rn, and
do not ask for and are not likely to be benefited by Berlioz
space than usual being given to cases
profound treatises on the hows and whys of our in the writer's daily practice. He naturally feels
bodily and mental economy. They need plain talks some bitterness against his professional opponents ;
for plain people; yet he who does the talking must but he should, and evidently does, console himself
be inspired by a sound perspective of how such with the reflection that great reformers and discov-
and virtues
more


1907.]
259
THE DIAL
:
history.
erers and inventors are usually a misunderstood and consult other encyclopædias fashioned upon a more
persecuted tribe. It is only by this organized perse- leisurely plan. There is a great profusion of illus-
cution, under conservative interests, that the fecund tration in these volumes, the first of them alone
race of cranks is kept from overflowing the land. giving us over fifty full-page plates (a dozen of
The innovators that finally triumph have proved their them colored) besides hundreds of smaller figures.
fitness to survive as may be believed will be the There are three narrow columns of small but clear
case with Dr. Gould. The temper of the man com print to the page, which would not be agreeable for
mends itself, as reflected in the following brief quo- continuous reading, but has the advantage of pre-
tation from his pages :
“ There is more in medicine senting a great deal of matter in compact form. Each
than treating the disease, more than treating the volume has a useful Appendix of Pronunciation.
patient. The patient is a person, a friend and The editorial work has been done under the joint
brother, with a past and a future. The classing and direction of Mr. Frank Moore Colby of New York
treating sick human beings exclusively as clinical and Mr. George Sandeman of Edinburgh. On the
material' is an accursed thing and the curse of whole, we think highly of this encyclopædia, which
medicine.”
fairly realizes the German ideal of a Konversations-
Choice reprints
The Merrymount Press of Boston is Lexicon, and which is published at a price moderate
of Renaissance bringing out, in a limited edition, enough to place it within the means of a large num-
literature.
a series of works “ characteristic of ber of readers.
some aspect of the culture which flourished in
Messrs. James T. White & Co. have
A name-book
Western Europe during the period of the Renais for American supplemented their “National Cyclo-
sance.” The set is called as a whole “ The Hu-
pædia of American Biography ” with
manists' Library," and the first number is made up a special volume, edited by Mr. George Derby,
of selections from Leonardo da Vinci's fragmentary entitled “A Conspectus of American Biography.”
writings, many of them found mingled with his This substantial volume of nearly eight hundred
drawings and diagrams; and to the volume, which pages contains, in indexed or tabular form, an enor-
is entitled “Thoughts on Life and Art,” Mr. Lewis mous number of facts so arranged as to make it a
Einstein, the general editor of the series, has con helpful book of reference. For example, one can
tributed a short but lielpful introduction, while Mr. find in it lists of all the occupants of important
Maurice Baring has done the work of translating. positions, public or private, throughout the history
The old-time type, especially designed for the pub of our country. Among these lists we may mention
lishers by Mr. Herbert P. Horne, is beautifully cabinet officers, members of both houses of Congress,
clear, and also innocent of freakish features.
As
governors of states, presidents of colleges, bishops
a basis for the text, Dr. Solmi's “Leonardo da of various denominations, army officers, and editors.
Vinci: Frammenti Letterari e Storici” (Florence, Then there is an interesting tabulation of poems,
1900) has been used, by permission; but other plays, and novels, in which American historical
texts have been compared, and a new order has been characters figure, a catalogue of public statues in
adopted in arranging the paragraphs. The next the United States, a collection of " notable sayings,”
three numbers in this series will be Erasmus's trea an “anniversary calendar,” and a list of “founders
tise “ Against War,” M. Pierre de Nolhac's “ Pet of American families and their descendants.” A
rarch and the Ancient World,” and Sir Philip large section of the work is filled with indexes,
Sidney's " Defence of Poesie; A Letter to Queen both personal and topical, to the Cyclopædia. ·A
Elizabeth ; and The Defence of Leicester,” – all classified list of Americans, preëminent in various
competently edited. A long list of works from occupations, is another useful feature, but the chron-
ich future selections will be ade has a promis ological arrangement of the names under each cate-
ing appearance in both authorship and editorship. gory seems to be based upon the date of first
The first four volumes may be ordered singly or, at appearance before the public instead of the date of
a slight reduction, collectively.
birth. This is a curious method, and yet is not
without certain advantages. But it is not explained,
In one sense, the most recent ency
The latest of
clopædia is always the best; and
and we have been left to puzzle it out for ourselves.
encyclopædias.
“Nelson's Encyclopædia” is a very
Almost as slender as “Mademoiselle
Oddities of
recent work indeed. We mean by this that the old English Ixe,” which perhaps not all readers
work has been prepared in much less time than
country life.
have forgotten, is another booklet
usually goes to such an undertaking. We are in by the same author, Miss Mary Elizabeth Hawker
formed that the actual manufacture of the twelve (“Lanoe Falconer”), entitled “Old Hampshire
stout volumes has been accomplished in less than a Vignettes” (Macmillan). Twenty-three very short
year, which probably makes a new record for works, chapters present “The Valley” and a score or more
of this class. It is an essentially modern book of of its odd and interesting inhabitants. These por-
reference, which means that the men and activities traits are the slightest of the thumb-nail sketches,
of the present day receive an unusually large share but daintily executed, and touched with life and
of attention. This, of course, is at the expense of reality. Mrs. Tally, the slovenly mother of unruly
historical information, but for that we can easily children, thus disclaims responsibility for their
1


260
[April 16,
THE DIAL
naughtiness : “I never knew such bad children, of historical and archeological information. The same
but it's not my fault. I does my duty by 'em as a publishers send us “ The Roman Capitol in Ancient
mother should. I beats 'em, and I flogs 'em, and I
and Modern Times," a translation of E. Rodocanachi's
bangs 'em, till the blood comes.” More attractive
guide-book by Mr. Frederick Lawton. From the A.
is “old Thomas," who never goes to market without
Wessels Co. we have “ Christian Rome," a guide-book
demanding a list of the purchases he is to make, plan of Grant Allen's well-known series.
prepared by Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Cruickshank upon the
though he cannot read a word and is forced to adopt
A reissue of Mr. James Bryce's “Studies in History
some such device as Monsieur Jourdain employed to
and Jurisprudence," first collected six years ago, is
cover his ignorance of Latin. One is puzzled at Betty made timely for American readers by the author's recent
Lane's having an income of “one gallon of bread appointment to the British embassy at Washington. The
and one or two shillings a week.” Bread sold by sixteen essays which fill the two volumes of this work
the yard is not unknown, but the vending of that are weighty studies of fundamental principles. Mr.
article by liquid measure is, to Americans at least, Henry Frowde is the publisher.
less familiar. However, Miss Hawker is a resident The late Hezekiah Butterworth's “ Story of the
of Hants, and in this, as in all other matters treated Hymns” and “Story of the Tunes,” which have been
of in her pleasant sketches, she evidently knows
popular books for the past thirty years or thereabouts,
whereof she speaks.
have now been combined into a single volume, “ The
Story of the Hymns and Tunes," with extensive revi-
sions and additions. The new work has been done by
Mr. Theron Brown, and the stout volume, with its two
dozen portraits, is published by the American Tract
NOTES.
Society.
« Birds that Every Child Should Know,” by“ Neltje
“Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States
is the third volume of the new series of “Original
Blanchan,” is a book charmingly written and copiously
Narratives of Early American History," published by
illustrated which comes to us from Messrs. Doubleday,
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. It includes the three
Page & Co.
documents of fundamental importance, Cabeça de Vaca's
“ Studies in Greek Allegorical Interpretation,” up to narrative, the story of de Soto as told by the Gentle-
and including Plutarch, is a doctoral dissertation pre man of Elvas, and Castañeda's narrative of Coronado's
pared for the University of Chicago by Mrs. Anne journey. The first and third of these texts are edited
Bates Hersman.
by Mr. Frederick W. Hodge, and the second by Mr.
An“ Elementary English Composition," by Mr. Tuley Theodore H. Lewis.
Francis Huntington, is a new text-book for children of
“ An Enemy of the People” and “The Wild Duck"
from twelve to fifteen years of age. It is published by make up Volume VIII. in the new edition of Ibsen,
the Macmillan Co.
supervised by Mr. William Archer and published by the
Fruit Recipes," by Mr. Riley M. Fletcher Berry Messrs. Scribner. Speaking of this edition the other
(appropriate name!) is “a manual of the food values of day, we ought to have called attention to the fact that
fruits and nine hundred different ways of using them.” the “ Brand” volume is a reprint of Professor C. H.
The book is a publication of Messrs. Doubleday, Page
Herford's wonderful translation, a fact which for
& Co.
some unexplained reason the publishers have suppressed.
Stendhal's “ Racine et Shakespeare " is an important
The natural inference would be to credit Mr. Archer
addition to the “Oxford Higher French Series,” pub-
with the version, in spite of the astonishing contrast
lished by Mr. Henry Frowde. It is edited, with an
between his own wooden translations and this master-
elaborate introduction and very extensive notes, by Mr.
piece of poetical reproduction.
Leon Delbos.
It was high time to include a Mozart volume in the
“ The Rhetoric of John Donne's Verse," by Mr.
“ Musicians' Library " of the Messrs. Ditson. The
Wightman Fletcher Melton, and “ The Ancestry of
neglect of that great genius by our fashionable modern
Chaucer,” by Mr Alfred Allan Kern, are two doctoral
pianists is one of the most discouraging signs of the
dissertations of substantial value which come from the
musical times, because it illustrates the extent to which
John Hopkins University.
the craze for technique has got the better of musical
A recent volume of the “World's Classics,” published
feeling. What famous executant of our day would dare,
by Mr. Henry Frowde, contains Mrs. Gaskell's “ Cran-
without an apology, to substitute a Mozart sonata for
ford ” and “ The Moorland Cottage "; another volume
the dazzling composition of the latest of Russians that
gives us Dr. John Brown's “ Horæ Subsecivæ," with an
is usually the pièce de résistance of the programme? And
introduction by Mr. Austin Dobson.
yet, in nine cases out of ten, musical art would gain from
the substitution and only pedantry or sensationalism
The « Annual Library Index” for 1906 carries on a
would lose. Herr Carl Reinecke, who knows his Mozart,
year further the useful mission of that publication. It
is the editor of the volume of “Twenty Piano Compo-
indexes both current periodicals and books of essays, sitions " now published. He has prefaced the volume
.and is edited, as heretofore, by Mr. William I. Fletcher,
with a sympathetic and highly-intelligent essay, which
with much professional cooperation. It comes to us
appears in both German and English. The selections
from the office of the “ Publishers' Weekly."
include four sonatas, four fantasias, three minuets, three
Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. publish “ An Ency- rondos, and half-a-dozen other compositions, all gems
clopædia of Sicily,” by Mr. Douglas Sladen, a book of the purest water. We trust that a volume of Mozart
which visitors to the Trinacrian isle ought to find indis arias will soon appear as a companion to this most wel-
pensable. There are pictures and maps, and all kinds
come selection.


1907.]
261
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 160 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
The Letters of One: A Study in Limitations: By Charles
Hare Plunkett. 12mo, pp. 179. G.P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
Baocalaureate Addresses, and Other Talks on Kindred
Themes. By Arthur Twining Hadley. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 213. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1. net.
The Lords of the Ghostland: A History of the Ideal. By
Edgar Saltus. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 215. Mitchell Kennerley.
$1.25 net.
The Bird of Time: Being Conversations with Egeria. By Mrs.
Wilson Woodrow. 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 276. McClure,
Phillips & Co. $1.
Old Hampshire Vignettes. By Lanoe Falconer. 18mo, uncut,
pp. 116. Macmillan Co. $1.
College and the Man: An Address to American Youth. By
David Starr Jordan. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 78. American
Unitarian Association. 80 cts. net.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
The Life of Walter Pater. By Thomas Wright. In 2 vols.,
illus., large 8vo, gilt tops. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $6.50 net.
Women of the Second Empire : Chronicles of the Court of
Napoleon III., Compiled from Unpublished Documents. By
Frédéric Loliée; trans. by Alice M. Ivimy, with Introduction
by Richard Whiteing. With portraits in photogravure, etc.,
large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 371. John Lane Co. $7. net.
Julie de Lespinasse. By the Marquis de Ségur; trang. from
the French by P. H. Lee Warner. With photogravure por-
trait, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 403. Henry Holt & Co.
$2.50 net.
The Life and Work of Auguste Rodin. By Frederick Law.
ton, M.A. Illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 207. Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.75 net.
Antonio Pollaſuolo. By Maud Cruttwell. Illus., 8vo, gilt top,
pp. 286. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2 net.
Frederick Douglass. By Booker T. Washington. With por-
trait, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 365. American Crisis Biographies.”
George W. Jacobs & Co. $1.25 net.
The Many-Sided Roosevelt: An Anecdotal Biography. By
George William Douglas. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 272.
Dodd, Mead & Co. $1. net.
The Story of Father Van den Brook, O.P.': A Study of Hol-
land and the Story of the Early Settlement of Wisconsin.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 94, Chicago: Ainsworth & Co.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Complete Poetioal Works of John Keats. Edited,
with Introduction and Textual Notes, by H. Buxton Forman,
C.B. Oxford edition; with photogravure portrait, 8vo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 490. Oxford University Press.
Les Classiques Francais. New vols.: Lettres Choisies de
Madame de Sévigné, with Préface de Charles Boreux; Beau-
marchais' Le Barbier de Séville et Le Mariage de Figaro, with
Préface de Jules Claretie. Each with photogravure portrait,
24 mo, gilt top. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Per vol., $1. net.
Wuthering Heights. By Emily Brontë. Large 8vo, pp. 354.
"Large Print Library." Doubleday, Page & Co. 90 cts. net.
Selections from Dr. Johnson's "Rambler." Edited by W.
Hale White. Illus. in photogravure, etc., 16mo, gilt top,
pp. 136. Oxford University Press. 90 cts. net.
The Collected Works of Henrik Ibsen. Copyright edition:
Vol. VIII., An Enemy of the People, and The Wild Duck;
edited with Introductions, by William Archer. 12mo, pp. 400.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.
POETRY AND DRAMA.
From King to King: The Tragedy of the Puritan Revolution.
By G. Lowes Dickinson. New edition; 18mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 129. McClure, Phillips & Co. $1. net.
Joyzelle and Monna Vanna. By Maurice Maeterlinck. 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 277. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.20 net.
Charles I. : A Tragedy in Five Acts. By Arthur Gray Butler,
M.A. Second edition revised ; with photogravure portrait,
12mo, gilt top, pp. 124. Oxford University Press.
HISTORY.
The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England and
the Summer Isles, together with the True Travels, Adven-
tures and Observations, and a Sea Grammar. By Captaine
John Smith. New edition; in 2 vols., illus., large 8vo, gilt
tops, uncut. Macmillan Co. $6. net.
Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, 1528–
1543. Edited by Frederick W. Hodge and Theodore H. Lewis.
With frontispiece and maps, large 8vo, pp. 411. "Original
Narratives of Early American History." Charles Scribner's
Sons. $3. net.
A Bird's-Eye View of American History. By Leon C.
Prince. 12mo, pp. 354. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the
Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. Collected, edited,
and translated, with Commentary, by James Henry Breasted,
Ph.D. Vol. V., Indices; large 8vo, pp. 293. University of
Chicago Press. $2. net.
Naval Records of the American Revolution, 1775-1788,
Prepared from the Originals in the Library of Congress. By
Charles Henry Lincoln. 4to, uncut, pp. 549. Washington:
Government Printing Office.
A Short History of the American Navy. By John R. Spears.
Illus., large 8vo, pp. 134. Charles Scribner's Sons. 50 cts.net.
The Budget in the American Commonwealth. By Eugene
E. Agger, Ph.D. Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 217. Macmillan Co.
Paper.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Dante and His Italy. By Lonsdale Ragg, B.D. Illus., large
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 380. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
A History of Comparative Literature from the Earliest
Times to the Present Day. By Frédéric Loliée: authorized
trans. by M. Douglas Power, M.A. Large 8vo. pp. 381. G. P.
Putnam's Song. $1.75 net.
The Romantic Revolt. By Charles Edwyn Vaughan. 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 508. “Periods of European Literature."
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
The Oxford Treasury of English Literature. Vol, II.,
Growth of the Drama, by G. E. and W. H. Hadow. 12mo,
pp 416. Oxford University Press.
Fireside and Sunshine. By E. V. Lucas. 18mo, gilt top,
pp. 240. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25 net.
Lady Nugent's Journal, Jamaica One Hundred Years Ago,
Reprinted from a Journal Kept by Maria, Lady Nugent, from
1801 to 1815, Issued for Private Circulation in 1839. Edited
by Frank Cundall, F.S.A. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 404. Mac-
millan Co. $2. net.
The Lincoln Story-Book. Compiled by Henry L. Williams.
12mo, pp. 315. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.50 net.
FICTION.
The Long Road. By John Oxenham. With frontispiece, 12mo,
gilt top. pp. 356. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Langford of the Three Bars. By Kate and Virgil D. Boyles.
Illus. in color, 8vo, pp. 278. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.50.
Madame de Treymes. By Edith Wharton. Illus. in color,
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 147. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.
The Princess. By Margaret Potter. 12mo, pp. 386. Harper
& Brothers. $1.50.
Felicity: The Making of a Comédienne. By Clara E. Laughlin.
Illus. in color, 12mo, pp. 426. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Mr. Barnes, American: A Sequel to “Mr. Barnes of New
York.” By Archibald Clavering Gunter. With frontispiece,
12mo. pp. 329. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50.
The Mystics. By Katherine Cecil Thurston. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 191. Harper & Brothers. $1.50.
The Whirlwind. By Eden Phillpotts. 12mo, pp. 407. McClure,
Phillips & Co. $1.50.
Poison Island. By A. T. Quiller-Couch. 12 mo, pp. 401. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Katherine. By E. Temple Thurston. Illus., 12mo, pp. 329.
Harper & Brothers. $1.50.
The Giant's Strength. By Basil King. 12mo, pp. 342. Harper
& Brothers. $1.50.
A Winged Victory. By R. M. Lovett. 12mo, pp. 431. Duffield
& Co. $1.50.
The Cave Man. By John Corbin. Illus., 12mo, pp. 365.
D. Appleton & Co, $1.50.
The Price of Silence. By M. E.M. Davis. Illus., 12mo, pp. 280.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
The Silent Door. By Florence Wilkinson. 12mo, uncut, pp. 435.
McClure, Phillips & Co. $1.50.
The Veiled Lady, and Other Men and Women. By F. Hop-
kinson Smith. Illus., 12mo, pp. 295. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.50.
99


262
[April 16,
THE DIAL
Little Books on Missions. New vols.: The Way of the Lord
Prepared, by A. B. Leonard; Malaysia: Nature's Wonderland,
by Bishop William F. Oldham. Each 24mo, gilt top. Jen-
nings & Graham. Per vol., 35 cts. net.
Aunt Jane of Kentucky. By Eliza Calvert Hall. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 283. Little, Brown & Co. $1.50.
A Caddie of St. Andrews. By Gilbert Watson. With
frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 373. Henry Holt & Co. $1.50.
Fanshawe of the Fifth: Being Memoirs of a Person of
Quality. By Ashton Hilliers. 8vo, pp. 434. McClure,
Phillips & Co. $1.50.
The Ferry of Fate : A Tale of Russian Jewry. By Samuel
Gordon. 12mo, pp. 269. Duffield & Co. $1.50.
Under the Harrow. By Ellis Meredith. 12mo, pp. 267.
Little, Brown & Co. $1.50.
Partners of Providence. By Charles D. Stewart. Tlus.,
12mo, pp. 538. Century Co. $1.50.
The Thinking Machine. By Jacques Futrelle. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 342. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50,
Where the Trail Divides. By Will Lillibridge. Illus. in
color, 12mo, pp. 302. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50.
Ackroyd of the Faculty. By Anna Chapin Ray, 12mo,
pp. 311. Little, Brown & Co. $1.50.
Carmichael. By Anison North. Illus., 8vo, pp. 338. Double-
day, Page & Co. $1.50.
The Rome Express. By Arthur Griffiths. With frontis-
piece in color, 12mo, pp. 235. L. C. Page & Co. $1.50.
Tiberius Smith, as Chronicled by his Right-Hand Man, Billy
Campbell. By Hugh Pendexter. With frontispiece, 12mo,
pp. 331. Harper & Brothers. $1.50.
The Isle of Dreams. By Myra Kelly.. 12mo, pp. 215.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.25.
The Diamond Key, and How the Railway Heroes Won It.
By Alvah Milton Kerr. Illus., 8vo, pp. 376. Lothrop, Lee
& Shepard Co. $1.50.
The First Claim. By M. Hamilton. 12mo, pp. 317. Double-
day, Page & Co. $1.50.
An Experiment in Perfection. By Marion T. D. Barton.
12mo, pp. 388. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.50.
The Morning Glory Club. By George A. Kyle. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, pp. 250. L. C. Page & Co. $1.25.
Martin Hewitt: Investigator. By Arthur Morrison. New
edition; illus., 12mo, pp. 216. Harper & Brothers. $1.25.
Lorenzo of Sarzana. By Elizabeth Lewis. 12mo, gilt top,
pp. 416. Gorham Press. $1.50.
Simon Eichelkatz, and The Patriarch : Two Stories of
Jewish Life. By Ulrich Frank; trans. from the German.
12mo, pp. 431. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of
America.
He Knew Lincoln. By Ida M. Tarbell. Nlus. in color, etc.,
12mo, pp. 40. McClure, Phillips & Co. 50 cts. net.
The Croxley Master: A Great Tale of the Prize Ring. By
A. Conan Doyle. 18mo, pp. 77. McClure, Phillips & Co. 50 cts.
POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND SOCIOLOGY.
Local and Central Government: A Comparative Study of
England, France, Prussia, and the United States. By Percy
Ashley, M.A. Large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 396. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $3. net.
Orthodox Socialism. By James Edward Le Rossignol. 12mo,
pp. 147. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. $1. net.
Labour and Capital: A Letter to a Labour Friend. By Gold-
win Smith, D.C.L. 12mo, pp. 38. Macmillan Co.
Internal Taxation in the Philippines. By John S. Hord.
Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 46. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Paper.
ART AND MUSIC.
The History of Painting, from the Fourth to the Early Nine-
teenth Century. By Richard Muther, Ph.D.; authorized
English edition, trans. from the German, and edited, with
annotations, by George Kriehn, Ph.D. In 2 vols., illus., large
8vo, gilt tops. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5. net.
Glass. By Edward Dillon. Illus. in color, etc., 4to, uncut,
pp. 374. “Connoisseur's Library." G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$8.75 net.
Turner's Liber Studiorum ; A Description and a Catalogue.
By W. G. Rawlinson. Second edition, revised throughout;
large 8vo, uncut, pp. 244. Macmillan Co. $6.50 net.
A Theory of Pure Design: Harmony, Balance, Rhythm. By
Denman W. Ross, Ph.D. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 201. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. $2.50 net.
Studies in Seven Arts. By Arthur Symons. Large 8vo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 394. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50 net.
Stories of the Italian Artists from Vasari. Arranged and
trans. by E. L. Seeley. Illus. in color, etc., 8vo, gilt top.
uncut, pp. 325. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. net.
The Old Engravers of England in their Relation to Con-
temporary Life and Art (1540-1800). By Malcolm C. Salaman.
Illus., 8vo, gilt top, pp. 224. J. B. Lippincott Co. $2. net.
The Studio Year-Book of Decorative Art, 1907. Illus. in
color, etc., 4to, uncut. John Lane Co. Paper, $2.50 net.
Aims and Ideals in Art: Eight Lectures Delivered to the
Students of the Royal Academy. By George Clausen. Illus.,
12mo, gilt top, pp. 185. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
Six Lectures on Painting, Delivered to the Students of the
Royal Academy of Arts, London, January, 1904. Third edi-
tion; illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 134. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$1.50 net.
Studies in Pictures : An Introduction to the Famous Gal-
leries. By John C. Van Dyke. Illus., 12mo, pp. 126. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
The Story of the Hymns and Tunes. By Theron Brown
and Hezekiah Butterworth. With portraits, large 8vo, gilt
top, pp. 564. New York: American Tract Society. $1.50 net.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Twenty Piano Compositions.
Edited by Carl Reinecke. With portrait, 4to, pp. 181.
“Musicians Library.” Oliver Ditson Co. $1.50.
Sir Edward Burne-Jones. With Introduction by Arsene
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EDITED BY I Volume XLII.
FRANOIS F. BROWNE No, 501.
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and more material, and idealism is everywhere
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. being crowded to the wall. Men look to the
poets for diversion, but no longer find in them
the bread of life. Now materialism, as Mr.
No. 501.
MAY 1, 1907. Vol. XLII.
Herbert Paul remarks in a recent “Contem-
porary” article, “is a good mouth-filling word,
CONTENTS.
upon which anyone in search of an explanation
SCIENCE AND LITERATURE
275
may seize. What, it might be asked, can you
CASUAL COMMENT
expect of a generation which speaks of the
276
A national monument to Shakespeare. · The
British flag as an asset'? Who would now
reference-library idea. — The innate depravity of reject even a small portion of the world for fear
words. — The last representative of a famous
Puritan family. -- Count Tolstoi's peasant critics.
of losing his own soul ?” But literature has
– Less than a dollar a day for teaching. - Mr. Ben
survived the menace of asphyxiation by mate-
Greet's mode of presenting Shakespeare.-- Thirteen rialism a number of times already, and will
million dollars for culture. — Like the phenix from
its ashes. The first draft of Sir Philip Sidney's
probably continue to do so, however seemingly
Arcadia. — The scapegrace of story.
imminent the death-agony. It is not so much
COMMUNICATIONS
278
toward materialism as toward science that we
The “ Case" of the Negro American. W. E. B. should look for the corrosive influence that now
DuBois.
imperils all the arts, literature among them.
German and American Reading Habits. American
Librarian.
This is the text of Mr. Paul's essay, which has
Reading Shakespeare to Children. Walter Taylor for its title the ominous question, “ Is Litera-
Field.
ture Dying ?” and which takes a less hopeful
A REALISTIC STUDY OF AN IDEALIST. Percy view of the situation than that which we are
F. Bicknell.
280
disposed to advance.
JUSTICE TO THE RAILROADS. John J. Halsey 282
A few sentences will serve to illustrate our
THE STORY OF LA SALLE'S LAST VOYAGE.
Lawrence J.
writer's statement of his case. • The scientific
Burpee
283
spirit seems now to dominate everything. The
INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE RUSSO-
JAPANESE WAR. J. W. Garner
285
world in future is to be governed from the lab-
SIGNS OF SOCIAL UNREST.
It used to be said by those of old
Charles Richmond
oratory
Henderson
287
time that science had a definite province, beyond
Goldwin Smith's Labour and Capital. - Trine's In which was the realm of literature, conduct, im-
the Fire of the Heart. -— Wright's The Battles of
Labor. — Hapgood's The Spirit of Labor. — Clark's
agination, faith. Modern science seeks to re-
The Labour Movement in Australia. - Ryan's A move the boundaries, to claim all knowledge for
Living Wage.
its province, and to say that what it does not
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
288 know is not knowledge. ... When, if ever,
Essays of an Epicurean. - A sketch of social life in
science is finally enthroned as the goddess of
England. — For readers in France and America.
Auguste Rodin and his work. - Sound advice to reason, the one source of real truth here below,
college students. -- More of the inside views of the arbitress of human destiny, the dictatress of
Reconstruction. - The hygiene of Mind. — A sto-
ried city of the South. — Justice and injustice in
the world, literature must gradually subside into
courts of law.-Guide-posts to the lore of ancient a tale of little meaning, a relic of the past.
Egypt. — Folk-tales and legends of Hawaii.
The legendary mathematician's comment on
NOTES
292 • Paradise Lost' (a very fine poem, but I don't
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
293 quite see what it all goes to prove), may have
.
.
.
.


