry for
when the mischief-maker Love enters upon the scene, James Freeman Clarke's excellent work on that
and makes music seem a matter of minor importance. subject.
What eventually becomes of her is not revealed, since
Few fields of biological investigation
the writer leaves her hand in hand with the fairy
The experimental
method
have offered more promise of interest-
prince by the brookside. But we may still surmise in Biology.
that she became a respectable amateur. Mr. Taylor's experimental method to the solution of various
ing results than the application of the
touch is everywhere light and pleasing ; he has the
problems of evolution and to certain fundamental
gift of gentle social satire and the trick of clever
dialogue.
aspects of biology. Progress in this field has been
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. rapid and so subversive to widely accepted concep-


1907.]
229
THE DIAL
tions of certain of the factors of evolution that there selves. These were the forerunners of the series
has been great need of a critical review of the data. which was published in a folio by Mr. B. T. Batsford
Professor Thomas Hunt Morgan, recently appointed of London, in 1904. The success of the book was
to the chair of Experimental Zoology in Columbia immediate and well-deserved. Moved by its favor-
University, has rendered this service to American able reception the author has been led to prepare
biologists in his “ Experimental Zoology" (Mac a second series of “ Decorative Plant and Flower
millan). The author takes up the experimental Studies” (imported by Scribner) that are in some
study of evolution, discussing the influence of exter respects even more successful than the former.
nal conditions in causing changes in the structure of Though intended primarily for artists and designers,.
animals but denying in the main that such changes the beauty of the plates makes the volume one to
are normally inherited. He likewise decides against be enjoyed for its æsthetic quality alone. The
the probable inheritance of mutations, and of the studies, forty in number, are reproduced in color
effects of use and disuse, and dismisses the supposed by a French stencil process that has yielded most
phenomenon of telegony as a breeders' myth. The charming results. These are supplemented by an
inheritance of disease through the mother is indi- equal number of full-page drawings in outline, giv-
cated by some recent experimental evidence, but ing details of growth and structure, and also by a
demands more critical evidence. The rediscovery set of smaller ones that convey the spirit and effect
in recent years of Mendel's law of hybridization of each plant as a whole.
of each plant as a whole. Miss Foord's draughts-
has given great stimulus to the scientific study of manship sets a notable standard in its combination
animal and plant breeding and unlocked not a few of force with delicacy. Her vigorous renderings
secrets of heredity. The possibility of the experi- show most clearly that flowers have greater possi-
mental development of new races of domesticated bilities for the artist than are commonly recognized.
animals, races moreover of fixed and stable types, Especially in the representation of fragile plants like
is firmly established. The unsolved riddles in this the barley and the flowering rush does she furnish
new field are still many and perplexing, as the effective object lessons. These, as she clearly dem-
reader will soon discover who attempts to thread the onstrates, have in their own way no less strength
maze of “heterozygotes and extracted recessives." than more majestic members of the floral tribe, such
This phase of the experimental field is evidently as the marrow or the hollyhock. It is entirely a
still in too raw a state for a well-digested summary. matter of treatment – in this as in everything else.
The discoveries of De Vries of the origin of new Students using this book should not overlook Miss
species of evening primrose by saltatory variation or Foord's comments upon the plants depicted; her
mutation, as he designates it, has raised anew the words are very much to the point and emphasize the
whole question of the potency and scope of natural lessons taught by the drawings.
selection in evolution, and compels a new examina-
tion of variation in its relatio to the origin of
Mr. H. Maynard Smith will, without
Essays in the
species and the progress of organic differentiation.
question, be pleased to have his little
According to the mutation theory of De Vries, na-
book of essays, “In Playtime" (Ox-
ford: B. H. Blackwell) commended as suggesting
tural selection destroys species, it does not originate
them. The experimental study of the determina-
more than once the genially autobiographic manner
tion of sex has as yet brought forward no satisfying this kind, whom we do not need to name. Yet, born
and the frolic playfulness of the inaster essayist in
evidence that external factors in any way control
the sex of offspring. On the other hand, much of
of the Elian spirit though he manifestly is, the
the recent work in cytology and experimental breed-
author appears to be in error in one small particular
“Charles Lamb," he
ing points to the probability that sex is predeter- concerning Lamb's habits.
mined in the union of the sex cells. An excellent
tells us, "earned the gratitude of John Company
summary of the recent literature on the various
and a pension by what he wrote in Mincing Lane;
phases of this problem is found in these pages. The
but he earned the gratitude of a nation by what he
wrote at his own fireside.” On the contrary, the
novelty of the field covered in this work and the
very fundamental bearings of the data and hypo- Lamb did not hold his nose to his ledger all through
tradition (and in part the authentic history) is that
theses here gathered in a critical summary combine
to make Professor Morgan's work indispensable to
office hours, but dashed off many a letter or squib
who wishes critical information of recent
or essay as he sat perched on that lofty stool, osten-
anyone
movements in the biological world.
sibly engaged in furthering the interests of John
Company. Such truancy of his quill was admirably
There appeared in the pages of
Studies in
in keeping with his well-known answer to an official
flowers for the “ The Studio” some seven or eight rebuke for coming late in the morning. “Well,
years ago, two or three studies of
you see, I make up for it by going early," was the
flowers in flat tones by Miss J. Foord, which at bland excuse. Like Lamb, Mr. Smith is a bachelor;
tracted attention at once by their unusual artistic but (or hence) he delivers himself freely of advice
quality and marked individuality of treatment. The to parents; and like Lamb, again, he can write well
skilful placing upon the page and the fine feeling for on the subject of letter-writing. But in saying,
decorative arrangement put them in a class by them- | incidentally, that Mrs. Kemble made it a rule to
Elian manner.
art student.


230
[April 1,
THE DIAL
have her letters equal her correspondent's in length, panion volume to the same author's “Success among
he is slightly in error. That lady's rule was even Nations.” A carefully excogitated list of the con-
more peculiar: she insisted on sending back the stants and variables of success gives the treatise
same amount of stationery as she received, whether somewhat the same illusive appearance of mathemati-
written on or not. These light and quickly-read cal infallibility as marks the philosophical writings
chapters, which have already had periodical publi- of Descartes and Spinoza. Yet in spite of this ill-
cation, equal the muses in number, and the graces advised plan of constructing a mathematical frame-
in general variety of subject matter, -- two chapters work on which to fashion a body of doctrine dealing
dealing with English literature (Shakespeare and with the most unmathematical of subjects, the book
Scott), four with some branch or aspect of the is so fresh, so unconventional, so ingenious, and so
author's art, and two with affairs of daily life. suggestive, that its weaknesses and imperfections
do not need to plead very hard for forgiveness. As
The worthy and interesting contri-
a foreigner (a Hungarian) in England, the author
The psychology bution of M. Jean Finot to the dis-
of races.
writes understandingly and admirably on the advan-
cussion of the psychological explana- tages of the quick-witted alien's position, though
tion of racial traits finds a lucid translation at the
unfortunately not all immigrants are so brilliantly
hands of Florence Wade-Evans, the work appearing versatile as Dr. Reich. None the less forceful for
under the title “ Race Prejudice ” (Dutton). It is
that, however, is his exhortation to get out of the
amongst the contemporary French thinkers that this
ruts, to distrust convention, to seek an opening that
problem of the psychological equations of races has not all the world is striving to crowd into, if we would
reached most definite expression. From their sev succeed. Toward the end of the volume, especially
eral points' of view M. Boutmy, M. Fouilliè, M. in the chapters on special vocations, there is an
Le Bon, and others have set forth, at times clini-
apparent assumption of omniscience that repels, as
cally, at times more academically, their analyses of does also, throughout, a tendency to exaggerate and
the constituent traits, temperament, reaction to
to make sweeping assertions. For instance, in treat-
milieu, nature, and nurture of the European races. ing of success as a physician, the writer (whose
Parallel with the American discovery that Boston doctorate, we believe, is not in medicine) inciden-
is a state of mind, they have determined that France tally remarks: " It is no exaggeration to say that
and Germany and England and the rest are likewise there is scarcely an American who does not carry
states of mind. They have then proceeded to indi from one to six different sorts of patent pills con-
cate how little intercommunicable these states of
stantly in his pockets.” In general, it is of course
mind really are.
M. Finot comes into the camp a material and tangible and speedy success that our
with a conspicuous chip on his shoulder. He main pushful author-lecturer holds up to admiration,
tains that the differences of races have been much
rather than that unrecognized and unapplauded and
over-rated, and that the doctrine of superior and
late-won spiritual victory which alone really mat-
average and inferior races has little to stand upon. ters. In point of style Dr. Reich might advantage-
He surveys the evidence from craniology and brain ously practice some of the English mutisme which
structure, from archæology, and historical achieve-
he holds in so slight esteem. He has the readiness,
ment, and decides that vicissitudes and opportunity,
not to say looseness, of the fluent talker and lecturer,
education and an upward sweep on a rising wave but little of the exactness, the terseness, the fine re-
have been the dominant causes of seeming suprem serve of the scholarly and painstaking writer.
acy. He argues for a scientific equality of mankind
and a practical disappearance of race prejudice. It
The art of
In the preface to his volume on
is important to have this side of the question well
enamelling "European Enamels” (Putnam),
in Europe.
advanced and to realize that much of the evidence
Mr. Henry H. Cunynghame, C. B.,
- notably the anthropological — has been prejudi- adroitly essays to disarm criticism of his very im-
cially gathered; yet the net impression of the vol perfect book by advancing as an excuse for its
ume is that of an able but somewhat too zealous shortcomings that “so few regular treatises have
special pleading for a cause that certainly makes a
been written” on the subject. But this seems no
philanthropic appeal. It is to be expected that M. reason at all; for the untilled field gave Mr. Cun-
Finot's most difficult “case” is that of the negro in
ynghame, the rare opportunity to sink his plough
America ; his treatment of this incident distinctly
deep into the virgin soil and turn up rich furrows
lacks the seal of proof.
of new material that should produce an abundant
yield of interest and of value. Of course if he
Manuals teaching the art of success desired merely to compile a book from ready-made
recipe for will find readers as long as there are sources, he may not have found the material easy
so many persons doomed to failure
at his hand, although we know of several works,
in the struggle for supremacy, and even for bare treating wholly or in part of enamels, that he has
existence; and since this struggle is daily becoming evidently made no use of. The result is a book that
sharper, such books ought to be more and more in will not stand the test of criticism; and therefore,
demand. The latest of the series is Dr. Emil accepting the author's cry of peccavi, we will say
Reich’s “Success in Life” (Duffield), a sort of com in a few words what he has done without comment
The latest
Success.


1907.]
231
THE DIAL
99
upon
how he has done it. In the introduction he who have braved the terrors of cold, storm, and
tells what enamels are, their different kinds and darkness, which fall to the lot of all who seek to
methods, the colors that are used and how they are discover the secrets of earth's most desolate domain.
used, and much technical information of which he The successive expeditions of Sir John Franklin are
has knowledge from some practice in an amateurish detailed with the fulness which their dramatic in-
way. He then gives a slight survey of the art in terest justifies, and accounts of the searching parties
ancient times, of Gaulish enamelling in Europe after are given. Elisha Kent Kane appears to have been
the Christian era, of the remarkable Byzantium the first American to take any prominent part in
enamels, of the mediæval work of the Carlovingian polar inquiry ; though ostensibly sent out to search
period and up to the fourteenth century, of basse for Franklin, he devoted his efforts to regions where
taille or bas-relief enamels, of painted enamels “ there was no possibility of finding traces of the
which, having their origin in the fourteenth century missing explorers.” The voyages of Hall, whilom
and brought to great perfection in the two following editor of the Cincinnati “ Daily Penny Press,” and
centuries, are the most beautiful, the most artistic, his sudden and tragic death are briefly treated.
and the most interesting of all enamels, and worthy Later explorers, such as Nares, Greeley, Nordenski-
of a special volume devoted alone to their history old, De Long, Nansen, Peary, and Andrèe all re-
and art. Then with some pages on snuff-boxes, ceive due attention ; even Wellman's scheme for an
Battersea enamels, and enamelled jewelry, we reach aerial trip is mentioned. On the whole the author
the closing chapter on modern enamels. The vol has given a very satisfactory bird's-eye view of his
ume is illustrated with four color plates and fifty subject. The book is illustrated with some twenty
seven process reproductions, and presents the same full-page plates, and closes with a fine large folding
attractive appearance of preceding volumes in “The map which shows at a glance the very respectable
Connoisseur's Library.”
amount of geographical knowledge that has been
won in the Arctic circle. There is, however, a tract
Mr. Thomas R. Slicer's little book
Another guide entitled “The Way to Happiness
of two million square miles about the pole which is
to happiness.
still a mystery. (Dutton.)
(Macmillan) teaches convincingly
that happiness comes through our activities, not
through our passivities, and through living to the
spirit rather than to the flesh. After pointing out
BRIEFER MENTION.
that the search for happiness is natural and univer-
sal, and that “it is a law of nature that its unimpeded,
The first lecture on the Leslie Stephen Foundation
undiverted, unsophisticated functions are functions
was given at Cambridge on Washington's birthday of
of delight,” the author briefly reviews the erro-
this year. The lecturer was Professor Walter Raleigh,
neous or defective schemes of happiness devised by also the subject of Stephen's best biography. The lect-
who appropriately took for his subject Samuel Johnson,
Cynics, Stoics, and Epicureans, and then advances
ure is now issued by Henry Frowde in pamphlet form.
to a consideration of the happiness that comes The new “ Knutsford” edition of the writings of
through altruism, worship, spiritual freedom, obe Mrs. Gaskell is edited by Dr. A. W. Ward, who has
dience to the heavenly vision, and, finally, blessed been assisted by the daughters of the novelist. There
ness and peace.
Worry and sin are named as the are eight volumes altogether, of which the following
two disturbing elements to our peace, and as they
five are now sent us : « North and South,” “My Lady
cannot be mended they must be abolished
Ludlow,” “Sylvia's Lovers,” “Cousin Phillis,” and
counsel of perfection. Mr. Slicer's well-known
“Wives and Daughters.” Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons
are the publishers.
fondness for Browning comes out repeatedly in
Mr. Robert W. Moore's “ German Literature” has
quotation or reference, and very effectively. He
ends with the seasonable, the almost inevitable, ex-
recently been issued in a sixth edition by the University
Press, Hamilton, N. Y. The steady demand for this
hortation to “live the wholesome, natural, simple popular manual is shown by the appearance of one edi-
life as far as, in these complicated times, we can "; tion after another in rapid succession. In the present
and the natural life, as before remarked, is the joy revision the author has taken the opportunity to bring
ful life, all whose functions are functions of delight. the work up to date by enlarging the final chapters
dealing with the latest work of Sudermann and Haupt-
A thousand years ago arctic explora-
Several fine illustrations have been added.
The story
of Arctic tion began on a small scale, piratical Volumes representing the work in draughtsmanship
erploration. Norsemen in search of plunder being of Gainsborough and Leonardo da Vinci have been
the distant forerunners of Peary and Louis Amadeus,
added to the series entitled “ Drawings of the Great
Duke of the Abruzzi. But practically all our knowl-
Masters,” imported by the Messrs. Scribner. There
edge of arctic regions has been gained during the
are upwards of forty reproductions in each volume,
printed in various tints, with a number mounted on
past three centuries, from the days of Henry Hudson
onward, and especially during the past one hundred
dark-colored backgrounds. Lord Sutherland Gower
contributes a brief introduction to the Gainsborough
years. In thirty-three short and readable chapters volume, while Mr. C. Lewis Hinds writes at more
Mr. G. Douglas Hoare gives a succinct account of length regarding Leonardo's drawings.--Exactly similar
the sufferings and achievements of the heroic men in form is “The Great Etchers” series, in which has
mann.


