Nietzsche, Treitschke, Bern-
erously illustrated chapters. We learn for instance, hardi, and the Kaiser. In imagination we see the
in illustration of Wilde's talent for making enemies shade of Carlyle protesting in indignation against
by his mordant sayings, that one of his most mis- not only the caricaturing of his chosen medium
chievous enemies was an actor whom he had criti- of expression, but against the assumption that his
cised for appearing in a New York drawing-room love for those great souls who owed their birth to
wearing his gloves during an afternoon call. The Germany must necessarily commit him to a blind
author observes in another connection: “In forty- support of that country, right or wrong.
six years from now the world won't be troubling
about how a poet squabbled in the last century
with the second son of an eighth marquess; it will In Eastern
In more than one masterpiece of
lands of
for exam-
rhythm and romance
have other tremendous problems to face.' Has it
enchantment.
ple, Pierre Loti's “Vers Ispahan”—
not even now too many such problems to afford
Persia and Turkestan are portrayed as regions of
much time for reading the details, minutely per-
enchantment. Presumably on that account, and
sonal in large part, so industriously brought
also because, even in these days of dauntless globe-
together in this book? Nevertheless, to Wilde
trotting, very few Europeans or Americans ever
enthusiasts the work will strongly appeal.
penetrate to Kashan or Samarkand, the prevailing
conception of these lands is somewhat rose-colored.
An attack of giddiness or vertigo is At all events, a recent visitor, Mr. Benjamin
A Carlylean
disciple on likely to be the result of any attempt Burges Moore, gives in his book, “From Moscow
to plough through the pages of Mr. to the Persian Gulf” (Putnam), a report which
Marshall Kelly's “Carlyle and the War” (Open quite belies the current impression. The three-
Court Co.). "The conclusion,” says the author, months journey whose events and gleanings are
“”
'
"will be written if at all, after the war is over. recorded in the volume led the author by sail from
We beg him to forbear,- unless in the interval, be
Moscow to Tashkent, Samarkand, Merv, and
it long or short, he has learned to use intelligible Askhabad; thence by carriage and camel-train to
language. Imitating the styles of such authors as Mashad, Kashan, and finally Bushire on the Persian
Browning, Meredith, and Carlyle has been a favor- Gulf; and thence by boat to Mascat and Karachi
ite form of amusement among writers with a taste on the Indian frontier. The record of the trip is
for parody, and when offered in small doses this set down in diary form, and from first to last it
sort of thing is not without interest. But to have makes an interesting recital. There is forced upon
a book of considerable length written in a con- the reader, however, the feeling that Mr. Moore's
scious or unconscious imitation of the inimitable view-point has been largely that of the vexed tour-
dialect of Carlyle is intolerable, and the more so ist, and that he has been more impressed by the
in direct proportion to the reader's reverence for lack of means of comfortable travel than by the
that great nineteenth century prophet. How the ancient habits and the historic places that fell
author has succeeded in maintaining throughout under his eye. It is true that he professes merely
the jump, the hop, the hiatus, and the limp that to have "noted a traveller's passing impressions as
form this wild caricature of Carlyle's writing, accurately as possible, not pretending to judge a
passes an ordinary man's comprehension. The
historic race by the observation of a single visit.”
result has been the spoiling of what might other-
But the candid admission can hardly atone for
wise have been a useful book. The general point
the prevailing superficiality of view and for the
of view from which the author surveys the world-
deficient historic and artistic interest displayed
tragedy of to-day is one that requires emphasis
throughout the book. The photographs in which
among English-speaking peoples. Every reason-
able thinker should be willing, whatever his natural
the volume abounds are generally excellent.
pre-dispositions may be, to listen patiently to a
frankly pro-German writer, and to make allowance
In the enforced idleness of invalid-
for such explosive language as the due expression
A war-clouded
outlook on life.
ism incurred in the war, Mr. Shane
of sympathies may require. But when one's liter-
Leslie, a brilliant young Irishman,
ary sense is nauseated at the very start by a jargon an Eton and Cambridge graduate, has indulged
that is neither good Carlylese nor readable English in sundry reflections and reminiscences, which are
the arguments of the writer are likely to be re- offered in book form to the reading public. “The
jected along with the disagreeable medium in which
End of a Chapter” (Scribner) is thus entitled
they are conveyed. Apart, however, from this because its writer imagines himself to have “wit-
almost insuperable obstacle to a full understanding nessed the suicide of the civilization called Chris-
"


1916)
477
THE DIAL
name.