276
[May 1,
THE DIAL
shown him to be in advance of his age. For though ness of unidealized prosperity." His list of the
• Paradise Lost' probably numbers more readers influences now hostile to literature might be con-
than the • Principia,' it has not extended the siderably extended, or at least particularized, to
boundaries of human knowledge.” This seems even more dismal effect. The degrading uses
a plausible argument, but it is based upon a which are made of literature in our educational
fallacious distinction. Let us grant that science machinery would supply a fruitful theme for
has all knowledge for its province; the admis- exploitation. Another would be supplied by the
sion does not in the least impair the claim of unconscionable activities of the commercially-
literature, which has the coequal, if not the minded persons who provide us with a large
superior, right to rule over that province by share of the books, and a still larger share of
virtue of its appeal to the emotional side of hu the periodicals, that we read. We may, in short,
man nature. Science and literature in their find ourselves in substanthal agreement with Mr.
relations to one another and to man, simply Paul, or with
Paul, or with any other reporter who looks upon
illustrate anew the coördination of temporal and the present age as one of literary retrogression,
spiritual authority that history shows to have but we must part company with all such observ-
been workable for many centuries in many ers when they endeavor to persuade us that the
lands. It is only what theologians style “science doom of literature is at last sealed.
falsely so-called " that seeks to usurp the place For we have only to look back a hundred
of literature; science truly conceived does loyal years or so to discover literature springing radi-
service to literature by keeping it supplied with antly into renewed life from a social and intel-
fresh materials for its shaping agency. Has lectural soil seemingly as sterile as that of these
Mr. Paul forgotten his Wordsworth ? Nothing discouraging days in which we live. As Mr.
truer was ever penned than the famous saying: Watts-Dunton has pointed out, mankind alter-
Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all nates between two great impulses, the impulse
knowledge; it is the impassioned expression of acceptance, and the impulse of wonder.
which is in the countenance of all science.” Although science is doing its best to destroy in
The discouraging conclusion of our essayists us the impulse to look with wondering eyes upon
argument is formulated in the following series the world, we are by no means in the desperate
of propositions : “ There is enough poetry in case of our eighteenth-century forbears. Per-
the world already. It must be waste of time haps we are yet destined to as low a descent
to make more.
Science is to literature as life to before the awakening comes. But if the past
death. To become really scientific is a resur has any lesson at all for us, it is the lesson that
rection. If these views are widely held, more the spirit of man, although subdued for a season,
widely every day, the question at the head of always contrives to reassert itself, refusing to be
this article must be answered in the affirmative. forever fed
upon
the husks of mere knowledge,
It
may be a euthanasia, a gradual and easy demanding also for its full sustenance those
decay. But it is as certain as it is gradual." elements of awe and rapture and reverent faith
We have already stated what seems to be a which science alone cannot offer, and which it
sufficient reason for holding this reckless use of is the holy mission of literature to furnish for
the words“ must ” and “ certain ”as extremely the famishing soul.
ill-advised. The writer ignores the fundamental
elements of the problem, and his finding has only
the narrow support of certain temporary condi-
CASUAL COMMENT.
tions, of a mere phase in the progress of our
culture. That phase, we will freely allow him, ject of an illuminating essay in Mr. Sidney Lee's recent
A NATIONAL MONUMENT TO SHAKESPEARE is the sub-
shows us to be suffering just now from the arro-
book, “Shakespeare and the Modern Stage.” Mr. Lee
gance of positivism and the corresponding defect gives the history of the various attempts made by En-
of imagination, from an excess of materialism gland to commemorate her great poet, and marshalls
over humanism, of realism over idealism, and of all the arguments to show the fitness and necessity for
the claims of the flesh over those of the spirit. projects which would make of a Shakespearean memo
such celebration. Particularly does he dispose of those
As a statement of the existing situation and out rial the tag to some utilitarian purpose a lectureship
look, Mr. Paul's complaint is probably not over foundation, a school for actors, or an endowed theatre.
drawn, the colors of his picture are perhaps no
It is to be feared that England is not yet ready for a
darker than are justifiable. We heartily agree
spontaneous and general tribute to Shakespeare. There
is no such love for the things of the mind, no such pas-
with him in his scoring of the present-day evils
sionate adoration for the kings of art, in that country,
of irreverence and philistinism, and “the crass as exist in many other nations or lands. Standing in


1907.]
277
THE DIAL
Burns's cottage in Ayrshire one can see a continual no further. Rather should the rare exceptions be sought
stream of Scotch people flowing in and out, — small out and made to cheer us and preserve us from pessim-
merchants, farmers, drovers, women and children, ism. Enthusiasm was formerly (that is, about 1700)
and from their wet eyes and trembling lips one can understood in the sense of delusion, religious mania, a
gather the force of the feeling which has dotted the following after strange gods. Now it is a highly re-
west of Scotland with magnificent monuments to Burns. spectable word, but so hard-worked that, unless care be
But nobody goes to Stratford except Americans. En taken, it too likely to turn restive and run amuck,
gland is the Martha of nations, careful in material along with all the other once sober and esteemed but
matters, careless about ideal ones. For her warriors now degenerate members of the language. Of the
and statesmen she has glorious rewards and gorgeous word doings, a respectable even if not aristocratic term,
graves. But the “ Poets' Corner” of Westminster Dr. Johnson said: “ Now only used in a ludicrous sense,
Abbey has a sneering sound. Yet with all her worship or in low, mean language.” We hail with joy its sub-
of success and power she has produced no man of action sequent reform.
of the first rank, none the world would place level with
THE LAST REPRESENTATIVE OF A FAMOUS PURITAN
Alexander, Cæsar, Charlemagne, or Napoleon. Per
contra she has produced the supreme creative artist of
FAMILY, in one of its branches at least, passed away in
the recent death of Thomas Wigglesworth of Boston, de-
mankind.
scendant of the worshipful Michael Wigglesworth (1631–
THE REFERENCE-LIBRARY IDEA has been usefully | 1705), Harvard tutor, Malden pastor for forty-eight years
applied in establishing the Department of Legislative and “unshrinking rhymer of the Five Points of Calvin-
Reference of the city of Baltimore, with Dr. Horace ism," as he is styled by Moses Coit Tyler, who adds that
E. Flack, a Johns Hopkins graduate, at its head. This he “ so perfectly uttered in verse the religious faith and
new municipal department, which began its beneficent emotion of Puritan New England that for more than a
existence with the opening of the year, is probably hundred years his writings had universal diffusion there,
unique, in this country at least, although Boston and and a popular influence only inferior to that of the Bible
Chicago have well-managed and very useful bureaus of and the Shorter Catechism." Wigglesworth's recog.
statistics, and the state libraries of Wisconsin and Cali nized masterpiece was “ The Day of Doom, or a Poetical
fornia conduct somewhat similiar departments. Indeed, Description of the Great and Last Judgment, with a
the Baltimore enterprise appears to owe its birth to the Short Discourse about Eternity,” inspiration for which
reference librarian at Madison, Dr. Charles McCarthy, was thus invoked of “the Judge of the World":
a man fertile in ideas and zealous in their dissemination.
“Thee, Thee alone I'll invocate ;
The economic need of municipal and also state and
For I do much abominate
national bureaus or departments of legislative reference
To call the Muses to mine aid."
can be readily understood ; but for details as to the legi-
Of this fearful creation, rivalling in its vivid horrors
timate functions of these governmental data-gatherers,
Jonathan Edwards's hair-raising forecasts of the wrath
we must, for lack of space, content ourselves with re-
to come, Cotton Mather confidently predicted that it
ferring to the able and, we doubt not, cheerfully com-
would be read in New England until the day of doom
municative head of the Baltimore bureau, or to Miss
should itself arrive. Probably not one New Englander
Wallis, his competent assistant and expert cataloguer.
in a thousand has now any knowledge of the poem, which
We may, however, close with one brief illustration of
was in its time so popular that it ran through ten editions
the department's usefulness in a small personal matter.
in the colonies, besides being reprinted in the mother
A lady recently entered Dr. Flack's office with tax re-
country.
ceipts for 1894 on five lots that she owned in far-away
St. Paul, and went away rejoicing in the assurance, de-
Count TOLSTOI'S PEASANT CRITICs are emphatic in
rived from the St. Paul comptroller's report for 1906,
their dissent from his views on Shakespeare, although
that her property was unquestionably worth $1,500 this dissent on the moujik's part is involuntarily ex-
more than she had supposed.
pressed and has no conscious reference to the late famous
onslaught on the English poet. A writer in the Paris
THE INNATE DEPRAVITY OF WORDS, their perverse Temps describes a series of Shakespeare readings given
tendency to lose the innocence etymologically belonging before a peasant audience. From a Russian collection
to them, and to acquire sinister meanings, must have called “ Books the People Should Read,” — which in-
struck many a reader of early English literature. It is cludes two of the denounced plays, “ King Lear” and
sad to trace the deterioration of one word after another, “ Hamlet,” – three of Shakespeare's tragedies (the two
and to note the almost invariable inability or unwilling- just named and “Othello”) were read aloud to a circle
ness of these reprobates to reform. We are to-day of humble hearers; and the interjected comments and
witnesses to the lamentable fall of the once innocent exclamations, the tears and sighs, the cries of pity and
word graft. From its present abyss of infamy will it of indignation, all eloquently testified to the vivid appre-
ever rise again into respectability ? Alas, we fear not. ciation of the strong parts of every act and scene. Eager
For do but note the hopeless condition of its vast com discussion followed each play. In regard to “ Lear,”
pany of hoary sinners. Tempest (from tempestas, and some thought the old king deserved his fate. “He was
that from tempus) should mean simply season, weather, too domineering," they said, “too despotic; he wished
fair or the reverse; but it early took to evil courses, every one to bend to him; he was too fond of flattery."
and see the result ! Bribe (from briba, a crust of bread Others, moved by pity, tried to justify his conduct.
given in charity) meant merely a gift down to Chaucer's “ He had a good heart,” they declared, “only he was
time, and then it too went to the bad. Similar melan capricious now and then. How freely he forgave the
choly examples of verbal degeneration are prejudice, fool for his mocking jests! He let pride run away with
and prejudicial, egregious, monstrous, chronic (we speak of him just once, and think how dearly he paid for it!”
chronic gout, but hardly of chronic happiness), prepos The writer in conclusion expresses his surprise that “ the
terous, and crude. But let us pursue the painful inquiry illiterate moujik's sensitiveness to the beauty of Shakes-


278
[May 1,
THE DIAL
peare's work should have escaped Tolstoi's knowledge; THE FIRST DRAFT OF SIR PHILIP SIDNEY'S ARCADIA,
for he knows the Russian peasant remarkably well. or at least a manuscript appearing to be the first draft
The only explanation for his error is the spirit of opposi- / of that once popular and now neglected romance (why
tion to everybody else's opinion that Tolstoi has all his do we find it so deadly fatiguing, whereas the Elizabeth-
life so violently manifested.”
ans took delight in it?) has been discovered by Mr.
Bertram Dobell, the London bookseller and book-writer
LESS THAN A DOLLAR A DAY FOR TEACHING is paid to whom we owe the discovery of Thomas Traherne,
to school teachers in seventy-four towns of -- what the unearthing of interesting Lamb literature, and other
state does the reader suppose? Massachusetts! So at similar services. Some persons never look on the
least Dr. Winship reports, reckoning the pay against the ground without finding four-leaf clovers or Indian
three hundred or more working days of the calendar arrow-heads; others never rummage a book-stall with-
year; and he pertinently asks what can be expected of out hitting on rare and unsuspected first editions; and
the men and women of the future who are taught by still others, the happy-go-lucky majority of mankind,
persons willing to work for that pittance.
Yet the con never get beyond a confused perception of the outlines
dition of the school teacher in this country is still en of more conspicuous objects.
viable compared with that of teachers in Germany,
where the saying goes, “ Whom the gods hate they make THE SCAPEGRACE OF STORY is commonly a more
pedagogues.” The high standard of education required attractive character than the scapegrace of reality. In
of German teachers is well known, as is also the pitiful a recent prize contest conducted by the London « Truth”
meagreness of their pay. But the equation of demand the following six were found to be the favorite scape-
and supply will continue inexorably to work itself out graces of English fiction: Dick Swiveller, Falstaff,
in the future as in the past.
Charles Surface, Micawber, Alfred Jingle, and Tom
Jones. Only one competitor sent in a list containing all
MR. BEN GREET'S MODE OF PRESENTING SHAKESPEARE,
six names, and he won the prize.
for which he has been criticized by Mr. William Winter
and others, is animadverted upon by Mr. Greet's former
leading lady, Miss Mathison (of “ Everyman" fame)
COMMUNICATIONS.
in a late number of “ The Theatre.” The simplicity
of the Elizabethan stage, she contends, “ is impossible
THE “CASE” OF THE NEGRO AMERICAN.
in a highly complex society like our own; it takes no
cognizance of the part played in any theatrical produc-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
tion by the audience itself. The Elizabethan stage was
Does your reviewer of Finot's “ Race Prejudice”
simple, because Elizabethan audiences were simple; mean seriously to assert that the Negro American is the
they had no prior scenic traditions in their blood.” most difficult “case" in the way of universal brother-
Whether we are willing or unwilling, fashions in art, hood? We have usually been patronizingly informed
as well as in dress, demand some degree of subservience
that our advance in America had little to do with the
from him who desires the respectful attention and con case, since we were exceptional, and that the real crux
sideration of the public.
of the matter was the origin and destiny of the Afri-
can Negro. When now there comes an advocate who
THIRTEEN MILLION DOLLARS FOR CULTURE, generously
successfully ridicules the pretended inferiority of Afri-
expended by Mr. Carnegie in one of the least cultured cans, your acrobatic writer gracefully informs us that
of our large cities, is what the magnificent new buildings
we of America lack “the seal of proof.” Is this because
at Schenley Park, on the high ground east of Pittsburg,
he knows anything about the Negro American, or be-
represent in “cold cash.". The grand public opening,
cause he misses in Finot the staring headlines of “ Rape"
on the tenth of this month, of the Carnegie Institute,
and “Lynching."
W. E. B. DuBois.
the Carnegie Technical Schools, and the enlarged Car Atlanta University, April 19, 1907.
negie Library, marks an epoch in Pittsburg's history.
If culture can be bought with a price, the city of steam
[The closing sentence of our review seems unfor-
hammers and grimy smoke and internationally famous
tunately to have suggested a conclusion as remote
misdemeanants should speedily become the “ Athens of
from the intention of the reviewer as of the author
America,” while Boston may be expected to acquire, like
of the book reviewed. The sentence was intended
Greece before it, a mournful interest as a “sad relic of to suggest that the experience of the negro situation
departed worth.”
in America furnishes to the author the most complex
LIKE THE PHENIX FROM ITS ASHES, Helicon Hall is
data and considerations afforded by the juxtaposi.
to rise with newness of life, as we read, and the Sinclair
tion and assimilation of modes of life of two racially
experiment is to receive further trial. Those of an most distinct varieties of man. The scope
and man-
earlier, indeed a much earlier, generation will recall the ner of M. Finot's treatment indicates that he regards
burning of the Brook Farm phalanstery almost sixty- the matter as difficult, as worthy of detailed and
one years, to a day, before this later unfortunate event
exact analysis. In the reviewer's opinion, M. Finot's
of a similar sort. The fire of 1846 proved the death
chapter covering this ground does not carry con-
blow to an already tottering institution. If Helicon
Hall has vitality enough to rally from its recent shock,
viction to the unprejudiced reader. So much differ-
it will be a sign of vigor and a good omen for the future.
ence of opinion as is thus implied between the
The history of communities of this general description
reviewer and Mr. DuBois should certainly be no
is a melancholy chronicle of disappointments and fail barrier to a mutual appreciation of the merits of the
ures; but all generous observers are ready to applaud controversy to which a further consideration might
a heroic attempt to accomplish the impossible.
lead. - EDR. THE DIAL]


1907.]
279
THE DIAL
GERMAN AND AMERICAN READING HABITS. two or three, and the younger boy listened to parts of
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
all and to every word of the tragedies.”
A possible injustice would seem to be done by the
Dr. Robert Collyer mentions Bunyan, Defoe, Gold-
statement, in your issue of April 1 (page 214), that
smith, Shakespeare, and the Bible, as being his meat
“German and American reading habits are placed in
and drink in boyhood; and the influence of these mas-
ters is evident in his strong, terse style.
instructive comparison by recent reports from two libra-
ries, one in Germany and one in this country, serving
A great danger to the present generation of children
communities of about the same size." You then proceed
is in the multiplicity of books written for them. Many
to show that the Krupp Library of Essen, Germany,
people have come to feel that children need a literature
recently circulated 388,001 volumes, and that the public
quite distinct from that of grown-ups, and reduced to
library of Troy, N. Y., in its latest report gives a cir-
their supposed level. The effects of this “juvenile”
culation of 62,000, or less than one-sixth as many. In
literature is seen in a weakened mental capacity, and a
fairness it should be pointed out that the American
lack of appreciation of what is high and noble. If a
library you have chosen for this illustration has a very
boy is hungry for a book we give him Henty instead of
small circulation in proportion to the population of the Motley, and Lamb's “ Tales from Shakespeare” instead
city - less than one volume per capita, whereas a cir-
of the real thing. The “ Tales” are good in their way,
culation of from three to seven volumes per capita is
but they were written as hack-work, and it is doubtful
whether Charles Lamb, at least, ever took much interest
found in many American towns and cities. At the last
United States census, Troy had a population of 60,651,
in them or any large part in their composition. They
while Somerville and Springfield, Mass., the next larger
are only the plots and contain little of the inspiration
cities, had populations of 61,643 and 62,059 respectively.
which comes even to children from contact with the
And the latest reports of the public libraries in these
original dramas. Kate Douglas Wiggin has said : “A
cities showed circulations of 391,783 and 381,818 vol-
mere dip into something vast, remote, mysterious, may
umes respectively.
stir the child's imagination and set his mind to work
It also be pertinent to inquire whether the figures
on larger lines. ·Man's reach is greater than his grasp,
may
else what's a heaven for ?'... We used to think that
given for the circulation of the German library include
books used in the library as well as those borrowed for
birds flew because they had wings; we now surmise
home use, the latter only being included usually in
that they have wings because they tried to fly."
American statistics.
AMERICAN LIBRARIAN.
I heard, not long ago, in the Forestville school of
this city, a class of fourth-grade children, about ten
years of age, reading “Midsummer Night's Dream.”
READING SHAKESPEARE TO CHILDREN. They read it with expression and with evident appre-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
ciation. Their answers to questions showed that they
A review of “ Fingerposts to Children's Reading," understood it, — not as an adult or as a scholar under-
in a recent issue of THE DIAL, takes issue with the stands it, but as a child who is interested in the fairy
author in regard to the reading of Shakespeare's simpler story and touched by the melody of the noble verse.
plays to children nine years old. There is, among They read it from a complete edition of the play, not
adults, a wide difference of opinion as to how much a simplified or emasculated version. I heard an eighth-
children can understand. This difference of opinion is grade class read “Hamlet,” recite some of its greatest
due chiefly to the difference in children. We are passages, and discuss its characters with as much interest
prone to regard children as a species and to base our as a college literature class, and with more originality,
judgment of the species upon the particular children if with less profundity. These children are not prigs.
who may have come under our observation. It is cer They play as hard and enjoy their play as much as any
tainly as futile to expect every child to be interested in child, but they love great literature because they have
Shakespeare at nine years of age as it is to expect every
seen and felt its beauties. Life not only means more
man and woman to be interested in Shakespeare. Some to them now, but it will mean more to them in the days
minds never open to the influence of great poetry, to come because they have formed a taste which will
and it is often because they have never been accustomed lead them up and on.
to reading and hearing it. But I wish to make a plea Mr. William Archer, the distinguished dramatic
for the reading of Shakespeare as soon as the child will critic, has recently expressed himself as opposed to in-
listen with real interest. I made my own acquaintance troducing Shakespeare to children. He wishes them to
with the great dramatist when I was seven; and I can wait until they reach maturity, and then approach the
vividly remember the delight that I had, lying flat on plays as they would approach a new play by Pinero or
the floor with the great old-fashioned family edition of Shaw. This plan doubtless has some advantages. Our
the “ Complete Works” open before me. My oldest boy appreciation of any great work is measured by the
listened eagerly to “ The Merchant of Venice,''« Mid mental and spiritual equipment with which we approach
summer Night's Dream,” and “ The Tempest” at eight, it. But this equipment does not come to us unsought.
and was able to repeat intelligently the story of each. It is gained by reading and by the cultivation of the
I find in my book of clippings an article taken several spirit. What shall the child read in order to enable him
years ago from a well-known periodical, in which a to understand Shakespeare at thirty? Not the “ Elsie"
mother writes as follows: “One of my pleasures during books and Amanda Douglas, and Oliver Optic, surely,
the past two winters has been the reading of Shake or any of that peptonized milk diet upon which so
speare's plays to a little gathering of four people - three many are bringing up their families. Here, as in
every
of them being my little girl, age nine, and my two other department of human effort, the child learns to
boys, ages eleven and seven. Interesting comments do by doing, -- and I am constrained to believe that
were made as to the way the different characters im the best preparation for understanding Shakespeare is
pressed them. The older boy listened to all the dramas, Shakespeare.
WALTER TAYLOR FIELD.
not being willing to miss anything. The girl missed Chicago, April 24, 1907.


280
[May 1,
THE DIAL
maintain that both biographers are in the
The New Books.
wrong: the preponderating passion in child-
hood and adolescence appears to have been
A REALISTIC STUDY OF AN IDEALIST,*
neither philosophy nor English literature, but
religion. The boy delighted in preaching, both
In a biography from Mr. Thomas Wright's his own and that of another, and repeated in-
busy pen the reader has learned to expect a
stances are given of his excessive church-going,
praiseworthy fulness of detail and an agreeable
up to the time of his only too natural skeptical
manner of presenting it. His “ Life of Walter
and atheistical rebound, which had its serious
Pater” does not disappoint this expectation. beginning at Oxford. The accusation of not
Every available source of information appears indulging in anecdotes implies, some will say,
to have been made contributory to his two
more praise than blame.
Another inaccuracy
handsome and lavishly illustrated volumes ; and
of Mr. Benson's that Mr. Wright rectifies has
if his workmanlike methods are not exactly
to do with Jowett's justifiable action in pre-
those of previous writers who have rhapsodized venting Pater's receiving the coveted proctor-
on the life and genius of Pater, the difference ship that had looked so attractive to him, not
is not altogether one to be regretted.
because of its duties, which were wholly uncon-
A characteristic preface (Mr. Wright is never
genial to the mild-mannered recluse, but because
content to let the end crown the work) sets forth, of the additional £300 or £350 it would have
among other things, “ twelve principal errors of
brought to his pocket.
commission and omission " that the author has
Previous writers on Pater have yielded to the
found in Mr. Benson's study of Pater in the strong temptation to clothe their thoughts in
“ English Men of Letters " series. The earlier
series. The earlier Pateresque language. The graceful little trib-
biographer has asserted that Pater's command
ute to him in the 66
of language was not the result of much youth- Letters " series has, among other examples of
Contemporary Men of
ful writing that never saw the light; that he
fine writing, a comment on “ Diaphanéité" de-
wrote no poetry in boyhood except a few humor- claring that“ the whole composition moves with
ous lines ; that Roman Catholicism in his family
nwonted resiliency and speed,”. that is, with
was of late date; Harbledown, Pater's home
unwonted backward-leaping and forward-hasten-
during his attendance at the King's School, Can-
ing; unwonted indeed ? Mr. J. R. McQueen,
terbury, is not mentioned ; Mr. Benson repre-
an old friend of Pater's whom Mr. Wright is
sents Pater as popular in those school days; he
the first to draw on extensively, says upon hav-
makes him “apt to be reticent about his own
ing his attention drawn to this sentence: “I
interior feelings"; he leaves unmentioned five
am never surprised at anything I read in these
of Pater's most intimate friends; he omits
little memoirs about Pater. The authors seem
Pater's connection with St. Austin's “ Monk-
to think fine writing makes up for ignorance
ery"; he makes Pater's chief interest in early of facts.” Hence a natural satisfaction in meet-
life to have been philosophy, whereas Mr. ing with one memoir of Pater that is a plain,
Wright says it was English literature; he avers
straightforward narrative with no attempt to
that Pater's metaphysical studies did not de-
make flowers of rhetoric hide a poverty of fact.
stroy his strong religious instinct ; he does not Only once is the author caught in the commis-
spice his narrative with anecdotes, and records
sion of something like a Paterism, and that is
only two or three uninteresting conversations ;
well on in his task. This single instance, from
and, twelfthly, he declares that Pater wrote
the thirty-second chapter, is worth quoting as a
very few letters. That Mr. Benson was more
curiosity.
or less in error in most of these particulars,
“ He delighted in high altars banked with flowers
some of which are really of little importance, the arum, the narcissus, the jonquil — innumerable
is clearly enough proved by Mr. Wright; but candles forming a pyramid of points of fire, priests in
the disputed assertion that Pater was “apt to transplendent copes stiff with gold, incense rising in
be reticent” still remains a safe one to make,
swelling clouds, bell-ringing, genuflections."
however much he may have occasionally taken
Admirers of Pater may regret that his bio-
his few nearest friends into his confidence. In grapher has seen fit to dig and delve for so many
regard to Pater's chief interest in early life, the small matters of fact that, as he presents them,
reader of Mr. Wright's volumes might fairly do not always redound to Pater's credit. Yet,
much as the Greeks preferred to take their
* THE LIFE OF WALTER PATER. By Thomas Wright. In two
divinities with a plentiful admixture of undivine
un
volumes. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.