232
[April 1,
THE DIAL
DIAL
just appeared “The Etchings of William Strang,
NOTES.
A. R. A.," with an introduction by Mr. Frank Newbolt.
Though often repulsive in subject, Mr. Strang's work is Hawthorne's immortal “ Tanglewood Tales,” edited
always distinguished, and on the whole well worthy of by Mr. Robert H. Beggs, are now published as a
representation in a series devoted to the world's master
“ Pocket Classic" by the Macmillan Co.
etchers.
“Much Adoe about Nothing” is the latest volume in
Mr. Tudor Jenks is going on with his series of pop the “ First Folio" Shakespeare, edited by the Misses
ular books about the lives and times of the great En Porter and Clarke, and published by the Messrs. Crowell.
glish writers. “ In the Days of Goldsmith” is the latest
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. are also in the field, now
addition to the list which already comprises also the
that the vogue of Mr. A. C. Benson is at its height,
names of Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, and Scott.
with a new edition of the - Memoirs of Arthur Hamil-
These books, which made capital reading for young ton, B. A.,” his first book, now twenty years old.
people, are published by Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co.
“ An Introduction to the Study of Browning,” by
The “ History and Travel ” section of the Classified
Mr. Arthur Symons, long favorably known to students
Catalogue of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh ”
of the poet, now comes to us in a new edition, with
should prove a helpful adjunct to the resources of the
additions, published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co.
library, on account of the annotation which is its char-
A volume dealing with the economic development of
acteristic feature. By this same token, students of
the Negro in the South, by Mr. Booker T. Washington
history everywhere will find it useful for guidance in
he selection of their reading. Librarianship is perform-
and Professor W. E. Burghardt DuBois, is an impor-
tant announcement of Messrs. George W. Jacobs & Co.
ing its highest function when engaged in the preparation
of catalogues of this type.
Dr. Courtney Stanhope Kenny's “Outlines of Criminal
Theodore Beza's “ Abraham Sacrifiant," done into
Law," a work published in England five years ago, is
English as “ A Tragedie of Abraham's Sacrifice" by
now revised and adapted for American scholars by Mr.
James H. Webb, and published by the Macmillan Co.
Arthur Golding, and edited by Dr. Malcom W. Wallace,
is a handsome publication of the University of Toronto
A fourth edition, embodying a number of additional
Library. The original (here reprinted in an appendix) literary references and notes, of Professor James Mark
Baldwin's “Social and Ethical Interpretations in
dates from 1552, and the translation from 1575. The
editorial introduction and notes are very elaborate, and
Mental Development” has been issued by the Macmillan
the publication is highly creditable to the scholarship
Company.
of the umiversity whence it issues.
A condensed version of Mr. Lionel Cust's exhaustive
To their excellent series known as “ Newnes' Art
treatise on the life and works of Anthony Van Dyck,
Library” Messrs. Frederick Warne & Co. have recently
published in 1900, has been prepared by the author,
and is now issued in Macmillan's series of “Great
added volumes dealing with Delacroix, Ingres, Michael
Angelo, Correggio, and Burne-Jones. Besides a fron-
Masters in Painting and Sculpture.”
tispiece in photogravure, each volume contains from
The two volumes of Sir James Stephen's “Essays in
fifty to sixty large sized half-tone reproductions, a bio-
Ecclesiastical Biography" are now reprinted by Messrs.
graphical and critical introduction by some writer of
Longmans, Green, & Co. in their “Silver Library," with
authority, and (in most of the volumes) a list of works.
a prefatory note by Mr. Herbert Stephen, the author's
Another series of the same publishers, and published grandson. The original edition has 1849 for its date.
in uniform make-up, is the “Representative Art of
A new edition of Mr. George Clausen's “ Six Lectures
European Galleries,” to which has just been added two on Painting ” is published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton
volumes covering the National Gallery of London.
& Co. From the same house we have also a new work
The two volumes of Mr. J. H. Balfour Browne's
by Mr. Clausen, “ Aims and Ideals in Art,” being the
Essays Critical and Political,” published by Messrs.
substance of a course of lectures given a year or two ago.
Longmans, Green, & Co., have now a somewhat old-
« The Missions of California and the Old Southwest,"
fashioned flavor, since the papers bear dates in the
by Mr. Jesse S. Hildrup, is an oblong octavo of text
seventies and eighties. The single exception to this and pictures illustrating in attractive manner the dis-
statement is “The Coming Revolution,” written only tinctive type of Spanish religious architecture in Am-
last year. Among the subjects discussed in the “Criti erica. The book is published by Messrs. A. C. McClurg
cal” volume are Michael Angelo and Machiavelli,
& Co.
Charlotte Brontë and George Eliot, Landor, Dickens, To the “ Country Life Education Series " of Messrs.
Macready, and Henry Fawcett. The “ Political” vol Ginn & Co. there has been added a volume on “ Types
ume is too far outdated to have any particular value in and Breeds of Farm Animals,” by Professor Charles S.
this twentieth century.
Plumb. It is abundantly illustrated, and will be wel-
Mr. Arthur Gray Butler, an English minor poet of dis-
comed both by stock-raisers and by students in agri-
tinction and considerable achievement, wrote “ Harold:
cultural colleges.
A Drama in Four Acts” over thirty years ago. It was “ The Interpretation of Scripture and Other Essays,"
based, like Tennyson's “ Harold” of the same decade, by Benjamin Jowett, is a volume of the “ London
upon Bulwer's novel, but was withheld from publica- Library," published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co.
tion until 1892. It now appears in a second edition, a The papers reprinted date back to the “Essays and
publication of Mr. Henry Frowde. It has been largely Reviews” period. Leslie Stephen's essay on Jowett's
remodelled, and this with special reference to a possible life appropriately prefaces the collection.
stage performance, which we trust it may secure, for A small volume of « Essays on English Studies," by
its diction is fairly level with the height of its noble the late Henry Norman Hudson, is edited by Dr. A. J.
theme, and that theme is one of the most dramatic that George, and published by Messrs. Ginn & Co. The
English history offers to the stage.
essays are mostly upon Shakespearean subjects (as


1907.]
233
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS,
[The following list, containing 85 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
60
would be expected), but one notable exception is offered
by the paper on Daniel Webster, written for the hun-
dredth anniversary of the birth (not the death, as here
stated) of that great orator.
« Literature and Life in School” is the title of a
little book by Miss J. Rose Colby, published by Messrs.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. It is the work of a practical
teacher of English literature, and is mainly concerned
with the needs of the elementary schools. An appendix
provides extensive graded lists of books and selections
for school uses.
Among the spring announcements of the American
Baptist Publication Society are the following: “Odds
and Ends from Pagoda Land,” by W. C. Griggs, M. D.;
“ Baptist and Congregational Pioneers,” by Rev. J. H.
Shakespeare;“The Self-Effacement of Malachi Joseph,”
by Dr. Everett T. Tomlinson; and “The Church at
Libertyville,” by Rev. J. W. Conley.
The spring announcement list of the Grafton Press,
which reached us too late for entry in our last issue,
includes the following books: “ In Olde Massachusetts,"
by Charles Burr Todd; “ Autobiography and Essays of
Hermann Krusi, A.M.,” edited by F. Elizabeth Alling;
« Reminiscences of Richard Lathers "; St. John
Genealogy," by Orline St. John Alexander; “Middle-
town Upper Houses," by Charles G. Adams; The
History of Redding, Connecticut,” by Charles Burr
Todd, revised and enlarged edition; Nephirtis," by
Seelye W. Little, M.D.
The ever-increasing interest in St. Francis of Assisi
and his followers makes pertinent the announcement of
Messrs Tennant and Ward of New York that they will
publish early this month “A Short Introduction to
Franciscan Literature,” prepared by Fr. Paschal Rob-
inson, O.F.M. The aim of the work is to provide a
brief outline of the early sources of Franciscan history,
which so often perplex the general reader, and the
principal works relating to the Poverello written since
the thirteenth century, as well as the enormous literary
output of the Franciscan movement of the last few
years.
We are glad to say a good word for the Con-
cordance Society, which was organized last December
at the meeting of the Modern Language Association.
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Illustrated. $1.50.
CLARA E. LAUGHLIN'S Felicity The Making of a Comedienne
The story is an admirable one, quite out of the common and full of varied interest. Through it all we are
made to feel the fascination of the theatre.” – New York Times.
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EDWIN ASA DIX'S Prophet's Landing
Joel Harvey applies modern methods of business to his own country store. The results make a story timely and
vigorous, full of humor and romance.
$1.50.
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
NEW YORK


238
[April 16,
THE DIAL
LONGMANS, GREEN, & Co.'s LIST
60
THE WORLD MACHINE THE FIRST PHASE: THE COSMIC MECHANISM By
CARL SNYDER, author of “ New Conceptions in Science," etc. 8vo. Pp. xvi. 488. $2.50 net.
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LITERARY FORGERIES By J. A. FARRER. Introduction by ANDREW LANG. 8vo. $2.25.
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subject. He has sifted with skill an enormous mass of material, and has made his narrative alluringly fresh and vivid.
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ANIMAL ARTISANS and Other Studies of Birds and Beasts By
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SYNTHETICA: Being Meditations Epistemological and Ontological; Comprising the Edinburgh
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of Metaphysica Nova et Vetusta’ and · Ethica; or, the Ethics of Reason,' Gifford Lecturer in the
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Just issued. Complete Prospectus of the Series sent on application.
LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91-93 Fifth Avenue, New York


1907.]
239
THE DIAL
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A. C. MCCLURG & Co., PUBLISHERS, CHICAGO


240
[April 16, 1907.
THE DIAL
Important New Macmillan Books
The Life and Letters of E. Lawrence Godkin
Edited by ROLLO OGDEN, Editor of the New York Evening Post.
In two crown 8vo volumes, $4.00 net (postage 24 cents.)
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Mrs. Roger A. Pryor's The Birth of the Nation, Jamestown, 1607
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Illustrated by WILLIAM DE LEFTWICH DODGE. Cloth, crown 8vo, 352 pages, $1.75 net (postage 13 cents.)
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John Oxenham's enthralling novel
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Owen Wister's amusing little book
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Grove's Dictionary of Music. Vol. III.
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PAGE
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th
OUR OCTOGENARIANS.
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postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; Dr. Edward Everett Hale celebrated the
in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a
year for extra postage must be added. REMITTANCES should eighty-fifth anniversary of his birth the other
be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE
DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions
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will begin with the current number. When no direct request of recognition. He is regarded by many as the
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assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired.
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him that unique station would hardly deny him
a place in the esteem and affection of his fellow-
countrymen that few others share. The example
of his life is one of the things that make all
No. 500. APRIL 16, 1907. Vol. XLII.
Americans proud of their national birthright.
The aristocracy to which he belongs is one whose
CONTENTS.
sway we may admit without a murmur, for it is
OUR OCTOGENARIANS.
the divinely-appointed aristocracy of intellect
.241
and character. The poet's line —
THE VICTORIAN LITERATURE. Charles Leonard
“Old age hath yet his honor and his toil”.
Moore.
242
is exemplified in both of its aspects by Dr. Hale,
CASUAL COMMENT
245 for the advancing years that have heaped new
The aberrations of contemporary judgment. — Our
much-decried “ American English.” — A librarian
honors upon his head have also found his shoul-
who is also a human being. — The avocations of
ders strong to bear new burdens of enterprise
great men. — The literature of the steerage. — The and responsibility. How the record of that rich
craze for Shakespeareana.
and active career puts slothfulness to shame
SOME HOPED-FOR VICTORIES OF PEACE. Percy and illustrates the immense value that a single
F. Bicknell,
246
devoted life may have to the community that
TWO BISHOPS OF THE WESTERN FRONTIER. enjoys its beneficence!
Arthur Howard Noll
247 Other octogenarians we have also, and claim
MR. LANG'S HOMERIC QUERIES. Paul Shorey . 248
with pride as examples of worthy manhood and
womanhood consecrated to high ideals. Beside
THE LESSON OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC.
the figure of Dr. Hale there stands the figure
William Elliot Griffis
250
of his fellow-Bostonian, Colonel Higginson, only
RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne 252 a year his junior, his rival in all good works,
Torrence's Abelard and Héloise. - Page's The still strenuous in the spirit as once in the flesh.
Coast of Bohemia. — Scollard's Easter-Song. - The arm that lent its strength to the attempted
Adams's Sicut Patribus. — Mrs. Dargan's Lords
and Lovers. — Mrs. Trask's Night and Morning, rescue of Anthony Burns, and that dealt stout
Miss Huntington's The Days that Pass. - Miss
blows in the cause of human liberty, now wields
Dreyfus's In Praise of Leaves. Symons's The
Fool of the World.-Davidson's Holiday.--Noyes's
no heavier weapon than the pen, but finds that
Poems.--Dawson's The Worker.—Alfred Garneau, as effective an implement of warfare as ever.
Poésies.
The old-time abolitionist, still heeding in the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
256 eve of his life the voice obeyed at prime, is now
New edition of Grove's Dictionary of music and raised as valiantly in behalf of Philippine free-
musicians. - Bead-stringing of Folk-lore about
-The last phase of the career of Napoleon.
dom as it was raised in behalf of
negro
freedom
- Reproductions of old-time book-making. — The
in the mid-century years.
meaning and virtues of efficiency. — American col-
Coeval with these two men, Mr. Donald G.
leges and teachers of fifty years ago..
The deadly
foe of "eye-strain ” and its evils. — Choice reprints
Mitchell is rounding out an honorable age in
of Renaissance literature. — The latest of encyclo the retirement of his Connecticut country home.
pædias. — A name-book for American history. -
His “ Dream Life and « Reveries of a Bache-
Oddities of old English country life.
lor” were published so long ago that they no
NOTES
260 longer enjoy the protection that our copyright
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
261 laws grudgingly bestow; they are books belong-
.
women.


