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TE BIRGDOR PRESS
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Thoroughly Revised Edition
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LIPPINCOTT'S
Universal Pronouncing
Dictionary
of Biography and
Mythology
Owing to the great strides that have
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activity during the past few years a new
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for years has been in its department with-
out a rival in the estimation of scholars,
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includes notice of the leading characters
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J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY


96
[Feb. 3, 1916
THE DIAL
New Macmillan Books on Current Events
The Diplomacy of the Great War
By ARTHUR BULLARD.
Beginning with a discussion of the development
of international politics in Europe since the Con-
gress of Berlin in 1878, Mr. Bullard traces the
causes and conditions of the present war, by a
study of the diplomacy that preceded it.
An
interesting feature of the book is the review of the
diplomatic relations between the United States
and Europe.
$1.50.
Law and Order in Industry
By JULIUS HENRY COHEN.
A vivid description of the processes and results
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and future import to all employers of labor, trades
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science and economics.
Ready February 9.
The Aftermath of Battle
By E. D. TOLAND.
With a preface by Owen Wister.
“The pages in this book are like the photo-
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Illustrated. $1.00.
Roadside Glimpses of the
Great War
By ARTHUR SWEETSER.
Prisoner of the Germans Once, of the French Twice.
Not a book of strategy, but a simple, direct
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The Mechanistic View of War
and Peace
By GEORGE W. CRILE, M. D.
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By FREDERICK Scott OLIVER.
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By ERNEST F. HENDERSON.
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Who's Who
1916.
The annual biographical dictionary of living
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une.
>
What Is Coming
By H. G. WELLS.
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he discusses the probability of the establishment
of a long world peace. To be published shortly.
The German Empire Between
Two Wars
By ROBERT H. FIFE, JR.
Not a “war book," and yet one of its several
interests undoubtedly arises from the application
of the matters which it discusses to present events.
Gives a clear unbiased account of Germany's
foreign and internal politics from 1871-1914 and a
most interesting picture of modern Germany as
revealed by the school systems, the church, the
press and the government of the rapidly growing
cities.
Ready February 16.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, New York


THE DIAL
A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
Vol. LX.
FEBRUARY 3, 1916
No. 711
CONTENTS.
PAGE
ON READING FOR ENJOYMENT. Charles
Leonard Moore
97
LITERARY AFFAIRS IN LONDON. (Special
London Correspondence.) J. C. Squire 99
An English Impression of the “Spoon River
Anthology.” — Thomas Gray as a Letter-
Writer.– The Second Georgian Poetry Book.
- Some Magazines Affected by the War.-
“Form," a New English Quarterly.
CASUAL COMMENT
101
Publishers' ethics. The first fine careless
rapture over Shakespeare.-- Librarians' shop-
talk of half a century ago.-A half-century's
record of good literary work.-- Forty years
of our oldest comic journal.— Polite letters
and military training.–A year's library leg.
islation.- Mr. Masefield in America.-A far
northwestern word in defence of our lan-
guage.- Echoes from the great international
book-fair.— The year's literary harvest in
England.
COMMUNICATIONS
105
Historical Inaccuracies in Longfellow's
Evangeline.” Erving Winslow.
Extrinsic Values in Art. Olin D. Wanna-
maker.
The
“ Twelve Days of Christmas " Folk-
Song. Gertrude Richardson Brigham,
Chauncey B. Tinker, Emily F. Brown,
Charles D. Platt, and Edwin Herbert
Lewis.
Capitals and the New Poetry. Raymond W.
Pence.
THE GENIUS OF SARANAC. Percy F. Bick-
nell
110
INTERPRETATIONS OF LITERATURE. Nor-
man Foerster
112
“ PASSAGE TO MORE THAN INDIA.” F. B.
R. Hellems
114
INTELLIGENCE AS A MORAL OBLIGA-
TION. Alex. Mackendrick
117
COSMIC SYSTEMS AND PHILOSOPHICAL
IMAGINATION. H. M. Kallen
120
SOUTH AMERICA AS A COMMERCIAL
FIELD. Mariano J. Lorente .
121
RECENT FICTION. Edward E. Hale
122
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
125
Arm-chair excursions.- Economics and psy.
chology.- The crowd and the State.-Ana-
tole France and his work.— Psychology and
the executive personality.- College book-
plates in America.-A Napoleonic itinerary.
-A plebiscite on college education.-A
“ Ouida” of the 18th century.-An easy
approach to Confucius.
NOTES
129
TOPICS IN FEBRUARY PERIODICALS 130
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
130
ON READING FOR ENJOYMENT.
This phrase, or something like it, is Fitz-
Gerald's. He who stood aside from the world,
to whom the ordinary employments of man-
kind were unsubstantial and visionary, kept
his heart open to books until the last. Imagi-
nation took the place of action with him, as
it does with a boy. To the most of us, how-
ever, reading for enjoyment is only possible
in youth. Afterward we read for knowledge,
or to get some profit for our labor, or at
least to acquire that ineffable consciousness
of superiority to hoi polloi which does not
read. But the wild ecstacy of our earliest
acquaintance with books, the intoxications,
orgies, debauches of imagination by which we
accompany and supplement our reading, can
hardly be recaptured. Only the creative
artist, perhaps, though moving behind the
scenes amid the pulleys and trap doors of the
stage, can retain enough of the innocence of
youth to believe in the make-believe that is
presented to the front of the house.
My parents were worshippers of Scott and
Dickens, so that my boyhood was ruled by
those large luminaries. There could hardly
have been better or more beneficent influ-
ences. Imagine a petty and desiccated child-
hood developing under the auspices of Jane
Austen, or a dwarfed and repulsive growth
under the malign powers of the modern real-
ists. My mother had various portfolios of
engravings and pictures of the Waverley and
Byronic epoch. Before I could read I was
familiar with the names and faces of the
heroes and heroines of that literature, and
carried them about in my mind for imitation
or admiration; I wore the vestments of the
men and the livery of the ladies. I remem-
ber, too, an enormously extended life of Napo-
leon full of vividly colored prints, which one
drew out accordion-fashion, depicting pretty
nearly all the chief incidents in the career of
the Conqueror. After all, the Moving-Picture-
bred boy of to-day has not so much the advan-
tage of our older generation, for we could pore
over our pictures by the hour and recur to
them again and again until we knew them by
heart.
.
0
.
.
.
.


98
(Feb. 3
THE DIAL
66
My parents had the habit, which I suppose nounced flavor and potency of life; but it is
is common enough, of attaching imaginary nutritious and a hungry man is not choice.
personalities to real ones. Such an acquain- Perhaps pemmican would be equally disap-
tance was Quilp or Dick Swiveller or the pointing.
Antiquary. If I did anything creditable I My first poet was Scott. “The Lady of the
was Mark Tapley, * coming out strong." | Lake” was read to me by my mother before I
There was thus always a coming and going was twelve years old; and I immediately
of ideal figures in our house. As soon as I borrowed a lead-pencil and some paper and
began to read for myself I set to work to started an epic of my own on similar lines.
construct them and their regions even more That was always the effect of verse on me.
strongly. My father was a soldier and a
Prose started me to imaginary imitation of
mighty hunter, and so I had a great store of its action,-poetry to an attempted reproduc-
leaden bullets of various sizes and shapes. tion of the form. Description, images, fine
With these, on the cartography of the carpet, writing in prose, I loathed, and always
I laid out the scenes and worked out the plots skipped. Set to the motion and tunes of
of my romances and novels as fast as I read verse, they lassoed me and drew me captive
them. Or in my long and lonely walks it was after them. I do not think I thought myself
no trouble for me to displace the streets or into the characters and scenes of poetry. It
landscapes that I saw and substitute in their
was an Eden protected from entrance by a
stead the houses and country scenes of my flaming sword; but I soon discovered that it
book-fed vision.
was an Eden built up out of words, and I set
Side by side with the larger lords of fiction myself to discover their secret. Pope and
I have named came Cooper and all his com- | Shelley were the next poets who unfolded
peers of wood and wave. I probably made themselves to my infant mind. I read and
no critical distinction between the literary re-read them sedulously, though what I made
masterpiece and the dime novel. Both were out of their moralities or anti-moralities is
good if they could be worked over in imagina- more than I can say now. Shelley did con-
tive play. What a debt I must have owed to vert me to vegetarianism, and made me a
Mayne Reid! There is hardly one of his nuisance in the household for some time. We
adventures that I have not re-enacted in had no copy of Keats, and I first found him
fancy a score of times. Books of travel and in my first circulating library , bound up in
exploration,- arctic, tropic, mountain, con- one volume with the poems of Mary Howitt
tinental,- all were magnificent fuel for my and Dean Milman. I took the book out so
imagination's fire. Of course I am aware that often that the librarian must have thought
this is the common experience of youth; but these improving authors most attractive to
because it is common it proves that that is the me. I read them, of course,
for what were
period of imaginative enjoyment. Some of books printed for except to be read? But I
my preoccupations might have been peculiar. heeded them not. The spell of Keats was
I remember the fascination which the idea of upon me, the vision and revelation of the
that arctic food, pemmican, had for me. In wonders of expression. Keats, too, served me
all my dream wanderings in the Hudson Bay as a gateway to Shakespeare. I had read a
region or the Fur Country, that edible accom- few of the master's plays before, in an un-
panied me. I was living on the fat of the knowing way; but Keats discovered to me
land in my comfortable home; but nothing, it their technique, and for many years I almost
seemed to me, could be quite as good as pem- buried myself in Shakespeare. I read him
mican. Alas, I have never tasted pemmican! sitting at a desk, curled up on a sofa, flat on
One other ideal food of my boyhood, jerked the floor, on my head, nearly, lying down-
beef, the carne seco of the Southern plains, I ward on a stairway. I read Shakespeare him-
have eaten. To my sorrow, I have been forced self, and all the critics and commentators,—
to subsist on it for considerable periods. It a library of them. Since I came of age I can
consists of the flesh of beef, or some other hardly be said to have recurred to such read-
animal, cut into thin strips, dried in the sun, ing. Unless one wants to be one of the
and then rolled up in masses in the hide. train attendant," it is best not to frequent
Under the tropic sun it soon acquires a pro- too much the court of great kings. However,
a


1916)
99
THE DIAL
>
I did for many years constitute myself a other shamelessly, as do the prose books which
slave or courtier of Shakespeare in his theatri- repeat them. But the movement and music of
cal guise. Stage exhibitions are perhaps the verse do seem to have something in them of
most enjoyable form of reading. They lack the primal or final harmony of the universe.
the perfection of the inner realizations of After all, reading to any great extent, or
the mind; but their overwhelming vividness any great enjoyment of reading, is hardly
of presentation, their life, color, and vibrant compatible with the work and doings of
tones, stamp even deeper impressions.
actual life. “If rum interferes with your
How much enjoyment is associated with the business,” says an old quip, “give up your
reading incidental to schoolwork, remains a business." I am afraid it is that way with
question. Slowly to dig out a few pages of reading. We can hardly fully inherit the
Homer or Virgil by the help of dictionary ideal and the real worlds at the same time.
and crib, is not an entrancing occupation.
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.
Of course such work gives one the key to
future conquests. I did not go far in this
direction in my youth, but I went far enough LITERARY AFFAIRS IN LONDON.
to realize that there were “livers out of
An English IMPRESSION OF THE SPOON RIVER
Britain”; that there were vast treasures out-
ANTHOLOGY.” — THOMAS GRAY AS A LETTER-
side of English literature.
WRITER.— THE SECOND GEORGIAN POETRY BOOK.
After the first flush of the experience of SOME MAGAZINES AFFECTED BY THE WAR.--
books is past, probably the best way to re- “ FORM," A New ENGLISH QUARTERLY.
cover some sense of freshness and newness in
(Special Correspondence of THE DIAL.)
intellectual matters is to change ground
New books have been rather more interest-
entirely, leave the cultivated and floriated ing since I last wrote. Several good things of
regions of imaginative literature for a time, various kinds came out toward the end of the
and get among the crags and rocks of harder autumn season, and the spring season opens
studies. “How charming is divine philoso- this week with the appearance of Mr. Arnold
phy!” sings Milton. Its portals and windows Bennett's
Bennett's “These Twain," which you have
,
are gray and forbidding enough from the out- already seen. At the moment the Press is
side, but from within they are flooded with agitated over the “Spoon River Anthology
light and color. For four or five years in my
which, until we saw it, we had presumed to be
early manhood I fed almost exclusively on
a collection of verses by some brotherhood of
metaphysics, and would have laughed at any
young poets who had formed a Pantisocratic
community on the bosky banks of the mean-
one who thought its Barmecide banquets un-
dering Spoon, where under the friendly
satisfactory. No lollipops for me when I
heaven, they reconciled the claims of Art and
could get syllogisms! What was any novel Nature by cultivating the Muse and the
or romance to a Dialogue of Plato or a Trea- Potato. We were wrong. How wrong I need
tise of Kant? Metaphysics is the royal game scarcely explain to readers who will be already
of the mind. It imposes itself upon life and familiar with the Gestes and Sayinges of the
literature, which are both largely what it shades of Tennessee Claflin Shope, Wm. Lloyd
decrees. It is a cyclone whose circumference
Garrison Standard, Wendell P. Bloyd, Henry
sweeps everything in its vortex, but at whose C. Calhoun, and Hod Putt - whose name runs
centre there is peace and quiet.
Boy Ed close as an example of monosyllabic
compression. Some people here are enthusi-
The sciences, too, or some of them, - astron-
astic about Mr. Masters's exposure of the
omy, geology, biology,— are capable of bring-
human race; others, amongst whom I count
ing back to the mind its spring, its keen and myself, think that the readableness of his book
devouring interest in things. As for law, is largely accounted for by the originality of
Blackstone is as readable as a novel. Almost his idea of (I do n't use the phrase in an offen-
everything of human interest is in the book, sive way) plying the muck-rake in a cemetery.
customs, habits, adventures, marriage matters,
A sane view was expressed, I think, by an
English author who said that Mr. Masters was
money affairs, and innumerable hangings.
an American Masefield with more sense than
But in the end, verse lasts best. The hurly-
Mr. Masefield, but a smaller poetic gift.
burly of the happenings of life seems to have
It is possible that some earnest student of
little plan or order, and they plagiarize each literature may illustrate the whole difference


100
Feb. 3
THE DIAL
-
6
9
:
between the twentieth century and the eight- appeared; and if it is not quite as good as its
eenth by comparing Mr. Masters's observa- predecessor it contains some very beautiful
tions in a Churchyard with those of Thomas lyrics by Walter de la Mare, W. H. Davies,
Gray. “From Stoke Poges to Spoon River: D. H. Lawrence, Ralph Hodgson, Rupert
An Appraisement of Relative Values": surely Brooke, and J. E. Flecker. The longest things
the book must already be in course of composi- | in the volume are two plays by Mr. Lascelles
tion. This idea, I am happy to say, would not Abercrombie and Mr. Gordon Bottomley.
have occurred to me in the normal way; but Mr. Abercrombie's “The End of the World”
I have just been reading Dr. Paget Toynbee's is a laborious failure; Mr. Bottomley's “ King
new Gray letters published in what may fairly Lear's Wife" is, although full of distinguished
claim to be the most important volumes of the writing, scarcely the “better half” of “King
season — " The Correspondence of Gray, Wal- Lear."
“
” The Queen dies while her husband
pole, West and Ashton” (Oxford University makes love to her handmaid in the death-
Press). Gray is certainly one of the best of En- chamber; Goneril, a virgin huntress, murders
a
glish letter-writers. Cowper—who had had no the handmaid; and the Queen's body is
—
opportunity of reading Horace Walpole's let- washed by a crone who accompanies the ablu-
ters and modestly failed to foresee the opinion tion with a song beginning:
that posterity would hold as to his own — said “ A louse crept out of my lady's shift
he was the best. “I once thought,” he wrote Ahemm, Ahumm, Ahee,
(to Joseph Hill in 1777), “Swift's letters the Crying · Oi! Oi! We are turned adrift
best that could be written; but I like Gray's The lady's bosom is cold and stiffed,
better. His humour, or his wit, or whatever
And her arm-pit's cold for me.'
it is to be called, is never ill-natured or offen- When the play was produced the other day
sive, and yet, think equally poignant with the Censor, with his usual sensitiveness,
the Dean's." In Dr. Toynbee's collection of knocked out this song; but the audience, I
the letters exchanged between the members of imagine, found the rest of it quite enough to
the Etonian “Quadruple Alliance," there are stomach. It is not a good play: its horrors are
nearly a hundred of Gray's which have never
laid on and its characters are unreal. But its
before been published, and they are as good author is one of the most ambitious and origi-
as the old ones. The high-spirited jokes of this nal of the younger poets, and nothing he
most solemn of poets contrast curiously with could do would be unmitigatedly bad. The
the refined and polished humor of Walpole: Chicago Repertory people might have a look
one letter from Cambridge, burlesquing the
at it if they want a change.
trivialities of ordinary correspondence, fin-
ishes up with “My Duck has eat a Snail." papers as one had expected it would includ-
The early letters give a pleasing picture of the ing trade-journals, which I do not as a rule
stagnancy of the eighteenth century universi- read but which I understand have fallen “like
ties. West went to Oxford, the other three to the leaves of the forest when Autumn hath
Cambridge, and though their letters as fresh- / blown.” But Mr. Scott-James's twopenny
men are, no doubt, rather affected in their literary journal the “New Weekly" "became a
boredom, such letters could scarcely have been casualty” (as they say at the front) early in
written in an age when the universities were the war; “Poetry and Drama” (a periodical
enjoying a vigorous life. West describes Ox- which, in its short career published much of
ford as a place “flowing with syllogisms and the best work of the younger poets) has suc-
ale, where Horace and Virgil are equally un-cumbed, though its spirit lives in hopes of a
known " and Gray writes of Cambridge: later re-incarnation; "Notes and Queries
“ The Masters of Colledges are twelve_grey-
has been seriously, though one trusts not mor-
haird Gentlefolks, who are all mad with Pride; tally, wounded and is calling out for help;
the Fellows are sleepy, drunken, dull, illiterate and now the " Athenæum," a seamed and
Things; the Fellow Com: are imitatours of the bronzed veteran, has found the tussle a little
Fellows, or else Beaux, or else nothing: the Pen- too hot and been compelled to retire to more
sion: (i. e. Pensioners) grave, formal Sots, who | favorable ground. After running as a
would be thought old, or else drink Ale, and sing weekly for the best part of a century, and sur-
Songs against ye Excise. The Sizers are Graziers' viving the curses of the countless bad writers
Eldest Sons, who come to get good Learning, that
and inaccurate scholars whose withers it has
they may all be Archbishops of Canterbury."
wrung, the
Athenæum " has decided to ap-
There are some new Walpole letters, but these pear once a month instead of once a week. Its
are a drop in the ocean of Horace's remains. articles, one gathers, will still be principally
The new Georgian Poetry book, a companion book reviews, but will approximate in length
volume to Georgian Poetry, 1911-12," has to those in the other monthlies. One of the
So far, the war has not killed as many
a


1916)
101
THE DIAL
(6
most striking things about the old “Athe- in a little occurrence related by Mr. Howells.
næum " has always been the almost complete When the now flourishing firm in Franklin
anonymity of its contents, many of the best Square had fallen on evil days and there
known of English literary men having con- seemed to the veteran novelist no other course
tributed without signing. Its present editor, open to him but to seek another publisher, he
Mr. Vernon Rendall, is a Cambridge man, a went to Mr. Dodd with the first chapter of
fine classical scholar with a puckish wit and an what afterward became “ The Kentons" and
extraordinary knowledge of the holes and cor- offered the novel for publication. Naturally
ners of literature.
the offer was gladly accepted; but soon the
At such a time one certainly would not have sky cleared in Franklin Square, and it became
expected anyone to have the audacity to bring evident that no severance of relations be-
out a new paper devoted exclusively to the tween Mr. Howells and the Harpers would be
arts. But such a paper is at present in gesta- necessary or advisable. This cheering devel-
tion, and the first number is expected in opment caused the greatly relieved novelist
It is to be a quarterly; its name will some embarrassment, but he went again to
he “”
be "Form"; its editors are Mr. Austin Spare Mr. Dodd and stated the situation frankly,
(one of the best of the younger draughtsmen) asking to be released from his engagement.
and Mr. Francis Marsden; and it will be com- As he himself has narrated the incident, “in
posed partly of original drawings and partly business, which the ignorant think altogether
of creative work in verse and prose. Messrs. sordid, many delicate and generous things are
Charles Ricketts, Charles Shannon, and Ed. done, and I could never forget the terms of
I
mund J. Sullivan are all taking an interest in
this eminent publisher's compliance with my
it; Mr. W. B. Yeats is contributing a number suggestion, or the wish for my profit and
of poems to the first issue; and many other pleasure in the renewal of my old relations
eminent persons have promised to help. But with Franklin Square which he so cordially
its principal object will be the publication of expressed.” One saying of Mr. Dodd's, which
the young: and its existence will be justified, does him great credit and illustrates his ideal-
(or the reverse), by the degree of its success in ism, his loftiness of motive, is this: "I think
getting good work from men whose reputations
we ought to publish every year twenty or
are not yet established. One thing is certain : thirty books of which we know in advance
it will be one of the most beautifully "pro- that they cannot possibly pay, but of which
duced” papers we have ever had. I have seen we feel sure that they will be a credit to our
advanced sheets. The page is large: the type house.” That such a publisher should have
beautiful: and the text is throughout (as our won to himself many authors who were both
ancestors would have put it) “embellished
a credit to the house and a source of hand-
with cuts" — head-piecestail-pieces, and
—
some profit, is not surprising.
elaborate initial letters. Whatever the qual-
ity of the contents, therefore--and there is
.
THE FIRST FINE CARELESS RAPTURE OVER
reason to hope that it may be good — it seems
SHAKESPEARE, such as is known to those who
likely that “Form” will inevitably become a
have had the good fortune in early life to
“ collector's item."
stumble upon and read the plays before hear-
J. C. SQUIRE. ing anything or reading anything about them,
London, Jan. 18, 1916.
is rather more difficult to recapture than that
expressed in the song of Browning's wise
thrush. This handicap of portentous celeb-
CASUAL COMMENT.
rity, of unapproachable greatness, is suffered,
as has often been remarked, by other works
PUBLISHERS' ETHICS seem to those of mature
of literature besides Shakespeare's writings -
years to have been on a higher plane “in the
most notably of all by the Bible, and in
good old days” than in this latter age. The hardly lesser measure by Homer. Virgil,
late Frank H. Dodd, of whom many good Dante, and Milton, too, tend to repel by their
things are being said of late, was in moral
excess of fame; they are introduced to the
standards as well as in business ability an
young reader as something more than human.
ornament to his calling. The house of which Vividly does the present writer recall the
he was so long the distinguished head -- that warm human interest that infused, for him.
of Dodd, Mead & Co.- held it little short of the Old Testament stories that were read to
dishonorable to make approaches of a pro- him at a very early age before any knowledge
fessional nature to the authors of another had come to him of a great book called the
publishing house. In harmony with this up- Bible. The listening and re-listening to those
rightness of principle was Mr. Dodd's action stories in the King James version was an
66


102
(Feb. 3
THE DIAL
>
Not so,
OF
unending delight, marred only by an occa- discussed prominence was given to the diffi-
sional attempt at paraphrase or abridgment culties and perplexities of maintaining any
on the reader's part. Something of this de- adequate catalogue of a growing collection of
light was apparently felt by the young books, the inadequacies of the printed list
attendants at a Shakespeare performance being pointed out and some system of cumu-
recently mentioned in the columns of the lative cataloguing by means of separate
London Times.” The writer says: “ Con- stereotype plates for the successively added
spicuous among the St. James's audience were titles being recommended
a fruitful sugges-
a row or two of schoolgirls, who, lucky crea- tion, as we now know. But the very simple
tures were evidently making their first and to us obvious card-catalogue idea was not
acquaintance with The Merchant of Venice yet conceived. Book-classification, in its crude
on the stage. They went into fits of laughter beginnings, was discussed, and "a copy of a
when poor, blind, old Gobbo mistook Launce- new index to the Periodical Literature of
lot's back hair for a beard, and shrilly ap- England and America was exhibited to the
plauded when Portia so ingeniously turned Convention ”- the author being, of course,
the tables upon the bloodthirsty Shylock. he whose name has appeared on the back of
That is the way we should all try to enjoy so many successive supplements to that index.
our Shakespeare, if we were wise, instead of And all this took place twenty-three years
making a fuss over new readings' or minute before our library workers finally succeeded
details of mise-en-scène. The trouble is that in forming a permanent organization to safe-
at every successive Shakespearean perform- guard and promote their interests. Some
ance a long vista of previous recollections gets future periodic assembling of librarians was
in the way of our simple pleasure and spoils hoped for by this pioneer conference, but it
what should have been a whole-hearted sur- seems to have been a hope deferred.
render to the romance or the fierce passion
or the mere fun of the moment."
however, with all of us, especially if we belong
A HALF-CENTURY'S RECORD GOOD LIT-
to that exalted company known as the gallery
ERARY WORK was closed with the death, on
gods. To them the play is the thing, irrespec- Jan. 17, of Jeannette Leonard Gilder, who
tive of any stage traditions relating to its
has told her own story so well, with such
presentation.
charm of romance thrown about the dry bones
of fact, in “The Autobiography of a Tom-
LIBRARIANS' SHOP-TALK OF HALF A CENTURY
boy” and “The Tomboy at Work," that the
'
AGO, or fifty-two years and four months ago,
reader need only be referred to those volumes
to be exact, is to be found, by those curious in for an essentially lifelike portrait of her
such matters, in the Proceedings of the
vivid personality and a chronicle of her some-
Librarians' Convention Held in New York
what multiform achievements in letters, and
City September 15, 16, and 17, 1853," now
in some other branches of eager effort. Not
reprinted by the Torch Press of Cedar Rap- quite half a century, to be exact, is covered by
ids, Iowa. The call for this first meeting of her literary activity; for she began writing
American librarians was issued in May, 1853,
as a journalist in Newark at eighteen years of
and was signed by Charles Folsom of the Bos-
age, and she had left her sixty-sixth birthday
ton Athenæum, C. C. Jewett of the Smith-
not quite three months behind when death
sonian Institution, William F. Poole of the suddenly overtook her in her New York home.
Boston Mercantile Library, Lloyd P. Smith
Her work on the Newark “Morning Regis-
of the Library Company of Philadelphia, and ter,” the New York “Tribune” and “Herald,”
others either professionally engaged in library the Boston “Transcript” and “Saturday
work or disinterestedly zealous in promoting Evening Gazette,” the Philadelphia “Press”
the growth and multiplication of libraries
and “Record,” the Chicago “ Tribune," and
accessible to the public. At the conference
the London " Academy," made her known,
resulting from this call there were present
first and last, to thousands of appreciative
eighty men from thirteen States. Forty-seven
readers. With her brother Richard Watson
libraries were represented, containing collec-
Gilder she was associated in the editorship of
tively more than six hundred thousand vol- the old “Scribner's Monthly” (afterward
umes. The entire absence of women from this “ The Century"); and with another brother,
gathering is to us of the present day a nota- Joseph B. Gilder, she ably conducted “The
ble feature, but probably not one of those Critic,” which was later merged with the
male delegates had the faintest dream of the resuscitated “Putnam's Magazine. In addi-
preponderance of the other sex at future tion to all this activity she wrote plays and
meetings of the same sort. Among subjects magazine stories, was co-editor of various vol-


1916)
103
THE DIAL
AND
>
umes of prose and verse, established “The permanent institution. At any rate, so bright
Reader,” which she conducted as an aid to a representative of college journalism ought
book-buyers, and was widely known as author to have a perennial existence.
of the two autobiographical productions
named above, and also of " Taken by Siege."
POLITE LETTERS
MILITARY TRAINING
Of her early work in book-reviewing she her-
have so little in common that the present ten-
self has told us very agreeably how, by Kate dency to bring them together in our colleges
Field's advice, she adopted the dialogue form and universities may well excite protest.
and “had a family take up the books of the Harvard, where many students have enrolled
day and discuss them, giving various opin themselves for soldierly drill, this amateur
ions; the sons and daughters maintaining a effort to further the cause of "preparedness
point that was immediately bowled over by is not viewed by President Lowell with un-
the father. My. Chats about Books' became qualified approval. Rather the contrary. He
a popular feature of the paper. Publishers
says, in the course of his annual report:
offered to put them into book form, and they “The question of military instruction in term
attained the importance of being burlesqued time is more difficult. A popular impression
by the inimitable Nym Crinkle. He called his still survives that drill, comprising the man-
burlesque 'The Drivel Family,' and I am sure
ual of arms and evolutions in small bodies, is
that it was well named."
the main point in military training. It is, of
course, essential, but it forms a very minute
FORTY YEARS OF OUR OLDEST COMIC JOURNAL
part of the education of an officer; and it is
will be rounded out on the seventh of this quickly learned, as anyone who has visited the
month, when “The Harvard Lampoon” com-
students' camps must have observed. More-
pletes its fourth decade of mirthful existence.
over, it had much better be taught under
Naturally the occasion revives memories and military conditions like those in a camp or in
traditions of the literary frolic entered into
the militia, rather than in student organiza-
by the half-dozen or more students who, one
tions at a college which is not primarily a
day in January, 1876, met in Samuel Sher-
military school. Constant drill in a hall or
wood's room in Matthews Hall and outlined
on an athletic field is artificial, monotonous,
a plan for the publication, if even for only a
and wearisome, tending to produce an aver-
single issue, of a Harvard “Punch.” But
sion for military training instead of an inter-
that initial number proved so hilarious a suc-
est in the real problems with which an officer
must deal.” Ce
Certain military studies that
cess that no further encouragement was want-
ing to persuade the editors to continue as
might be pursued as electives, supplementary
they had begun. Among those pioneers in the
to field training at summer camps, are named,
cause of wholesome college humor are found but only in a tentative, suggestive way. To
the names of Mr. Edward S. Martin, now
urge a student to enter upon the study of the
associated with a still more widely known
science of human butchery might seem to in-
volve some such risks as, according to Pope,
though seven years younger comic paper
(“Life”), and the late Edmund M. Wheel-
accompany the too frequent viewing of the
face of vice.
wright, architect of the present home of the
publication he helped to start. Other notable
A YEAR'S LIBRARY LEGISLATION is summa-
contributors to the early success of “ Lampy." rized by Mr. William R. Eastman in a report
were Mr. Robert Grant (who brought out in lately submitted to the New York Library
its pages his “Little Tin Gods on Wheels”), Association and
Association and now published in The
Mr. Owen Wister, Mr. Lloyd McKim Garrison, Library Journal” (January issue). It ap-
Mr. William Roscoe Thayer, Mr. Frederic
pears that in 1915 one hundred and three
Jessup Stimson, and Mr. John T. Wheel-
bills affecting libraries were presented in the
wright, the last-named still mirthfully associ: legislatures of thirty-one states and in Con-
ated with his “Rollo's Journey to Cambridge,” gress; and of these fifty-eight became law.
one of the paper's most brilliant successes.
West Virginia passed a general library law
In 1880 occurred a brief period of suspended empowering a municipality to establish and
animation, but publication was resumed after
maintain a public library by taxation. No
a six months' interval and has continued with-
other general law of this nature was enacted,
out interruption ever since. To-day, with a though efforts to that end were made in Penn-
building of its own, though not yet quite paid sylvania and Indiana. No additional state
for, and apparently no decline in its excel. | library commission was created, though at-
lence and popularity, this “Charivari” of tempts are recorded in West Virginia and
our oldest university may be regarded as a Oklahoma. Kansas raised its tax limit for


104
(Feb. 3
THE DIAL
libraries in cities of fewer than forty thou- A FAR NORTHWESTERN WORD IN DEFENCE OF
sand inhabitants, making the maximum half OUR LANGUAGE against the havoc-working in-
a mill on the dollar instead of four-tenths of roads of self-styled reformers comes to our
a mill. County-library systems were adopted notice and commends itself as worthy of the
by Texas and Montana; but in Pennsylvania, attention of all to whom "simplified spell-
Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, and ing" is a subject of vital concern. The
Arizona, county-library bills were defeated. | Portland Oregonian," in the course of an
In Ohio and Oregon amendments to existing able and spirited declaration against the per-
county-library laws were adopted. The cause nicious activities of the language-tinkers,
of the legislative reference library was pro- after referring in general terms to "the evil
moted in North Carolina, Georgia, and else- of simplified spelling” and the likelihood that
where. Travelling libraries and school libraries it “will do nothing more than befuddle the
were the subjects of some progressive legis- student to a greater extent even than the
lation, and retirement pensions for super- present-day accepted spelling does," contin-
annuated librarians were considered by the ues in similar strain, and thus concludes:
law-makers of Ohio and Michigan, but the “Incomplete as the English language is, it is
consideration proved unfavorable. Among the English language, and the most of us
bills of a foolish and impracticable nature, would like to have it retain a semblance of
precedence must be accorded to the Massachu- its form. The radical simplified spelling
setts proposal that every book returned from would do well to apply itself to a new lan-
circulation should be disinfected or sterilized guage, Esperanto, for instance, and leave the
before going out again. The bill failed of dignity of our language undisturbed. Correct
.
passage.
On the whole, it was a year of spelling goes with learning, although many
progress in wise law-making for the public college men
college men are notoriously poor spellers.
library, as will appear more unmistakably Nevertheless, to have mastered the difficulties
upon perusal of Mr. Eastman's report in full. of words is a badge of distinction. Standard
spelling takes into account etymology, orthog-
raphy, and phonetics. Radical spelling re-
MR. MASEFIELD IN AMERICA becomes an ob-
form deals almost solely with the last, and
ject of considerably more curiosity and inter-
not consistently with that." Standard spell-
est to us than Mr. Masefield in England. ing takes into account much more than is here
Though English-born, he might be claimed by named: it jealously preserves history and
us as half-American; for it was from our poetry and hundreds of associations, most of
shores that he set forth, some fifteen years them precious, many of them, it may be, inti-
ago, to win his present place in the world of mately personal, which would be ruthlessly
letters. Scorning school and books in boy-swept away by the zealot to whom simplifica-
hood, he seems to have driven his parents tion is more than the bread of life.
well-nigh to distraction by his errant ways.
At any rate, he was finally indentured to the
ECHOES FROM THE GREAT INTERNATIONAL
captain of a merchant vessel, apparently as BOOK-FAIR that so unexpectedly suffered par-
the only means of holding him within some
tial eclipse from the outbreak of international
sort of bounds. Such a record of wandering hostilities have been reverberating through
|
by sea and land as next follows can be
the world ever since those attractive pavilions
claimed by no other living poet, if indeed it
at Leipzig were closed, some of them prema-
can be equalled by any biography of poet in turely in August, 1914, and the others with
the past. About the nearest approach to any. more deliberation in October. Especially per-
thing like formal education in Mr. Masefield's
sistent has been the rumor that the country
development seems to have been that summer
which acted as host on that occasion lost no
he spent with the poet Yeats in Devonshire, time in confiscating the exhibits of the hostile
"loafing and talking” and indulging in the nations, to the great indignation of the ex-
innocent pastime of sailing paper boats (much hibitors and their sympathizers. Of course
as Shelley used to do, one surmises) on the
denials have been made and have fallen on
placid streams of the neighborhood. To be
deaf ears; but now there comes from the
sure, this was informal enough as educational
scene of the supposed outrage a press com-
discipline, but it has been regarded as a con- munication (addressed to the Chicago "Trib-
siderable factor in the poet's training, and une" and printed also in the New York
there is no reason to doubt it. On the whole, “ Times," and perhaps elsewhere as well) con-
no more picturesque and oddly attractive per-| tradicting the alleged violation. Mr. James
sonality has sought our shores from the old O'Donnell Bennett writes from Leipzig that
world for many a day.
both by inquiry and by ocular evidence he has


1916)
105
THE DIAL
hic
"
assured himself that the authorities concerned “ Evangeline" is the Abbé Raynal, whose emo-
have both taken the utmost care of all exhib- tional Acadian story is so obviously and intensely
ited property left on their hands when the prejudiced as hardly to be reckoned an authority.
war-panic sent the custodians flying to their
several homes, and have even gone so far as
customary vigorous and incisive style with the
to insure this property against loss or dam-
treatment by the Cambridge poet of Myles Stan-
dish and Paul Revere. Comment can be made as
age, paying the insurance charges themselves.
justly upon the unfortunate dealing with facts in
The whole transaction is most creditable to
his classic poem of "Evangeline” concerning the
Germany.
expatriation from Grand Pré, especially as an
unavailing effort has been made to have these sug-
THE YEAR'S LITERARY HARVEST IN ENGLAND gestions incorporated by foot-notes in popular
shows some unmistakable effects of the violent editions of the poem. There are indeed some gen-
interruption to peaceful activities, but they eral observations in the preface of certain of these
are less marked than might have been ex- editions which might suggest the fact that the poem
pected. While the book-product of the
is not a history, but there are no corrections of
United Kingdom fell off in 1914 to the extent
definite mis-statements. Aside from the fact that
of 842 items, with five months of war to ac-
nobody reads a preface, the antidote should be
count for the decrease, the output for 1915, in
immediately connected with the passages which
require it.
the face of a whole year of warfare, showed
This historical vindication is made the more
a loss of only 872 as compared with the pre-
necessary by the presentation of a dramatic ver-
ceding twelve months; and this diminution is
sion of " Evangeline" not long ago in New York,
proportionately greater in new editions than with an announcement made upon its programme,
in new books. These facts are set forth with under the authority of a committee of the Depart-
clearness and brevity by “The Publishers' ment of Education of that city, stating that Long-
Circular" of London, which also informs its
fellow translated history into poetry," and that
readers that while fiction shows a decrease of
for his facts he turned to records,” and that the
419 (the largest of any class), science a de-
commanding officer's proclamation, testifying to
the disagreeableness of his duty in causing the
crease of 142, and technology one of 167,
removal of the people and his hopes for a good
history has gained 309, and geography 118,
future for them, was “cruel irony," and charac-
with lesser gains in several other classes. As
terizing the separation of Gabriel and Evangeline
was remarked last year by the same authority, as “ typical” and not exceptional. These state-
so this year “the average quality of the books ments, though unexpected from an official body,
published . . . is probably somewhat lower quite represent a popular opinion (which was
than during pre-War days, owing partly to
shared by the present writer in his youthful ad-
a reluctance to place on a disturbed market
miration for the poem). The removal of the
Acadians from Grand Pré cannot be thus con-
works requiring a great outlay, and partly to
the appearance of numerous ephemeral works
demned, like the expatriation of the Belgians, nor
dealing with the War.” In view of England's with the lieutenants of Alva in the Netherlands and
can the commander of the expedition be classed
frightful losses in young men of the highest of Oliver Cromwell in Ireland.
attainments and brightest promise, the won-
Admiring appreciation of the poetic gifts of
der is she can still make so good a showing. imagination in the author of "Evangeline" must
be conceded to the creation of the pictures of
nature therein, since Longfellow had not visited
COMMUNICATIONS.
Grand Pré or the Mississippi, but trusted, as we
are told, to descriptions by others and to Banvard's
HISTORICAL INACCURACIES IN LONGFEL-
LOW'S “ EVANGELINE.”
panorama. Though the actual history of the de-
portation had not been widely made known when
(To the Editor of The DIAL.)
the poem was written, Winslow's " Journal” was
In a letter to the New York “Nation” (Novem- as accessible to one who was himself a member of
ber 6, 1884, p. 398), Francis Parkman quotes the Massachusetts Historical Society as it is now
another writer who had asserted that “ Most peo- to members, and indeed, through its generous cour-
ple when they desire to know the true history of tesy, to any student.
Acadia will be content to read Longfellow," and
now consider in detail some of the
says: “If so, they will not find what they seek, specific passages in which Longfellow has substi-
but in its place, a graceful and touching poem and tuted for history a popular myth of his own
a charming ideal picture. The author of the creating
remark just quoted also adds: “The history of
events is not always the history of humanity.' “ Thus dwelt together in love these simple Acadian
But the history of humanity, to be good for any-
farmers,—
thing, must rest, not on imagination, but on truth."
Dwelt in the love of God and of man."
The only authority who can be suggested as The settlement had been a nest of traitors. If it
having affected Longfellow's point of view in “ dwelt in the love of God and of man,” it cer-
.
Let us
6


106
(Feb. 3
THE DIAL
6
tainly did not dwell in the love of the men of the Opened and forth came the guard, and marching in
English colonies. Plots and plans for raids by gloomy procession
French and Indians were so incessant that at last
Followed the long-imprisoned, but patient, Acadian
farmers."
the choice of expatriation or the taking of the
oath of allegiance mentioned in the next note
The men who were summoned to meet the com-
became inevitable.
mander in the church were not all confined there
“The expulsion of the Acadians may seem to us a
until the fifth day, but, however recalcitrant, were
cruel act, but it was forced upon the English by the
allowed to go in squads to their homes to make
hardest necessity, the necessity of self-protection; and preparations for departure, their superiority in
in spite of all that has since been written to the con- numbers making it necessary to keep the body
trary, no impartial student of history can perceive in under observation. Winslow had a few hundred
what other way than the deportation of these irrecon-
men; while there were nearly four thousand Aca-
cilables could the peace of New Scotland have been dians in the province.
assured, a peace which has lasted to this day.”
(“Nova Scotia,” Beckles Willson, 1911, pp. 75, 76.)
"And the Necesity of_Providing for them Selves
and Families, permitted Twenty of them vizt Ten of
“Murder, rapine, and open warfare instigated by
Districkt of Grand Pre & Ten of Cannard &c to
them were incurred at the hands of the native Mic-
be absent at a time and to return at the End of
macs.” (“ The Fall of New France," Gerald E. Hart,
Every 24 Houers & Others to go out in their room
1888, p. 22.)
the French them Selves to Chose these people, and to
" Many of them have been detected in joining the be answerable for their return, and their Buissness
French and Indians both in peace and war against his to Sea their Bretherin Provided for &c, and this
Majesty's subjects.” (“Present State of North Amer- Method I have Continued in to this Day and have
ica," John Huske, 1755.)
found no Ilconveniency in it.” (Winslow's “Journal.”)
"Les Anglais ne sont pourtant tout-à-fait délivrès
des inquietudes que leur donnaient les alliances des “Wives were torn from their husbands and mothers,
Sauvages avec les Francais. Ces derniers qui habi.
too late, saw their children
taient en Acadie n'ayant pas voulu se soumettre à la Left on the land, extending their arms with wildest
domination anglaise, se sont retirés dans la Gaspésie,
entreaties."
d'où ils incommodent leurs voisins.” (“ Histoire et
Commerce des Colonies Anglaises,” Butel-Dumont,
The description of the embarkation, with im-
plied frequent separation of families, is absolutely
1755, p. 72.)
denied by the recorded fact of the painstaking and
“What their design may be is unknown; but all are
almost universally successful efforts to place mem-
commanded
bers of families in the same transports.
On the morrow to meet in the church."
“It remains certain that Winslow did all possible
The design for which the “simple Acadian
to bring members of the same families in the same
farmers” were ordered to assemble must have
transports." (Francis Parkman, Harper's Weekly,"
been pretty well known to them, pace the poet's "Removed the several men that were Embarked in
Vol. 69, .
assumption. Though twice confirmed British sub-
the Three Different vessels So as to commode each
jects by the Treaty of Utrecht and that of Aix-la-
Neighbourhood for their Familys to Joyne them when
Chapelle, they had repeatedly refused to take an the other Transportes arrives.” (Winslow's “Jour-
oath of allegiance which English officials were too nal.").
weak to enforce until 1730, when Governor Gen- “But the soldiers strove their best to perform their
eral Richard Phillips brought over with him the painful duty as humanely as possible, and no unneces-
following form, to which he secured general sub- sary harshness marked their operations.” (“ Nova
scription : "Je promets et jure sincèrement en Scotia,” Beckles Willson, 1911, p. 75.)
foi de Chrétien que je serai entièrement fidèle et
obéirai vraiment Sa Majesté le Roi George le Sec-
“ 'Twas the returning tide, that afar from the waste
of the ocean
ond, que je reconnais pour le Soverain Seigneur
66
With the first dawn of the day, came heaving and
de l'Acadie ou Nouvelle Ecosse. Ainsi Dieu me
hurrying landward.
soit en aide.” Nevertheless, the Acadians after- Then recommenced once more the stir and noise of
wards maintained that Governor Phillips had embarking;
verbally made reservations by which they were per- And with the ebb of that tide the ships sailed out of
mitted to remain "neutrals "; and they were sum-
the harbor."
moned on five occasions between 1749 and 1755 to The embarkation, here represented as a wild
renew the oath, repudiating the alleged reserva- scramble accomplished in two turns of the tide, in
tions, to which, however, they stubbornly adhered, reality occupied weeks, partly owing to the lack of
though they had been explicitly and repeatedly transports. The removal, comprising 5788 per-
forewarned of the consequences — the forfeiture
sons, actually began on October 8, and was not
of their lands and their removal.
entirely completed until December 20. Where the
Those who had taken the oath were sa fe in their exiles were landed,
homesteads.” (“Nova Scotia,” Beckles Willson, 1911, “ with but few trifling exceptions they were humanely
p. 74.)
treated and supported at public expense; throwing
into bold relief the cold and repellent reception the
“Prisoners now I declare you; for such is his Maj-
three thousand refugees who found their way into
esty's pleasure.
Canada met with at the hands of their fellow coun-
trymen who gave them hides and horse-flesh as food,
“Four times the sun has risen and set; and now on and scant supply at this, as many of them, it is re-
the fifth day ..
corded on the dark pages of French-Canadian history,
1
1
1