1907.]
281
THE DIAL
most of his mates at school and consorting only But even Mr. Wright, with all his diligence
attributes, so it soothes our inferiority to detect I have recovered my health and strength again, that
human imperfections in our idols. Mr. Wright
then I may the better be enabled to endure the violence
and hazard of their potions.'”
certainly shows us a very real and mortal and
fallible man in his book, and even declares he
Mr. Wright's opinions of Pater's various
might easily have made him more ungodlike works are briefly given, nor does he enter into
still; but considerations for others' feelings any long analyses or descriptions of these works.
caused the biographer to go through his manu-
It is the more homely and human, not the lit
script again and again, striking out “ everything erary and artistic side of Pater, that he chooses
that seemed likely to give offence,” and espe- chiefly to portray. In rating the Renaissance
cially omitting “all Pater's jibes at religion.”
studies well above any of the other writings,
Which are worse, we wonder, the scoffer's actual
even above “Marius," and in rather disparag-
jibes or the imaginary ones that his friends are
ing the “ Plato and Platonism,” which even
thus left to torment themselves with ? But this
Jowett felt moved to commend, he seems to be
reticence seems misplaced in denying us, and in denying to some of Pater's best work the praise
making a virtue of denying us, all account of
that is its due. But other critics, notably and
Pater's home life with his sisters at the house
most recently Mr. Benson, have written appre-
in Bradmore Road, Oxford, which he occupied ciatively and at length on these matters, although
for seventeen years.
Mr. Benson's work shows signs of haste, of
The boy Pater, as pictured by Mr. Wright, his book, now that greater industry has thrown
“too many irons in the fire." A revision of
was a very abnormal and by no means prepos-
sessing lad. He would join in no games, and rev-
new light on dark places, is to be desired, and
elled in uncompulsory church-going, shunning
indeed is urged by his friendly antagonist.
with a chosen two, the three being known as
and the repeated revision of his manuscript, has
“ the triumvirate.” Even from these two inti not freed his work from every mark of haste or
mates he allowed himself to be estranged in his
carelessness. He persists (if one may notice
Oxford days of religious unbelief. The man so small a matter) in using “previous" as an
and scholar is depicted as given to indolence, adverb; he makes Oscar Wilde “a boy of
despite his literary enthusiasm for “ ascêsis,"
seventeen ” in 1874, having already (with Mr.
and as but superficially versed in even his chosen Sherard) placed his birth in 1854; he misquotes
specialties. The glamour of his style, we are
Shakespeare so far as to write the un-Shake-
told, blinds us to the shallowness of his knowl spearean neuter possessive pronoun, and more
edge. Even as to the outward and physical than once speaks of “Love's Labour Lost”;
Pater we are repeatedly reminded of his simian,
he puts “peroration ” in place of “exordium”;
prematurely-whiskered appearance in youth,
and he, or the printer, is guilty of “Féuillet.”
and of his heavy, hunch-backed, Dutch ungain-With a reckless disregard of physical laws he
liness throughout life. From the chapter on
describes the old town of Spires as lighted at
“ Pater at Fifty” let us quote a few illustrative night“ by lamps suspended over chains stretched
across the streets, a rare illustration of
passages.
Stockton's “negative gravity.”
“ In early portraits of him, taken just after the culti-
vation of the historical moustache (whereby hangs a
Ninety-two (the title-page modestly says
tale), he has a rather helpless look, nor was he even then seventy-eight) plates, including several unfami-
at all a strong man. In the portrait taken late in his
liar portraits of Pater and three of Mr. Richard
life by Messrs. Elliott and Fry, he appears, though little
over fifty, as bald as a coot, while the moustache has
C. Jackson, the original of “Marius," are
grown heavy and truly Bismarckian.
scattered through the volumes ; and there are
traits he does not seem so very plain, but the evidence ten bibliographical and other “Appendices,”
of all who knew him is the other way about; moreover, besides an ample preface. The richness of
he himself was well aware of his shortcomings in this re-
illustrative and sometimes not too closely rele-
spect, and regretted them. He loved pictures; but there
was one picture which always gave him pain
vant matter more than once comes very near
which he could see any day in the looking-glass.
to being padding, — as in the author's closing
Owing to his feeble health Pater always looked at least sketches of his subordinate characters. The
ten years older than his age; but it was difficult to per- narrative, too, is chopped up into absurdly short
suade him to call in a doctor, and he had little faith in
medicines. No passage in his favourite Montaigne chapters, forty-seven in number, for no other
pleased him more than the Seigneur's answer to those apparent purpose than to waste space; the
paper
who urged him to take physic: • Tarry till such time as is thick ; and each inserted plate counts as two
In these por-
the one


282
[May 1,
THE DIAL
pages in the pagination. The footnotes are for the purpose of railroad improvement a year
superfluously and tiresomely numerous, includ or two ago are difficult to make to-day.
ing as they do explanations of the obvious, and The looker-on in Vienna cannot help asking
not a few cross-references such as diligent edi- whether this is quite as it should be ; whether
tors of ancient texts love to send scampering a great industry that has done so much to
like so many little barking dogs across the develop the resources of this nation, and to make
bottom of their pages. But a life as devoid of the nation great, not only industrially but poli-
outward incident as Pater's must needs be tically, can be as bad as has been represented,
treated with all possible ingenuity on the part or deserve punishments as dire as have been
of author and publisher in order to swell it to urged. At such a time any literature that will
the approved two-volume form. A less expen- fairly present the history of the railroad in con-
sive thin-paper edition in one volume is what nection with the growth of this nation, and
the unwealthy book-buyer might reasonably de- also describe the railroad in its construction
mand; for this excellent and perhaps " defini- and operation, cannot help but bring about a
tive,” even if here and there distorted, presenta- better condition of things, at least in public
tion of the real Pater" is a book worth buying. sentiment. Three years ago Professor Emery
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
R. Johnson produced an admirable little treatise
entitled “ American Railroad Transportation,”
which for the first time put within the covers
of one book an adequate account of the railroad
system of the United States. Close on his heels
JUSTICE TO THE RAILROADS.*
came Mr. Pratt, the railway correspondent of the
London "Times," who in his book on “ Ameri-
The attention of the people of this nation has
been concentrated for a year or more upon our
can Railways" gave the impartial view of an
railroads and their relation to public interests.
outsider. And now we have a work on “The
The thought and purpose of the American
Working of Railroads,” by Mr. Logan G.
people moves from one extreme to another, and McPherson, a very good supplement to the two
this is as true in the field of railroad criticism previously mentioned, as in a most scientific
as in any other. Fifty years ago every com-
and careful manner it presents the various func-
munity went out and met an intending railroad
tions of railroading in their details and in their
inter-relation as well as in their relations to the
with a brass band, the freedom of the city,
choice locations, right of
public and the state.
without compensa-
way
tion, and, in a general way, a chromo thrown
In the first chapter of Mr. Logan's book,
in. Within the last few years we have swung
on - The Transportation Function," he shows
to the other extreme, and it has been difficult
most vividly how localization of industry has
to find in the public mind any good thing that
been made possible in this country by the expan-
could be said of railroads. Their whole manage-
sion of our railroad system, a localization which
ment has been bad, and nothing that might be
has been essential to the success of our indus-
done to restrain them would be considered in-
trial growth. In the next chapter he takes up
Under the
appropriate. Even the Inter-State Commerce
“ Construction and Operation."
Commission has caught this public spirit at
latter term he discusses somewhat in detail the
times, and has demanded powers that might three great departments involved in maintenance
not be wisely administered. The legislatures of way, maintenance of equipment, and trans-
One cannot read further than
of the various states have been keen on the trail portation.
of the railroad, and within the last few months through this chapter, however ignorant one may
some fifteen legislatures have passed bills fixing the tremendous forces that are involved in the
have been before, without beginning to grasp
senger transportation. In consequence of all building and equipping of a railroad. The third
this panic, and all this grim determination to chapter is devoted to that subject around which
down the railroad, railroad men have been ask-
the battle with the railroad has been waged
ing themselves how they might best take stock during the last three years — that is, traffic.
of the future. Sensitive credit has felt the in-
Under this subject the author discusses the car-
fluence, and loans that were easy to negotiate riage of persons and the carriage of goods by
express, by mail, or by the ordinary freight
shipment. The complex subject of rates is
Lecturer on Transportation at Johns Hopkins University. New
presented somewhat at length, and the different
• THE WORKING OF RAILROADS. By Logan G. McPherson,
York: Henry Holt & Co.


1907.]
283
THE DIAL
principles are brought out that are involved in
THE STORY OF LA SALLE'S LAST VOYAGE.*
the basing point as used in America, the taper-
ing system as used in Australia, and the Zone The present writer has had occasion to review,
System as used in Hungary. This chapter
within the last few years, several reprints of
will be good reading for those who, following important books of travel bearing on the early
the magnetic lead of Mr. Stickney, have come
history of America, and is glad to avail himself
to the conclusion that rate-making is an easy
of this additional opportunity for commending
thing and that not much technical and expert
the enterprise and patriotism of American pub-
knowledge is necessary for its performance.
lishers in this regard. As a Canadian, he can
The more formal and technical portion of
do this without any suggestion of national glori-
the railroad business is discussed in a chapter
fication. The voyages and travels of Marquette,
on “ Accounting and Statistics.” Then in the Hennepin, La Salle, Lahontan, to mention no
fifth chapter the author rises into the larger others, are of as much interest and value to
field of strategy, in the discussion of “ Financial Canadians as to Americans, and Canada has
and Executive Administration." The relation-
been laid under a debt of gratitude to American
ship of the railroad to those whose capital is publishers for reprinting these rare volumes.
used in the form of stocks or bonds, and on
Among them we now have a new edition of
the other hand toward the financing agencies Joutel's famous Journal of La Salle's last voy-
of Wall Street, is presented in a very
business age,
with valuable historical notes, etc., by Mr.
like way. More than that, the financing of a
Henry Reed Stiles.
railroad, not merely when it is in a prosperous
Joutel, it will be remembered, accompanied
condition, but in disastrous times when it passes
La Salle on that memorable voyage of 1684, so
into the hands of a receiver, is also discussed. promising in its opening and so disastrous in its
Two very important chapters are on “Correla-end. He was a fellow-townsman of La Salle's,
tion” and “ Integration. The first has to do and seems to have accompanied the expedition
with what might be called the oiling of the
at La Salle's personal request. His duties were
system, by means of which everything works
to superintend all matters pertaining to the
harmoniously and without friction. The second provisioning, sheltering, and general care and
is concerned with what is familiarly known in
comfort of the settlers whom La Salle confidently
the industrial world as standardization. This expected to become the nucleus of a prosperous
is developed in the most interesting way with
French colony in Louisiana. “ His services to
reference to construction and equipment, signal the enterprise,” says Dr. Stiles in his Biograph-
ing, ticketing, and the carrying out of every
ical Note on Joutel, “ as they are simply and
form of business on a national system rather circumstantially narrated in this Journal, and
than a local and diverse one. The final chap- corroborated by contemporary evidence, prove
ter, on the “ Relation to the Public and the
that La Salle's choice of him as the 6
State,” is partly historical in its discussion affairs' of the expedition was well-founded and
of pooling and the Inter-State Commerce Com- fortunate. Practical, methodical, resourceful
mission, and partly critical in the suggestions
in every emergency, tactful in his dealings with
which are brought out in connection with the
all the members of the heterogeneous company
Hepburn bill and other bills that resulted in
with whom he was associated, and inflexibly
the drastic legislation of 1906. The whole is loyal to his Chief, Joutel fully proved his worth.”
presented in an unprejudiced and impartial Charlevoix met Joutel in 1723, many years
way, and the book is the most important con-
after his return from America, and speaks of
tribution to its branch of the subject that has him as a very upright man, and evidently the
yet been made. It would pay the railroads to only trustworthy member of La Salle's party.
buy a million copies of this book and place it Parkman, judging Joutel merely by the internal
in the hands of the public for educational pur-
evidence of his Journal, reached an equally
poses. If the whole industrial life of the nation, favorable conclusion as to his sense, intelligence,
which is so inextricably interlaced with the rail-
and candor. The evidence of such a man, as to
road system of the country, is not to be violently the circumstances surrounding La Salle's voyage
disturbed, it is very desirable that such know-
to the Gulf of Mexico, his heroic struggle against
ledge as this book contains be given to the man * JOUTEL'S JOURNAL OF LA SALLE'S LAST VOYAGE, 1684-87. New
edition, with Historical and Biographical Introduction, Anno-
on the street in regard to the merits and demerits
tations, and Index, by Henry Reed Stiles, A.M., M.D. To which
of the railroad problem. JOHN J. HALSEY.
is added a Bibliography of the Discovery of the Mississippi, by
Appleton P. C. Griffin. Albany: Joseph McDonough.
man of


284
[May 1,
THE DIAL
appallingly adverse circumstances, and his death does appear somewhat regrettable that in select-
at the hands of his own men, is of the utmost ing the text for it the most complete one avail-
worth. It is safe to say that of the several able was not taken. The text adopted is that
narratives of this expedition Joutel's is far and of the English translation (1714) of the Paris
away the best,
in fact, the only trustworthy edition of 1713. We need not go further than
account we have of the voyage in its entirety, Mr. Griffin's Bibliography (p. 230) to learn
Joutel has been criticised for his alleged that this edition, “methodiz'd.” by the Sieur
acquiescence in the murder of La Salle, and for de Mitchell, is but an abridged and modified
his subsequent connivance in the concealment version of the narrative, and that Joutel com-
of the fact of La Salle's death. On these points plained that changes had been made by the
Dr. Stiles's opinion is interesting. He says: editor in retouching the work for publication.
“No shadow of complicity in the murder of La Salle On the other hand, Margry in his “ Decouver-
attaches to Joutel. That he did not more strongly tes et établissements des Français," vol. iii.,
assert himself in the critical emergencies which suc-
ceeded that tragical event, was due, probably, to a
pp. 89-534, published the Journal in its entirety
combination of circumstances. The mutineers who had and integrity. A translation of the Margry
accomplished the deed were overwhelmingly dominant, copy would have had to be specially made, it is
and the lives of the whole party trembled in the balance. true, while the other was ready to hand; but
Joutel was no coward; but the situation in which they how much more satisfactory it would have been
found themselves called for the exercise of that pru-
to have had a translation of Joutel's Journal as
dence which is ofttimes the better part of valor. Neither
was he ambitious; so that when the little band of seven
he wrote it, rather than of a version that is, to
who sought to separate themselves from the assassins say the least, open to suspicion !
finally started upon their long and perilous journey
Taking the text as it stands, one cannot too
toward the North, we find, as if by common consent, highly commend the present edition.
Follow-
that the Abbé Cavelier (La Salle's brother) figures as
the nominal leader. Undoubtedly this was due partly ing the Historical Introduction, and the Biogra-
to the respect felt by Joutel for the aged ecclesiastic phical Note on Joutel by Dr. Stiles, we have,
by virtue of his sacred office, as well as by his own life first, the original title-page of the London edi-
long association, at Rouen, with the family of Cavelier; tion, 1714) in facsimile ; then the French Book-
and also by motives of policy in thus securing for the
party the prestige of being headed by a La Salle — a
seller to the Reader, and the Preface written by
name to conjure with' amid the savage tribes through Sieur de Mitchell, as they appeared in the En-
whom they must pass.”
glish edition ; then the text of the Journal,
Thus far, most of us will probably be inclined with notes and annotations by Dr. Stiles; fol-
to agree with Dr. Stiles in clearing Joutel's lowed by
lowed by “Remainder of Letter by he who
character from any serious fault; but it is not revis'd this Journal, being sequel to same,"
so easy to acquiesce in his somewhat lukewarm and Letters Patent granted by the King of
defence of Joutel's connivance in the conceal France to M. Crozat. Finally, we have Mr.
ment of the fact of La Salle's death. No doubt Griffin's very full Bibliography, and the Index.
Dr. Stiles is quite right in saying that the de- A heliotype reproduction of Gudebrod's statue
ception originated with the Abbé Cavelier,“ who of La Salle, made for the Louisiana Purchase
desired thereby to get possession of property Exposition, is used as a frontispiece ; and at the
which might otherwise have been seized by end of the volume will be found a reproduction
creditors of his deceased brother ... La Salle”; in facsimile of Joutel's map originally published
but as this is no defense of Cavalier's conduct, in the Paris edition of 1713.
so is it no defense of Joutel's conduct to say Mr. Griffin's Bibliography is by no means
that his connivance was due to respect for Cave the least valuable portion of the book. It is,
lier's cloth and family. The concealment was of course, much more than a bibliography of
outrageous, and Joutel must in this respect La Salle; rather, in fact, a bibliography of the
share Cavelier's well-earned blame, whatever his discovery and exploration of the Mississippi
motives may have been. Whatever punishment Valley. Prepared for another purpose, some
Cavelier deserved, he does not seem to have got little time ago, it only comes down to the year
it in this world, for, according to Parkman, he 1882, and consequently omits a good deal of
lived to a good old age, and died rich,“ having important material published since that time.
inherited a large estate after his return from For instance, one finds no mention of Winsor's
America” - La Salle's evidently.
“ Narrative and Critical History of America”
This edition of Joutel's Journal is so admir or of his “Cartier to Frontenac," both import-
able in most respects that it seems ungrateful ant in their bearing on the discovery and ex-
to offer any criticism. At the same time it ploration of the Mississippi Valley. Similarly,


1907.)
285
THE DIAL
we do not find Fiske’s “ Discovery of America,” and new precedents established which will
or Thwaites's monumental edition of “ The doubtless affect the future conduct of war. The
Jesuit Relations," or his editions of Hennepin most scholarly, exhaustive, and illuminating
and Lahontan. Neither do we find Bandelier's study of the Russo-Japanese conflict from the
“ The Gilded Man,” in which new light is standpoint of international law and diplomacy
thrown on La Salle's last voyage, and on his has been made by Professor Hershey of the
death ; nor Girouard's “ Lake St. Louis,” which University of Indiana. It makes a fitting sup-
bears on an earlier period of La Salle's life. No plement to Dr. Asakawa’s excellent work en-
mention is made of the quite considerable liter-titled “The Russo-Japanese Conflict,” which
ature that has grown up about the voyages of appeared a year or two ago, and which, like the
Radisson and Chouart, especially the third voy- present work, is indispensable to the student of
age. On this voyage, according to one group Russo-Japanese relations prior to the treaty of
of historians, they reached the Mississippi — Portsmouth. A portion of the ground covered
first of white men ; according to another group, by Professor Hershey had already been occupied
they did nothing of the kind. Whether they by Professor T. J. Lawrence of Cambridge in
did or not, the controversy is too important to his “ War and Neutrality in the East,” pub-
be omitted from a Bibliography of the Discovery lished in the summer of 1904, a few months
and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley. It after the outbreak of hostilities. Professor
included papers in the Transactions of the Royal Lawrence's book, owing to its early publication,
Society of Canada, by Benjamin Sulte, Judge necessarily left untouched some of the import-
Prud'homme, and Dr. N. E. Dionne, and in ant questions which were raised during the
the publications of the Minnesota and Wisconsin latter months of the war and, besides, the con-
Historical Societies, by Judge Brower, Henry troversies with which it deals are treated with
Colin Campbell, Warren Upham, and others ; less thoroughness by Professor Lawrence than
and of course it includes the Voyages themselves, by Dr. Hershey. A bulky volume by two
published in 1885 by the Prince Society. One English barristers, Smith and Sibley, published
notes, too, in the section of the Bibliography a year ago, undertook to cover the entire field,
dealing with maps, the omission of any reference but it is full of gross inaccuracies, and is over-
to the valuable Notes on Maps, etc., pp. 153– laden with extraneous matter.
192, in the Book of Arbitration Documents After a sixty-page review of the causes of
published by the Government of Ontario in the war, based largely but by no means entirely
1884; or to S. J. Dawson's Memorandum on upon Dr. Asakawa's work, Professor Hershey
early maps, pp. 325-330 of the same book. reviews the steps leading up to the outbreak of
These omissions are noted, not in any spirit hostilities and examines the Russsian charge of
of criticism of Mr. Griffin's Bibliography, but Japanese treachery in beginning hostilities in
to illustrate the importance, perhaps in some
advance of a formal declaration of war. Pro-
future edition, of having it brought down to the fessor Hershey's conclusion on this point is that
present year. LAWRENCE J. BURPEE.
to which every impartial student must come —
namely, that Japan's action was neither unpre-
cedented nor contrary to strict international
ethics (p. 67). With regard to Japanese vio-
INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE RUSSO-
lation of Korean neutrality, however, he finds
JAPANESE WAR.*
Japan guilty of a violation of one of the most
the
The late war between Russia and Japan fundamental rules of international law,
brought out a crop of books, some in French right of every independent state to remain neu-
others in English, dealing with the various
tral during war among other nations and to have
questions of international law raised during
its neutrality respected by all belligerents (p. 71).
this conflict. Some of the controversies thus
With regard to the treatment of enemy sub-
raised, such for example as those relating to the jects in each other's territory at the outbreak of
use of wireless telegraphy and the employment hostilities, he thinks the conduct of both bellig-
of floating mines, were both new and unique.
erents, although not strictly illegal, was far from
New applications were also given of old and being liberal, particularly when compared with
well established principles of international law,
the liberal policy of the United States govern-
ment during the Spanish-American War as that
* THE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DIPLOMACY OF THE Russo-
policy was embodied in the proclamations of
JAPANESE WAR. By Amos S. Hershey. New York: The Mac-
President McKinley and in the decisions of the
millan Co.


286
[May 1,
THE DIAL
Supreme Court (pp. 295–7). The Japanese coal as contraband only when destined to a naval
were repeatedly accused of disregarding the station, a port of call, or a ship of the enemy,
obligations of the Hague and Geneva Conven and also with the provisions of the U. S. naval
tions by firing upon Red Cross trains and
Red Cross trains and code which treated the other articles mentioned
hospital ships, while the Russians in turn were as contraband only when intended for the use
accused of withholding from the Japanese in of the military or naval forces of the enemy.
formation concerning Japanese prisoners, and The Russian decrees with regard to contraband
of using “ dumdum” bullets in several engage called out vigorous protests from the Amer-
ments. Each accused the other of bombarding ican and English governments, and Russia was
undefended coast towns (p. 311), and of neglect- finally forced to modify the objectionable rule
ing sick and wounded soldiers held as captives, until it conformed more nearly to the American
but the evidence available is not sufficient to doctrine.
convict either of flagrant abuses under any of One of the new and unprecedented questions
these counts. Mr. Hershey's conclusion is that of international law raised during the Russo-
while there were a number of alleged violations Japanese War related to the rights of war cor-
of the rules of civilized warfare, especially on respondents and the use of wireless telegraphy
the part of Russia, these rules were on the whole in neutral waters and on the high seas.
The
fairly well observed by both belligerents. The controversy was raised by a Russian decree an-
violations proved were few and unimportant, nouncing the intention of the Russian govern-
considering the magnitude of the military opera- ment of treating as spies newspaper correspond-
tions. In this respect Dr. Hershey says the ents who were found making use of wireless
Russo-Japanese War ranks as high perhaps as telegraph apparatus within the zone of military
any in history, with the possible exception of operations, and as lawful prize any vessel pro-
the Spanish-American conflict (p. 323). Aside vided with sach apparatus. It was well known
from Japan's violation of Korean neutrality and that the order was directed against the corre-
the cutting out of the “ Ryeshetelni” from the spondent of the London “ Times,” who was then
harbor of Chefoo, she showed remarkable con cruising in the Yellow Sea on a dispatch boat
sideration for the rights of neutrals. Russia, equipped with a De Forest wireless telegraph
on the other hand, was guilty of repeated and outfit. The present rules of warfare contain
flagrant violations of neutral rights. The no provision covering such cases, and the mat-
seizures by the volunteer cruisers, the “ Peter ter should and probably will receive the atten-
burg" and the “ Smolensk,” the detention of tion of the forthcoming Hague Conference. A
the German mail steamer “Prinz Heinrich," somewhat similar question was raised by the
the arrest of the P. and O. liner 66 Malacca,' action of the Russians in installing a wireless
the sinking of the “ Thea” and the “ Knight telegraph instrument in the neutral port of
Commander," and the unwarranted extension Chefoo for the transmission of messages from
of the doctrine of contraband were some of the Port Arthur during the investment of that
more important instances of infringements upon place by the Japanese. Upon representation
neutral rights. The inclusion of coal, naphtha, the Chinese authorities, realizing their neutral
cotton, and food stuffs in the list of uncondi obligations, demolished the wireless station in
tional contraband, and the adoption of the rule August, 1904. Another new question was
that the destination instead of the use to which raised by the alleged conduct of the Russians
such articles were to be put determined their in sowing the strait of Pechili with submarine
liability to capture, were not only contrary to mines which floated into the open seas, con-
the most enlightened rules of modern warfare stituting grave danger to neutral shipping.
but, so far as coal was concerned, were contrary There seems to have been some doubt whether
to Russian practice. The Russian rule made such a proceeding was the result of deliberate
no distinction, for example, between a cargo of action on the part of the Russians or merely the
anthracite destined for Nagasaki (the seat of result of carelessness, but in either case the Rus-
the Japanese Navy Yard) and a cargo of soft sian authorities were guilty of a gross violation
coal destined for the cotton factories of Osaka. of the rules of civilized warfare. The Institute
If destined for a belligerent port they were liable of International Law, at its last session (Sep-
to capture irrespective of whether the intended tember, 1906), adopted a series of resolutions
use were innocent or hostile. This rule was relative to wireless telegraphy and submarine
utterly at variance with that embodied in the mines in war, and the coming Hague Conference
American order of June 20, 1898, which treated will doubtless take some action on the subject.