242
[April 16,
THE DIAL
;
ing to so remote a past that it seems difficult consider the number of our great writers of the
to realize that their author is yet among the past who lived to be octogenarians — Bancroft,
living. But they are still widely read and cher- Bryant, Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes - the
ished, and “ Ik Marvel” may find in this fact American exhibit of longevity in the ranks of
some compensation for the loss of his control authorship becomes even more striking, and
over their publication. Philadelphia, the city of more difficult of matching in the annals of other
his birth, is still the home of Mr. Henry Charles countries. We are proud of these men, and
Lea, whose solid achievement in historical schol are profuse in the bestowal of lip-service upon
arship is evidenced by many volumes, the list of them ; but we ask whether our pride in their
which is not yet complete, for he is still the possession would find adequate expression in
indefatigable worker that he has always been. case of need. Those whom we have named are
And oldest of all our octogenarians, the still in comfortable circumstances, as far as we know,
lively father of a livelier son, Mr. John Bigelow so placed by their own efforts ; but we cannot
from his home on the Hudson looks abroad with help wondering whether, if any of them were
keen vision upon the world of thought and in actual want, we should find practical ways of
action, and recalls his long career of useful ser making them feel our gratitude as a people for
vice. At least two women must be added to their useful and distinguished lives. Genius
this list. Mrs. Julia Ward Howe is close to the starving in the garret, and honorable achieve-
nineties, but her philanthropic zeal is unchilled ment destitute in old age, have been exemplified
with the years, and the spirit that found expres- by many grievous past instances ; is such neg-
sion in “ The Battle Hymn of the Republic” is lect any less liable to be laid at our doors than
still strong to champion the right. And Mrs. at those of other people in other times? This
Julia Dorr, transplanted in childhood from the is a searching question, and we do not feel alto-
South to the North, still lends the grace of her gether comfortable about the answer it would
life to her home in the hills of Vermont. get if our people were put to the test. It seems
One other name we must put upon our list, to be one of our national failings that we are
for, although English by birth and Canadian by inclined to push the old impatiently aside in
residence, Mr. Goldwin Smith has come into most of the walks of life, and to bestow upon
such intimate relations with our national life eager and impetuous youth many honors that
during the past forty years that we may fairly should be reserved for men of maturer years.
claim a large interest in his distinguished career.
We do this in the name of efficiency; but it is
The sage of the Toronto “Grange" is now in
a practice that tends to dull the fine edge of
his eighty-fourth year.
He is old enough to
justice and make dim the lustre of its shield.
have been a fellow-fighter with Bright and
Cobden in the battle for free-trade, and to have
been one of the first of the Saturday Reviewers.
THE VICTORIAN LITERATURE.
He even has boyish memories of the jubilation A rush of Mænads across the scene; Furies
over the passage of the Reform Bill. His darting here and there with fiery torches and hissing
thought has concerned itself with nearly every tresses ; Bacchanals dancing tipsily in, escorting a
subject that seriously concerns mankind, and hero's catafalque ; in front, orgies over a grave; in
the broad sanity of his ideas has upon many
the background the blaze of battle sunsets and the
critical occasions helped our judgment to keep
wreaths of snow-clad heights : — by some such pic-
its balance true. He is one of the wisest of
ture as this one might image forth the Georgian
times in England. Then England was at the storm
men, and one of the few Englishmen who have
centre of the world. In the French Revolution, the
understood the deep idealism that lies at the
American Revolution, the Napoleonic wars, it was
foundation of our national existence.
either protagonist or antagonist. And its literature
We have named eight octogenarians out of was coincident and coequal with its deeds, which is
the four hundred or thereabouts whose bio more than could be said of France at that time. Burns
graphies might be discovered by a diligent ex preached the revolt of the natural man and the poli-
amination of “ Who's Who in America.” These
tical man.
Burke grappled single-handed with the
French Revolution.
eight have been chosen because their reputation
Byron launched himself on a
lonely crusade against the powers of reaction. Scott
rests primarily upon intellectual distinction as
created a nation and revealed the past of Europe.
illustrated by their published works. It seems
Wordsworth, like a Druid
upon
his rocky
to us a remarkable showing, on the whole, and heights and laid his commands on Nature itself.
it is doubtful if it could be paralleled in En Coleridge unlocked the door where the Supernatural
gland or elsewhere. Furthermore, when we was sealed away. Shelley sang the strains of an
seer, stood


1907.)
243
THE DIAL
and grass.
impossible perfection, and Keats bodied forth the that in some matters she was not quite all she ought
last charm of sensuous life. All was daring, ori-
to be.
ginal, vivid, and alive. This age in England seems This chivalry, characteristic of the Celtic tempera-
to me on the whole the greatest literary epoch of ment, is not characteristic of the Saxon mind. There
the last two hundred and fifty years.
No other is a vast region of English literature, extending
recent period has lifted so blazing a torch or shook from Dryden and Wycherley down through Field-
its sparks so far abroad to kindle conflagrations ing and Smollett and Sterne, where it is not in evi-
in distant lands. Goethe and his compeers did work dence at all. Perhaps the comparative peacefulness
quite as solid and enduring, but, as they realized of the Victorian age is the reason why the feminine
themselves, something of natural power, of dæmonic influence became so powerful. Not only laws, but
inspiration, was wanting to them. Man for man, women, are silent amid the clash of arms.
the Frenchmen of 1830 were inferior to their En A second feature of the Victorian literature is its
glish predecessors.
domesticity — its concern for the narrow things of
Turn now to the succeeding age in England. If the household. It is the literature of the home; and
we shut our eyes and try to conjure up a generalized the home may be either a shrine or a prison. It
picture of it, the scene would be something like this: makes for goodness, but it does not make for free-
A gentle valley bedded deep with the green of trees dom. There is a spirit of adventure, a carelessness
On one side, a village with houses of of consequence, in all older literatures, which is
old-time charm from which look forth or emerge largely wanting in the books of this age. Generally
girls of graceful loveliness and tranquil mien. In in the plays and poems and novels of the past, the
the middle, a field where lithe young athletes con mere fact of getting a living, the mere furniture
tend in various games.
Toward the rear, an inn and surroundings of life, are taken for granted,
the very air about which is redolent of good cheer. relegated to the background, or treated as a joke.
And in the background manor-houses and mansions, But money, property, position, these are the
each one looking down upon the world from its own serious things to the Victorian writers. The reward
seclusion. All is peace and rest and content.
of virtue with them is a coach-and-four, a country
It would be an error, of course, to say that during house with pleasant grounds, the being on calling
Victoria's long reign
terms with the best families. It was not for nothing
“No drum with beaten sound
that the “Book of Snobs " was written in this age.
Was heard the whole world round,"
Nearly everyone, from Tennyson down, was tainted
but in comparison with most ages in the history of with the worship of caste. Perhaps it came out most
the world, it was a time of calm, of prosperity, of ma strongly in Bulwer, a man of genius to whom bad taste
terial development. And its literature was like unto clung like a Nessus shirt. Carlyle blew the trumpet
it. It was a literature of the idyllic and the lyric of revolt against this worship, and one can measure
in poetry, of humor and light comedy in the novel. the work he had to do by the effort he had to make.
The predominant note of the Victorian literature The understanding of the power of money and
is, I think, its virginal purity. Never before, except the comforts of home is the beginning of realism.
in the Greek poets and in Shakespeare, was the Idealism is possible to a poet who, like Horace,
young girl drawn with such tender respect and ad could go singing through a wood filled with robbers;
miration. And, without exception, she was never it is possible to a hermit like Wordsworth or Thoreau.
before so permitted to stamp herself upon a litera But a writer who likes to have everything comfort-
ture, and stamp out all that might offend her in able about him must unconsciously picture man as
stincts or interest. By the side of Homer's chival he is, not man as he ought to be. He must fail of
rous portraits of women and girls there is Hesiod sympathy with the great ideas, the great ambitions,
with his rather low judgment of the lovelier sex. the heroic actions of life.
By the side of Sophocles and Euripides, with their Notwithstanding its snobbery, the Victorian age
lofty heroines, is Aristophanes with his utter irre saw, if not the beginning, an immense development
verence and world-upsetting indecency. And in of sympathy for the poor and lowly. The short and
Chaucer and Shakespeare, women of the coarsest simple annals of the poor were found capable of
and basest type jostle their fair and fragrant sisters. infinite illustration. Low-life has always been the
But the Victorian poets and novelists are the haunt of humor; but Dickens discovered that the
slaves of the young girl and the virtuous matron. poor have not only more fun among them, but more
They draw their chariots. Tennyson's poetry is a freedom and happiness than their superiors. Joy
gallery of fair women; they dominate his books is the thing that makes literature permanent — not
almost to the exclusion of any male interest. Coven the vulgar joy which can only see happiness in pink-
try Patmore instituted a new religion of the Virgin. and-white colors, in a succession of sugar-plums, in
In Browning, man is merely the attendant planet the negation of pain, but the joy which springs from
which revolves around a female sun. It is the same keen and lofty effort, whether foredoomed to failure
with the novelists. They treat their heroines with or success. Dick Swiveller barricading himself round
adoring worship, as something more than human. by a circle of unpaid scores for “the rosy,” Micawber
When Thackeray wished to draw the picture of strenuously waiting for something to turn up, doubt-
a thoroughly bad woman, he hardly dared to hint less felt, when either of them did raise the wind by


244
[April 16,
THE DIAL
the
some lucky expedient, the same exalted joy that Swift or Defoe; in eloquent prose it did not reach
filled the stadium runner of Greece when he touched the heights of Jeremy Taylor, Milton, or Burke ; and
the post; and they communicate this joy to us. It in perfect prose it has nothing which can compare
is by reason of his discovery of the immense re with that of Shakespeare, Congreve, or Goldsmith.
sources of happiness among poor
that Dickens's One technical quality, however, the age did revive,
work is the great literary creation of the age. resuscitate, and carry to great triumphs. This is the
Squalid and gloomy and horrible, you say his pic-almost invaluable quality of tone, by which a piece
tures are. Yes ; but out of this squalor and gloom of literature is projected forth all of one piece, with
and horror spring the most beautiful flowers of its own special atmosphere and light. The supreme
life — self-sacrifice, heroism, patient kindness, and examples of this excellence in art are the best plays
sparkling wit. The relations of tragedy to joy in of Shakespeare. “Macbeth” and “King Lear,"
literature are universally mistaken. We sympathize “ Cymbeline,"
“ Cymbeline,” “Twelfth Night," "A Merchant
with the effort rather than with the end. Who of Venice,” “ As You Like It,” “The Midsummer
would not accept Achilles' early death, if he could Night's Dream,” were thrown out by Shakespeare's
deck himself in the splendor of that hero? Who creating mind, each flawless in its unity of color, like
would not go through Hamlet's troubles, if he could the red and blue and green and mauve and yellow
do it with the kingly mien, the intellectual domi stars which dance in the tangles of the Pleiades.
nance of the Dane? We do not love death or pain After Shakespeare this virtue in literature fell into
or poverty, but we love the great spirits which can abeyance for Milton's elevation and majesty are
react against these dark, hard things, and strike out quite different things. The wits and novel-writers
light for the centuries.
who succeeded thought that all that went to the
Mild religious doubt was a great preoccupation making of a book was a vast amount of human inci-
of the Victorian writers. The day of defiance was dent and a great bundle of brilliant sayings. In
past. Byron and Shelley had been Titans hurling Gray's "Elegy” the thing was born again; and in
mountains at Zeus ; but Tennyson, Arnold, Brown the best pieces of Collins — the "Ode to Evening
ing. Newman, were simply disillusioned clergymen, and the “Highland Ode” – it attained a high perfec-
timidly picking flaws in the plan of the universe, or tion. Four or five poems by Coleridge and as many
falling back upon faith and authority. England by Keats show the virtue to the full. And by a
had to go to a not very distinguished Persian poet special miracle, Scott in one story, “ The Bride of
of the past to get its most thorough-going statement Lammermoor,” attains a truth of tone which makes
of the eternal problems.
that novel rank above all his others. Now the gift
The Scientific spirit, and the rise of the Evolu of tone was habitual with Tennyson. Not only in
tionary theory, which last had its home in England, his shorter and earlier pieces like “The Dying
have been accused of or praised for great influence Swan,” “The Two Sisters,” “ Mariana" but in his
on modern literature and life. But it seems to me more ambitious works “ Maud,” “ The Princess,"
that their power has been vastly overrated. The “ The Idylls ” — is this excellence innate and of im-
general conceptions of the creed of Evolution, which perative appeal. Tone was, if not Rossetti's sole
are all the world takes note of, are at least as old as stock in trade, at least his most valuable asset. It
Greek philosophy, and there have been no great is implicit, though not overwhelmingly apparent, in
doings from them in the past. At the most, they Arnold. James Thomson's “ City of Dreadful
can but alter the special forms of religious belief. Night” is a remarkable example of it. The novel
They cannot shake the basis of faith. Men will go writers, too, possess the gift. Three such varying
on believing in God, and the immortality of the tales as “Barnaby Rudge,” “ Wuthering Heights,
soul, and redemption for sin, in the future as they and “ Armadale” are fulfilled with it almost in
always have in the past. If the old theologies extreme measure. And in a different kind, “ Pick-
fail to satisfy, they will frame new ones.
wick,'
,” “ Cranford,” and “Silas Marner” are perfect
There remains to be said something about the in atmosphere. The cultivation of tone is, I should
technical qualities of the Victorian literature. In say, the most valuable technical achievement of
style - which, in its limited sense, I take to mean modern English literature.
concentration, vividness and freshness of speech - | On the whole, however, the Victorian literature
the age must stand or fall with its leader, Tenny is deficient in greatness, originality, daring, soul.
Now it seems to me that in most of the great For strife it substituted comfort, for splendor it
excellences of style, he is inferior not only to substituted charm, for fierce satire or soul-shattering
Shakespeare and Milton but to Gray and Collins, tragedy it substituted gentle irony and light humor.
Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Keats. His best work There are to-day, and there always will be, innu-
brought into juxtaposition with theirs already shows merable readers to whom these secondary qualities
a little faded. It has not the final simplicity, the appeal most. But every age can supply them for
jewel-like sparkle, the lasting memorable weight, of itself. I am inclined to think that future genera-
theirs. In prose, it may be said at once that the tions will prefer to light their torches at the battle-
age had no original technical gift. All the weapons beacons of the Georgian epoch rather than at the
of English prose were forged long before and used modest hearth-fires of the Victorian age.
with more effect. In simple prose it did not beat
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.
son.