77
The Southern
attitude in
tian and the travail of a new era to which no essays by a scholar, teacher, and soldier form one
gods have been as yet rash enough to give their of the best expositions of the Creed of the Old
He briefly reviews his “links with the South.
past,” his descent from "the Fighting Bishop,
John Leslie, through the latter's great-grandson's
An English
The zeal with which English writ-
grandson, Sir John Leslie, also a militant charac-
Orderly at ers pursue the memory of Sir Hud-
ter; he gives us glimpses of life at Eton and Cam- St. Helena.
son Lowe and bewail the lot of his
bridge, a short chapter on the Hanoverian dyn- illustrious prisoner offers the happiest assurances
asty, one on the religion of England, another on of their attitude toward their present great enemy
English politicians, and a well-informed one on
once he has vanished from earth. The latest
Ireland, the land of his birth; and finally, after a evidence of this sort is a volume of "Letters of
glance at the good old England of sport and free-
Captain Engelbert Lutyens” (Lane), edited by Sir
dom, he pictures “society in decay” and the mani-
Lees Knowles. Captain Lutyens was Orderly
festations of a decadent “post-Victorianism.” The Officer at Longwood from February 10, 1820, until
call to arms he regards as a piece of good fortune. three weeks before the death of Napoleon, which
“In a moment of time all the troubles and worries
occurred May 5, 1821. He lost his position on
and threatenings of politics became ante-diluvian, account of a dispute over Coxe's Life of Marl-
and the nation stepped down to do battle with borough, which Napoleon presented to the library
the cleansing flood !" He has certainly earned in
of the 20th Regiment, and which Lowe ordered to
the smoke and heat of battle the right to glorify be returned because it bore “the Imperial name
war if he still thinks it glorious.
on the title page. The long strain upon Lowe's
temperament had evidently become too great, and
On the fiftieth anniversary of the
his common sense had also given way. This affair
downfall of the Confederacy there
was simply petty; but it seems that Lowe required
the Civil War.
comes from the Johns Hopkins Lutyens to obtain ocular evidence every day of
Press “The Creed of the Old South" by Dr. Basil
Napoleon's presence even if it became necessary
L. Gildersleeve, the loved and honored professor
to force his way into the sickroom. It is to the
of the classics in Johns Hopkins University. The
officer's credit that he disliked the task of "peep-
little book contains two essays: one from which
ing." Captain Lutyens's letters contain "little
the book takes its title; the other entitled “A beyond the reports that Napoleon was seen here
Southerner in the Peloponnesian War.” The first
or there about Longwood. In one of the appen-
essay was printed in “The Atlantic Monthly” in
dices are letters from a young English sergeant to
1892; the other one in the same periodical in
his mother explaining how the dead emperor looked
1897. Dr. Gildersleeve offers these essays not as
and what impressions the spectacle of fallen great-
a history of the Civil War or as an account of his
ness made upon him. The make-up of the volume
own experiences, but rather as an interpretation
will enhance its value to collectors of Napoleonic
of the feelings and actions of one Confederate
material. The illustrations are remarkable for
soldier who, perhaps, was representative of many
the skill and beauty with which miniatures and
others. “I am trying,” he says, “to make others colored prints are reproduced. The view of St.
understand, and to understand myself, what it was
Helena from the sea is especially noteworthy.
to accept with a whole heart the creed of the old
south.'