1916)
107
THE DIAL
66
<<
as
"
(“ In
died from starvation.” (“The Fall of New France,” Any phenomenon in nature - the odor of jas-
1755-60, Gerald E. Hart, 1888.)
mine, for instance,- is not quite the same to you
as to me. To a slight difference in mere denota-
Of Winslow it may be said that family tradi-
tion, due to idiosyncracies in our olfactory nerves,
tions justify the indication of character in the
add the difference in connotation due to the differ-
portrait owned by the Massachusetts Historical
ences in the environment and experience of our
Society,— he was urbane, genial, and kind-hearted,
lives, and one must be impressed by the varieties
characteristics inconsistent with the baseless ac-
of appeal that a single natural phenomenon may
cusations, by some writers, of inhumanity and
make to various human beings. To one who en-
cruelty. His proclamation, denounced as "cruel
irony” by the document which described the poem merely a rich, delightful fragrance - or, possibly,
counters jasmine for the first time, it gives forth
,
translated history into poetry," is known to
have expressed " the feelings of a soldier obliged jasmine, the fragrance brings with it clouds of
not delightful; to another, born and bred amid
a
to fulfil a painful duty performed with all con-
memories and romance. A familiar landscape is
sideration in his power" (Francis Parkman,
sweet and restful; foreign scenery piques and
“ Harper's Weekly," Vol. 69, p. 876).
stimulates. A view in Japan is two quite different
“He has left on record that the task in which he
things to an American and to a Japanese. The
was now engaged was a most uncongenial one."
Acadia," New Orleans, 1888, Historical Sketch of the
appeal of its beauty to the two beholders may be
Acadians, John R. Ficklen.)
equal, but cannot be identical; for to the one it is
“Es steht fest dass Winslow sein Möglichtes tat,
native, to the other alien.
um Angehörige einer Familie in dasselbe Fahrzeug
Differences in the impressions produced by
zu bringen." ("Longfellow's Evangeline Kritische nature, however, are not so striking as in those
Ausgabe mit Einleitung, Untersuchungen über die produced by the human elements in scenery.
Geschichte des englischen Hexameters und Anmer- Physiognomy, costume, habitations, monuments of
kungen,” von Ernst Sieper, Dr. phil., a. 0. Professor architecture are either familiar or strange; and
an der Universität München, Heidelberg, 1905.)
this fact greatly intensifies the difference between
Along with the vindication of an act whose
the impressions produced by a Japanese scene
cruel necessity has been impugned so unjustly, upon a native and upon a foreigner. If one in-
a
goes the personal vindication of the chief actor
cludes less tangible elements of the human sort.
therein. The advocates of the church which is still
language, customs, habits of thought — all the more
that of French Canada have shut their eyes to the
does the appeal of things Japanese to an American
truth of the Acadian situation, involving some of diverge from their appeal to a native of Japan.
its clergy and membership, and have not failed to
Now, it is just these elements, natural and
assert that Winslow should have“ declined to
human, which enter into the composition of art.
carry out a project so repellent to generosity and
To a person of our race there must needs appear
justice.” On the contrary, if his character was
in a Japanese painting something strange and
such as Parkman describes, the manly and dutiful
undertaking of the painful task is an evidence of
curious, a beauty unknown and alien. The natural
and human differences have been magnified in
its unavoidable exigency. The historian's estimate
is just. The commander of the Acadian expedi-
passing through the mind of the artist, with its
Japanese habits of thought, and we feel with
tion was
a worthy descendant of the ancestor
redoubled force an appeal unlike that with which
whose kindness to Massasoit saved the infant Ply-
we are familiar and at home. Whether the art be
mouth colony from destruction by the natives, who
painting, sculpture, architecture, music, or litera-
prevented its removal to Jamaica according to the
ture, this flavor of the Asiatic and the Japanesque
Protector's design, by Cromwell's regard for the
must reach us as it cannot possibly reach a native
“ smooth tongued cunning fellow," as his enemy
Japanese. The Japanese soul is, in the object of
Maverick called him, and who created the Society
art, a soul differentiated by centuries of develop-
for the ropagation of the Gospel among his
ment from that of the American. Only by trans-
beloved Indians.
ERVING WINSLOW. muting himself into a Japanese may the American
Boston, Mass., Jan. 25, 1916.
feel Japanese art as it is felt by the native of
Japan. How difficult — if not impossible — is
EXTRINSIC VALUES IN ART.
such transmutation of personality appears in such
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
striking persons as Kipling and Lafcadio Hearn.
That the application of the term “quaint" to
These writers never became Japanese or Hindu:
Chaucer betokens a superficial acquaintance with
on the contrary, their very_sensitiveness to the
alien and exotic flavor of Japanese and Hindu
the poet is the dictum recently enunciated by a
life and art enabled them to act as intermediaries
leading Chaucerian scholar. “ The ancients did
between the East and the West. No man may
not know that they were ancient." Great art can-
one be so dogmatic? can ever be native to both
not be quaint.
hemispheres.
Perhaps it is only in self-defence that I venture
So it is, likewise, if we move backward in time
to differ. Is it not really legitimate to feel that instead of stepping across the world in space. No
certain art is “quaint". Does only the superfi-
twentieth-century reader of Homer will register
cial student detect a quaint something in Chaucer? the same impression of the Iliad as was made
Does not the whole matter come back to the point upon the mind of an Homeric Greek or of Peri-
of view?
cles. No one can now read Dante with a mediæval


108
(Feb. 3
THE DIAL
"
1)
mind and heart. Neither can any reader quite
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
cease to be of his own generation as he cons the The Christmas folk-poem quoted in your issue
charming lines of Chaucer. Let him become as
of January 6 has long been familiar to students of
familiar as he can with Chaucer's language, style, English folk-lore. See the publications of the
rhythm, thought, personality, environment, still Percy Society, "Early English Poetry," volume 4,
there remain in the background of consciousness “ The Nursery Rhymes of England," by Halliwell-
Shakespeare and all the moderns to forbid the
Phillips, where it appears as number 226. A
complete abolishment of the perspective of time. slightly different version is given in the fifth edition
Chaucer to the scholar of to-day is not quite the of the “ Nursery Rhymes," 1886. The version sent
beloved master of Lydgate and Occleve. To be in by Mr. Crawford differs in a few details; "col-
sure, this tertium quid, the resultant of the inter-
ored balls” is substituted for the original “colly
action of two personalities far separated in time,- birds," " chests of linen ” for “geese a-laying,” etc.
the writer and the reader,— must be much less
The poem is of course a game, and tests a child's
pronounced in the case of a mature scholar than
ability to repeat all that has been sung and to add
in that of a beginner in mediæval literature. Yet
a new line. There is a similar game played by
it cannot wholly vanish.
American children, which begins, “ My Aunt Mary
Call the quality of this appeal " quaintness," or
went to England, and packed in her trunk
what you will,- is it to be lamented ? Well, that The traditional music of the English nursery
depends. In reading a writer so great that his rhyme has, I believe, also been preserved.
,
thought, style, and personality are worthy of eter-
CHAUNCEY B. TINKER.
nal remembrance, a sense of strangeness may be a
hindrance to our highest enjoyment and profit.
Yale University, Jan. 22, 1916.
Dante we should strive to see without needless dis-
tortion. It is surely wise that Shakespeare should
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
be printed in modern style, with modern spelling,
In regard to the communication in your issue of
except for scholars. But in the case of less lofty January 6 concerning the quaint folk-song, “The
Twelve Days of Christmas," readers
your
specimens of literature, quaintness may be an
be
may
interested to know that one version of this song has
unearned increment, a gracious bestowal of Time,
- moss, lichens, and ivy upon structures other- been published and is available in two forms. "The
wise less appealing. In contemporary art we
Complete Mother Goose," published by the H. M.
enjoy a sense of fresh contemporaneousness; why
Caldwell Co., (1902) pp. 222-4, includes this in a
not treat ourselves when reading Boccaccio and group of children's finger games. It is also pub-
Chaucer to a flavor of the remote, the antique, the
lished with the original musical setting by Novello.
beautifully quaint ?
The song is a great favorite with the students of
OLIN D. WANNAMAKER. Milwaukee-Downer College, who have sung it at
Southern Methodist University,
their Christmas Revels for the last six years.
Dallas, Texas, Jan. 26, 1916.
It is evidently one of the many counting songs
used by for parents of the olden time to relieve
THE “ TWELVE DAYS OF CHRISTMAS”
the tedium of mechanical memorizing. The accumu-
FOLK-SONG.
lative process of incremental repetition is an old
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
favorite with children, as is seen in “ The House
The “ Bit of Folk Poetry in your issue for
that Jack Built,” “ A gaping, wide-mouthed, wad-
This version
January 6, page 13, is well worthy of record; but dling frog," and many others.
your correspondent, Mr. Nelson Antrim Crawford,
enumerates the following gifts from “my true
love":
is mistaken in thinking that the verses have never
A partridge in a pear tree, two turtle
been published. I remember the book as a Christ-
doves, three French hens, four calling birds (also
written collie birds), five gold rings, six geese
mas gift in childhood, some time in the '80's
probably. It was a gorgeously illustrated quarto-
a-laying, seven swans a-swimming, eight maids
pamphlet, received by me near Boston, Massachu: a-milking, nine drummers drumming, ten pipers
,
piping, eleven ladies dancing, twelve lords a-leap-
setts, but imported no doubt from England. Mr.
Crawford's version differs somewhat from my
ing. The order, from nine to twelve, seems to vary.
recollection of the printed verses. Each stanza of
Another quaint counting game, evidently used by
mine ended with “ Some part of a juniper tree'
parish priests to fix in the minds of youth certain
articles of belief, though combining in grotesque
(" And” being prefixed in the stanzas following the
first), instead of " A beautiful juniper tree.” The
fashion, as was not at all uncommon, secular ideas
“ Twelve bulls a-roaring” and “ Eleven lords a-
with the ecclesiastical, is “The Twelve O's.” This
song comes from Cornwall and reads as follows:
leaping” had a somewhat more graceful substitute
Come and I will sing you;
in my edition, which I am unable just now to
recall. It would seem to be a nursery song, from
What will you sing me?
I will sing you one ();
about Shakespeare's time or before, and some of
What is your one 0?
our English readers may know more of its origin,
One of them is God and Man
or whether it came by chance from even earlier
and ever will remain so.
French lines.
GERTRUDE RICHARDSON BRIGHAM.
“ Come and I will sing you;
What will you sing me?
Smithsonian Institution,
I will sing you two 0;
Washington, D. C., Jan. 20, 1916.
What is your two O?
1
66


1916)
109
THE DIAL
6
66
Two of them are lily-white babes'
all clothed in green 0,
One of them is God and Man
and ever will remain so."
The other O's enumerated are as follows:
Three of them are strangers,
Four are the gospel preachers
Five are the fishermen in the boat,
Six are the cheerful waiters,
Seven are the seven stars in the sky,
Eight are the great Archangels,
Nine's the moonshine bright and clear,
Ten are the ten commandments,
Eleven of them are gone to Heaven
Twelve are the twelve apostles.”
A secular adaptation of this folk-song, local
names being substituted for those in the original,
was sung to the original tune by the Class of 1915
of Milwaukee-Downer College on class day last
June.
EMILY F. BROWN.
Milwaukee, Wis., Jan. 21, 1916.
** If the mocking bird won't sing,
Pa's going to buy me a diamond ring.
“ If the diamond ring turns to brass,
Pa's going to buy me a looking glass.
“ If the looking glass gets broke,
Pa's going to buy me a Billy Goat.
" If the Billy Goat runs away,
Pa's going to buy me a horse and sleigh.
• If the horse and sleigh won't go,
Pa's going to buy me I don't know!”
This is recited in very sing-song fashion, while
turning rope for jumping. The game is to see if
the child jumping can jump without missing until
the whole story has been recited. If she does, the
girls who are turning the rope then recite “Salt,
vinegar, mustard, pepper," turning faster and
faster until the jumper misses.
I have an interesting collection of these jumping-
rope songs. They add greatly to the enjoyment of
jumping rope, and belong, no doubt, in the depart-
ment of folk-lore. They have been sung for years,-
one for thirty years, I judge, having passed down
from mother to child.
CHARLES D. PLATT.
Dover, N. J., Jan. 22, 1916.
3
a
"
9
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In the issue of The Dial for January 6, atten-
tion is called to a bit of folk-poetry, beginning “ On
the first day of Christmas ” and going on to the
twelfth day in cumulative fashion.
Your contributor thinks that this poem has never
been printed. The general form of the ballad, with
variations, may be found on page 258 of “Mother
Goose's Nursery Rhymes" (Fred'k Warne & Co.),
a treasure house of folk-lore jingles and games.
The items differ somewhat from your version, but
that is accounted for by oral tradition, in which
considerable freedom was allowed. The idea is to
make a game for children, to “do a stunt of
memory and oral glibness. The directions are,
“Each child in succession repeats the gifts of the
· day and raises her fingers and hands according to
the numbers named. Forfeits are paid for each
mistake."
On page 445 of this same edition of “ Mother
Goose is another cumulative piece, as follows:
“A kid, a kid my father bought
For two pieces of money :
A kid, a kid!
“Then came the cat and ate the kid
That my father bought
For two pieces of money :
A kid, a kid!”
And so on, for ten stanzas, with an interpreta-
tion based on the Chaldee or the Hebrew version,
reviewing the history of the world.
I recently made a collection of little songs sung
by children when jumping rope (last spring),
among which was one that I dubbed “ The Endless
Chain.” It is not cumulative, but it might go on
forever as a “stunt” in matching rhymes.
It
reminds one of an “ endless controversy," where
each one is trying to have the last word; or it may
hark back to ancient “ amabic
verse, a pastoral
diversion of shepherds. The lines are as follows:
“Mother, Mother, guess what I heard!
Pa's going to buy me a mocking bird.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Apropos of Mr. Crawford's version I venture to
send that by which my mother was wont to sing
me to sleep. The twelfth line escapes me, but she
would not have sung about “ roaring bulls.” Prob-
ably it escapes me because I went to sleep at
eleven, so to speak. The tune was a minor, very
different from that of another quaint cumulative
song that she sometimes used.
· The twelfth day of Christmas
My true love gent to me
Twelve * * * *
Eleven lords a leaping,
Ten men a hunting,
Nine fiddlers playing,
Eight ladies dancing,
Seven swans a-swimming,
Six geese a-laying,
Five gold rings,
Four Cornish birds,
Three French hens,
Two turtle doves,
And a partridge upon a pear tree."
EDWIN HERBERT LEWIS.
Chicago, Jan. 25, 1916.
CAPITALS AND THE NEW POETRY.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
May one who is fond of the old-fashioned poets
ask why the moderns, whose motto seems to be
“ Off with the old, on with the new," have not gone
one step further in their crusade to free poetry
from all the shackles of the past? Why have they
not done away with the capitals at the beginning of
the lines of their vers libre"? Is their reluc-
tance to do this very consistent thing due to the
fact that there is a lurking fear that their poetry
may be mistaken for prose?
RAYMOND W. PENCE.
Granville, Ohio, Jan. 28, 1916.


110
(Feb. 3
THE DIAL
!
The New Books.
degree of dissipation seem to have marked this
adolescent period of his life before he at last
felt the hereditary prompting to the pursuit
THE GENIUS OF SARANAC.*
of medicine. Before that, however, among
other abortive undertakings, he had started to
So distasteful to Dr. Trudeau, “the beloved train himself for the navy, being as he re-
physician of Saranac, was anything like lates, “packed off to a preparatory school at
personal fame or popular applause that the Newport, as the Naval Academy and the old
wonder is he could ever have been induced to ship Constitution, on which the cadets lived,
write a book sure to add considerably to such
were then at Newport.” Mr. Chalmers must
measure of renown as he had hitherto been
be in error when he tells us, in this connec-
unable to escape. But his friends persuaded tion, that an elder brother of Edward's " had
him that he owed it to the medical profession, preceded him to Annapolis.”. It was this
to those afflicted as he himself so long had
elder brother, as both accounts inform us, who
been, and to the world in general, to tell the
story of his life and work; and doubtless, too, losis and in succumbing, far more quickly
preceded the younger in contracting tubercu-
the plan of withholding the book from pub- than in Edward's case, to its inroads. Beau-
lication until after the writer's death helped tiful in their revelation of character are the
appreciably to tone down for him the terrors
words written by the autobiographer about
of successful authorship. At any rate, we
now have from his hand“An Autobiography,” the young lad's devoted nursing of the pa-
this brother, and touching is the account of
characteristically unpretentious in its title, tient through the three months of his rapid
but rich in human interest and almost as
decline to the final death-bed scene. Sacri-
remarkable for what the discerning eye reads
ficing his own plans and throwing up his
between the lines as in what those lines them-
appointment as midshipman, the junior
selves explicitly set forth. At the same time
brother gave what we now see to have been
there comes from another hand, from a con-
little short of his very life to ease the other's
genial friend of the autobiographer and in
sufferings. He writes of this early victim to
some measure a fellow-sufferer with him, a
a disease then little understood:
short but vividly executed sketch of the man,
under the title, “ The Beloved Physician.
“ From childhood he had been delicate, having a
congenital heart trouble, and any over-exertion,
Mr. Stephen Chalmers is the author, and
excitement or fatigue caused his heart's action to
what he has so appreciatively written about
become irregular and his nails and lips to turn blue.
the founder of Saranac has already won
For this reason, though some years younger than he
approval in the “Atlantic.” He now prefixes
was, I had always cared for him and helped him
Dr. Trudeau's "last public utterance," an and fought his battles with the French boys at
address on “ The Value of Optimism in Medic school, who took advantage of his lack of strength
cine," written as he lay on a bed of suffering, to torment him. He, on the other hand, was a very
and delivered before the Eighth Congress of strong, unselfish and beautiful character, deeply
American Physicians and Surgeons at Wash-religious, and constantly trying to help me in the
ington, May 2, 1910, when the speaker's bod- straight and narrow path from which I was apt to
ily condition hardly admitted of his standing
wander.
up and going through the task.
“My brother had a rapidly progressive type of
The chief external facts of the life now in
tuberculosis and my time was soon entirely taken
up in caring for his needs. We had no trained
some sense laid open to our view may be
nurses in those days, and I took entire care of him
briefly related. Edward Livingston Trudeau,
from the time he was taken ill in September until
of French descent on both sides, and with he died on December 23, 1865. We occupied the
physicians in both paternal and maternal same room and sometimes the same bed. I bathed
branches of the family, was born in New York him and brought his meals to him, and when he felt
City, October 5, 1848, was taken to Paris in well enough to go downstairs I carried him up and
1851 by his mother and her father, returned
down on my back, and I tried to amuse and cheer
to his native city soon after the Civil War
him through the long days of fever and sickness.
ended, and became painfully aware, as he
... Not only did the doctor never advise any pre-
ور
cautions to protect me against infection, but he
himself told his American girl cousins, to their
told me repeatedly never to open the windows, as it
undisguised amusement, that “ze English would aggravate the cough; and I never did, until
language is a very hard language to pro- toward the end my brother was so short of breath
nonciate.” Much gaiety and even
that he asked for fresh air.”
By Edward Livingston Trudeau,
Such, then, was a significant part of the
M.D. Illustrated. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
training of him who was ere long to become
THE BELOVED PHYSICIAN, EDWARD LIVINGSTON TRUDEAU. By
Stephen Chalmers. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. the pioneer in an earnest and intelligent
a mild
* AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY.


1916)
111
THE DIAL
effort to arrest if not overcome tuberculosis Mr. Chalmers concluded from what the doctor
by the open-air treatment. His medical edu- told him that “they agreed on so many of the
cation for the work before him, though he greater things of life that they had to dis-
knew not then what that work was to be, he agree about trivial matters for the sake of
secured at the College of Physicians and Sur- something to discuss. They actually got into
.
geons, in New York; and after graduation in heated argument over the great issue as to
1871 he entered upon the practice of his pro- which was superior, the American system of
fession in the same city, with Dr. Fessenden transferring baggage, or the British method
Otis. “In the same year,” as Mr. Chalmers of handling luggage." Very characteristic was
records the facts, “unconscious that he was Stevenson's emphatic utterance after he had
doomed to his brother's disease, he married escorted an admiring lady visitor to the door
Miss Charlotte Beare, of Douglaston, Long and shut the latter rather forcibly upon her
,
Island, to whom he ever attributed the inspir- departure: “Trudeau, it is not the great
ation of his labors through nearly half a unwashed whom I dread; it is the great
century. The marriage was a perfect one, washed!”
although attended by many sorrows. Three Of Trudeau's labors at Saranac, chiefly
of their four children died. One son sur- charitable and unremunerative labors, there
vives — Dr. Francis B. Trudeau. The death is room to say but little here. Amazing is the
of Dr. Edward L. Trudeau, Jr., in 1906, was amount of work he did in those strenuous
a great blow to his father and a loss to the years. It was enough to break down a strong
medical profession."
man, and he was an invalid. He speaks of
At the age of twenty-five, after repeated his waiting room, his piazza, and even the
but unheeded warnings, Trudeau was amazed lawn as being filled with patients on many
and for a moment stunned to hear himself occasions when he returned home from some
doomed as a well-nigh hopeless case of tuber occupation elsewhere; and further :
culosis. How he pulled himself together,
“ The waiting room, which one lady always spoke
went into the Adirondacks against medical of as my 'menagerie,' must have impressed others,
advice, repaired to an astonishing extent the for on going into the patients' cottages at the Sani-
ravages of his malady, taught the world from tarium one day I came across an excellent caricature
his mountain retreat how best to withstand of myself which a patient, the Reverend Mr. West-
that dreaded disease, and became the founder cott, a brother of the author of David Harum, had
of a large open-air colony of health-seekers, is
drawn. I was depicted sitting behind a high picket
fence with a double-barreled shot-gun on my lap,
known to some extent, though the founder's
waving back an excited crowd who were all shout-
name has, as he desired, escaped the trumpet-
ing impossible questions at me about their health,
ing that would have been so little to his taste.
while underneath was written, “The Penalty of
Where it has been heard it has been received, Fame!! The thing struck me as so funny that I
for some curious reason, as the name of one begged it of him, and I still have it as a remem-
who, long ago, perhaps in the Stevensonian brance of those strenuous office hours."
era, did his work at Saranac and passed to Much of the wisdom that comes only from
his reward. That, on the contrary, he was a hard experience is reflected in Dr. Trudeau's
very much alive man up to last November, the pages. An intimate talk with him must have
books now relating his history make suffi- been something to remember. In the words
ciently evident.
taken down from his mouth by Mr. Chalmers
The foregoing reference to Stevenson will there is much grim humor - "the grim
serve to introduce him as the most illustrious humor of grit," as his friend calls it. One
visitor to Saranac Lake and the valued friend
day, toward the end, after assuring Mr.
of Saranac's presiding genius. Dr. Trudeau Chalmers that he was “not going to die right
writes of him:
away,” he added cheerfully, “No such luck!”
“ Mr. Stevenson was my patient, but as he was His next remarks are worth quoting.
not really ill while here I had comparatively few
“But what is the scheme of this business - of
professional calls to make on him.
He was so
life — suffering death? I do n't understand. It
attractive, however, in conversation that I found
myself, as it was growing dark, very often seated
reminds me of the English · Cat and Mouse' bill
by the big fireplace in the Baker cottage having a
for suffragists. They put a woman in a cell till
good talk with my illustrious patient.”
she's near dead of starvation. Then they let her out
for a square meal so she can get strength enough
As the writer himself adinits, there was
to suffer some more. You've got to have feeling,
little in his laboratory researches and profes-
you know, to suffer. There's a philosophy, by the
sional interests to appeal to the brilliant
way, for those who fear the agony of death. As
novelist; but there was a congeniality of tem- you lose the enduring powers of life, you lose also
perament that made companionship agreeable. the sensibility to suffering. It must be so. It is so.
6
6


112
(Feb. 3
THE DIAL
:
I have seen it many times. . . . Cat and mouse write each of them ten or fifteen times, I
life and death. Death's the cat comes and paws might print them. But that would not be
until poor life is about dead to all feeling. Then worth while.” Hearn then goes on to dis-
the cat retires into a dark corner and purrs while
the mouse gets a little life back, so as to be more
parage himself in terms as exaggerated as
sensible of suffering when the cat comes pawing
those in Professor Erskine's praise of him:
again. I do n't say there's no reason behind it
“I am not a scholar, nor a competent critic
but I can't see it-
can you?”
of the best; there are scores of men able to do
There we have the man and his philosophy;
the same thing incomparably better. . . I have
and if the life-story of such a man, with its
not the scholarship needed for the develop-
interspersed commentary on the significant
ment and exercise of the critical faculty, in
occurrences in that life, is not well worth read-
the proper sense of the term." On the other
ing, where shall we find a book that is?
hand, Professor Erskine is bold enough to
assert of these lectures: “In substance if not
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
in form they are criticism of the finest kind,
unmatched in English unless we return to the
best of Coleridge, and in some ways un-
INTERPRETATIONS OF LITERATURE.* equalled by anything in Coleridge."
Death has by no means put an end to the Both of these wholesale utterances surely
publication of writings by Lafcadio Hearn. His need radical modification; the truth lies, as
latest posthumous work, “Interpretations of one might expect, in that golden mean which
Literature," comprising some eight hundred Hearn decried. So far as Hearn's estimate of
pages in two ponderous volumes, is calmly an- himself is concerned, it is clear that he under-
nounced by the editor, Professor John Erskine, rated his scholarship, and overrated in gen-
to be merely initial. Material to the amount eral the need of wide scholarship in the kind
of 400,000 or 500,000 words is available; and of writing congenial to him. As for Professor
will no doubt in due time, or undue time, be Erskine's estimate, it is difficult to see, from
published in toto. This material is in the these “initial” eight hundred pages, how
form of notes taken by students who attended Coleridge's reputation as a critic is in any
Lafcadio Hearn's lectures while he held the respect to be eclipsed by Hearn's. To some
chair of English literature in the University extent, this disagreement between Hearn and
of Tokyo (1896-1902); in lecturing, he “used his editor is apparently due to a difference in
no notes, but for the convenience of his class, the use of the term “criticism.” When Hearn
who were listening to a foreign language, he speaks of "the critical faculty, in the proper
dictated slowly, and certain of his abler stu- sense of the term,” he perhaps thinks of criti-
dents managed to take down long passages, cism primarily as judgment - certainly that
whole lectures, even a series of lectures, word is “the proper sense of the term.” However
for word.”
responsive in sensibility, Hearn very likely
As might be expected, the record of the lec- felt that he did not know enough to be a good
tures unfortunately reveals many traces of judge of literature. But to Professor Erskine,
their impromptu presentation. Inconsisten- criticism apparently is an account of “the
cies common; exaggerations abound; effect of the writing upon the reader"; it is
commonplace statement of fact (common- a “showing you what is waiting there to be
place, that is, to the Occidental reader) causes seen"; it is, in a word, not judgment, but
many a page to be pedestrian, if not dull; interpretation.
occasionally the lecturer blunders upon a This brings us to the central quarrel
term, like “sheet-lightning,” which must be
among the critics of literature — should the
laboriously explained to an audience unfamil-
first aim of the critic be to interpret or to
iar with it; here and there the style is far
judge?- a quarrel by no means in a way to
? a
from typical of Hearn,- as in this sentence,
be settled soon, or to be renewed at length
apparently a definition of Wordsworth:
here. It will suffice, in this connection, to
"Wordsworth was a man who composed point out that as a judge of literature Hearn
nearly all of his shorter poems standing up."
In brief, these lectures are decidedly ragged,
is by no means distinguished. Aside from
and would have been a dismal nightmare to
not very remarkable specific assertions, such
Hearn if he, with his love of finish, had had
as his designation of Stevenson as
one of
an opportunity to see them. When advised
the finest masters of style in all English lit-
to print his lectures, he responded that they erature,” or his conclusion that, in compari-
were too lacking in form: “ Were I to re-
son with Tennyson, Arnold was not a great
thinker or a profound poet,” or his astonish-
* INTERPRETATIONS OF LITERATURE. By Lafcadio Hearn. In
two volumes. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
ing dictum that the poetry of Coleridge is
are
a
a
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"such poetry that there is nothing greater in is to be explained by the fact that the Classic
English past or present, and can scarcely be school, championing impersonality, is moving
anything greater in the English of the in the wrong direction, while the Romantic
future" (are the transcribers of Hearn's lec- school, championing personality, naturally
tures perchance at fault here?), an entire ' achieves genius (for “ Personality, in its high-
lecture like the one “ On Romantic and Clas- est forms, signifies Genius”). Hearn goes on
sic Literature, in Relation to Style" is a clear to illustrate the superiority of Romanticism
indication of Hearn's all but complete lack of by remarking that in nineteenth century En-
the poise and disinterestedness of the mind glish literature there is not a single Classic
that judges ably. This is how he seeks “to writer of importance: significant, surely, in
define the romantic position”: “It is right a Romantic century, when even Romanticism
and artistic to choose whatever form of lit- did not produce a poet of the first rank!
erary expression an author may prefer, pro- Distinction as a judge of literature is
vided only that the form be beautiful and surely not to be attained by a mind that
correct.” We need not make much of the odd moves in these mysterious ways. But another
implication that what is beautiful is artistic; distinction Lafcadio Hearn as surely had,-
but what of the word correct? What decides he was an illuminating teacher. He showed
whether the form be correct? Is not that a infinite skill in presenting Western thought
tacit confession of the need of a standard and emotion to an Eastern audience, a skill
other than the one proposed in the definition that might be illustrated at length. It is
itself? He proceeds to contrast with this another and more essential skill, however,
meaningless definition a definition of classi- | that justifies the publication of these volumes,
cism that does violence to pseudo-classicism - the presentation of literary thought and
even, which, indeed, and not classicism, he is, emotion in such a manner that the meaning
trying to define:
of the text, or the coherence of the poet's
“You have no right whatever to choose your life, is revealed to the reader far more clearly
own forms of literary expression, either in poetry than before. The title of the work is appro-
or in prose. Experience has proved that the forms priate; these lectures are truly interpreta-
which we prescribe are the best, and whatever you tions of literature. Professor Erskine rightly
have to say must be said according to our rules. characterizes Hearn's ideal of the teaching of
If you do not obey those rules, you will be inflict-
literature as “rare and beautiful”: that ideal
ing an injury upon your native language and your being, in Hearn's words, to teach literature
native literature; and for such an injury you can-
not be forgiven.”
" as the expression of emotion and sentiment,
Elsewhere, in a lecture on Keats, he de- ing a poet I tried to explain the quality and
--- as the representation of life. In consider-
scribed the genuine classic style:
the powers of the emotion he produces." Al-
“Well, in the mind of the old Greeks, who saw
though the intellectual point of view is un-
great truths perfectly, the beauty of utterance happily slighted in this ideal, it is surely a
consisted in expressing the largest truth in the
" rare and beautiful” ideal in comparison
most direct and frank way, and in language that a
child could understand."
with that which still dominates in the histori-
Toward the end of the lecture on the two cal, scientific, Germanized departments of
schools, the critic, with unconscious legerde the present world earthquake is already caus-
literature in the American university; though
main, reaches some curious conclusions. He
is attempting the futile task of proving the
ing signs of a change in the minds and
superiority of the Romantic school by show-
bosoms of Productive Scholarship. The fol-
ing how abundant great Romantic literature lowing, from a “Note on the Study of Shake-
is. Out of all the glorious names on the speare,” though not without Hearn’s romantio
roll of European (as contrasted with Orien-
twist, is salutary advice for the secondary.
tal] literature you will find that the vast
school teachers of our day, even for university
majority are names of romanticists."
does not name them, but says he "might cite “ The study of Shakespeare .. must be based
fifty names by way of illustration.” Fifty upon imagination. I mean that the best way to
would be wearisome, but let us name for him study a play of Shakespeare is to try to under-
a few (the very greatest) of these redun-
stand perfectly, not the language, which is often a
dantly numerous romanticists”: in Greece,
matter of very secondary importance, but the situ-
ations. . . To approach Shakespeare, the student
Homer and Sophocles; in Italy, Virgil, Hor-
ought first to get rid of the idea he is about to
ace, and Dante; in France, Racine and Mo-
study a monument of language. . . The style and
lière; in Germany, Goethe; in England, the language of Shakespeare are the least impor-
Shakespeare and Milton. This fine showing | tant part of his creations, while in the other poets
6
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114
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is acco
-
<
-
they form the most important part. . . And so it nation or memory; perhaps we might call it per-
were better that in reading Shakespeare you should fected visual memory. It may be pleasant or
begin by paying least attention to the language unpleasant. But if the experience thus recalled
and most attention to the action or, to be more be of a happy and beautiful kind, a visual memory
explicit, the living incident of the plays."
ccompanied by the revival of the same happy
“Imagination," "the living incident of the
feeling
“ It is so in the poet's case. He felt more than
plays,” these are, as every teacher knows in
his heart, central in the study of Shakespeare swaying in the summer breeze beside the sunlit
common pleasure in the sight of the yellow flowers
and many another poet, and not Sources, water; and afterwards, whenever the picture re-
Elizabethan English, the Elizabethan Stage,
turned to his memory, he felt the joy of the
Elizabethan London, Elizabethan Manners, moment again — the happiness of the season, and
and all the other backgrounds and fore- of the sunlight and of the bright air, all of which
grounds and sidegrounds that distract atten- seem to him expressed by the dancing' of the
tion from the centre.
yellow flowers. One expression in the last stanza
The foregoing discussion hardly suggests
I hope you will remember, as it is now very
famous
the range of subjects embraced in these lec-
that inward eye which is the bliss of
solitude.' Of course the poet means, by “inward
tures. The first volume is mainly a nine-
eye,' the faculty of imagination; and imagination
teenth century selection, containing lectures
indeed makes the pleasure of solitude — that is,
on Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Keats, enables its possessor to be happy in spite of being
Shelley, Hood, Carlyle, Writers of Prose Fic- alone.”
NORMAN FOERSTER.
tion, Meredith, etc., (with a separate index
for the volume). Volume II is a miscella-
neous collection, the Bible, Ballads, Berke-
ley, Longfellow, the Havamal, Poems about
“ PASSAGE TO MORE THAN INDIA."*
Insects, etc. A single illustration of Hearn's When a book on anything concerned with
mode of treatment in discussing a particular India is described on the title-page as "a
poem must serve. In the lecture on Words- traveller's record," a reviewer is likely to be
worth, after a few words on flowers in En- distrustful. But he must remember that there
glish poetry, "The Daffodils” is printed are travellers and travellers; and in the case
entire; then comes this passage, in which the of Dr. Pratt's “ India and Its Faiths,” he
meaning is surely brought home to a mind must finally adjudge the words both modest
previously unresponsive:
and significant. One of the delights of faring
“ The daffodil is a bright yellow flower, and a
about the "multanimous peninsula” is the
bed of daffodils in blossom really produces such a willingness of the native and the resident
blaze of color as would remind a Japanese traveller alien to talk helpfully, if you are genuinely
of the blossoming of the Natane in some parts of and intelligently interested; but not less
this country. The effect described by the poet striking is their capacity for turning the cold-
must have been greatly enhanced by the proximity est of cold shoulders, if you are just "globe-
of the dancing lake-water beyond the flowers, trottingly” and superficially inquisitive.
bright blue under the sun. You know what a fine
contrast is made by the meeting of blue and yel- Fortunately for himself and his readers, Dr.
low. This is a bit of painting from the English Pratt belonged to the former type of ques-
lakes. But the point of the poem, written nearly tioner, being most generously equipped before
one hundred years ago, is not in the description;
he landed; and he evidently utilized every
it comes, like a surprise, with the last stanza. moment of a rich and active visit to correct
Have you ever noticed what the effect of certain his impressions and broaden his knowledge.
bright scenes may be upon your own senses? It is His training in the problems of psychology
at night particularly that the phenomenon may be and religion (he is professor of philosophy in
studied. You blow out the lamp and lie down to Williams College) made an admirable propæ-
sleep, and close your eyes; then, all at once, in
deutic for his investigations in India; and he
the dark you see in bright sunshine some incident
has given us a thoughtful book, that is schol-
that impressed you during the day. Perhaps it is
a street, with people passing by, and children play- arly with no tinge of pedantry, and is un-
ing; and perhaps it is the face of a friend with
marred by the intolerance of the old-time
whom you have been talking. Or it is a scene of missionary zealot on the one hand, or the love-
travelling,- a stretch of sea beach, with waves
blinded enthusiasm of such thoroughgoing
breaking silently. This may come to you again converts as Sister Nivedita on the other. He
and again
— come to you also in dreams, and you still believes in the superiority of Christianity
will never entirely forget it. I am told that old as a working religion, and in the West as
persons see these after-images more clearly than opening more useful doors on the future; but
young persons; but everybody sees them at times.
* INDIA AND ITS Faiths. By James Bissett Pratt. Boston:
This is more than what is commonly called imagi- | Houghton Mifflin Co.