1907.]
245
THE DIAL
Scott and Lever paid to Miss Edgeworth is a strik-
or not, at the hands of another Englishman (by adop-
CASUAL COMMENT.
tion), who, after long exile (self-imposed), returns to
THE ABERRATIONS OF CONTEMPORARY JUDGMENTS
his mother country and indulges in comments, not
are a continual source of amusement and amazement
always complimentary, on her habits and peculiarities.
to posterity. In one of Christopher North's longest
A LIBRARIAN WHO IS ALSO A HUMAN BEING is what
essays (it is almost a treatise), he passes in review all
the chief writers of his time – Scott, Wordsworth,
Mr. Charles F. Lummis, public librarian (among other
Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, and the others — and decides
things) at Los Angeles, has been not inappropriately
that no one of them was a great poet, but that the two
called. Bibliothecal duties unquestionably tend to mum-
who came nearest to making good their claim to that
mify the body and pedantify the mind; but here we have
title were Robert Southey and Joanna Baillie ! Mat-
a guardian of printed wisdom who is alert and brimming
thew Arnold has a passage in one of his letters which
over with new ideas, and most undeniably alive. Under
throws a curious light on this subject. He attended a
his more than up-to-date administration the Los Angeles
great literary banquet in London, and found himself
library, as the librarian's second annual report announces,
seated at one of the lower tables until George Augustus
has moved into a new building, and has opened a roof-
Sala and Edmund Yates saw him and escorted him to
garden to its patrons as an al fresco reading-room. (Happy
the higher board where they had places by right. In
the reading public in that balmy clime!) Smokers are
the recently published life of Charles Lever there is an
welcome. Only indecent books are blacklisted. Mr. Lum-
instance of the unexpected modesty of genius in assess-
mis holds that what the tax-payer asks for, within reason-
ing its own value. A chapter is devoted to the cor-
able limits, he should have; and if he feels a craving that
respondence of Lever with Miss Edgeworth, wherein
nothing but “The Cameron Pride” or “ Dick Onslow
the creator of Mickey Free and Corny Delaney and
among the Redskins," with cigarette accompaniment,
Major Monsoon is shown as almost grovelling in abase-
will satisfy, he should not be turned away with a chill-
ment at the feet of the admirable though rather mediocre
ing offer of “ Paley's Evidences " instead. This invites
author of “Castle Rackrent.” The worship which both
discussion, which, however, is not in place here.
THE AVOCATIONS OF GREAT MEN are even more in-
ing testimony to the power of even execution and aca-
demic correctness. Lever not only repented at her
teresting, because more intimately characteristic, than
their vocations. Hence we note, with something more
shrine the great sins of his youth, Harry Lorrequer,
than a passing glance at the announcement, that Mr.
Jack Hinton, and Charles O'Malley, but he turned to
imitation of her in a long series of dull books. It is his
H. G. Wells, writer of ingenious and startling stories,
sins of fiction that the world will remember. Surely,
has been appointed a justice of the peace for Folkstone;
also that Mr. Thomas Hardy, veteran novelist of assured
“Charles O'Malley” is the best war-novel ever writ-
renown, is and is proud to be a justice of the peace for
ten, Tolstoi's “War and Peace” and the tales of Mr.
Dorset. In fact, Mr. Hardy takes more satisfaction in
Kipling to the contrary notwithstanding. In reading this minor office than in being known on two continents
Tolstoi's vast works, one wonders why men should ever
as the author of « Tess." All of which might easily
go out to fight, for he makes warfare the dullest, dreariest
remind one of Czar Peter's passion for shipbuilding,
business human beings can engage in. In Lever, on
the other hand, there is all the fun and frolic and ad-
and of the boyish glee with which he carried home to
his Czarina his first wages earned by manual labor; of
venture which lures men to action, — and there is, too,
King Louis's bent for clockmaking; of a certain living
much of the high magnanimities and deep loyalties of
emperor's pride in his own poetry and painting; and so
the heroic life. Lever's rollicking revelry has been
objected to as being out of keeping with the serious
on, to any length. One likes best the work in which
business of war. But everyone who has been for a long gratified to find how well they can (or think they can)
voluntary choice has freest play. Also, all men are
time under circumstances of great stress and danger
will at once recognize as true the overwrought exulta-
do some things with the left hand.
tion which faces death with a flow of nonsense, or gay THE LITERATURE OF THE STEERAGE-- that is, the kind
defiance, or even blasphemy. This feeling has been
of reading matter in request among “third cabin "pas-
crystallized into that memorable short poem, “ Revelry
sengers has been made the subject of inquiry; and it
in India”; and Lever gives it most successfully.
appears that whereas first-class and second-class voy-
agers on our monster liners demand almost exclusively
OUR MUCH-DECRIED “ AMERICAN-ENGLISH " has a the very latest novels, with which the ship's library is
good word (of a certain sort) spoken for it by an emi-
forced to stock itself just before the boat's departure,
nent English scholar and writer. Mr. Sidney Lee, in
the humble occupants of quarters near the throbbing
addressing a British society lately established “to help
vitals of the vessel must be content with standard au-
to maintain the correct use of English, and to promote
thors, Shakespeare, Tolstoi (the earlier Tolstoi, pre-
the due recognition of English as an essential element sumably), Hugo, and Dickens. Blessed are the poor in
in national education,” adduced the significant fact that pocket, for theirs is the kingdom of the literature that
Harvard University has twenty teachers of English,
lasts.
while Oxford has but one; and this disparity he regarded THE CRAZE FOR SHAKESPEAREANA, which has already
as fairly representing the different degrees of import been mentioned in these columns, has reached such a
ance attached to English language and literature studies pitch that even a very poor and much-patched copy of
in the two countries. We mean well, it would seem, the so-called “ John Wright" issue of the first edition
even if we are young and ignorant. Some such sooth (1609) of the Sonnets is expected to bring as much as
ing balm as this was needed after the “dressing down" a thousand pounds at the coming sale (April 18–20, at
we speakers of the United States dialect (especially the Sotheby's) of a “selected portion ” of the library of Sir
female portion of us) have received, whether deservedly Henry St. John Mildmay, of Dogmersfield, Hampshire.


246
[April 16,
THE DIAL
as
on the
The New Books.
are still more strenuous forces at work reaching down
to impulses and experiences as primitive and profound
are those of struggle itself. ... The Advocates
of Peace would find the appeal both to Pity and Pru-
SOME HOPED-FOR VICTORIES OF PEACE.*
dence totally unnecessary, could they utilize the cosmo-
Between those on the one hand who, like politan interest in human affairs with the resultant
Herbert Spencer, believe government to be at
social sympathy that at the present moment is develop-
ing among all the nations of the earth.”
best a necessary evil and its legitimate functions
very narrowly restricted, and those on the other
It is in the large cities, with their mixed
who, with Miss Jane Addams, of Hull House,
populations, that this “cosmopolitan interest”
Chicago, maintain that its duties are of the wid-
and broader sympathy are to be cultivated. To
est range, and its possibilities of usefulness not
this end, experiments in ministering to social
yet suspected by the world at large, there lies
needs are to be made and governmental reforms
a gulf that is deep and wide. Without attempt
instituted. Cities are with good reason cen-
ing here any balancing of arguments on each
tres of radicalism," as they have in the past
side, the reviewer is glad to commend most
been cradles of liberty." It
may be, thinks
the author, that we shall be saved from mili-
heartily the high moral purpose and the firm
grasp of detail that make Miss Addams's
tarism by the “fighting rabble" itself, by the
“ Newer Ideals of Peace" a very valuable addi- quarrelsome mob turned into kindly citizens of
tion to Professor Ely's “ Citizen's Library,”
the world through the pressure of a cosmopoli-
which has now reached its twenty-fifth volume.
tan neighborhood.
Pleas for universal peace have been addressed,
“ It is not that they are shouting for peace
as Miss Addams points out in her Introduction, contrary, if they shout at all they will continue to shout
for war -- but that they are really attaining cosmo-
first to the higher imaginative pity; and most politan relations through daily experience. They will
conspicuous among peace-advocates who thus probably believe for a long time that war is noble and
work on our sympathies are Count Tolstoi in necessary both to engender and cherish patriotism; and
his earlier writings and Verestehagin in his yet all of the time, below their shouting, they are living
in the kingdom of human kindness."
paintings. The second line of appeal is that
made to economic prudence; and here again a
The newer and more aggressive humanitarian-
Russian protagonist steps to the front in the
ism makes for social amelioration in the pro-
person of Jean de Bloch, banker and economist,
tective legislation that takes account of the
who convincingly presents the increasingly ruin-
weakest citizen as a valuable asset. It protests
ous cost of militarism, and shows that its bur- against the social waste involved in child labor,
dens threaten to bring about social revolution
and it also demands that woman's recognized
in every European country. Contrasted with aptitudes shall be utilized in civic life.
these older appeals are those of the third or
Even in our city governments Miss Addams
more aggressive school of peace-promoters, who,
finds too much of the spirit of militarism,
without decrying arguments of the first two
an administration concerning itself grudgingly
kinds, hold that there are now developing cer-
with the people's social needs and limiting its
tain “newer social forces which it is believed
activities chiefly to the enacting and enforcing
will at last prove a “sovereign intervention' by of restrictive measures. The police department,
extinguishing the possibility of battle at its very
a most conspicuous survival of militarism, re-
source." A few sentences from Miss Addams's ceives disproportionate attention. That govern-
opening pages will help to make clear this posi- ment support is generously given to education,
tion, which is the one she herself holds.
the author freely admits ; but she criticizes the
« It is difficult to formulate the newer dynamic peace,
reluctance of the municipality to take in hand
embodying the later humanism, as over against the old a multitude of other public interests of like
dogmatic peace. The word . non-resistance is mis- importance. A chapter is devoted to our failure,
leading, because it is much too feeble and inadequate through a certain cast-iron inflexibility of law
It suggests passivity, the goody-goody attitude of in-
effectiveness. The words 'overcoming,' substituting,'
and custom, to make intelligent use of immi-
6 re-creating, readjusting moral values,' “forming new
grants in civic affairs — a difficult problem,
centres of spiritual energy carry much more of the surely; another to our defective industrial leg-
meaning implied. For it is not merely the desire for a, islation ; and still another to the “
conscience at rest, for a sense of justice no longer out-
group mor-
ality” exemplified by trades-unions and other
raged, that would pull us into new paths where there
would be no more war nor preparations for war. There organizations and classes, whose several activi-
ties are not yet harmonized and united for the
* NEWER IDEALS OF PEACE. By Jane Addams. New York:
The Macmillan Co.
common good.