1907.]
287
THE DIAL
Other phases of the war interestingly treated plea is pacific. With good sense, wide learning, and
by Professor Hershey are “ The North Sea ripe experience the eminent statistician opens to
Incident " which was terminated happily through young theologians that world of conflict in which
the employment of an International Commission ethical and religious principles are put to severest
strain. Most of the lectures are historical in char-
of Inquiry in accordance with the provisions of
one of the Hague Conventions ; “ The Hay acter, and it is by this road that men are induced to
come into the best temper for considering problems
Note and Chinese Neutrality”; “ Belligerent where " self the wavering balance shakes." It is a
Warships in Neutral Ports"; the rules of war little provoking, however, to break off conversation
fare adopted by both belligerents; and “ The after a few paragraphs on so profound a theme,
Relations of England and the United States when we know the reserves of knowledge are so
during the War. In a chapter entitled “The vast, and where it is impossible to present all sides
Conduct of the United States the author shows in the compass of a popular lecture. Nevertheless
that the conduct of our government as well as
the earnest students must have gained a clearer view
the people was "remarkably clear and consistent” and a saner judgment from listening to our veteran
master in the economic field.
in the performance of their neutral duties toward
both belligerents.
A man may be guiltless of the tobacco habit and
J. W. GARNER.
yet arouse the suspicions of his wife after an even-
ing at the club has filled hair, beard, and clothing
with the odor of stale smoke. Even so companion-
ship with criminals and vagabonds, as well as with
SIGNS OF SOCIAL UNREST.*
radical rebels against traditional order, must at last
Professor Goldwin Smith has published his opin- give a certain flavor to thought and expression.
ions on the labor question in a sensible “letter to a
Mr. Hapgood has made familiar and sympathetic
labour friend,” in which he urges a policy at once
acquaintance with thieves in his “Autobiography of
conservative and progressive. His argument for
a Thief” and has introduced us to a rude labor
positions taken is rather an appeal to familiar facts
leader in Anton, the hero of “The Spirit of Labor.”
than an induction from fresh investigations. The
The first impression is disagreeable and even repul-
interest of the letter lies in its formulation of the
sive, when we are carried bodily into the society of
judgment of a historical student who is familiar organized labor as depicted in these strong chapters.
with many aspects of life and is reasonably free
Centuries of neglect on the part of the privileged,
from bias.
decades of recent antagonisms, crowded dwellings
The preface to “In the Fire of the Heart” fore-
and shops training multitudes to communistic ideals,
warns the critic of the dire consequences of an
bear fruit in revenge, revolt, and clash with the con-
unfavorable review. This creates an unnecessary
ventionalities of the world of business managers,
prejudice against a well-meaning effort to outline a
including their churches. A few generations of
social policy which is a kind of tamed socialism.
common schools, with compulsory education and
Having ticketed the volume we know what we may
child labor laws, and the leaders of workingmen
in general expect: municipal management of public
will not resemble Anton in vulgar and ungrammat-
utilities, initiative, referendum, and recall, opportu-
ical language, though they may not be so pictur-
nities of culture for the people. Articles in mag-
esque as he. That the trade union movement can
azines and newspapers have made these ideas
use such a man is obvious enough, but he is hardly
common property and they have been treated with
a typical character. Only the life of a tramp and
greater care and accuracy in numerous treatises.
of early hardship, with bigoted teachers, could pro-
The simple reassertion of opinions is not proof of
duce just such a spirit, and the wonder is that it
their soundness, and the reader can easily discover
retains so much that is sound and fair. It is not
that the arguments on one side are here urged with quite safe for comfortable people to be ignorant of
out much consideration of those on the other side.
the way in which some hundreds of thousands of
With the ethical ideals of the author it would be
discontented neighbors look at life. We should
difficult to take issue.
know their reasons for revolt, even if they are un-
The title of Dr. Carroll D. Wright's latest vol reasonable, for suspicion and prejudice are social
ume, “ The Battles of Labor,” is warlike, but the
facts and usually have some ground in experience.
The Pharisee who bragged in the temple and scorned
* LABOUR AND CAPITAL. By Goldwin Smith. New York: The sinners is not a model for men who desire to con-
Macmillan Co.
IN THE FIRE OF THE HEART. By Ralph Waldo Trine. New
front reality. The story of Anton and his social-
York: McClure, Phillips & Co.
istic, anarchistic, and trade union comrades is a
THE BATTLES OF LABOR. By Carroll D. Wright. Philadel faithful and photographic picture of aspects of the
phia: George W. Jacobs & Co.
THE SPIRIT OF LABOR. By Hutchins Hapgood. New York:
urban activity of vast multitudes of industrials com-
Duffield & Co.
bining to assist each one his fellow in the struggle
THE LABOUR MOVEMENT IN AUSTRALASIA. By Victor S. Clark. for existence and fulness of life. The forces revealed
New York: Henry Holt & Co.
A LIVING WAGE. By John A. Ryan. New York: The Mac-
are full of danger, the temper is ugly, the manners
millan Co.
not always urbane, the judgment not always well


288
[May 1,
THE DIAL
shall not go.
informed, the range of knowledge often limited; on the minimum wage, and very able representative
but there is wondrous power, vigor, and the chaotic economists think it will be impossible to fix a stand-
promise of a better and larger morality than-any ard below which wages
But the hour
thing the churches yet have taught, or the mere book has come for an earnest and careful consideration
students have ever dreamed. Miss Jane Addams of the central ethical problem of economic life: viz.,
has discovered this larger morality in seeming is a standard of community obligation discoverable,
coarseness and evil, and Mr. Hapgood has given us or must the wages of the unskilled workmen con-
glimpses of it in the biography of his man of toil tinue to be determined by the battle of competing
and rebellion. The Philistine needs the Anarchist forces? It is obvious that if we question the morality
to wake him, as Hume did Kant, from his dogmatic. of the rate fixed by competition we must find another
slumbers, and the Philistine may (let us hope method of measuring social duty. In Mr. Ryan's
rarely) wear cap and gown.
“A Living Wage" these questions are clearly and
“This book is an attempt,” says the preface to cogently discussed. The ecclesiastical bias is frankly
“ The Labour Movement in Australasia,” “to de revealed, but it does not seem to affect the value of
scribe the history of the political labour party of the reasoning process, and nothing rests merely on
Australasia. I have tried to write from the stand-church authority. The starting point is the assertion
point of an agnostic in social creeds.” Certainly that every man has a right to live a decent human
the facts are set down with candor and impartiality. | life by the product of his labor, and that those who
Some very excellent and inspiring writers have gone control the materials and the instruments of pro-
to the British colonies of the South Pacific for duction are the persons primarily responsible for
proofs of their radical theories, and the reader is paying a living wage. Since the entire community
always a little uncertain whether the very moral ultimately shares this responsibility, the employer
earnestness of the advocates of progress does not should be compelled by law to pay a living wage, and
obscure their vision of reality. Even in counting pensions should secure a suitable income for old age
stars or blood corpuscles the scientific observer must when earning power ceases. If the fundamental
beware of having theoretic expectations, and the principle is accepted and proves to be practically
personal equation must always be checked by the enforceable then society has a measure of the mini-
sober look of those who have no hypothesis to prove. mum duty of the employer and of the state ; and
In the book before us the observations seem to be this measure defines the beginning of poor relief as
set down with singular fidelity to plain truth and to well as of wages, insurance, and pensions. This
deserve confidence. Australasia is an interesting doctrine is so at war with our individualistic modes
world and a large world. Its people and institu of thought and the traditions of legislation and judi-
tions have attracted the attention of social students cial decisions that its advocates must not hope for
because certain novel experiments have been tried its speedy and easy reception. The writer of this
with socialistic ideas. The minimum wage doctrine book has brought together in clear and readable
has there found embodiment in law ; industrial arbi form most of the essential arguments which have
tration has passed from discussion into action ; the been offered for his contention; and he has supplied
government has gone into business like any ordinary to trade unions and advocates of advanced social
corporation. All these radical measures have grown legislation very telling arguments for their position.
naturally out of the situation, but it is too early to It is difficult to see how any honest man who has
sing the praises of a fighter while he is still in the hitherto been comfortable in conscience in the pay-
throes of struggle with a powerful adversary, and ment of starvation wages, on the ground that a com-
equally premature now to foretell the triumph of petitive or customary rate is also a just rate, can
government ownership in far-away Australasia. retain his self-satisfaction and complacency after
That the country has been prosperous no one can reading this argument. Perhaps the best way to
deny, but that may be from the natural advantages peace of mind is not to read such books at all, and
of the land and people and not from government that is the path frequently followed.
interference in industry and commerce.
That the
CHARLES RICHMOND HENDERSON.
labor party has made serious mistakes seems quite
obvious ; but our business corporations have not
always been successful, and many of the great man-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
agers have proved costly servants of the confiding
stockholders and general public. It is refreshing to
So frequently does Mr. E. V. Lucas
Essays of an
find an author who is willing to let the facts speak
touch, in a truly charming manner,
Epicurean.
for themselves without playing tricks on credulous
on the refined pleasures of the palate
partisans and furnishing food to prejudice; and in in his graceful little essays entitled, collectively,
this interesting volume the author seems to be hon “ Fireside and Sunshine" (Dutton), that his pages
estly trying to place the reader in position to form have not only the expected Elian air, but also some-
his own judgment in presence of the actual situation thing of a Sybaritic savor, a more than suggestion
without too much prompting as to the conclusions of the gourmet, a Dickens-Lamb-Scott enjoyment
he ought to derive from the survey.
of the things of sense as embodied in certain favorite
The time is not yet ripe to speak the last word eatables and drinkables, whether gracing the cheer-


1907.)
289
THE DIAL
ful domestic board or served at the convivial coffee There are no references to authorities, no bibliog-
house table, or in the cosy inn-parlor. More than
More than raphies, and no footnotes ; for all of these omis-
once his enthusiasm moves him to eloquence, the sions the average reader will be thankful and the
eloquence of terse and apt phraseology. Discoursing student regretful. The author treats the entire
of toast, he denounces stale toast as an abomination, subject as one of development, advance, and better-
for “it is limp and tough and indigent. Moreover, ment, and does it very successfully. The work is
the mastication of it makes no sound. Now the evidently based on wide reading and research. A
noise from good toast should reverberate in the head feature is the frequent quotation from original
like the thunder of July.” In a chapter “Concern sources of apt anecdotes, appropriate incidents, etc.
ing Breakfast we read : “ If the hoardings are to One quotation, from an old book on etiquette, advises
be believed, the form of porridge now most in vogue that “if you eat with another, turn over the nicest
is of Quaker origin. Quaker oats, one supposes, pieces to him," and never touch more than three
should be the very antithesis of wild oats. Porridge fingers to the meat; another, from a physician's
– homely, honest fare though it be is the cause
handbook, advises
young
doctors to “tell the patient
of more strife than any other dish. The great salt you will by God's help cure him, but inform his
versus-sugar battle is eternally waged above it; for friends that the case is a serious one . . . suppose
some take salt and some sugar, and they that take you know nothing, say there is an obstruction of the
salt are the scorn of those that take sugar, and they liver ... especially use the word “obstruction' for
that take sugar are despised of those that take salt. patients do not understand it, which is important ”;
Quakers being a pacific folk, their oats should have from a similar book is quoted a prescription for that
stopped this warfare.” Admirable for its deftness complaint now known as “spring fever”: “Shave the
of whimsical and yet appropriate characterization is patient's head and anoint it with honey; the flies
the little chapter on the days of the week. This will so worry him that he will continually strike
from an essay on letter-writing may be of interest: out at them, which will cure his lethargy.' Each
“Yet although spelling is now fixed (which one is chapter has much of such matter well incorporated
glad to learn), pronunciation is not, and what we into the text. For the 407
pages
there is an index
lose of individuality in writing we can gain in talk. containing 74 entries; it is little less than insulting
I sometimes wish that pronunciation were fixed, for to the reader to put such an index in a book of
it is very embarrassing to be conversing with some-. this sort.
one who has a totally different way from one's own
of applying stress; and this difficulty has grown
It is rare that an author succeeds
since London became a suburb of New York." The
in writing a book which is full of
and America.
interest for the readers of the two
essays are reprints, sometimes elaborated ; but they
were all worth collecting.
great Republics of the world. This feat has been
accomplished by Abbé Felix Klein, Professor at
To many people the political and the Catholic Institute of Paris, already favorably
constitutional history of England is known to American readers through his book on
in England.
dry and unattractive. The historian “ The Land of the Strenuous Life," published last
Green was perhaps the first to consider the social year, Professor Klein has had the ingenious idea
side of English history important enough to write of writing a book in the character of a young Amer-
about, and his history is still the best all-around ican student who is making his first visit to France.
account. However, to meet popular demand, short (La Décourverte du Vieux Monde, par un Etudiant
histories of social conditions alone have from time de Chicago.) From this vantage-point he is able to
to time appeared. One of the latest and best of describe attractive regions of that country, and to
these is. M. B. Synge's “ A Short History of discuss entertainingly some of the great problems
Social Life in England” (A. S. Barnes & Co). In now confronting the French nation without shocking
twenty-eight short chapters, covering about four the patriotic pride and sensitiveness of his com-
hundred pages, the author gives us a narrative of patriots. As Professor Klein has proved himself a
much interest and considerable value. It is, as the sympathetic and careful observer, both at home
author states,
a book of detail,” about the life of and in this country, he has been able, while doing
English men, women, and children, — their homes, full justice to the many admirable sides of modern
their dress, manners, and etiquette, their religious French civilization, to point out numerous incon-
and superstitious customs, their food, their health, sistencies and absurdities in contemporary social and
their occupations, crimes and punishment, and many political organization. But whether he takes us to
other such matters. The arrangement is somewhat Paris or to Rouen, to Auvergne or to Le Quercy, his
peculiar; no topic is treated fully in one place, but method is the same. By vivid and often charming
the chapters correspond to the generally accepted descriptions, he acquaints us with the physical nature
divisions of political history, and for each of these of the region; while by making his various charac-
periods the author gives an account of the more ters express their opinions, or by his own reflections,
important social forces. This method, while not he eloquently discusses the problems of the day.
allowing unity of treatment, makes the book useful The lack of initiative and ambition found among
to read in connection with a purely political account. young Frenchmen of good birth, education, and
For reader's
in France
A sketch
of social life


290
[May 1,
THE DIAL
ability, deplored as a serious menace by contem and has sufficiently trained his fingers.” Mr. Law-
porary writers, is illustrated by Bernard de Pujol, ton's well-illustrated volume is a work of close and
while Abbé Lagrange represents the broad-minded cogent reasoning, eminently fair and candid, and
and thoughtful members of the French clergy. Of must promote a better understanding of the relative
course the book has a special interest for readers positions of representatives of the plastic art on
who have lived in France, who have been impressed questions which seem to involve serious but not
by certain sides of French life, and who are familiar necessarily irreconcilable antagonism.
with the various leaders of French thought, some
of whom express their views in the book under an
In President Hadley's “Baccalau-
Sound advice to
assumed name. Even where we cannot agree with
reate Addresses, and Other Talks Ok
college students.
the author's conclusions — for example, in regard
Kindred Themes” (Scribner) there
to the Protestant Church - we must admire and is a tone of fellowship and sympathy, a recognition
endorse his usually sane and fair attitude toward the
of the common collegiate and human tie uniting him
problems he treats.
with his hearers, that must have made these short
and unstudied discourses appeal with force to the
The career of Auguste Rodin is an ex audience addressed. That they did so appeal is
Auguste Rodin
emplification of Victor Hugo's words:
and his work.
partly proved by the request that they should be
“Ami, cache ta vie et répands tes gathered together in book form for permanent pre-
euvres." If few biographers have had as simple servation. They dwell, very properly and naturally,
materials at their command as were within reach of
on the grand fundamentals of character and citizen-
Mr. Frederick Lawton while he was preparing his ship, of individual and social virtue, and, in the large
“Life and Work of Auguste Rodin ” (Scribner),
wholesome sense, of piety and religion. That the
still fewer have understood as well as he the art of
latter can be taught as a thing apart is of course
extracting from such materials as they possessed emphatically denied. “I believe,” says the author,
every item of information that would serve more “that both in school life and in after life the moral
fully to illustrate the genius and the career of the training and the secular training must be so inter-
person they commemorated, or to display more
woven that each becomes a part of the other.” A
clearly the blended or conflicting lights and shades
return to something like the old system of a regular
of his character. Unlike most noted persons, the college curriculum is favored. "Our college grad-
sculptor's record is not “buried under a mountain
uates of recent years,” we read, “ find that indis-
of heterogeneous record”; his life has been modest, criminate election of studies has meant intellectual
simple, and retired. Rodin occupies a unique posi- dissipation. In short, we have learned that the
tion among the sculptors of his time. His present sugar-plums of education do not furnish a strength.
biographer, without attempting to establish any
ening intellectual diet.” The greater importance of
exact and definite precedence for his achievement being than doing, of character than visible perform-
over that of all others, asserts that his name will
ance, is emphasized; and there is good augury in
rank in the future among the foremost of the great the writer's assurance that “our country still aspires
masters of the statuary art. England, quick to rec-
to be led by men who shall prove their claim for
ognize eminence in foreigners, has honored Rodin leadership, not by concrete material achievements,
with the Presidency of the International Society of
but by their character and their ideals.” The simple,
Sculptors, Painters, and Gravers, succeeding Whist- straightforward style of these addresses is engaging,
ler. Rodin was born in Paris on the 12th of
even to the reader in his closet; to the hearers of
November, 1840, and showed early ability as an
the spoken word it must have been much more so.
artist. From this early talent sprang a style aimed
A slight error (of the types, probably) gives us “Ex-
at most of his brethren, and the hostility of
cept the Lord keep the house," etc.; and another
sculptors of the orthodox school has been through inaccuracy, less chargeable to the long-suffering com-
out, and is still, only too patent. If Rodin's posi- positor, is the assigning of Mr. Kipling's “ Reces-
tion during the past few years, as Vice-President of
sional” to the Queen's fiftieth-anniversary celebra-
the “Societe Nationale des Beaux Arts,” has en-
tion, instead of to her Jubilee.
abled him to give more weighty utterance to his own
convictions, these are none the less considered by
In the second volume of his “ Docu-
More of the
the majority of French sculptors as rank heterodoxy. inside views of mentary History of Reconstruction"
“They will not understand
Reconstruction.
my realism,” Rodin.
says
(Arthur H. Clark Co.), the first vol-
“For them sculpture should not endeavor to rep ume of which was reviewed in these columns Jan. 1,
resent flesh and blood and bone, since marble and 1907, Professor Fleming gives ample material to
bronze do not possess the colours which in painting illuminate actual conditions under the Reconstruction
create the illusion of life. I, on the contrary, claim governments, with special reference to race relations,
that the sculptor can reach the same result if he will political morality, and econo
political morality, and economic, educational, and
reproduce with fidelity and intensity the model he religious matters during the carpet-bag régime, and
has before him. It is with his eyes fixed on life the final undoing of Reconstruction. The political
that he must work; and his art will be able to rep- rascality of the carpet-bag governments is the feature
resent it entire, when he has observed sufficiently usually most emphasized by historians. To this


1907.]
291
THE DIAL
Professor Fleming devotes about 130 out of 455 selfish, which have taken place at Charleston
pages. The chapter on Educational Problems leaves during the two hundred and fifty years that the city
the impression that the carpet-baggers deserve less has sat on her low shores and listened to her rivers
credit for the public schools than some have been flowing into the ocean. The scene has varied less
disposed to give them. Even these were used for than the actors, who are many — Indians, English-
peculation, as the report of the superintendent of men, Huguenots, Covenanters, pirates, priests, pre-
education in Louisiana in 1871 will show. How they lates, Nonconformists, soldiers, Tories, Federalists,
were used to influence political action is revealed in Nullificationists, Unionists, Secessionists. Of all
the catechism which followed the arithmetic lesson these Mrs. Ravenel tells, but above all of a society
in some of the Florida schools, the whole object of whose like the world will not see again, since all
which was to inculcate loyalty to the Republican that produced it has gone forever. The charm
party and inspire hatred of Democrats. The church, of a past so eventful broods over the city in a re-
which plays so important a part in the social life of markable degree, and the wistfulness of a love that
the South, receives due attention in this volume. looks back to a day that is dead touches the pages
The chapter on Social and Industrial Conditions with a grace very much at one with the theme. In
throws much light on the relation of the races, the spite of Mrs. Ravenel's disclaimer, she has written
real condition of the negro, and the difficulties of a real history, and our only regret is that the very
industrial reorganization. Each chapter is preceded noble restraint with which she speaks of the sorrow-
by explanatory notes by the editor. To anyone who ful days of the war between the states has prevented
wishes to make a thorough study of Reconstruction, her from telling many things which we are sure she
these volumes will be invaluable. They supply most knows and which we should greatly like to know
of the essentials of McPherson's work, and also a also. The illustrations in the volume are in unusual
great deal of matter not found there at all. With harniony with the text, and are full of distinction
three volumes to his credit, Professor Fleming now and of charm.
takes rank as one of the leading historians of Re-
In a ook entitled “The Prisoner at
Justice and
construction. The South is to be congratulated that injustice in the Bar" (Scribner), Mr. Arthur
one of her sons is able and willing to devote his time courts of law.
Train, Assistant District Attorney in
and talents to so important a work.
New York, has made some extremely interesting
The modern doctrine of the intimacy justice. The object of his book, he tells us, is to
observations about the administration of criminal
The hygiene
of connection between mental func-
of Mind.
tion and bodily condition carries
correct a general erroneous impression as to certain
with it a vast system of practical consequences.
phases of criminal justice, and to give a concrete
Hygienic measures and warnings have taken place
idea of its actual workings in large cities. He takes
up these phases in successive chapters devoted to the
side by side with moral exhortations, or have re-
placed them. A convenient and sensible handbook,
subjects of crime and criminal procedure. The work,
setting forth the doctrines of sound health of mind,
in no sense technical, gives a clear notion of the func-
is furnished by Dr. T. S. Clouston in his volume
tion of lawyer, judge, juror, and witness, and lays
entitled “The Hygiene of Mind” (Dutton). The
bare the evils of the law's delays, its “red-tape'
nature of brain action, its dependence upon the
and its “tricks." The present method of procedure,
muscular, nutritive, and supporting systems, the
Mr. Train considers in many respects archaic; but
changes of state in the several ages of
he does not discuss the subject of criminal-law re-
momentous doctrines of heredity, the special liabili-
form. He states, however, that the present con-
ties of the periods of life, the questions of diet and
ditions are due to “our exaggerated regard for
exercise, the reflex influences of good cheer and
personal liberty coupled with a wholesale adoption
healthy-mindedness — all these are plainly handled,
of the technicalities of English law” which we have
with no very great brilliancy of illustration or
now outgrown. The author deplores the lack of
novelty of insight, yet effectively and intelligibly.
respect for the law characteristic of the American
The book is a readable and practical contribution
people as a whole. Although thoroughly serious in
to its topic. It reflects a clinical interest in the
purpose, he lightens his chapters with amusing anec-
dote, and thus gives us an entertaining as well as
workings of mind, but lacks the insight into the
underlying psychological relations that might well
a strikingly suggestive book.
sharpen the contours and add interest to the details
Professor Breasted's four volumes
Guide-posts
of the ensemble.
to the lore of
of Ancient Records" (University of
It is in a fine spirit of reverence for ancient Egypt. Chicago Press) contain a mass of
A storied city
the traditions of her home-land that material classified chronologically. But that classic
of the South.
Mrs. St. Julien Ravenel has written fication alone is the smallest part of the value of
the volume entitled “Charleston : The Place and the series. The documents entire are now thor-
the People” (Macmillan). While she modestly dis oughly indexed under eleven groups or themes that
claims all pretense to have written a history of the practically analyze their contents. These themes
place she loves so dearly, Mrs. Ravenel has omitted are comprehensive enough to satisfy the most fastid-
few of the incidents, tragic, romantic, prosaic, ious antiquarian. They embrace ten pages on the
man, the


292
[May 1,
THE DIAL
divine names of the ancient Egyptians, as many Among the books which Messrs. G. P. Putnam's
more on the temples of Egypt, and a full twelve Sons have in train for Spring publication is Albert Von
page list of old Egypt's kings. Persons, titles,
Ruville's “ William Pitt: Earl of Chatham.” The
offices, and ranks cover more than thirty-five pages.
work will appear in three volumes, and will be illus-
trated.
The geography index is a splendid illustration of
A volume of “ Lettres Choisies des Madame de
the illuminating character of these old records.
Sévigné,” edited by M. Charles Boreux, and the two
More than thirty pages reveal the completeness of
great comedies of Beaumarchais, edited by M. Jules
the information that helps us identify so many of Claretie, are the latest additions to the “Classiques
these important ancient sites. An admirable general Française,” published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
or miscellaneous index is almost an analysis of some “ As You Like It” and “The Merchant of Venice”
of those old texts. Egyptian, Hebrew, and Arabic are two volumes of “ The New Hudson Shakespeare,”
indexes are purely for the scholar, and are useful published by Messrs. Ginn & Co. The revision of the
chiefly in locating the use of these tongues in the late Dr. Hudson's notes has been done by Drs. Ebenezer
popular translations. The student of Egyptian can C. Black and Andrew J. George. Each volume has for
find where the inscriptions of the great work of
a frontispiece an old title-page in facsimile reproduction.
Mr. John T. McCutcheon's “Congressman Pumphrey:
Lepsius are classified in the make-up of the “Ancient
Records." Now we have a great work ready at
The People's Friend” is published in book form by the
hand with one of the best indexes ever constructed,
Bobbs-Merrill Co. The cartoons and the text happily
supplement each other, and it is difficult to say which
making every fact available by its comprehensive
is the more admirable. This publication, although
system for quick and easy reference.
humorous in form, is in reality a very searching and
serious study of our present-day political morality.
The contrast between bright and
Folk-tales
The second volume of “The Oxford Treasury of
and legends sunny Hawaii of today and its early English Literature,” edited by Messrs. G. E. and W. H.
of Hawaii.
traditionary life as revealed in song Hadow, is now published by Mr. Henry Frowde. Its
and story is shown in an interesting collection of special subject is « The Growth of the Drama," and it
native legends compiled by Mr. Thomas G. Thrum, serves as an excellent companion to the study of Shake-
under the title of “Hawaiian Folk Tales” (McClurg). speare, by exhibiting the work of his predecessors and
The editor remarks that it is becoming more and contemporaries.
more a matter of regret that a larger amount of “ The Story of Father Van den Brock, O.P.," is an
systematic effort was not expended in early years
addition to the “ Lakeside Series of English Readings,"
in gathering and preserving the folk-lore of the published by Messrs. Ainsworth & Co. The life of this
Hawaiians, wherein is buried so much of the history singularly well worth reading, and should prove an in-
Dutch missionary, one of the pioneers of Wisconsin, is
of this people. The early attempts of Dibble and
spiration to the serious-minded school children for whose
Pogue to gather material from the Hawaiians have
use it has been prepared.
preserved much that would otherwise have been
An unexpected demand for Lord Avebury's “On
lost; and no one of late years had a better opportu- Municipal and National Trading,” which speedily ex-
nity than King Kalakaua to collect the meles, kaaoa, hausted the first edition, has led to the reprinting of
and traditions of his race. Mr. Thrum points out this work with a few corrections by the author, in a
that Judge Fornander's manuscript collection of cheaper form. The book first appeared shortly before
meles, legends, and genealogies, in the vernacular, the recent county elections in London, and was much
has fortunately become, by purchase, the property quoted by the leaders in that contest.
of the Hon. C. R. Bishop, which insures for poster-
We mentioned recently the republication of Mr.
ity the result of one devoted scholar's efforts to
Arthur Gray Butler's “ Harold.” Another tragedy by
rescue the ancient traditions that are gradually slip-
the same author, having for its subject « Charles I.,"
is now sent forth in a second revised edition by Mr.
ping away. The myths and legends of this tiny
Henry Frowde. The fine theme is worthily handled in
kingdom under tropical skies have a value not only dignified verse, and with an effort to hold in even grasp
for the historian of the islands, but for the student the balance of historical justice.
of folk-lore as well, suggesting the credibility of New editions of “Fiona Macleod's ” early books,
miracles, the spiritual significance of trivial events, « Pharais: A Romance of the Isles” and “The Sin Eater
and many other interesting things.
and Other Tales and Legends," will be issued shortly
by Messrs. Duffield & Company. Since the death of
William Sharp revealed the personality behind this well-
known pseudonym, there has been a marked revival of
NOTES.
interest in these earlier volumes.
As a memento of the recent Longfellow celebration,
Dr. Eugene E. Agger is the author of a monograph nothing more pleasing and fitting could have been de-
on “ The Budget in the American Commonwealths," vised than the “Centennial” edition of the poet's most
which is published for Columbia University by the Mac typical shorter piece, “ The Hanging of the Crane,"
millan Co.
just put forth by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. publish in a single volume Thirteen illustrations by Mr. Arthur I. Keller reflect
the two latest plays of M. Maeterlinck. The “Joyzelle with much success the sentiment of the lines, and gain
is translated by Mr. A. Texeira de Mattos, and the an added interest from having as a background the
“ Monna Vanna" by Mr. Alfred Sutro.
Craigie House at Cambridge, so intimately associated