1916)
115
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he believes this only in spirit of one who has cantly than when he has been deliberately
seen India and its people with wise and engaged in a discussion of predestination as
kindly eyes:
connected with God's responsibility for sin;
" It is hard for me to conceive how one can stay
and we believe that Dr. Pratt's conclusion as
anytime among them without finding them truly to the popular belief in free will would have
lovable and without imbibing a genuine respect for been modified by a wider and less formal
the simple dignity of their lives, the quiet courtesy investigation.
,
of their manners, their uncomplaining endurance
As an example of the changes effected in
of hardships, their unbounded hospitality, and the
Mohammedanism by its alien surroundings,
feeling for spiritual values, which, in spite of gross
superstition, is unmistakable in the Indian atmos-
we may mention the greater tolerance of
phere.”
the Indian Moslemite, as compared with his
Arab or Turkish co-religionist. This differ-
For the monotheistic or agnostic Occiden-
tal, the easiest approach to a study of Indian
ence is very marked; and Dr. Pratt was
religions would seem to lie through Moham naturally astonished when he was asked not
medanism. Of course the followers of the only to attend the Friday service at Benares
and kneel with the faithful during prayers,
prophet number only some sixty-seven mil-
but also to make an address in the mosque
lions, - about a fifth of the population; but
at the conclusion of the ceremonies. But the
their faith is fairly familiar to us all, and at
influence we have in mind is seen in its
the same time it has been so influenced by its
sojourn in India as to offer a tiny bit of help Mohammedanism by Hinduism in very many
extreme form in the coloring of popular
in making the transition to Hinduism.
districts. This coloring is touched upon by
One feature of Mohammedanism that is
Dr. Pratt in passing; but it is deeply signifi-
always interesting, the problem of predestina-
cant for historian and philosopher alike, and
tion, receives its full share of attention from
deserves more extended notice. It is impos-
our author. He reports that both the learned
sible to give exact figures; but one might
theologian and the ordinary tradesman in-
almost talk of millions of Indian Moslems
sisted stoutly on their belief in the freedom
of the will, and he adduces the following the most part in name only. They join their
who are to be distinguished from Hindus for
conversation as typical:
Hindu fellows cheerfully in all sorts of relig-
“Question. 'Does everything happen in ac- ious festivals, share piously their idolatrous
cordance with God's will, so that nothing is done
rites, and feel much more at home with the
anywhere in the universe which He does not
decree?'
kindly Ganesh than with the solitary and
“Answer. 'Yes, everything that happens and
distant Allah. Hinduism is incredibly ab-
everything that is done by man or by anyone else
sorbent on its native ground.
is in accord with God's will.'
When the honest student passes from
“Q. When a man sins, then, it is God that Mohammedanism
Mohammedanism to Hinduism, he passes
makes him sin?'
from the difficult to the desperate. Let any
“A. 'Oh, no, not at all. God never wills sin.' intelligent inquirer converse with a venerable
“Q. “How do you reconcile this with your for- pundit about the realization of the self in
mer statement?'
divine love, and go next morning to the reek-
“ A. “You see, man's power to sin, as man's
power for all his actions, comes from God. But ing sacrificial services at the Kalighat shrine.
man's choice of sin is his own and is against the
Let him read the transcendent teachings of
will of God. God is displeased at sin.'
Rabindranath Tagore, and then turn to such
“Q. Then man's will is free?'
a book as Thurston's Omens and Supersti-
“ A. -Oh, yes.'
tions of Southern India," or to some of the
“Q. * Then some things do happen that are not unblinking pages in the invaluable “ Hindu
in accordance with God's will?'
Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies" of the
“ A. "Yes.'»
Abbé Dubois. Let him ponder the higher
But it must be remembered that a discussion aspects of the doctrine of transmigration,
of God's possible responsibility for sin and then consider the more repugnant and
trenches on very delicate and difficult ground; terrible features of child marriage. All glib
and we respectfully believe that the Indian conclusions and ambitious formulæ seem
Moslem is much more of a fatalist than such strangely pitiable. Nor does our author dis-
a conversation might imply. When a Moham-guise the difficulty. Throughout six rather
medan trader concludes his bartering with long chapters he does all one can to give an
you by making the simple dignified asser- impartial treatment of the subjects indi-
tion, "If it is destined that I sell you the cated or implied by such captions as " Hindu
wares, I shall sell you the wares," he is Worship," "The Many Gods,” “The One
speaking much more naturally and signifi-| God," “Duty and Destiny," "The Hindu
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as
66
-
Dharma," and "Teachers, Priests, and Holy Whoso seeketh a work on Hinduism that sat-
Men." And on the whole his achievement isfieth, seeketh forever in vain; yet whoso once
is distinctly praiseworthy, the chapters be- beginneth the search will never be satisfied
ing replete with sound information and sane uutil he hath found such an one.” In the
judgments.
meantime Dr. Pratt's volume offers a sane,
Naturally, there is no single clue to this useful, and stimulating treatment of the more
colossal labyrinth; but Dr. Pratt comes as salient features.
near to giving one as is possible by dwelling Over the remaining chapters we must pass
on the Hindu belief in the soul. “Hindus
“Hindus without discussion. They bear such headings
are sure of the soul. There is nothing else Reform Movements within Hinduism,'
they are so sure of." “Underneath all the “ The Kabir Panthis and the Sikhs," The
strange noises of Hinduism, like the distant Parsees,” “Christian Missions in India,"
murmur of the sea, there sounds ever the far- · Education and Reform.” It is particularly
off music of the soul.” And it is some con- hard to refrain from a word or two about
cern about this great practical reality, the Buddhism, and about the possible lessons for
soul, that connects Shankara's Brahman, the America in Indian religion and philosophy.
spiritual unity back of all phenomena, with To us the chapter on “What the West Might
the thirty-three million gods, or godlings, of Learn” does not correspond to the expecta-
the official figures. The average Hindu be- tions aroused in turning to it after the other
lieves very simply that there are many gods. sections of the book; but fortunately it is a
Very many Hindus would say there are many subject on which each reader will be prepared
gods but there is also one God, without feel- to form his own conclusions.
ing any necessity to reconcile his statements. Inasmuch as we have commended the book
Not a few would say the same thing, and so warmly, even if we have ventured to differ
offer a reconciliation, convincing or not; and about some not unimportant points, we shall
some would say there is only one God. And not be misunderstood if we voice a protest on
within these countless millions you would a few details. For instance, there is an occa-
have every range of attitude from the most sional infelicitous flippancy, as in the quota-
degrading devil worship to the most exalted tion from a friend who spoke of the goddess
spiritual monotheism, every sort of conduct
Kali as
a kind of militant suffragette.”
from the grossest animal indulgence to the Such a statement merely distracts the mind
most self-immolating asceticism; and every and befogs the discussion. Again, a man who
individual considered might rightly lay un- wantonly shoots ducks that cannot possibly be
hesitating claim to the name of Hindu. It is retrieved is not “surely a very typical prod-
easy to write that the life of the Hindu is uct of our Western culture with its love of
essentially a religious life, not merely a life self-assertion and its cult of sport.” There
that is superstitious or filled with pious per- is not a good sportsman in England or Amer-
formances, but, more than that, a life lived ica who would not brand such wanton slaugh-
in unfailing realization of relations that bind ter as the work of a cad. Furthermore, it
human life to a supernatural world. But seems to us that Dr. Pratt is generally just a
when you have said this, you have still an little hard on the Britisher in India; but that
infinity of gradations to take into account, is a large subject. Indian life is not all meta-
and you must not rest in the deceptive com- physics and hospitality. As a criticism of a
fort of an alluring definition.
different type, one may regret that the author
The fact is simply that Hinduism refuses did not include a brief account of several of
to be generalized. It must be taken step by the primitive religions so richly represented
step, point by point, and, save in the highest among the less civilized outlying tribes. Of
spheres, one is often confronted with the fact
course these represent a rather remote part of
that what seemed a religious philosophy turns the field for the general reader; but they are
out to be an unreasoning system of caste. interesting and surprisingly instructive.
And therewith one is launched again on a The book is well printed, contains twenty-
vast and treacherous ocean. Dr. Pratt writes four good illustrations, and is appropriately
optimistically: “Nearly everyone who knows bound. On page 57 mention is made of a
anything at all about India knows about picture of Krishna on the cover: but the
caste, so little need be said of it here." But actual cover shows the delightful lines of the
the people who know caste are rare indeed, Taj Mahal. In a second edition, which we
although you encounter it at every turn in hope will be demanded very soon, a few statis-
Hindu life and religion. However, we may tical tables might well be inserted before the
not follow this tempting theme any further, helpful index.
and must merely repeat the old warning,
F. B. R. HELLEMS.
1
1


1916)
117
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INTELLIGENCE AS A MORAL OBLIGATION.*
problems of ontology by the aid of the under-
standing. It may be true that in the region
Seldom does it fall to the lot of a reviewer
of pure speculation the instrument of reason
to open a book upon which he finds it impossi- has been used for a purpose to which it is
ble to bestow anything but unqualified praise, unsuited, and that the effort to transcend the
and such a rare experience tends to paralyze finite and comprehend the infinite by means
that critical faculty the exercise of which he
of the intelligence alone is but another of
has accustomed himself to regard as his dis-
those fruitless attempts to answer the old
tinctive privilege. It is therefore not without question stated by Job in the words, “Who
a sense of strangeness that we frankly aban-
shall find out the Almighty to perfection?
don the customary attitude of criticism, and
It is higher than Heaven, deeper than Hell,
adopt that of grateful acceptance, inviting all
what canst thou know?” But to recognize
who enjoy good things to share with us the
the limits beyond which the intellect, when it
pleasure and profit to be derived from the
leaves the atmosphere of human experience,
reading of “The Moral Obligation to Be
must attempt to soar in a vacuum, is not to
Intelligent,” by Dr. John Erskine of Colum-
deny it its rightful uses within these limits.
bia University.
It is as a necessary part of our equipment for
The book takes its name from the first of
the art of practical living that Dr. Erskine
the four essays of which it is composed, the lodges his claim for a deeper recognition of
other three bearing the titles,“ The Call to intelligence as among the cardinal virtues.
Service," "The Mind of Shakespere," and
It is undoubtedly true that our poets and
* Wonder and Magic in Literature.” Many
writers of fiction, and those teachers and
readers of “The Hibbert Journal” will recall
preachers on whom we have relied for
with pleasure the appearance in its pages, guidance in the conduct of life, have not suffi-
about two years ago, of the titular essay re-
ciently emphasized the need for an intelli-
ferred to. Its timeliness and its appropriate- gent apprehension of the causal relations of
ness to the needs of an age that is conspicuous things. We have been warned by Solomon
for its lack of forethought and its empiri- that Out of the heart are the issues of life,”
.
cal habit of " muddling through,” must have by Tennyson that “Knowledge must know
struck many of its readers at that time. Its her place, she is the second not the first,” by
excellent literary quality, too, was such as we
Browning that “All else but what man feels
do not expect and do not frequently find in
is but the froth o' the liquor that o'er-brims
magazine articles, and it is therefore with
the cup and runs to waste adown its side," by
peculiar pleasure that we welcome its re-
Burns that “the heart's aye the part aye that
publication in book form, and the more so maks us richt or wrang.'
It has been so
that it is re-enforced by three other papers of
hammered into our consciousness that to be
equal quality.
good is better than to be clever, that the
A volume of " collected essays cannot usu- divine gift of reason has to some extent fallen
ally be regarded homogeneously, or thought into disrespect. But here we must feel our
of otherwise than as what it is, an assemblage way carefully. The universal conviction of
for convenience in publication of separate the best of men that the rightness of the heart
literary efforts. In these four articles, how-
and the possession of those virtues that right-
ever, a distinct thread of connection is to be
heartedness implies are of primary impor-
discovered, a unity of aim and purpose, a
tance, must not be lightly put aside. A man
similarity of direction and a kinship of spirit may be full of errors of the head, his knowl-
which it is hard to describe. The connecting edge may be of the most limited description,
thread is the author's conviction indicated in
the title of the book that the duty lies upon
and his reasoning powers those of a child;
men not only to acquire that culture which yet if his heart is sound, his instincts pure,
and his affections deep, we unhesitatingly
consists in a refinement of the emotions, but to
(and we believe rightly) place him among the
bring the power of the understanding to bear
upon all the problems of life. We shall prob- retain this conviction that character comes
masters in the difficult art of living. To
ably be reminded that what we chiefly suffer
from in these days is over-intellectualism, and before intelligence, and yet to recognize the
that the present reaction in speculative think obligation that the possession of character
ing toward intuitionalism and pragmatism is imposes upon its possessor to develop his in-
the inevitable consequence of having laid telligence to the highest degree- this is the
undue emphasis on the idea of mastering the moral contained in the first essay of Dr.
Erskine's book. “He that sinneth against his
understanding wrongeth his own soul."
9.
* THE MORAL OBLIGATION TO BE INTELLIGENT.
Erskine. New York: Duffield & Co.
By John


118
(Feb. 3
THE DIAL
Emmanuel Swedenborg, in his interpreta- out intelligence. This over-emphasis upon
tion of the doctrine of the Trinity in terms of character as against intelligence shows itself
human psychology, affirms that Love, Feel- especially in our fruitless attempts to solve
ing, or Emotion represents the primary force social problems by mere force of good will, -
of the Universe, the ESSE of Being; but problems in economics, for example, in which
that only when that Esse was incarnated in (human welfare being the end aimed at) it is
the form of Truth, Wisdom, or Intelligence, assumed that kindly feeling and noble enthu-
and became the EXISTERE of Being, could siasm are the only instruments necessary for
there have been generated an effluent force the solution. An attitude of kindly contempt
(the Holy Ghost) equal to the task of raising expressing itself in such words as "doctri-
life from its low estate to that high one whichnaire" or "theorist” is maintained toward
“doth not yet appear" but toward which we those who approach such problems from the
believe we are moving. This interpretation, side of the intellect, whose aim it is to attain
it will be observed, gives Love the primary to an understanding of fundamental things,
place among our conceptions of spiritual and to deal with causes rather than symp-
origins, but imposes upon Love the necessity | toms.
of embodying or objectifying itself in Truth And it is strange, indeed, that to a prob-
or Wisdom, the Word had to be made flesh lem in engineering we bring all the knowledge
and to dwell among men.
In this way we of scientific principles that intelligence can
would interpret Dr. Erskine's warning. We discover; to produce commodities cheaply we
are not merely to rest in the consciousness develop our inventive and creative powers to
that the Eternal arms are around us, that we the highest degree; but that in attempting to
are being carried on a stream of tendency solve the great problem of human living-
toward righteousness, that we are doomed to together in relations of justice and equity,
perfection by an irresistible evolutionary we forget that here, too, active intelligence is
law; but we must consciously become part- the virtue which gives whatever value they
ners in the redemptive process, we must not possess to all those other virtues that have
only add to our faith virtue but to our virtue moved us to action.
knowledge, we must acquire skill in the use In Dr. Erskine's Commencement address
of that instrument by which alone virtue can entitled “ The Call to Service," the same de-
effectively express itself,— Intelligence. We mand is made upon the student beginning his
forfeit the right to justify our errors by the life's career, to break away from the cus-
reflection that we have walked humbly ac- tomary attitude which eager young minds so
cording to our lights, if we have failed to readily adopt in conceiving of the places they
inquire whether the light that is in us is not are called upon to fill in the economy of
darkness. To “trust in God and do the things, and to bring the whole force of the
right" is a useful working principle only if intelligence to bear upon the ultimate pur-
we have intelligently endeavored to discover pose for which he has been trained. Here,
what the “right” is.
again, the appeal for a broader and more
But Dr. Erskine's charge against the old comprehensive conception of the ultimate
Anglo-Saxon way of viewing life is not goal toward which human culture strives, or
merely the negative one of failing to realize should be striving, implies a draft upon the
the importance of intelligence, or to give it higher intelligence. It is only too easily
its place as among the cardinal virtues. He assumed that those who serve and those who
charges us, and not without reason, with hav- are to be served constitute two separate
ing regarded the intellect with suspicion as classes whom God hath put asunder and
a peril and a snare; with having assumed that whom man may not join without disrespect
a choice must be made between goodness and to the Divine Purpose. The attitude of mind
intelligence; "that stupidity is first cousin in which those stand who are called to serve
;
to moral conduct and cleverness the first step the world as preachers, scientists, or teachers,
to mischief." It is not difficult to find proof toward the great mass of somewhat unwilling
of the justice of this charge in the constant recipients of those services, is of the most
dissociation of goodness and understanding vital importance. If that attitude is wrong,
that is reflected in our literature and social as it is so likely to be, it can only be made
standards. Mephistopheles is invariably rep- right by an active use of the intelligence,
resented as the embodiment of pure intellect, by rising above personal enthusiasms and
while the biographies of saints and philan- ambitions, however noble, and obtaining a
thropists are for the most part pictures of glimpse of the ultimate end toward which the
glowing souls radiating heat without light, whole creation moves, as seen by a God who
feeling without understanding, emotion with is no respecter of persons, but who loves the


1916)
119
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66
a
humblest day-drudge equally with the most gruity between the Shakespearean plays and
gifted savant.
the character and circumstances of their re-
The questions which Dr. Erskine addresses puted creator, it is a pleasure to turn to Dr.
to his students are most well-timed, and we Erskine's essay, where the strange phenome-
indulge the hope that in the attempt to find non which the mind of Shakespeare presents
answers to them many of our young men may to the psychologist is discussed in a manner
have had their reflective faculties aroused, which does no violence to our sense of proba-
and been compelled to take such new sound-bility and accords with what we know of the
ings and bearings as may change perma- constitution of the human mind.
Can we
nently the course they are to steer in the not imagine,” he asks, "a grown person with
voyage to which every commencement address whom for the most part expression has re-
is a cheering send-off. It can do our future mained an instantaneous reflex of experience,
guides and philosophers nothing but good if who sees true habitually as we less child-like
they are impelled to such heart-searching as folk do occasionally, and who speaks so spon-
must be stimulated by the questions, "Do you taneously that he takes no account of his
hope to cure your neighbour's misfortune or utterances?” Here is suggested the idea of
merely to live by it?” “Do you look on the a sort of short-circuiting of the current which
unfortunate as your brothers in temporary connects perception and expression, in which
distress, or do you see in them objects of char-consciousness and intention are left out.
ity! Do you think your function is to The clearness of vision and the immediate-
serve and their function to be served; and ness and accuracy of expression,” which are
if by a miracle they should get on their feet, so conspicuous in the best of Shakespeare's
would you have lost your career?” Nor is work, are certainly more explicable on this
the author less definite in his arraignment of theory of direct connection between the per-
the professors of Science and Teaching, or of ceptive and the expressive faculties, than
those who propose to serve by making them- where the surface-consciousness, as with ordi-
selves the repositories of learning and wis- nary mortals, must take a hand in the transac-
dom. Not only, he indicates. should the tion. If this theory seems to make of the
ultimate purpose of a priesthood be to make a poet an unconscious automaton, Dr. Erskine
nation of priests, and to prepare the way for accepts the risk of that conclusion with a bold-
a condition in which a priesthood will be ness which we admire.
unnecessary, but this should be the conscious In the fourth and last essay, Dr. Erskine
aim of all who serve, in whatever capacity. | reminds us that we have not yet so completely
So long as the gulf separating the servers escaped from the dominion of superstition,
from the served is conceived of as being or- and the child-like belief in magic and won-
ganic and in the nature of things, the service der, as we like to persuade ourselves. We
can never be of spiritual benefit to either have told ourselves so frequently that we now
giver or receiver. After warning his theologi- live in a world of cause and effect, and that
cal students of the delusion that “a system the spirits with whom our fathers lived on
of superiorities and inferiorities is vital to terms of familiarity have been finally ban-
the religious life," or even that a certain ished from the earth, that we firmly believe
superiority of consecration attaches to the it. In spite of this, we exhibit the remains
office of priest, he addresses himself in sim- of our old faith in magic and miracle in many
ilar words to his scientific students. “You,” ways. “We have as yet gained far less con-
can no more be scientific for your trol of experience than our intellectual self-
neighbors than you can be holy for them. respect demands. We still blunder through
Scientists are as eager to do our thinking for life as though we did not know that the great
us as ever the Church has been; they are just game must be played according to rules."
as ready to use force to make effective the We still believe, Micawber-like, in things
truth as they see it, and they keep the scien- "turning up." We have not made the prog-
tific spirit to themselves as effectively as the ress in the scientific habit of mind that the
priests keep their priesthood.”
passing of the years and the amassing of
The third
essay, “ The Mind of Shake- experience ought to have produced. We still
spere,” is peculiarly refreshing to one who love to think that miracles happen, that un-
has just read Dr. Tannenbaum's excellent re- caused good-luck befalls the virtuous though
view (in THE DIAL of Dec. 9) of Mr. J. P. incompetent person, and the literary fiction
Baxter's book on the time-worn Bacon-Shake-that reflects the persistence of this primitive
speare controversy. From the account which superstition still attracts us. And the diffi-
the reviewer gives of the author's tortuous culty is, as Dr. Erskine points out, that we
attempts to deal with the apparent incon- | cannot, and should not if we could, entirely
he says,


120
Feb. 3
THE DIAL
banish this ancient habit of mind. “If we change, the pleasant eternity; against the
love the poetry of life, there is a sense in restless multiplicity and diversity of the daily
which we cannot get along without miracles; life, the reposeful unity of the metaphysical
without them as a language to talk with we unseen.
That which it has opposed to expe-
cannot express that profound wonder at com- rience it has called real; and the substance
mon facts which is the sign of enlightened of experience itself, because it was so fraught
manhood." The difficulty with most of us is with evil and danger, it has called unreal and
to preserve this love of the miraculous, relegated to the realm of appearance. The
wedded as it is to that faculty of wonder skill with which it has done this, the subtlety
which keeps the imagination alive, and yet to with which it has met the difficulties which
detect the thimble-rigging by which some of fact always puts in the way of dialectic, have
our writers would delude us into the belief made it a high and precious exercise of the
that the laws of consequence are occasionally creative imagination.
out of action. The danger of falling under Now of all passions which animate the
this delusion is finely indicated in the follow- | philosophical mind, perhaps the strongest is
ing passage:
the logical passion, the passion for unity and
“We are convinced that to be a professional consistency. Thought may surrender, one after
crook will lead to moral deterioration, but we read another, all the cherished compensatory excel-
with pleasure these fables which keep the soul of lences with which the imagination endows the
the crook unspotted from his own conduct. Our world. It may surrender the immortality of
pleasure is based on a fine humaneness, on the the soul, the spirituality and eternity of the
undoubted fact that criminals are largely manu- world, the freedom of the will, but it will still
factured, and that few of them are originally bad
at heart. But this doctrine, excellent as a vantage. This desideratum becomes the principle of
cling to cosmic unity and logical consistency.
point from which to enter upon some social respon-
sibility and rescue, has been stretched in our fiction
reconstruction in all sorts of systems, mate-
until it misrepresents the consequences of wrong-
rialisms and idealisms and empiricisms, the
doing, and even diminishes strangely enough that one sole salvage from the wrecks of disillusion.
sense of social responsibility from which it sprang. The use of it escapes monotony chiefly by
We felt to blame for letting our fellow-man force of the materials to which it is applied,
become a criminal, but after the story or the play and the organization of them by which it is
has demonstrated how excellently moral the crim-
generated.
One such very interesting con-
inal is, we feel less guilty.”
struction which abandons all desiderata but
Here, again, the moral contained in the title
this is Neo-Realism.
of this book returns to us, and we realize the
On this side of the water the most interest-
imperative need for the constant watchful ing protagonist of this new philosophic fash-
play of the intelligence upon all our mental
ion is Mr. Edwin Holt, of Harvard University.
and emotional processes. In the words quoted His philosophy is in most respects a philoso-
from Emerson, “The beginning of power is phy of disillusion. In one respect, however,
in the belief that things go not by luck but
that of unity, it is a masterpiece of imagina-
by law.”
ALEX. MACKENDRICK. tive construction. The world as Mr. Holt sees
it is composed of a few simple elements com-
bined in a hierarchy which moves from the
simplest to the most complex, from the neutral
COSMIC SYSTEMS AND PHILOSOPHICAL
IMAGINATION.*
entities of logic, which are neither mind nor
matter, to those high, complicated organiza-
Philosophy, I have had occasion more than
tions of psychology which combine a special
once to point out, maintains, in its great tradi- significance with a reducible compositeness.
tion, an essentially compensatory character. Between these two extremes range, in due
The world is not one which was made for us.
order, the world of the secondary qualities, of
That slow reconstruction of it in fact, which colors and sounds and tastes and smells, the
we call civilization, is too slow and too inade-
worlds of geometry and mathematics, of phy-
quate to satisfy the impatient mind. Imagi- sics, of chemistry, of geography, of astron-
nation does not wait upon fact, but leaps omy, and of biology, and beyond psychology
beyond it to the 'heart's desire. Such leaping is to be found the world of values, these being
beyond has been predominantly the part of the last terms, in the process of the synthesis
philosophy in its great tradition. Against the of simples, that man knows.
fact of death it has sought to demonstrate Considered absolutely, none of the entities
desired immortality; against the fact of which these different sciences deal with pos-
sesses a status either in the world of mind or
* THE CONCEPT OF CONSCIOUSNESS. By Edwin B. Holt, New
the world of matter. It exists on its own
York: The Macmillan Co.


1916)
121
THE DIAL
.
calls a
account, “neutral” to both. When, however, Holt's imagination has carried him farther
it is related in a particular way to a group of than his sense of fact has allowed him to go.
other entities, it assumes a status, and may be, The quality of this imagination is striking,
according to its relation, indifferently both both in the new avenues of vision it opens up
mind and matter at the same time. Thus the for the reader and in the plausibility with
sky you look at, as and when you look at it, which it accounts for many interesting and
takes its place with a series of beings, all of puzzling details concerning the nature of
them related in a specific way to your nervous
mind. "The Concept of Consciousness” is an
system and your body. Because it is so re- imaginative achievement of great freshness
lated, it is a mental image and thought, a and dialectical subtlety simply because it has
sensation, a memory, any psychological form restated so much of the world of experience,
of existence you choose. Again, however, in with the irreducible uniqueness of its con-
connection with the system of ether waves, of tents, in terms of " logical entities.” But the
physical tensions and stresses, it is a material restatement has been made at the cast of
fact in the external world. In itself it simply neglecting this qualitative uniqueness in
is. Reality is an infinite collection of such experience, and of violating the desiderated
autonomous entities, some irreducible simples, consistency of the system. In this respect,
some compounded of such irreducible simples, Mr. Holt is, however, no worse off than any
and all together constituting what Mr. Holt other philosopher who aims to construct a
neutral mosaic," and all ultimately to system as well as to describe the universe, and
be derived from the few elemental logical he is much better off with respect to the inter-
entities which constitute the walls of the visi-est of his material and the liveliness of his
ble and the invisible world.
style. His book is easily the foremost contri-
This Mr. Holt demonstrates with a beauti- bution which the New Realism has as yet
ful and logical consequentiality, and with the made to the art of metaphysics and the near-
adduction of many interesting empirical data. science of psychology.
H. M. KALLEN.
He builds his world from neutral entity to
mind and values, with a deductive precision
and in a sprightly manner which other pro-
fessorial philosophers might do well to imi-
SOUTH AMERICA AS A COMMERCIAL
FIELD.*
tate. His language is a little difficult, because
of his attempt to assimilate all forms of exis- The majority of the numerous books pur-
tence to the terms of logic. In his vocabulary, porting to give information about our South
facts are propositions and events theorems. American neighbors resemble the forced
etc.; but once this slight difficulty is over- plants grown in the superheated atmosphere
come the position is plausible enough. The of a hothouse. An artificial interest has
world appears as a consistent system, over- drawn them forth from an almost barren
whelmingly integrated and logical. Unhap- soil, poorly fed with scraps of statistics
pily, Mr. Holt's sense of fact gets the better snatched at random from consular reports
of his sense of logical form. The scientist and and commercial publications, and they are
the artist in him are not at one, and they do colored by the pallid tints retained in the
not appear to be at one in the particular retina of unobservant eyes after a hurried
matter following.
trip in some country or other. Their literary
The world we live in is, of course, a world value is nil; the information they impart is
in which we make mistakes, a world in which worse than worthless: it really is misinfor-
error appears. The problem of error has been mation. Such books must have a detrimental
one of the great puzzles in the compensatory effect on the relations between the United
tradition, and Mr. Holt faces it with a cour- States and Latin America, retarding as they
age and originality quite without parallel. do the understanding which will have to ex-
From his point of view, contradictions are as ist between the peoples of the two continents
real in the neutral world as consistencies, and if the commercial castles in the air, so fondly
error he regards as a clash of contradictory reared by some of our business men, are to
propositions, a struggle for survival between have their foundations on terra firma.
two organizations of being within a given In his preface to “ The Future of South
complex. This description of error I believe | America,” Mr. Roger W. Babson makes the
to be correct. Unhappily, it is not consistent admission on which he wishes to be em-
with the conception of a completely consistent phatic — that he does not " attempt to com-
universe. If contradictions are real, the uni- pete with the seasoned traveller, nor the man
verse cannot be a unity. If the universe is a
By Roger W. Babson.
unity, contradictions cannot be real. Mr.
Illustrated. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
* THE FUTURE OF SOUTH AMERICA.


122
(Feb. 3
THE DIAL
6
who has spent many years in these southern Mr. Babson confesses that his “visits to
republics." His intention is to furnish the South America] have been short," and that
reader with information “which should be of in many of the cities he writes about he spent
service to those looking at this continent from but little time. It is only logical, therefore,
a money-making, rather than from an his- that he should not have become acquainted
torical, point of view."
with the people of South America, as indeed
If Mr. Babson had achieved this purpose,
he has not. His observant mind, neverthe-
his book would have been unique among the less, has perceived that the South Americans,
publications on South America; but it has as they exist to-day, are vastly different from
fallen short of the self-imposed mark. And the conception formed of them by the North
this could not be otherwise. The author is a Americans. He dispels the myth, entertained
statistician of country-wide fame. Therefore, by some writers of better intentions than
one is not surprised, but rather expects, that judgment, that the peoples of the Southern
he should attribute great importance to the republics are connected with the people of
power of statistics in unravelling the myste- the United States by a kinship springing
ries of South America. Statistics, however, from the similarity of governmental institu-
like most sciences which depend for their tions.
tions. The countries of South America are
expression upon figures, is entirely impotent republican in government, and their inhabi-
in giving an idea of nationality. The tants are imbued with as great a love of flag
complexities of a nation—nay, of a single indi- | and country as could be found anywhere else
vidual,—are beyond the reach of mere numer- in the world; but that — and no more — is
als. The most skilful statistician, armed with the extent of their resemblance to the people
the most elaborate and up-to-date statistics of the United States. They belong to a dif-
could not have foretold, at the beginning of
ferent race and a different civilization. The
last century, the enormous engineering and countries are, in the majority of cases, much
industrial development that was in store for older than the United States; and having
such an unpromising country as Scotland. been kept, under the long tutelage of Spain,
Again, according to some statistical contem-secluded from the rest of the world, they
porary of Charles V, Spain should have been have developed traits of character, habits,
to-day mistress of the world. Statistics alone and customs which are peculiarly their own,
cannot reveal to us the future of South and which will not be changed at the bidding
America.
of the first American drummer who happens
Mr. Babson is fully aware of the shortcom-
to visit them.
ings of statistics. He realizes that his science Mr. Babson makes all this perfectly clear,
can only be fully understood by experts, and
and with the insistence necessary to the incul-
that mere numerals will fail to appeal to the cation of an all-important lesson; and there-
average person “looking at this continent in, rather than in his statistics, lies the real
from a money making . . point of view." value of his interesting book.
He therefore indulges in what we might call
MARIANO J. LORENTE.
spectacular statistics, fit for drawing-room
entertainment. “If Massachusetts were to be
extended westward through the Central States
RECENT FICTION.
to the Pacific Ocean, it would be about one
The name
“ Plashers Mead” will not mean
hundred and twenty-five miles wide and
nearly three thousand miles long. Imagine certain season, Michael Fane went into the
much to many, but some will recall that, at a
this belt of land turned on end so that it will country with Guy Hazlewood, who wanted to
lie north and south instead of east and west,
find a place where he might devote himself to
and you will then have an idea of how large poetry. They found a place called Plashers
and how peculiar is the shape of Chile.” | Mead. Here Guy established himself, and
There is in such a metamorphosis something here Michael came later and wrote something
reminiscent of the light-handed conjurer who
on the window with Guy's diamond pencil,
transforms a rabbit into a pigeon by a simple and then looking out of the window saw Guy
turn of the hand.
in a canoe with a very charming girl like a
It is all very cleverly done, and if the mind wild rose or a fairy child. It was later still,
has not been fatigued by such geographical while Michael was moving strangely in the
contortions one may obtain some idea of the extraordinary netherworld of London, that he
location and extent of a country. But there
* PLASHERS MEAD. By Compton Mackenzie. Illustrated.
is something else infinitely more important
New York: Harper & Brothers.
By Hugh Walpole. New York:
than the country itself, and that is its people.
George H. Doran Co.
THE GOLDEN SCARECROW.


1916 ]
123
THE DIAL
heard from Guy that there were difficulties ion, there are a good many people who supply
which led him to think he would have to that too,- Mr. Dreiser, say, or Mr. Somerset
choose between love and art. So much of a Maugham. But it is not because he is charm-
glimpse of Plashers Mead there was in “Sin- ing and exquisite on the one hand, or acrid and
ister Street”; we now have a fully realized sordid on the other, or indeed because he is
view of a very beautiful and exquisite imagi- both together that Mr. Compton Mackenzie is
nation. Whether Mr. Compton Mackenzie worth reading: it is because he is such a mas-
:
had in earlier days conceived the story more ter of the facts of youth, because he knows
fully, or whether, in the hours of idleness that so much of its seriousness, its triviality, its
must come even to those on an expeditionary tragedy, its exhilaration, its ignorance, -as
force, he picked up the loose threads and well as of the follies or fancies, gaieties and
worked out a new pattern, would be hard to delights, and other things wherein youth
say, and perhaps not worth while. But it shares the lot of more exercised mortality.
may well be in these days in which a tragic Of these things Mr. Compton Mackenzie
possibility impends over all that younger gen- offers a rich and well-filled record, and for
eration to which he belongs, that Mr. Macken- these things one could ignore more defects
zie has desired to leave some record of the than he otherwise has.
beauty of the England and the English life In “ Plashers Mead” Mr. Mackenzie is at
of to-day. At any rate, we have the life at his best. It is not that the book is about more
Plashers Mead told not from the standpoint pleasing and attractive people and places
of the queerly sophisticated set at Oxford, than may readily be found in “ Carnival” or
but almost as from the charming but whimsi- "Sinister Street," for the pleasing and attrac-
cal old rectory. The book, like so much of tive is often enough too much of an end in
England, has wonderful beauty; also like itself. Nor is it that the book seems nearer
England, there impends over it a sense of a to life and truer than some parts of Mr.
terrible outcome.
Mackenzie's other work, although that would
Those who know Mr. Compton Mackenzie probably strike a good many readers. It is
will have already read “Plashers Mead," and because the whole thing is so entirely fused
will have found in it the same beauty and life in the imagination that it makes its impres-
of youth that runs so joyfully and with suchsion definitely and surely as the writer would
strains of melancholy through his other wish. Its characters, its setting, its story all
books; the places and people are as good as go together, and make a piece of work such
in “Youth's Encounter," the story as good as one does not often meet.
(and as bad) as that of “ Carnival.” Those The Golden Scarecrow' may be some-
who have never read Mr. Compton Mackenzie thing of a disappointment to those who have
will find his latest a good book to begin with, read “The Duchess of Wrexe," not to say
for it has most of his strong points and few others of Mr. Walpole's books, so it should be
of his weaknesses.
said at once that it is a book of a different
By this publication Mr. Compton Macken- kind. For one thing, it is not a novel; it is
zie puts himself ahead,— begins to get out of a series of sketches bound together only by
the group that one rather thinks of together. the idea which informs them all. And
Mr. D. H. Lawrence's latest book was allowed though we may say that the interest in a story
only a brief moment of circulation, so we is not the highest literary interest, yet it is
think of him still as we have thought of him certainly the case that when the story is lack-
before. Mr. Hugh Walpole has allowed him- ing we find it more difficult, at first at least,
self something of a breathing-space in pro- to fix our attention on what there is. Mr.
ducing “
“The Golden Scarecrow.” We have Walpole is good at a story: from “The Gods
seen nothing of late by Mr. Beresford or by and Mr. Perrin," where you go right along
Mr. Cannan. So Mr. Compton Mackenzie with the people in a very dramatic narration,
rather emerges from the younger generation. to "The Duchess of Wrexe," a much fuller
Viewing him thus, one rather asks why book with more analysis, his books have a
there is anything in these books that one will story.
story. “The Golden Scarecrow” does not.
not find elsewhere. If it comes to presenting Nor does it at first sight deal with the same
merely a charming or exquisite quality of things that Mr. Walpole has generally dealt
life, there are certainly many who can do with; it does not have the interest of a bit
that sort of thing. Mr. Locke or Mr. Cham- of the world, representative or not, in which
bers would be enough for the average taste. microcosm we follow with interest some of the
Or if it was for the rather acrid and sordid writer's feelings and thoughts on life in gen-
quality that is nowadays somewhat the fash- eral. Mr. Walpole's previous books, especially


124
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THE DIAL
а
>
the latest of them, seemed to be a study of in the same way. They do not break away;
some of the things in the world of our time each sees that the thing to do is not to break
or perhaps only of the England of the twen- away but to keep on,- not to succumb to the
tieth century, that Mr. Walpole thought inter- imperious surrounding but to master it and
esting. It is not remarkable that, in a time live differently. Each finds out that “the
of such social turmoil and upheaval, Mr. prison unto which we doom ourselves no
Walpole should not have seen his way clear prison is." Each becomes, not reconciled to
to going on with his analysis of that social that which was before unbearable, but able in
order which is now being so terribly shaken. some way or other to see how it can be made
He might easily have turned aside to some not a restraint but an opportunity. Each
quite different idea that stood by itself, in- gets a new strength, a new power in life.
stead of continuing the work already an- This would seem to be Mr. Walpole's philoso-
nounced. That he should do so was very phy of life, his idea of how one may live
natural, perhaps inevitable; but so also is it finely,— never expressed as consistent
natural, perhaps inevitable, that people who scheme, but never absent in his work.
have thought of Mr. Walpole in one way The latest book of his shows us the begin-
should like to find him what they have found ning of such things. Children (if we follow
him.
the thought of the great poet, which Mr. Wal-
Mr. Walpole, of course, feels that his latest pole seems to have adopted) live at first
book has its definite place in his work,- in- finely; as time goes on they are broken in to
deed, in a way it certainly has; it is put life. But in those early years they are still
among his other things as one of the “studies aware of that great Friend (especially, it has
of place." But the book will hardly make its been often thought, of children) who as life
impression as a study of place. The people goes on they see and hear less and less often.
who read it will think it a series of sketches He will doubtless be with them later in life
of children (who, it is true, all lived in when they need him, but he fades out of daily
March Square) based on what may well existence.
enough seem more of a fancy than anything In such a way does this latest book of Mr.
else.
Walpole's take its place with the rest of his
All that sounds a bit discouraging. But work. Of course it is not an explanation of
really, “The Golden Scarecrow is a very the great mystery: Mr. Walpole is stating
interesting book, and has a perfectly definite no creed; and very wisely, for people would
relation to the rest of Mr. Walpole's work, so not understand it. It is a fanciful story, it
that all his readers ought to read it thor-does not pretend even to take itself seriously;
oughly. It is hardly (to my mind) a study but then, Mr. Walpole explains all that at the
of place, any more than some of Mr. Wal- beginning, as when he compares Mr. Pidgen,
pole's other books so called. It is really a the man who had let his fancy run away with
development of the theme that
him, with Mr. Lasher, who was a much more
“ Heaven lies about us in our infancy;
practical person, and goes on: “Of course,
Shades of the prison house begin to close the ideal thing is somewhere between the
Upon the growing boy."
two; recognize St. Christopher and see the
Shades of the prison house” have gener- real world as well.” Or else a page or two
ally been present in Mr. Walpole's books. later, when Mr. Pidgen tells the boy: “The
Mr. Perrin in that dreadful school-world of more you live in your head, dreaming and
Moffatt's, Maradick in the daily life which seeing things that are n't there, the less you'll
at forty has often become so definitely set, see the things that are there. You'll always
Olva Dune dissolving the bond of secrecy be tumbling over things. You'll never get on.
before the football match, Rachel Beaminster You'll never be a success.'
Never mind.'
in the world of hard and fast determina- said Hugh, “it does n't matter much what you
tion of which her grandmother the Duchess say now, you're only talking " for my good”
was the dominant mistress,— in fact, it is to like Mr. Lasher.'
be seen in all of Mr. Walpole's books as far Mr. Walpole has usually shown us the real
as I remember. His people find themselves
His people find themselves world, or rather the world as it appears to
limited, bound down, almost bricked up in a be, --so he may well enough do the other
wall (as who does not now and then?) by thing now. Perhaps some time he will get
whatever set of circumstances makes up their the ideal thing . . . somewhere between the
life, and to each there comes at one time or two."
another the chance to break away. This is These books offer food for thought to those
the great moment in each life, and each acts | earnest inquirers who are asking (in the lit-
(6
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1916)
125
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>
excursions.
Economics and
.
erary papers) how the war will influence another connection, “that gossipry must be
literature. It is evident that it will not cre- judged by its effects. If it allay the stone or
ate a
“war-literature" resonant with the give a pleasant evening it should have reward
sound of drums and tramplings. One of the instead of punishment.” “My nose may
most sympathetic souls of our time has asked, serve by way of ornament or for the sniffing
“Who is there among us who would have the of the heavier odors, yet will fail in the nice
heart, while his country is in agony and detection of the faint waftings and olfactory
his brothers are dying,— to write a drama or ticklings."
ticklings." This last will recall Lamb's mod-
a romance?” Both Mr. Compton Mackenzie est disclaimer of that fineness of hearing
and Mr. Hugh Walpole take the situation characteristic of the “ear for music.” But it
.
seriously: both are doing practical work, one is cause for regret to find Mr. Brooks's nice
in the hospital service, and the other with sense of the shades of meaning in words fail
the Russian Red Cross. Neither fiddles while him almost at the very opening of the book.
the city is in flames. And the war leads them “If smells were bears, how often would I be
to produce, the one an exquisite idyl, and the bit!”
bit!” he
he exclaims; and this misuse of
other a fanciful tale about children. Yet few “would ” recurs more than once in the subse-
readers will fancy that these are works un- quent pages — which would disturb one far
worthy a time of so great a tension of spirit. less in a less admirable author. A return to
EDWARD E. HALE.
the good old-fashioned woodcut is to be noted
in the book's illustrations, which are con-
ceived and executed in the spirit of the text
by Mr. Allen Lewis.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Much of the quiet humor, the
Professor Taussig's interesting
Arm-chair
delightful drollery, the ingrati-
ating intimacy of personal con-
and very readable chapters on
psychology.
fession, the seventeenth-century turn of
"Inventors and Money-Makers"
expression, that make the "Essays of Elia"
(Macmillan) were originally delivered as lec-
so pleasing, will be found in the several brief
tures at Brown University, on the occasion of
disquisitions composing the “Journeys to
the 150th anniversary of that institution.
Bagdad," by Mr. Charles S. Brooks, a volume
The author is frankly psychological in his
bearing quite conspicuously the Yale stamp, fundamental constructive tendency in human
approach and treatment, and holds that a
which should do it no disservice with its read-
ers. The Yale University Press attractively nature is the parent trait responsible for in-
publishes this product of a Yale pen, some of
ventor and money-maker alike. That trait
its contents having already appeared in "The
has been given a large stage, a versatile ex-
Yale Review," and others in "The New Re- pression, an abundant reward, and has also
public.” The first paper, which gives its acquired a comprehensive complication with
name to the collection, treats of imaginary
, the world so full of a number of things in
other derived forms of instinctive trends, in
fame, journeys of a sort far more enjoyable living, and develop such being as fate or-
a
in these days than would be the real ones.
Then come chapters on such inviting themes
dains. The competitive instinct, which makes
as “The Worst Edition of Shakespeare
men fighters and workers for causes and
(which is John Bell's), “The Decline of schemes, makes a close partnership with the
Nightcaps," “Maps and
Maps and Rabbit Holes, "
constructive trait, and enlists the vitality of
“ Tunes for Spring,” and five more — in all a
the will to prevail in the interest of the will
to create. Yet at the economic level the
most enjoyable half-score of genially humor-
ous and sometimes deliciously droll exercises minor differentiations of these tendencies
in imagination and fancy, in musing and count, and bring it about that the inventor
memory and invention. In justification of
and the promoter and money-maker are found
the comparison of Mr. Brooks's style with inhabiting different tenements of clay. The
Charles Lamb's, let a sentence or two be marketing of a product, and the shrewdness
quoted. There is nothing to-day more de- to foresee the interactions of supply and de-
generate," asserts this modern lover of things mand, bring to the front a different perspec-
ancient, “than our title-pages. It is in a tive of qualities than those in which invention
mean spirit that we pinch and starve them. is or remains central. The treatment is fit-
I commend the older kind wherein, gener- tingly brought to a conclusion by a chapter
ously ensampled, is the promise of the rich on "Altruism: The Instinct of Devotion."
diet that shall follow." “This shows," in This points a moral as well as adorns a well


126
(Feb. 3
THE DIAL
are
The crowd and
the State.
Anatole France
and his work.
told tale. Money-making and invention, and the unorganized crowd. This is based upon
the array of minor devotions which they the organization of society into professional
encourage and to which they give expression, and trade groups. There is to be a quasi-
are so many forms of personality; this con- syndicalist constitution; each special func-
clusion is suggestive because it means that tion in the State is to be exercised by the
business motives are strangely mixed and specialists in that function; and differences
intricately blended with many others - fail- are to be composed, and common interests
ings and virtues alike — which give the lie to controlled, by the representatives of different
the commonplace that business is business. economic groups. The methods by which Mr.
The fuller and truer reason why business Christensen shows that trade and profes-
absorbs is that it gives real play, in the way sional corporations “rational and
of ready suggestion and necessary economic “natural,” as opposed to the irrational and
relations, to a creditable variety of human artificial crowd, are interesting examples of
traits. Professor Taussig's little volume may forced and unsound reasoning.
Until our
be cordially recommended to the business as labor unions, professional societies, and man-
well as to the academic mind.
agerial boards show more conclusively that
they are exempt from the general frailties
There are certain excellences in and passions common to all groups of human
the work on
“Politics and beings, democratic nations will depend upon
Crowd Morality” (Dutton) by
(Dutton) by the present mass constituencies for govern-
ment.
the late Arthur Christensen, a patriotic Dane
of ample experience in political life. His
criticism of democracy is a clear-eyed picture
A study of Anatole France, by
Mr. W. L. George, the English
of its defects; and from the recent political
novelist and feminist, is one of
history of England, France, Scandinavia, and
the first volumes in the “ Writers of the Day
America he has collected an effective array of
series (Holt). Mr. George is in some ways
instances of the breakdown of democratic
well equipped for his task owing to his French
forms. He gives a pessimistic account of the
"interstate politics" of the world, and his
schooling and his comparative freedom from
strictures upon the selfish policies pursued by
Anglo-Saxon and puritanic prejudices. Ana-
tole France, as someone has said, represents
the Great Powers, and the danger to smaller
countries and backward races, as well as to
the consummate flowering of the Latin genius;
the Powers themselves, involved in these ten-
to entrust the interpretation of him to a man
unappreciative of the esprit gaulois would
dencies, have been amply justified by the war
have been sheer barbarism. If we assume the
which has broken out since the first publica-object of the series to be informational as well
tion of his book. But as an attempt to construct
as merely critical, we may say that Mr. George
a new theory of democratic government, and
to demonstrate a new set of political princi- well-balanced, and sympathetic.
has done his work well. His account is lucid,
For the
ples, founded upon a careful social psychol
. ignoramus or the moderately informed there
ogy, the book is unsatisfactory. In the first
is plenty of sustenance. Nevertheless, the real
place, it slavishly follows the general theories
lover of Anatole France will experience some
of crowd psychology, and of the interaction
between the individual and the mass, worked
slight disappointment. There is no subtle
insight and no warm glow of enthusiasm.
out twenty years ago by Le Bon and Tarde,
Connoisseurs will also deprecate certain state-
without due recognition of the fact that these
ments,- notably the phrase about “the dap-
men have exaggerated the irrational behavior
per quality" of the Frenchman's thought,
of crowds, and that their explanation of what
where the adjective seems peculiarly inappro-
irrationalities do exist, by “suggestion," priate, and the further assertion that M.
imitation," "counter-suggestion," and so on, France is sentimental. Mr. George announces
is vague and inadequate. In the second place,
at the outset that he has read very few books
it bases its solution of the problem of provid- or articles about Anatole France. It might
ing an efficient democratic government upon have been better if he had read more. Per-
theories that none but a special school of haps in that case he would not have been so
labor leaders can consider tenable. Having categorical in his denial of any evolution in
argued that human societies are ignorant, his author. To many it appears that since the
prejudiced, and excitable, and that their Dreyfus affair there is a ground-tone of earn-
members often urge each other into what the estness in M. France's work which was scarcely
Germans call “waking hypnosis,” he goes on perceptible before. Ironical, skeptical, genially
to suggest a substitute for this government by tolerant as ever, the dilettante has become, like
-


1916)
127
THE DIAL
9
the executive
ܙܙ
another mocker, Heine, a "valiant soldier in and may even leave the volume with the
the war of humanity's liberation." The writ- uneasy feeling of hopes aroused and disap-
er's judgments on individual books are generpointed. But the book will doubtless find a
ally sound. He would apparently select as the grateful as well as a lenient clientèle, and
best of his author “Sylvestre Bonnard" and thus fulfil the well intentioned purpose of
“L'Ile des Pingouins." One very delightful the author.
book, "La Rôtisserie de la Reine Pédauque,"
seems to have escaped his notice entirely.
Mr. Harry Parker Ward's vol-
College
book-plates in ume on “Some American College
America.
Professor E. B. Gowin has writ-
Book-plates” (Columbus, Ohio:
Psychology and
ten a timely book which he calls Champlin Press) is an addition of genuine
personality.
“ The Executive and His Con-
value to book-plate literature. The body of
the volume consists of 360 pages of reproduc-
trol of Men: A Study in Personal Effi-
ciency" (Macmillan). Its timeliness consists
tions of well chosen plates from a large num-
in the appeal to current interests and the
ber of educational institutions in all parts of
mode of their practical expression which the
the country, including a few from learned
subject carries. It cannot be said that it
societies, museums, etc., and a few from well
rises to the level of less ephemeral timeliness
known individuals with such college connec-
by advancing insight into the problems which
tions as to make their appearance not inappro-
it treats interestingly but rather aimlessly. priate. Harvard is represented by about
On the psychological side it contains a praise thirty of the two or three hundred plates
worthy contribution, which is the result of a
which distinguish various collections in her
very extended questionnaire circulated with
great library. The reproduction is skilfully
unusual success in coaxing returns.
The re-
done, and certainly reflects credit on the
plies of successful men in forty callings show
Champlin Press. There are a dozen inset
convincingly that in the long run - and the prints from the original plates. Mr. Ward
—
short sprint - physique tells. The “big ”
has had the coöperation of Mr. Theodore Wes-
men in achievement are taller and heavier ley Koch, Librarian of the University of Mich-
than the average.
Superintendents of
igan, who contributes a very interesting
street cleaning” are the heavyweights, and
"Defense of Book-plates," embracing some
"psychologists” the lightweights, among the
sensible suggestions to anyone who may wish
forty professions thus immortalized; only to secure a plate for his own books. Mr. Win-
" reformers” are taller than the "superin ward Prescott, a well known authority and
“
tendents," while publishers and (most of all)
member of the best book-plate societies in this
musicians are small men. The defect of stat-
country and Europe, contributes a check-list
ure of musicians is so striking that it must
of book-plate literature covering nearly fifty
have some other (racial?) than an occupa-
pages, the most complete bibliography of the
tional selection as its clue. But apart from
kind yet presented. This is prefaced by some
this statistical investigation, the central pur-
good suggestions to the collector. The acci-
.
pose of the volume is to direct attention to the
dental inclusion of a University of Chicago
quality of energy and the glory of its organi- Quadrangle Club plate among the Princeton
zation that in the modern world bring power
specimens is unfortunate, but in a piece of
and wealth to the man who can control and
work so carefully done as a whole it may be
direct his fellow men.
The enormous empha- pardoned.
sis which modern industrial life, and the
Many incidents in a career like
many phases of human interest patterned A Napoleonic that of Napoleon must be put
itinerary.
after this type of efficiency, places upon this
in their local setting to be fully
aspect of human quality entitles it to the understood. Even the “look” of the place
most comprehensive and intensive study that enhances the sense of reality, if nothing more.
industry and insight can command. From To furnish this important element is the spe-
the volume in hand the reader will gain a cial aim of Mr. James Morgan's “In the
suggestive realization of the many factors Footsteps of Napoleon” (Macmillan). The
which determine the expression of this much author has studied the framework of his inci-
rewarded quality. He will see it pictured in dents on the spot, although it required jour-
theory and practice, illuminated by psycho- neys aggregating twenty thousand miles. He
logical principles and illustrated by practical has followed his hero from the boyhood
achievement. And for the most part he will scenes in Corsica, to his schools at Brienne
carry away a more definite notion of the and Paris, his garrison at Valence, along the
executive functions and their economic sig. route of all his campaigns, from 1796 to 1815,
nificance. Beyond this he may gain little, giving here a paragraph, there a page, to a
.