1907.]
247
THE DIAL
like a
now in
Excellent chapters on “ Protection of Chil with a power for righteousness not himself, can he ex-
dren for Industrial Efficiency,” “ Women in
perience peace; and it may be possible that the nations
will be called to a similar experience.”
Government,” and “ Passing of the War Vir-
The desired word for Miss Addams's world-
tues," close the book. The sad waste of human
energy and even human life due to child-labor embracing patriotism might seem to be “hu-
is forcibly and pathetically illustrated by a case
manitarianism,” except that this term,
from Miss Addams's experience. The mother of
coin long-minted, has become rubbed and worn,
five children had died; the father, a drunkard,
and is lacking in sharpness and precision. A
fresh word is desirable.
had disappeared ; a feeble old grandmother re-
As an immediate and effective solution of the
mained. The oldest boy, not yet twelve, was
a fine, manly little fellow, who recognized it as
main problem indicated by its title, this treatise
his duty to care for the family.
may well prove less successful than as a manual
of instruction in methods of mutual service and
“We found him a place as cash-boy in a department
store for two dollars a week. He held it for three years,
a plea for mutual sympathy and good-will ; but
although his enthusiasm failed somewhat as the months for moral earnestness such as comes only of a
went by and he gradually discovered how little help his life spent in good works, for persuasiveness such
wages were to the family exchequer after his car-fare, as speaks but from actual experience of things
decent clothes and unending pairs of shoes were paid
seen and heard and participated in, for high-
for. Before the end of the third year he had become
listless and indifferent to his work, in spite of the in-
souled nobility of purpose such as can mark no
crease of fifty cents a week. In the hope that a change book written with other than a perfectly unsel-
would be good for him, a place as elevator-boy was fish end in view, it is sure to take a high place
secured. This he was unable to keep; and then one in the literature of its kind, and, whatever its
situation after another slipped through his grasp, until
which time
a typhoid fever, which he developed at the age of fifteen, proportions of truth and error
seemed to explain his apathy. After a long illness and
alone can tell it should accomplish a deal of
a poor recovery, he worked less well. Finally, at the good in the great work of social amelioration
age of sixteen, when he should have been able really to
progress. PERCY F. BICKNELL.
help the little family and perhaps be its main support,
he had become a professional tramp, and eventually
dropped completely from our knowledge."
It is needless to say that the author is at her Two BISHOPS OF THE WESTERN FRONTIER.*
best on the subject of Woman Suffrage ; but About the time of the close of the Civil War
without quoting her in that connection, let us
there was a sparsely settled and little-known
choose our final quotation from her closing chap- region in the heart of the Rocky Mountains,
ter. Professor William James, who is cited in
which was felt to be destined to become the
the Introduction, has well urged the need to
home of a large population at some future time
“ discover something heroic that will speak to and to be an important part of our American
men as universally as war has done, and yet nation. It comprised the “ wild and woolly
will be as compatible with their spiritual natures West” of those days, and was the home of the
as war has proved to be incompatible.” Miss miner, the cowboy, the adventurer, the fugitive
Addams says:
from justice, and the Mormon. The United
“ In a political campaign men will go through every States government organized therein the ter-
possible hardship in response to certain political loyal- ritories of Utah, Montana, and Idaho, compris-
ties; in a moment of national danger men will sacrifice
every personal advantage. It is but necessary to make
ing respectively about 105,000, 145,000, and
this fellowship wider, to extend its scope without lower- 90,000 square miles, and having a total popula-
ing its intensity. Those emotions which stir the spirit tion, not counting Indians, of 155,000, or not
to deeds of self-surrender and to high enthusiasm, are
among the world's most precious assets. That this
That this quite one inhabitant to every two square miles.
emotion has so often become associated with war, by no
Into this vast region the Episcopal Church in
means proves that it cannot be used for other ends.
1866 determined to send a missionary Bishop,
There is something active and tangible in this new in and selected for that purpose the Rev. Daniel
ternationalism, although it is difficult to make it clear, Sylvester Tuttle, then rector of a country parish
and in our striving for a new word with which to ex-
in the central part of New York. The church
press this new and important sentiment we are driven
to the rather absurd phrase of cosmic patriotism.'
chose wisely and well. Mr. Tuttle, at the time
Whatever it may be called, it may yet be strong enough * REMINISCENCES OF A MISSIONARY BISHOP. By the Rt. Rev.
to move masses of men out of their narrow national D. S. Tuttle, D.D., Bishop of Missouri. New York: Thomas
considerations and cautions into new reaches of human
MY PEOPLE OF THE PLAINS. By the Rt. Rev. Ethelbert
effort and affection. Religion has long ago taught that Talbot, D.D., S.T.D., Bishop of Central Pennsylvania.
only as the individual can establish a sense of union York: Harper & Brothers.
Whittaker.
New


248
(April 16,
THE DIAL
of his election, was but twenty-nine years old, press it should have been thoroughly revised and
and had to wait until after he had passed another the various chronological view-points adjusted
birthday before he was of sufficient age to be and brought into harmony with the later date.
made a Bishop; but his training in his country Bishop Talbot writes in a popular literary
parish was of a character to fit him for the style, and for the entertainment of the general
peculiarly difficult mission upon which he was reader. His life as a Missionary Bishop brought
sent. His official title was at first “ Bishop of him in contact with the class of people whom
Montana, having jurisdiction also in Utah and Mr. Owen Wister so well describes. Indeed,
Idaho.” He familiarized himself with every it is generally conceded that Mr. Wister refers
portion of his vast field where any settlements to Bishop Talbot in one of his stories. The
were to be found, and after working therein ground had been broken for him and the way
heroically for fourteen years he prevailed upon smoothed for his missionary labors by his pre-
the church, in 1880, to set Montana apart as a decessors in the same field, so that he was not sub-
separate Missionary District and to select a jected to the same hardships as the elder Bishop,
Bishop therefor. He thereupon became Bishop and he found leisure for recreation in hunting
of Utah with jurisdiction in Idaho, and fixed the big game of that region. He also con-
his home in Salt Lake City. Six years later tributes a chapter upon the Mormons; and one
he responded to a call, which then came to him
upon the Red Man is a valuable contribution to
for the second time, to become the Bishop of the literature of the subject. Both books are
the Diocese of Missouri, and entered upon the valuable in giving pictures, from slightly dif-
work of the Bishop of a Diocese, to become also, ferent view-points, of life and conditions which
more recently, by virtue of his seniority of con are now rapidly disappearing from our land.
secration, the Presiding Bishop of the Epis-
ARTHUR HOWARD NOLL.
copal Church in America. That same year,
Idaho was separated from the jurisdiction which
had been formerly his and was joined by Wyo
ming, and the Missionary District of Wyoming MR. LANG'S HOMERIC QUERIES.*
and Idaho was created. Of this, the Rev. Mr. Andrew Lang, when not on the trail of
Ethelbert Talbot of Missouri was elected Bishop the Casket Letters, or editing vari-colored fairy
and in due time consecrated. He fixed his epis-books, or annihilating the Aryan school of myth-
copal residence in Laramie, built a cathedral ologists, champions the unity of Homer. In his
there, and labored until 1897, when he too was
“ Homer and the Epic ” he confounded Wilam-
called to an Eastern Diocese and ceased to be owitz, Kirchhoff, and the whole school of dis-
a missionary bishop.
integrating critics who rely mainly on literary
The experiences of these two men in that re-
analysis and the alleged self-contradictions of the
gion and at that particular period of the history poet. But much water has flowed under the
of the several states which have grown up therein bridges in twelve years. Mycenology has be-
could not fail to be of intense interest to the
come a full-fledged specialty. Hall, Ridgeway,
general reader. And, fortunately, both have
and others, have published learned works on
been prevailed upon to write their reminiscences
the earliest civilization of Greece. Reichel and
and observations of the time when they were Robert have promulgated their complicated hy-
building up the church in a crude civilization. potheses about Homeric weapons ; two or three
The book of the elder bishop has the deeper new views of the Homeric house have been
pro-
ecclesiastical interest, though it throws not a few
posed; Professor Paul Cauer has changed his
valuable side-lights upon economic conditions, mind with regard to the incompatibility of the
and its chapter on the Mormons shows a states-
ninth, eleventh, and sixteenth books of the Iliad;
manlike grasp of the subject. The author re and Mr. Walter Leaf has issued an enlarged
cords his experiences with no word of complaint edition of his commentary, in which he abandons
for the hardships he was called upon to endure, his former faith in a school of Homeridæ and
and his book cannot fail to be an inspiration to
returns to the discredited tradition of a Homer
the younger members of the ministry of his
manufactured by the commission of Pisistratus.
church, to whom he gives useful advice upon
Here are
" throats to be cut and work to be
a variety of topics. In one respect the work done,” and Mr. Lang returns to the charge in
might have been improved from a literary stand-
his new work on “ Homer and his Age.”
point. Although begun in 1889, it was not
• HOMER AND HIS AGE. By Andrew Lang. With frontispiece.
completed until 1904; and before going to
New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.


1907.]
249
THE DIAL
He is
very much in earnest in his resolve that Lied required an individual author. If the
the layman shall not be “ bluffed” by the ex apparent unity of archaic color in the Iliad was
cathedra pronouncement“ Scientia locuta est.” maintained by the conscious conventions of a
The higher Homeric criticism is not a science at poetical guild, why have no other poems before
all, he protests, but a mere jungle of false logic, the nineteenth century archaized in this fashion
a morass inhabited by will o'the wisps of wanton not Beowulf with its allusions to Christianity,
hypothesis and conjecture. Mr. Lang is be not the authors of the mediæval French epics
trayed into some slips and exaggerations by the who attribute to tenth century knights the
vivacity of his polemic, and his own positive con armorial bearings of a later age, not even the
clusions are in their turn open to cavil. But his learned Virgil, or Apollonius of Rhodes, or
main negative contention is sound. The new Quintus of Smyrna. If the irresponsible Ionian
books of Homeric criticism make a formidable rhapsodists who composed the songs that grew
showing of archæological, linguistic, and ethno- into the Iliad consciously avoided reference to
logical erudition.
But as arguments they are writing, coined money, seal rings, and in general
mere sophistical exercitations. We have not to ideas, institutions, and geographical names
gained one inch on the position defined by later than the original kernel of the poem, why
Matthew Arnold : “ These are questions which did the more literary cyclic poets, their contem-
have been debated with learning, with ingenuity, poraries by the hypothesis, introduce so many
nay, with genius, - but there really exist no un-Homeric touches ? If we reject as interpo-
data for determining them.”
lations all
passages that do not fit our theories,
Mr. Lang's polemic, despite' much repetition and assume that some of the interpolators care-
and some wearisome details, holds the attention fully archaized while others followed the customs
by a wealth of pertinent illustration from Norse of their own day, may we not deduce any con-
and Old French literature, and by the force clusions from any text ? By what study of con-
and cunning of his dialectical sword-play. The stitutional history were late Ionian strolling
disintegrationists collect examples of apparent bards enabled to preserve throughout the Iliad
diversities or inconsistencies in different parts the consistent picture of feudal institutions ex-
of Homer in regard to language, ideas religious hibited in the relations of the Overlord Aga-
or ethical, burial and marriage customs, land memnon to his liegemen ? Why should they
tenure, weapons and warfare, the structure of freely interpolate the corslet, but rarely the
the house, the knowledge and use of metals. Ionian round shield, its natural accompaniment ?
These are mechanically combined in theories of Or why should not the Homeric man, like the
the secular evolution of the various “ strata' Algonquin Indian, have used both the corslet
of the Iliad and Odyssey. Mr. Lang is not con and the big oblong shield which in the opinion of
tent with showing up in detail the trivial and the German professor rendered it superfluous ?
inconclusive character of many of the alleged Why should Homer, though familiar with iron,
tests of earlier and later work. He is not sat- rarely if ever speak of iron weapons, if not for
isfied with the effective but easy retort that the the reason that iron was not yet sufficiently well
critics contradict one another far more than do tempered to be used in war? How much do
the various Homers whom they postulate. He we really know about early Greek land-tenure,
forces us to realize at every step the full con and what probability is there that the great
crete historical implications of the theory that chieftains of the Iliad cultivated no larger
the Iliad and Odyssey are a late patchwork of domain than the lot which fell to a Thersites?
poems, composed, interpolated, and altered How could the author of the late” tenth book
through three or four centuries of changing of the Iliad describe a type of Mycenæan cap
civilization and language.
revealed to us by recent excavations ? Had he
The Iliad possesses artistic and historical studied it in an archæological museum ? Why
unity enough for the unanalytical reader. If should we expect all Homeric houses to conform
it is a slow organic growth, or a compilation of to one type, and why should the daughters of
the work of a school, why has no other epic ever princes not sleep in an upper chamber in the
been produced in the same way? The Kalevala Iliad as well as in the Odyssey ?
is not an epic, though Lönnrot, dealing freely Such are some of the questions propounded
with his materials, tried to make it one. Neither by Mr. Lang. And as he can obtain no satis-
is the Edda. The chansons de geste were not factory answer, he concludes that the Homeric
pieced together out of lays, but freely composed. poems are a consistent picture of a single age of
Even the relative success of the Niebelungen Greek civilization, the sub-Mycenaan,
which


250
[April 16,
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But no
falls somewhere between the shaft graves of souls. The modern state contains three times
Mycenæ (1500-1100) and the time represented the area and over five times the population of
by the Dipylon tombs at Athens (900–750). its prototype in 1567. Besides administering
The probability of Mr. Lang's conclusion is ably a vast colonial empire, it is one of the
not seriously affected by the inadvertencies and most thriving and prosperous of the smaller
omissions which closer scrutiny would bring states of Europe. For two centuries it was the
out. He deals timidly with the linguistic argu- leader of civilization and the foremost exponent
ment, admitting regretfully or ironically that he of progressive ideas in Europe. Then it suf-
is no grammarian. But though it is a curious fered a long decline before its rejuvenation in
and interesting fact that “later” forms are of the nineteenth century.
more frequent occurrence in certain books of Mr. Barker, the author of " The Decline and
the Iliad, cautious reasoners are coming more Fall of the Netherlands,” does not seem to know
and more to admit that the evidence is too much about the modern renaissance of that
slight to support any definite conclusion. We country. In the articles he has written for
are forced back on the formula of the ancients, European reviews during the past year or two,
“ Homer" employed a mixed composite dialect. he presages the absorption of the land of dykes
Again, that Mr. Lang seems to have studied only into mighty Germany, although his arguments
Reichel on Homeric weapons, and but for a seem more ingenious than convincing. In his
few casual references, almost ignores the ela- book, he concludes his historical survey with
borate hypotheses of Robert, might be ground the fall of the republic and of the Frenchified
of cavil for a partisan of the latter.
Kingdom of Holland. Although his work is sur-
student of Homer is under any real obligation charged with ideas and notions that are meant
to disentangle the cobweb of ingenious sophistry to illustrate “the economic interpretation of
that Robert has spun about the subject. And history,” he ignores the fact that while even as
similarly of the much-vexed racial problem. We late as the nineteenth century England had coal
do not know whether the Achæans of Homer and iron in plenty to meet the necessities of
were Mycenæans, Pelasgians (whatever that civilization, Holland, being utterly without these
may mean), or Celtic invaders from the north ; resources, has not been able to compete with
nor does the question affect the unity of the her island neighbor ; and in earlier times, also,
Iliad. The real strength of the disintegrationist Great Britain had vastly greater internal sup-
position is the cumulative impression (I do not plies. Mr. Barker shows lack of acquaintance
say the cumulative logical force) of arguments also with authorities that might have helped him
singly untenable. Where there is so much to sounder conclusions, -as, for example, the
smoke, we think there must be some fire. more recent critical historical writings of the
" Tantus labor non sit cassus," we exclaim. Leyden and Utrecht schools.
But every age has its own forms of scholasticism.
The philosophy of decline and decay may be
The argument from the apparent consensus of as valuable as that of adolescence and growth.
the learned is naught. It is temporary and In any event it is certain that the author has
will change with the next new fashion. Homeric contributed a work of singular value to all those
scholars read one another's books, and a few who would have the study of history made as
leaders set the fashion for any decade. 6. Fore fruitful and practical as possible. He has, we
God, they are all in one tale,” the puzzled lay- think, hurt rather than helped his lively book
man cries.
PAUL SHOREY. by overloading it with quotations from the
classic authors, such as Aristotle, Thucydides,
Machiavelli, and others who have already served
THE LESSON OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC,* long enough for copy-book inscriptions. It is
The evolution of the Dutch nation, and the refreshing, however, to find him quoting also
rise of a mighty republic on a piece of land that
John Pym and George Washington, besides
was little more than a stretch of
swamp
and Motley and Grattan.
sand scarcely five thousand miles in area, makes
Mr. Barker re-reads Dutch history in the
one of the most wonderful stories since the time
light of the native authors of the old school and
of the Romans. When this Northern David of general modern (foreign) writers ; and he
took up sling and stone against panoplied Spain, does so critically. He gives slight place to the
the Dutch people numbered less than a million business either of blood-letting or of diplomacy,
except as these themes illuminate his thesis ; for
* THE RISE AND DECLINE OF THE NETHERLANDS. By J. Ellis
he is evidently a tendency-writer, and quite
Barker. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.