1907.]
293
THE DIAL
with Longfellow's life. Besides Mr. Keller's drawings,
which are printed in photogravure on India paper,
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
there are appropriate decorations on each page of the [The following list, containing 90 titles, includes books
text by Miss Florence W. Swan. The edition is limited received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
to one thousand numbered copies.
Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co. have begun the pub-
BIOGRAPHY.
lication of a “ Large Print Library with a handsome Life and Letters of Edwin Lawrence Godkin. Edited by
edition of “ Wuthering Heights." The special features
Rollo Ogden. In 2 vols., with photogravure portraits, 8vo,
of these books are a type unusually readable and a digni- Life of Lord Chesterfield: An Account of the Ancestry, Per-
gilt tops. Macmillan Co. $4. net.
fied buckram binding with stamped label. They are pub sonal Character and Public Services of the Fourth Earl of
lished at a moderate price, and the public is invited to Chesterfield. By W. H. Craig. With portraits, gilt top,
vote for the books that it would like to have reprinted
pp. 378. John Lane Co. $5. net.
in this form.
The Tragedy of the Cæsars : A Study of the Characters of
the Cæsars of the Julian and Claudian Houses. By S. Baring-
The new “Oxford Edition,” published by Mr. Henry Gould, M.A. Illus., large 8vo, uncut, pp. 670. Charles
Frowde, of “The Complete Poetical Works of John Scribner's Sons. $3.75 net.
Keats ” is edited, of ancient right, by Mr. H. Buxton
HISTORY.
Forman. It gives us a portrait, a lengthy introduction,
The Union Cause in Kentucky, 1860-1865. By Captain
à sixteen-line fragment never before published, and Thomas Speed. With portrait, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
numerous variorum readings in the form of foot-notes. pp. 355. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
We should judge it to be, on the whole, the most satis Napoleon's Conquest of Prussia, 1806. By F. Loraine Petre,
factory of single-volume editions of the poet.
with Introduction by Field Marshal Earl Roberts, V. C.
Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 311. John Lane Co. $5.net.
The University of Chicago Press will publish at once Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound : Portraits and
a book by Mr. Joseph S. Tunison entitled “The Dramatic Biographies of the Men Honored in the Naming of Geographic
Traditions of the Dark Ages." It is usual to regard
Features of Northwestern America. By Edmond S. Meany.
the “ Dark Ages” as a gulf which cuts the history of the
Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 344. Macmillan Co. $2.50 net.
The Nemesis of Nations : Studies in History; The Ancient
drama sharply in two. The author maintains, on the World. By W. Romaine Paterson. Large 8vo, gilt top,
contrary, that the drama had a continuous life. To sup-. uncut, pp. 348. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.net.
port this position he has recourse to various little-known Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic. By George
authorities, Byzantine and other, and builds up a history
Macaulay Trevelyan. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 364. Longmans,
Green, & Co.
of the drama in the Dark Ages.
A Short History of Medieval Peoples, from the Dawn of
The thoroughness of research and the mechanical the Christian Era to the Fall of Constantinople. By Robinson
dignity which characterize the series of select biblio Souttar, M.A. Large 8vo, pp. 682. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$3. net.
graphies of American authors published by Messrs.
Thuoydides Mythistoricus. By Francis Macdonald Cornford.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. are maintained in the latest
Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 252. Longmans, Green, & Co.
addition to the series, “A Bibliography of Oliver
Wendell Holmes,” compiled by Mr. George B. Ives.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Besides the writings of Dr. Holmes, classified in cate-
Seeing and Hearing. By George W. E. Russell. 8vo, gilt
top, pp. 395. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50 net.
gories, the volume gives us lists of biographies, signed
German Ideals of To-day, and Other Essays on German Cul.
essays and reviews, anonymous reviews and articles,
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER
BY THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
PAGE
.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16t7
THE OLD NEW-ENGLANDERS
of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in advance
postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico,
AND THE REST OF US.
in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a
year for extra postage must be added. REMITTANCES should Tacitus said of the Greeks that they only
be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE
DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions praised their own achievements. The New
will begin with the current number. When no direct request
to discontinue at expiration of subscription is received, it is
Englanders learned this trick early and prac-
assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. tised it late. They stood shoulder to shoulder
ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communi-
and cried each other up. Like Molière's
cations should be addressed to
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. learned ladies, they decided that no one should
have any wit but themselves and their friends.
Scattered over our country, they took with them,
No. 502.
MAY 16, 1907. Vol. XLII. wherever they went, the totems of their tribe,
and set them up to be worshipped by the outer
CONTENTS.
barbarians. They had some excuse for this,
because they, of all Americans, did acknowl-
THE OLD NEW-ENGLANDERS AND THE REST
edge some sort of intellectual weights and
OF US. Charles Leonard Moore
299
measures. But it was inevitable, in the end,
CASUAL COMMENT
302 that the rule of their gods should be challenged,
Visible memorials to Burns in Scotland. - Mis-
their sanctity questioned. Bullied out of obe-
placed zeal on the part of librarians. — Passing pier
dience, some of us are ready to say that the New
seventy. —“A dug-up Dandy.” — Extraordinary
methods of book-advertising. - British apprecia-
England writers were respectable people who
tion of Mr. Howells. — The late Ferdinand Bru did good in their day, but that in the consider-
netière's library. — A self-complacent author.
ation of universal literature they are not much,
and that even in the consideration of American
COMMUNICATION
. 303
Shakespeare for Children. Charles Welsh.
literature they are second-rate.
The thing that separates the literature of New
WITHIN THREE DEGREES OF NINETY NORTH.
England from that of the rest of the country is
Percy F. Bicknell
304
its ingrained didactic tendency. It is the out-
GREECE UNDER THE FRANKS: AN UNREMEM come of centuries of sermonizing. The Puritan
BERED AGE. F. B. R. Hellems .
306 believed he had a monopoly of goodness, which
THE MANY-SIDED LEIGHTON. Edith Kellogg
he was willing to dispense to the rest of the world
Dunton
309 for a consideration. Now all great art is in its
effect moral. Great beauty harmonizes and
ENGLAND AND RUSSIA IN CENTRAL ASIA.
Frederic Austin Ogg .
inspires the mind. Great humor exposes the
hypocrisies and corruptions of mankind, and
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . . . 314
draws us toward sanity and health. Profound
Phillips's The Second Generation. - Whitlock's
The Turn of the Balance. — Hyde's The Upstart.
metaphysical thought, winging along the fron-
Eldridge's Hilma. — Miss Laughlin's Felicity. -
tiers of the unknown, lifts as above the petty
Miss Potter's The Princess. — Miss Murfree's The concerns of life, its injustices and disappoint-
Windfall. – Mrs. Carr's The Iron Way.
ments. Literature which runs counter to the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
316 conventional ideas of morality is often the most
Jamaica one hundred years ago. — Jottings of a
moral of all. Byron's “ Vision of Judgment,'
journalist. — For the lover of the heavens. – Pic with its irreverence, almost blasphemy, is moral
turesque inhabitants of Southern India. — The psy because like a blaze of lightning it burned up
chology of self-conceit, and other matters.
the foul airs of its time. Burns's “ Jolly Beg-
Feudalism in America. – Vasari's “Lives" in new
form. — The drama of a solitary soul.
gars” is as moral as the Mene, Mene, Tekel,
Upharsin of the Persian king. Fielding's
BRIEFER MENTION
319
Joseph Andrews” is moral, for it is a pro-
NOTES
319
test against sickly sentimentalism and prurient
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
320 | thought. There is Paganism in plenty in the
0
· 311
.
.


300
[May 16,
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Iliad, but has the modern world produced any- great tragedies of the world affect us in the
thing more essentially noble than the life and last-named ways; even an almost inhuman work
doom of Achilles ? Nay, the “ Bacchanals ” of like “ Wuthering Heights” does so; but unless
Euripides is moral, though it is a hymn to I greatly err, “ The Scarlet Letter,” like the
intoxication.
tragic pieces of the Russian novelists, leaves us
Moral ideas eome nearest to us when embodied in dull despair.
in the forms of creative art. No precept can In everything but supreme creative force and
equal an example. Instinctively all the races supreme technical gift, the literature of New
of men have projected their hopes and aspira- England is most satisfactory. It is thoroughly
tions, their beliefs, their best and truest being, set up and equipped in all its branches. It has
in the large forms of literature or religion. a genuinely great metaphysician in Jonathan
Rama and the Pandu brothers, Rustum and Edwards, and a long roll of poets, essayists, and
Isfendiar, Achilles and Odysseus, Charlemagne historians. And who can doubt that these were
and his Paladins, Siegfried and King Arthur, men of genius? If they could only have let
are instances of man's half unconscious shadow themselves go — if they had only given their
ing forth of an ideal which may become a model. imaginations
imaginations a loose rein into all the fields of
Of course, accompanying this creative effort life they might have been great creators. If
there has always been much sermonizing and they had only wooed Beauty more unreservedly
maxim mongering ; but I do not know of
any they might have been great technicists. As
literature where this is not secondary, where it it is, two of the most solemn of them, Emerson
has not been of less educational value than the and Bryant, have flashes of revealing light.
imitation which the great figures of art have But such flashes are intermittent with them,
forced upon men.
and more like phosphorescence than fire. Alto-
The failure of the New England writers in gether, I should hesitate to place any of the
creation is due partly to their lack of sympathy New Englanders among the purple-wearers of
with power in all its manifestations, partly to mankind.
the genuine sincerity with which they held their Has America produced any such inheritors
moral code. It is the shibboleth of recent crit of the purple line? I think it has. I think
icism, that sincerity is a poet's greatest virtue. the world has instinctively selected two or three
Rather I should say a splendid insincerity is of our men for its real regard, while it has only
the germinating kernel of the imagination that yielded a cold admiration to the New England
creates. It is not to be supposed that Shake contingent.
speare held with Falstaff's code of morals and
There is Cooper, whose work is known and
mode of life, or that he approved of Richard or valued all over the civilized world. His “Spy
Iago as men and citizens. But the joy of is a great novel. The character of Washington
imagination was on him, and he thought him - perhaps the most difficult to handle of all
self into their skins and delighted in the exhi historic figures — is given with wonderful dra-
bition of their powers.
matic effect, far surpassing, I think, Thackeray's
The New England writers could not do this. treatment in “ The Virginians.” Cooper was the
They were compelled by the nature of their first to extend the domain of the novelist over
minds to import a moral meaning into, or alle the ocean, and his set of sea tales, in their com
gorize a moral lesson out of, everything they bined rendering of elemental and human action,
touched. Once, indeed, Hawthorne in “The are hardly yet equalled. But of course his
Scarlet Letter" came near giving us a genuine great work is his series of pioneer stories. The
tragedy. His theme is only a variation of the forest life of America, its most wonderful phase,
usual French theme of three husband, lover starts from his broad canvases. Nobody admires
and wife; but the situations are developed Parkman more than I do.
Parkman more than I do. He tells the tale of
with remarkable skill, and the style, if a little the great American adventurers with fire and
prettyfied, is noble. The test of a tragic
The test of a tragic enthusiasm. But imagination is better than
piece of work, however, is this : Does it leave fact. The whole forest life, - nature and man,
us dull, depressed, dispirited, convinced that the shadowy woods, the rolling streams, the
human life is a hideous mistake, or does it broad lakes, the hunt, the trail, the camp-fire,
ring in our ears like the sound of a trumpet, the Indian habitat, the warfare of white and
does it tone our nerves like mountain air, does brown, of French and English, — is in the
it make us feel that we are giants and able to novelist rather than the historian. Cooper's
contend against Fate itself ? All the really Indians have been objected to as idealized. They


1907.]
301
THE DIAL
are probably no more idealized than the heroes verse into his brain, and in a manner has suc-
of Homer or the Highlanders of Scott. And ceeded, only it has turned back into chaos.
Leatherstocking is one of the great figures of Everything is fluid in him — with here and
prose fiction. Cooper has terrible faults. His there disjecta membra of human limbs, trunks
plots are often mechanical to a degree ; his of trees, sunsets, moral virtues, and so forth,
minor characters are often irritating in their calmly floating about. But occasionally some
inanity or absurdity; his conversations are form of beauty or power heaves into sight, and
almost always stilted and unnatural. But his once or twice the whole business coalesces and
broad pictures of forest and lake and prairie hardens into something new and strange and
stamp themselves on our minds.
It is the epic
fine.
of the making of an empire, the disappearance In discussing Poe, I wish to put aside for the
of a race, which we follow in his books. nonce the question of his intellectual power. I
At the right and left hand of Cooper, I think I have probably read as much metaphysic
should place Brockden Brown and Herman and science as most of the critics who decry
Melville. Brown, a miracle of nature, a Quaker Poe as a cheat and charlatan. To me he seems
novelist, fascinateď Shelley and was evidently a great thinker, an intellect lucid and far dart-
deeply studied by Poe. In force of imagina- ing. He resembles, indeed, those early Greek
tion, vividness of weird incident, intensity of or Hindoo philosophers whose guesses and intui-
picture, unshrinking realism, he is at least the tions have never been excelled for profundity.
equal of Hawthorne. But human nature is
But let that pass.
I wish to concentrate my
still further withdrawn from the normal in him attention on him as a technicist. Poe is the
than in the New England romance writer. If great tone master of modern literature. Tone
Hawthorne's world is a moonlight one, his is in literature is a certain blending of the intel-
only lit by jagged flashes of lightning. Herman lectual and the sensuous for a predetermined
Melville has given us at least two immortal effect. It requires, perhaps, a touch of morbid-
books. “ Moby Dick” is in some sense the ity of temperament to produce it, for everything
greatest sea narrative ever written ; but it is so contrary or extraneous to the desired effect must
Byronic, so strained and singular in its passion be shut out. Most of the epics and great works
and theme, that only a recurrence of morbid of prose fiction have no trace of tone. They
conditions of human nature could bring it into are too wide-reaching, their contents are too
fashion. 66 Typee,” however, is sunny and grace- various, to be keyed to one single note or har-
ful and beautiful and irresponsible, and must monized to one tune. The drama, the lyric,
always charm.
and the prose story are the regions of tone.
Irving is the second name on our list which Even in these, greatness is possible without
the world has accepted at something like its it. “Hamlet” begins with a tone picture hardly
real value. What ease of polished prose is his ! equalled even in Shakespeare, — the platform
What kindly, tolerant outlook on human life; at Elsinore, the biting coldness of the night, the
what vivifying spell in his lightest touch! His sentinels in their cloaks, the distant noise of the
English sketches had a great effect on Dickens, king's revel, and then — the Ghost. But as the
but they are themselves derivative from Addison play goes on, its intellectual and emotional con-
and Steele. But most of his group of Hudson tent bursts the sensuous framework, and tone
River stories are as original as they are great. disappears. With, of course, other immense
Imagination, humor, creative force, - all the inferiorities, Poe cannot come into comparison
ingredients of lasting work are in them, and the with Shakespeare in variety of tone. Shake-
world has pretty well learned them by heart. speare's different pieces are keyed to all the
The case of Whitman vs. the Traditional notes of color, from ebon black to the purest
Muse is yet unadjudged. If it were merely a gold of sunlight. Poe keeps in the main to the
matter of rhyme or metre, I see no reason why dark side of the spectrum. But within his range
any poet should not be allowed to please himself. there are great differences in shade and always
There are many national verse forms which are absolute certainty of effect. Consider the varie-
as queer to our eyes and ears as any in Whit ties of tone in the grave sombre colors of “ The
man. There is plenty of rhythm in Whitman's Fall of the House of Usher," the restless bril-
verse, as there is in some of the Bible books or liancy of “The Masque of the Red Death," and
in Blake's chants. But the matter of Whitman's the sober ordered daylight of "Landor's Cot-
poetry is undefined and unformed. He seems tage”; or the range between the intangible
to me one who has tried to get the whole uni shadows of “ Ulalume,” the rich gloom of


302
[May 16,
THE DIAL
.
“ The Raven,” and the faceted sparkle of partures from accepted usage that are so persistently
- The Haunted Palace.” As the modern world
advocated by theorists, the speaker declared all such
reform movements to be outside the librarian's true
of letters has mainly gone to Keats to learn
sphere of usefulness. In one cause alone should he
style — the perfection of word and phrasing, take the lead, and that is in making more accessible to
so it has gone to Poe to learn tone, the truths the public whatever of good may be found in books.
of keeping an atmosphere in composition.
Poe did not set himself to write copy-book PassiNG PIER SEVENTY, to borrow Mark Twain's
maxims of morality, but the total effect of his expression, has come to be attended with considerable
blowing of whistles and waving of flags and firing of
work is that of loftiness and nobility. His men
guns, as if in gallant determination on the part of
are brave and his women are pure. He is the friends that the septuagenarian shall enter upon the
least vulgar of mortals. Perhaps, if books have
“ labor and sorrow of his supernumerary years with a
any effect at all, his tend to make men too truth-jaunty bearing and a brave show of courage. Yet no
thundering of cannon was heard last month when Mr.
ful, too sensitive, too high-minded.
John Burroughs bade farewell to the sixties and began
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE. a new decade of life. Perhaps he was too busy wel-
coming the return of robin and bluebird to take thought
of this cardinal event in his personal history. As his
readers have had ample opportunity to learn of late,
Mr. Burroughs is a rugged foe to sentimentalism; and
CASUAL COMMENT.
this may account for his having thus stolen a march on
VISIBLE MEMORIALS TO BURNS IN SCOTLAND, a poor
his admirers -- an involuntarily surreptitious march.
Nevertheless he will not escape the tribute of many a
country, are surprising in number and character. There
is, first, the cottage near Ayr, a national possession
congratulation, uttered or unexpressed, and many a
sincere wish that he may long continue to make life
kept in admirable preservation. There is the Burns
monument, a Grecian temple with statuary, on the
brighter for his fellow-men by giving them an occasional
peep at the world of nature through the wonder-revealing
banks of the “ Bonnie Doon." At Kilmarnock there is
lenses of his spectacles.
a memorial structure, rivalling the Scott monument at
Edinburgh in size and surpassing it in beauty. There
“A DUG-UP DANDY” is one of the many descriptive
is the magnificent mausoleum at Dumfries. And there
are statues at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and doubtless other
epithets applied to the poet Rogers in his lifetime by
those who frequented his breakfasts and took note of
places. In contrast with this atmosphere of worship
his cadaverous appearance and peculiar costume. His
there is an incident connected with Stratford which is
house in St. James's Place, Westminster, where these
worth relating as illustrating British character and bad
famous breakfasts were given, has lately been suitably
taste. On a hill, some distance from the town but dom-
marked by the London County Council. This “most
inating it and the valley of the Avon, there is erected
interesting house in London," which was sold after the
a granite shaft probably one hundred feet high. It
poet's death for £50,000, was not built, it is safe to say,
appears that a native of those parts went up to London
with the proceeds from the “ Pleasures of Memory,
as a poor boy and by industry in the brewing trade ac-
but rather with the handsome earnings of the paternal
quired a fortune. Returning to his birthplace, he built
bank somewhere in the City. The debt which nineteenth-
this monument to commemorate his virtues and assert
his superiority to Shakespeare! However, it does not
century memoirs owe to Samuel Rogers's breakfasts
behoove us in America to throw stones.
can never be estimated: the stories that have found
We have a
so-called Hall of Fame in New York which has raked
their way into print from that table of wit, and that
are now being served up again to readers, are innumer-
the country with a small-tooth comb for celebrities,
able; while the stories that failed of this immortality
but refuses to admit to its honors the one man of
must be vastly more numerous, and, likely enough, in
genius who could flavor its mass of mediocrity.
many instances, of even better quality. It is meet that
a tablet should be inscribed to the honor of this host
MISPLACED ZEAL ON THE PART OF LIBRARIANS was who so long and with such distinction presided over
lately touched upon in these columns in reference to the “ the feast of reason and the flow of soul.”
bibliothecal practice of a rigid and absurd economy in
the use of capitals. It is gratifying now to find this EXTRAORDINARY METHODS OF BOOK-ADVERTISING
mild censure echoed and emphasized by no less an were to be expected of that extraordinary sensation-
authority than Mr. E. H. Anderson, Director of the New monger, Mr. Thomas W. Lawson. In London, where
York State Library School, an institution that, under his novel, “Friday the Thirteenth," has just been pub-
its former energetic head, made itself famous for its lished, he offers one thousand pounds apiece to the daily
advocacy of various innovations, - in spelling, in capi and to the weekly paper that shall publish the best re-
talization, in labor-saving but brain-puzzling abbrevia view of the book, each in its class. There was a time
tions, in unimagined applications of the decimal system, when the sending of complimentary copies, with obse-
and in divers other matters purely technical and wholly quious notes, to leading critics was a common practice
external to the realm of literature and the delights with authors, though one of which they were never
of reading. Before the New York Library Club Mr. honestly proud. But this brazen (or golden) bid for
Anderson discoursed wisely on the injury librarians have favorable notice passes the bounds of all that has ever
done to their cause, both with the thinking and with the been recorded or even imagined in this line. Half of
unthinking public, by an injudicious activity in alien London is amused, the other half scandalized, at our
fields. Whatever merit there might be in these de untimid compatriot's manner of tooting his own trumpet.


1907.]
303
THE DIAL
“ It is a good thing," declares one sturdy Briton, “that of book-famine. At home in a country town not a
millionaire authors are not common on this side of the hundred miles from the great metropolis of London,
Atlantic.” Yes, and perhaps it is an equally good thing there was nothing but the Bible, “ The Pilgrim's Pro-
they are not common on this side either.
gress,” and a few volumes of dreary semi-Calvinistic
theology. No newspapers were allowed in the house,
BRITISH APPRECIATION OF MR. HOWELLS naturally and such was our isolation that the United States was
finds expression in comments on his recent work, “ Cer only a geographical abstraction — simply a name to
tain Delightful English Towns.” Mr. C. Lewis Hind, me, – until one day in school we were given a copy of
a critic of note, takes pleasure in associating " The Lady “ The Times” newspaper in which a leading article on
of the Aroostook” and “ A Foregone Conclusion” with the outbreak of the Civil War was made our reading
“ that memorable week when Ibsen was first played at
lesson for the day.
the old Novelty Theatre, when Stevenson was hardly The only things that I knew of Shakespeare were the
known outside Edinburgh, and before Mr. Kipling and scraps in our reading-books at school: and how I loved
G. W. Steevens blazed.” Even in that far-off time them! — alike for the music of the language and the
there were not wanting English readers who delighted vastness of the subjects, although I know now that I
in Mr. Howells's “ leisurely charm, genial reflections, had not nearly fathomed their full meaning. Indeed,
well-bred subtleties, and appreciation of half-shades”; I find new thought and new meaning every time I
and to this day there are those who greatly enjoy these re-read my Shakespeare. I did not make acquaintance
qualities of his style, while they find “Mr. Kipling vul with a single play of Shakespeare's until I was grown
gar, G. W. Steevens fierce, Mr. Hewlett queer.” Yet up; and for a long time it was with difficulty that I
even these ardent admirers occasionally balk at such could read them; to follow the story was hard and
flowers of rhetoric as “a blue sky thickly archipelagoed troublesome. If the plays had been read to me when
with whitey-brown clouds."
I was nine years old I am certain that I should not have
had this difficulty to overcome at twenty.
THE LATE FERDINAND BRUNETIÈRE'S LIBRARY, of Here is another bit of personal experience: Somehow
about 12,000 yolumes, is soon to be sold in Paris, and or other, when I was between seven and eight a four-
Harvard University is making an effort to secure the page Prospectus of an illustrated edition of Shakespeare
lot. Brunetière was a collector of first editions, and came into my hands. Beneath an illustration were the
there are many of these among his books, especially of lines:
the French classics. Marginal notes, pithy and pointed,
"Full fathom five thy father lies;”
from the owner's pen, give character and added value
and Ferdinand's
to many volumes. Likes and dislikes are freely ex-
"The ditty does remember my drown'd father."
pressed, — as, for instance, his lack of sympathy with
How that word “ remember” puzzled my young brain !
and distrust of Renan; and his reason for foregoing The joy in later years of finding out its real meaning
Vinet, -- When I chance on an idea, he has always was, I really believe, the foundation of a love of the
had it before," — will appeal to many who have had like study of words which has never left me, and was a
experiences with their favorite authors.
factor in starting me on a course which resulted in
making me proficient in three languages besides my own.
A SELF-COMPLACENT AUTHOR, naïvely self-assured, Another personal experience and I have done. There
never abashed, cheerfully bearing the whips and scorns is a most interesting movement in Boston, under the
of criticism, is Mr. Thomas Wright, industrious biog- auspices of the Twentieth Century Club, to give special
rapher dwelling in the pleasant meads of Olney. With performances of standard English plays for the benefit
the courage of his convictions, he writes in “The of our school children. “ Julius Cæsar,” Twelfth
Academy” respecting his much-criticized “Life of Night," “ As You Like It," and « The Merchant of
Walter Pater" :-“Ă hundred years hence (and I'm Venice” have been presented. The great Castle Square
quite looking forward to the time), my book (like Bos Theatre has been packed from floor to ceiling with
well's Johnson) will have blessings instead of curses." children of all ages from nine to sixteen, and it was an
“• Fool !' said my muse to me, • look in thy heart, and inspiring sight to watch these young people following
write'"- not into next century.
the presentation of these masterpieces.
The intelligent appreciation that they showed was
remarkable, and the teachers are unanimous in testify-
ing to the happy and useful results in their school work
COMMUNICATION.
from the opportunities thus afforded. The younger
ones, so far as I could see, followed the play with as
SHAKESPEARE FOR CHILDREN.
keen a zest as their elders; and it was easy to see
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
that few of the points escaped them. For my own part,
I have read with much interest the communication
all my observation leads me to the conclusion that the
on the subject of “Reading Shakespeare to Children,” right time to read Shakespeare to children is just as
in your last issue. In our work of prescribing the right
soon as they can be interested in it. They will not
reading for children we naturally have to generalize
understand the play fully; and, indeed, none of us ever
broadly as to the right reading at the right age — for
appreciates fully and finally any great work of art. One
the guidance of those who have not studied the subject;
sees fresh beauties and new meanings every time one
and we endeavor to base our generalizations upon as
comes to it. If those who object to the reading of
wide a study of children's tastes and of children's inter Shakespeare to children at nine because they cannot
ests as possible. But no hard and fast rules will always fully understand it, were to wait until they could fully
apply, and personal experience is often more useful as understand Shakespeare, they would never read Shake-
a “finger-post" than any sets of rules.
CHARLES WELSH.
When I was a boy I lived in a place, and at a time, Winthrop, Mass., May 5, 1907.
99
speare at all!