128
Feb. 3
THE DIAL
66
6
house, a palace, a battlefield, or an Alpine ing defect in the method of carrying out the
pass. For example, from the legendary conception of the book lies in its narrow
tower of Theodoric, which rises in an orchard range, the somewhat local character of the
at Marengo, he asks the reader to look out business men quoted, and the fairly dogmatic
over the plain which stretches away to Ales- and absolute conclusions drawn from answers
sandria, and which he compares to great of persons apparently selected with some care
football field, bordered on either side by hills by the investigator.
that rise like the tiers of a grandstand," the
river Bormida at one end and the heights of
A careful study of Eliza Hay-
A“ Ouida" of
San Giuliano at the other. In a similar way
wood,- one of the lesser known
the 18th century.
he describes the countryside between Brünn
eighteenth century
novelists,
and the village of Austerlitz. The wonder is who wrote passionate romances, secret histo-
that he did not take his camera with him and ries, and novels of scandal, a few stories that
give us photographs of the more interesting may be classed as novels of domestic life,
places, instead of illustrating his volume with attempted the drama, and figured as one of
cheap reproductions of familiar paintings, Pope's victims in the “Dunciad," -- has been
many of which are utterly valueless for the made by Dr. George Frisbie Whicher, of the
study of Napoleon's life. As a biography this University of Illinois. The author of some
book will scarcely take a conspicuous place in seventy separate publications, Mrs. Haywood
the increasing volume of Napoleonic studies. has been described as “the most voluminous
Many statements represent traditional rather female writer” that Great Britain has pro-
than critical views. The description of the duced. Mr. Gosse calls her the “ Ouida " of a
constitution of the Consulate, to cite an in- bygone day. Although one contemporary
stance, shows little comprehension of its real poet (not Pope) affirms :
character.
“ You sit like Heav'n's bright minister on High,
Command the throbbing Breast, and watry Eye,"
The conception of Professor
A plebiscite on Foster F. Boswell's “ The Aims
present day readers will feel hardly more
college education
and Defects of College Educa-
than an antiquarian interest in her work.
tion" (Putnam) is admirable. In Part I are
Yet "The History of Miss Betsy Thought-
presented a number of letters, and excerpts less” (1751) is not without merit as an ex-
,
from letters, written by more or less promi- periment in the fiction that draws upon
nent Americans in reply to two questions sent everyday life. Dr. Whicher’s monograph is
out by Professor Boswell: (1) What traits vivaciously written, and presents its subject
of character and mind should a college aim to
with much interesting and informing detail.
develop in its students to make them useful
(Columbia University Press.)
and efficient in modern life?” (2) “In what
ways does the present college education fail
One of the early American mis-
approach to sionaries to China tells us that
in giving students training it is able to give?” Confucius.
Those addressed were men in public life,
when he had finally convinced a
Chinese scholar that there were schools in
college presidents, professors in the more
America the immediate assumption was:
practical departments of great universities,
journalists, and business men. The answers
" Then the people of your honorable nation
are interesting in the light of their authorship
are also acquainted with the books of Confu-
as well as intrinsically; but they are so
cius.” It was a false assumption, and yet it
various that it would be difficult to do them
is a great pity that more Americans are not
familiar with the teachings which have
collective justice, despite Professor Boswell's
moulded the lives of countless millions of our
claim that they show a remarkable unity.
fellow creatures. An easy means of approach
Certain defects attributed to college students
is offered by Mr. Miles Menander Dawson in
are noted in several letters,— "slipshod and
“The Ethics of Confucius" (Putnam), for he
superficial work done for the purpose of 'get-
has culled choice passages from the works of
ting by,'” unpunctuality,
unpunctuality, social arrogance,
the Master and his commentators and gath-
lack of initiative; and it is true that the gen-
ered them under seven heads, such as “What
eral trend of these letters from "practical"
Constitutes the Superior Man,” “Self-Devel-
men rather surprisingly emphasizes the impor- opment,” “The Family,” “The State,” etc.,
"
tance of the more general and cultural stud- and he has added a running comment of his
ies as a basis for professional or business life.
own to link them together. Dr. Wu Ting
The second part of the volume is made up of Fang has provided a brief “foreword”; and
Professor Boswell's comments and conclusions the work contains an ample index, so that
on the data provided by the letters. A strik- favorite sayings may be easily found again.
6
An easy


1916)
129
THE DIAL
%
"
"
NOTES.
Several new novels are promised for early issue
by Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co., including Mr.
“ The Accolade" is a new novel by Miss Ethel and Mrs. Williamson's “ The Lightning Conductor
Sidgwick scheduled for February publication by Discovers America," Mr. James Oliver Curwood's
Messrs. Small, Maynard & Co.
,
“ The Hunted Woman," Miss Harriet T. Com-
Silvio Pellico's tragedy, “ Francesca da Rimini," stock's “The Vindication, and Miss Helen R.
will shortly be published in an English translation
Martin's “ Her Husband's Purse," together with a
made by Mr. A. O'D. Bartholeyns.
volume of short stories by Mr. H. G. Dwight enti-
A study of Thomas Hardy, by Mr. Harold Child,
tled “ Stamboul Nights.”
is a new volume announced by Messrs. Holt in Among other new books immediately forthcom-
their “ Writers of the Day" series.
ing from the press of the Macmillan Co. are the
Mr. Ridgwell Cullum has written a romance of following: “Japanese Expansion and American
the Montana hills which Messrs. Jacobs will issue Policies," by Professor J. F. Abbott; “ Law and
this month under the title of " The Golden Woman."
Order in Industry," by Mr. Julius Henry Cohen;
Forthcoming novels that Messrs. Putnam have in
“ The New Public Health," by Dr. Hibbert Winslow
Hill; The Aftermath of Battle," by Mr. E. D.
train for early publication include, among others,
Toland; and a new one-volume edition of Profes-
“Bars of Iron " by Miss Ethel M. Dell and " The
Wiser Folly" by Miss Leslie Moore.
sor John Spencer Bassett's “Life of Andrew
Jackson."
Professor Allen R. Benham has compiled a
source-book for the history of English literature,
The authorized biography of the late Major-
“ English Literature from Widsith to the Death of
General William Rufus Shafter, U. S. A., who com-
Chaucer," which the Yale University Press will
manded the expeditionary force which captured
publish in June.
Santiago, Cuba, is being prepared by Mr. Charles
A. Weissert, a member of the House of Representa-
“ Child and Country” is the title of a new novel
tives in the Michigan Legislature, who has written
by Mr. Will Levington Comfort which Messrs.
a number of monographs on Michigan history.
Doran announce. From the same house will come
Included with the biography will be letters and
“Old Judge Priest" by Mr. Irvin S. Cobb and
“ Gossamer" by George A. Birmingham (Canon
papers of importance by General Shafter, who
was a product of pioneer life in the Michigan
Hannay).
wilderness.
Arrangements have just been made by the Mac-
millan Co. to bring out in a limited edition the
“The Drama of Savage Peoples " by Dr. Loomis
sonnets of Mr. John Masefield, the distinguished
Havemeyer is announced by the Yale University
English poet who is now in this country. Only five
Press. The origin of the drama is traced back to
hundred copies will be published, each copy num-
mimetic action and gesture language of primitive
people, and its development is followed through
bered and signed by the author.
their religious, initiation, and war ceremonies to the
A committee of the Intercollegiate Socialist pleasure plays of savage peoples. The author aims
Society, including Messrs. William English Wall-
to do for drama as expressed in social evolution
ing, H. G. Sedgwick, J. G. Phelps Stokes, and what Dr. Frazer has done with the early history of
others, has compiled a volume of significant docu-
religion, Professor Westermarck with marriage,
ments of socialists throughout the world to be
and Professor Tylor with culture.
issued under the title “ The Socialism of To-day."
Messrs. Holt are the publishers.
An English translation of M. Augustus Hamon's
“ Bernard Shaw, the 20th Century Molière," has
In “The Diplomacy of the Great War," an- been made by Messrs. Eden and Cedar Paul, and
nounced by the Macmillan Co., the author, Mr. the volume will be issued this month by Messrs.
Arthur Ballard, seeks to contribute to an under- Stokes. From the same house will come “Rudyard
standing of the European situation by revealing Kipling: A Literary Appreciation " by Mr. R.
something of the diplomacy of the past years, cov- Thurston Hopkins, “ Maurice Maeterlinck, Poet
ering the development of international politics in and Philosopher" by Mr. Macdonald Clark,
Europe since the Congress of Berlin in 1878.
“ Indian Thought, Past and Present" by Dr. R. W.
« Fear God and Take Your Own Part” is the Frazer, and “ Belgium," a series of plates repro-
bombastic title of a forthcoming volume of re- duced by wood engraving after drawings by Mr.
printed addresses and magazine articles by Mr. Frank Brangwyn.
Roosevelt, which Messrs. Doran will publish. It is
A supplementary volume of “ Scientific Papers"
comforting to know that it is only God whom we
by the late Sir George Howard Darwin, edited by
have to fear; we had gathered from Mr. Roose- Messrs. F. J. M. Stratton and J. Jackson, will
velt's recent utterances that it was the Germans.
soon come from the Cambridge University Press.
Three studies in criminology are announced by This volume will contain the author's series of lec-
Messrs. Little, Brown & Co. for early publication, tures on Hill's lunar theory, a paper representing
as follows:
“ Criminal Sociology,” by M. Enrico Darwin's last printed word on periodic orbits, two
Ferri, translated by Mr. Joseph I. Kelly; “ Crim- mathematical addresses, and biographical memoirs
inality and Economic Conditions," by M. W. A. from two points of view. Sir Francis Darwin
Bonger, translated by Mr. Henry P. Horton; and writes of his brother's life apart from his scien-
History of Continental Criminal Law," by Herr tific work; and Professor E. W. Brown deals with
Ludvig von Bar, translated by Mr. Thomas S. Bell. his work as astronomer and teacher.
9


130
(Feb. 3
THE DIAL
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
February, 1916.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Adrianople between Wars. H. G. Dwight
Harper
America, Pathos of. Henry Osborn Taylor
Atlantic
America and Japan. Eüchi Shibusawa
Century
American Railroads, Needs of. O. H. Kahn World's Work
American Union, Romance of. Helen Nicolay Century
Antwerp, Truth about. D. C. Boulger
No. Amer.
Art for Art's Sake in Southern Literature. A. M.
Conway.
Sewanee
Bacon, Roger, The True Lynn Thorndike
Am. Hist. Rev.
Baldness, Reasons for. A. R. Reynolds
American
Balfour's Philosophy. A. S. Pringle-Pattison Hibbert
Balkan Cauldron, The. W. Morton Fullerton World's Work
Battles and Rainfall. Alexander McAdie
Scientific
Britain, Races of. Wm. H. Babcock
Scientific
Bull Moose, Hunting A. Theodore Roosevelt Scribner
Byron and the British Conscience. William Haller Sewanee
Canadian-American High Court, Our. L. J.
Burpee
Rev. of Revs.
China, Japan, and the Hundred Days. E. B. Mitford Atlantic
China's Vast Resources. Adachi Kinnosuke Rev. of Reve.
Christianity, Failure of. M. E. Robinson
Hibbert
Christianity: Is It Practicable? W. A. Brown
Hibbert
Christianity, Mere Scholarship and. E. Armitage Hibbert
Citizen, Mind of the — III. A. D. Weeks Am. Jour. Soc.
Colombia, Pending Treaty with. Edwin Maxey Rev. of Revs.
Cotton Trade, American. G. W. Daniels
Am. Hist. Rev.
Country, Our Divided. Henry J. Fletcher
Atlantic
Criticism, A Gossip on. Edward Garnett
Atlantic
Democracy and the Church. Allan Hoben Am. Jour. Soc.
Detaille, Edouard, Last Works of. Armand Dayot Century
Devreese: Belgian Sculptor. Brand Whitlock
Scribner
East, The Smouldering. T. Lothrop Stoddard Rev. of Revs.
Economic History, Generalizations of. A. P.
Usher
Am. Jour. Soc.
Economic Unpreparedness. D. Y. Thomas Rev. of Revs.
Eights, James, Reincarnation of. J. M. Clarke Scientific
Fight for Right Movement, The. Frederick
Pollock
Hibbert
Floods, The Waste by. Percival Fassig
Rev. of Rev8.
Fluid Motion, Phenomena of. W. S. Franklin Scientific
Franklin, The Physical. J. F. Rogers
So. Atl.
French Hospitals. Anna M. Vail
Atlantic
French Village, A, in the War Zone Mary K.
Waddington
Scribner
German Mind, The. George T. Ladd
Hibbert
Germany, The Mind of. John Dewey
Atlantic
Gold, Our New. French Strother
World's Work
Gospels, Warlike Context of the. Charles Hargrove Hibbert
Haiti, Intervention in. George Marvin
World's Work
Hunger and Food, George J. Peirce
Scientific
Ireland and the War. F. S. Skeffington
Century
Italy, Popular Feasts in. A. Marinoni
Sewanee
Labor Problems, A Business Man's Views on Am. Jour. Soc.
Latin-American Policy, Our. Richard Olney No. Amer.
Life, Avoidable Loss of. J. Howard Beard
Scientific
Love in Mediæval Romance. H. L. Creek
Sewanee
Lowell, London Recollections of. E. S. Nadal
Harper
Mid-Pacific, Islands of the. A. G. Mayer
Scientific
Mimicry, Acquisitive. E. A. Ross
Am. Jour. Soc.
Mississippi. John Sharp Williams
American
Monarchy, New, for Old. S. K. Hornbeck Rev. of Revs.
Morals, Teaching, to Boys and Girls. Ray S. Baker American
Motors, American, and the War. C. A. Selden Scribner
Music: What It Is Thomas W. Surette
Atlantic
Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism. R. H. Law Hibbert
Nationality and History. H. M. Stephens Am. Hist. Rev.
Natural History, A Bit of. John Burroughs
Harper
Naval Defence. Rear-Admiral Fiske
No. Amer.
Negro in the Southern Short Story. H. E. Rollins Sewanee
New York City. Franklin P. Adams
Everybody's
New York City. Simeon Strunsky
Harper
Nicaraugua, Americanizing. C. H. Ham Rev. of Revs.
North Carolina Fund for Improvements. W. K. Boyd So. Atl.
Philippines, Governor-General of. D. P. Barrows Am. Hist. Rev.
Phillips, Stephen. Edith Wyatt
No. Amer.
Plattsburgh. L. Wardlaw Miles
Sewanee
Porto Rico, Motoring through. A. H. Verrill Scribner
Post-Office, The Colonial. William Smith Am. Hist. Rev.
Pre-Raphaelitism. Benjamin Brawley
So. Atl.
Prohibition, Economics of. L. Ames Brown
No. Amer.
Prohibition and Politics. James Hay, Jr. Everybody's
Public Buildings, The Pork in. B. J. Hendrick World's Work
Quality vs. Quantity in Industrialism. C. R. Ashbee Hibbert
Religion, Departmental. J. W. Diggle
Hibbert
Restoration, Morals of the. D. H. Miles
Sewanee
Roads, Good, Future of. E. A. Stevens
Scribner
Russian Ballet, The. James Huneker
Everybody's
Russian Intellectual, The. H. St. G. Tucker Sewanee
Russian Religion To-day, J. Y. Simpson
Hibbert
Social Survey, The. E. W. Burgess
Am. Jour. Soc.
Sociological Data. Gustav Spiller
Am. Jour. Soc.
Sothern, E. H., Reminiscences of - II.
Scribner
Staël, Madame de, in England. R. C. Whitford So. Atl.
Story-Telling. George M. Stratton
Atlantic
.
.
.
.
Student Soldiers, Training. Wyatt Rushton Rev. of Revs.
Suez, Present Situation at. Charles Johnston No. Amer.
Tariff Commission, The Proposed. F. W. Taussig No. Amer.
Tarpon-Fishing at Boca Grande John Fox, Jr. Scribner
Temperance Reform. John Koren
Atlantic
Virginia, Public Education in. E. W. Knight Sewanee
Virginia, Reconstruction and Education in. E. W.
Knight
So. Atl.
Virginia Cadet, Letters of a Thomas Rowland
So. Atl.
Vitalism. Charles A. Mercier
Hibbert
War, A Graduate School of. R.' w. Ritchie
Harper
War, Americans Made Rich by the. A. W. Atwood American
War, Causes of. I. W. Howerth
Scientific
War, Moral Aspects of the. Goblet D'Alviella Hibbert
War, Philosopher's View of. Hermann Keyserling Atlantic
War, Sea Power in the. Frank H. Simonds Rev. of Revs.
War: The Cost. Alfred Ollivant
Atlantic
War, The World after the. Hendrik 'w. Van Loon Century
War and Human Nature. H. R. Marshall
No. Amer.
War and the Back-to-the-Land Movement. .E. G.
Nourse
No. Amer.
War Time, At End of Line in. E. K. Broadus Atlantic
Wilson and a Second Term. George Harvey No. Amer.
Wyoming's Answer to Militarism. George Creel Everybody's
Yuan Shih-kai and China. Frederick Moore World's Work
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[ The following list, containing 103 tilles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
General Pichegru's Treason. By John_Hall, Bart.
With portraits, 8vo, 363 pages.
E. P. Dutton &
Co. $4.
A Life of William Shakespeare. By Sidney Lee.
Revised edition; with portraits, 12mo, 758 pages.
Macmillan Co. $2.
A Painter of Dreams, and Other Biographical Stud-
ies. By A. M. W. Stirling. Illustrated, 8vo, 366
pages. John Lane Co. $3.50.
Walt Whitman as Man, Poet, and Friend: Being
Autograph Pages from Many Pens. Collected by
Charles A. Eliot. With portrait, 8vo, 267 pages.
Richard G. Badger.
My Years at the Austrian Court. By Nellie Ryan.
Illustrated, 8vo, 271 pages. John Lane Co. $3.
A Short History of Europe, 1806-1914. By Charles
Sanford Terry. 12mo, 602 pages.
E. P. Dutton
& Co. $2.
Life of W. J. McGee By Emma R. McGee. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 240 pages. Farley, Iowa: Privately
printed. $2.
The Jews among the Greeks and Romans. By Max
Radin. Illustrated, 8vo, 421 pages. Philadel-
phia: Jewish Publication Society of America.
The War Lords. By A. G. Gardiner. Enlarged and
revised edition; with portraits, 8vo, 319 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Social Studies in English Literature. By Laura
Johnson Wylie, Ph.D. 8vo, 216 pages.
+ Vassar
Semi-Centennial Series." Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1.75.
Letters of Captain Engelbert Lutyens. Edited by
Sir Lee Knowles. Illustrated in photogravure,
etc., large 8vo, 213 pages. John Lane Co. $3.
The Supernatural in Tragedy. By Charles Edward
Whitmore. 12mo, 370 pages. Harvard Univer-
sity Press. $1.75.
On Staying at Home, and Other Essays. By the
author of Times and Days." 12mo, 243 pages.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
The Soliloquy of a Hermit. By Theodore Francis
Powys. With portrait, 12mo, 143 pages. G. Ar-
nold Shaw
Ballads Surviving in the United States. By C. Al-
phonso Smith. 8vo, 21 pages. New York: G.
Schirmer. Paper.
VERSE AND DRAMA.
The Masterpieces of Modern Drama. Edited by
John A. Pierce; with critical essays by Brander
Matthews. In 2 volumes, illustrated, 8vo. Dou-
bleday, Page & Co. Per volume, $2.
A Chant of Love for England, and Other Poems.
By Helen Gray Cone. 12mo, 103 pages. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $1.
Earth and New Earth. By Cale Young Rice. 12mo,
158 pages.
Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.25.
.


1916]
131
THE DIAL
The Vial of Vishnu. By Austin Mann Drake. 12mo,
400 pages.
Chicago: Percy Roberts. $1.35.
Wall Street Stories. By Edwin Lefevre. New edi-
tion; 12mo, 224 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.
The Gates of Wrath: A Melodrama. By Arnold
Bennett. 12mo, 253 pages. George H. Doran
Co. 50 cts.
Master Skylark; or Will Shakespeare's Ward: A
Dramatization from the Story of the Same Name
by John Bennett. By Edgar White Burrill. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 177 pages. Century Co. $1.
John Ferguson: A Play in Four Acts. By St. John
G. Ervine. 12mo, 113 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.
Plays for Small Stages. By Mary Aldis. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 105 pages. Duffield & Co.
$1.25.
An American Garland: Being a Collection of Ballads
Relating to America, 1563-1759. Edited, with in-
troduction and notes, by C. H. Firth, M.A. 12mo,
91 pages. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.
Drawn Shutters. By Beatrice Redpath. 12mo, 96
pages. John Lane Co. $1.25.
Children of Fancy: Poems. By Ian Bernard Stough-
ton Holborn. 12mo, 256 pages. G. Arnold Shaw.
Songs of the Fields. By Francis Ledwidge; with
introduction by Lord Dunsany. 12mo, 122 pages.
Duffield & Co.
Songs from the Trenches. By C. W. Blackall. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 59 pages. John Lane
Co. cts.
The Nameless One: A Play in Three Acts. By Anne
Cleveland Cheney.
12mo, 131 pages. F. A.
Stokes Co. $1.
Rainbow Gold, and Other Poems. By Muriel Kin-
ney. 12mo, 61 pages.
Richard G. Badger. $1.
The Voice of Ireland. By Peter Golden.
With por-
trait, 12mo, 113 pages. New York: M. A. O'Con-
nor.
Laurentian Lyrics, and Other Poems. By Arthur S.
Bourinot. 12mo, 30 pages. Toronto: The Copp,
Clark Co., Ltd. Paper, 50 cts.
Melmoth the Wanderer: A Play in Five Acts.
By
Gustav Davidson and Joseph Koven. 12mo, 179
pages. Boston: The Poet Lore Co. $1.
Wandering Fires. By Pelham Webb. 12mo, 64
pages. Chelsea: Published by the author.
Five Poems. By John Woodman. 12mo, 12 pages.
“Loose Leaves." London: Dan Rider's Book-
shop. Paper.
Harp of the North. By Arthur Wentworth Hewitt.
16mo, 112 pages. Boston: C. H. Simonds Co.
In Heine's Garden. By Theodora Adelheid Thom.
son. 12mo, 12 pages. Williamsport, Pa.: Pub-
lished by the author. Paper.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
From Moscow to the Persian Gulf: Being the Jour-
nal of a Disenchanted Traveller in Turkestan
and Persia. By Benjamin Burges Moore. Illus-
trated, 8vo, 450 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.
Egypt of the Egyptians. By W. Lawrence Balls.
Illustrated, 12mo, 266 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons, $1.50.
On Alpine Heights and British Crags. By George
D. Abraham. Illustrated, 8vo, 307 pages.
Houghton Miffin Co. $2.50.
Romany Life: Experienced and Observed during
Many Years of Friendly Intercourse with the
Gypsies. By Frank Cuttriss. Illustrated, 8vo,
283 pages.
James Pott & Co. $2.50.
In Pastures Green. By Peter McArthur. 12mo,
364 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.75.
Taormina. By Ralcy Husted Bell. Illustrated in
photogravure, 12mo, 172 pages. Hinds, Noble &
Eldredge.
Pioneering in the Congo. By John McKendree
Springer. With portrait, 12mo, 312 pages.
Methodist Book Concern. $1.
A Trip to South America: A Report to the President
of Northwestern University. By Walter Lich-
tenstein, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 43 pages. Evanston,
Ill.: Northwestern University Press. Paper.
SOCIOLOGY AND ECONOMICS.
The Longshoremen. By Charles B. Barnes. Illus-
trated, 8vo, 287 pages. " Russell Sage Founda-
tion." Survey Associates, Inc.
Anthracite: An Instance of Natural Resource Mo-
nopoly. By Scott Nearing, Ph.D.
12mo, 251
pages. John C. Winston Co. $1.
City Planning: With Special Reference to the Plan-
ning of Streets and Lots. By Charles Mulford
Robinson. Revised edition; illustrated, large
8vo, 344 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.
The Charities of Springfield, Illinois: A Survey.
By Francis H. McLean. Illustrated, 8vo, 185
pages. New York City: Russell Sage Founda-
tion. Paper, 25 cents.
Why a World Centre of Industry at San Francisco
Bay? By Hubert Howe Bancroft. 12mo, 47
pages. New York: The Bancroft Co. Paper.
FICTION.
Within the Tides: Four Short Stories. By Joseph
Conrad. 12mo, 300 pages. Doubleday, Page &
Co. $1.35.
The Real Adventure. By Henry Kitchell Webster.
Illustrated, 12mo, 574 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co.
$1.50.
Felicity Crofton. By Marguerite Bryant. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 335 pages. Duffield & Co. $1.35.
I Powe. By Stella Benson. 12mo, 313 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $1.25.
The Bottle Fillers. By Edward Noble. 12mo, 414
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.40.
The Bet, and Other Tales. By Anton Tchekhov;
translated from the Russian by S. Koteliansky
and J. M. Murry. 12mo, 243 pages. John W.
Luce & Co. $1.25.
A Pair of Silk Stockings. By Cyril Harcourt.
Illustrated, 12mo, 325 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co.
$1.25.
With a Diploma and The Whirlwind. By V. 1.
Nemirovitch-Dantchenko; translated from the
Russian, with introduction, by W. J. Stanton
Pyper. 12mo, 251 pages. John W. Luce & Co.
$1.25.
The Making and Breaking of Almansor, By Clarice
M. Cresswell. 12mo, 360 pages. Doda, Mead &
Co. $1.35.
Bildad the Quill-Driver. By William Caine. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 316 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25.
Handle with Care. By Margaret Turnbull. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 338 pages. Harper & Broth-
ers, $1.35.
The Super-Barbarians. By Carlton Dawe. 12mo,
310 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.25.
The Pioneers. By Katharine Susannah Prichard.
12mo, 320 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25.
Zeppelin Nights: A London Entertainment. By Vio-
let Hunt and Ford Madox Hueffer. 12mo, 307
pages. John Lane Co. $1.25.
Victor Victorious. By Cecil Starr Johns. 12mo,
344 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25.
Years of Plenty. By Ivor Brown. 12mo, 318 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.25.
BOOKS ABOUT THE GREAT WAR.
The World Decision. By Robert Herrick. 12mo,
253 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25.
The Healing of Nations, and the Hidden Sources of
Their Strife. By Edward Carpenter. 12mo, 266
pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
Empire and Armament: The Evolution of American
Imperialism and the Problem of National De-
fence. By Jennings C. Wise. 12mo, 353 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
West Point in Our Next War: The Only Way to
Create and to Maintain an Army. By Maxwell
Van Zandt Woodhull, A.M. 12mo, 266 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
Over the Front in an Aeroplane and Scenes inside
the French and Flemish Trenches. By Ralph
Pulitzer. Illustrated, 12mo, 159 pages. Harper
& Brothers. $1.
The Writing on the Wall: The Nation on Trial. By
Eric Fisher Wood. Illustrated, 12mo, 208 pages.
Century Co. $1.
Women, World War and Permanent Peace. By
May Wright Sewall. With frontispiece, 8vo,
206 pages.
San Francisco: John J. Newbe-
gin. $1.
The Fringes of the Fleet. By Rudyard Kipling.
18mo, 122 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. 50 cts.
The Note Book of a Neutral. By Joseph Medill
Patterson. 16mo, 95 pages. Duffield & Co.
ART AND MUSIC.
The Appeal of the Picture: An Examination of the
Principles in Picture-Making. By Frederick
Colin Tilney. Illustrated, large 8vo, 314 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50.
Chinese Art Motiver. Interpreted by Winifred Reed
Tredwell. Illustrated, 8vo, 110 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.75.


132
[Feb. 3
THE DIAL
Being Well-Born. By Michael F. Guyer. 12mo,
374 pages. Childhood and Youth Series."
Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.
A Survey of the Activities of Municipal Health De-
partments
in the United States. By Franz
Schneider, Jr. 12mo, 22 pages. New York City:
Russell Sage Foundation Paper, 20 cts.
Artists and Thinkers. By Louis William Flaccus.
12mo,' 200 pages. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
The Musicians Library. New volumes: Sixty Irish
Songs, edited by William Arms Fisher; Modern
Russian Piano Music, edited by Constantin von
Sternberg, in 2 volumes. Each 4to. Oliver Dit-
son Co. Paper, per volume, $1.50.
Little Almond Eyes: An Operetta. Libretto by
Frederick H. Martens and music by Will C. Mac-
farlane. Large 8vo, 68 pages. Oliver Ditson Co.
Paper, $1.
My Favorite French Songs. Selected by Emma
Calvé. In 2 volumes, 4to. Oliver Ditson Co.
Paper, per volume, $1.
A Spring Cycle for Women's Voices. By Edvard
Grieg; arranged by W. Franke Harling. Oliver
Ditson Co. Paper, 75 cts,
EDUCATION.
What Is Education ? By Ernest Carroll Moore.
12mo, 357 pages. Ginn & Co. $1.25.
The American School: A Study of Secondary Edu-
cation. By Walter S. Hinchman, M.A. 16mo,
232 pages.
"The American Books." Doubleday,
Page & Co. $1.
Mysterium Arcæ Boulé. By Burton E. Stevenson;
translated into Latin by Arcadivus Avellanus.
8vo, 320 pages. "Mount Hope Classics." New
York: E. Parmalee Prentice.$3.50.
Report of the Committee Academic Freedom
and Academic Tenure. By the American Asso-
ciation of University Professors. 12mo, 29 pages.
Published by the Association. Paper.
on
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
A City of the Dawn. By Robert Keable; with in-
troduction by Arthur C. Benson. Illustrated,
12mo, 244 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
Conversations with Luther. Translated and edited
by Preserved Smith and Herbert Percival Gal-
linger, Ph.D. Illustrated, 12mo, 260 pages. Pil-
grim Press. $1.
The Literary Primacy of the Bible. By George P.
Eckman. 12mo, 209 pages. Methodist Book Con-
cern. $1.
Ethical Readings from the Bible. By Harriet L.
Keeler, LL.D., and Laura H. Wild, B.D. 12mo,
79 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons.
Daybreak. By Elizabeth W. F. Jackson. 16mo,
58 pages. Atlanta, Ga.: Published by the author.
as
MISCELLANEOUS.
Social Adaptation: A Study in the Development of
the Doctrine of Adaptation a Theory of
Social Progress. By Lucius Moody Bristol,
Ph.D.; with preface by Thomas Nixon Carver.
8vo, 356 pages. Harvard University Press. $2.
The Marketing of Farm Products. By L. D. H.
Weld, Ph.D. 12mo, 483 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.50.
The School of Arms: Stories of Boy Soldiers and
Sailors. By Ascott R. Hope. Illustrated in
color, 8vo, 336 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$1.50.
Free Speech for Radicals. By Theodore Schroeder.
Enlarged edition; large 8vo, 206 pages. River-
side, Conn.: Hillacre Bookhouse. $1.50.
When Children Err: A Book for Young Mothers.
By Elizabeth Harrison. 12mo, 177 pages. Chi-
cago: National Kindergarten College.
HEALTH AND HYGIENE.
Who Is Insane? By Stephen Smith, LL.D. 12mo,
285 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.25.
Consumption and Its Cure by Physical Exercises.
By Filip Sylvan, M.D. Illustrated, 12mo, 203
pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25.
Keeping Physically Fit: Common-Sense Exercises
for the Whole Family. By William J. Cromie.
Illustrated, 12mo, 146 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published fortnightly — every other Thursday – except in July and August, in which
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Published by THE HENRY 0. SHEPARD COMPANY, 632 Sherman Street, Chicago.
For the Shakespeare Tercentenary
WRITERS-ATTENTION! Are you interested
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brary of Congress, Paper 50 cents, postpaid.
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Course of forty lessons in the history, form,
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1916]
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134
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(Feb. 3, 1916
THE DIAL
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Desiderius Erasmus, 1525; Henry VII. and Elizabeth of York; Henry VIII. and Katherine of Aragon;
Martin Luther, 1536; Episcopal Declaration, 1537; Queen Mary I., 1547; Lady Jane Grey, 1553; Charles
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1641; John Milton, 1646-1652; Charles II., 1660; James II., 1680; William Penn, 1681; John Dryden,
1682; Sir Isaac Newton; William III., 1689.
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Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1709; Alexander Pope, 1714; Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, 1715;
Dr. Jonathan Swift, 1730; George Frederick Handel, 1750; Thomas Gray, 1750; Frederick II., The
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138
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
The International Manuscripts
TE
RUE Facsimiles from Originals in the Department of Manuscripts,
British Museum, of Royal, Historic and Diplomatic Documents,
State and Secret Papers, Letters and Autographs of Kings and Queens,
Princes, Statesmen, Generals and World-Famous Litterateurs; With
Descriptions, Translations, References and Editorial Notes, By GEORGE
F. WARNER, M.A., ASSISTANT KEEPER OF MANUSCRIPTS BRITISH MU-
SEUM, LONDON, ENGLAND.
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Literary Manuscripts Ever Issued."
The Manuscripts show the hand-writing, erasures, interlineations and signatures —
an exact facsimile in each case, and in every sense equal to the originals. They are one
of the greatest curiosities of the age, and the most uncommon and original collection of
State and literary archives in the world.
To possess this collection is like owning a whole section of the State archives, right
in your own library, where you can examine its contents at your leisure. It is difficult
to exaggerate the pleasure which is derived from their perusal, in the very form in which
they first took shape.
To lovers of literature what could be more enjoyable than the reading of the many
letters in this collection, from famous poets and authors? Public libraries and historical
societies will find these manuscripts a great asset. Being the very life of History, they
are of great value to historical students, as they make it possible for them to get close to
original sources. As material for those studying the science of documentary evidence
they are invaluable.
Each of the three portfolios is eleven by seventeen inches. The covers are printed
on heavy rough paper in two colors: Black and red. The first portfolio contains a
beautiful parchment title-page (to be used in a permanent binding), illuminated in red,
gold and black. The manuscripts themselves are printed on antique stock in black ink
over a buff-tinted background, which gives a very realistic antique look. Each manu-
script is preceded by a title-page giving the title, editorial notes, references, etc., and each
portfolio contains an index or list of manuscripts as follows:
PORTFOLIO 1.-Henry IV.; Henry V., 1419; Edward IV., 1471; Michelagniolo Buonarroti, 1508;
Desiderius Erasmus, 1525; Henry VII. and Elizabeth of York; Henry VIII. and Katherine of Aragon;
Martin Luther, 1536; Episcopal Declaration, 1537; Queen Mary I., 1547; Lady Jane Grey, 1553; Charles
V., Emperor, 1555; Sir Philip Sidney, 1586; Sir Walter Raleigh, 1586; English Commanders Against the
Spanish Armada, 1588; Francis Bacon, 1595; Queen Elizabeth, 1603; Ben Jonson, 1609; Charles I.,
1641; John Milton, 1646-1652; Charles II., 1660; James II., 1680; William Penn, 1681; John Dryden,
1682; Sir Isaac Newton; William III., 1689.
PORTFOLIO 11.-Daniel Defoe, 1705; John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, 1706; Thomas Ken,
Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1709; Alexander Pope, 1714; Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, 1715;
Dr. Jonathan Swift, 1730; George Frederick Handel, 1750; Thomas Gray, 1750; Frederick II., The
Great, of Prussia, 1757; William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, 1759; George III., 1700; Oliver Goldsmith,
1763; Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1764; David Hume, 1766; Thomas Chatterton, 1769; "Junius," 1772;
Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1773; Horace Walpole, 1776; Warren Hastings, 1780; Benjamin Franklin, 1782;
Marie Antoinette, 1783; Rev. John Wesley, 1783; Edward Gibbon, 1788; William Pitt, The Younger,
1790; Robert Burns.
PORTFOLIO 111.-Edmund Burke, 1791; Calloy's Appeal to the French; George Washington, 1793;
C. M. Tallyrand de Perigord; Horatio Viscount Nelson, and Emma, Lady Hamilton, 1805; Napoleon
Bonaparte, Emperor of The French; George Gordon Byron, Lord Byron, 1810; Samuel Taylor Coler-
idge; Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1819; John Keats, 1820; Charles Lamb, 1822; Sir Walter Scott, 1825;
Thomas Carlyle, 1832; Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, 1833; William Wordsworth, 1834;
Thomas Babington Macaulay, Lord Macaulay, 1839; Charles Dickens; William Makepeace Thackeray,
1851; Albert, Prince Consort, 1856; William Ewart Gladstone, 1856; George Eliot, 1859; Elizabeth
Barrett Browning, 1859; Alfred Tennyson, Lord Tennyson, 1864; Robert Browning, 1868; Queen
Victoria, 1885.
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1916 ]
139
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THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, New York


THE DIAL
A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
Vol. LX.
FEBRUARY 17, 1916
No. 712
CONTENT8.
PAGE
NEW WAYS AND THE OLD PERSON. H. W.
Boynton
141
.
.
NEW NOTES ON POE'S EARLY YEARS.
Killis Campbell
143
LITERARY AFFAIRS IN PARIS. (Special
Paris Correspondence.) Theodore Stanton 146
The New Academy Awards, and Some Others.
-Advantages and Disadvantages of Literary
Prizes.—The Toulouse Floral Games.
.
CASUAL COMMENT . .
150
Kindly humor as an attribute of culture.-
The short life of a library building.- Resus-
citating a dead language.—A vast storehouse
of poetry.—Two ways to induce a love of the
best books.- Our copyright business.- A
gifted bookman.-A notable diary.- Pro-
hibitions for poets.— The Pocomoke way.
COMMUNICATIONS
153
Baconian Antics.- Coriolanus's Slip of Mem-
ory. Samuel A. Tannenbaum, M.D.
Longfellow and Mendelssohn. Nathan Has-
kell Dole.
Some Notes from Japan. Ernest W. Clement.
The Meaning of “ Untented." A. H. McQuil-
kin.
“ Mice and Men.” William Chislett, Jr.
THE PRINCE OF “COLYUMISTS.” Raymond
Pearl
157
-
NEW WAYS AND THE OLD PERSON.
By the Old Person I don't mean old as
aged, but old as against young: middle-old;
the person who has done with, or done for,
the business of mating; of whom one says, he
hath or hath not hair, good spirits, or a waist-
line; who is credited with playing a fair game
for his age; who, gazing upon the lessening
delight of his image in the morning glass,
assures himself that he feels as young as ever
and that youth is an overrated affair anyhow.
In short, I mean the person who, but a little
while ago, could have comforted himself with
the reflection that it was he, and not the
youngster bawling at the piano yonder, who
was acknowledged heir to all ages past and
sponsor for the years to come.
But a little while ago! Before Dr. Osler
made his fateful remark; before the motor had
speeded up life and the movie had speeded
up the drama; before Mr. Shaw, and Mr.
Wells, and the rest, began so sportively to
expound the inferiority of parents. We who
were born in the seventies and eighties - who
among us ever doubted that his father and
mother in their green middle age were the
real thing, that it was they who were doing
the real business of living, and that the world
was, on the whole, properly arranged for
their comfort and convenience ? Pater-
familias was not a word of mockery then; it
stood for a reality, official and august; nor
was his consort a person to be flouted. They
demanded respect of us, and we innocently
yielded it to them.
Well, we begin now to see how weak of us
that must have been. There, we may sup-
pose, was our lost opportunity. Who knows?
If it had occurred to us to assert ourselves,
to oppose the wisdom of youth to the dried
formulas of age, we might have found father
amenable enough behind his dundrearys,
mother apologetic enough under her shawl.
But it did not occur to us. We might, in
sanguine hours, aspire to hoodwink those
ancients, but alas, we never dreamed of brow-
beating them. Thus, it appears, we fell be-
tween two stools. For times changed, and
manners with them; and somehow, when at
GERMAN HISTORIANS AND THE GREAT
WAR. Carl Becker
160
.
.
THE ESSAY IN ENGLAND. Tucker Brooke
164
.
.
A YOUNG POET'S TRAVEL IMPRESSIONS.
Percy F. Bicknell
165
ROMAIN ROLLAND AS CRITIC. Edward E.
167
Hale.
.
AN ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF AMERICAN GOV.
ERNMENT. Richard T. Ely .
169
.
.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
171
Evidence in the Nearing case.-- Contempo-
rary French novelists.- Memoirs of a Japa-
nese diplomat. - Sprightly chatter about the
theatre.-An English diplomat in Constanti-
nople.-A detective story in Latin.— Ethical
aspects of the Freudian theory.- Physiolog-
ical and psychological effects of war.- Selec-
tions from a famous American journal.
British restraints on commerce. - The
harvest of a quiet eye.
our
.
BRIEFER MENTION
176
NOTES
177
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
178