1907.]
251
THE DIAL
equal to Grote, who preached British policy in tion of individuals and corporations in the pur-
a history of Greece. Being a stalwart British suit of wealth at the expense of national unity,
Imperialist, he shows how the politicians have with the final humiliation of the Netherlands in
always mismanaged military enterprises. He being first ignored by the Powers and then con-
would evidently have every general and admiral quered by France, were necessary to make the
cut the wires of communication as soon as the Dutch realize how much they needed a cen-
march or the expedition is begun. His main tralized government and a true head of affairs.
idea is that Great Britain, in order to keep In a word, the monarchy more than fulfilled
pace with Germany and the United States, must the hopes of the republic.
form an imperial confederacy and have a written In developing his story, or rather his argu-
constitution ; otherwise, the British nation will ment in behalf of British federation, Mr. Barker
surely recede into obscurity and give up the first shows the natural condition and resources
world to Yankee and Teuton. To the American, of the Netherlands in shaping the character and
the book is especially worthy of reading and history of the Dutch, and the upbuilding of the
study, for the wonderfully illuminating power new world on the ruins of feudalism. Devas-
with which it explores Dutch history to show tated by Spain, the Dutch Republic was created
the danger of the divisive forces in a nation. In with blood and iron, but the Netherlands
the world-old struggle between local and central obtained the rank of a great Power. In time,
government, one can read in Dutch history the too much home-rule brought on administrative
warnings that befit alike Americans in a federal chaos. Then party strife, arising from the ab-
union and Englishmen under a constitutional sence of a written constitution, weakened the
monarchy.
country. While wealth increased, the army was
The plague of Dutch history and the greatest allowed to sink into decay. The author even
hindrance to development lay in local and divi- holds that the Netherlands treasonably aban-
sive forces. These prevented the realization of doned their ally, France, and allowed the party
a true national union. Until modern times of disintegration to become all-powerful in the
there was no centralized government of suffi commonwealth. The English attacked and de-
cient strength to solve the problems besetting feated the Dutch, gained the control of the seas,
the commonwealth. In the Middle Ages free and took the Dutch colonies. Nevertheless,
dom had been won from feudal lords, not by the incurably selfish politicians in the Netherlands
people in their collective capacity, but by the utilized defeat to strengthen their own position.
cities, which finely wrought out the idea of Affairs went from bad to worse. In the end,
municipal rights based on charters. But this under the blows, economic, military, and naval,
process threw the power into the hands of oli- of England and France, the Netherlands sank
garchies. The families of wealth and ability into insignificance
into insignificance — a monument to the folly
perpetually maintained their power. Nether- of her self-seeking politicians.
lands, being an aggregation of cities, never be Mr. Barker's style is bright and vivid. His
came a genuine political unity, in spite of the references to authorities are numerous, and
genius of William of Orange.
there is an excellent analytical index of thirty-
The author does not bring out clearly—any
six
pages.
The book is well worth reading by
more than did Motley, who was under the spell Americans interested in the study of national
of Hoofdt and Wagenaar - the contention of federation and state-rights.
the Calvinists and Orangeists, as against the
WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS.
Arminians and Regents, in the great struggle
between State-rights and Union, led on the one
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY is about to begin the pub-
side by Barneveldt and on the other by the
lication of a series of books devoted to various phases
military son of William the Silent. The people, of present-day social progress, under the title " The
or the Orangeists, emphasized the idea of the American Social Progress Series.” The general editor
nation. The brilliant and able Barneveldt laid
is Samuel McCune Lindsay, Professor of Sociology at
the University of Pennsylvania and Professor-elect of
stress on the power of the States, the cities, and
Social Science at Columbia University. The first book
the power-holding aristocrats. The national
in the series, to be published in a few weeks, is “ The
idea triumphed over possible secession; but no New Basis of Civilization,” by Professor Simon N.
master-mind like that of William of Orange, Patten of the University of Pennsylvania. This will be
who was a Unionist in both religion and poli- by President Arthur T. Hadley of Yale, and “
followed shortly by “ Standards of Public Morality,"
Legisla-
tics, led the Dutch into true national unity. Two
tion and Administration for Social Welfare,” by Pro-
centuries of a weak federalism, and the absorp- fessor Jeremiah W. Jenks of Cornell.


252
[April 16,
THE DIAL
DIAL
tirade as a legitimate feature of even the acting
RECENT POETRY.*
drama. The French stage, through three centuries
The poetic drama is proving every year more of glorious history, has demonstrated to all but the
attractive to our younger writers of verse, and the mechanicians of dramatic writing that the long
unfortunate deadlock between poetry and the En- speech has as much right to exist as the choppy
glish stage seems on the point of being broken. dialogue. Twenty-three lines is the extreme limit
As long as theatrical managers maintained their of Mr. Torrence's daring, and upon two occasions
non possumus attitude, rejecting with contumely the he permits a character to discourse at that length.
overtures of poets, the situation was hopeless, for Neither of these passages will serve us for quota-
such poets as wished to write in the dramatic form tion, however, and we must illustrate the quality of
were offered no incentive to take stagecraft into the verse by means of an excerpt from the scene of
consideration. But the situation is now considerably the lovers' meeting in after years.
changed. Poetry, modern poetry, on the stage has
HÉLOISE.
been shown by such men as Mr. Stephen Phillips
and Mr. Percy Mackaye to be at least a practicable
“ O Love, bring back your eyes, think on us two.
Think how the morning and the evening are,
affair, and the encouraging word has gone forth that How they are lovely when we look together.
even the commercialized and syndicated theatre Think how the dawn has found us glad of Love,
has become amenable to an artistic appeal. One of
Think how the noon has looked upon us glad,
the most promising of the younger poets who have
How the night's pulse has grown to be one bird,
Dripping its music on our double souls,
heard this word of cheer is Mr. Ridgely Torrence,
Melting them to one song. Why, the whole earth
whose “ Abelard and Héloise" we may now read in
Is like a banquet spread before our love,
a book, and ere long, we are given to understand,
And I shall wait upon you, you shall see.
may also witness in performance. His subject is
Your bread shall be my tender services;
I'll win the golden apples of the west,
one of the best that history can offer to the dramatist
Out of my mighty willingness for you,
who has in his composition some infusion of psy-
Each dawn shall be a silver cup for you;
chology. The difficulty of dealing with one criti Oh, let me hold it, I am strong enough.
cal situation in this poignant love-romance of the
ABELARD.
twelfth century has preserved the subject from
“So, there's no help. Empty and waste and void.
over-exploitation, and left Mr. Torrence a fairly
You only offer me this piteous table.
fresh field for his endeavor. He disposes of the Do you not see what mocking feast is Life ?
difficulty in question with a single effective line, Wherein one finds the goblets like as seives,
Bitter, black wine. And floating motes for food;
dramatically placed, and the rest of his course is
How one sits with the sneering life around him
plain sailing. There are four acts, the first two
Only to pass unquenched with a groan?
being separated from the others by a score of years. How he who deeply supped for living - dies ?
The first half of the work gives us the Paris School
And he who hoped for death in his cup- lives?
[He moves away.)
and Fulbert's villa, the second half the Paraclete
And all are troubled with the last year's flies ? "
and Châlons. The dramatic handling of the story
is spirited and rapid — too rapid, in fact, to permit This passage may be taken as representing Mr.
of those purple patches of poetry that the reviewer
Torrence's diction at its best. It is not without
likes to reproduce. When our dramatic poets have infelicities, verbal and rhythmical, but its movement
enjoyed their new franchise for a while, we hope is, on the whole, stately and impressive.
that they will grow less timid, and recognize the « The Coast of Bohemia" is a volume of verse
* ABELARD AND HÉLOISE. By Ridgely Torrence. New York:
by Mr. Thomas Nelson Page. Mr. Page is neither
Charles Scribner's Sons.
a lyrist nor a prophet, but he is a highly accom-
THE COAST OF BOHEMIA. By Thomas Nelson Page. New
plished man of letters, and so trained a hand his
York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
EASTER-SONG. Lyrics and Ballads of the Joy of Spring-time.
could hardly fail to produce creditable work, even
By Clinton Scollard. Clinton, N. Y.: George William Browning. in the unwonted medium of rhyme and rhythm.
Sicut PATRIBUS, and Other Verse. By Oscar Fay Adams.
We make one selection from the titular poem.
Boston: The Author.
LORDS AND LOVERS, and Other Dramas. By Olive Tilford
“ There is a land not charted on all charts;
Dargan. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
NIGHT AND MORNING. By Katrina Trask. New York: John
Though many mariners have touched its coast,
Who far adventuring in those distant parts,
THE DAYS THAT Pass. By Helen Huntington. New York:
Meet shipwreck there and are forever lost;
Or if they e'er return, are soon once more
IN PRAISE OF LEAVES, and Other Verse. By Lilian Shuman Borne far away by hunger for that magic shore.
Dreyfus. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co.
THE FOOL OF THE WORLD, and Other Poems. By Arthur
Symons. New York: John Lane Co.
“One voyager charted it for every age,
HOLIDAY, and Other Poems. By John Davidson. New York: From azure rim to starry mountain core.
E. P, Dutton & Co.
A nameless player on the World's great stage,
POEMS. By Alfred Noyes. New York: The Macmillan Co.
He spread his sails, adventured to that shore,
THE WORKER, and Other Poems. By Coningsby William
And reared a pharos with his art sublime,
Dawson. New York: The Macmillan Co.
Like Ilion's song-wrought towers, to beacon every clime.
ALFRED GARNEAU, POÉSIES. Publiées par son fils, Hector
Garneau. Montreal: Libraire Beauchemin.
Lane Co.
John Lane Co.


1907.]
253
THE DIAL
man.
see.
1
“ There rest the heroes of lost causes lorn,
On their calm brows more fadeless chaplets far
Than all their conquerors' could e'er adorn,
When shone effulgent Fame's ascendant star;
There fallen patriots reap the glorious prize
Of deathless memory of their precious sacrifice.”
The thought of this poem recalls vividly “The
Isles,” one of the happiest achievements of Mr.
Charles G. D. Roberts. “ There is for the minor
poet also a music that the outer world does not
catch an inner day which the outer world does not
It is this music, this light which, for the most
part, is for the lesser poet his only reward.” Thus
runs Mr. Page's apology for his intrusion into the
singer's realm. Combined with the evidences of
poetic sensibility which his volume affords, the ex.
cuse is quite sufficient.
“Easter-Song” is the latest of the small books of
verse that Mr. Clinton Scollard puts forth in such
numbers. It is a collection of some twoscore “Lyrics
and Ballads of the Joy of Spring-time,” which may
be fairly represented by “The Green o' the Year.”
“O the green o' the year, the green o' the year,
When the blossom bursts on the jonquil-spear,
And the wild-phlox lifts the blue of its eye
Up to the blue of the brooding sky;
When every wafture of morning brings
A sense of the fragrant heart of things !
O the world sweet and life is dear
In this, the green o' the year!
“O the green o’ the year, the green o' the year,
When the lyric of earth is the song we hear,
When rapture breathes from the lowliest weed,
And the creed of joy is the common creed ;
When nature thrills to the soul of the sod
With the kindling touch of the smile of God!
O the world is sweet and life is dear
In this, the green o' the year.”
“Sicut Patribus, and Other Verse,” is a collec-
tion of poems by Mr. Oscar Fay Adams. The noble
motto of the parent puritan commonwealth provides
a title, not only for the volume as a whole, but also
especially for the Phi Beta Kappa poem with which
The poem, read on Bunker Hill Day, is
good anti-imperialist doctrine, and as such we give
it welcome.
“Not mine, not mine the hand to sweep the strings
With note triumphal, on this hallowed day.
I am no prophet to foretell smooth things,
Or choose a nation's glory for my lay.
The time for pæans is not yet, or past;
Rather the shuddering call that strikes us dumb,
When, unto consciences aroused at last,
The mutterings of a grim to-morrow come.
These be no times for lightsome song:
The shadow of a mighty wrong
Darkens the path before,
Clings like a mist behind;
We crouch, who stood of yore;
We grope, who now are blind.
Alas for us! the sons of patriot sires,
Breathing the air of freedom from our birth,
Who might have kindled in far lands the fires
Of liberty, transfigurer of earth;
Who might have raised a grateful people up
To drain deep draughts from freedom's brimming cup;
Who might have shown them the sure way to peace -
Alas for us! who did no deeds like these. "
This poem is a worthy pendant to Mr. Moody's
“Ode in Time of Hesitation," and will be grateful
to all who feel the shame of the intolerable wrong
done by our nation to freedom since the dark day
when we foreswore our principles and became even
as other nations in our disregard for the rights of
This titular poem is followed by a group of
dignified compositions suggested by the English
cathedrals. The tomb of William of Wykeham
inspires this question of the builder's shade:
“Dost somewhere rest, as this thy marble rests,
Or art thou, builder-bishop, evermore
Striving in other fields, in nobler toil,
Serenely glad the while as one that sees
From some high place, untouched by time, past good
Grow ever vaster as the centuries fall ?"
We must also find space for the lines tributary to
the memory of Horatio Nelson Powers, whom our
older readers will remember as a valued contributor
to these pages.
“Death hath no power o'er such as he;
The fulness of the life to be
Shone round him in the life he spent
Within this mortal prison pent.
Texts might we gather from his looks
Such as men read in holy books,
And in his speech could hear at will
The Master's gracious accents still."
A second offering of “Post-Laureate Idylls ” fills
the closing pages of this book of sincere and
thoughtful verse.
We have already spoken of one important Amer-
ican contribution to the poetical drama ; another
such work of comparable importance now claims our
attention. “Lords and Lovers, and Other Dramas”
is the title, and the author is Mrs. Olive Tilford
Dargan. The titular drama is a reproduction, re-
markable alike in spirit and in diction, of the
Elizabethan manner; of the two other dramas,"
“The Shepherd” is a prose tragedy of contempo-
rary Russia, “The Siege (again in verse) is a
Sicilian tragedy of the age of the younger Dionysius.
A first glance thus shows the author to be a woman
of high and varied ambition; a closer inspection
reveals powers of no mean order in her work. "Turn-
ing now to “Lords and Lovers,” it is discovered to
be a work having for its scene thirteenth century
England, and for its characters the youthful Henry
the Third and the great lords temporal and spiritual
whose ambitions menace his royal prerogatives. The
plot is strongly dramatic in construction, and the
scenes are shifted with a truly Elizabethan disregard
of the practical conditions of the modern stage. So
far, of course, any reasonably informed writer might
do as well as Mrs. Dargan has done, but the case
is different when we come to consider her poetic
diction. One has but to skim over the pages to
discover passages that arrest the eye, such, for ex-
ample, as :
“ The heavenly amaranth alone can dew
Her brow with life.”
it opens.