304
[May 16,
THE DIAL
finding a story told in the first person, is not
The New Books.
unlike the feeling that may come to many on
following Commander Peary's perilous poleward
WITHIN THREE DEGREES OF NINETY course, so often do we suspect that he has denied
NORTH.*
us the thrills of suspense and fear and admira-
“ You all want to know what there is at the tion that another chronicler of the modest hero's
North Pole," said Commander Peary in a recent
deeds would have delighted to impart. Yet
lecture ; and he admitted that “ there is prob- there remains a very clear perception of the
ably nothing there, and no Pole which anyone explorer's unrivalled fitness for his self-imposed
can bump into in the dark; neither is there a task, of his courage, promptness, resourceful-
great hole in the ground or a great rounded ness, ability to handle men and to breathe into
mountain to mark the exact spot. There may
them something of his own spirit, and, last but
be land ; the Pole may be only a spot in the
not least, of his extraordinary powers of endur-
great Arctic sea."
ance and his Anglo-Saxon tenacity of purpose.
Nevertheless, even with “nothing there" but
but with a boldness that often makes his com-
ninety degrees of latitude and a conflux of all panions tremble for his and their own safety,
the meridians of longitude, the race for that he combines a caution that tells him just when
mathematical point in space is an exciting, a he
he has reached the limit beyond which lies
stupendous game, certainly to the Arctic ex-
foolhardiness, an instinct that whispers “turn
plorer the most stupendous conceivable game;
back” when to go on would mean certain death.
and with each added degree or fraction of a
Of the formation of the Peary Arctic Club,
degree of farthest northing the contest becomes
the planning and building of the “ Roosevelt,"'
sharper, sterner, more exciting than before. In
its launching in the spring of 1905, the departure
this matter it is the last step instead of the first
of the expedition a few months later, and, finally,
that costs so tremendously in pluck and per-
what that expedition accomplished, the daily
sistence and coolest daring, to say nothing of press has already given full accounts. But the
the large demands made upon physical strength story as told by the leader of the brave little
and pecuniary resources. It is a contest that,
band has a charm entirely distinct from its
even in the reading of it, quickens the pulse of
news value. That latitude 87° 6' was reached,
the pale student in his closet. The feelings of which now stands as the “ farthest north,” is
the participant himself, as touched upon a few
generally known; but of certain incidents of
months ago by Commander Peary in receiving glorious daring and still more glorious victory
from President Roosevelt's hand the Hubbard
we are glad to have fuller details. The splendid
Medal of the National Geographic Society, pluck with which the “ Roosevelt” was navi-
are not beyond the comprehension of the most
gated through the ice to her Arctic anchorage
unadventurous. From the speech of acceptance,
on the northeast coast of Grant Land, whence
which with that of presentation forms the Intro-
in February the sledging party started for the
duction to Commander Peary's memorable re-
Pole, is something admirable. The stout build
cord now published under the title “ Nearest the
of the ship and her sharply-raking stem enabled
Pole,” a few sentences may here be given.
her to achieve the hitherto impossible. In glow-
“ The true explorer does his work not for any hopes ing terms which sometimes refuse to shape them-
of reward or honor, but because the thing he has set
selves into sentences but that is no matter
himself to do is a part of his being, and must be accom the author writes :
plished for the sake of the accomplishment. And he “ The Roosevelt fought like a gladiator, turning,
counts lightly hardships, risks, obstacles, if only they twisting, straining with all her force, smashing her full
do not bar him from his goal. To me the final and weight against the heavy floes whenever we could get
complete solution of the Polar mystery which has en-
room for a rush, and rearing upon them like a steeple-
gaged the best thought and interest of some of the best chaser taking a fence. Ah, the thrill and tension of it,
men of the most vigorous and enlightened nations of the the lust of battle, which crowded days of ordinary life
world for more than three centuries, and to-day quickens
The forward rush, the gathering speed and
the pulse of every man or woman whose veins hold red
momentum, the crash, the upward heave, the grating
blood, is the thing which should be done for the honor
snarl of the ice as the steel-shod stem split as a mason's
and credit of this country, the thing which it is intended
hammer splits granite, or trod it under, or sent it right
that I should do, and the thing that I must do.” and left in whirling fragments, followed by the violent
The regret often felt by a novel-reader on roll, the backward rebound, and then the gathering for
another rush, were glorious. At other times, the blue
* NEAREST THE POLE. A Narrative of the Polar Expedition
face of a big floe as high as the plank sheer grinding
R. E. Peary, U.S.N.
New York: Doubleday,
against either side, and the ship inching her way
through, her frames creaking with the pressure, the
into one.
of the Peary Arctic Club in the S.S. Roosevelt, 1905-1906. By
Illustrated.
Page & Co.


1907.]
305
THE DIAL
big engines down aft running like sewing-machines, ing at the Styx for a chance to regain the world; the
and the twelve-inch steel shaft whirling the wide-bladed heart-breaking work through the shattered ice; the in-
propeller, till its impulse was no more to be denied than fernal groaning and crashing of the floes; the ever-
the force of gravity.”
present nightmare of more open water; the incessant
On the 21st of April, after a desperate dash
gnawing under the belt; the bruised and aching feet;
the burning eyes and face. . . . I dropped my mittens,
for the Pole through dangers and difficulties
threw a cartridge into the barrel of my carbine, and
beyond description, the sledging party, which advanced toward the herd. Faithful Ahngmalokto cried
had left the ship two months earlier and had out —- • Don't go so near, Peary,' but this puny herd of
more than once turned anxious looks of longing
musk-oxen was a trifle compared with the lead whose
southward and homeward, received the leader's
black embrace we had all faced, and I stepped between
the gray dog and the bull. Crack! a tiny tuft of hair
reluctant command to retreat. It was high
flew out from just back of the bull's foreshoulder and
time. It had been an open winter, and in a he had something beside the gray dog to think of, though
day more the breaking up of the ice would have he did not go down. My bullet had missed his heart
made retreat impossible. Even as it was, one
and gone through his lungs. Crack! the other bull made
a jump forward, stopped, staggered a step or two back-
yawning expanse of water nearly proved the
ward, then lurched over on his side. My aim was better.
ruin of the party. More than two miles of thin Crack! Crack! the two old cows followed suit. Crack!
and bending ice had to be crossed on snow-shoes. the younger cow went the same way.”
The climax of peril is thus described :
And, in short, the entire herd was disposed of
“We crossed in silence, each man busy with his by the marksman-explorer, and then appears to
thoughts and intent upon his snowshoes. Frankly I have been devoured by the men and dogs, after
do not care for more similar experiences. Once started,
which the march over the ice and back to the
we could not stop, we could not lift our snowshoes. It
was a matter of constantly and smoothly gliding one
ship was resumed and completed.
past the other with utmost care and evenness of pres-
What, after it was all over, the expedition
sure, and from every man as he slid a snowshoe for proved to have accomplished, is briefly sum-
ward, undulations went out in every direction through
marized by the writer. The highest north now
the thin film incrusting the black water. The sledge
was preceded and followed by a broad swell. It was
gained leaves but 174 nautical miles to be con-
the first and only time in all my Arctic work that I quered this side of the Pole, and various items
felt doubtful as to the outcome, but when near the of information interesting to Arctic geographers
middle of the lead the toe of my rear kamik as I slid have been gathered. The author thinks the
forward from it broke through twice in succession, I problem of attaining the Pole has been simpli-
thought to myself this is the finish,' and when a little
later there was a cry from someone in the line, the
fied fifty per cent by this latest expedition, and
words
sprang
from me of themselves : «God help him, he is evidently keener than ever for another
which one is it?' but I dared not take my eyes from attempt. Following his main narrative are
the steady, even gliding of my snowshoes, and the fas-
chapters on the expedition of 1898–1902, on
cination of the glassy swell at the toes of them."
the planning and building of the “ Roosevelt,”
But firm ice was reached at last, and then it
and on “ My Eskimos." A full index and an
was found that the cry of alarm had been excellent map conclude the volume. A worthy
caused by nothing worse than had befallen the
narrator himself. Not yet, however, was all
accompaniment to the beautifully-printed text
Not yet, however, was all is the collection of interspersed illustrations
danger past. After the north coast of Green-
from photographs by the author — some of
land had finally and with further grave diffi them taken, apparently, under most trying
culties been reached, starvation stared these
conditions - and the colored frontispiece by
famishing and exhausted men in the face, and Mr. Albert Operti. The large size of the
was only averted by the lucky finding of a
page, seven by ten, is turned to good account
small herd of musk-oxen. How the herd was
in many of the fine pictures of Arctic scenery
cautiously approached, two weak and starving and Arctic life.
dogs being sent ahead to round it up, how one
As a very readable record of a heroic achieve-
of the poor dogs was tossed and gored while the
ment, and at the same time of a bitter dis-
other, staggering and tottering, stuck to his appointment, the volume is valuable. May its
duty, and how in sick suspense a pause for author live to accomplish in full the object of
necessary breath was made before rifle could be his noble striving! PERCY F. BICKNELL.
lifted and aimed, is too long a story to tell here;
but we give a part of its close.
“I kicked off my snowshoes and sat down upon them The new edition of Ibsen in English, edited by Mr.
for a moment to pull myself together. In that moment William Archer and published by the Messrs. Scribner,
there passed before me all the weary days since we went has advanced as far as the ninth volume, which con-
on scant rations; the grim daily grind; the dismal wait tains “ Rosmersholm ” and “ The Lady from the Sea.”


306
[May 16,
THE DIAL
land that gave
for
Hainault, from the Rhine and the Po, there
GREECE UNDER THE FRANKS: AN UNRE-
MEMBERED AGE.*
poured to the east a stream of adventurous
The traveller in the wee gray
chivalry; but the salt lagoons of Venice defiled
the stream, in which there was already a strange
culture to the western world seldom fails to
undergo an experience somewhat like the follow- mingling of the love of God with the love of
loot. The diversion of the crusade when the
ing. He has sailed overseas with his mind full
of classic lore and his eyes hungrily open
gold of calculating policy proved stronger than
the prayers and threats of religion, and the sack
material monuments of the great periods ; but
of Constantinople by the Franks and Venetians
almost immediately after his arrival there comes
in 1204, have furnished rich material to histo-
before him a chapel or monastery that launches
rians, dramatists, poets, and philosophers; and
his memory over westward waters; another day for our present theme this conquest is all-
a castle nested among the hills offers a haunting important in that it marked the establishment
symbol of feudalism; a land journey northward
of Frankish rule in Greece.
carries his feet over a bridge with unmistakable
Norman arches; a couple of weeks later a tramp-
In the partition of the spoils the imperial
crown fell to Baldwin, Count of Flanders and
ing trip ends beside a sarcophagus adorned with
Hainault; while in the share of Bonifazio of
a shield on which are emblazoned the lilies of Montferrat were included Macedonia, Thessaly,
France. With each item his dissatisfaction
central Greece, and the “Ille de Griesse," bet-
grows more intolerable; for there is nothing but
ter known as the Peloponnese. When the latter
irritation in one's own nebulous generalities or a
monarch was taking possession of his new do-
guide-book's fragmentary information. “That
minions he was suddenly joined by Geoffrey
Greece, the Morea not less than northern and
Villehardouin, called the younger to distinguish
central Greece, had at a certain epoch fallen
him from his uncle the famous marshal of Ro-
under the rule of western invaders classified in
mania and historian of the crusade. The cir-
the large generalization of the east as Franks, cumstances were as follows: A number of the
and that Venice had extended her outposts round
crusaders who had proceeded by southern routes
these coasts and set the lion of St. Mark as her
towards the Holy Land, the original goal of the
seal over the gates of many Levantine havens,
I did indeed know, but little more than this, and
movement, were drawn northward by the stir-
nothing at all as to the origin or kindred of these ring events so pregnant with possibilities for an
active mind and a stout arm. Among them was
Frankish intruders on classic soil." One finds
little comfort in the thought that Gibbon dis- handful of followers to the harbor of Modon, on
Geoffrey Villehardouin, who was driven with a
missed these centuries of Greece with a con-
the southwest of the Peloponnese, where fortune
temptuous refusal “ to pursue the obscure and
threw him a golden opportunity. One of the
various dynasties that rose and fell on the con-
archons, the petty ruler of Messenia, proposed
tinent or in the isles "; or that Voltaire turned
an alliance for the conquest of the Peloponnese,
his intellectual nose at all Byzantine history
an easy task for the hardy mail-clad veterans in
as a “worthless repertory of declamation and
an almost undefended land. The project was car-
miracles, disgraceful to the human mind.” As
ried merrily forward until 1205, when the Greek
to the Byzantine Empire, Professor Bury and ally died and his son denounced the compact.
others have emphasized the fact that it was
Hard-pressed, Villehardouin made a desperate
simply the “ Later Roman Empire”; that it did
ride to the headquarters of Bonifazio, who was
not come to an end until 1453; and that it was
besieging Corinth and Nauplia. Here the for-
literally indispensable to the cause of western
tunate adventurer found Guillaume de Cham-
civilization. As to the “ obscure and various plitte, a feudal superior, to whom he made this
dynasties,” our traveller can only repeat the in-
sistent question : “ Here is the storied land, here simple proposal : " I am come from a right good
are monuments of a Frankish race. Whence and country which they call Mourée. Take such
men as you can muster, and leave this army;
when came these westerners to Greece, how did
let us go with God's help and conquer it, and
they act and fare among her vales and hills ? "
The beginning of the answer is found in
whatsoever portion of the lands that we may
acquire you shall deign to give me, I will hold
the unforgettably picturesque fourth crusade.
From Champagne and Brie, from Flanders and
of you and be your liegeman for them.” Boni-
fazio’s sanction being promptly obtained, these
two Franks set out with a hundred knights and
By Sir Rennell Rodd, C.G.V.O., K.C.M.G., C.B. In two volumes.
New York: Longmans, Green & Co.
a corresponding train of other followers to the
up
THE PRINCES OF ACHAIA AND THE CHRONICLES OF MOREA.


1907.]
307
THE DIAL
conquest of the northwestern Peloponnese. conquest.
conquest.” A younger brother, William, the
The Ile de Griesse, “right good country next ruler, had such a brilliant career that by
though it seemed to the northerner, presented 1259 he had become paramount not only in
a pathetic contrast with the Peloponnese of Greece but in all Romania.
Grecian independence or of Roman provincial At this point we may return for a moment to
administration. The narrative of the decline is the Greek city that is always first in our
always sombre and often fearsome. Inefficient thoughts, although it plays only a secondary
government, neglected tillage, decadent towns, role in the history of this period. In 1205,
interrupted communications, and devastating Bonifazio bestowed the lordship of Athens on
plague had wrought appalling change by the Otho de la Roche, whose territories, when he
tenth century. Then apparently came a period had won them, were to include a considerable
of comparative tranquillity accompanied by the part of central Greece. About Attica and its
growth of trade and industry, until at the com capital in the early thirteenth century we know
ing of the crusaders the country was prosperous
but little. In the eleventh century the Em-
enough to afford a generous revenue without peror Basil II. “bore witness to the glories of
burdening the inhabitants to an intolerable nature and art of which the venerable city could
degree. The people were still Greek in part; still boast”; and in 1153 an enthusiastic Arab
but there had been overwhelming immigrations geographer speaks of Athens as rich in popula-
of Slavs. Nowhere was there a community tion, surrounded with gardens and arable land.
able to offer effective resistance. Beginning In 1185, however, the district pleaded its im-
with Patras, Champlitte swept over the west of poverishment as an excuse for not sending the
the peninsula in thorough but not unmerciful customary coronation offering to the Emperor
conquest, respecting as far as he could the rights Alexius on his accession. About the same time
and properties of the conquered. The campaign an archbishop gives very gloomy accounts of
of acquisition we may not follow; but here is the material condition, with the added com-
one picture of the invading force :
plaint that "the citizens, whom in his inaugural
• They looked across the waters to Helicon and great
allocution he addressed as sons of the ancient
Parnassus lifting their storied crests in vain. For no Athenians, had even lost the use of their own
thrill of old association woke response in these rude
glorious language, and his classic idiom fell
soldiers of the west, to whom the Greeks were heretic
'griffons, and the Hellenes of old, who had crowned
upon unappreciative ears corrupted by a bar-
the heights with wall and tower, passed for the giant
barous dialect.” However, there are fairly defi-
races of an earlier world. Little recking of the me nite traditions that Athens was recognized as
mories that harbour in these immortal hills, they
immortal hills, they something of an intellectual centre even during
marched on through vineyard, cornfield and olive
the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries; and the
grove. . . At the head of the troop ride the two
leaders accompanied by a small band of prelates, intent
early years
of the rule of the house of la Roche
rather on the prospect of benefices than the winning
seem to have witnessed a commercial revival, if
of souls, and scarcely distinguishable by their habit from we may draw any inference from the reëstab-
the lay soldier. Each knight is dressed from head to
lishment of a Genoese community. In 1210
foot in a close-fitting suit of mail, the coif or hood of
steel covering the head and leaving only the features
the Megaskyr, as the Greeks now called the
exposed. . . . The sergeants follow the knights in mail
lord of Athens, joined Geoffrey Villehardouin
that is less complete, and the humbler adventurers in the conquest of Argos and Nauplia. At the
wear for defense the pour-point, a quilted garment of close of the campaign he received the investiture
padded cotton.”
of these fiefs, becoming for them the liegeman
So they passed along, a typical band from the of the Prince of Achaia.
of the Prince of Achaia. About forty years
pages of romance, to an easy conquest. By the later William Villehardouin demanded from
end of 1208 the central and southeastern por- Guy de la Roche a formal act of homage for
tions of the Peloponnese, in large part, had been Athens as well, and on being refused, success-
annexed to the kingdom established promptly fully enforced his claims in a fierce campaign.
in the west. About this time Guillaume de This brings us to the point mentioned at the
Champlitte was summoned to France, and close of the preceding paragraph.
Geoffrey Villehardouin, probably as a result of The same year that saw William Villehar-
questionable methods, became recognized as douin so powerful in the east witnessed his
Prince of Achaia. In 1218, Geoffrey I. was humiliation : for at the end of 1259 he was de-
succeeded by his son Geoffrey II., “who gained feated and carried as a captive to the Emperor
almost as great an extension of territory by Michael. His ransom in 1262 involved im-
sagacious policy as his father had acquired by portant cessions of territory as well as formal


308
[May 16,
THE DIAL
submission to the overlordship of the Greek can only describe as colossal and chaotic ; but
Emperor. The remainder of his reign is a story from the heap more pragmatic historians are
of desperate struggles against the eastern poten- sorting out valuable ore. Of late years in-
tate and his fatal involution in the strife of Italy, terest in the period has been more active and
until the Prince of Achaia became “ instead of fruitful. English students have recently been
the protagonist in Romania, a mere pawn in conducting careful investigations on Greek soil ;
the far-reaching schemes of Charles of Anjou.” and the second volume of Ernst Gerland's am-
His death in 1278 closes the most attractive bitious “Geschichte der lateinischen Kaiser-
period of the romantic story of Achaia.
reichs von Konstantinopel ” will be devoted to
At the history of the next one hundred and the “ Frankenherrschaft in Griechenland.”
fifty years we may not even glimpse, although Many years ago Sir Rennell Rodd, then an
the fortunes of Isabelle Villehardouin, the career attaché of the British embassy in Athens, find-
of the Catalan company, the practical annihila- ing himself in the mood of puzzled discontent
tion of the historical chivalry of Romania in of the traveller with whom we began our notice,
one fatal day in the marshes of Bæotia, the determined to write a history of Mediæval
political activities of the Acciajuoli, — the steel Greece. Through a busy life of letters and
kings of the mediæval world, — offer tempting diplomatic service his aim was never lost from
vistas. These were the days when three hun sight, although the scope of the proposed work
dred Franks might turn the tide against ten was gradually narrowed until it assumed the
thousand soldiers of the east ; when a noble lady form of the volumes on our table. The product
was required to go unhesitatingly into alien cap-
bears every mark of loving toil. Our author has
tivity as hostage for her husband's overlord; spared no effort to reach available sources, or to
when an arm of John the Baptist was accepted make his results perfectly clear. The style is
as adequate security for a loan of five thousand simple and direct. In the nature of things, the
golden hyperpers. Puny campaigns and petty average reader cannot be promised continuous
feuds grow tiresome; but always the story has enjoyment from over six hundred octavo pages
life and movement. Now it carries the reader of rather detailed study ; nor will even the elect
to Athens and sea-girt Euboea; now to Con- find their pleasure uninterrupted. However,
stantinople, the seat of the tottering and incon- all students of mediæval history or problems of
gruous eastern empire ; now westward to Italy, feudalism, all lovers of Greece, and many gen-
with the threads of Venetian commercial intrigue eral readers who find pleasure in strolling be-
and the varied webs of papal and imperial policy; yond the beaten path, will gladly acknowledge
now further still to France, where the king was the fruitful service of the titled enthusiast who
yet the fount and head of chivalry. In the has given us The Princes of Achaia and the
latter part of the fourteenth century a lease of Chronicles of Morea"; and perhaps in passing
the principality of Achaia was conceded to the we might point out that any writer of historical
Knights of Rhodes by Otho of Brunswick, and novels would find material for at least half a
from this point we have “ an epoch of conflicting dozen “ thrillers ” in this straightforward narra-
claims and provisional administration.” There tive. Where an author has given so much, it is
were “ Princes of Achaia" until the downfall of perhaps ungracious to ask for more; but one
Centurione Zaccaria II., who ruled over a scanty misses a connected treatment of the domestic
remainder of this once prosperous dominion, and life and industrial conditions. There are tan-
died in 1432. “ With him perished the last talizing mentions of the textile industries of
Frank whose name is known to history, and Thebes and the current products of the Morea,
with the exception of the ports that were held by which only serve to whet our appetites. The
Venice, the peninsula was once more in the hands very fact that recorded information on such
of the Greeks.” Thus ends the Grecian chapter topics is scanty indeed would have made us
in the great book of romantic chivalry. more grateful for a couple of chapters embody-
For this chapter English readers have de- ing our author's conclusions based upon his
pended principally on the sections in Finlay's intimate knowledge of the conditions of modern
History of Greece," and on Leake’s books of Greek life and his extended studies in the
travel. The French have had the works of Frankish period. As it is, he deserves our
Buchon and the later study of La Baronne thanks for a valuable piece of work that brings
Diane de Guldencrone called “L’Achaie Féo- this unremembered age of Greece vividly and
dale.” The researches of the German scholar agreeably before our minds.
Hopf resulted in a mass of material that one The latter half of the accurately descriptive
---


1907.]
309
THE DIAL
title seems to demand a brief note on 66 The
THE MANY-SIDED LEIGHTON.*
Chronicle of Morea.” It will be recalled that
there is a Greek record, in various manuscripts,
It is difficult to imagine a biography of
of the conquest of Morea; and a French ver Frederic Leighton that should lack interest and
sion, rather abbreviated, carrying the history inspiration, so full and varied was his career,
some ten years further down than the Greek so rich both in spiritual graces and material
poem as we have it. Obviously here is a glori- achievements.
achievements. The complexity -- or shall we
ous opportunity for controversy, and the oppor say the simple humanity —of his temperament,
tunity has not been neglected. Avoiding any and the consequent variety of his interests and
part therein, we may summarize the conclusion activities, will indeed tend to baffle a biographer.
of our author, who attributes great importance His was not one of those intense artistic natures
to the studies and opinions of Professor John that lend themselves easily to picturesque re-
Schmitt, the latest and best editor of the miniscence and spicy anecdote. Exaggeration
Chronicle. There existed in the castle of St. and affectation were utterly foreign to his
Omer at Thebes after the year 1227 a history genius.
genius. He would no more have fondled Ros-
of the conquest of Romania and Morea, which setti's wombats or indulged in a Whistlerian
we assume to have been a Greek metrical re tilt with the critics than he would have painted
cord of events up to 1304, written originally the Blessed Damozel or dashed off a Nocturne
about that year and brought up to date from
in Black and Gold. His Pre-Raphaelite con-
time to time. From this original the existing temporaries considered him an arrant Philistine,
Greek and French versions are derived directly. but they always found him a friend, just, tol-
The author, who was exclusively Frankish and erant, and kindly; as indeed did everyone who
Catholic in sentiment, may have been a clerk
came in contact with him, whether in private
or notary in the retinue of the brilliant young
or official relations. "I am a workman first
Nicholas III. de St. Omer. At any rate, the
and an official afterwards,” Leighton said once ;
“ genesis of the Chronicle may be assigned but it is probably as an official, an encourager
without question to the early years of the four and patron of English art, that his influence
teenth century, to a period that is very near was strongest and most enduring, and his ideals
the events recorded, many of which were still were best expressed. There was nothing radi.
a living memory, while its value as a picture of cal in those ideals ; like everything about
contemporary thought and manners, during this Leighton, they were thoroughly sane and self-
obscure epoch of history, can hardly be over-
controlled. Perfect sanity, remarkable social
rated.”
and executive gifts, a keen sense of duty, un-
About the book as a thing to be handled we flagging industry, unfailing enthusiasm for the
would say just a word. There is a clear-cut best things — here is a rare combination of quali-
introduction dealing with historical authorities. ties, and particularly rare in an artist. The
A readable account of the fourth crusade, in- life of such a man cannot fail to yield a pleasant
cluding the sack of Constantinople and the and profitable study.
partition of the empire, is given as a sort of The present biography, “ The Life, Letters,
prologue occupying about a hundred pages. The and Work of Frederic Leighton,” by Mrs.
history from the time of Otho of Brunswick to Russell Barrington, will undoubtedly remain
the Greek restoration is summarized as an epi- the authoritative account of the matter. The
logue. There are three appendices, the third ten years that have passed since Leighton's
of which contains helpful genealogical tables ; death lend sufficient perspective to the view.
also a map, which might have been better; and Mrs. Barrington was a personal friend of Leigh-
an index, which is welcome, although it ought ton's, and, being herself an artist, is familiar at
to be fuller in view of the value and nature of first hand with the artistic situation in his time.
the contents of these two acceptable volumes. His family and friends have furnished her with
F. B. R. HELLEMS.
a voluminous mass of letters and with valuable
notes on certain aspects of Leighton's career ;
and drawings, studies, and finished pictures have
The Smith Professorship at Harvard, which has been
vacant since the death of Lowell, has at last been filled
been freely lent her for reproduction.
by the appointment of Professor J. D. M. Ford, author
In the matter of illustration, certainly, the
and editor of many works connected with the Spanish
and Italian languages. He has in hand a volume on
the Novel for the “ Types of English Literature " series.
• THE LIFE, LETTERS, AND WORK OF FREDERIC LEIGHTON. By
Mrs. Russell Barrington. In two volumes. Illustrated in photo-
gravure, color, etc. New York: The Macmillan Co.