142
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
>
-
last we had grown up, and produced de- “Roderick Random." But as for contempo-
scendants, and (feeling that it was now our rary literature, theory and practice were firm
turn) placed ourselves in a convenient atti- enough. “ Virginibus puerisque," - our eld-
tude to be respected and deferred to by them, ers lived and wrote in the fear of the Young
all we got for our pains was a stare and a Person. I dare say they felt that to be them-
giggle, and a rear view of careless youthful selves worthy of respect, they must reverence
shoulders.
that young mind, they must take care not to
This kind of shock has to be met. In a way outrage those pure youthful sensibilities.
we have adapted ourselves to it; the new There were large spaces of fact and fancy
order even has its compensations. Side- from which the young must be restrained till
whiskers and shawls have vanished with the the little wings were strong enough to bear
authority they symbolized. Some privileges them safely through those perilous chaotic
we expected to sacrifice on the altar of middle regions.
age remain to us. We may be as light- All that has been changed pretty thor-
minded and irresponsible as we choose. Since oughly. Childhood is still guarded after a
a
nobody has any respect for us anyhow, we fashion. We make some attempt, at least, to
need not waste time standing on our dignity. distract infancy from the salty fare of con-
We need no longer pretend to be infallible, as temporary fiction by plying it with specially
persons of our age had to a generation ago. concocted sweetmeats known as children's
We need not wear rubbers or abstain from books.” Meantime the age of literary consent
smoking for the sake of our influence, since has been steadily pushed back to the nether
we possess nothing of the kind. It is not to verge of adolescence. The fact is, youth in
be wondered at that this sudden emancipa- its teens is no longer the Young Person, the
tion reacts upon us in striking ways. We innocent ward of age and experience. It is
skit, we gambol in the open, we cavort to humanity in the ascendant, the ruling power,
measure in enclosed pens, shamelessly vying which has a right to know what sort of world
with our juniors. One of these days some clever it is set to rule over. In short, it must get to
fellow (presumably English) will remark that know “life” by the shortest cuts possible.
the man is father to the child, and so win For its edification, therefore, the magazines
applause as begetter of a brilliant paradox. and the book-stalls and the theatres, and here
And yet somehow the situation is n't all and there a public library, are setting forth
comfort and luxury for us. In sober moments without stint “the elementary facts of life.”
we have an uneasy feeling that there is a Now we all know what that means not much
screw loose somewhere, and that it ought to more and nothing less than the risky or the
be attended to if the old machine is to be kept seamy side of sex. This new order of things
going. Life is n't all beer and skittles, even permits the most isolated of budding maidens
since the Victorians lugged their adages off to inspect a world of print in which sexual
the scene. There has to be some sort of passion, with or without a veil of romantic
responsibility and authority somewhere. glamour, stalks proudly at noonday. A very
Here is the matter of books and reading, little reading in the right quarters will in-
for instance. Under the régime that flour- struct her, on the one hand, how not to become
ished in our own youth, we were supposed to a white slave, and, on the other, how to be-
be protected from certain manifestations of come a mistress, with or without the wedding
literary art. The theory was applied rather ring. I think the cheap glamourists have
loosely to the literature of the past. Bowdler most to answer for. I have daughters, and I
went sniffing among the pages of the school wish they would read that manly animal
Shakespeare, but no parent thought of deny- Fielding instead of the gilded prurience of
ing his child the home edition. Infants were Mr. R. W. Chambers and his crew.
urged to read the Bible through, and hideous In all this pseudo-lore of sex the maiden
passages
mumbled over at family we know is a hoary grandmother, compared
prayers. “Don Juan” was probably at hand with the Young Person of half a century ago,
behind the glass doors of the black-walnut her own grandmother in the flesh.
. Her, the
bookcase; and among the musty old calf vol- reverent or if you like sentimental art of that
umes on the top shelf, an inquiring hand period loved to picture in well-disposed ring-
might even search out a “ Tom Jones” or a lets, dove on finger, gazing innocently from
were


1916 )
143
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-
her chamber-window upon a world which was dreadful play," said my contemporary, in re-
all a sweet and tolerably silly mystery to her. porting the incident, "not only wicked, but
“
Her descendant carries a cigarette upon her vulgarly wicked. Mildred seemed quite en-
finger, and strides through the streets look- thralled. “It's so real,' she kept saying, when-
ing about critically, and sees no reason for ever the worst things were happening. I
any mystery whatever about her soul or her stood it till the end of the second act, and
ankles,- and indeed there is little room for then I said to her, Mildred, if you think this
speculation about either. She does n't mind is the kind of play to bring your mother to,
if the Old Person thinks her vulgar, as long I do n't.' It did n't occur to me how funny
as nobody can fairly accuse her of being gen- that was till later. I don't think it occurred
teel. As for reading, give her books that deal to her at all. She was rather annoyed at hav-
fearlessly with "life.” She has her opinioning to go, but I believe she really felt she
“
about Strindberg, and she will discourse you might n't have done her duty by me!”
cheerfully upon real books like "Ann Veron- The Comic Spirit might here discern the
ica,” which shows what a fine thing it is to be basis for a reasonable adjustment of the new
a free female, or “ The Dark Flower," which relation - a working proposition, as it were.
shows what rotten humbugs middle-aged men It is clear that the moral works of society
are.
cannot run without a balance-wheel of inno-
At this point I may cheerfully (and con- cence somewhere. If the young are to repu-
veniently) own that I was set upon my little diate that function, upon their shoulders
journey of inquiry by a suggestion let fall by should lie the responsibility of its mainte-
the editor of THE DIAL in a letter written to nance. We took no end of trouble with them
me about a year ago.
“I have sometimes once: now why should n't they return the
thought,” he said, "that the entire problem compliment? Let them change the tag to
has gradually been turned topsy-turvy of “Viris feminisque reverentia debetur," and
recent years, — that the mass of realistic nov- be a little gingerly with us, in common hu-
els and plays now appearing are frankly in- manity. Very cheerfully, for our part, we
tended for the Young Person, who is their might render them the respect due to supe-
most numerous, most understanding, and most rior wisdom, with its burden of mysterious
appreciative patron; and that it is the older and unpleasant duties. Very contentedly we
generation, reared in a more reticent or (if might leave them to their literary grubbing in
you will) narrower tradition, whose suscepti- the muck-heaps of human nature and expe-
bilities really need shielding and sheltering." rience, until such time as they might weary
The passage which I have italicized espe- of that sorry task. For the time would come:
cially stuck in my mind: I believe there is a I cannot believe, at least, that they would
whimsical truth in it, and that the younger willingly bequeath such tasks, responsibilities
generation now and then show signs of real- so carking and so dingy, to their children.
izing it. I happen to have heard very re- Who knows but even in our own time the
cently of two incidents in point, both of which wheel will come full circle, and the status of
befell Old Persons of my own little town. the Young Person be in some measure (not
One of them is a bachelor, a devoted church-bodily, let us hope!) restored, by those who
,
man, and very fond of boys. Last winter, in in their day have experienced the perils and
all innocence, he treated a group of choir- the penalties of the prematurely old ?
boys and acolytes to the most revolting
H. W. BOYNTON.
brothel-play Broadway has thus far pro-
duced. Apparently it made little impression
on the boys, but, said one of them, “It was too NEW NOTES ON POE'S EARLY
bad — Mr. X was kind of broken up, I guess.”
YEARS.
The other instance is of another contemporary
of mine, a cultivated woman (as we used to
There are still sundry dark places in the
life of Poe. For this no one is so much
say), with a daughter of (as we used to say)
responsible as the poet himself.
He was
marriageable age. The daughter not long ago
extremely fond of mystifying his public; and
took her to a play which was scoring a nota- where he did not resort to mystification or
ble run in New York. You observe that the
to misrepresentation, as happened more than
daughter took her, to begin with. “It was a once - he was disposed to observe a more or


144
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THE DIAL
less complete silence with regard to himself. Acct to midsumr 1816.... [£]12–2–0." On a
In particular he was inclined to reticence
con- slip of paper accompanying the bill is a re-
cerning his early life in London and Rich- ceipt bearing date July 6, 1816, and signed
mond and Baltimore. Several years ago I by George Dubourg. On the cash-book of the
succeeded, through a partial examination of firm of Allan & Ellis there appears under the
the letters and office-books of the business same date the following entry: "pd Miss
firm to which the poet's foster-father, John Dubourgs a/c for Edgar....[£]12–2–0."
Allan, belonged (papers now in the posses- George Dubourg was a brother of the Misses
sion of the Library of Congress and known Dubourg, as appears from several letters in
as the “Ellis-Allan Papers "), in clearing the collection, and was employed by Allan &
away some of the obscurities that have sur- Ellis in 1816-7 as a book-keeper and copyist
rounded Poe's earliest years in London and in their London establishment.
Richmond. I am now able, as a result of a That Poe was also a pupil of the Misses
further examination of these papers, to throw Dubourg in the second half of 1816 is shown
light on certain other obscure or disputed by an entry in the Ellis-Allan cash-book un-
points in his history at this time. And I der date December 28, 1816: "pd Miss Du-
have, through an examination of certain court bourg's a/c for Edgar....[£]23–16–0." There
records and of the files of several old news- is a similar entry in the same volume under
papers, and a re-examination in the light of date August 28, 1817, for “Edgar's School
these of the evidence already at hand, man- a/c.... [2] 24-16-0."; but whether this was
aged also to uncover one or two new facts paid to the Misses Dubourg or to Dr. Bransby
about his life in Baltimore in the early is not clear,—though the fact that the amount
thirties.
specified tallies closely with that paid the
I.
Misses Dubourg in the preceding December
The most interesting of the new bits of would indicate that Poe continued his stud-
information that I have come across in the ies in Sloane street down to the middle of
Ellis- Allan Papers is a bill for Poe's schooling 1817.
in London in 1816. This document makes it
Not without interest also are several letters
clear that Poe was not a pupil, as has been
written by John Allan in 1815 to his partner,
generally supposed and as he himself held Charles Ellis, in Richmond, in which mention
(“ Virginia Poe,” I, p. 344), at the school of is made of the boy Poe. In a letter from
the Rev. John Bransby at Stoke Newington Liverpool on July 29, 1815, the day after his
throughout his five years' stay in England arrival in England, Allan gives an account of
(1815-20), but that he spent a part of this
his voyage across the Atlantic, and notes that
time at a school in the city of London - a
although certain of his party were "verry
boarding school kept by the Misses Dubourg sick, and soon recovered.” From Greenock,
sick" on the voyage, Edgar was only “a little
in Sloane street, near the South Kensington Scotland, he wrote on September 21 on the
Museum. This bill runs as follows:
same subject: “Edgar says Pa: say some-
Masr. Allan's School Acct. to Midsr. 1816.
thing for me say I was not afraid coming
Board & Tuition 14 year.
7 17 6
across the sea.' In a letter from London
Separate Bed
1 1 0
Washing
written one October evening shortly after he
0 10 6
Seat in Church...
0 3 0
went up to the city, Allan represents himself
Teachers & Servants.
0 5 0
as seated, as he writes, before “a snug fire in
Writing
0 15 0 a nice little sitting parlour in No. 47 South-
Do. Entrance
0 10 6 ampton Row,” while "Frances” and “Nancy"
Copy Book, Pens &c.
0 3 0 (Mrs. Allan and her sister) are sewing and
Medicine, School Expences. 0 5 0
Edgar is “reading a little Story Book.” A
Repairing Linen, shoe-strings &c.. 0 3 0
Mavor's Spelling
letter of May 18, 1816, from one of Poe's play-
0
0
mates in Richmond, C. M. Portiaux, conveys
Fresnoy's Geography
0.
0
this message to the future poet: “Give my
Prayer Book
0
0
Church Catechism explained. 0
9
love to Edgar and tell him I want to see him
Catechism of Hist. of England... 0
9 very much .. I expect Edgar does not know
what to make of such a large City as London
£12 2 0 tell him Josephine and all the children want
On the verso of this paper the words to see him."
“Masr. Allan's School Acct. School recom- Several entries in the office-books of
mences, Monday, 22nd, July " are written: Charles Ellis serve to confirm certain tradi-
and in one corner of the same page is entered tions as to Poe's visit to Richmond in 1829-30.
the notation: “Bill & Rect Edgar's School | Under date of March 3, 1829, John Allan is
a
ܪܢܕܟܝ ܗܗܕܒܝܘ ܗܘ ܒܝ ܟܬ ܟܬ ܚܘܘܘ
-


1916)
145
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>
-
charged with a bill of dry-goods sold “p[er] Professor Woodberry takes the position in
order to E A P,” which authenticates the his revised life of Poe that the testimony of
tradition that Poe returned to Richmond soon Mrs. Clemm and of Miss Herring must give
after the death of the first Mrs. Allan. way before the more circumstantial accounts
(Among the items in this bill are three yards of Wilmer and Miss Devereaux, and he con-
of black cloth at twelve dollars a yard, three cludes that the evidence in the case justifies
pairs of black hose at four shillings per pair, the assumption that Poe was living in Balti-
and one “ London Hat” at ten dollars.) An- more throughout the period in question. An
other entry, under date of January 8, 1830, examination of the testimony of Wilmer and
proves that Poe was again in Richmond early Miss Devereaux in the light of contemporary
in the following year; and an entry on Janu- evidence not hitherto brought to bear on the
ary 28 of the same year indicates that he case leads me to believe that Professor Wood-
remained in Richmond on this visit for sev- berry is correct, in the main, in the infer-
eral weeks. On May 12, 1830, Allan is ences that he draws from their testimony, but
charged with a bill of dry-goods, "p[er] that he is mistaken in assuming that they
E. Poe,” in which four blankets (evidently connect Poe with Baltimore for the entire
intended for the poet's use at West Point) period. The reminiscences of these two early
are the leading item.
acquaintances of the poet make it reasonably
II.
certain that Poe lived in Baltimore from May,
The most obscure period in the life of Poe
1831, to the autumn of 1832;
but in my
is that of the two and a half years immedi- judgment they do not prove that he lived in
ately following his expulsion from West
Baltimore during the following year.
Point in March, 1831. That he went to Balti-
Mr. Woodberry proceeds on the theory that
more shortly after leaving the Academy is
the year of Wilmer's association with Poe
established by a letter that he wrote to a
when he saw the poet daily “for weeks to-
Baltimore editor, William Gwynn, on May 6,
gether' was 1833. “It is necessary," he
1831. That he was living in Baltimore in the asserts, “to connect Wilmer's recollections
autumn of 1833 is established by John P.
with the year 1833, and especially with its
Kennedy's reminiscences of him in connection
latter part, when Poe won the prize in the
with his winning “ The Baltimore Visiter's"
Visiter's' competition.” But notices of the
short-story prize in October, 1833. The evi-
“Visiter" in the “Baltimore Chronicle of
dence as to his whereabouts in the interven January 6, 1832, and later dates, make it
ing years is conflicting. Mr. Ingram, Poe's plain that Wilmer's connection with the
English biographer, declares that the corre-
“ Visiter” began in January, 1832, with the
spondence of Mrs. Clemm, aunt and mother-
establishment of that paper; and it termi-
in-law of the poet, indicates that he did not
nated six or eight months later, as he tells us
live in Baltimore at this time. To like effect,
in his recollections, when, after a squabble
also, as Professor Woodberry points out, is
with the proprietors of the paper, he brought
the testimony of a Baltimore cousin and suit against them in chancery. The Balti-
sweetheart, Miss Elizabeth Herring. But the
more court records show that this suit was
testimony of another Baltimore sweetheart,
instituted on August 10, 1832, and that, after
Miss Mary Devereaux, and of an early friend,
a preliminary trial, it was transferred,
Lambert A. Wilmer, is to the effect that he
September 29, to the higher courts at Annapo-
did live in Baltimore most of this time.*
lis. It was settled soon afterward, and about
the same time in the "chinkapin season," as
* The reminiscences of Miss Devereaux are embodied in an
article contributed by Augustus Van Cleef to “ Harper's
Wilmer tells us, or before the end of October)
Monthly for March, 1889. Wilmer's reminiscences were he left Baltimore; and he was not closely
published in the “ Baltimore Commercial ” of May 23, 1866,
and in his volume, “Our Press Gang." Miss Devereaux's associated with the poet again until 1834 or
name is not mentioned by Van Cleef, but it is given by F. W.
Thomas in his sketch of Poe on the authority of a Baltimore
1835.
acquaintance of his, James Tuhey (see J. H. Whitty, “ Poems The recollections of Miss Devereaux, which
of Poe," p. xxxiv), and the identification of the two is vir-
tually established by the Baltimore directories for the early Professor Woodberry associates with the years
thirties. Miss Devereaux asserts that she lived on Essex
street (evidently a slip for Exeter street -- there was
1832-3, relate, I believe, to the years 1831-2.
Essex street in Baltimore), next door to the home of her land- She declares that she first met the poet in the
lord, a Mr. Newman, and that Mrs. Clemm “ lived around the
” in a street that crossed her own. The Baltimore summer, shortly after his return from West
directory for 1831 (there was no issue for 1832) represents
the uncle of Miss Devereaux, James Devereaux (with whom,
Point, and that the period of her intimacy
apparently, she lived), as making his home at 88 North Exeter with him (when he called on her daily) lasted
street, and reports at the same time that Lawson Newman
lived in Exeter street, near Wilks, and that Mrs. Clemm lived but a year—“from summer to summer."
in Mechanic's Row, Wilks street. Before May, 1833, accord-
She associates in time the termination of their
ing to the directory of that year, Mrs. Clemm had moved to
Amity street, but Newman still lived on Exeter street, and intercourse with an occasion apparently re-
both Newman and the Devereaux family were living on Exeter
street in 1885-6.
ferred to also by Wilmer,— that of an eve-
>
on
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no
corner


146
[ Feb. 17
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:
66
2
a
>
ning's carousal on the part of the poeti with the “Courier” on December 31, 1831: the
some West Point comrades whom he had prize of one hundred dollars was awarded to:
chanced to meet. It would seem, then, that Miss Delia S. Bacon, of the State of New
the break between the two lovers came shortly York, author of 'The Tales of the Puritan,'.
before Wilmer left Baltimore; and she states etc.,” for her story “Love's Martyr." - This
that she did not see the poet again until sev- story was printed in the “ Courier '' on Janu-
eral years after his marriage.
ary 7, 1832; and in the "Courier" of the fol-
We are accordingly justified, I think, in lowing week appeared "Metzengerstein."
concluding that Poe made his home in Balti- The revelation that Poe published some of
more from the spring of 1831 to the autumn his stories so early as 1832 makes it necessary
of 1832 ; but until further evidence is forth- to revise slightly the view heretofore held as
coming, we can not be certain where he lived to the time at which he began his short-story
from the autumn of 1832 to the autumn of writing. His biographers have assumed that
1833.
the earliest of his tales to find its way into
There is uncertainty also as to Poe's activi- print was the “MS. Found in a Bottle,” pub-
ties during these years. Mrs. Weiss records lished in the “Baltimore Visiter" in October,
a story to the effect that he was seen on one 1833, and it has been supposed that he first
occasion during his early life in Baltimore at became actively interested in the short story
work in a brick-yard. F. W. Thomas reports either in 1833 or in the preceding year.
- on the testimony, apparently, of another now becomes plain that he began his career
(see Whitty's edition of the poems, p. xxxiv) as a writer of stories not later than the au-
that he wrote for the newspapers while in tumn of 1831.
KILLIS CAMPBELL.
Baltimore; and according to the same author-
ity he went on a voyage to Ireland at some
time during this period. Wilmer states that
when he knew him in 1832 he had already LITERARY AFFAIRS IN PARIS,
composed some of his stories. That his chief
literary employment at this time was upon his
The New ACADEMY AWARDS, AND SOME OTHERS.
stories is the view that now seems most plausi-
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LITERARY
ble, though he may also have had some irregu-
PRIZES.-- THE TOULOUSE FLORAL GAMES.
lar newspaper connection. That he was at (Special Correspondence of THE DIAL.)
work on his stories then is established by the This is the season in France for the award-
fact, which has escaped his biographers, that ing of prizes by the great and small literary
he published five of his tales in a Philadelphia and scientific bodies all over the country;
weekly in the year 1832.
and among the French, probably more than
On January 14, 1832, there appeared in the in any other nation, this custom flourishes.
Philadelphia “Saturday Courier” his story Next to the passion for honorific decorations,
“Metzengerstein.” The same paper pub- the thirst for being crowned”. or a "lau-
lished on March 3, 1832, his “Duc de l'Ome- reate” is most characteristic of this people.
lette”; this was followed on June 9 by Every summer, at the end of the school year,
“A Tale of Jerusalem ”; and on November the streets of Paris are thickly sprinkled
10 by “Loss of Breath" (under the title “A with the children of the primary schools re-
Decided Loss"); and on December 1 by turning home with their proud parents, a
“Bon-Bon" (under the title “ The Bargain wreath of artificial laurel around their young
Lost:) Each of these was published anony- heads and a bundle of red-bound books under
mously, and each was to 'be republished, in their arms; while at “the distribution of
revised form, several years later in the prizes” of the high-schools and colleges, the
“Southern Literary Messenger."
grown-up boys and girls are ladened to profu-
The Courier" was a weekly much after sion with medals and volumes of every size,
the order of the “ Saturday Evening Post," subject, and value. Thus habituated from
its most important rival. It had been estab- their earliest childhood to this prize-giving
lished early in 1831; and in its issue of July and prize-accepting practice, the fashion is
31, 1831, it had announced a short-story con- observed by both parties concerned to the
test, in which a prize of one hundred dollars very end of life, medals and especially money
was offered. It is probable that Poe origi- being the award generally conferred on the
nally submitted 'his tales in competition for adults of France.
this prize. According to the rules of the con- The book-trade is largely accountable for
test, all stories submitted had to be in the the flourishing of this usage, and is one of the
hands of the proprietors by December 1, 1831, principal gainers thereby It profits in two
The decision of the judges was announced in ways. In the first place, every well regu-
>
>


1916)
147
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6
>
lated French publishing house has a depart: Lionel des Rieux,
Lionel des Rieux, "more famous perhaps as
ment of prize books; and in the second place, the grandson of Chénier than for his ‘Le
authors with an itch for winning these dis- Chœur des Muses'"; and then he told us of
tinctions are only too 'prone to print their Allan Méeus, boy of twenty at Saint Cyr, the
books beforehand in order to accomplish this West Point of France, when the war broke
object the better, or to print them afterwards out, who was the class poet and who carried
when, as manuscripts, the honor has been at- with him to the front in his haversack his
tained. In fact, it is the few hundred francs first and only thin little volume of verse,
thus acquired that generally serve to pay the "Rêves d'Amour et de Gloire" –"how the
printer's bill. In either case this prize mania title fits the age”!- and then he is awarded
brings much grist to the publishing and print- and what fitness here, too — the François
ing mills of France.
Coppée Prize. And thus were hallowed the
The most distinguished prize-dispenser in names of nearly eighty young French men of
this land, and the one whose bounties and letters.
honors are the most sought after, is of course M. Emile Boutroux said to me after this
the French Academy. In fact, the annual memorable ceremony:
ceremony in this connection is one of the chief “In order to make it perfectly clear that the
events of the literary season of Paris, the Academy wished to honor the supreme devotion
principal number on the programme being the
of these noble young men, joined to the money
Report on the Competitions written and read award was a gold medal with a proper inscription
by the Perpetual Secretary, who seizes the
which will perpetuate the souvenir. But the Acad-
occasion to prepare a well-turned speech gratitude of the nation to those who have given
emy had in mind not only the expression of the
which is much enjoyed by the limited public their lives in order that the nation may remain
crowded into the exiguous and old-fashioned free and great. Faithful to its mission to hold
auditorium which the venerable and conserva- high the standard of letters, the Academy seized
tive Academy persists in preserving as its this occasion to mark what, in its eyes, character-
home. Thus for the year just ended, it was izes the veritable grandeur of the man of letters.
M. Étienne Lamy who held forth; and what
Pascal has said that one is charmed when, expect-
he said, and said well, had a special interest ing to find simply an author, one discovers in ad-
just now, for both in 1914 and 1915 the lit- dition a man, and Vauvenargues has written this
erary prizes of the French Academy were
celebrated phrase: "Grand, thoughts come from
the heart.' Such is the view taken by the French
bestowed on the young writers killed in the Academy. It does not look upon letters as simply
service of their country. It was a touching a source of intellectual amusement, a more or less
ceremony, performed with all the taste and distinguished pastime. It holds that letters pene-
sentiment for which the French are distin- trate life and reality, revealing what is most pro-
guished in functions of this kind.
found and best in the human soul, a power capable
"Among death's victims,” began the Per- of lessening the woes of humanity and of lifting
petual Secretary, "some die more than others.
up the heart towards an ideal. Hence it is that
The most destroyed are those who contained
the French Academy has found a peculiar attrac-
in themselves the most of life; hence it is
tion in crowning these men of letters who have
well served their country, seeing in them not only
that the tenderest pity goes forth to the
true patriots but writers who have fulfilled to the
youngest of those who are no more. What uttermost limit their rôle as men of letters by unit-'
life there was in those who sixteen months ago ing the virtues of the man to the talents of the
went forth from the colleges to the battle- intellect."
field! · These boys whom war transformed And the Academy of Sciences, though by
into men did not have time to make a name; its nature further removed from the troubles
their signatures are found only at the end of of the hour, has not shown itself, in awarding
a thesis and they are signalized only because its prizes during the past two years, wholly
they are the sons of famous parents.” And oblivious to the war. In 1914 it gave a prize
then the orator awarded prizes, which it was of 15,000 francs to the military hospital
customary in the past to conferon gray- opened by the Institute in the former Thiers
beards in literature, to lads who in some mansion in the Place St. Georges, given to
cases scarcely had shaved the down of boy- the Institute some years ago by the historian's
hood from their upper lip. Such are André family; and at its recent annual Public
Michel, “by right of birth devoted to art" Meeting, the retiring president, M. Edmond
(his father is conservator of the Louvre Perrier, the naturalist, conferred prizes on
Museum); Charles Picard, “son and grand-
son and grand- fifteen young scientists killed in battle. “I
son of great mathematicians"; Jean Mas- know," he said, among other things, “ a grand
pero, formed by the master of the oldest scientific establishment ninety of whose mem-
history” (Gaston Maspero, the Egyptologist); bers are at the front”; and M. Camille Jordan,
6
:
2
.66


148
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
66
the distinguished mining engineer, who suc- promised the great astronomer, almost on his
ceeded him as president for 1916, was received dying bed, that the tables of Jupiter, Saturn,
by the audience with the warmest marks of Neptune, and Uranus would be carefully re-
sympathy when it was known that he had had vised, and this great task M. Gaillot has now
his three sons killed in battle.
accomplished. The French Academy grants
But the prizes of this Academy are inter- certain awards for the promotion of music
esting for other than military reasons. Such and dramatic arts which are also worthy of
is the Bréant Prize of 100,000 francs, which approval. Thus, M. Alfred Poizat, the author
awaits “the person who finds the way of Sophonisbe," and M. Gustave Guiches,
curing Asiatic cholera and who discovers the the author of "Vouloir," both recently given
cause of this terrible curse." Another 100,- at the Théâtre français, each received this
000 francs stands ready for “the person who year the Toirac Prize, which carried with it
solves the problem of communicating with a 4000 francs, while the Émile Augier Prize of
star other than the planet Mars," and the 5000 francs was awarded to Mlle. Marie
donor adds with much good sense: “ Fore- Lenéru for her “Les Affranchis,” given with
seeing that this prize cannot be given immedi- success at the Odéon.
ately, the founder has expressed the wish that This appetite for prizes comes out well in
until then, the interest on the capital be the history of the Paris Society of Men of
employed every five years as a prize for a Letters (Société des Gens de Lettres), which
French or foreign scientist who has contrib- was established in 1838 originally for the
uted something of importance towards the unique purpose of having a care for the copy-
progress of astronomy.' The Osiris triennial
right interests of authors. But as early as
prize is for the same amount of money and is 1852 the prevalent craving began to show it-
on somewhat similar lines," for a discovery self, when Baron Trémont founded the first
“
or very remarkable work in science, letters, prize, and now at the end of each year the
arts, or industry, and in a general way, in committee awards something like a score.
everything of public interest.” A less pre- During the past month a new one has been
tentious but very practical prize is that pro- announced; the talented artist, M. Henri
vided by one of the female descendants of Nocq, has just composed a medal to be named
Laplace, a complete set of the great astrono- in honor of the late Paul Hervieu, which
mer's works for the young man who each M. Georges Lecomte, the president, states
year stands at the head of his class at the “will be distributed on very rare occasions."
famous Paris Polytechnic School, whose foun- Speaking of the prize-giving by this society,
dation was largely due to the efforts of M. Paul Souday said to me recently: "Here
Laplace. The widow of a certain other scien-
the objections to the custom are more legiti-
tist displays less good taste when she pro- mate than in the case of the French Academy,
vides an annual prize “for a young scientist where, as a rule, the best writers of France
whose work has been overlooked," on condi-
sit as judges, whereas the committee of the
tion that "the recipient visits the tomb of Society of Men of Letters is not chosen with
her husband at Montparnasse cemetery the this aim in view." A young writer, M.
month following the award." The act of
Florian-Parmentier, is still severer on this
“John Sanford Saltus, a New York artist custom than is M. Souday. In his recent
I copy this time from the official list of the book, “Histoire Contemporaine des Lettres
Academy of Fine Arts — does not seem to be Françaises" (Paris: Figuière, 5 francs), a
”
very happy, either, for he offers an annual book which, by the way, should be in the
prize of a hundred dollars to the painter of a hands of everyone who wishes to understand
battle picture exhibited at the Paris Salon.” the complex literature of the France of to-
The son of Henner improves on this, for he day, he considers these prizes the equivalent
has arranged to have an annual sum of 9000 of the old-time pensions, and condemns them
francs divided equally among three young because they are awarded to intriguing and
men leaving the Academy of France at Rome begging candidates, and go even to writers
and to be given to them during three years, who are rich. In a letter which I have just
until they get started in their artistic career. received from him written from the army,
Often the prize is not only richly merited but where he is a maréchal des logis, he says:
very helpful, as was the case when the poor “ The Society of Men of Letters has just given
old entomologist, the late J. H. Fabre, was
me a prize for my last book !” The exclama-
awarded a 2000 franc prize; and when M. tion mark is mine. But M. Salomon Reinach
Gaillot, who is now over eighty and was one takes issue with M. Florian-Parmentier:
of Leverrier's faithful assistants, was
« This is all nonsense. It may happen that a
membered in a similar way, because he had rich man.writes a good book and gets a prize, but
“
re-


1916)
149
THE DIAL
"
6
nobody on the committee I have often served on manner that would render them surer of securing
them in my Academy of Inscriptions — ever en- the coveted honor. The astonishing variety of the
quires if a book is by a Croesus or an Irus; that books which have won the Goncourt Prize proves
concerns nobody. But a more serious objection to the correctness of my statement."
the system arises from the fact that the number It seems that the origin of this institution
of prizes in the French Academy is now so large - I refer now more to the literary prizes
that the members of the different committees can
is to be found in the so-called Floral Games
not possibly read all the books sent in; so it hap-
pens that some volumes get prizes because the
established in Toulouse more than a century
author is said to be in great want, because the
before America was discovered; while for the
title seems serious, or because the work has been virtue prizes, I suppose Baron de Montyon
highly recommended. Some fifteen years ago a (1733-1820) may be considered their author.
Protestant paper in Paris complained because a Each year the Toulouse Academy celebrates
goody-goody book had been given a prize, though
its traditional Fête des Fleurs, the poetic
it contained a panegyric of the Massacre of St.
Bartholomew. I went and saw in the matter the
name given to the ceremony organized by the
then Perpetual Secretary, Boissier, whose ances-
equally poetically named Académie des Jeux
tors had been Protestants, and who told me that
Floreaux. The event is a mixture of litera-
the report on that very book had been drawn up ture, sentiment, and religion. The day opens
by Ludovic Halévy, who was of Jewish descent, with a eulogy of Clémence Isaure, that noble
but who, being overwhelmed with books for prizes, dame of Toulouse who has a more or less
had only just peeped into this one and had not
mythical existence far back in the fifteenth
read it through.' That may happen often enough.
century, and who is believed to have re-
It does happen also that splendid original work,
like that of Loisy, is not rewarded because relig- modern criticism has tried to play havoc with
founded the Floral Games, though ruthless
ious prejudice, still very strong in the Academy,
objects to it. But judging things fairly, prizes are
this, as with so many other charming legends.
a very good institution. In the first place, they But in spite of the learned doctors, the Acad-
make it possible to reward very worthy writers emy very sensibly continues the pretty wonts
whose books create no sensation and who need this of the past. Thus, after the delivery of the
support and this recommendation to the reading eulogy, a committee of academicians goes to
public. Again, these awards enable impecunious fetch the gold and silver flowers which have
scholars to publish at their own expense learned
been exhibited since early morning on the
works, which without this aid would bring them
chief altar of Notre-Dame la Daurade, where,
into debt. And in the matter of the virtue'
prizes, they bring honor and a little money to
according to tradition, Clémence Isaure lies
faithful children, nurses, and the like, who have
buried. During the absence of this commit-
nothing to expect elsewhere of a pecuniary nature. tee, the report on the year's competitions is
" The great enemies of the prize system are those read; and on the arrival of the flowers, the
who do not get them, either because their work is awards are made. The quality of the flowers
bad or because it is too good and is in advance of
is quite in keeping with the good taste of the
the times."
whole performance. Thus, the gold violet is
Nor does M. Gustave Geffroy, President of
valued at 750 francs, and the one in silver at
the Goncourt Academy, disapprove of the cus- 250; the gold eglantine, 450 francs, and the
tom, at least in so far as his body is con- amaranth, 400. And the meaning of the
cerned. “I consider the Goncourt Prize," he
flowers is accentuated by the rule of the
once wrote to me, “very useful in vivifying Academy that the exchange of a flower for
the love of letters, now more than ever essen- its money value is not a right enjoyed by the
tial to civilization. And then I may say that successful candidates; and when it is granted,
our literary group is absolutely independent." the laureate may receive in specie only four-
But M. Paul Margueritte, also of the Gon- fifths of the real value of the flower. The
court Academy, is, as I know, a little more wide popularity of these Toulouse prize çon-
critical of the custom :
tests is shown by the fact that in the recent
" Personally I am not very favorable; but yet one for French poetry, the Academy, the
we should not overlook the difficulties which writers Perpetual Secretary informs me, received 70
encounter at the start, the almost total absence odes, 77 ordinary poems, 15 epistles, 2 rhymed
to-day of any really sound literary criticism, and discourses, 4 eclogues, 17 idyls, 31 elegies, 18
the venality of the press. Nor should we forget ballads, 14 fables, 46 sonnets and 12 hymns in
that the Goncourt Prize - 5,000 francs each year
honor of the Virgin, 277 irregular sonnets, 58
to some young writer of talent, a novelist by pref-
becomes a real advertisement for him and
poems on aviation, and 277 miscellaneous
his book. Again, it should be noted that this prize
>
>
poems,- over 900 in all! But the labor of
has not given ground for the objections which
the Toulouse academicians is much lessened
might have been feared,
— the imitation of a genre by the rule that “
no poem may contain more
and the danger that candidates might adopt a than two hundred lines."
erence


150
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
6
The Toulouse competitions in langue d'oc solicits approval. Professor Ladd writes :
are particularly interesting, there in the old “It is no new discovery in literary criticism
home of the Troubadours. Of course the that the comic thought of modern Germany,
number of the competitors is much smaller whether expressed in words or in pictorial
and their learning on a higher level than is form, is for the most part devoid of the deli-
generally the case with the candidates for the cacy of the French and the kindliness of the
ordinary literary prizes. At the last contest, English. But, to quote a fine characterisa-
.
126 persons took part, and among those who tion from a modern English writer: 'Your
won flowers were three college professors, one sense of humour, that delicate percipience of
from Cyrano's town, Bergerac, and one a proportion, that subrident check on impulse,
priest from the Cantal. The official circular that touch of the divine fellowship, is a thing
of the Academy thus defines the langue d'oc of mellower growth. It is a solvent and not
of to-day: “The romance language of Upper an excitant. It does not stimulate to sublime
Languedoc and its environs, Lengo Moundino, effort; but it can cool raging passion. It can
with its diverse variants, of which the Tou- take the salt from tears, the bitterness from
louse dialect will be considered as the type in jud
judgment, the keenness from despair. That
the decisions of the Academy." The competi- the typical Prussian is capable of being stimu-
tors are requested to accompany their manu- lated to 'sublime effort,' and of accomplishing
scripts with a translation in French, to state many praiseworthy and glorious deeds, the
which dialect they make use of, and to put at history of Prussia through all its past, and
the top of their manuscripts the name of their the history which is to-day being made by a
commune, canton, and department. So Jas- Prussianized Germany, evinces abundantly.
min, who died over a half century ago, might At the same time there is less and less evi-
still exclaim, likening his dear patois to a dence, whether in words or in conduct, of that
mother, with the grace and fire which made delicate 'percipience of proportion, that sub-
him famous, if he could speak from the top of rident check on impulse, that touch of the
his monument in his picturesque old Agen:
divine fellowship' with human frailty, which
“De sabens francimans,
result from the mellower growth of the
La coundannon à mort dezumpèy très-cens ans; sense of humour." A good and expressive
Tapla biou saquela; tapla sous mots brounzinon; term, whether in respect to literary work or
Chez elo, las sazous passon, sonon, tindinon; painting or sculpture or other form of crea-
Et cent-milo-milès enquèro y passaran,
tive art, or in reference to the art that is
Sounaran et tindinaran !"
above all these, the art of daily conduct, is
(Learned Frenchmen have been condemning her to
“artistic detachment”; and this detachment
death for the past three hundred years; but she
implies something of that genial humor, that
still lives, still her words resound; with her the
seasons still roll round, sound, ring; and a hundred
freedom from passion, that conquest of selfish
thousand thousand more will she go rolling round,
emotions, which Professor Ladd evidently has
sounding and ringing]
in mind in the foregoing passage.
THEODORE STANTON.
Paris, Jan. 20, 1916.
THE SHORT LIFE OF A LIBRARY BUILDING
short as compared with the builders' confident
expectation of many decades of usefulness for
their imposing structure- is a thing of fre-
CASUAL COMMENT.
quent remark. If the building does not have
KINDLY HUMOR AS AN ATTRIBUTE OF CULTURE
to give place to a larger within a dozen or at
in its highest sense has often received the
most a score of years, it commonly needs
praise it so richly deserves; and now, inciden-
enlargement and modernizing, so rapid is the
increase in its patronage and so constant the
tally, in an article on “ The German Mind.” development of new processes and appliances
published in "The Hibbert Journal” for the
and activities. It seems but yesterday, as the
current quarter, Professor George Trumbull
phrase goes, that the present writer was
Ladd says another good word for it. The con-
escorted over the Amherst College Library
nection in which it is uttered may perhaps be building and invited to admire its modern
held to disqualify it for quotation on the part system of book-stacks (by no means filled with
of a judicious editor of a purely literary books) and other equipments, all up to the
journal; but this difficulty may be obviated
minute in newness and unsurpassability. Yet
by inviting the reader to transpose or other- that building has now long been the despair
wise change at will the national designations of its users because of its inadequacy — its
used by the writer. It is the general princi- hopeless state of congestion and its increas-
ple, not its specific illustration, that here ing inability to meet the demands made upon


1916)
151
THE DIAL
-
it. Great, therefore, is the rejoicing at this ago a famous English schoolmaster visited
Now England college over the recent an- this country to demonstrate the success of his
nouncement of a quarter-million gift from system of training pupils in Latin by the con-
some source for a new structure. Work on versational method; and he made a highly
the plans of such a building was started some favorable impression. These and other zeal-
time ago, in anticipation of an early answer ous attempts to preserve and perpetuate some-
to Amherst's prayers, so that the operations thing of what has been considered the best in
of carpenter and mason can begin with little a liberal education are deserving of warm
delay. But who would dare to prophesy that praise and hearty encouragement.
even those of us who are no longer young will
not live to hear a renewed clamor from the A VAST STOREHOUSE OF POETRY, in the
Deerfield valley for a new library building new” manner, is contained in the country's
where, not so very long ago, Mr. Fletcher commercial and journalistic records. Here is
was in proud control of the very latest thing a field overflowing with unsuspected (and un-
in bibliothecal architecture and equipment? suspecting) bards,- a garden of poesy 80
boundless and luxuriant that the future an-
RESUSCITATING A DEAD LANGUAGE may fairly thologist may well despair when he comes to
be reckoned a desperate undertaking. To cull his bouquet of blossoms from its confines.
have life and spontaneity, speech must be As examples of the treasure trove existent in
acquired with little or no conscious effort. this hitherto unworked mine of vers libre, the
Any attempt to revive the Cornish, for ex- following lyrics have lately been offered:
ample, or other extinct Celtic dialect, though
I.
a praiseworthy enterprise from a philological “ Railroad stocks
viewpoint, cannot be expected to accomplish
More than held
great results. But the very difficulty of such Yesterday's gains
undertakings must add to their attractiveness
At the opening this morning,
for those whose mission it is to lead forlorn
3,000 shares of Pennsylvania, for example,
Appearing on the tape
hopes. Every once in a while the assertion is
At an advance
hazarded that Latin is not a dead language,
Of 114 points.”
i
and elaborate proof is offered of its present-
II.
day vitality. For instance, a few weeks ago 6 Children
the Czar of Bulgaria greeted the Kaiser of Under five years of age
Germany at Nish in a ceremonious address,
Will be carried free
all in Latin; and the world was called upon When accompanied by parent
to recognize and appreciate the propriety of
Or guardian;
this choice of the tongue of Cæsar and Cicero Five years of age and under twelve,
on the site of the old Roman fortress of Nissa.
Half fare;
Twelve years of age
A neutral language was required, and the dig-
nified and sonorous Latin answered the need.
Full fare."
In our own country, in the city of New York,
there is a Societas Gentium Latina, its moving TWO WAYS TO INDUCE A LOVE OF THE BEST
spirit Dr. Arcadius Avellanus, who learned BOOKS are recognized in Portland, Oregon, as
the language colloquially as a boy in Hun- elsewhere; but the two methods are at va-
gary, and its president Dr. Herbert C. de V.
riance and have each its separate advocates.
Cornwell, who believes Latin to be the most The public librarian of Portland, Oregon,
perfect speech ever spoken by tongue of man. writes in the course of her annual report of
There is a Latin Printing Press Company in progress at the institution over which she
Philadelphia, and from it have come works presides: “There are two opinions among
of modern literature in ancient dress. Dr. teachers and also among librarians regarding
Avellanus, again, is the leader in this move- the methods to be used in developing a love
ment to make Latin as easy and delightful to for good literature. One group holds that
learn as French or Italian or Spanish. In the 'working up' book is essential and that
recent years he has had an enthusiastic and it must be within easy reach of the student.
munificent patron in Mr. E. Parmalee Pren- The other group believes that standards are
tice, originator and publisher of the "Mount set only by 'contact with the best, and that
Hope Classics," volume three of which is the mediocre book is overestimated and
noticed more at length on another page. Mr. should be used as 'bait' only with the most
Prentice's intelligent activity in the so-called difficult cases.' The Portland authorities
Amherst movement for the promotion of have adopted the heroic course of interdicting
classical studies is well known. Some years the second-rate and the commonplace in their
Or over,
6
66