254
[April 16,
THE DIAL
66
99
" When I am with thee 't is continual Spring,
The early morning lights on plain and town,
For in my heart is such sweet jugglery
The golden convent walls and still blue sea,
Each winter-ragged month doth put on May.”
The distant mountains with their snowy crown,
And all my heart cries out for Italy."
“O Knowledge, rude defiler of our dreams,
How oft we'd give thy hard, substantial store Many hearts will echo to that cry. This little poem
To build again with bright illusion's eye
is one of about half a hundred, all thoughtfully
Our happy towers on the inconstant clouds."
fashioned and delicate in expression.
Nor are longer passages of sustained beauty lacking.
A memory of Italy, hallowed by association with
Our own long extract shall be, however, from the
the best-beloved of English poets, will do as well as
Syracusan drama, from the scene in which Aratea anything to represent the collection called by Mrs.
well-nigh yields to the passion of Aristocles, although Dreyfus“ In Praise of Leaves.” "Villa Magni”
she is wedded to his friend.
is the name of the piece..
“ Aristocles. Come now, O now, else are we cast apart “There have I stood, and chastened by his name,
Far as the dismal Night heaves her vast sigh,
With silence knelt -
:-- a shadow at a shrine ;
Far as the laboring Chaos breathing blows,
There have I given thanks, while breezes brine
Perchance to hurl eternally about
Murmured monotonies of youth and fame,
The farthest stars that from opposed heavens
Like votive anthems droned with soul aflame!
Dart fiery scouts that die ere they have met
There have I wandered, while the memoried air
So long their journey is. Or, gloomier fate,
Whispered of dreams evasive, sadly fair,
Condemned sit like stones that once could weep
Of crystal faith earth could not crush or tame.
Forever in the cave of ended things
Surely within these walls there lurks some trace
That deep in some immortal Lemnos lies
Of that white spirit lingering there awhile,
Nor ever opens its dank gates to day!
Some promise of a song -- some cloudy grace
O, come ere we are lost! Be thy fair arms
Hid there to presage weary men a smile,
The rainbow girdle to this longing storm
Some touch of that divinity they knew,
And its rude breast will pillow thee as soft
When Shelley passed imparadised from view."
As Leda when, cool-rocked on lily couch
The great down-bosomed god swam to her love! Of this volume, as of the one mentioned just before,
Come, Aratea, heart of life! O now
we may say that its contents — numbering nearly a
This pulse speaks back to mine-this bosom throbs
hundred lyrics and sonnets — offer upon every page
Like heaven's Artemis unto her own!
[Kisses her.]
the evidences of a delicate artistic sensibility.
O kiss that holds the mornings of all time,
Beginning with a Morality and ending with a
And dewy seasons of the ungathered rose,
Nativity, the latest volume of poems by Mr. Arthur
Plant once again thy summer on my lips !”
Symons gives us several groups of pieces inspired
Such verse as this leaves no room for criticism. It in about equal degree by nature and by art. They
bears the visible mark of the divine gift, and there strike no notes not already familiar to his readers,
is no poet of our time who might not be proud to and in them he reveals, as heretofore, an extraor-
claim it for his own.
dinarily sensitive temperament and a fine artistic
The story of the woman taken in adultery is the
sense of the fitness of words. Something like a
theme of “Night and Morning,” a narrative poem
creed appears to be formulated in the “Hymn to
in blank verse by Mrs. Katrina Trask.
Energy
is told with picturesque beauty and adorned with “Let every man be artist of his days,
And carve into his life his own caprice;
happy imagery. Avowedly a didactic composition,
And, as the supreme Artist does not cease
the poem is nevertheless deeply moving, and its
Labouring always in his starry ways,
spiritual message is high and clear. The following
Work without pause, gladly, and ask no man
text, from the scene in which the woman is brought
If this be right or wrong; man has to do
One thing, the thing he can;
before Christ for judgment, embodies the essential
Work without fear, and to thyself be true.
teaching of the work.
“ Thou art, as God is; and as God outflows
“Her new-born spirit saw beyond the hour-
Weaving his essence into forms of life,
Immortal life, indeed, is not fulfilled
And, out of soul perfection's lovely strife,
In the fulfilling of a dear desire ;
Marries the rose's odour with the rose,
There are supremer issues than the flesh
So must thou of thy heavenly human state,
Life's glory lieth in the victory
And of thy formless strife and suffering,
Of living spirit over mortal flesh."
Thyself thyself create
Into the image of a perfect thing."
The poem offers an effective protest against the
moral anarchy of the modern world.
This, it seems, is the new categorical imperative.
A memory of Italy, as embodied in the pair of
It sounds plausible, but somehow is not as clear-cut
quatrains entitled “Girgenti,” may be taken to
and convincing as some of the older formulæ. There
illustrate the quality of " The Days That Pass,” by tational, and there is a graver burden, as of satiety,
are exquisite things in this volume, lyrical and medi-
Miss Helen Huntington.
than we have been wont to find in the work of the
“The vision lingers still within my brain ;
poet.
I sometimes see, though shut in city room,
That far, sweet corner of the world again:
Mr. Davidson's new volume gives us a further
The temples rising from the almond bloom, group of London eclogues, a few lyrics, and a prose
The story


1907.]
255
THE DIAL
“ Note on Poetry.”
· Holiday" is the title of the From breast to sunny thigh the light silk slips
book, and also the titular poem. It is a lyrical
On every rose-white curve and rounded slope
autobiography of the human spirit through several
Pausing ; and now it lies around her feet
In tiny clouds: now timidly she dips
incarnations.
One foot; the warm wave, shivering at her sweet,
“ Twenty centuries of Pain
Kisses it with a murmur of wild hope."
Mightier than Love or Art,
Woke the meaning in my brain
The purity of this exquisite picture is as noteworthy
And the purpose of my heart.
as its beauty. How differently a sensualist would
“Straightway then aloft I swam
have colored it! By way of contrast, our tax shall
Through the mountain's sulphurous sty:
now be levied upon the merry ballad of the “Forty
Not eternal death could damn
Singing Seamen,” for Mr. Noyes has a vein of
Such a hardy soul as I.
fantastic humor no less marked than his feeling for
“From the mountain's burning crest
every mode of the beautiful. . These adventurers
Like a god I come again,
found their way to the land of Prester John, and
And with an immortal zest
beheld many wonders, including the Phænix. This
Challenge Fate to throw the main."
is the veracious chronicle of what happened to them
The “ Note on Poetry” is an eloquent argument for on their search for the fountain of youth.
English blank verse as “the subtlest, most power-
“So we thought we'd up and seek it, but that forest fair
ful, and most various organ of utterance articulate
defied us —
faculty has produced.” In the closing passage of First a crimson leopard laught at us most horrible to see,
this “ Note,” Mr. Davidson, after a tribute to Poe, Then a sea-green lion came and sniffed and licked his chops
enlarges upon America in general, and makes it evi-
and eyed us,
While a red and yellow unicorn was dancing round a tree!
dent that he has been “ seeing things.” “ America
We was trying to look thinner,
is the decadence of Europe. Chivalry reappears
Which was hard, because our dinner
there in the tyranny of pretty women and the liberty Must ha' made us very tempting to a cat o' high degree!
of divorce. Religion becomes a coarse sentimental
Cho. – Must ha' made us very tempting to the whole
menarjeree!”
pietism, and revisits us with an impudent stare in
the face in the form of Moody and Sankey; our After these and sundry other experiences no less
splendid robbers, Clive, Hastings, Rhodes, degen- wonderful, the mariners returned to London-town.
erate there into the pickpockets of the Trusts; there The note of skepticism struck in the closing stanza,
the Celt- flourishes, and the negro is burned alive.
“Could the grog we dreamt we swallowed
I find all that in 'Ulalume,' and “The Haunted
Make us dream of all that followed ?"
Palace.'” Gracious !
does not seriously interfere with enjoyment of the
Mr. Alfred Noyes is a poet now in his twenty- story. There is so great a variety offered by these
eighth year, an Oxonian and an athlete, who has
poems that we have only begun to give them a fair
been writing verse since his undergraduate days.
representation.
With the verses called “ Art,” we
Five volumes now stand to his credit, besides the may become deeply serious again, and reluctantly
“Poems” which now introduce him (with Mr.
close the volume.
Mabie for a sponsor) to the American public. New
pieces and selections from the earlier volumes make
“ Beyond ; beyond; and yet again beyond !
What went ye out to seek, oh foolish-fond ?
up the contents of this collection, which acquaints
Is not the heart of all things here and now ?
us with a singer whose note is both fresh and vital. Is not the circle infinite, and the centre
We will turn straightway to quotation, and begin Everywhere, if ye would but hear and enter ?
with a stanza from the ode to “The Passing of
Come, the porch bends and the great pillars bow.
Summer.”
Come; come and see the secret of the sun;
“What though the throstle pours his heart away,
The sorrow that holds the warring worlds in one;
A happy spendthrift of uncounted gold,
The pain that holds Eternity in an hour;
Swinging upon the blossomed briar
One God in every seed self-sacrificed,
With soft throat lifted in a wild desire
One star-eyed, star-crowned universal Christ,
To make the world his May,
Re-crucified in every wayside flower.”
Ever the pageant through the Gates is rolled
Further away; in vain the rich notes throng
There is an excellent device in “A Poet's Prayer,"
Flooding the mellow noon with rapturous waves of song." which heralds “The Worker, and Other Poems,” by
This is the note of Arnold's “Thyrsis," almost the
Mr. Coningsby William Dawson.
note of Keats. Our next quotation shall be a son “Give me to sing the songs that must be sung;
net, “ Venus Disrobing for the Bath.”
Not vagrant echoes of the thing last said,
Nor lamentable words caught up among
“Over the firm young bosom's polished peaks
The thin white robe slips dimly as a dream
Hollows where leaden skies are splashed with red,
And startled eyes strain at departing day
Slowly dissolving in the sun's first beam :
O'er barren lands where Autumn hath begun.”
Far off the sad sea sighs and vainly seeks
The abandoned shell that bore her to the Greeks
One would expect cheerful strains after such an invo-
When first she slumbered on the sea-blue stream,
And in the dawn's first faint wild golden gleam
cation as this, and it is something of a surprise to find
The white doves woke her with their soft red beaks. the autumnal note predominant in what follows. For,
.