310
[May 16,
THE DIAL
two large octavo volumes which embody the life The most vital part of the biography is con-
and letters will not easily be surpassed. With tained in the first volume, which deals with
the exception of the Watts portraits, a few draw-Leighton's student days, and shows him tri-
ings by Steinle, Leighton's favorite master, and umphing over bad health, weak eyes, and family
a view of the famous Arab Hall in Leighton opposition in his choice and pursuit of his art,
House, practically all the illustrations reproduce revelling in Steinle’s instruction at Frankfort,
Leighton's own work. They include sketches, loving Rome and Italy, hating Paris, and finally
studies, drawings of flowers and leaves, water achieving his first great triumph by the sale of
colors, such as Leighton was fond of painting his exhibition picture, “ Cimabue's Madonna,"
in Italy and the East, a set of illustrations for to the Queen.
“ Romola," several statues, portraits — gener Leighton's letters, most of them to his mother,
ally painted by Leighton as pot-boilers, and tell much of the story. They are long for a
a representative selection of the finished pictures boy's letters, introspective in parts, and in parts
on which his fame as an artist rests.
very lively. Characteristically enthusiastic is
“ The mind in creation is as a fading coal,” this bit about a journey to Holland, taken when
Shelley said once; and Leighton felt the same he was twenty-two:
thing and tried in many ways to guard against “There I am at the Hague. Pretty place, the Hague,
it, although in the end his sacrifice of inspira- clean, quaint, cheerful, and ain't the Dutch just fond of
tion to elaborate finish was always deliberate. smoking out of long clay pipes! And the pictures, Oh
The powerful sweep and spontaneous suggestive brandt! glowing, flooded with light, clear as amber, and
the pictures, Ah the pictures! That magnificent Rem-
ness of some of the studies will therefore amaze
do you twig the grey canvas ? What Vandykes ! what
readers who know only the cold classicism of dignity, calm, gently breathing, and a searching
most of the paintings ; while others attest a love thoughtfulness in the gaze, amounting almost to fas-
of nature and an attention to her slightest de-
cination. . . I catch myself bearing something in
tails that would do honor to Hunt's model Pre-
mind! And yet, after all’ (with an argumentative
hitch of the cravat) all that those fellows had in ad-
Raphaelite. Some of the less significant studies
vance of us was a palette and brushes, and that we've
might easily be spared, but taken as a whole got too !”
the illustrations, which are excellently repro Leighton's gentleness of spirit is nowhere
duced, offer a complete and striking exemplifi- better shown than in the perfection of his family
cation of Leighton's methods and abilities. The
relations. His mother was fond and proud of
binding of the volumes exhibits unusual taste, him, but confirmed ill-health made her queru-
and despite their bulk they are light and easily lous. Leighton never resented her exactions,
handled.
apologized as heartily for imaginary neglects
Unfortunately, Mrs. Barrington is not as as for real ones, and was constantly trying to
skilful in arranging and adapting her material gratify her and give her a share in the pleasures
as she has been industrious in collecting it. The
of his busy, happy life.
inherent difficulties of the subject are exagger-
His father was an austere man, matter-of-fact
ated rather than avoided by her treatment. She
and quite out of sympathy with his son's artistic
does not understand the art of compression. ambitions, having sanctioned his studies only
Anxious to give just the right effect, she is on the hard condition that he should manage
unwilling to omit anything that can possibly be
to achieve eminence. Determination to satisfy
suggestive. The result is seven hundred pages
his father undoubtedly had much to do with
including, characteristically, a preface, two Leighton's dogged perseverance.
For the road
introductions and an appendix, - burdened with
to eminence was not easy; the brilliant suc-
a mass of raw material, which, had it been judi-
cess of his first picture was followed by the com-
ciously sifted, would have produced a clear-cut, plete failure of his second. Leighton faced the
lucid impression, where now there are only fact squarely, hiding his chagrin to break the
blurred outlines, obscured by the mass of
news to his mother as gently as possible. He
original documents.”. Unhappily, the reader looked upon his defeat, he declares bravely, as a
of present-day biography is thoroughly accus-
fortunate occurrence, and so must she.
tomed to this state of things ; he is used to being
“Consider what an edge and zest I get for my
his own editor, and he will assume the
respon future efforts, and what an incentive I have to exert
sibility in this case the more readily in propor- myself to put down the venomous jargon of envious
tion as Mrs. Barrington has more than the usual people. ... The more they abuse the better I'll paint
excuse for failing to detach the salient features in industry against spite - I will have a pull for it.”
so vast a panorama as Leighton's life offers. One obstacle Leighton never had to down.


1907.]
311
THE DIAL
use.
His family were not wealthy, and he generally When his strength began to fail and friends
found the money he got for his early pictures implored him to rest, he answered, “ But that
“unkimmon handy"; but he could afford to live would not be life to me! I must go on, think-
comfortably while he studied, and to spend his ing as little about it as possible.”
vacations in Italy, Germany, or the East, whose He fought his losing fight as gaily and as
spell he came under while he was still a young gallantly as years before he had fought a win-
man and never outgrew. Travel was his chief ning one. His letters to his widowed sisters,
recreation, for he hated general society as much written while he was travelling in a vain search
as he enjoyed the companionship of a few chosen for health, —“ sowing patience and reaping
friends. There are many interesting accounts nothing in particular,” as he put it, - are full
of his journeyings to be gleaned from his letters, of hope and good cheer. 'The Sunday before
and the story of one notable trip up the Nile, in he died he was busily planning for one of his
a steamer lent him by the Viceroy at the insti famous concerts, and when, on the day before
gation of the Prince of Wales, is delightfully his death, he rallied unexpectedly, he exclaimed
told in the journal which he kept during his two to his sisters, “ Would it not have been a pity
months of isolation from the world and the post. if I had had to die just when I was going to
One of the fruits of his Eastern journeys paint better!
was “ Arab Hall,” the crowning feature of Mrs. Barrington's exposition of Leighton's
Leighton House, which he designed, with the theories of art and her criticism of his paint-
help of Mr. George Aitchison, as a harmonious ings are just and discriminating, and she offers
setting for his wonderful collection of Eastern interesting critical comment from Ruskin, Watts,
enamels, and which, now that Leighton House is Briton Rivière, Sir William Richmond, Walter
open to the public, furnishes an additional proof Crane, Hamo Thornycroft, and others, many of
of the breadth of his artistic tastes and interests. whom have furnished notes especially for her
The year after his ascent of the Nile, Leighton She fully appreciates Leighton's artistic
was elected to full membership in the Royal limitations, and if she has little but praise for
Academy. During the nine years that inter the man she is evidently sincere and probably
vened before his election as president he worked just. Two popular fallacies about Leighton,
faithfully to further the interests of the Acad which traced his avoidance of general society to
emy. One of his innovations was the winter snobbishness, and his success to an easy sacrifice
exhibition of Old Masters, undertaken in order of conviction to popular standards, she thor-
that students who could not go abroad might oughly disproves.
receive a stimulus from seeing examples of the
EDITH KELLOGG DUNTON.
greatest art. His chief object in making colored
studies when he travelled was to benefit these
same students, whose interests he had constantly
at heart.
ENGLAND AND RUSSIA IN CENTRAL ASIA.*
At the same time he was busy and productive Professor Arminius Vambéry, of the Uni-
as a painter. Even his election to the presi- versity of Budapest, is unquestionably the best-
dency of the Academy made no break in his informed living authority on the history and
habit of painting regularly from nine to twelve civilization of Moslem Asia. Fifty years of
and from one to four every day. His care study and observation among the peoples of the
fully prepared public addresses, from which Mrs. central Asiatic deserts, pursued often in the
Barrington quotes at length, his work in the guise of friar or merchant, have given him a
Academy council, involving careful research keen insight into Moslem life and character ;
and tiresome correspondence, his efforts in be- and this, combined with ripe historical and philo-
half of provincial and colonial exhibitions, his logical scholarship, qualifies him in an excep-
active interest in the British Museum, of which tional degree for the production of such a book
he was elected a trustee in 1881, were all at as that which has recently come from his pen
tended to “out of hours.” During the seven under the title of Western Culture in Eastern
of his presidency he exhibited eighty Lands.” In many publications, beginning with
canvases and two statues at the Academy, and “ Sketches of Central Asia " issued thirty-six
forty-one slighter works elsewhere. Yet he was years ago, Professor Vambéry has given the
never too busy to hunt out and encourage a poor * WESTERN CULTURE IN EASTERN LANDS. A Comparison of
artist, or to give his time and influence to any
By Arminius Vambéry, C.V.0. New York: E. P.
project for the betterment of English art.
teen years
the Methods adopted by England and Russia in the Middle
East.
Dutton & Co.


312
[May 16,
THE DIAL
world vivid descriptions of the governments, except through influences wholly foreign. In
religions, customs, and general state of society a succession of semi-historical and semi-des-
prevailing in the broad stretches between the criptive chapters, the author then sketches
Caspian and Chinese Turkestan. In his latest the establishment of Russian authority over the
book he essays a new and more ambitious task various peoples of southeastern Europe and cen-
more ambitious, at least, if performed in tral Asia - the Ural-Altaics in the fifteenth
the conscientious fashion characteristic of the century, the Ugrians in the sixteenth, the
author's past labors. This new undertaking Turco-Tartars in the sixteenth and seventeenth,
is a comparative study of the aims, methods, and the peoples of Turkestan in the latter half
and achievements of the Occident's two great of the nineteenth. Russian operations and in-
“ culture-bearers” in central Asia, i.e., Russiafluences in the three khanates of the last-
and England.
mentioned region are singled out for somewhat
Those who are familiar with Professor Vam- detailed analysis. The general conclusion is
béry's writings know him to be no admirer of that the rule of the Muscovite, however tyran-
Russia and Russian civilization. One need not nical and corrupt, is at least considerably better
be surprised, therefore, to learn from the pre than that of the former native princes. But
fatory page that the fundamental object of the after this is conceded, the author goes on to
present work is to prove the erroneousness of point out serious defects in the Russian system,
the common idea that the Russians, who in and to show why, after forty years of Russian
many respects are themselves still semi-Asiatic, administration, the khanates are “ very far from
are better fitted to undertake the civilization of having reached that degree of intellectual and
Asia than the English, the accomplished repre material development which might have been
sentatives of Western culture, whose stiff bear- attained, considering the adaptability of the sub-
ing and unpliable character are supposed to be jugated peoples and the means at the disposal
detrimental to its successful transmission. If of the Russian Crown." The many defects and
this were Professor Vambéry's first book, the abuses connected with the Russian system he
impression of the reader, at first glance at least, conceives are the unreliability and vicious char-
would doubtless be that it constitutes essentially acter of most of the officials, the arrogance and
an effort to maintain a more or less precon- contempt for the natives which they generally
ceived thesis ; for the subject is one which has display, and the indifference of the government
lent itself too often to loose and superficial to anything but political aggrandizement. Full
generalization. But inasmuch as the author's recognition, however, is given the good which the
views on the subject have long been known to Russians have accomplished.
be taking gradual shape with the development “ Everyone will gladly concede that in many quar-
of his studies, the book appeals to one rather ters of the ancient world, where anarchy, robbery, and
as a deliberate and systematic exposition of a
starvation formerly reigned, the Russian regime has
judgment arrived at only after painstaking and
created a certain amount of order; it has made peace-
ful intercourse possible, and given Europe access to
disinterested investigation.
many formerly inaccessible regions. But it would be
The volume falls naturally into three parts, difficult to see in these and many other advantages of
treating respectively of the civilizing influence civilization, which chiefly benefit the Russian Gover-
of Russia, the civilizing influence of England, ment, a ground for believing that the intellectual eleva-
and the future of Islam. The nineteenth cen-
tion and enlightenment of the Asiatic can and will be
brought about under the guardianship of Russia. It is
tury is conceived of by Professor Vambéry as
only by the refining influence of culture, and the inde-
the second great epoch of Occidental interfer- fatigable and continued efforts in the matter of educa-
ence with the affairs of the nearer Orient, the tion, that any good results can be expected, and in this
period of the late Roman republic and early respect the Russian Government has been most defi-
cient. . . . A sober and unprejudiced judgment must
empire being the first; though it would seem
lead us to the conclusion that the forty years of Russian
that the Alexandrian age and the era of the government in Central Asia have so far only touched
Crusades might well be added to the list. The the surface of social life. True, they have left a slight
question as to the rightfulness of this Occidental impression on the external forms, but they have not
interference in our own day is raised, but is
penetrated into the inner parts. All that can be seen
of reform or modernization in the life of the Turkestani
promptly dismissed with the declaration that
is of superficial and compulsory nature; it emanates from
without western help Asia “will never rise above fear of the conqueror, and its chief object is to please
its low level," and even though the politics of the foreign lords, and to make them more friendly
European powers in Asia are far from unselfish, disposed.
culture and liberty can never come to Asiatics The reason why Russia's attempts to civilize
;


1907.)
313
THE DIAL
her conquests have been so ineffectual, Professor introducing reforms in India which the natives
Vambéry considers to be that in Russia herself would not have tolerated at the hands of their
the standards of culture and of political educa- fellow-countrymen, purely because of the fair
tion are still so imperfect. Russia is yet far spirit in which these innovations were conceived
short of that stage of development which would and executed. Public improvements, education,
enable her to stand as the representative of the morals, charities, have been greatly stimulated ;
true spirit of modern advancement.
and the system of taxation inaugurated by the
“ Russian culture is only half European, and still English Professor Vambéry considers more
half Asiatic, and although modern Russia has produced advanced than any of the independent Moslem
a few great personalities, yet taken as a whole its edu-
states, more advanced, even, than in many
cation is only half finished, and not matured enough to
make it the successful civilizer of other entirely or semi- European lands.”
barbaric societies."
In a chapter of comparisons and contrasts,
The popular idea that this semi-Asiatic char the author undertakes to show how, in aims
acter is a valuable asset in the government of
and methods and equally in achievements, the
Asiatic populations, that it facilitates mutual empire-building of Englishman and Russian
sympathy between rulers and subjects and
have been wholly unlike. For one thing, Russia
makes assimilation easier, is flatly rejected by meets conquered peoples as the uncompromising
the author. Quite to the contrary, he maintains champion of Christianity, and compels their
that this is a serious disqualification, because
immediate conversion — thereby insuring their
while the process of “Russification " checks any
hatred at the start; while England has never
natural development in the countries concerned, attacked, or in any manner sought to subvert,
the western civilization, being only partial and
the faiths of her dependent peoples. Russia, in
poorly represented, makes little or no impres- the course of her conquests, is declared never to
sion on them. While criticizing sharply the
have failed, as soon as her power was sufficiently
work of the Russians, Professor Vambéry is established, to exercise a disquieting influence,
fair enough to point out the unusual difficulties not only upon the political, but also upon the
with which they have had to contend, partic- ethical, social, and religious life of the people,
ularly the unyielding antagonism of Islam and
in order to simplify the process of absorption ;
the inbred attachment of the Turcomans to their
while in all of England's proceedings a policy
old tribal institutions. He closes his
which is essentially the reverse stands out
survey
with this broad-minded observation :
clearly.
“ Judging dispassionately and without prejudice, we
“The Russian conqueroris content when he finds his sub-
must frankly acknowledge that the Russians have done jects tractable, quiet, punctilious tax-payers and willing
much good work in Asia; that with their advent order,
tools. In his endeavours in the field of general national
peace, and security have taken the place of anarchy
culture and enlightenment, his chief care is to teach the
and lawlessness, and that notwithstanding the strongly
Asiatic the elements of school learning in the Russian
Oriental coloring of their political, social, and ecclesias- language; and amongst the Tartars, Kirghises,and Sarts,
tical institutions, as representatives of the western
only those whosc intention it was to become entirely
world, they have everywhere made a change for the
Russified have devoted themselves to higher education.
better, and inaugurated an more worthy of
Russia has never concerned itself much about the sym-
humanity."
pathies of its foreign subjects; its iron grasp is never
slackened by any softer considerations, and in the whole
England as a “culture-bearer” in Asia is
length and breadth of its conquered dominions we seldom
considered, quite naturally, in relation to her come across any Asiatics who express themselves pleased
work in India, though the divergence between with the Russian régime, and voluntarily conform to the
conditions prevailing there and in the Russian
new regulations under the Tsar's administration; enthu-
portions of the continent is so stupendous as to
siasm is certainly never entertained. With the English
it is quite different. They have always consulted the wel-
render comparisons extremely liable to fallacy.
fare of the people under their charge; they are anxious
Professor Vambéry's chapters tracing the rise, that the reforms and innovations introduced should be
progress, and present state of the British do- | just and fair; wherever possible they have exercised
minion in India cover familiar ground in a very
charity and forbearance. . . . The English are not nearly
so much hated and feared in India as the Russians are in
interesting fashion, but the significant things he
Central Asia, for the most thorough-going, anti-foreign
has to say are with respect to the causes of Hindu cannot shut his eyes to the justice, the imparti-
British success in transplanting European civili-ality, and the good intentions of the sahibs. Perfect
zation to Asiatic soil. These causes he is able undivided affection can hardly be looked for, for the
to reduce to a single phrase — the humane and
foreigner ruler is never an object of devotion; but the
respect which the Hindu cannot withhold from his foreign
enlightened spirit of British administration.
master may in time turn to sympathy, and the relation
English administrators have been successful in between master and subject may before very long be-
:
era


314
[May 16,
THE DIAL
come quite tolerable. . . . The view that Russia will
him to encourage these low ideals, the old man makes
be better qualified than England to civilize Asia is a will which leaves the bulk of his fortune to a uni-
altogether false. A politically free nation, occupying a
versity, reducing his children from the idle luxury
higher cultural level, has more active measures at its
they have anticipated to the level of homely comfort.
disposal, has more strength and perseverance, and has
It is a hard blow to them, and resented with anger
nobler ends in view, than a nation which has scarcely
emerged from infancy, which is as yet in the first period
and bitterness, but they have good ancestral stuff in
of cultural transition, and which, moreover, held fast in
their composition, and in the end their loss proves
the bonds of a despotic absolute monarchy, has been
their salvation. The greater part of the book is
unable to acquire the knowledge necessary for cultural devoted to the slow working out of the regeneration
activity. It is scarcely to be expected of a nation which of these two young lives. The moral of the story
itself has still so much to learn, that it will be able to is so fine and true, despite a slight tincture of un-
teach others to work with better results than Russia has
wholesome socialism, that we could wish the author's
done so far."
literary gift were in proportion to his ethical insight.
However frequently one may be disposed to In the present competition among our amateur
take issue with Professor Vambéry in his as sociologists to produce the most distressful fiction
sumptions and conclusions, the scholarly merits possible, we should say that the honors are at present
of his work must be recognized at every turn.
with Mr. Brand Whitlock. “The Turn of the
He occasionally falls into a panegyrical strain
Balance” is about as gloomy a picture of contem-
which is ill-advised, as, for example, when he
porary life as has thus far been produced, even in
exclaims exultingly (p. 259) that “ England's
these days in which we learn that we are living in
victories are the victories of freedom and hu- jungles ravaged by octopods. Aside from the love-
story, there is not a ray of light in the book from
manity; they can never be dangerous to any, beginning to end, and the love-story is so clearly a
one.' But these lapses are not frequent, and perfunctory concession to a useless convention that
they probably flow from the author's vivacity it does n't seriously count. This “vivid picture of
of style rather than from any inherent faults in the savage cruelty at the heart of our boasted civ-
his thought. FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG. ilization,” as the publishers magniloquently call it,
is a piece of imitation Zolaism which depends for
its effects upon sensational exaggeration and the
accumulation of a careful selection of horrible details;
RECENT FICTION.*
justice is everywhere thwarted, and evil triumphs
We have often thought, and now and then said,
at all points. The reforms in the administration of
that when the Great American Novel came to be
justice which Mr. Whitlock has at heart, and which
are doubtless needed, are not likely to be furthered
written it would have for its leading motive the con-
trast between successful parents and their degenerate by, such a book as this, which is chiefly reniarkable
children, a contrast so frequently, and at times so
as an exhibit of the criminal under-world, its view-
point, its customs, and its speech. The author seems
dramatically, illustrated in our national life as to
to be an expert in the use of argot, and displays his
assume typical significance. This is the motive of
“ The Second Generation,” by Mr. David Graham
knowledge of the criminal vocabulary to an extent
that makes him unintelligible for pages at a time.
Phillips, as the title clearly implies. Unfortunately,
Mr. Phillips has no style, and thus his management homely story of old-fashioned construction, telling
“ The Upstart," by Mr. Henry M. Hyde, is a
of a strongly-conceived situation becomes bald and
how a boy of humble birth rises in the world by his
unconvincing. He tells us the story of a successful
own efforts, gets an education under difficulties, goes
manufacturer, sprung from the plain people, who dis-
into politics and defeats his rivals, and triumphantly
covers that his children a son and a daughter
carries off, in the face of violent paternal opposition,
have
grown up without any sense of social responsi- the girl whom he has loved all his life. The scene
bility, and with no idea that life is to mean for them
anything more than an unbroken round of selfish
is a country town in Michigan, and the various
pleasures. Convinced that it would be a crime for
types of character among its inhabitants, native and
foreign, are sketched with the fidelity that comes
* THE SECOND GENERATION. By David Graham Phillips,
only from close observation. It is a realistic nar-
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
THE TURN OF THE BALANCE. By Brand Whitlock. Indian-
rative, simple and straightforward, with touches of
apolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co.
humor, and unpretentiously successful in its execu-
THE UPSTART. By Henry M. Hyde. New York: The Cen tion.
tury Co.
By William Tillinghast Eldridge. New York:
One would fancy that at this late day a nov-
Dodd, Mead & Co.
elist would be rather ashamed to produce another
FELICITY. The Making of a Comédienne. By Clara E. Zenda romance the trick is so easy, the scenario
Laughlin. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
THE PRINCESS. By Margaret Potter. New York: Harper
so distinetly planned, and the stage-setting so worn
& Brothers.
by use. But Mr. William Tillinghast Eldridge has
THE WINDFALL. By Charles Egbert Craddock. New York:
ventured to mount the piece once more. His book
Duffield & Co.
THE IRON WAY. A Tale of the Builders of the West. By
is called “Hilma,” which is the name of the princess,
Sarah Pratt Carr. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
his scene is the kingdom of Scarvania, and he trots
HILMA.


1907.]
315
THE DIAL
out all the old mummers -- the rival claimant with take largely on trust, for, although he has been a
his sinister partisans, the devoted followers of the friend from childhood, and makes intermittent
heroine, and the American hero of superhuman appearances all through the book, he remains a
courage. In reading a romance of this type, about shadowy personality. The failure to make this
the only thing we care to find out is whether the man convincing is the most noticeable fault of the
American gets the princess; in the present instance, book, which is, after all, a first novel, which means
while he renounces her for the time being he still that faults are inevitable. But it is, on the whole,
has hopes, and we are not called upon to shed many
a novel of such interest and charm that we are con-
tears. The story is told in nervous and sometimes tent to accept it, with whatever defects may accom-
ungrammatical English, and its nomenclature rivals pany its qualities, as one of the most pleasing con-
that of “Graustark” for weirdness.
tributions to the season's output of fiction.
We have had many novels concerned with actors Miss Margaret Potter has written the second of
and actresses, and usually the artificiality of the life her series of Russian novels, and called it “ The
portrayed has been reflected in the treatment. The Princess.” It is an intense and tragic story of the
first thing to say about Miss Laughlin's “ Felicity Princess Catharine, descended from Alexander I.,
is that it is free from the fault in question; there is and of her son Constantine. The Princess is de-
no garishness in the light which it casts upon its lineated as a woman of great nobility of character,
characters, who are exhibited as essentially normal wedded to a dissolute Grand Duke, and bearing with
creatures, superficially affected, of course, by the dignity the perpetual affront of his libertine life.
accidents of their profession, but evidently human Her son is the chief object of her affections, and, as
beings in the natural and familiar sense. Neither she watches over his development, she observes with
does the book invest the life of the stage with any horror that he is fast following in his father's foot-
thing of the false glamour which it is apt to have steps. The climax is reached when both father and
in the eyes of unthinking people, especially young son fall into the toils of the same Italian adventuress.
people; nor, on the other hand, does it suffer from For a time neither suspects the other, although the
anything remotely suggestive of pharisaical pre scandal is known to everybody else in Petersburg,
judice. Its actress-heroine lives the life theatrical but discovery is inevitable, and when it comes the
from her earliest childhood, but her character is not horror-stricken son takes his own life. The scene of
drawn from footlight observation. Miss Laughlin's this story is placed about ten years ago, and actual
acquaintance with the conditions of stage-life is persons are freely introduced into the author's
pages.
evidently considerable, but she knows other aspects Sometimes, as in the case of the Tsar Nicholas, they
of life as well, and knows that the actor is at bottom appear under their real names, at others in trans-
the same sort of person as may be found in alınost parent disguises, such as de Windt for de Witte, and
any occupation that is not merely mechanical. Of Doshoudoneff for Pobiedonostseff. An important
course, the nature of the actor's calling cuts him off figure in the narrative is the ghost of the composer
from that continued association with the same peo Tschaikowsky (here called Ivan Gregoriev), who
ple and scenes which is the richest possession of acts as a sort of tutelary genius to the characters
normally-constituted human beings, and deprives chiefly conce
cerned, and materializes at critical mo-
him of the strength that can come only from a rooted ments just long enough to express his sympathy and
existence. That this loss should be recognized deliver himself of some excellent ghostly advice. It
to the full is a vital requirement of the book of is a pity that Miss Potter should have resorted to this
theatrical fiction, and the fact that the present writer trick of supernaturalism, which seriously weakens
does so recognize it — that she makes it the leading her book.
motive of her story -
is the best tribute we can pay Miss Murfree seems to alternate pretty regularly
to her artistic sincerity. Her Felicity is a bright between romantic inventions of the historical past
and winsome creature, a histrionic genius and the (with Indians) and pictures of modern life. Her
idol of the public, but these facts are never allowed scene is always the same that region of the Great
to obscure certain other facts more humanly signi Smoky Mountains which she has made so
ficant — her longings for friendship, for the intimate pletely her own for literary purposes.
Her histor-
ties of family affection, for the holy bond of mar ical romance of “The Amulet,” which we recently
ried love. From these her profession in large reviewed, is now followed by “The Windfall,”
measure precludes her, and she is not compensated which is a novel of present-day conditions. We
for missing them by any amount of public adula welcome the familiar description, colored and atmos-
tion or any degree of worldly prosperity. An ele- pheric, with which the book opens; it has become
ment of almost tragic pathos comes into the story reduced to a fairly definite formula now, but it never
when she marries an easy-going and superficially quite loses its freshness. Miss Murfree's latest hero is
polished fellow-actor, and desperately tries to idealize an itinerant showman, who has set up his booths and
his commonplace nature. There is more real tragedy tents in the town of Colbury for the entertainment
in this situation than in the episode of his melo of the countryside population. His troupe is in des-
dramatic murder which ends the brief term of their perate straits, and achieves only a dubious success
wedded life. We are given to understand that she in this last desperate venture to retrieve its fortunes.
afterwards marries the right man, but this we must But our interest is soon diverted from the show,
com-