152
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
66
ordering of the young people's reading. Sta- indeed, that name will be looked for in vain in
tistics of circulation are expected to suffer, the handbooks of contemporary biography to
but what of that? What will it profit a boy which one naturally turns in any attempt to
if he get ecstasies of delight from "Nick Car- write his fitting obituary. But from one who
ter" and lose his capacity to enjoy Scott and knew him well it is learned that Mr. Tiffany
Dickens and Shakespeare? "Literature teach- was the son of Osmond Tiffany, of Baltimore,
ers," says the high-minded librarian already a merchant and manufacturer, whose fortune
quoted, are said to be the devoted cham- was lost in the panic of 1873. Edward, thrown
pions of a lost cause; the high-school libra- upon his own resources in middle life by this
rians should share in the battle and help to family disaster, found his true vocation in
sustain their faith in the capacity of their books. After some years of library service in
pupils to enjoy the best things.” The “work- his native city he was called to the Boston Pub-
ing up" method would win more confidence lic Library, where for a generation he placed
if it were not for the hundreds of thousands his wide knowledge of literature at the service
who are started so promisingly on that ascend- all who chose to consult him. ike the
ing ladder, but never get higher than the typical bookman, he cared nothing for first
lowest rung or two.
editions or other similar rarities. To him the
outside of a book, its mere form or age or cost-
OUR COPYRIGHT BUSINESS shows a rapid in- liness, meant nothing; but with the matter
crease since the reorganization of the office in that books contained he had an astonishingly
1897. In the current Report of the Librarian | intimate acquaintance. All branches of polite
of Congress the Register of Copyrights an- literature and even some departments of the
nounces that the yearly fees received in his literature of science were familiar to him, and
office have more than doubled since 1897, he was exceptionally well versed in music and
passing the hundred-thousand-dollar mark in the drama. Such was the modest gentleman
the fiscal year following the passage of the who placed thousands in his debt during his
new copyright law, which took effect July 1, long connection with one of our foremost pub-
1909, and amounting to nearly one hundred lic libraries; and a more than perfunctory
and twelve thousand dollars in the last fiscal tribute of respect is due him in reviewing,
year. This means, of course, a corresponding however inadequately, the main facts of his
increase in the total number of books and other long and useful life.
items copyrighted. In the twelve months end-
ing June 30, 1914, 20,296 volumes printed in A NOTABLE DIARY, recently acquired by the
this country were copyrighted; also 1894 vol- Division of Manuscripts of the Library of
umes that were printed abroad in a foreign Congress, and described by Dr. Gaillard
language; 25,696 pamphlets, leaflets, etc.; Hunt, Chief of that Division, in the latest
49,696 numbers of periodicals; 40,437 musical Report of the Librarian, is a voluminous
compositions; and 6596 motion-picture pho- composition (25 volumes) from the pen of
toplays. The last-named productions have Edmund Ruffin, and covers the ten years,
increased in number very rapidly since the 1856-1865. Dr. Hunt says of Ruffin and his
first entry of 160 in the records of 1912-13. diary: “He was a man of a high order of
On the other hand, musical and dramatic com- talent, a successful scientific farmer on a large
positions and foreign books have greatly scale, an author — especially on agricultural
fallen off of late, the decline in both instances subjects — a slaveholder, and a firm believer
being probably attributable to the same de- in the economic system of the South. He was
plorable cause, the great war. English works an intense believer in state rights, and was
registered for “ad interim copyright” also selected to fire the first gun against Fort
show a considerable and easily intelligible Sumter, April 12, 1861 (he being then a mem-
decrease, as do also works of art and repro- ber of a South Carolina regiment). He kept
ductions of such works. The encouraging fea- a voluminous diary during the whole period
ture in the whole display is the uninterrupted of the Civil War, giving the march of events
growth of our domestic literary activity. and his own views upon them, from day to
day. It presents faithfully his extreme point
A GIFTED BOOKMAN, and most generous in the of view and is a document of peculiar value.
use he made of his gifts, was the late Edward At the close of the War, on June 18, 1865,
Tiffany, who died recently at nearly ninety being then 71 years of age, poor, and infirm
years of age after a life largely devoted to lit- in health, and not wishing to live under the
erature and to library work, but who left government which had conquered his state, he
behind him nothing in printed form to pre- committed suicide. The last entry in his
serve his name from quick oblivion; and, I diary was made on the day of this tragic


1916)
153
THE DIAL
on
.
.
6
6
Do not have opsufro hobe Mr. Lupton is not telling the truth when he says
event.” An abridged edition of this diary
COMMUNICATIONS.
ought to be worth publishing as a book of
rather unusual historical if not also romantic
BACONIAN ANTICS.- CORIOLANUS'S SLIP
OF MEMORY.
and pathetic interest.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In his defence of Mr. Baxter's “ solid work
PROHIBITIONS FOR POETS are formulated, to the Bacon-Shakespeare question (THE DIAL, Jan.
the number of sixteen, by Mr. Arthur Guiter- | 20, 1916), Mr. E. B. Lupton reminds your read-
man and printed in the New York “ Times.” ers, with the usual Baconian disregard for truth,
Of these negative injunctions, all beginning that I corrected Mr. Baxter“ on one or two
with “Don't,” and all uttered in the interest
minor points” regarding Shakespeare's applica-
tion for a coat-of-arms. As a matter of fact, I
of poets whom material considerations do not
showed that Mr. Baxter knew nothing about the
allow to cultivate poetry merely for pleasure, subject, had not investigated the matter, and had
the following are especially noteworthy:
contented himself with reproducing and distorting
“Don't think of yourself as a poet, and don't a part of Sir Sidney Lee's absurd account of the
dress for the part. . . Don't call your quar- transaction. I made no pretence to proving my
ters a garret or a studio. Don't frequent ex- “hero's claim to the authorship of the plays."
clusively the company of writers. Don't think Shakespeare's title is in no danger, and needs no
of any class of work that you feel moved to do
defence. The Baconians, and other anti-Willians,
as either beneath you or above you. Don't assuming that a man who did anything so dis-
complain of lack of appreciation. . . Don't could not have written great poetry, always cite the
honorable as to conspire to be made a “gentleman,”
speak of poetic license or believe that there is
Shakespeare application for a coat-of-arms and
any such thing. Don't tolerate in your own put the most discreditable interpretation on the
work any flaws in rhythm, rhyme, melody, incomplete data available to us, thinking thereby
or grammar. Don't use 'e'er' for 'ever, to prove that he could not have been the author of
'whenas' or 'what time' for 'when,' or any “Hamlet," " Lear,” etc. By disproving their
of the 'poetical' commonplaces of the past.
calumnies I destroy the prop on which they build
. . Don't omit articles or prepositions for the
their edifice.
sake of the rhythm. Don't have your book
published at your own expense by any house
that none of Shakespeare's contemporaries, “ with
author
that makes a practice of publishing at the possibly one exception, identifies the
[Shakespeare] with the Stratford actor, and this
author's expense. .. Don't, do n't write hymns possible exception is by no means a clear excep-
to the Great God Pan. He is dead, let him
tion." He refers to John Davies's poem in which
rest in peace.”
Shakespeare is spoken of as “our English Ter-
ence," and says that if the Terence plays were the
THE POCOMOKE WAY of securing the bless-
work of Caius Laelius then Davies's allusion
ings of good literature for smaller communi-
suggests a pseudonym." This, then, proves
ties has its admirable features. At Pocomoke nothing, and may be equivocal. It is amazing what
City, Maryland, the public library has no
wizardry an “if” exerts upon a Baconian. But
has Mr. Lupton forgotten Ben Jonson's wholly
building of its own, nor any very large collec- unequivocal identification of Shakespeare with
tion of books to require such a building. It Stratford? And has he overlooked the testimony
received the offer of the disused Pennsylvania of Shakespeare's monument in Stratford ? And
Railroad station, but could obtain no suitable Leonard Digges's poetic reference in the first col-
site for the building, and consequently was
lected edition of Shakespeare's works (1623) to
forced to refuse it. Its quarters, rent-free
the poet's “Stratford monument”?
I will concede to Mr. Lupton that a stringing
and provided with heat and light, are in the
so-called Fireman's Building. Not long ago,
together of a (large) number of passages in praise
of George Eliot's works would lead us to the con-
as we read in the Maryland Public Library clusion that “the author of the novels must have
Commission's Biennial Report, “a play was been a man of that name." But — only in the
given by the children of the town under a absence of evidence to the contrary. But in Shake-
professional trainer. They cleared $40.00. speare's case there is not a particle of evidence to
With this fund two Crex rugs, a reading the contrary, and therefore absolutely no sane rea-
table, three straight-back chairs, a wicker
son for doubting his authorship. Besides, the
rocker, and 97 new books were purchased.” Shakespeare allusions speak of the man as well as
of his works.
Ninety-seven new books (note the adjective),
Mr. Lupton is at his best when he maintains that
and a variety of articles contributory to the
Mr. Wallace“ unwittingly proved conclusively that
more enjoyable use of those books, all for
the actor (Shakespeare] was unable to write, be-
forty dollars, is not a bad record; it is library
cause his name [in the Bellott-Mountjoy affidavit]
economy, in a very literal sense, carried to its is written by a law clerk in law script, and the
utmost limit.
deponent (Shakespeare] made his mark beneath


154
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
66
66
»
"
>
this signature.” No human being outside of a was faint with the great wounds he had upon
lunatic asylum, or a fit candidate for one, who has him."
ever seen a facsimile of the deposition and the wit- I am not sure that I understand Miss Porter's
ness's signature can for a single moment entertain assertion that Coriolanus “ forgot because his very
the belief that the abbreviated signature was writ- capacity to remember within his wounded head was
ten by the clerk who wrote the deposition. No faint for loss of blood.” Scalp wounds do not
sane person who knows anything of graphiology affect the memory more than wounds of other parts
can for a moment doubt that the signature in ques- of the body. Nor does a hemorrhage from the
tion is an unquestioned Shakespeare autograph; scalp or elsewhere conduce to the forgetting of
and that the deposition as well as the signa- men's names more than of men's actions. Corio-
ture are in the hand-writing that was in general lanus's memory seems to have suffered no impair-
use at the time. , Has Mr. Lupton mistaken the ment as to other, and less essential, details.
lex scripta for “ law script”? Furthermore, what “ The blood has ceased to flow, is drying, a token
Mr. Lupton calls a “mark” beneath the signature of its exhaustion implying the need of care and
is only a small blot. Had the witness not been nourishment.” I can hardly believe that Miss Por-
able to sign his name, the clerk would have written ter has so completely forgotten her physiology.
the name, and would have written the words “his
The clotting of blood is not a token of its exhaus-
mark" between the Christian name and the sur-
tion, and this fact cannot therefore be adduced as
name, in accordance with general usage.
evidence of Coriolanus's enfeeblement to the point
I wish to assure Mr. Lupton that I am not at all of forgetting men's names. Cominius's remark
displeased with the Baconians for distinguishing “ The blood upon your visage dries; 't is time It
between “ Shakspere and Shakespeare.” I should be look'd to " -- which Miss Porter mis-
have yet to see any evidence that “ Shakespeare interpreted, means no more than that it is a long
was a pseudonym. As to Mr. Lupton's confident
a
time since Coriolanus's wounds had been inflicted
assertion that “ Shakspere” and “ Shakespeare and that they ought to receive a surgeon's attention.
are essentially different names, I venture to say His words do not, therefore, “ reinforce the ex-
that his confidence is probably in inverse propor- planation" offered by Coriolanus.
tion to his knowledge of the subject.
Miss Porter, I regret to say, has wholly misun-
derstood my communication, and has consequently
Miss Porter's defence (also contained in your woefully misrepresented my views. She attributes
issue of January 20) of what may be regarded as to me the utterly untenable statement that “ Corio-
the current interpretation of Coriolanus's failure lanus forgot (the name] because he scorned
to recollect the name of the “ poor man" in whose
to remember [it].” I did not say this, or imply it.
home he had found a lodging and whose kindness To scorn something is a conscious act; whereas
he wished to reward by saving him from possibly Coriolanus's lapse of memory, as I tried to show,
being sold to slavery confirms me in my own inter-
was unconsciously determined. He himself did not
pretation of the incident (THE DIAL, Dec. 23, know why he could not recall the name, and was as
1915).
much surprised as chagrined at his forgetting.
I cannot agree with Miss Porter when she says This does away with Miss Porter's strictures about
that to make Coriolanus forget the name “ the sincerity of the scene and the characters."
is one of those multitudinous trifles of invention
We are asked, too, by your correspondent to
that speak eloquently of the characterizing and remember that Shakespeare “prepared earlier for
humanizing genius of Shakespeare.” “ To forget a special loss of blood in the head. This dauntless
the name while remembering the deed of a benefac- hero took his wounds headlong, confronting the
tor at a time when most men would be full only of foe.” Does this mean that Coriolanus butted the
themselves" does not strike me as one of the char- Volscians with his head and thus received his in-
acteristics of the human soul. Coriolanus would
juries? There is absolutely no warrant for Miss
have been just as human had he remembered the Porter's diagnosis of " loss of blood in the head.”
name or succeeded in recollecting it. We must not A cerebral or intracranial hemorrhage would have
lose sight of the fact that Shakespeare departs rendered our hero unconscious on the battle-field,
from Plutarch in introducing the hero's lapse of and would have made his appearance and his
memory. The poor man's freedom, we fear, was robustious oratory so shortly thereafter wholly
not very dear to Coriolanus, who was probably impossible.
more solicitous about the effect his display of mag- To an Elizabethan audience the fact that the
nanimity and freedom from sordidness made upon Volscian was described as “ poor” would have been
the many there assembled.
sufficient indication that he was a plebeian. That
Miss Porter points out that Shakespeare's “cun- he was " noble of nature” is Miss Porter's assump-
ning” kept back until now the faintness mentioned tion; Shakespeare says nothing about it, although
by. Plutarch earlier. This is quite true, but there is Plutarch does describe the man as “honest.”
absolutely nothing in the scene to show that any- Would Shakespeare have troubled to introduce
body noticed any evidence of faintness or weakness so slight, so unobtrusive, so subtle a touch into the
in Coriolanus until he himself mentions it as an portraiture of so striking a character as Corio-
a poor excuse is better than none for lanus? That he would is proved by the fact that
having forgotten his benefactor's name. Our hero's he did so. He did not avoid — perhaps could not
words and actions are quite lusty throughout. In help — introducing slips of the tongue and other
Plutarch it was the Romans " who noticed that he similar touches into his dramatic compositions. His
excuse


19161
155
THE DIAL
amon-
66
6
63
own unconscious insight into the minds of men thousand times higher than Longfellow! (We
made him do these things. He probably never know how she regards Bryant.) Comparisons are
stopped to think that some of his finest touches odorous, and it little profits to make such distinc-
would escape his audiences and his readers,- oh, tions. Poe's influence on French literature de-
yes! he had readers in mind,-- many of whom to serves a special essay; but Poe's lyric in which
this day look upon him through the very
occur the memorable lines
sense spectacles of Peter Bell, to whom a primrose
• The glory that was Greece
was a yellow primrose and nothing more.
And the grandeur that was Rome”
SAMUEL A. TANNENBAUM, M.D. is marred by the most banal run-on line (ending
New York, Feb. 5, 1916.
with " which” to rhyme with “ window-niche") to
be found anywhere. A careful study of Poe's
LONGFELLOW AND MENDELSSOHN.
verse surprises one by the mediocrity of its aver-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
age, and by the limited number of really poetical
lines. He wrote no sonnet to be compared to any
Pray let a humble Bostonian thank Mr. Hervey
one of fifty from among Longfellow's.
for his eminently sensible defence of Longfellow
and, incidentally, of Mendelssohn. I have often, delight in the vers libre of Gustave Kahn, the
I can say all this with a clean conscience, for I
in the same way, compared Longfellow and Men-
founder of the new movement in France (why is
delssohn; the parallel is almost perfect. I should
not have mentioned the “ Elijah," for I agree with
he studiously neglected by Miss Amy Lowell?) and
that iconoclastic school, and I am not averse to
many of the critics that it is more nearly fustian
than anything else that Mendelssohn composed. bigoted an upholder of the Parnassians as to be
Marinetti's “ parole libere," --- that is, I am not so
But the “ St. Paul” holds its own perfect as a
statue by Phidias as the purest, heavenliest of
disgusted with the vagaries of the Cavorticists
all oratorios.
when, as is occasionally, the case, they strike a
genuine spark of vivid light from their steel. If
Not long ago an artist was at my house, and was
there is any gold in the quartz it behooves us to
combatting my dictum that the poet and the com-
extract it.
poser were each equally suffering from a tem-
porary eclipse or obscuration.
I got down the
In the same way, while I still get delight from
* Riverside Edition” of Longfellow's poems and
Mendelssohn --- the " Songs without Words,” the
read to him some of the sonnets, beginning with
Scotch or Italian Symphonies, the “ Hebrides Over-
those relating to Dante; and I waxed as eloquent ture," and a dozen other perfectly balanced and
as my limited vocabulary would permit over their
melodious compositions, and from Porpora and
Bach and dear old Haydn,- this does not preclude
perfect form, their exquisite melody, their splendid
me from waxing enthusiastic over the splendid
climaxes. “You have converted me," he said, and
richness of Strauss and the frequently cacophonous
he carried off with him that charming little book
originalities of Schoenberg and the high-colored
enshrining all Longfellow's sonnets.
“ The Psalm of Life” has become banal, perhaps, magnificence of Debussy. While I would applaud
through too much familiarity and too many paro-
every new thing, I hope I am broad enough to
desire also a movement to “mediterraneanize"
dies; but if one has the imagination to put oneself
music once more -
back into the early day when it first appeared, one
to come back to the melodious-
ness of the early men, when a dozen composers
can feel something of the thrill which it caused, and
one can understand why it was a trumpet-call to
frankly vitalized simple melodies such as any per-
the youth of that period.
son on the street might catch and whistle, even if
the critic could not tell whether it was the work of
Almost all poetry consists of a certain amount
one man or another.
of wood-pulp, and when the vital sap dries up to
a greater or less extent one can discover why it is
Monet and Manet and other Impressionists
that the collected works of popular contempora- taught us to see colors to which our eyes were blind;
neous writers are allowed to collect dust on the
and yet the paintings of the academic school may
shelves while only a line or two or a single stanza
still give us pleasure, if we have eyes to see. So,
satisfies our own demand or finds its place in the
as Mrs. Josephine Peabody Marks said in her
dictionaries of quotations. But there is a good deal
admirable address at the annual dinner of the
of sweet juicy poesy still mellowing the work of
American Poetry Society in January, there should
Longfellow. The Children's Hour" and a dozen
be no reason why the advocates of “the new verse
others of his lyrics are simple, sincere, and melo-
should be narrow-minded and not allow the poets
dious.
who prefer the old forms to practice them; nor, on
Mr. W. S. Braithwaite, in his review and ap-
the other hand, should the classicists take as a per-
praisement of the poetry of the year 1914, denied
sonal affront the experiments of self-styled re-
formers.
that the six American poets --- Bryant, Emerson,
Let us ride Pegasus,— who, as Mrs.
Marks remarked, had four legs and four wings,-
Whittier, Longfellow, Holmes, and Lowell --- gen-
if we want to do so.
erally regarded as "great" deserve that epithet.
If others choose a whirring
“” .
They are good poets, he said, but not great; and
motor aeroplane and stun us with its noise, perhaps
he proceeded to instance Poe, Whitman, Lanier, they too will reach the top of Olympus even more
Moody, Hovey, and Miss Anna Branch as really quickly. It is a big little world, and there is room
great. I sent a letter of protest to “ Poetry: A
for all. So hail to Longfellow and Mendelssohn!
Magazine of Verse," which Miss Monroe returned
NATHAN HASKELL DOLE.
with the declaration that Poe stood a hundred or a Jamaica Plain, Boston, Feb. 3, 1916.


156
[Feb. 17
THE DIAL
(and actresses ?). There will surely be something
interesting.
It is the custom of the professors and students of
the Science College of the Imperial University,
Tokyo, to hold an annual “ apple festival” on
December 25, which is the anniversary of the birth
of Sir Isaac Newton. · This year, as usual, a por-
trait of Newton which hung on a wall in the physics
lecture hall was decorated with green leaves and
flowers, and offerings of apples were made to it.
Two of the professors delivered lectures.
ERNEST W. CLEMENT.
Tokyo, Japan, Jan. 3, 1916.
un-
SOME NOTES FROM JAPAN.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Those who read the paragraph in one of the mid-
summer issues of THE DIAL about an immense
Japanese dictionary will be interested in the fol-
lowing paragraph on Dr. Modzume and his under-
taking, which appeared not long ago in the “ Japan
Advertiser":
“It looked for a time as though the thirty years'
work of Dr. Modzume, who has been working all that
time on the compilation of a Japanese dictionary, was
to go for nothing, but through the generosity of a
friend his dictionary is to be published after all.
While working on his book, Dr. Modzume spent all
his fortune for the purchase of reference books and
other expenses.
He was in debt about 30,000 yen.
As the time of publication drew near, his copy was
distrained by creditors. Mr. Nakamura Geihichiro,
who happened to read about his financial difficulty in
the papers, has volunteered to pay his old debts and
arranged for the author to publish his work.”
If that work is ever completed, the industrious com-
piler may well claim the title of the “ Japanese
Johnson " !
The following paragraph from “ The Far East'
is significant :
“ Since the outbreak of the war an interesting
change has taken place in the relative value of foreign
languages among Japanese students. While German
is still assiduously studied by students at the univer-
sities and higher schools, there has been a considerable
falling off in the number of students of German who
are preparing for a business career. This was well
illustrated in the number of applicants for the Ger-
course at the Tokyo School of Foreign Lan-
guages this term.
While there were 125 the year
before the war, the number this year was only 62.
Applicants for the Russian course numbered 172 this
year, in contrast with 93 last year, mainly due to the
expansion of Japan's trade with Russia, and the
desire to know more of Russian literature at first
hand. The eagerness of many to learn of things Rus-
sian may be gauged from the large monthly sales of
books on Russia and the Russians at the Maruzen,
while the Russian Japanese conversation books are
also much sought after. That the English language
is receiving due attention from the majority of Japa-
nese students needs no emphasis. It is noticeable,
however, that the study of this universal language
has been made much easier for the student to-day
than twenty years ago, thanks to the scientific method
employed in teaching by such men as Mr. Saito of the
Seisoku School. The day of the English grammar is
already gone. Present-day Japanese want to be more
practical, since conversation and composition are occu-
pying a great deal of their hours of study. Last but
not least interesting is the fact that the Chinese
vernacular is being enthusiastically learnt by many
young men in view of the enormous trade prospects.
The study of the Chinese classics is, however, as dead
as the proverbial doornail in Japan.
The younger
generation seems to be seeking only what is practical.”
Japan will not lag behind other nations in the
celebration of the tercentenary of the death of
Shakespeare on April 23. Waseda University is
expected to celebrate the occasion with due cere-
mony. And there is a plan under way to mark that
occasion with the presentation of Shakespearean
plays by Dr. Tsubouchi, Messrs. Togi, Shimamura,
Kato, Sasaki, and other playwrights and actors
THE MEANING OF “UNTENTED.”
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The interesting analysis of the meaning of "
tented” submitted by Dr. Tannenbaum in your
issue of January 20 moves me to suggest that this
word survives and is in current use in Scotland
to-day. “ Tak tent to yersel," i. e. take heed to
yourself, is a common expression. The word is
used in the same sense in the north of Ireland. The
glossary of Scottish words and phrases of the
Standard Dictionary says: “ Tent. A field pulpit.
attention; heed; caution; to take heed.” The last
quotation in Dr. Tannenbaum's letter, “Her fes-
tered members must be lanc'd and tented," I read:
“ Her festered members must be lanc'd and at-
tended to or cared for or heedfully looked to."
King Lear curses and reviles his daughter, Gone-
ril. She is impassive and scornful of the old man.
He says " Th' untented [unheeded?] woundings of
a father's curse Pierce every sense about thee!
Curses do not always act immediately.
A. H. MOQUILKIN.
Chicago, Feb. 7, 1916.
man
“ MICE AND MEN."
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
An anticipation of Burns's famous lines,
“ The best-laid schemes o mice an' men
Gang aft agley,"
is found in Pope's "Imitations of Horace" (Book
(
II, Satire VI):
“ Consider mice, like men, must die,
Both great and small, both you and I."
Pope's lines occur in the story of “ The City and
the Country Mouse," the tale which Prior and Mon-
tague used to Thackeray's delight in his “ English
Humourists”) in their parody of Dryden's “The
Hind and the Panther."
The probable source of Burns's lines — for
critics agree that the poet was well versed in the
literature of sensibility — is given by Dr. Otto:
Ritter (“ Quellenstudien zu Robert Burns," 1773-
1791, “Palaestra,” XX, 82) as Mrs. Barbauld's
« The Mouse's Petition":
“ When destruction lurks unseen,
Which men, like mice, may share."
Mrs. Barbauld, in turn, may have based her lines
on Pope's.
WILLIAM CHISLETT, JR.
Stanford University, Feb. 4, 1916.
-


1916)
157
THE DIAL
"
The New Books.
of the history of mathematics, to edit, and the
Open Court Company to publish, a second
edition. By the fact alone of doing this
thing, the editor and publishers have put the
THE PRINCE OF “COLYUMISTS." *
world of scholarship, in the very broadest
Nothing under the sun is quite new. The sense of that term, greatly in their debt. Con-
combination of wit, humor, satire, and erudi- cerning the manner in which the re-editing of
tion of an odd and unexpected sort, which this classic has been done, the case is not
characterizes that form of journalistic litera- quite so clear; but on that matter comment
ture technically known as the "colyum," is
colyum,” is will be reserved until a later point in this
commonly regarded as something distinctly review.
modern. Its sprightly manner seems instinct Let us first of all be quite sure that every-
with the spirit of this unusually present and one is clear as to just what the “Budget of
up-to-date age of ours. But some forty-five Paradoxes" is, what it has for an object, and
years ago a professor of mathematics in the means taken to attain that object. Then
London, Augustus De Morgan, was doing we may proceed to discuss it with greater
precisely the same sort of thing in “The freedom. To the reviewer it seems odd that
Athenæum,” under the title, "A Budget of it should be necessary to explain what the
” “
Paradoxes," that F. P. A., B. L. T., and a few “Budget" is: his own familiarity with the
others are doing now in our metropolitan book, which covers in point of time the whole
newspapers. Indeed, the modern exponents of his mature mental life, is so complete as
.
of this gentle art of “colyuming" might do
colyuming” might do to induce much the same sort of feeling in
much worse than to study De Morgan for fine regard to explaining what the book is about,
points of technique. In the deftness and as one would have if he were to start to
sureness of his characterizations; in the pre- explain to grown-up persons what the Bible,
cision, acuity, and yet unfailing good humor or Shakespeare, or Dickens, was about. In
of his satire; and in the nimble wit and other words, it seems difficult to conceive that
verbal felicity of his writing altogether, this anyone can have reached even moderately
genial mathematician has never been sur- adult life without having read, at least some
passed.
portion of the “Budget of Paradoxes.” But
Before his death, De Morgan had started so great is our confusion of thought regard-
upon the pleasant labor of collecting and ing the fundamentals of an education, that
completing the "Athenæum " papers, both by one must conclude that even within THE DIAL
editing and by considerable additions of actu- family there may be those for whom the
ally new material. He did not live to com- pleasure of the elder De Morgan's acquain-
plete it, however. The first edition of the tance is still anticipatory. For such no better
* Budget,” which appeared in 1872, was statement of the purpose of the “Budget "
edited by Mrs. De Morgan. In her preface can be made than De Morgan's own. The
she made many apologies for the imperfec- book opens with the following words:
tions of the work in comparison with what it "If I had before me a fly and an elephant, hav-
would have been could it have been finished ing never seen more than one such magnitude of
by Professor De Morgan himself. Without either kind; and if the fly were to endeavor to
doubt the book did fall short of what it would persuade me that he was larger than the elephant,
have been under entirely favorable circum-
I might by possibility be placed in a difficulty.
The apparently little creature might use such argu-
stances, but in spite of all this it was imme-
ments about the effect of distance, and might
diately successful in point of sales. It was
I, if
apparently never reprinted after
the first edi. appeal to such laws of sight and hearing as it
unlearned in those things, might be unable wholly
tion, and consequently soon became out of
to reject. But if there were a thousand flies, all
print. Second-hand copies have become in- buzzing, to appearance, about the great creature;
creasingly rare as time has gone on, until in and, to a fly, declaring, each one for himself, that
recent years it has become quite impossible he was bigger than the quadruped; and all giving
to obtain the book unless one was prepared to
different and frequently contradictory reasons;
pay a distinctly long price. This circum- and each one despising and opposing the reasons
of the others — I should feel quite at my ease.
I
stance, coupled with the permanent intrinsic
should certainly say, My little friends, the case of
worth of the book itself, has led Professor
each one of you is destroyed by the rest. I intend
David Eugene Smith, a distinguished student
to show flies in the
swarm, with a few larger ani-
mals, for reasons to be given. . .
* A BUDGET OF PARADOXES. By Augustus De Morgan,
F.R.A.S. and C.P.S. of Trinity College, Cambridge.
“During the last two centuries and a half, phys-
printed, with the author's additions, from “ The Atheneum.'
Second edition, edited by David Eugene Smith.
6
Re-
ical knowledge has been gradually made to rest
Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co.
upon a basis which it had not before. It has
In two vol-
umes.


158
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
а
become mathematical. The question now is, not is. With the quadrating gentry De Morgan
whether this or that hypothesis is better or worse has unmeasured fun. The most persistent
to the pure thought, but whether it accords with
observed phenomena in those consequences which Smith, of Liverpool. Of him the author says:
and entertaining of the lot was Mr. James
can be shown necessarily to follow from it, if it be
true. Even in those sciences which are not yet
“When my work appeared in numbers, I had
under the dominion of mathematics, and perhaps
not anything like an adequate idea of Mr. James
never will be, a working copy of the mathematical
Smith's superiority to the rest of the world in the
process has been made. This is not known to the points in which he is superior. He is beyond a
followers of those sciences who are not themselves
doubt the ablest head at unreasoning, and the
mathematicians and who very often exalt their
greatest hand at writing it, of all who have tried
horns against the mathematics in consequence.
in our day to attach their names to an error.
They might as well be squaring the circle, for any
Common cyclometers sink into puny orthodoxy by
his side.
sense they show in this particular.
“A great many individuals, ever since the rise of
“ The behavior of this singular character induces
the mathematical method, have, each for himself,
me to pay him the compliment which Achilles paid
attacked its direct and indirect consequences.
Hector, to drag him around the walls again and
I
shall not here stop to point out how the very
again. . . He will come out of my hands in the
position he ought to hold, the Supreme Pontiff of
accuracy of exact science gives better aim than the
preceding stage of things could give. I shall call
cyclometers, the vicegerent of St. Vitus upon
earth, the Mamamouchi of burlesque on inference."
each of these persons a paradoxer, and his system
a paradox. I use the word in the old sense:
This intention was carried out, fully and
paradox is something which is apart from general adequately.
opinion, either in subject matter, method, or con- As is readily to be inferred from De Mor-
clusion.
gan's definition of a paradoxer, already
“ Many of the things brought forward would quoted, he distinguished many different spe-
now be called crotchets, which is the nearest word cies and varieties of the genus.
Not all re-
we have to old paradox. But there is this differ- ceived the same sort of treatment as Mr.
ence, that by calling a thing a crotchet we mean to Smith. De Morgan considered that he him-
speak lightly of it; which was not the necessary
self belonged in the group which he classified
sense of paradox. Thus in the sixteenth century
as rational paradoxers. Under this name he
many spoke of the earth's motion as the paradox
of Copernicus, who held the ingenuity of that included "all who, in private life, and in
theory in very high esteem, and some, I think, matters which concern themselves, take their
who even inclined towards it. In the seventeenth own course, and suit their own notions, no
century, the depravation of meaning took place, matter what other people may think of them.
in England at least. Phillips says paradox is 'a These men will put things to uses they were
thing which seemeth strange' - here is the old never intended for, to the great distress and
meaning: after a colon he proceeds — and ab-
disgust of their gregarious friends. I am one
surd, and is contrary to common opinion,' which is
of the class.”
an addition due to his own time.”
He goes on to tell the following anecdote of
It might appear from this that the
another rational paradoxer, Dr. Isaac Milner,
“Budget” was confined to the discussion of
sometime President of Queen's College, Cam-
strictly scientific matters. Such a conclusion
bridge:
would be far from the fact. De Morgan used
the “Budget ” as a receptacle for his opinions defied opinion to a fearful point. He spread a
“He wanted a seat suited to his shape, and he
de omnibus rebus et quibusdam aliis. Mat-
thick block of putty over a wooden chair and sat
ters literary, social, political, pedagogical, in it until it had taken a ceroplast copy of the
editorial, historical, financial, classical, philo- proper seat. This he gave to a carpenter to be
sophical, and generally otherwise, all fell imitated in wood. One of the few now living who
within his purview as 'naturally and easily as knew him -- my friend, General Perronet Thomp-
did things scientific. In fact, the subject-
answers for the wood, which was shown him
matter of the “Budgetmay be characterized by Milner himself; but he does not vouch for the
in Mr. Venus's conveniently embracing ter-
material being putty, which was in the story told
me at Cambridge; William Frend also remem-
minology as “human warious.”
bered it. Perhaps the Doctor took off his great
A considerable part of the book is devoted
seal in green wax, like the Crown; but some soft
to those hardy perennial paradoxers who material he certainly adopted; and very com-
square the circle, or, put in another way, who fortable he found the wooden copy."
convince themselves and endeavor to convince The temptation to go on quoting from this
others that they have discovered not only that thoroughly delightful book is great, but must
the ratio of the circumference of a circle to be resisted. To anyone who is familiar with
its diameter is exactly commensurable, but the “Budget of Paradoxes,” and at the same
also just precisely what that measured ratio | time has some understanding of the principles
6
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:
66
of heredity, there is no uncertainty as to an To anyone who has not examined the book
important, if not indeed the chief, reason for it will be nearly unbelievable that petty
the literary ability and charm of William De didacticism could be carried to such lengths
Morgan. It is doubtful if there is anywhere as it here is, even in a text-book. Just for
.
a more conspicuous and precise example of an example: on page 169 of Vol. I occurs the
the inheritance of literary ability than in this following passage, which is here set down
notable son of a notable father. Every lover literatim et punctatim as it occurs in the
of the son's novels should put the father's text: “ There is an awful paradox about the
*
Budget" next them on the shelves, for if he book, which explains, in part, its leaden
likes one he is sure to like the other. Indeed, sameness, It is all about l'homme, l'homme,
they are in some measure supplementary. For l'homme, except as much as treats of les
in the case of the novels one is bound to be hommes, les hommes, les hommes." At
come interested in the progress of the story, the bottom of the page footnote 6 furnishes
and so be enticed to go on and on reading the desperately needed information: “Man,
The “Budget” has no plot, and if taken in man, man.” This is pretty bad, but worse is
too large doses might give one a severe case yet to come. Footnote 7 reads as follows:
of mental indigestion. It is to be picked up Men, men, men.” Thus this difficult bit of
and dropped into at random, and, after a idiomatic French is cleared up, and poor
choice morsel has been extracted, put back De Morgan's little joke is fully explained, so
upon the shelf until again one wants a little that any “casual” idiot may easily compre-
nip of that exclusive brand of intellectual hend it. Many, many examples of the same
stimulant provided by the De Morgan family. sort of thing might be instanced, were there
Coming now to the matter of the editing of need to do so. The effect on the intelligent,
this present reprint of the “Budget,” the in contradistinction to the editor's “casual,'
reviewer finds his opinion somewhat at reader is like that which would be produced
variance with that of the editor as regards upon the readers of F. P. A.'s Conning
the general plan, and widely so as regards the
Tower"
if each mention of Washington in
manner in which the plan has been executed. that sprightly turret were to be garnished
With such part of the editorial scheme as with a footnote to this effect: “G. Washing-
allowed no textual changes except the correc-
ton, born Feb. 22, 1732, died Dec. 14, 1799,
tion of obvious typographical errors and the first President of the United States. Popu-
substitution of American for English spell- larly known as 'The Father of his Country.'
ing, there can be no serious quarrel, though A gentleman of very dignified bearing, much
upon the second point there might be differ-esteemed by his contemporaries."
ences of opinion. The main feature of the No doubt many utterly wearisome argu-
new edition is something of a totally different ments might be adduced in support of the
order, however. It consists of some odd mil-contention that in this day and age many of
lions (more or less) of footnotes, designed, in De Morgan's allusions would be incompre-
the words of the editor, “to elucidate the text hensible, in the absence of these painfully
by supplying such information as the casual
lucid footnotes, to any but scholarly persons.
reader might wish as he passes over the
But just in that argument lies the meat of
pages.” It may be granted that just possibly the matter, in a manner totally unperceived
something is to be said for such a plan on
by those who advance it. De Morgan did
theoretical grounds, as a general proposition not write the “Budget of Paradoxes” for
regarding the editing of books of an earlier unscholarly people. He spoke the language
generation. But the sanity of the plan in
of sound, thorough, and mellow scholarship.
any particular case obviously depends solely readers understood that language. No more
He assumed, as a matter of course, that his
upon the manner in which it is carried out
determined or bitter foe of all that is
in that case.
Professor Smith's idea of the
casual” and shallow in intellectual matters
mental equipment of those persons likely to
ever lived than he. If as a people we have
read the Budget of Paradoxes” is that, in
anyone outstanding intellectual character-
the first place, they know no single word of
istic it is laziness. Intellectual laziness en-
any language other than the English, and
genders mental mediocrity. More and more
that, in the second place, they are so com- does it become the dominant quality of our
pletely and totally ignorant of all history and literature that it shall be capable of absorp-
literature that any and every allusion to per- tion without the slightest effort, conscious or
sons or events must be fully explained in unconscious, on the part of the reader. This
terms easily to be comprehended by the most being a country in which all people are more
** casual” reader.
or less free and equal, or at least like so to
a
66
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160
(Feb. 17
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66
consider themselves, there is probably noth- dealt fairly enough with his facts, and has
ing which can be done either about or to those given us a book that is fascinating reading
persons who wish to have their intellectual from beginning to end. Nowhere in English
pabulum so pre-digested that they need not will one find such masterly portraits of the
stir a neurone in the process of getting it great German
great German historians, particularly of
into their systems. But to pander to their Ranke, Mommsen, and von Sybel, or a more
low tastes in the name of Augustus De Mor- penetrating analysis of that part of their
gan is a thing which no one who deeply hon- work with which M. Guilland is concerned.
ors and cherishes the spirit of that genial It is important to keep in mind, however,
scholar, who contributed not alone to the sum that he is concerned with the work of these
of knowledge but so notably to the joy of historians primarily only in so far as it had
living, can allow to pass without vigorous an influence in spreading abroad in Germany
protest.
a peculiar philosophy of history. The reader
RAYMOND PEARL.
has to remember, for example, that the “His-
tory of Rome was but a small part of
Mommsen's work as historian, a kind of
GERMAN HISTORIANS AND THE GREAT political pamphlet, a very German pamphlet
WAR.*
to be sure, which the author threw off by the
In a report on public opinion in Germany, way, as a sort of intellectual recreation. It
a report made to the French Minister of For- is an author's right, nevertheless, to limit his
eign Affairs on July 30, 1913, M. Stéphen subject; it is a reader's business to remember
Pichon said that some want war because what that limitation is.
in the present circumstances they think it Undoubtedly M. Guilland admires Ranke
inevitable.” The remark was probably meant more than the others.
Ranke was
a good
to apply only to those who felt that the con- German, but then he was a good European
crete situation was such that war could not also; he could admire France, and he said
long be delayed. But any analysis of the many just things about Frenchmen. His
modern German conception of Kultur would
serene good humor, his tolerance and sanity,
find one of the pervasive characteristics of the catholicity of his interests and his tastes,
this “specifically German way of thinking in a word the humanism and universality of
and feeling” to be the notion that Germany, his mind, distinguish him sharply from men
in the twentieth century, is destined to a
like Droysen and Treitschke; we do not
position of material and moral supremacy.
think of him as quite comfortable in the hot
Fate, or Providence, or a force not our-
and irritating atmosphere which the later
selves that makes for righteousness,
so it chauvinistic Prussian historians seemed to
seems, has laid upon the Fatherland the cos- require as a stimulant. For this very reason
mic task of extending “the German Idea" it is more difficult to detect in the work of
in the world. Somehow or other this must Ranke, devoted as he was to describing the
be done: if by peaceable means, well and past wie es ist eigentlich gewesen, any influ-
good; if not by peaceable means, then in ence in shaping the political ideals of modern
“shining armor” and with the good sword. Germany. Nevertheless, in shaping these
In forming this conception of the German ideals, the work of Ranke had a very real
mission, many influences have united; of influence.
these influences, not the least is that of the
The thinking of the nineteenth century, in
philosophy of history promulgated with so many of its aspects, reflects the reaction from
much learning and eloquence by German his-
the ideas of the Revolution. The reaction
torians in the nineteenth century.
from eighteenth century cosmopolitanism and
M. Guilland, whose book appeared some the propagandist spirit of the Revolution
years ago and is now very acceptably trans- found expression, particularly in Germany, in
lated into English, has attempted, in a num-
an exaggerated nationalism; while the in-
ber of essays on certain historians,— Niebuhr, tense application, after 1815, to the study of
Ranke. Mommsen, von Sybel, Treitschke, history, and the immense respect for the
-
to determine the character of this philosophy past which partly inspired and partly re-
and to estimate its influence upon German sulted from such studies, was one form of
political ideals. Notwithstanding the author reaction from the rationalism of the Philos-
has little sympathy with these ideals, he has ophes. Divine Right was a little obsolete,
even in Germany, as a basis for political au-
* MODERN GERMANY AND HER HISTORIANS. By Antoine
Guilland. New York: McBride, Nast & Co.
thority; and after Jena what German could
appeal to Natural Right as a basis for lib-
Heinrich von Treitschke. Translated by Eden and Cedar Paul.
Volume I.
erty! For the basis of authority and liberty
66
HISTORY OF GERMANY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
By
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-
alike, therefore, most Germans turned to his capable of guaranteeing order and establish-
tory, seeking the meaning of the present and ing true freedom, and to set it over in con-
a guide to the future in the actual historical trast against the history of France as the
process, a process which came to be regarded country where anarchy and license ran unre-
as the true revelation of the divine purpose, strained under the mask of liberty,— this was
or as an embodiment of universal reason in the task faintly forecast by Ranke himself in
contradistinction to analytical thought or any his “Nine Books of Prussian History," and
individual's rationalization of experience. finally completed by Droysen, Treitschke, and
The history of each nation could thus be above all by von Sybel. The latter, in his
counted on to furnish the guarantee for its "History of the Revolutionary Period,"
*
”
own law and custom, as well as to justify its proved from newly discovered and unim-
right to maintain them against any other peachable sources that the French Revolution
nation.
failed because its principles were wrong, and
Few men did more to confirm this way of that the principles of the Prussian state were
thinking than Ranke. To be sure, he did not correct because Prussia would succeed, as the
thir of other nations as existing merely to logic of its history clearly indicated, in
heighten, by contrast, the glory and great achieving the unification of the German na-
ness of Germany. But if he conceived of his- tion. If this great end could be attained only
tory in a universal sense, as “the progress of by “blood and iron,” no one should despair,
mankind," and thus, in his insistence on the not even good German Liberals. Prussia had
international character of European culture, not often accomplished her destiny by
reminds us of the cosmopolitan spirit of Vol- speeches and resolutions of Parliament; be-
;
taire, he nevertheless has conceived of this sides, drastic methods would be well employed
progress in terms of "the individuality of if by such means German minds could be
nations," each nation at certain periods being, purged of Gallic vapors and false doctrinaire
as it were, the incarnation of some great principles of liberty and the Rights of Man.
“idea ” which at the particular time best And in fact, as the Prussian historians justi-
expressed that "multiple being which we are." fied Sadowa, Sadowa in turn justified the
The way was thus prepared for the belief Prussian historians. “A king who so quickly
that the Fatherland had contributed some- brought about so fine a stroke," said Treit-
thing in the past to this “progress of man- schke, “must be right against everybody.”
kind,” and that it was destined in the future, Everyone was not as easily convinced as was
since the Germans were the only nation that Treitschke; but nothing was lacking to a com-
had retained the qualities of a genuine plete justification of the Prussian prophets
"urvolk," to be the home of God's chosen when, five years later, the lost provinces were
,
people. And if Giesebrecht depicted the glo- recovered and the new German Empire was
ries of the Fatherland in the time of the proclaimed, at Versailles, in the famous Hall
mediæval empire, Ranke himself, in his widely of Mirrors of the ancient palace built by
read “History of Germany in the Time of the Louis XIV.
Reformation," had his share in establishing “ The most indifferent arguments are good,"
that modern formula of cosmic philosophy said Bismarck, “when one has a majority of
which, according to Professor Dewey, in his bayonets." All the great events of that gen-
“German Philosophy and Politics," runs as
eration -- the founding of the Second Empire
follows:
in France, the unification of Italy, the pres-
“ First, the German Luther who saved for man-
ervation of the American Union, above all
kind the principle of spiritual freedom.
.; then
the success of Bismarck's policy of “ blood
Kant and Fichte, who wrought out the principle and iron ” — seemed to illustrate and confirm
into a final philosophy of science, morals, and the this cynical philosophy. And these were pre-
state; as conclusion, the German nation organized cisely the years when materialistic theories,
in order to win the world to recognition of this borrowed from natural science, were modify-
principle, and thereby to establish the rule of free-
ing the older conceptions of man and his his-
dom and science in humanity as a whole."
tory. Der Mensch ist, was er isst. If nature,
When Ranke's “Reformation " appeared, in evolving the higher animals, employed the
the organization of the German nation was method of ruthlessly exterminating the weak
rapidly becoming the central question of Ger- through ceaseless conflict, could it be sup-
man politics; and after the dissolution of the posed that another method regulated the evo-
Frankfort National Assembly the best chance lution of society? Economic competition and
of effecting such an organization seemed to be war,— what were they, what had they ever
through Prussian leadership. To celebrate been, but nature's test of the fittest? In those
the history of Prussia as the state at once years, when materialism had its day in
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66
sur-
science, pessimism in philosophy, naturalism fittest. Now this is not so." Certainly it is
in literature, when religion seemed a spent not so. Nor is it quite true, as M. Guilland
force, the economic interpretation of history, implies, that Mommsen explained Roman his-
of which the corollary was that principles and tory as a triumph of force, as an example of
ideals and theories were but ingenious instru- the doctrine that might makes right. Momm-
ments forged in the service of deep-lying sen, as M. Guilland himself says elsewhere,
selfish interests, was profoundly modifying seeks to show the reasons for the superiority
historical research and the attitude of histo- of this people over the other peoples of
rians toward the past.
ancient history.” And what was this supe-
If theories of this sort were to become riority? The Italian, said Mommsen,
widely popular anywhere, one might suppose rendered his own personal will for the sake of
that it would be in Germany, where natural freedom, and learned to obey his father that
science was in such high repute, and where he might know how to obey the State. Amidst
Bismarck, who had made and was consoli- this subjection, individual development might
dating the Empire in the spirit of a new be marred. . . The Italian gained instead a
Machiavelli, was the popular hero. In a feeling of fatherland and of patriotism such
sense one would be right in so supposing. Yet as the Greek never knew, and alone among
one would be wrong in supposing that the the civilized nations of antiquity succeeded in
bald theory that “Might makes Right” was working out . . a national unity which at
accepted and entertained in its primitive last placed in his hands the mastery not only
state, naked and unadorned, by the German over the divided Hellenic stocks, but over the
mind. For the German mind is incurably whole known world.” That is to say, Rome is
idealistic; and hence the materialism of natu- not justified by her conquests, but her con-
ral science, before it could be applied to quests are justified by her superior moral
political uses, had to be ideally transformed, qualities.
- had, as it were, to be draped and vestured
In this way precisely have the German his-
with an attractive covering of morality and torians justified the conquests of Prussia in
religion. No, might does not make right, says Germany and of Germany in Europe. Sub-
the German; and the good Bernhardi is stitute the word German for Italian, the word
amazed and shocked that anyone should find Europe for antiquity, and the word Celtic for
such a philosophy in his writings; might is Hellenic, and the sentence of Mommsen might
but the evidence of right, which you perceive stand as the essential résumé of all that has
is a different thing altogether. Could there been said by the Prussian school about Euro-
indeed be a more profound pessimism than to pean history in the last two centuries. And
suppose that the universe is so fashioned that of no German historian would this be so true
the spirit of evil, der Geist der stets verneint, as of the last and most chauvinistic as well
could triumph in the end? That nation which as the most influential of the Prussian school,
at any time attains a superior wisdom and Heinrich von Treitschke.
virtue, a superior morality and culture, will The present translation of the famous
by the sheer inner force of these qualities “History” was doubtless inspired by the fact
clothe itself with power. In the long run the that the name of Treitschke, almost unknown
fittest nation survives. It survives through in England and America, suddenly became a
force, certainly; but this force, whether exer- word to conjure with in the multitude of arti-
sed indirectly through peaceable competi- cles and books that endeavored to explain the
tion or directly through war, is generated by Great War. In the circumstances, it is not
a superiority in attaining the ideal ends of strange that the work shows signs of having
life, a superiority in intelligence and morality, been somewhat hastily done. There are a
a superiority in Kultur.
good many misprints due to careless proof-
Do not expect, therefore, to find German
reading; and good German phrases have too
historians glorifying force, simply as force. often been taken over literally. “Thought-
The war of 1870, said von Sybel, was one of struggles," "World-all," "Napoleon prepon-
-
those necessary struggles between a young derantly esteemed the exact sciences,'
state wishing to make for itself a place in the thought-process of the Philosophers gave rise
sun and an old nation which was struggling to a new moral view of the World-order,"
to keep up its position.” And M. Guilland Schiller's influence was more in the direc-
adds: “After that, you would expect Sybel tion of width," and similar expressions, are
to describe in a straightforward manner this simply not English. But on the whole the
work of conquest, justifying the Prussian volume reads well, and the translators have
wars, as Mommsen had done in his History of I caught a good deal of the movement and flu-
Rome, by Darwin's law of the survival of the ency, a good deal of the lyric enthusiasm, and
60
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something of the plastic qualities, which make philosophy to be derived from history stud-
Treitschke's work one of the great master- ied objectively, as a record of what has oc-
pieces of historical narrative.
curred in the world. If, as the nineteenth
Now, that which inspires Treitschke's century would have us believe, there is for us
“History," that fundamental preconception no revelation through inspired book or infalli-
which beyond everything else gives it char- ble inner light of conscience, if for us the only
acter, is the profound conviction, amounting revelation is through nature and history
to a religious faith, that the success of Ger- rationalized, what is left but to say with
many in the nineteenth century was due to Hegel: “ The actual is the rational and the
the intellectual and moral supremacy of the rational is the actual”? What is there for
German nation. Treitschke reminds one of the the historian to do but to find the qualities
good English matron who sympathized with that explain the success of one nation over
the French because they had the misfortune another, and, having found them (he should
to be born in a foreign country. It could indeed be very sure that he has found them)
hardly be otherwise than that the Germans pronounce them good? But, obviously, good
should attain supremacy over other nations; in a relative sense only. And this is impor-
in spite of themselves, a people whose car- tant. If success is evidence of virtue, we
dinal and commonplace virtues were obedi- must wait for the success before affirming the
ence, loyalty, steadfastness, and self-sacrifice, virtue; the virtue is relative only to the par-
a people whose intelligence was at once so ticular situation, not an inalienable possession
profound and so exact, must take the front of which we can assume the effectiveness in
rank. Where was so excellent a language as any other situation. This is a philosophy,
the German for expressing every kind of idea, therefore, excellently adapted to explaining
or one so rich and flexible that the works of the past, but dangerous in the extreme for
Shakespeare and Euripides acquired an addi- predicting the future.
tional charm after having passed through the Now, in the minds of the men who for the
medium of the German mind? “ "Goethe's last decade have governed the Empire, the
Iphigenia, the poem which of all the works of very men who have read Treitschke's “His-
modern art best attains the spirit of the tory” and have listened to him, at Berlin,
antique, was nevertheless permeated by a preaching the incomparable virtues of the
sentiment of loving gentleness such as was German people, this philosophy has suffered
never understood by the hard-headed heathen a curious transformation. These superior
of antiquity." The truth is that Treitschke, German virtues have, in their minds, taken on
for whom the German army like the German an absolute character, have come to be re-
language is a moral product, was as far as garded as something innate, as something
possible removed from the cynical pessimism which cannot be lost by Germans or acquired
of those who would agree with Bismarck that unaided by nations less favored of the gods;
“the most indifferent arguments are good and thus is Germany's supremacy in the twen-
when one has a majority of bayonets." No tieth century thought to be an assured, indeed
word is on his tongue more often than a necessary, result. Instead of success being
“ moral” or “morality." He despises En- taken as an evidence of superiority, an as-
gland, not because she is weak, but because sumed superiority is taken as clear evidence
Englishmen are dominated by mercenary of a cosmic mission which must fail unless
ideals which they hide behind a mask of cant- the Fatherland shall bestride the narrow
ing hypocrisy. For Treitschke, history is the world like a colossus. “It is perfect non-
result of moral forces, the revelation of the sense,” says Herr Rohrbach in his “ German
moral law; and if Prussia has succeeded in World Policies," to say that Germany needs
making Germany great, if Germany is des- colonies for her expanding population. On
tined to a position of predominance in the the contrary, Germany needs an expanding
world, it is because Prussians better than population in order to give enduring
other Germans, and Germans better than non- strength to her material expansion," the end
Germans, abide by this law which their phi- of material expansion being the extension of
losophers have discovered and which their “the German idea in the world.” What!
history confirms. Fundamentally, Treitschke Must the German mission fail because of a
is not an historian, but a preacher; a preacher, declining birth rate and the weakness of
in dead earnest, who illustrates from the his- diplomacy in face of a consolidated Entente!
tory of nations the text that we Germans are Where, then, is this boasted German superior-
the people and wisdom shall die with us. ity ? German superiority must be proved at
The doctrine that success, in the long run, all costs, and for that the good sword alone
is the eridence of right, is perhaps the only remains. Thus was the Great War ineritable.