256
[April 16,
THE DIAL
66
instead of the word of hopefulness and cheer, Mr.
“ Victoire ! ... des hommes perfides
Dawson brings us the message of life’s grinding
Voulaient envahir nos foyers;
misery, of the evanescence of joy, and of the chasten-
Le ciel punit les fratricides,
ing ministry of suffering. We quote from what he
Nous avons fait cent prisonniers !
“As for the Dead,” noting that it seems to be
Victoire! ..
says,
nos jeunes milices
Ont eu le baptême du feu,
a reply to Baudelaire's plea,
L'enseigne est trouée au milieu,
“Nous devrious pourtant leur porter quelques fleurs,
Pour moi, j'aurai deux cicatrices !
Les morts, les pauvres morts, ont de grandes douleurs,"
Héros de Châteaugay, heros de Carillon,
made familiar as the text of Mr. Swinburne's noble
Voyez comme vos fils chassent l'invasion!”
elegy.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
" Why should we pluck fresh flowers for our dead,
And add new death to that which went before ?
We shall not ease them with our posies, nor
Shall we repose them with the tears we shed, -
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
For they are dead.
New edition of The third volume of Grove's “ Dic-
“ The poor dead cannot smell the blooms we bring, Grove's Diction-
For they are still, and straight, and very cold,
tionary of Music and Musicians,"
ary of music
And have no knowledge of the way we fold
and musicians. edited by Mr. J. A. Fuller Maitland,
Earth's tender mantle round them slumbering, fully sustains the reputation of its two predecessors
Nor love we bring.
for accuracy of historical statement, comprehensive-
“Whether their graves lie far apart and bare,
ness of scope, and conservatism of criticism. In all
Or scattered through the ocean's restless sand, these qualities it is a conspicuous testimonial to the
Or intimate with lilac and garland
expert editing and musical scholarship of Mr. Mait-
Of God's wild rose, they may not choose to care
What pains we bear.'
land. It must be conceded, indeed, with all respect
to the ability of the late Sir George Grove as a mu-
The name of Garneau is an honored one in French-sical connoisseur, that the new edition, even apart
Canadian literature. François - Xavier Garneau's from additions, is a distinct improvement over the
“ Histoire du Canada” is a standard work that
old one.
There were several errors and numerous
has long been prized for its substantial excellence.
omissions in the latter which necessitated the publi-
Alfred Garneau, the son of the historian, was a poet cation of another volume as appendix to the original
of considerable accomplishment, and his verse, now four. Of course it was not a heinous offense. Even
posthumously collected, has been published by his
with all the care bestowed upon the revised edition,
son, Mr. Hector Garneau, who is also engaged in edit-
this third volume gives two pages of addenda and
ing a definitive annotated edition of his grandfather's corrigenda for volume two, showing the almost in-
History.” The volume of “ Poésies,” by Alfred
numerable difficulties which beset the compiler of a
Garneau (who died in 1904), represents the literary musical dictionary. This standard work has already
diversions of a man of affairs. The composition of been so fully reviewed in our columns, both as to the
these poems covered a period of half a century, and
matter and the manner of treatment, that it is only
the number of pieces is nearly equal to that tale
necessary now to call attention to the contents of
We quote the lines written “Devant la
Volume III., which begins with the name of Joseph
Grille du Cimetière."
Maas and closes with that of Louisa Pyne - two
“ La tristesse des lieux sourit, l'heure est exquise' names which call up old memories of opera in Chi-
Le couchant s'est chargé des dernières couleurs. cago, for Maas the tenor came here with the Kellogg
Et devant les tombeaux, que l'ombre idéalise,
troupe in 1874, while Louisa Pyne with her English
Un grand souffle mourant soulève encor les fleurs.
opera troupe was here as early as 1855.
Salut, vallon sacré, notre terre promise !
where are the shows of yester-year? ?"
There are
Les chemins sous les ifs, que peuplent les paleurs thirteen articles in this volume which have almost
Des marbres, sont muets ; dans le fond, une église
Dresse son dôme sombre au milieu des rougeurs.
text - book comprehensiveness, viz, “Madrigal,”
“Mass,” “Mendelssohn,” “Modes and Modula-
“La lumière au-dessus plane longtemps vermeille - tions,” “Mozart,” “Notation,” “Opera," "Oratorio,"
Sa bêche sur l'épaule, contre les arbres noirs,
“Organ,” “Musical Periodicals," Piano,” “Plain
Le fossoyeur repasse, it voit la croix qui veille.
Song," and "Psalter." The biographies of Mozart
“Et de loin, comme it fait sans doute tous les soirs, and Mendelssohn, having a few additions, are repro-
Cet homme la salue avec un geste immense
ductions of these in the old edition, but it will appear
Un chant très doux d'oiseau vole dans le silence."
singular to most students that 110 pages are allotted.
The grave note of contemplative melancholy heard to Mendelssohn and only 31 to Mozart. This is to
in these lines is characteristic of the majority of the be explained, probably, by Sir George Grove's pre-
pieces. But the poet had also lighter notes at his dilections for the former. The article “Opera” has
command, and occasionally more virile ones, as in been enriched by an excellent sketch of opera in the
the song of the “Porte-Drapeau," inspired by the United States. The American items in this volume
Fenian invasion of his country. Here is the closing are an admirable life-sketch of poor MacDowell,
stanza of this martial composition :
also of Lowell and William Mason, Emma Nevada,
66
of years.
« But
G


1907.]
257
THE DIAL
of the career
are
about women.
Lillian Nordica, Eugene Oudin, and Horatio W. romance.” In this chapter also we have mere bead-
Parker; an account of negro music in the United stringing. If we seem to have given our author
States, which has assumed new importance since its scant praise, it is not because he fails to present
recognition by Dvorak in his New World Symphony; interesting matter, but because he fails to deal with
and descriptions of New York Musical Societies it as he might.
and musical conditions in Philadelphia. From the
In reading M. Paul Gruyer's "Na-
pictorial point of view, this volume shows marked The last phase
improvement over its predecessors. It contains
poleon, King of Elba” (Lippincott),
of Napoleon. one is conscious mainly of being
twenty-five full-page plates. Mozart has frontis-
curious to see how the fallen monarch managed the
piece honor; three Americans MacDowell, the
situation so that it did not suggest comedy. It is
late Professor Paine, and Horatio W. Parker
in the Grove gallery; and four great singers –
true that in the Treaty of Fontainebleau the island
Nilsson, Melba, Parepa, and Patti - are also of the
is first styled a “residence” and only later a “Prin-
goodly company.
cipality.” But Napoleon possessed it in full sov-
ereignty, and felt the necessity of maintaining for
Mr. Thistleton-Dyer is an experi- his protection, against the Barbary pirates if against
Bead-stringing
of Folk-lore enced producer of folk-lore books no one else, a miniature
army
and
navy
This do-
which are interesting, show diligence, main, twelve miles by seventeen, he had exchanged
and bring together material of considerable value. for an empire reaching from the Baltic to the fron-
He has facility in stringing his beads together, is tier of Naples and strengthened by a borderland of
discreet in committing himself to no positive view, dependent states. Perhaps the contrast was tragic
and carefully avoids the sifting of matter, statement enough to divest sovereignty on so small a scale of
of original ideas, or promulgation of theory. His any comic element; perhaps Napoleon was too ter-
usual qualities are admirably displayed in his latest ribly serious a tyrannical possibility to be amusing
work Folklore of Women ” (McClurg & Co.). Its even when forced to play the royal rôle on the scene
matter is drawn, he tells us, from “legendary and of Elba. M. Gruyer thinks this episode has been
traditional tales, folk-rhymes, proverbial sayings, too much ignored by the ordinary historians, whose
superstitions, etc.” In reality, far the larger part is interest remains centred upon the affairs of France.
from the proverbs; and the proverbial philosophy of He has studied the island and has carefully identi-
every time and every clime has found a vast field fied the places mentioned in the accounts of Na-
for expression in dealing with women. He presents poleon's stay. He describes these as they are to-day
Arabic, Hindustani, Assamese, Armenian, Kashmiri, and as they were in 1814, supporting his descrip-
Singhalese, Tamil, Chinese, Japanese and other pro- tions with excellent photographs. The body of his
verbs, besides those of European peoples. Unless, narrative is made up of an account of the events of
however, he studies the peculiar features of life and Napoleon's life from his arrival, in May, 1814, to
thought of these stranger peoples, which must be his departure, in February of the next year. It is
known in order that their proverbs may be under- pleasantly written, and the information is drawn
stood, little is gained by the mere repetition of the from good sources ; but it does not impress one as
proverbs themselves. In fact, repetition without equal to the opportunity either in grasp or firmness
such explanation is often more misleading than help of treatment. - An interesting book
- An interesting book to read in re-
ful. The graceful stringing together of all sorts of gard to the same phases of Napoleon's career is J.
proverbs relative to women, the connecting phrases Holland Rose's edition of “Napoleon's Last Voyages”
being meaningless and contributing neither thought (Scribner), comprising the voyage to Elba in the
nor explanation, produces a literary patchwork which “Undaunted," as recounted by Admiral Ussher, and
makes pleasant reading but does not have the value the voyage to St. Helena on the “Northumberland,”
of a carefully arranged and classified collection, by John Glover, secretary to Rear Admiral Cock-
wherein the proverbs were grouped or sub-grouped burn. These accounts have been published before,
by races and with no connecting text. Our author the last time in 1895; but their value is now in-
divides his material into twenty-seven chapters, creased by Dr. Rose's notes, and they are embel-
under such titles as “Woman's Beauty,” “Woman's lished with twenty illustrations taken from contem-
Eyes,” “Woman's Tongue,” “Red-haired Girls,” porary sketches and caricatures.
“Woman's Will,”
,” “Woman's Curiosity,” etc. Much
suggestive material is presented that deserves dis-
In its new Tudor and Stuart Li-
Reproductions
cussion. The final chapter, on “My Lady's Walk,"
brary” the Oxford Clarendon Press
is interesting. The term, as one of general applica-
seems to have touched the high-water
tion, seems to be of our author's own suggestion, mark in bookmaking that is at once irreproachable
and he introduces the chapter with these words : and inexpensive. Here are half-a-dozen volumes,
“ Associated with many of our historic houses and published in the regular course at a price little more
romantic spots, "My Lady's Walk' perpetuates the than that asked for the ordinary novel, which, if
memory, not infrequently, of tradition of a tragic issued with the imprint of some so-called "private
and legendary kind, some of which belongs to press," would be widely discussed and eagerly taken
incident bound up with the seamy side of family | up at whatever cost by collectors of choice books.
of old-time


258
[April 16,
THE DIAL
fifty years ago.
The general characteristics and atmosphere of seven knowledge is gained and where application is war-
teenth-century bookmaking have been reproduced ranted. To such, Dr. Gulick’s pages are admirably
with remarkable fidelity; it is not merely that old suited. Common-sense, unfortunately, does not
time type-faces are used and a contemporary form seem as soothing or as uplifting as mystic cant to
of binding copied, but the actual quality of the work sickly minds.
sickly minds. But in the end health comes to the
itself — the typography, the presswork, the sewing of healthy-minded ; and these will find a fellow-feeling
the sheets — speaks eloquently of a day when the in this plain tale of the meaning of efficiency and
book was a creation of the artist's hand rather than the influences that make for and against it.
the output of a machine. The first group of six
American
volumes is made up of Pepys's “Memoires of the
The autobiography of the first presi-
colleges and
Royal Navy," wherein the immortal diarist appears
dent of Swarthmore College, Edward
teachers of
Hicks Magill, is presented under the
to advantage in his official capacity as naval adminis-
trator; John Evelyn's “Sculptura,” an interesting
title “Sixty-five Years in the Life of a Teacher,
1841-1906" (Houghton). The work is very un-
by-product of another famous diarist, with a second
part never before published ; Peacham’s “Compleat
pretentious in style and naive in its simple-hearted
Gentleman,” the contribution of a Cavalier school-
revelations of the writer's feelings, filial, paternal,
master to the literature of courtesy; Thomas Howell's
and professional. Much of the book is of interest
“Devises,” a volume of verse which served to make
chiefly to the friends of the man or of the college;
less barren the gap in English poetry between Sur-
yet it is interesting as a whole as the self-revelation
of a fine character and an interesting personality,
rey and Spenser ; Sir Henry Knyvett's “Defence of
the Realme," the work of an obscure but valorous
of a man too deepy absorbed in the service of his
soldier in Elizabeth's service, now for the first time
generation through the training of its youth to care
printed ; Sir Fulke Greville's “Life of Sir Philip
for self-advancement or outside interests. Among
Sidney,” well known and still holding a secure place
the things that give to the book a value for the gen-
eral reader are the descriptions of life among the
among books about Sidney. Each of these volumes
contains an introduction by some capable writer, and
Friends of Pennsylvania two generations ago, and
in the “Sculptura” is a notably fine reproduction in
of the schools and teaching of that day; the inter-
photogravure of Prince Rupert's mezzotint. It is
esting accounts of two great teachers under whom
to be hoped on every account that the “Tudor and
the writer studied, Professor Hadley of Yale and
Stuart Library” will multiply and prosper.
President Wayland of Brown University, and of the
college teaching at that time, with the story of the
The meaning
Ideals of life in an adjective have beginnings of the elective system in our colleges
been preached from many a pulpit, under the remarkable leadership of President Way-
of efficiency.
lay and professional. The simple land; and the striking personality of Francis
life has been exalted, the happy life encouraged, Gardner, Master of the Boston Latin School, in
the strenuous life advertised. We have been led which Mr. Magill taught for several years, Ac-
to consider the value of the experimental life, the counts of the founding of Swarthmore College and
duty of the dedicated life. Mr. Gulick's plain of its history occupy a considerable portion of the
spoken appeal for the value of “The Efficient Life” book.
(Doubleday) is not of this ilk. It is a notably sen-
In Volumes IV. and V. of his “ Bio-
The deadly foe
sible, frankly practical, and popularly attractive of "eve-strain” graphic Clinics" (Blakistor), Dr.
statement of some well-established principles of
and its evils.
George M. Gould continues his
healthy mindedness, that, as the Romans told us, plucky fight against what he appears to have some
necessarily requires health of body. Dr. Gulick reason for regarding as prejudice and error in the
exhibits a welcome versatility in enforcing his cen generally accepted methods of treating (or neglect-
tral theme of efficiency: brawn is good when it is ing) eye-diseases and ailments caused by defective
good for something ; means are not ends and are vision. The public, especially the medical part of
to be appraised by their subservience to ends. This it, by this time knows something about Dr. Gould's
is a tolerant doctrine. One man's way to the end pronounced views on eye-strain, its great prevalence,
is not another's; and even when the one's meat is its evil effects, and its cure; and while the perse-
far from being another's poison, it is not the best vering author's latest volumes on the subject have
meat for the second. Know thyself, and act accord not the novelty of their predecessors, they serve to
ingly. Best of all, the doctrine emphasizes quality. strengthen his position by reiteration and added in-
Efficiency is not only big and little; it is high grade stances.
stances. Many of the chapters are reprints from
and low grade. The race-horse and the plough- medical and other journals; and there are but five
horse have unlike physiologies and markedly unlike studies (all in Volume IV.) of famous sufferers -
psychologies. There are thousands of persons who Balzac, Tchaikovsky, Flaubert, Lafcadio Hea