316
[May 16,
THE DIAL
of a
and fixed upon two interesting groups of people trations and maps. Twenty-five pages from the
a clan of mountain-folk who are engaged in the journal afterward kept in India close the volume
exercise of their natural right to make whiskey, and and bring the narrative down almost to the end of
a company of sophisticated summer visitors. There the year 1814. Recent seismic and diplomatic (or
is an interesting young woman in each group, and undiplomatic) happenings at Kingston give special
either would make an acceptable heroine; as a mat interest now to Lady Nugent's notes. She too suf-
ter of fact, the primitive beauty of the one proves fered, not in body but in mind, from earthquakes,
no match for the cultivated charm of the other, with and also had her frets and worries as first lady of
whom the showman falls rather precipitately in the island very much as must have been the case
love. Fate smoothes the way for him by revealing with Lady Swettenham, to whom the editor has
his gentle birth and making him the heir to large dedicated the volume. But a great part of the
estates. This is the “windfall ” which gives the journal is devoted to things personal and domestic;
book its name. The writer shows herself still capa hence the propriety of its private circulation when,
ble of using the old material to excellent effect, five years after the writer's death, it first saw the
although it would be foolish to deny that she has light in a modest way. One regrets that Lady
worked the vein until it shows signs of exhaustion. Nugent met so few persons of note, with whom to
“ The Iron Way” is a tale of the building of the enliven and diversify her pages; for she handled
Central Pacific Railroad. The author, Mrs. Sarah the pen clever woman and a wide-awake ob-
Pratt Carr, is the daughter of a man who held a server. All that editorial skill could do to render
responsible position in connection with the work of attractive her sometimes monotonous chronicling of
construction, and her childhood was literally spent unimportant details for she had few others to
on the road, moving with her family from one con record - has been done. Historical, biographical,
struction camp to another, as the track slowly made and bibliographical matter is furnished in abund-
its way eastward. She is thus able to draw upon ance. It should be noted that Lady Nugent (Maria
her personal recollections for most of the material Skinner) was of American birth, being the daughter
out of which she has built this vivid narrative of of Courtlandt Skinner, lawyer, soldier, and loyalist,
pioneer experience. To satisfy the imperious de of Perth Amboy, New Jersey.
mands of the novel-reader, she has invented a love-
story of the conventional sort, but the chief interest
Hardly more than journalistic jot-
Jottings of
of her tale centres about the railroad itself, and the a journalist.
tings are Mr. George W. E. Russell's
amazing energy displayed by its promoters - the
fifty-three short pieces collected un-
“ big four” of California history – in overcoming treating of such matters of daily interest as doctors
der the title, “Seeing and Hearing” (Dutton), and
the obstacles set by nature and human perversity in
and doctoring, mourning, wills, pensions, public
the way of the enterprise.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
schools, dinner, luncheon, tea, supper, inns and
hotels, travel, handwriting, pets, social changes,
home, hospitality, culture, religion, superstition.
The author deplores the prevalence of a culture that
is but skin-deep and a learning that is only a smat-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
tering. But even smattering he seems not utterly
It is remarkable how many wives of
Jamaica
to despise, for surely no book could appeal more
honest men sent to live abroad for peculiarly to smatterers than does this ingenious
the commonwealth have left vivacious collection of fact and fancy, history and anecdote,
and interesting accounts of the people and places politics and society chit-chat. A strain of moraliz-
visited in this ambassadorial capacity. Lady Mary ing, a regretful consciousness of the degeneracy of
Wortley Montagu in earlier times, and Madame the age (when was man without this uneasy sense
Waddington and Mrs. George Bancroft and Mrs.
of present decline?) a wistful recollection of the
John Adams in later years, come readily to mind good old days, all voice themselves in the frequent
in this connection. Wives of governors sent out to didactic, sermonizing note of the sections on social
the British possessions in various parts of the and religious and educational matters. As if to
world have also beguiled the tedium of their honor- dignify his sometimes rather trivial theme, the
able exile by setting down things seen and heard. writer freely avails himself of the aids of typogra-
Lady Dufferin is a conspicuous example, with her phy; that is, he uses capitals without stint, treating
books on India and Canada. Lady Nugent, wife us to a University, a Public School, a Cavalry Regi-
of Sir George Nugent, governor of Jamaica from ment, a General, a Cornet, a Golden Mean, a Tavern
1801 to 1805, is less known to the world, although Dinner, and so forth. A talent for neat and expres-
her Jamaican journal was printed (for private cir sive generic proper names accompanies this fondness
culation, however) almost seventy years ago. It is for capitals."Pennialinus " is just obscure enough
now published under the title of “Lady Nugent's to the first glance to make its recognition on second
Journal” (Macmillan), ably edited by Mr. Frank scrutiny a pleasing mental event. Mr. Russell's
Cundall, F.S.A., Secretary and Librarian of the “ Collections and Recollections” made an enjoyable
Institute of Jamaica, and well supplied with illus- / book, and his “Social Silhouettes” offered many a
a hundred
years ago.


1907.]
317
THE DIAL
For the lover
way
you !
deftly executed pen-portrait ; in “Seeing and Hear- Cambridge. Mr. Rivers’s especial investigations
ing” he still further works the vein opened in the lay in the direction of the social organization and
two earlier volumes, but leaves the reader a little the system of kinship in vogue among these people.
disposed to query whether the vein is not getting The Todas are a purely pastoral people, limiting
worked out. To try to repeat a good thing is human, their activities almost entirely to the care of their
to err is also human, but to forgive is a divine attri buffaloes and to the complicated ritual which has
bute wanting to most critics and to many readers. grown up in association with these animals. Their
religion is based fundamentally upon their dairy
An astronomer was riding in a rail work, and their lives are indissolubly bound up with
train one evening, and chancing
of the heavens.
attention to these sacred beasts. “ The sacred ani-
to look out into the darkness he saw
mals are attended by men especially set apart who
Sirius, the brightest star in all the sky. Instantly,
form the Toda priesthood, and the milk of the sacred
unmindful of his surroundings, he waved his hand animals is churned in dairies which
may be regarded
at his scintillating friend, as if to say,
“ Glad to see
as the Toda temples and are so regarded by the
How are you?” He was very familiar with
people themselves.”
No feature (and there are
the history of the star, and felt as if a personal ac dreds of complicated features) of their peculiar
quaintance were looking down at him. An atti- worship is overlooked by Mr. Rivers ; in fact, he
tude of mind similar to this is manifested by Martha
has loaded his study with such minute detail that
Evans Martin in her volume entitled “The Friendly it sometimes obscures the general course of his dis-
Stars ” (Harper); she wishes to interest her readers
cussion. After describing the elaborate ceremonial
so that they too may take delight in the celestial
which centres around the dairy, the author describes
bodies which beam so cheerfully upon us from their other sacred ceremonies and institutions, discusses
far-away fastnesses. The opening chapter on the the general features of their religion, considers their
rising and setting of the stars is followed by one social life, their ceremonies of birth, growth, and
in which the brightest stars are described in a general death, their sacred days and superstitions, and closes
way; after this a number of chapters are given to his volume of eight hundred pages with an account
descriptive matter about each of certain notable stars, of the relations of the Todas to the other tribes of
such as Arcturus, Vega, and the brilliants which be-
the Nilgiris, and their origin and affinities. Mr.
stud Orion's giant form. We are informed of their Rivers's book will be of decided interest to those
sizes, their distances, their colors, the seasons of the
who are fond of studying the diversified customs
year at which they rise and set near sunset, and of and habits of the human race.
other facts which lend to them a human interest.
The author is a lover of nature in all its forms. She
“The Young in Heart” (Houghton,
The psychology
notices, for example, that Arcturus rises in the early of self-conceit and Mifflin & Co.), by Mr. Arthur Stan-
evening at a time when the horse-chestnut buds are
wood Pier, comprises eight essays
swelling and the elm trees are putting forth their
in observation of the writer's fellow mortals, their
first brown blossoms, and the hawks and owls and excellences and defects, their successes and failures,
crows are prospecting for nesting sites among the
their work and their play. Particularly strong has
high trees.” The closing chapters tell about the the author shown himself in what may be called
constellations in detail, showing the reader how to the psychology of self-conceit. Readers of 6 The
find them, and calling his attention to many matters
Pedagogues ” will remember that early story of Mr.
of interest. Some star-maps accompany these de-
Pier's as an unusually bright and amusing portrayal
scriptions, and one can but regret that they are so of certain forms of self-complacency. His later novel,
inadequate. An attempt is made to show most of “The Ancient Grudge," also pictures the victim of
the constellations on a plate covering less than seductive self-deception in the brilliant but super-
twenty square inches. The delicate, yet sure and ficial architect, Stewart Lee, and in the pompously
accurate, touch of the author, and her genuine love philanthropic millionaire Halket. From Mr. Pier's
for the sky, combine to charm the reader, and to essay on “The Quiet Man,” a study of the divers
make him wish to have the book within reach, in qualities, good and bad, that a retiring demeanor
case he too is a lover of the heavens.
may hide, here is a passage not lacking in whole-
some truth : “The looker-on is usually the man dis-
On the undulating plateau of the satisfied with idleness and critical of the activity of
Picturesque
inhabitants of Nilgiri Hills in Southern India lives others. Because it might draw upon
him comparison
Southern India.
a tribe of eight hundred people called to his disadvantage, he does not utter freely his
the Todas. The hills were first visited in 1602, carping criticism of the active; but he bears in mind
but no definite information was ever published about how much better he himself would do this or that
these picturesque and unique people until the early if it were not for some forbidding circumstance."
part of the nineteenth century. Since that time a The chapter entitled “The Smoking-Room "is all the
comparatively large literature has accumulated about better for being written by a non-smoker, a shrewdly
them. The latest book on the subject is the exhaus observant on-looker with no fumes from his own pipe
tive study entitled “The Todas ” (Macmillan), by or cigar to dim the clearness of his vision. Any im-
Mr. W. H. R. Rivers, Fellow of St. John's College, putation of self-righteousness for this abstention he
other matter's.


318
[May 16,
THE DIAL
gracefully wards off at the outset.
“ We are all pre- sulted a document, that mere accuracy was a minor
disposed to certain habits and vices,” he cheerfully virtue in his mind, that personal bias entered largely
admits, “and the vice of not smoking is one for into his appraisements, so that to be born (like him-
which I have inherited a predilection.” His passing self) in Arezzo, or to be a follower (like himself)
reference to “ the distinguished Edward Fitzgerald” of Michelangelo, was the surest passport to an honor-
(thrice thus written) betrays in more ways than one able place in his hierarchy. But all these deductions
that he is no genuine Omarian. Enjoyment of these being made, it still remains true that he knew what
agreeable and often illuminating studies in human he was talking about, being himself both architect
nature - most of which, by the way, are reprinted and painter; that he had seen personally nearly
from the Atlantic”— would be more nearly perfect everything he described ; and that, more than any
did they reveal a finer sense of the niceties of lan- of his contemporaries, he was gifted with a narrative
guage, a less sturdy determination, already mani- power and a dramatic sense which not only set him
fested in the author's novels, to forego the luxury of above all biographers of his own time, but keeps
those rare and obsolescent, but not yet quite unin him among the best of all time. “The Florentine
telligible, verbal auxiliaries shall and should. masters," it has been said, " are the Dr. Johnsons
of Art; they are so much more fascinating in the
At first thought, one would scarcely pages of their Boswell than in their own works.”
Feudalism
associate the feudal system with
in America.
This is so true that the names of some artists whose
America; yet “the twilight of feu works are merely second-rate have been perpetuated
dalism was more prolonged in British Canada than almost solely because of their mention by Vasari.
in any other territory controlled by a European state A selection from the “ Lives" is therefore of value,
or peopled by men of European stock.” This is the
and such we now have in a handsome volume ar-
statement of Mr. William Bennett Monroe, in his ranged and translated by E. L. Seeley and published
“Harvard Historical Study” entitled “The Seign- by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. We in this twentieth
iorial System in Canada” (Longmans, Green & century have a great advantage over those for whom
Co.). The author describes the first feudal grant Vasari wrote, in being able to have before our eyes
of land made in France for the American posses- reproductions of the pictures mentioned in the text.
sions — that made to La Roche in 1598, to be trans-
The eight colored plates in Mr. Seeley's volume are
ferred by him in allotment to others in the form of of special beauty; there are also twenty-four full-
fiefs, countships, baronies, and other feudal holdings, page half-tones.
in return for such service or rental as he chose to
demand. Other grants made to individuals, and
Many scholars have wrestled with
those to companies like the Company of One Hun-
the Book of Job. Its problem has
a solitary soul.
dred Associates, transplanted the feudal system from
been one of the mysteries of the
France to New France or Canada, although making Bible, about which writers have agreed and disa-
many changes compared with the parent state. To
greed for twenty centuries. But there is universal
the Jesuits were given at different times no less than
agreement that it is one of the most interesting
830,000 arpents of land, and to the other religious pieces of the literature of ancient times. Its pre-
orders in total 2,000,000 arpents. The banalities,
sentation in the form of a drama, though not pre-
or special grants, were exercised only in connection
cisely of such a drama as we find in classic times,
with grist-mills and bake-shops. At the time of the
lends to it uniqueness. Within recent times many
annual bringing of tribute to the lord, his dooryard books have appeared that have for their purpose
was filled with poultry, grain, and live stock. The
the popularization of this great work. The most
corvee, or enforced days of labor, was rigidly de-
notable of these is Professor Genung's “The Epic
manded by the seignior, as well as a share of the
of the Inner Life,” which sets forth the hero, Job,
fisheries and ferry receipts. In 1850, the very last
with all his inner struggles and conflicts, making
of the seigniorial rights was purchased by appro-
the work “a record of a sublime epic action, whose
priations made by the Canadian Parliament for that
scene is the solitary soul of a righteous man.” The
purpose, and the feudal system was at an end in
newest is entitled “Studies in the Book of Job,” by
America. The monograph is in keeping with the
the Rev. Francis N. Peloubet, famed throughout
high standard of scholarship shown in preceding the Sunday-school world for his “ Select Notes on
volumes of the series.
the International Lessons.” His wide experience in
preparing pedagogical literature has been tellingly
It is evidence of some real saving utilized in the production of this book. He has
"Lives" in grace in a book when new editions collected striking quotations from scores of sources,
new form.
of it are still published after three and has so arranged his matter that by its aid a
and one-half centuries. That Giorgio Vasari's class or an individual wishing to do real work in
“ Lives of the Italian Artists," first published in this field can do it in an effective and interesting
1550, continues to be republished, retranslated, and manner. A full bibliography, charts, plans, and
reëdited, shows that it is one of the books that we modern methods of study, give the student or teacher
cannot do without. We may and do reject many a real vade mecum on this most troublesome but
of Vasari's stories, for we know that he never con fascinating book of the Old Testament (Scribner).
The drama of
Vasari's


1907.)
319
THE DIAL
successor.
BRIEFER MENTION.
NOTES.
“ The Romantic Revolt,” by Professor Charles Edwyn Messrs. Harper & Brothers publish a new edition of
Vaughan, is added to the series of “ Periods of Euro “ Manners and Social Usages," a work for which, in its
pean Literature," edited by Mr. Saintsbury and pub original form, Mrs. M. E. W. Sherwood was responsible.
lished by the Messrs. Scribner. The series is now Leslie Stephen's Ford Lectures, given in 1903, on
within a single volume of completion, and needs only “ English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth
the treatment of the later nineteenth century that the Century,” are now republished by the Messrs. Putnam.
editor has allotted to himself to give us the satisfac The Macmillan Co. publish a third edition of Mr.
tion of viewing the twelve volumes in a row. Mr.
George Massee's “ Text-Book of Plant Diseases," a
Vaughan's book, just published, covers the last quarter
work of great practical value to gardeners and horti-
of the eighteenth century and the earliest years of its culturists.
It is an exceptionally interesting period,
“ Rosmersholm ” and “ The Lady from the Sea”
and the book is exceptionally readable. The chapter
make up the ninth volume in the new edition of Ibsen
on Germany is the longest, as it should be, for it is con-
in English, edited by Mr. William Archer and published
cerned with the great period of German literature and
by the Messrs. Scribner.
thought, with Lessing, Schiller, Goethe, and Kant.
“A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the
“ The Shirburn Ballads,” edited by Mr. Andrew
Gospel according to S. Matthew," by Mr. Willoughby
Clark, and published by Mr. Henry Frowde, is a volume
C. Allen, is the latest volume of the “ International
which now makes public for the first time a manuscript
Critical Commentary,” published by Messrs. Charles
contained in the library of the Earl of Macclesfield,
Scribner's Sons.
Shirburn Castle, Oxfordshire. The manuscript dates
from the early seventeenth century, and most of the
“ A Text-Book of Electro-Chemistry,” by Professor
eighty ballads are new to scholarship. Such of them as
Max LeBlanc, is published by the Macmillan Co. The
are dated range from 1585 to 1616, which is almost
present form of the work is a translation, by Drs. W.R.
exactly the period of Shakespeare's creative activity, a
Whitney and John W. Brown, from the fourth enlarged
German edition.
fact which students of our great dramatist will appre-
ciate. As the editor remarks, this collection helps to
A new edition of Brig.-Gen. Henry L. Abbot's “ Prob-
bridge over the gap between the earlier ballads and those
lems of the Panama Canal," with additional material
of the post-Restoration period. The variety offered is
covering the progress of events since the transfer of the
considerable; there are ballads of religion and of poli-
work to the United States, is a timely and valuable pub-
tics, festive ballads and ballads of earthquakes and
lication of the Macmillan Co.
monsters. They are evidently copied from printed
Scott's “ Kenilworth,” edited by Mr. J. H. Castle-
exemplars which were circulated in Shakespeare's time.
man, is a new “ Pocket Classic” published by the
We have commented from time to time upon the
Macmillan Co. “Quentin Durward,” edited by Mr.
separately-published sections of the “ Classified Cata-
R. W. Bruère, is added by Messrs. Ginn & Co. to their
logue of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburg," and we
“ Standard English Classics.”
now welcome the complete work in three stout volumes,
A new edition (the seventh) of Mrs. Mabel Osgood
aggregating nearly four thousand pages. The decimal Wright's “ Birdcraft” attests the popularity and use-
system of classification is employed. Author and sub-
fulness of that well-known manual. There are illus-
ject indexes fill about one-half of the third volume.
trative plates in profusion, and the volume has rounded
Descriptive annotation of titles is largely employed in corners for the purpose of making it pocketable.
this catalogue, a feature which makes the work valu * It takes a volume of nearly seven hundred pages to
able for reference even to those who are not within print “A Catalogue of the Collection of Mammals in
reach of the particular library whose resources are here
the Field Columbian Museum." Illustrations of a num-
displayed.
ber of rare species add greatly to the value of this
“ Three Phi Beta Kappa Addresses,” by Mr. Charles
work, which has been prepared by Dr. Daniel Giraud
Francis Adams, is a volume published by Messrs.
Elliot.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The addresses are “A College “ The Greatest Fact in Modern History " is the title
Fetich” (1883), the Cromwell address (1902), and given by Mr. Whitelaw Reid to an address delivered at
“ Some Modern College Tendencies ” (1906). A good Cambridge University last summer. He means by it
deal has been said about Mr. Adams's change of heart the astonishing rise of the United States to its present
on the subject of the classics, as evidenced by a com commanding position among the nations of the world.
parison of the first and third of these addresses, but the Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. now print the address in
author stoutly protests against the notion that there is a beautiful little volume.
any essential contradiction between the two deliverances. Miss Isabel F. Hapgood's translation of Tourguénieff
Three briefer papers, resulting from Mr. Adams's rela is now being reissued by Messrs. Charles Scribner's
tions with Harvard University, round out the volume to Sons. As compared with the “Subscription ” edition
respectable dimensions.
of two or three years ago, the present edition omits the
Mr. W. G. Rawlinson's descriptive handbook to illustrations and the special introductions, and reduces
Turner's “Liber Studiorum,” first published in 1878,
the number of volumes from sixteen to fourteen.
is now issued by the Macmillan Co. in a thoroughly. There is also a substantial reduction in the price of the
revised edition. During the thirty years since the first
volumes.
appearance of this work, Mr. Rawlinson has accumu Mr. George Allen of London has in preparation new
lated a large amount of additional material, and the editions of some of Ruskin's earlier works, including
incorporation of this in the new edition makes his volume the latest and copyright alterations and additions, and
still more emphatically the most satisfactory commen these books, by arrangement with Mr. Henry Frowde,
tary on the Liber now obtainable.
will be included as Ruskin House editions in the


320
[May 16,
THE DIAL
« World's Classics.” In connection with the two hun-
dredth anniversary of Fielding's birth, Mr. Frowde is
publishing in the same series “ The Journal of a Voyage
to Lisbon,” edited by Mr. Austin Dobson.
Mr. Lawrence Burpee's volume entitled “ The Search
for the Western Sea,” in which is told the story of the
exploration of Northwestern America, from La Vér-
endrye to Alexander Mackenzie, will be published by
Mr. Ålston Rivers of London during the coming summer.
“ A Short History of the American Navy,” by Mr.
John R. Spears, is published by Messrs. Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons. It takes the form of a popular narrative,
with half a dozen illustrations, and has been prepared
under the auspices of the Navy League of the United
States.
“ The Major Dramas of Richard Brinsley Sheridan,”
a title which means “ The Rivals,” « The School for
Scandal,” and “The Critic," are published in the
“ Athenæum Press Series ” of Messrs. Ginn & Co., under
the editorial supervision of Professor George Henry
Nettleton.
Professor Frank W. Blackmar's “ Economics” has
for seven years enjoyed the favor of teachers of the
subject, who have found in it a practical modern treatise
upon the science, lucid in presentation, and admirable
in arrangement. The Macmillan Co. now publish this
text-book in a new edition.
« Farm Management,” by Professor Fred W. Card,
is added by Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co. to their
“ Farm Library.” It treats of such subjects as business
accounts, suggestions for watching markets, the time to
market various products, and the ways of fitting the
farmer's business to special local conditions.
Messrs. Jennings & Graham are engaged in the pub-
lication of a series of biographies entitled “Men of the
Kingdom.” Three volumes now at hand are “ John
Calvin: the Statesman," by Mr. Richard Taylor Steven-
son; “Fenelon: the Mystic,” by Mr. James Mudge; and
“John Knox: the Reformer,” by Dr. Isaac Crook.
From Messrs. Burroughs, Wellcome & Co., New
York, we have received the United States edition of
“Wellcome's Photographic Exposure Record and
Diary” for 1907, a compendium of photographic in-
formation that the amateur and professional alike
should find indispensable. The book is issued in
leather-bound wallet form, convenient for the pocket.
HISTORY.
The Birth of the Nation : Jamestown, 1607. By Mrs. Roger
A. Pryor. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 352. Macmillan Co.
$1.75 net.
The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence: A Study
of Evidence Showing that the Alleged Early Declaration of
Independence by Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, on
May 20th, 1775, is Spurious. By William Henry Hoyt, A.M.
Large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 284. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
Le Japon: Histoire et Civilisation. By Marquis de la
Mazelière. In 3 vols., 12mo, uncut. Paris: Plon-Nourrit &
Co. Paper.
The Story of Concord. By Concord writers; edited by
Josephine Latham Swayme. Illus., 8vo, pp. 314. Boston:
W. B. Clarke Co. $1.25 net.
ESSAYS AND GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Arthur of the English Poets. By Howard Maynadier.
12mo, pp. 454. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50 net.
The Measure of the Hours. By Maurice Maeterlinck; trans.
by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 371.
Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.40 net.
Beside Still Waters. By Arthur Christopher Benson. 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 410. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
The Young in Heart. By Arthur Stanwood Pier. 12mo,
pp. 240. Houghton, Mimin & Co. $1.25 net.
Human Affairs. By Vincent O'Sullivan. 12mo, pp. 274.
London: David Nutt.
The Short Story : Its Principles and Structure. By Evelyn
May Albright, M.A. 18mo, pp. 260. Macmillan Co. 90 cts. net.
POETRY AND THE DRAMA.
The Goddess of Reason: A Drama in Five Acts. By Mary
Johnston. Large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 234. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $2. net.
The Hidden Places, and Other Poems. By Alida Chanler
Emmet. 12mo, uncut, pp. 109. Robert Grier Cooke.
Fairmount Park, and Other Poems, with Historical Notes.
By Albert J. Edmunds. Large 8vo, pp. 52. Philadelphia:
Maurice Brix.
Unseen Save of Solitude. By Robert Cariveau. 12mo, gilt
top, pp. 119. Gorham Press. $1.50.
By the Sea, and Other Verses. By H. Lavinia Baily. 12mo,
pp. 75. Gorham Press. $1.
Ode to the Russian People. By John William Scholl. 12mo,
pp. 41. Boston: Poet Lore Co. $1.
Verses. By Charlotte Whitcomb. With portrait, 12mo, gilt
top, pp. 62. Gorham Press. $1.
The Missive: A Dramatic Poem. By Maud May Parker, 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 48. Boston: Poet Lore Co. $1.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 90 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY.
George Crabbe and his Times, 1754-1832: A Critical and
Biographical Study. By René Huchon; trans. from the
French by Frederick Clarke, M.A. With photogravure por-
trait, large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 561. E. P. Dutton & Co. $5. net.
The Life and Letters of Charles Russell Lowell. By
Edward W. Emerson. With photogravure portrait, 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 499. Houghton, Miffin & Co. $2. net.
Shakespeare. By Walter Raleigh. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 223.
"English Men of Letters." Macmillan Co. 75 cts. net.
James Harris Fairchild; or, Sixty-Eight Years with a
Christian College. By Albert Temple Swing. With por-
trait, 8vo, gilt top, pp. 397. Fleming H. Revell Co. $2. net.
Heroes of the Navy in America. By Charles Morris.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 320. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25 net.
Ferdinand Magellan. By Frederick A. Ober. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 301.
Heroes of American History." Harper & Brothers.
$1. net.
FICTION.
Through the Eye of the Needle. By William Dean Howells.
8vo, gilt top, pp. 233. Harper & Brothers. $1.50.
Jerry Junior. By Jean Webster. Illus., 12mo, pp. 282. Cen-
tury Co. $1.50.
The Country House. By John Galsworthy. 12mo, pp. 307.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
The Mayor's Wife. By Anna Katharine Green. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 389. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.50.
Catherine of Calais. By Mrs. Henry de la Pasture. 12mo
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Dramatic Traditions of the Dark Ages
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