164
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
In such devious ways has the doctrine that The writings of Sir Thomas Browne suggest
virtue will clothe itself with power been trans- this notable paragraph:
formed into the doctrine that the exercise of “ Flawlessness is even more rare in prose than
power is necessary to maintain an alleged
it is in verse, and if all the pieces were collected
virtue. The Germans of to-day, by dint of which a reasonable criticism could praise wholly
applying the lessons of their historians not
without reserve, they would make only a very small
wisely but too well, have somehow managed
volume. But an extraordinary proportion would
to get ahead of the schedule. They have dis-
come from Urn Burial a proportion higher than
counted the historical process in order to
any other work of equal length would yield, possi-
realize on future values. It would be more mod-
bly higher than could be gleaned even from the
est, and more in accord with a safe philosophy Lamb, another essayist whose distinctive
longest works."
of history, to let coming events reveal the con-
merit it is certainly far from easy to express
tinued superiority of the German nation. But
the patient Germans are singularly impatient; marks which no sympathetic reader can let
with conspicuous success, calls forth some re-
without waiting for God to dispose, they have
pass with ordinary approval :
themselves, assuming the task of Fate, and
“ Lamb's friends loved him and admired him;
with their accustomed efficiency, made to-mor-
and yet they had more than a suspicion that in the
row's programme in the Foreign Office. Thus
weightier matters they were his superiors. They
have the Germans, so practical in dealing with were not. Lamb was, among other things, one of
the material world, lost touch with reality in the wisest men of his time. The evidences of this
dealing with the moral world. Professed wisdom are to be met with everywhere. It is the
devotees of real-politik, they remain idealists
essence of Lamb's criticism. No one but a man
and doctrinaires to the end of the chapter!
endowed with the very genius of common sense
could have been so uniformly right as he. Taste
CARL BECKER.
alone will not do."
Has the Olympian sweep and majesty of Dry-
den's prose, before which all lovers of unde-
THE ESSAY IN ENGLAND.*
filed English must adore, ever been better
It would not be easy to find a recent vol- characterized than in the following sentences !
ume of literary criticism which more admira-
“ The great merit of Dryden is that his style
bly satisfies a genuine need than Professor would have suited Solomon when he spake of
Walker's study of the English essay. The trees, from the cedar tree that is in Lebanon even
rather peculiar difficulties about defining and unto the hyssop that springeth out of the wall.
evaluating the modern essay, touched upon in
No style written before is comparable with it in
the author's Introduction, are likely to pique
range.
Its characteristics are lucidity and easy
the curiosity of even superficial readers;
grace. It flows on apparently without effort and
while the comparatively late appearance of
with that perfect art which conceals art. But it is
art, not chance. Evidently Dryden deliberately
the type, placing Bacon practically at the
steered clear of the Scylla and Charybdis on one
head of its English pedigree, spares the his- or other of which nearly all his predecessors were
torian the necessity of the extremely attenu- apt to strike. . . He saw two deviations from what
ated treatment and constant shift of critical he would have called nature. It was a deviation
attitude incident to attempts at sketching the to conceal meaning under verbal quibbles and by
progress of older literary forms.
excessive condensation; it was equally a deviation
Professor Walker's twelve chapters, tracing
to conceal it in the maze of long involved sen-
tences. The first business of prose was to convey
the essay's evolution from the pre-Baconian
a plain meaning unmistakably; and this was best
‘Anticipations” to “Some Essayists of Yes-
done by a style based upon that of conversation,
terday” i. e. Andrew Lang, Lafcadio Hearn, yet differing from it as the permanent will differ
George Gissing, and Francis Thompson), are from the temporary and the studied from the
themselves instinct with the allusiveness of spontaneous. Such seem to be the principles that
thought, the epigrammatic grace, and the rich underlie the prose style of Dryden.”
personal flavor which modern prose has The vexed question of the relative merits of
learned from the best-loved recent essayists. Steele and Addison has seldom if ever been
Certainly it would be difficult to hit upon a more trenchantly answered than thus: “There
better style than Professor Walker's in which
is such a thing as tone in writing, as well as
to write of essays. The best proof of its style, and Steele at his best is as much supe-
entire adequacy is the reader's excited inter-
rior to Addison in the former quality as he is
est as sentence after sentence seems to strike
inferior in the latter.” Again, the one mighty
the very heart and soul of the work criticized.
reservation which must always qualify our
* THE ENGLISH ESSAY AND ESSAYISTS. By Hugh Walker, admiration of Macaulay's splendid achieve-
Channels of English Literature." New York: E. P.
ment in letters could hardly be better ex-
40
LL.D.
Dutton & Co.


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pressed than as Professor Walker expresses the type of person addressed. They are dis-
it: “There are no dim vistas in his writings; tinctly essays of the second person. Their
no man could be less of a mystic than he.” content and their form are determined by
Professor Walker's appraisal of Bacon Bacon's vivid mental image of his ideal
brings up fairly what is doubtless the most reader: the young Elizabethan (or Jacobean)
important question in the general criticism of strenuous ambition and large opportunity,
of the essay. He says:
intent upon the completest self-realization in
"Bacon is too stately, and his thought is too public life. Writers as different as Steele,
profound, to permit us to speak of the essays as Thackeray, and Stevenson can be grouped in
the confidential chat of a great philosopher... the same class. On the whole, the germinal
Just here we detect the secret of Bacon's inferior principle in their most characteristic essays is
ity (of course merely qua essayist) to his model
neither the person speaking nor the things
Montaigne or to the greatest English master of the
form, Charles Lamb. The ideal essay seems to
spoken about, but the reader addressed, the
imply a certain lightness and ease, and a confiden-
society person of Queen Anne's Age, the
tial relation between the author and the reader.
early Victorian "snob,” or the morally and
That we find in Oxford in the Long Vacation and artistically unsteadied doubter of the " yel-
in Mrs. Battle's Opinions on Whist. But not in low nineties.” In all such essays the horta-
Bacon."
tory imperative is latent if not expressed.
This verdict against Bacon will be generally Lamb, Fuller, and Sir Thomas Browne be-
accepted at the present day. Yet on further long to the third class of essayists: those who
thought the reader may well ask himself write mainly in the first person, whose espe-
whether Bacon's essays can safely be re- cial charm lies in their frank portrayal of
garded as inferior to Lamb's when both are their own delightful individualities. Profes-
viewed sub specie immortalitatis. The charm- sor Walker's treatment of these writers is par-
ing lightness of Lamb is achieved, in a large ticularly happy, and he hardly hesitates to
part of his work at least, at the cost of a award them the palm over all the other En-
leaning toward artificiality and affectation, glish essayists. Which of us at the present
which may render him two centuries hence a day is likely to act otherwise in selecting
much less vital force than Bacon is to-day. reading for our personal amusement? Yet
Can it not be fairly doubted whether Bacon's we hardly dare forget that there is a suspi-
language and attitude deserve the epithet of cion of the local and the temporal about such
"stately," when compared with average Eliza- a predilection; that the position of Fuller
bethan prose — for example, with that of and Browne as first-class literary figures de-
Sidney or Hooker or Ben Jonson ? And may pends as wholly as that of Lamb himself
we not reasonably apprehend that the mere upon early nineteenth-century taste. Omens
process of time, which has lent a somewhat like the rehabilitation of Samuel Johnson as
stately tone to the essays on “Studies” and a critic and the increasing sympathy for
“ Truth,” may render the “ Chapter on Ears” Macaulay suggest that a radical change in
positively grotesque!
taste may even now be on its way, that soon
English essays have been written, as it the business and love letters of a major poet
were, in three persons. Those of Macaulay, may no longer, as at present, arouse a sin-
of Addison, and of Hazlitt, and Dryden's cerer interest than his poetry, and that an
prefaces, are third-personal. In the best of essayist's habitual exhibition of himself in
these, the writers seek conscientiously the ex- bedroom slippers, instead of irresistibly at-
pression of ideas of universal validity, irre-tracting, may even revolt us as it would have
spective of the special tastes of the authors or revolted the eighteenth century.
the peculiar interests of any particular class
TUCKER BROOKE.
of readers. Such, we think, should be called,
in a phrase which Professor Walker invents
for another purpose, “essayists of the centre.”
The majority of the best English essays are
A YOUNG POET'S TRAVEL IMPRESSIONS.*
doubtless of this type, and it would almost Charm of youthful personality and the
savor of literary snobbery to doubt that they pathos of an early death in his country's ser-
have as a whole the best chance of weather- vice seem to have given Rupert Brooke a
ing the fluctuations of changing taste.
measure of fame that long life and full oppor-
Bacon's essays would inevitably be notable tunity to mature his powers as a poet might
both for their enormous fund of abstract wis-1 not have brought him. At any rate there is
dom and for the tremendous personality of a manifest disparity between his actual
their author; but to be properly appreciated
* LETTERS FROM AMERICA. By Rupert Brooke. With a Pref-
they must be read with a clear conception of ace by Henry James. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
-


166
(Feb. 17
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66
achievement in literature and the acclaim he of journalist letters, there is yet to appear,
has won on two continents. But whatever his under the editorship of "his intimate and de-
merit as poet, which time will determine with voted friend,” Mr. Edward Marsh, another
some degree of justice, it suffices for the pres- volume of letters so arranged and annotated
ent to acknowledge that there are a certain as to make an admirable brief memoir," as
undeniable picturesqueness and romance Mr. James tells us; and a footnote by Mr.
about his youthful and buoyant and eagerly Marsh announces that "there remain also to
“
adventurous personality, and that to see the be published a book on John Webster and a
world renew its youth through his young eyes prose play in one act.” And now let us turn
is a refreshing experience. This experience to the “ Letters from America."
is made possible for all who can read by the Inevitably the visitor's impressions of New
publication in book-form of his “ Letters from York, the port of landing, fill the first few
America," chapters of travel that first ap-
pages of his book.
Of the great city in its
peared in “ "
The Westminster Gazette” and, night apparel of electric light we find him
in two instances, at the end of the volume, writing as follows:
“ The New Statesman."
6 On the Staten Island ferry-boat you slip out
Mr. Henry James contributes an introduc- from the darkness right under the immense sky-
tion of some length, in which, characteristi- scrapers. As they recede they form into a mass
cally enough, and to the satisfaction of his together, heaping up one behind another, fire-lined
admirers, there is rather more of the mind and majestic, sentinel over the black, gold-streaked
and art of Mr. James than of the character
waters. Their cliff-like boldness is the greater,
because to either side sweep in the East River and
and appearance of Rupert Brooke. “Noth-
the Hudson River, leaving this piled promontory
ing more generally or more recurrently
between. To the right hangs the great stretch of
solicits us, in the light of literature, I think,” the Brooklyn Suspension Bridge, its slight curve
begins the great master of prose,
“ than the
very purely outlined with light; over it luminous
interest of our learning how the poet, the true trams, like shuttles of fire, are thrown across and
poet, and above all the particular one with across, .continually weaving . the stuff of human
whom we may for the moment be concerned, existence. From further off all these lights dwin-
has come into his estate, asserted and pre-
dle to a radiant semi-circle that gazes out over
served his identity, worked out his question
the expanse with a quiet, mysterious expectancy.
Far away seaward you may see the low golden
of sticking to that and to nothing else; and
glare of Coney Island."
has so been able to reach us and touch us as
It is plain from the outset that America is
a poet, in spite of the accidents and dangers
that must have beset this course.
And so
to be viewed with no coldly critical scrutiny,
through three solid pages he marvels at the prosaic realities and ugly blemishes are to be
rare good fortune that has attended poetic the plain and undeniable facts of our too
thrust into no offensive prominence. Even
genius, in the past and in our own time, in its
commercial, too careworn, too paltry existence
struggle with the asperities of a harsh and
cruel world — which is all excellent in its
are sometimes overlooked, sometimes even
denied. Our bustling, hustling, nervous city-
way, but does not advance us far in our
acquaintance with Rupert Brooke. Neverthe-
dwellers strike this young idealist as present-
less we do gather, in the leisurely course of ing faces wonderfully free from wrinkles.
this preface, the main facts of Brooke's short
“Smoothness is the one unfailing characteris-
life. He was born in 1887 at Rugby, where tic,” he writes. Our women, and our men
his father was a house-master, and he had two
too, are of a certain stately comeliness in his
brothers. The father died in 1910, one of the eyes.
“ Handsome people of both sexes are
three sons at an earlier date, another in battle very common," he declares; "beautiful, and
'
on the Western Front, and Rupert himself on pretty, ones very rare.” Could one ask for a
a French hospital ship on his way from Alex-
better instance of attributes possessing an
andria to Gallipoli. He had finished his edu- excellence not "unborrowed from the eye"?
cation at Cambridge, had won a fellowship at As was natural and fitting, this young cor-
King's College, had travelled and seen the respondent on his first visit to the New World
world and written two slender volumes of was vividly impressed by the mere externali-
verse; and now his mortal part lies buried on ties and superficialities which an older, more
“the steep summit of a Greek island of infi- experienced traveller would have passed by,
nite grace . . placed in such earth and amid
or passed through, to the substance and
such beauty of light and shade and embracing meaning underneath. There is lightness and
prospect as that the fondest reading of his grace and charm in this rapid, careless, yet
young lifetime could have suggested nothing quickly observant and generously apprecia-
better.” In addition to the present collection tive survey of the wonders of the western con-


1916)
167
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6
tinent. Something more, too, than the surface a book memorable and of a pathetic, roman-
aspect of things is occasionally reflected in tic interest because of the attraction one feels
these letters. Whether or not with the clear- for the high-hearted, joyous, engaging young
est discernment, here is what the young En- poet who wrote it, and whose pleasing face,
glishman has to say, among other things, of let it be added, looks out at us from the
Boston:
frontispiece, giving increased desire to read
“ The city sat primly on her little hills, decorous, his letters of a first voyage to the new Far
civilised, European-looking. It is homely after West and the old Far East.
New York. The Boston crowd is curiously En-
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
glish. They have nice eighteenth-century houses
there, and ivy grows on the buildings. And they
are hospitable. All Americans are hospitable; but
they have n't quite time in New York to practise
ROMAIN ROLLAND AS CRITIC.*
the art so perfectly as the Bostonians. It is a
lovely art. But Boston makes you feel at
A great critic will be likely to work in sev-
home without meaning to. A delicious ancient
eral different ways. He will generally make
Toryism is to be found here. "What is wrong some detailed investigations and studies on
with America,' a middle-aged lady told me, “is things of more particular interest to him. He
this Democracy. They ought to take the votes will generally begin in this way and so gain
away from these people who do n't know how to a solid foundation of fact in one place at
use them, and give them only to us, the Educated.'
least. Then he will also make more general
My heart leapt the Atlantic, and was in a Cathe- studies, or rather write something of a more
dral or University town of South England."
general character than his own special studies,
Characteristic of the writer is the attention
on the great figures or the great movements or
he pays, in his first paragraphs on Niagara great questions of art that seem to him par-
Falls, to the human element in the surround-
He will also -
ticularly significant.
now-
ings of that wonder of nature. His glance adays at least
adays at least - be likely to put his ideas into
notes first of all the “hotels, power-houses,
the form of fiction, and will produce stories,
bridges, trams, picture post-cards, sham
novels, or plays moulded by his feeling for
legends, stalls, booths, rifle-galleries, and side-
life and art, or expressive of it. And lastly,
shows,” that fringe the central attraction, he will be very likely to say what he thinks on
He gives ample space to the "touts of all
kinds, "touts insinuating, and touts raucous,
questions of the day. Not all men who may
be called great critics have done all these
greasy touts, brazen touts, and upper-class, things, in fact there are but few who do
refined, gentlemanly, take-you-by-the-arm
all. But there are so many who do one and
touts; touts who intimidate and touts who another, that all four seem the natural exer-
wheedle,” and so on for three-quarters of a cises of the critical power.
page. But at last he comes to the cataract
Romain Rolland has heretofore been most
itself and lets himself loose in some fine de- widely known as a novel-writer and a publi-
scriptive writing.
cist the two aspects of the critic less com-
“ Here and there a rock close to the surface is
monly thought of till late years at least. In
marked by a white wave that faces backwards and “Some Musicians of Former Days” he is the
seems to be rushing madly up-stream, but is really student of musical history. In these days,
stationary in the headlong charge. But for these
when his soul is so wrung with more poignant
signs of reluctance, the waters seem to fling them-
selves on with some foreknowledge of their fate,
events, he would perhaps not care to be
in an ever wilder frenzy. But it is no Maeter thought of as the historian of the opera. But
linckian prescience. They prove, rather, that Greek for us whatever we can get from his hand is
belief that the great crashes are preceded by a of value, and there is an especial pleasure in
louder merriment and a wilder gaiety. Leaping reading this book written in happier days,
in the sunlight, careless, entwining, clamorously when he could write as freely of Gluck and
joyful, the waves riot on towards the verge.” Mozart as of Luigi Rossi and of Lully. The
Not to the beaten track of tourist travel subject of the book is of less general interest
does Rupert Brooke confine himself. After
than that of its companion volume, “Musi-
seeing New York and Boston, Montreal and cians of To-day.” The early history of the
Quebec and the Saguenay, Toronto and opera in Italy and in France, the work of
Niagara, he extends his journeying to the Lully and Gluck, are subjects of less current
western prairies and the Rockies, to Winni- interest at least than the work of Berlioz,
peg and the vast Canadian Northwest. The Debussy, and Richard Strauss, not to men-
Pacific Ocean, too, and the South Sea Islands
By Romain Rolland.
(for he was on his way to the Orient) receive Translated by Mary Blaiklock. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
some attention as the book draws to a close
# SOME MUSICIANS OF FORMER DAYS.
MICHELANGELO. By Romain Rolland. Translated by Fred-
erick Street. Illustrated. New York: Duffield & Co.


168
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
tion other matters of which he writes in the and yet it is one of the notes of his especial
earlier immensely interesting volume. Here view of art that he should comprehend and
M. Rolland is more of an investigator, a spe- wish to present the life and work of one of
cial student. We should be quite unable to the greatest men in the other arts. He has
offer a criticism of the book in its especial written a short book on Beethoven in a series
field; indeed there are probably few musical called “Lives of Illustrious Men,” but for the
students who know enough of the intimacies same series he has also written the lives of
of the musical history of France in the seven- Tolstoi and of Michelangelo. This particu-
teenth and eighteenth centuries to look at the lar book is another study prepared for another
book from a professional standpoint. But series.
such a criticism is hardly needed for the gen- This book on Michelangelo is a very char-
eral reader; for most of us it is enough to acteristic piece of work; it is a study of the
say that here is a book by a man of broad man and his influence on his time rather than
view and of intimate knowledge, of very gen- an exposition of the qualities of the different
eral ideas on art and very particular interest works of art which he produced. Those who
in detail. It is a remarkable combination, think of art as a storehouse of powers or vir-
more significant really than M. Rolland's tues, each with its especial effect upon the
essays on subjects more of our own day. You soul of man, will not find here any statement
may follow under his guidance along the his- of the impression made by one or all of the
tory of music from very early times, and you works of Michelangelo upon the beholder.
may study Lully's recitative and Racine's M. Rolland goes from the work to the man:
declamation. There is one good thing about "Nothing like Michelangelo had ever ap-
such a combination: it rather insures us peared before,” says he. "He passed like
against empty generalizations made on slight a whirlwind, and after he had passed the
knowledge, on the one hand, and against the brilliant and sensual Florence of Lorenzo
passionate insistence on details that are of de'Medici and Botticelli, of Verrocchio and
little interest or importance except to the Leonardo, was ended forever. All that har-
writer himself. One reads such a book with monious living and dreaming, that spirit of
a sort of confidence. It not only gives con- analysis, that aristocratic and courtly poetry,
tinual ideas, but it makes one feel that one is the whole elegant and subtle art of the
on solid ground.*
Quattrocento,' was swept away at one blow.
The book on Michelangelo is of another Even after he had been gone for a long time,
sort; it is one of those larger generalizations the world of art was still whirled along in the
which has been mentioned. We do no injus- eddies of his wild spirit.” It must have been
tice to M. Rolland to suppose that he is by no a mighty force that did any such work; M.
means the specialist in the Italian art of the Rolland is interested in showing what sort of
fifteenth century that he is in French music force it was. We will not discuss that mat-
of the centuries following, or in fact to sup-
ter; we can fancy that the special students
pose that he has not the particular knowledge of music or of any of the arts might say that
of painting, sculpture, architecture, and M. Rolland was a biographer or an historian
poetry (for in all these arts did Michel-
rather than a critic. That matter need not
angelo excel) that he has of music. It is as
distract our attention at the moment; M.
a musical critic that he is especially known,
Rolland might well say that music or any
* It is hard enough to give a true idea of M. Rolland's other art can never do more than give us the
powers without stopping for minor linguistic corrections. The
translation of “Musiciens d'autrefois," though in the main inspiration of a great soul, -in fact, I am
good, is quite often incorrect, not by the accident of a mistake
here and there, but apparently as a result of not knowing
under the impression that he has made that
enough of the author's style and subject. On page 39 the statement somewhere.
translation reads "the stag by St. Eustace's crucifix"; the
original reads “du cerf au crucifix de saint Eustache." It M. Rolland believes in great men. In 1903
was, of course, the stag which had the crucifix,- between
his horns. Such errors (and there are a number of them)
he wrote as follows:
are not vitally important; rather more so to our mind is an
error of another kind which occurs now and then.
“The air is heavy around us. The old coun-
land says something of art or life in general; the translation tries of Europe are stifling in a dense and vitia-
puts it down to some particular time and place. Speaking
of the art of music of the sixth century, the translation says
ted atmosphere. A materialism without grandeur
“ From Rome it went to England, to Germany, weighs upon thought and hinders the action of
and to France; and no art was more representative of its
time."
The world is dying
“ Jamais art ne fut plus repre-
government and individual.
sentatif d'un temps." The same passage shows also a way of asphyxia in an egoism that is base as well as
in which (to our mind) the translation fails to render the
original. In many cases where the French has two sentences
prudent. It chokes.-- Let us open our windows.
the translation merges them in one with a semi-colon and an Let us let in the fresh air. Let us breathe in the
This is a different way of writing.
We think it a poorer way; but at any rate, it is not that of
air which has given life to heroes.”
We have not compared the text of the transla- This he wrote in an introduction to a life of
tion with the original throughout, but we have done enough
to show that there are too many errors like these.
Beethoven,-"notre Beethoven," as he likes
6
M. Rol-
on page 8:
M. Rolland wrote:
and
between the two.
M. Rolland.
66


1916)
169
THE DIAL
*
<<
to call him,* meaning that a great man be- those two noble feelings to elevate the other.
longs to the world. Perhaps M. Rolland was M. Rolland has certainly never done so.
the writer of an anonymous article in the Somehow or other we must have a synthesis
Revue Bleue last Fall called “Pourqu-on of the two, but we have not succeeded in get-
joue Beethoven." In that article Beethoven ting it yet.
and Michelangelo were spoken of together as M. Rolland now lives, we hear, in Geneva.
the “two high-priests of the will to attain | It is a privilege that by the translation of his
their ideal in spite of suffering.” By a knowl- books he is becoming more and more a well-
edge of such men we may endure a surround-known figure in our own country.
ing world which we think we cannot bear.
EDWARD E. HALE.
“We are not alone in the combat. The night
of the world is aglow with divine lights.”
Such words will have a familiar sound to
the readers of "Jean-Christophe.” Since he
AN ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF AMERICAN
GOVERNMENT.*
was able, it was most natural that M. Rolland
should have liked to imagine and to realize
The elaborate “ Cyclopedia of American
the figure of one who was always a rebel Government,” produced under the editorship
against the circumstances of a society which
of Professors McLaughlin and Hart, is an
could not or would not give more than a light excellent work, which has suffered unduly at
moment or two to one who believed in the the hands of the critics. The present reviewer
things of the spirit. “Jean-Christophe" is a
feels a bit inclined to throw his hat in the
biography; in it, as in these critical works, ring," and to write an essay on reviews and
M. Rolland goes straight to the facts of life reviewers. He will, however, restrict himself
as he knows them by his creative imagination, to a few pertinent remarks, suggested by the
just as in the others his critical investigations treatment this work has received.
show him the facts of life in monographs and There are two radically different ways of
memoirs.
judging a book. According to one method,
It would have been astonishing if such a the reviewer may set up an ideal in his own
voice had kept silent during the struggles and
mind quite different from the ideal of the
agonies of the past eighteen months. It is to
author, and then blame the author because
be regretted that when that voice was heard
the latter does not conform to the reviewer's
there was shortly discerned a lack of harmony
ideal. The author may, for example, have
between its clear note and the voices of his
intended to write a history of economic
countrymen. Yet it would have been strange thought or of political theory which shall con-
had this not been the case. The temper of the cisely endeavor to trace out only the great
political world has in the last half century
main currents that have made the science in
been strongly nationalistic: such has cer-
question what it is. Many reviewers seem to
tainly been the tone in France; those who think that in such circumstances the book is
two years ago read the studies on the disposi- fruitfully criticized when it is pointed out
tion of the younger generation (for instance,
that certain minor authors are not discussed,
Agathon's "Les Jeunes Gens d'Aujourd'hui") although it would have to be an entirely dif-
will remember that one thing noted there was
ferent sort of book which should discuss these
minor authors. The second method - and it
that the young France of to-day was devoted
to a patriotic faith, especially as compared
seems to the present writer the only fair
method - is to ascertain the task which the
with the generation now passing from the
author set himself, and then endeavor to
stage. In literature and the arts precisely
the other thing has taken place: never has the
answer the question: In what measure has
he successfully performed his task! After
world of art been so cosmopolitan. In the
this question has been answered, it is appro-
last fifty years the world has gone well along priate to ask whether the task was one that
in realizing the conception which Matthew
was worth doing.
Arnold voiced for England some fifty years
In the case of the “Cyclopedia of Amer-
ago, of Europe“ as being for intellectual pur-ican Government,
ican Government,” it is easy to point out
poses, one great confederation, bound to a
many things which might well have been dif-
joint action and working to a common result.” ferent. Many articles would be better if they
One does not want to depreciate either of were longer; but this would have necessitated
• The translator of the “Musicians of Former Days " has
a much larger work. If it is suggested that
omitted the word our on p. 15. It is possible that the latest
French edition does omit it; but whether due to publisher or • CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. Edited by Andrew
translator, the omission is unfortunate. M. Rolland himself, C. McLaughlin, A.M., LL.B., LL.D., and Albert Bushnell Hart,
in his letter to Hauptmann of August 29, 1914, says
Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D. In three volumes. New York: D. Apple
Goethe."
notre
ton & Co.


170
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
many of the articles could have been omitted, for those for whom this encyclopædia is in-
this also would imply a different sort of work tended. Those who read the works mentioned
from that which the editors planned. Let us will receive sufficient aid for more exhaustive
consider, then, the task the editors set them- studies, if they care to make them. The
selves, as they describe it.
economic essays, which are naturally those to
They tell us that their experience as stu- which the present writer first turns, are good.
dents and teachers has shown them the need Special mention may be made of the articles
of an encyclopædia of American Government. by Professor E. H. Vickers,— and he seems to
In their Introduction they speak as follows have written many. Professor Commons, an
of the “
range of the work":
acknowledged authority on all labor ques-
“ In this work the word “government’ is used as tions, has made a number of useful contribu-
a comprehensive term; it includes the theory or tions. An excellent article by Professor H. J.
philosophy of political society, the forms of polit- Davenport on economic distribution deserves
ical organization --- whether those forms have been mention,- and perhaps also a word of criti-
laid down in distinct, written law or are only more cism, because it is too technical for those for
or less permanent modes of expressing the public
whom this encyclopædia is intended.
will — the methods and agencies by which law or
would give ground for great surprise if
governmental purposes are usually carried out.”
Perhaps the real nature of the work could in twenty would have anything but the
among those who consult this work one person
be described better than the editors them-
vaguest idea of what Professor Davenport is
selves have described it. It seems to be an
encyclopædia for those whose primary inter-
talking about. On the other hand, his essay
is a valuable résumé for the special student
est is the American Government, and to in-
clude those articles within the broad field of Freund, W. W. Willoughby, and Jesse Macy
of economics. Articles by Professors Ernst
the social sciences, including history, which
will attract attention. It seems somewhat in-
would be of concern to such persons; it being vidious, however, to select out those whose
understood, however, that the appeal of each
article is not primarily to the specialist, but perhaps better, articles have been written by
names have been mentioned. Just as good, or
vague expression, “the intelligent public." others in the large group of contributors.
The law articles are accurate, but they may
The preacher, the newspaper editor, the be criticized as jejune. They are too formal ;
teacher, the politician, — these are some whom
the editors have had in mind. Let us quote served, they entirely fail to take note of the
and, so far as the present reviewer has ob-
.
again from the Introduction :
new spirit which is entering into the law,
“The book is meant for the general reader and
They do not give even an approximately ade-
for those whose interests and duties call them to the
study of public affairs; it is meant for the library, quate idea of the social questions involved in
study of public affairs; it is meant for the library, legal discussions at the present moment, and
the study table, the editorial room, and the class-
room; it is meant for the writer or public speaker do not suggest the work which has been done
who wishes to obtain a certain amount of direct, in recent years under the designation of socio-
concrete information on a special topic, and desires logical jurisprudence.
references to further and more detailed treatment. One does not get the impression that to the
The editors have kept in mind also the needs of
editors the preparation of this encyclopædia
school and college students who wish to extend the
has been a labor of love. They could hardly
information given in the classroom."
have contemplated it as a monument to them-
How have the editors and the authors ac-
selves. Probably they did not look upon it as
complished their purpose ? . The reply must
a work to be revised and re-revised and con-
be, "fairly well." They have produced an
stantly associated with their names.' When it
extremely useful work. The editors, them. is compared with the German “ Handwörter-
,
selves scholars of note, have gathered about
them most of the American writers of author: becomes painful. The late Professor Conrad,
buch der Staatswissenschaften,” the contrast
,
ity within the field of the social sciences. It editor-in-chief of the German work, doubtless
was to be expected that there should be inac- looked upon the “Handwörterbuch "
"
curacies here and there, certainly this could
of his main contributions to economics and
not be otherwise in the first edition of a work political science, and probably would have
of this character. The present reviewer has mentioned his labors in connection with this
read many of the articles, and those which he “Handwörterbuch ” as ranking next to his
has read have been on the whole accurate, editorship of the “Jahrbücher für National-
concise, and fairly well written. Each article oekonomie und Statistik." The contributors
is followed by a brief bibliography, which to Conrad's “Handwörterbuch " seem gener-
seems to include the more important works | ally to have taken their contributions more
66
9)
as one


1916)
171
THE DIAL
Evidence in the
5
seriously than perhaps most of those who
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
have contributed to the Cyclopedia of
American Government."
Academic linen when exposed to
Perhaps, however, American conditions are
Nearing case.
public gaze may afford quite as
as much to blame as the shortcomings of
undignified a spectacle as that
editors and authors. The publication of a
of any other persuasion. Professor Lightner
work of this kind appears to be far more ex-
Witmer, of the University of Pennsylvania,
pensive in this country than in Germany, and
has brought together the documents and opin-
the possible contributors fewer. German pub- ions in “The Case of Dr. Scott Nearing”
lishers seem to find a work like Conrad's (Huebsch) with editorial skill and a fair con-
“Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften
sideration of the party of the other part.
remunerative, either directly or indirectly; One need not conclude that all is rotten in the
and they are able to get out edition after edi-
State of Pennsylvania in order to be con-
tion, each one an improvement upon the pre-
vinced that all is not well there. The tenure
ceding. It may be doubted, on the other of academic positions, the grounds of dismissal
hand, if the publishers of the "
hers of the “ Cyclopedia of of Dr. Nearing, the considerations to be ob-
American Government” will ever get their
served in academic relations, the merits and
money back; and it is to be feared that the demerits of Dr. Nearing as an academic ex-
sales will not warrant new and improved edi. emplar and public servant, are all involved ;
tions from new plates.
and over and above all, the infringement of
The editors should have had more money
academic liberty. The evidence of the compe-
at their disposal. Then, too, the authors
tence of Dr. Nearing, judged by standards at
should have put more time upon their work,-
once critical and appropriate, seems complete;
if they had been writing for the “Encyclo- his teaching was effective and appreciated.
pædia Britannica” they certainly would have The question of the influence of a man's tem-
done so. Probably it is not possible under per, manner, poise, in reflecting a responsible
American conditions to publish without a
sense of his utterances as representative of
subsidy a a work comparable to Conrad's his University, is a nice one, and less decisive
“Handwörterbuch." Even if the present in the present issue. Admissions of indiscre-
work is worth while as having in a measurable tion are rather unpleasantly entangled with
degree accomplished its purposes, probably reformatory zeal in opposition to views and
the editors would be well advised not to at-
interests dear to members of the Board of
tempt a similar task again, unless they could Trustees. Out of the controversial tangle and
have a large and generous subsidy, and so be the series of newspaper charges and counter-
able to make their work really monumental. charges a few things of vital import are
The editors gave four years to their task; but clear. The mode of dismissal of Dr. Nearing
doubtless they had their regular duties as is indefensible, as equally the policy under
university professors to perform, and other
which the action was taken is incompatible
literary projects on their hands at the same with the protection of inalienable rights and
time.
dignities of an academic position; the mode
But after all, both publishers and editors
of government in practice at the University
deserve commendation for undertaking a diffi-
of Pennsylvania is not conducive to the best
cult task under discouraging conditions. If a
interests of an institution of the higher learn-
score card is to be filled out with one hundred
ing; the considerations weighing with that
as the highest mark, the publishers would per- body, and the suspicion of employing an offi-
haps deserve a grade of ninety, the editors cial position to undermine the forces which
eighty-five, and the authors eighty-three, they regard as inimical to their personal inter-
making a composite of all the authors. Those ests, and all the underground byways of
for whom the work is intended will find it
influence that play their part in the political
well worth while.
arena, - these strengthen the charge of dubi-
RICHARD T. ELY.
ous integrity of purpose of the trustees.
Nothing is white or black; but much of it
shades closely into the darker grays of inter-
A volume of “ Studies of Contemporary Poets,”. ference with academic freedom. It may be
by Miss Mary Sturgeon, designed to indicate some that the dismissal of Dr. Nearing was both
of the vital currents in English poetry, will be pub-
wise and defensible. The manner of his
lished during the coming season. The poets dealt
with include Rupert Brooke, John Masefield, Wil-
taking off and the disclosure of the question-
liam H. Davies, Lascelles Abercrombie, James able "diplomatic" setting of the Nearing case
Stephens, "John Presland,” and Mrs. Naidu. The leave an unpleasant impression, which it is
studies will be freely supplied with quotations.
the business of those concerned and directly
a


172
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
French novelists.
a
66
charged with the future of the University of first Anglo-Japanese Alliance are dealt with in
Pennsylvania to remove as vigorously and as full, for Count Hayashi was Minister to Great
promptly as possible. That venerable institu- Britain and a warm advocate of the arrange-
tion has too important a place in the history ment. There was, however, some discussion
of the education of this country to tolerate of a Russo-Japanese Alliance at this time, in
even a suspicion of a blot upon its escutcheon. which Prince Ito and Marquis Inouye, two of
the Elder Statesmen, were prominent; and
An introductory chapter to the
Prince Ito actually took up the matter with
Contemporary
Russian statesmen in Petrograd while Hayashi
second series of Miss Winifred
was negotiating in London. Although there
Stephens's “French Novelists of
To-day” (Lane) elaborates the theory that
are brief chapters on the American-Japanese
" the French novels produced since the begin. they are less suggestive than those in which
notes of 1908 and the Immigration Question,
“
ning of the century show that France, like the
rest of Western Europe, has been experienc- Saionji Ministry toward China.
Count Hayashi defends the policy of the
As he had
ing a revolt against intellectualism; that in
French writers there has been a tendency to
been Minister to China as well as Minister for
return to authority - to evince a preference tion are well worth noting. He frankly states
Foreign Affairs, his views on the Chinese ques-
— a
for instinctive rather than rational methods,
to insist that man is after all only a little bit
that Japan drove Russia out of South Man-
reasonable, that reason plays a very minor
churia for purely selfish reasons. He believes
part in his life; and even to minimise that
that there will be many questions to be settled
minor part." The chapter makes a fairly suc-
between Japan and China, but he counsels
cessful effort to clarify that which can never
moderation and patience. He stands for the
be fully clarified for English or American
principle of the integrity of China and the
readers, the interwoven influences of poli-
open door," and asserts “there is no longer
any desire to obtain control of parts of China,
tics, religion, and philosophy which must form
the background for the study of any French
for China is a very difficult country to man-
man of letters. Frequent reference to two
age and the population is very large." But
he also believes “the way to deal with China
notable figures, Charles Maurras and Maurice
is for the Powers to combine and insist on
Barrès, lends the discussion concreteness.
Thereafter consideration is given, successively, they get it.” Perhaps the recent Sino-Japa-
what they want and to go on insisting until
to Marcelle Tinayre, Romain Rolland (with a
nese negotiations might have taken another
separate chapter on “Jean Christophe"), the
Tharauds, René Boylesve, Pierre Mille, and
course if Count Hayashi had lived and held
Jean Aicard. In each case the life and the
his old portfolio in Tokyo.
intellectual development of the writer are
Mr. George Jean Nathan's
traced, the important works summarized, and
Sprightly
“Another Book on the Theatre”
the novelist's art and theories subjected to
(Huebsch) is described by its au-
balanced if not always searching criticism.
The volume, which is provided with portraits,
thor, a New York professional dramatic critic,
an index, and brief bibliographies, very well
as "a collection of haphazard, fugitive and
some might say impudent reflections in and on
serves its purpose of introducing the English-
the mirror which the theatre is supposed to
speaking reader to several novelists of con-
hold up to nature but with which, instead, it
temporary France.
more often holds up its patrons.” It differs
from most books on the theatre by concerning
Some interesting light on fairly itself with actual drama on the stage rather
a Japanese recent Japanese diplomacy may than with literary drama in books. Mr.
diplomat.
be found in "The Secret Memoirs Nathan declares himself a destructive critic.
of Count Tadasu Hayashi " (Putnam), which “The destructive critic occupies an honest and
have been edited by Mr. A. M. Pooley, for helpful position in the community. He is to
merly Reuter's Correspondent in Japan. The drama what vaccine is to smallpox. He makes
chapters dealing with the Anglo-Japanese a bit of a mess, to be sure, and a lot of children
Alliance, by far the most interesting in the kick around with a vague idea that they ought
volume, were published in Japan and abroad to combat him, and he makes a great many per-
in 1913. Mr. Pooley, however, secured a new sons sore, but he does not fail of his
purpose.
text, as well as additional chapters of the In this destructive capacity, Mr. Nathan as-
unfinished memoirs, and has reprinted several sails everybody and everything in the theatri-
articles by Count Hayashi from Japanese cal world. He assails "constructive" critics
periodicals. The negotiations leading to the
chatter about
the theatre.
Memoirs of
a
1
' bizarre
as


1916)
173
THE DIAL
2 h
-
.
bore peaceful managers and rich playwrights are based on memory, his books and notes
and poor actors and a helpless public with having been left in Constantinople when he
sapient twaddle anent technique, the unities was compelled to depart in December, 1914.
of Aristotle and other anachronistic wisdoms." This no doubt accounts for the somewhat
He assails “the toothless professors of the tra- sketchy nature of the first part of the book.
ditions and the kindly conservative quacks." The second, and for us the more interesting,
He assails the theatre-going public: “ We half deals with events from the beginning of
Americans are critically a nation in the con- the Young Turk movement to the outbreak of
stant state of having just had three cocktails the present war. The book is soberly, even
on an empty stomach. We are ever ready and dully, written, but compels interest because it
eager to cheer the guesswork of the nearest is a record of great events sincerely observed.
press agent. We are the back-slappers of the There are incidental pictures of many famous
cosmos, the have-a-drink convivials of the men,- Skobeleff, Lord Dufferin, von der
world of art, the good fellows, the lodge broth- Goltz, Biberstein, Abdul Hamid, Enver
ers—and the come-ons. We welcome all Pasha, and others. It is Sir Edwin's task also
artists but artists.' He assails most of all, to show how sentiment in the English colony
of course, plays, playwrights, players, and in Constantinople changed during those years
managers. His book is full of well-deserved from pro-Turkish and anti-Russian to the
ridicule, satire, burlesque, and downright con- exact opposites. The author himself was
demnation. For this we are all grateful. It is never a Turkophile. As correspondent of the
too full, however. Mr. Nathan yields to the London “Daily News" he was instrumental in
temptation inherent in facile wit and the arousing English indignation over the Turk-
knack of “punchy” language, and defeats his ish atrocities in Bulgaria and thus in influ-
own purpose by a certain indiscriminateness encing Gladstone's later conduct. Neverthe-
of attack. He reminds us of his own defini- less, Sir Edwin freely recognizes that the
tion of the “ young dramatic critic” as“ being Turk in his private capacity is kindly and
usually inclined to throw his education around amiable; it is as a ruler of subject races that
and to concern himself with being assiduously he has failed lamentably. “The Turkish gov-
witty.” There is really not much excuse for ernment has never known how to treat its
the printing of such criticism in book form. discontented subjects in any other way than
In spite of its praiseworthy stand for dramatic by means of massacre,” is a sentence that has
art, it contains little that is not journalisti- been hideously confirmed by events which
cally smart and exaggerated in both matter have happened since it was written. In the
and language. Its chief appeal will be to reconstruction which will follow the war he
theatre-goers in New York and other large cit- pleads that the seven millions of real Turks
ies where there is still acted drama. Add to be allowed to constitute a nation by them-
this that it contains too much sex wit. Old- selves, though under no consideration to hold
fashioned Puritan reticence was at least as sway over other peoples. Sir Edwin shows
moral as modern so-called truthfulness, and clearly from the inside what had already been
quite as funny.
fairly plain to outside observers, that it was
Germany who forcibly jockeyed Turkey into
Sir Edwin Pears has published the war in the autumn of 1914. American
An English
his memoirs of life in Turkey readers will be interested in the author's
Constantinople.
under the title, “ Forty Years in praise of the splendid civilizing work of Rob-
Constantinople" (Appleton). The number is
really an understatement, for Sir Edwin's services which Ambassador Morgenthau has
'
ert College, and in his appreciation of the
residence in Turkey extended from 1873 to
1915. During that time he witnessed three rendered to all the Western Europeans in
Turkey. The handsome book contains many
revolutions, saw three Sultans deposed and
fine illustrations.
eleven British ambassadors come and go. Al-
though he held no official position, his emi-
nence as a lawyer in the Consular Courts and
Admirable indeed is Mr. E.
his long experience of affairs in the Near
Parmalee Prentice's courage in
East combined to make him a valued unoffi-
continuing the publication of his
cial adviser of the British government. One “Mount Hope Classics " in the face of an
can readily understand how the transparent inevitable popular indisposition to buy and
honesty and sound common sense of this read even current fiction in Latin dress. But
sturdy Yorkshireman must have proved of he has distinguished company in his endeavor
inestimable assistance in dealing with the tor- to find fit audience, though few; and the
tuous Levantines. Sir Edwin's reminiscences appreciation he meets with must make up in
9
diplomat in
A detective
story in Latin.


174
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
quality what it lacks in quantity. Volume and sets forth the mechanism in which mean-
three of the series is just out (volume two, a ing lies. Life is a conflict between desire and
collection of short stories, being delayed) and the restricted range of expression which op-
is entitled “Mysterium Arcæ Boulé." No portunity, convention, scruple, restraint, and
profound knowledge of Latin is needed to
all the many forces of repression make possi-
enable one to recognize in this Mr. Burton E. ble or seemly. The undercurrent of desire
Stevenson's detective story, “The Mystery of breaks through in occasional indulgence and
the Boule Cabinet,” though why the transla- sporadic reactions, and yet more subtly and
,
tor, Dr. Arcadius Avellanus, chooses to accent evasively in a series of minor lapses and un-
the famous French cabinet-maker's name and absorbed impulses now caught, examined, and
thus mystify the reader, passes understand- disclosed by the insight of a Freudian scru-
ing. André Charles Boule (or Boulle) pro- tiny. Dreams, jokes, forgettings, mis-speak-
nounced his patronymic in one syllable, and ings, are all similarly significant; they reveal
so unquestioned is this pronunciation that a covertly entertained longing or wish, and
“ Boule work” is often written, in German have an intricate motive history. Professor
fashion, "Buhl work." As might have been Holt develops the ethical import of the Freu.
expected, a modern novel of this kind offers
dian doctrine, and sets forth with much
opportunity for much ingenuity in Latinizing ingenuity how the conflicts of duty and of
colloquialisms; and praise is due the transla- moral hesitation find their clarification in
tor for his linguistic dexterity. Here are a Freudian terms. Much of this exposition and
few examples. “You blithering idiot!” be- analysis is as much Holt as Freud, but it is
”
comes, in the speech of the ancient Romans, consistently developed from the Freudian
“Bipedum stultissime!” “It's all right” is premises. It harks back to Spinoza as the
put with even greater brevity, “Nihil mali.” original Freudian, in his statement that
|
*Well, I'll be damned!" is not quite so easily thinking and wishing are one; and it harks
recognized in "Quid, malum! ”
“It's too back to the Socratic method, as well as to the
much for me” is translated, Vires meas Socratic doctrine that makes ethical conduct
omnino excedit." Occasionally a somewhat the most discriminating wisdom. It is the
”
unnecessary departure from the letter of the resolution of doubt by the absorption and
original is to be noted. Before one has read integration of conduct in a higher unity of
twenty lines a noticeable instance occurs. consistency (as opposed to the yielding of
The narrator speaks of walking “toward compromise and to the ascetic rejection and
Washington Square, just above which, on the repression) whereby inner conflict develops
Avenue, the old Vantine mansion stood." | rather than thwarts. The doctrine as it is
These words become in Latin, "versus Com-
versus Com- thus barely outlined seems meagre and poor to
pitum Washington, paullo supra eum locum account for the richness of actual experience;
Plateæ, ubi vetustæ ædes Vantinianæ sta- but significance lies in rating, and motives are
bant," which does not reproduce the relative
as important as actions. What often repels
clause of the original. Again, at the begin-
in the Freudian view is not the principle of
ning of chapter eight, “Give him a whiff of interpretation, but the detailed reference of
this" (referring to a bottle of ammonia) is
trivial inclinations to areas of desire, such as
rendered, “Præbe illi paucas guttas ex hoc.”
that of sex most conspicuously, quite too re-
mote, and equally quite too pathological, to
Halitus would seem to be nearer the mark
form an acceptable raison d'être. It is indeed
than gutta. But enough of hair-splitting. It
unfortunate that the Freudian principle has
is a first-rate book with which to polish up,
come so largely into psychology with a patho-
easily and enjoyably, one's rusty Latin. Mr.
logical tang; and it is one of the merits of
E. Parmalee Prentice, 37 Wall St., New York,
Professor Holt's little contribution that it
is the publisher.
restores the perspective by an exegesis in nor-
mal terms and familiar situations. But where
Under the suggestive title of conclusions are no longer repugnant, they still
" The Freudian Wish” (Holt), seem far-fetched, like etymological derivations
theory.
Professor E. B. Holt of Har- of obscure expressions whose history is really
vard University has produced a thoroughly conjectural. But therein lies the psychologi- .
readable and in some aspects notable book. cal lure. Men will delve for significance so
The much discussed and equally disparaged long as the prospect is promising; and the
and acclaimed doctrine of Freud has en- discoveries of Freud, though they may not
livened psychological discussion in many a prove in all cases to be readily worked gold-
field. The doctrine attaches significance to mines, have opened valuable veins in tlie sub-
the by-products of the mind's occupations, terranean galleries of the mind.
?
Ethical aspects
of the Freudian


1916]
175
THE DIAL
war
on
6
restraints on
our commerce.
Physiological
Among the books produced by pages, and including the editors along with
and psychological the war, Dr. George Crile's the contributors, form's the introduction to
effects of war.
"A Mechanistic View of War the present volume. Those readers who are
and Peace” (Macmillan) is unusual and espe- familiar with “ The Nation” need not be told
cially interesting. It is a very readable that the selections reproduced are character-
account of a physician's observations of the ized by a high moral tone, serious earnestness
physiological effects of the various phases of of thought, and excellent English expression.
combatants and non-combatants. It is a presentment in which the friends and
What herculean performances of endurance sponsors of the journal may well take pride.
are performed by men under the extraordi-
nary stimulus of combat is most entertain-
Under the misleading title of
British
ingly stated, and fortified by excellent and
“Economic Aspects of the War:
abundant illustrations. Particularly note ou
Neutral Rights, Belligerent
worthy is the absence of pain when soldiers Claims, and American Commerce in the Years
are under high tension, and the support this 1914-1915” (Yale University Press), Mr.
gives to Dr. Crile's belief that pain has its Edwin J. Clapp deals' mainly, though not ex-
basis in muscular reactions. The fighting in- clusively, with the British Orders in Council
stinct, according to Dr. Crile, is a race inheri- relative to neutral trade with Germany. The
.
tance which has left what he calls “action book was written, Mr. Clapp tells us, because
patterns” in the mind of man. War is a it seemed to him that “we Americans were
stimulus which causes man to act; action is paying too much attention to the affairs of the
his safety valve, forced inaction his undoing. belligerents and too little to our own." The
Hence the desire of generals to have armies writer begins by a brief statement of the rights
doing, or thinking they are doing, something. of neutrals on the high seas and in the conduct
Hence also the deleterious effects on a popu- of international trade, as formulated by the
lation, like that of Belgium, which is estopped London Naval Conference of 1909 and the
from acting according to its desires. Action Hague Conventions, and then proceeds to
patterns come not only as a race inheritance show how, in the stress of actual war, England
but as the result of education. Of this Ger- and Germany, but England chiefly, have failed
many furnishes the best illustration. Dr. to conform their war practices to the rules thus
Crile sees the significance of this, and urges established. After discussing the trade situa-
"
deliberate effort to impress peace patterns on tion during the early months of the war, the
the human mind as the best and most effective extension of the list of contraband goods, and
way of ridding the world of the curse of war. the methods England took to prevent the neu-
tral nations from supplying Germany with the
Under the title, “Fifty Years of necessities of war, Mr. Clapp deals succes-
Selections from
a famous American Idealism (Hough- sively with the attempts to continue the trade
”.
American journal.
ton), Mr. Gustav Pollak, has in the more important commodities, such as
edited a volume of editorial comment and rep- grain, meats, cotton, coffee, rubber, wool, tea,
resentative essays from "The Nation;" cover- potash, dye-stuffs, fertilizers, and oil.' Trade
“,
,
ing the fifty years of that journal's existence. in these articles should be free and untram-
Professor Lounsbury's review of Taine's meled by Orders in Council, Mr. Clapp argues,
"English Literature," upon its appearance in because historically speaking they have always
English, 1872; an estimate of Joseph Henry been so treated in times of war and because
by Simon Newcomb, 1878; A. V. Dicey on otherwise the United States producers are de-
"American Conservatism," 1880; Dr. Basil L. prived of a valuable market both during and
Gildersleeve on the production of the “Oedi- after the war. Although, according to Mr.
pus Tyrannus” at Harvard, 1881; Carl Schurz Clapp, Germany cannot be starved out during
* Responsible Government in Germany," the war, she can be forced to become self-
1881; an estimate of Helmholtz by c. s. supporting in all these commodities, and thus
Pierce, 1894, and of Gladstone by James after the war a valuable customer will be lost
Bryce, 1898, are among the best of the essays to us. England should be made to observe the
presented; while the selections from “The
“The usual rules of trade; and if necessary to secure
Nation's” editorial comment cover almost the rights of neutrals, the United States should
every important problem which has been be- declare an embargo on the exportation of arms.
fore the public since the Civil War. For the There would be no need of a formal session of
fiftieth anniversary number of “The Nation,” Congress, the writer affirms, to accomplish
July 8, 1915, Mr. Pollak wrote an article on this. Let the State Department but intimate
"The Nation and Its Contributors." This that the Administration is prepared to call
article, expanded to a length of over eighty such a session and the desired result would be
66.
on


176
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
>
The harvest of
sense
obtained (p. 308). The book testifies to the effi- Students of mediæval literature will welcome
ciency of the English Admiralty in enforcing from the workshop of that distinguished scholar,
the blockade of German ports, and in sup-
Professor Gollancz, a new edition of “ The Parle-
pressing trade which, notwithstanding the ut-
ment of the Three Ages” (Oxford Press). For
most vigilance, has been regularly carried on
this interesting fourteenth-century alliterative poem
dealing with the “nine worthies,” the editor has
through the countries adjacent to the German
provided full critical apparatus. But, more than
Empire.
that, he has made accessible almost for the first
Thoughtfully observant of popular subject of heroes.
time the fullest mediæval treatment of the eternally
We are especially
every-day events is the anony- grateful when we can have such attractive printing
a quiet eye.
mous author of “On Staying at of mediæval texts.
Home, and Other Essays” (Longmans), who Several of the prominent educators of the
merely designates himself on the title-page as country have contributed interesting and valuable
“the author of 'Times and Days,' etc.” But papers to “Readings in Vocational Guidance"
good wine needs no bush, and a good book (Ginn), edited by Mr. Meyer Bloomfield. As a
needs no sounding name after its title. Sane convenient handbook of the best thought on the
and sensible is one's outlook on the world subject, the volume will probably be found indis-
when one can say, as this author opens his
pensable to those interested. In the preface,
book by saying: “I confess I have no sympa-
Mr. Bloomfield defines vocational guidance as
“ organized common sense used to help each indi-
thy with those that travel. I think it is vidual make the most of his abilities and oppor-
empty heads that make itching heels, and I tunities.” The need for this organized common
am convinced that wise people can learn more sense has been revealed either in the frequent fail-
by staying at home than by going abroad." ure of youth to supply the required initiative to
Excellent also and typical of the tone of these work out the beginnings of a successful future or
unpretentious but well-written essays is the
in the failure of society to present the proper sur-
following: “If you prefer to be appreciated roundings in which it can be done. Even a casual
by some of the best, you will live quietly, reading of this book suggests that our “ organized
common
has been strenuously directed
think sedately, write slowly, and be careless
toward correcting the first of the two evils. Per-
whether the 'run and read' reviews praise or
haps danger lurks there. We are so intent on
dispraise, so long as your own taste and con-
shaping the peg to fit it into the square hole, that,
science can accept your work as worth doing.” to drop the figure, we may fail to emphasize the
This, too, is good: “A vase is made of clay, greater need of reconstruction of our industrial
let us say, which is its substance; but it is system so that it will meet, more fully and more
not a vase unless it has shape. And so a generously, the varying demands of the indi-
truth may be all very well, but the truth is vidual.
the way it is presented to you, and the style
“ Those who are stricken with great misfortunes
or manner is as essential to the result as the
often suffer intensely from the lack of sympathetic
Thus
substance or message which is conveyed.” But imagination in those who are about them."
as the author, in his penultimate essay, cen-
writes, most truthfully, Mr. Robert Hichens in the
opening piece of “ The Blinded Soldiers and Sail-
sures excessive indulgence in quotation, we
ors Gift Book” (Putnam), which has an occasional
must refrain from further sampling of his word that, like Mr. Hichens's observation, ought
wares. Two-score topics (less two) are han- to shame us out of our wonted cheerfulness over
dled with penetration in the little book, which others' ills. Mr. George Goodchild edits and
is from no 'prentice pen, as there are twelve sympathetically prefaces this collection of prose
other volumes already to the author's credit, and verse signed in facsimile) with such eminent
as enumerated on the reverse of the half-title.
names as Edmund Gosse, John Galsworthy, H. G.
Wells, G. K. Chesterton, Gilbert Parker, Ellen
Thorneycroft Fowler, Beatrice Harraden, Austin
Dobson, A. C. Benson, and others, to the number
BRIEFER MENTION.
of nearly two score. Illustrations by distinguished
artists are interspersed, and Milton's two sonnets
“ Familiar Letters : English and American " (XIX and XXI) on his blindness appropriately
selected and edited by Professor Edwin Greenlaw, close the book. By a curious error, the frontis-
is a recent addition to the “ Lake Classics” pub- piece, which might be a street scene in “ Cranford,”,
lished by Messrs. Scott, Foresman & Co. The fol- with crinolined women as the chief figures, and
lowing authors are liberally represented: Gray, hardly a man in sight, is labelled “ The Blinded
Cowper, Lamb, Irving, Jane Welsh Carlyle, Soldier." Of varying excellence and on widely
.
Dickens, Huxley. The little volume deserves a varying themes are these gratuitous contributions;
warm welcome, for it covers a field that has long but surely the purpose of the volume -- the for-
awaited from a compiler's hand just such compe- warding of the good work at St. Dunstan's in
tent and scholarly treatment as Professor Greenlaw helping the blinded war-victims to help themselves
has bere succeeded in giving it.
-- should procure for it a good sale.


1916]
177
THE DIAL
9
NOTES.
“ The Harim and the Purdah: Studies of Ori-
ental Women" by Mrs. Elizabeth Cooper is an-
A new edition of Mr. Lorado Taft's “ History of nounced by the Century Co. The author has spent
American Sculpture," long out of print, will shortly
many years in China, Japan, Burmah, India, and
be issued.
Egypt, and has come into the closest contact with
A new novel by Mr. George Agnew Chamberlain, Eastern women of every race, class, and type.
to be entitled “ John Bogardus," is announced by The fourth volume of “The Life of Benjamin
the Century Co.
Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield,” by Mr. G. E.
“ The Side of the Angels" is the title of Mr. Buckle, in succession to the late W. F. Monypenny,
Basil King's forthcoming novel, which Messrs. is now in type, and Messrs. Macmillan hope to pub-
Harper promise for immediate issue.
lish it during the spring. It carries the narrative
“ Others,” an anthology of new verse edited by
from the Crimean War days to Disraeli's 1868 ad-
Mr. Alfred Kreymborg, is scheduled for March
ministration.
publication by Mr. Alfred A. Knopf.
“Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln:
“ The Making of Modern Germany," by Profes- The First American," by Mr. Henry B. Rankin,
sor Ferdinand Schevill of the University of Chi-
will soon come from the press of Messrs. Putnam.
cago, is announced for publication this month by The author was one of the “ Lincoln boys” who
Messrs. McClurg.
grew up in the valley of the Sangamon, and was
Professor George Saintsbury's forthcoming book,
for several years a student in the Lincoln and
The Peace of the Augustans," will present “ a
Herndon law-office.
survey of eighteenth century literature as a place
King Albert has consistently refused to accept
of rest and refreshment."
M. Maurice Maeterlinck's services in the Belgian
Four million copies of “Hindenburg's March
army on the plea that the poet's work as philos-
into London " have recently been sold in Germany.
opher and writer is too valuable. M. Maeterlinck
An English translation by Mr. L. G. Redmond-
now voices his belief in the justice of his country's
Howard is announced.
cause in a new volume, “ The Light Beyond,” which
Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. announce.
The new volume of essays by Mr. Arthur Sy-
An authorized translation of Dr. C. G. Jung's
mons, of which the English edition has already
been announced in these pages, will be issued in
“Psychology of the Unconscious” is soon to be
published by Messrs. Moffat, Yard & Co., the trans-
this country.by Messrs. Dutton.
lation having been made by Dr. Beatrice M. Hinkle.
A new edition of Ruskin's “Praeterita,” to be
Abroad Dr. Jung has been recognized as the foun-
published in three volumes under the title of “The
der of a new school of psycho-analysis, called the
Autobiography of John Ruskin," is announced by
Zurich school, as opposed to the Vienna school
Ruskin's English publishers, Messrs. Allen & Un- headed by Dr. Freud.
win.
Now that the world war is in progress which he
A new book by Mr. Claude Bragdon, entitled
predicted years before its coming, Mr. H. G. Wells
“ Four Dimensional Vistas," will be published next
is discussing the probability of the establishment
month by Mr. Alfred A. Knopf, who has also taken of a long world peace. What Is Coming" is the
over the publication of Mr. Bragdon's previous title of his new book, on the Macmillan announce-
books.
ment list; and in it Mr. Wells attempts to forecast
Two volumes announced by Messrs. Paul Elder how the people are going to accept the tremendous
& Co. are
An Introduction to the Philosophy of waste of life and resources, the arrest of material
Feminism” by Professor Paul Jordan Smith and progress, and the universal loss and unhappiness.
Great Spiritual Writers of America" by Mr.
In connection with the celebration of the Shake-
George Hamlin Fitch.
speare tercentenary, the Columbia University Press
In recognition of the approaching Shakespeare will publish in March a collection of essays entitled,
tercentenary commemoration, Messrs. Moffat, Yard
Shakspere Studies.” The volume will be under
& Co. announce a special edition of Mr. William
the joint editorship of Professors Brander Mat-
Winter's book, "Shakespeare's England."
.The thews and Ashley H. Thorndike of the Department
edition is to be limited, and each copy is to be of English and Comparative Literature of Colum-
signed by the author.
bia University, and each essay, of which there will
“ Just David " is the title of Mrs. Eleanor H. be eighteen in all, will be the work of a member
Porter's new novel, to be published in March by of the staff of that department.
Houghton Mifflin Co. Two other novels imme-
A series of books by representative writers on the
diately forthcoming from the same house are “At philosophy of the war is announced by the Open
the Door of the Gate," by Mr. Forrest Reid and Court Publishing Co. The titles will include:
“Emmeline" by Miss Elsie Singmaster.
“ Above the Battles," by M. Romain Rolland;
Mr. John Masefield intends issuing during the “ Germany Misjudged," by Mr. Roland Hugins;
next few months several new books in limited edi- “Belgium and Germany,” by Dr. J. H. Labberton;
tions for subscribers only. These books are Son- “ Neutrality: A Study of the American Press," by
nets and Poems," two prose plays entitled “ The Mr. S. Ivor Stephens; and two volumes already
Locked Chest” and “ The Sweeps of Ninety-Eight," issued, “ Justice in War Time," by Hon. Bertrand
a play in verse called “ Good Friday,” and “Per- Russell, and “ Carlyle and the War," by Mr. Mar-
sonal Recollections of John M. Synge."
shall Kelly.
»
9


178
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
66
66
"
Sir Clements Robert Markham, former president “Father Brighthopes," appeared in 1856. During
of the Royal Geographical Society, died at his home a journey abroad in 1855 Mr. Trowbridge wrote
in the suburbs of London on January 30, after a his novel of New England life entitled “ Neighbor
long life devoted to travel and geographical re- Jackwood," which achieved great popularity upon
search. He served in the Navy from 1844 to 1852. its publication two years later. Of his numerous
Thereupon followed travels in Peru which led to boys' books, “ Jack Hazard and His Fortunes,”
the introduction into British India of the cultiva- Cudjo's Cave,” The Scarlet Tanager," and
tion of quinine-yielding cinchona trees from Peru. “ The Fortunes of Toby Trafford ” are among the
He edited twenty-two volumes for the Hakluyt best known. “The Vagabonds, and Other Poems,"
Society, of which he was secretary for several published in 1869, established Mr. Trowbridge's
years. His writings include_histories of Peru, reputation as a poet; another volume of verse,
Thibet, and the Abyssinian Expedition; biogra- “ The Emigrant's Story, and Other Poems,” ap-
phies of Lord Fairfax, Columbus, Major Rennell, peared in 1875. For the past half century or
Richard III, and Sir Leopold M'Clintock; and more, Mr. Trowbridge made his home on the bor-
several records of his travels in Peru and India. ders of Spy Pond, in Arlington, a suburb of
At the recent public meeting of the Academy of
Boston. His autobiography, “My Own Story,
Inscriptions and Belles Lettres of the Institute of
with Recollections of Noted Persons," was pub-
France, its learned President, M. Edouard Cha-
lished in 1903.
vannes, paid this tribute, in his annual address, to A versatile literary craftsman pays for the vari-
a distinguished foreign correspondent of the Acad-ety of his aptitudes by attaining pre-eminence in
emy, an American who passed away last year: no one branch of literature. So it was with the
“ William Woodville Rockhill, qui fut ministre des amazingly productive Andrew Lang; and so it
États-Unis à Péking, ambassadeur en Russie puis à has proved again with one who is often spoken of
Constantinople, fut, en même temps qu'un diplo- as Lang's rival in the field of fairy tales, the gifted
mate de grande envergure, un explorateur et un and scholarly Dr. Joseph Jacobs, who died at Yon-
philologue; ses voyages au Tibet et en Mongolie kers on the 30th of January. He was born at Syd-
ont apporté des informations entièrement nouvelles ney, New South Wales, Aug. 29, 1854, and finished
à la géographie et à l'ethnographie; ses travaux his schooling at Cambridge University. His first
sur le Bouddhisme d'après les sources tibétaines et visit to this country was in 1896, and it was ten
sur le commerce maritime des Chinois sont entre years later that the University of Pennsylvania
les mains de tous ceux qui s'intéressent à la civilisa- made him a Doctor of Letters. As scholar, jour-
tion de l'Extrême-Orient."
nalist, lecturer, translator, compiler, editor, ency-
The Cervantes Publishing Company has an at-
clopædist, and miscellaneous writer, he has made
tractive name, which is a valuable asset to any
himself known and valued in both Europe and
commercial house. Its recent incorporation and
America. Jewish history was his specialty, so far
establishment in New York for the publication of
as his restlessly inquiring mind permitted him to
Spanish books may be regarded as another sign of
have one, and perhaps his most scholarly achieve-
our increasing interest in the language and liter-
ment was the editorship, or co-editorship, of the
ature of the people whose name and achievements
“Jewish Encyclopædia” published by Funk and
hold so prominent a place in the history of the
Wagnalls. While in England he was made Presi-
western continent. The chief concern of the new dent of the Jewish Historical Society and Secretary
publishing house will be the yearly issue of “El of the Russo-Jewish Committee. He edited “ The
Anuario Universal," or “ Universal Yearbook,"
Jewish Year Book” and “ The American Hebrew."
devoted, we infer, to Spanish-American interests. His best-known books include “ Studies in Jewish
First-hand information in commercial, political, Statistics," “ English Fairy Tales,” “Celtic Fairy
and statistical matters will be sought from the Tales,"
," " The Jews of Angevin England,” “ More
governments of the countries concerned, and thus English Fairy Tales," “ Studies in Biblical Archæ-
it is hoped to make the publication as nearly accu- ology," "Æsop's Fables," “ Jewish Ideals," “ Liter-
rate as human fallibility will permit. The incor- ary Studies," “ Wonder Voyages,” and “ The Story
porators are newspaper men, Mr. L. J. de Bekker of Geographical Discovery." A most winsome per-
is president of the company, and its headquarters sonality lay behind these numerous and bewilder-
are at 20 Vesey Street.
ingly diverse products of authorship.
John Townsend Trowbridge, poet and author of
stories for boys, died at his home in Arlington,
Mass., on the 12th inst. He was in his ninetieth
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
year. Mr. Trowbridge was born in Monroe County,
New York. In 1847 he removed to New York City,
[The following list, containing 76 titles, includes books
and began to write for “ The Knickerbocker Maga-
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
zine” and other periodicals. The following year
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
he went to Boston, where he later became a promi-
The Life and Times of Tennyson (from 1809 to
nent member of the literary group in that city. 1850). By Thomas R. Lounsbury. 8vo,
Yale University Press. $2.50.
He was one of the earliest contributors to “ The
Theodore Roosevelt: The Logic of His Career. By
Atlantic Monthly," and was a contributor and for Charles G. Washburn. With portrait, 12mo, 245
a time editor of “Our Young Folks," a periodical
»
661
pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50.
Froth and Bubble. By M. A. Harbord. Illustrated,
later merged with “ St. Nicholas.” His first book, Svo, 335 pages. Longmans, Green, & Co. $3.
pages.


1916)
179
THE DIAL
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Letters from America. By Rupert Brooke; with
preface by Henry James. With photogravure
portrait, 12mo, 180 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.25.
The Greek Tradition: Essays in the Reconstruction
of Ancient Thought. By J. A. K. Thomson, M.A.;
with preface by Gilbert Murray. 12mo, 248
pages. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Modern Essays. Reprinted from Leading Articles
in “The Times"; with an introduction by J. W.
Mackail, LL.D. 12mo, 292 pages. Longmans,
Green, & Co. $1.40.
Father Payne 12mo, 422 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.50.
The Silent Shakespeare. By Robert Frazer. 12mo,
209 pages. Philadelphia: William J. Campbell.
W.
VERSE AND DRAMA.
The Middle Miles, and Other Poems. By Lee Wilson
Dodd. 12mo, 105 pages. Yale University Press.
Paper, 50 cts.
Plays by Anton Tchekoff, Second Series. Trans-
lated from the Russian, with introduction, by
Julius West. 12mo, 277 pages. Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons. $1.50.
The Dramatic Works of Gerhart Hauptmann. Edi-
ted by Ludwig Lewisohn. Volume VI, Later
Dramas in Prose. 12mo, 419 pages. B.
Huebsch. $1.50.
Plays by August Strindberg, Fourth Series. Trans-
lated from the Swedish, with introduction, by
Edwin Björkman. 12mo, 283
pages. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Songs of the Streets and Byways. By William
Herschell. Illustrated, 12mo, 148 pages. Bobbs-
Merrill Co. $1.
My Lady's Dress: A Play in Three Acts. By Ed-
ward Knoblauch; with introduction by Frank
Chouteau Brown. 12mo, 166 pages.
** Drama
League Series of Plays." Doubleday, Page & Co.
75 cts.
The Seal of Hellas: A Classical Drama. By Tem-
ple Oliver. 12mo, 80 pages. Sherman, French &
Co. $1.
Versiculi. By Malcolm Clayton Burke. 16mo, 65
pages. New York: Privately printed.
Manhattan. By John Myers O'Hara. Large 8vo,
28 pages.
Portland, Me.: Smith & Sale.
The Clash of Thrones: A Series of Sonnets on the
European War. By Henry Frank. 12mo, 68
pages. Richard G. Badger. 50 cts.
FICTION.
The Oakleyites. By E. F. Benson. 12mo, 343 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.35.
The Accolade. By Ethel Sidgwick. 12mo, 442
pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $1.35.
Gossamer. By G. Birmingham. 12mo, 295
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25.
Netherleigh. By the author “ Windyridge"
(W. Riley). 12mo, 320 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.50.
Collected Talen. By Barry Pain. Volume I. 12mo,
306 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.25.
The Iron Stair: A Romance of Dartmoor. By
“ Rita
(Mrs. Desmond Humphreys). 12mo, 346
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35.
A Man's Reach. By Sally Nelson Robins. Illus-
The National Issues of 1916. By Charles N. Fowler.
With portrait, 12mo, 435 pages.
Published by
the author.
America and the Canal Title. By Joseph C. Free-
hoff, Ph.D. 12mo, 404 pages. New York: Pub-
lished by the author. $1.50.
trated in color, 12mo, 333 pages. J. B. Lippincott
Co. $1.25.
Rose Cottingham. By Netta Syrett. 12mo, 399
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35.
The Conquest. By Sidney L. Nyburg. 12mo, 326
pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS, POLITICS, SOCIOLOGY,
AND ECONOMICS.
Marxian Socialism and Religion. By John Spargo.
12mo, 187 pages. B. W. Huebsch. $1.
English Railways: Their Development and Their
Relation to the State. By Edward Cleveland-
Stevens. With maps, 8vo, 332 pages. E. P. Dutton
& Co. $2.25.
American Civilization and the Negro: The Afro-
American in Relation to National Progress. By
C. V. Roman, LL.D. Illustrated, large 8vo, 434
pages. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. $2.50.
Railway Monopoly and Rate Regulation. By Rob-
ert James McFall, Ph.D. 8vo, 223 pages. Colum-
bia University Press. Paper, $2.
Commerce and Industry. By J. Russell Smith.
Illustrated, 12mo, 596 pages. Henry Holt & Co.
BOOKS ABOUT THE GREAT WAR.
Justice in War Time. By Bertrand Russell. 12mo,
243 pages.
Open Court Publishing Co. $1.
The Spirit of France. By Owen Johnson; with
drawings by Walter Hale. 12mo, 256 pages.
Little, Brown & Co. $1.35.
The Aftermath of Battle: With the Red Cross in
France. By Edward D. Toland; with preface by
Owen Wister. Illustrated, 12mo, 175 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.
Italy and the Unholy Alliance. By W. O. Pitt.
12mo, 224 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.
The Heel of War. By George B. McClellan 12mo,
177 pages.
G. H. Dillingham Co. $1.
Letters from a Field Hospital. By Mabel Dearmer;
with memoir of the author by Stephen Gwynn.
12mo, 182 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.
The Warfare of a Nation (Die deutsche Erhebung
von 1914): Lectures and Essays. By Friedrich
Meinecke; translated by John A. Spaulding.
8vo, 60 pages. Worcester, Mass.: The Davis
Press. $i.
Smith on Preparedness. By Simeon Strunsky.
16mo, 48 pages. Brooklyn: B. W. Publishing Co.
Paper, 10 cts.
ART AND MUSIC.
The Arts in Early England. By G. Baldwin Brown,
M.A. Volumes III and IV, Saxon Art and Industry
in the Pagan Period. Each illustrated in color,
large 8vo. E. P. Dutton & Co. Per volume,
$7.50.
Extracts from the Diaries and Correspondence of
John Evelyn and Samuel Pepys Relating to
Engraving. With notes by Howard C. Levis.
Illustrated, 8vo, 166 pages. London: Ellis.
The City of Joy: A Song Cycle. Lyrics by Charles
Hanson Towne; music by Deems Taylor. 4to, 23
pages. Oliver Ditson Co. Paper, $1.25.
The Gothic Quest. By Ralph Adams Cram, F.R.G.S.
Revised edition; 12mo, 404 pages. Doubleday,
Page & Co.
EDUCATION.
The Golden Age of Vassar. By Mary Harriott Nor-
ris. 12mo, 164 pages. Poughkeepsie: Vassar
College. $1.
Letters from Old-Time Vassar. Written by a Stu-
dent in 1869-70. 12mo, 149 pages. Poughkeep-
sie: Vassar College. $1.
School Buildings and Equipment. By Leonard P.
Ayres and May Ayres. 16mo, 116 pages. “Cleve-
land Education Survey." Cleveland, Ohio: Sur-
vey Committee of the Cleveland Foundation.
An Introduction to Ethics for Training Colleges.
By G. A. Johnston, M.A. 12mo, 254 pages. Mac-
millan Co.
A Scientific German Render. Edited by Herbert Z.
Kip, Ph.D. With frontispiece, 12mo, 445 pages.
Oxford German Series." Oxford University
Press.
Community Civics. By Jessie Field and Scott Near-
ing. 12mo, 270 pages. Macmillan Co.
Cleveland Education Survey. New volumes: Edu-
cational Extension, by Clarence Arthur Perry;
Education through Recreation, by George E.
Johnson. Each 16mo. Cleveland, Ohio: Survey
Committee of the Cleveland Foundation.
General Chemistry for Colleges. By Alexander
Smith. Second edition, rewritten; 8vo, 662
pages. Century Co. $2.25.
A Practical Algebra for Beginners. By Thirmu-
this A, Brookman. 12mo, 322 pages. Charles
Scribner's Sons.
Fourth Reader, By Franklin B. Dyer and Mary J.
Brady. Illustrated in color, etc., 12mo, 320
pages. Charles E. Merrill Co. 52 cts.
Dramatized Scenes from American History. By
Augusta Stevenson. Illustrated, 12mo, 302
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. 60 cts.
The Making of a University: What We Have to
Learn from Educational Ideals in America. By
W. M. Ramsay. 12mo, 46 pages. London: Hod.
der & Stoughton. Paper.
Sonnets Selected from English and American Au-
thors. By Laura E. Lockwood, Ph.D, 16mo, 114
pages. "Riverside Literature Series." Hough-
ton Mifflin Co.
35 cts.
A.
1)
of
9!


180
(Feb. 17
THE DIAL
Report of the Librarian of Congress and Report of
the Superintendent of the Library Buildings and
Grounds, 1915. With frontispiece, 8vo, 221
pages. Washington: Government Printing Office.
A Trip to South America: Exercises in Spanish
Composition. By Samuel M. Waxman. 16mo,
100 pages.
D. C. Heath & Co. 50 cts.
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
A Bibliography of Virginia. By Earl G. Swem.
Part I. 8vo, 768 pages. Bulletin Virginia State
Library." Richmond: Davis Bottom. Paper.
1001 Places to Sell Manuscripts: The American
Writer's Year Book and Directory to Markets
for Manuscripts. Compiled by William R. Kane.
12mo, 322 pages. Ridgewood, N. J.: The Editor
Co. $1.50.
The American Whitaker Almanac and Encyclo-
pedia for 1916. Edited by C. W. Whitaker.
12mo, 552 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.
Results of Observations Made at the United States
Coast and Geodetic Survey Magnetic Observa-
tory at Cheltenham, Maryland, 1913 and 1914.
By Daniel L. Hazard. 4to, 98 pages. Washing-
ton: Government Printing Office. Paper,
Report of the Register of Copyrights for the Fiscal
Year 1914-1915. 12mo. Washington: Govern-
ment Printing Office. Paper.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Mosquito Control in Panama. By Joseph A. Le
Prince, A.M., and A. J. Orenstein, M.D.; with
introduction by L. 0. Howard. Illustrated, 8vo,
335 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.
Ventures in Worlds. By Marian Cox.
With por-
trait, 12mo, 223 pages. Mitchell Kennerley.
$1.25.
Europa's Fairy Book. Restored and Retold by
Joseph Jacobs; done into pictures by John D.
Batten. Illustrated, 12mo, 264 pages. G. P. Put
nam's Sons. $1.25.
Lectures on the Philosophy of Freemasonry. By
Roscoe Pound, LL.D. With portrait, 8vo,_96
pages. Anamosa, Iowa: National Masonic Re-
search Society.
Painless Childbirth, Eutocia, and Nitrous Oxid-
Oxygen Analgesia. By Carl Henry Davis, M.D.
12mo, 134 pages. Forbes & Co. $1.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published fortnightly - every other Thursday — except in July and August, in which
but one issue for each month will appear. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United
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Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
Published by THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY, 682 Sherman Street, Chicago.
MANUSCRIPTS Criticised, Revised, Typed, and MARKET
suggested by an experienced author and practical critic. Tells you
how to improve. Clarifies technique. Rates on request. J. Bradley
Vandaworker, 2915 Bellefontaine, Indianapolis, Ind.
WM. H. RADEMAEKERS
BINDER for the Newark, N. J., Free Public Library
Cor. Chester Ave, and Oraton St., Newark, N.J.
Libraries and schools can now have their books
rebound, and at the same time disinfected without
extra cost. Ask for particulars.
Laura D. Wilck
FICTION AND DRAMATIC MSS.
Have a ready market for good short stories, novelettes and
fiction in general for publication and dramatic purposes.
Write for full particulars.
Longsore Building, 1480 (Broadway, New York City
WRITERS-ATTENTION!
Are you interested
in writing stories,
poems, plays, etc., and selling them?
Our magazine, "TIMELY TIPS FOR WRITERS," tells how
to write SALABLE M88.; gives lists and requirements of
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and inspire you to success; keeps you up-to-date. Good Ideas
bring big money. Sample 10c; $1.00 per year; three month
trial subscription 25c. Literary Bureau, D7, Hannibal, Mo.
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NEW APPOINTMENT
The University of Manitoba invites applications for the po-
sition of UNIVERSITY LIBRARIAN. The applicant should be a
trained librarian with experience in the equipment and man-
agement of a library. The initial salary offered is $1500.00
with advancement for one showing special aptitude for the
duties of librarian.
Applications should
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sands of bookbuyers,
covering every section
of this country


1916]
181
THE DIAL
RARE books and
first editions collected
and arranged for people who are too
busy to attend to the forming of libraries.
Address E. V., Boston Transcript
BOSTON, MASS.
DO YOU NEED A CONSULTING EDITOR
to criticise, revise or place your MSS.? My 18 years' editorial
experience at your service. Circulars.
LOUISE E, DEW, Literary Representativo
Aeolian Hall, New York
.
Writers of Fiction and Photoplays
ANNA PARMLY PARET
LITERARY AGENT
291 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
After many years of editorial experience with Harper & Brothers,
Miss Parel offers to criticise and revise manuscripts for writers.
Fecs reasonable. Terms sent on application.
A New Volume of THE AUTHORS' HANDBOOK SERIES Is Now Ready!
“THE UNIVERSAL PLOT CATALOG" by Henry Albert
Phillips. The elements of plot material and construction, com-
bined with a complete index and a progressive category in which
the source, life and end of all dramatic conflict are classified,
A Practical Treatise for Writers of Fiction, Photoplays and
Drama; Editors, Teachers and Librarians.
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