The title essay undertakes to explain the
Discriminating readers have often
Southerner's attitude toward the issues which
Argentina
and its people.
observed that the bulk of recent
resulted in the Civil War: the South was fighting
works on South America tend to fall
for civil liberty, not to perpetuate human slavery; into two classes : either they are the books of dis-
fighting for love of state – a form of patriotism tinguished visitors who, travelling in a more or less
closely allied to love of home and not incempatible official capacity, have been taken in hand by the
with attachment to the Union; fighting against
various governments, royally entertained, and
submission to encroachment which to them meant shown only such things as these governments wish
slavery. As to slavery, most of the Southern
to be seen; or else they merely embody a mass of
people had no theory about it, though the aboli- superficial observations made during a flying visit.
tionist was looked upon rather as an enemy to In “The Real Argentine" (Dodd, Mead & Co.),
society than as a friend to the negro. Whether Mr. J. A. Hammerton has contrived to avoid both
opposed to or in favor of secession, the Confed- these extremes. A lengthy sojourn in Argentina,
erate soldier went with a clear conscience into without
any hampering official connections,
the war. In the second essay Dr. Gildersleeve, who afforded him an opportunity for an impartial and
went from teaching Greek to the Confederate Army open-minded study of the country and its people.
and back from Lee and Early to Aristophanes and The picture which he draws of Argentina, particu-
Thucydides, traces the similarities of the two con- larly Buenos Aires, is far from flattering. In his
flicts. There were really no new issues in the desire to give an unvarnished and accurate account
Civil War, he thinks. Nearly all of them can be of what he saw, he lays the colors on too darkly.
found in the Peloponnesian War, and many of His first impressions of the capital are distinctly
them in every war; the basis of each war lies in unfavorable. He has much to say about the nar-
selfish hatred and much misunderstanding. Full of row and crowded streets, the incivility of the
classical allusion and historical parallel, of ripe Argentines, the exorbitant cost of living, and par-
philosophy and sympathetic understanding, these ticularly the tawdry and unstable character of the
6


478
[May 11
THE DIAL
public buildings. Buenos Aires is in his judgment ists. In “The Carillon in Literature” (Lane),
merely “a magnificent city of shams," a sort of Mr. William Gorham Rice supplements his earlier
grotesque replica of Paris in which stucco takes study on “Carillons of Belgium and Holland" with
the place of marble and plaster that of granite. an interesting collection of prose and verse from
On every hand he finds evidence of a sordid spirit various authors who have immortalized the “magic
of utilitarianism which leaves little opportunity numbers” of the bells. Rossetti, Thackeray, Victor
for the cultivation of the finer side of life. To be Hugo, Stevenson, Longfellow, Rodenbach, and
sure, a longer sojourn in the country has led the Edward Dowden are represented.
author to revise somewhat these first impressions. Miss Ethel Stephens, of the Library School of
By dint of searching he finds evidence that there
the University of Wisconsin, has prepared a
is a reaching out for better things. Alongside 32-page bibliography of “ American Popular Maga-
the sheer brutality, unhappily still existing, the i zines, which is published by the Boston Book
tender plant of intellectual culture has been grow- Company. Periodical articles about our best-
ing, and with it true humanitarianism must make
known magazines, about writing for the magazines,
progress. But the reader searches in vain in this
and on other kindred subjects, furnish the greater
volume for a satisfactory interpretation of those number of entries, with occasional references to
spiritual and cultural forces which are slowly books. The term “magazine" is made so inclusive
bringing Argentina into the vanguard of great as to embrace other than monthly publications, as
nations. This over-emphasis on the somewhat
for instance “The Nation” and THE DIAL. Ex-
seamy side of the material development of the haustiveness is not claimed for this modest
country is the chief defect of this cleverly written
bibliography, but it is a useful work in a field
and entertaining book.
comparatively uncultivated by the bibliographer.
Though announced on its wrapper as “a new
A famous
Why it did not occur to the con- book by Woodrow Wilson,” the short treatise "On
editor of a temporary wits to call the awe- Being Human” (Harper) was in fact published
famous journal.
inspiring editor of the "Thunderer," nineteen years ago in “The Atlantic Monthly."
J. T. Delane, by the classical nickname “Jupiter It is, however, new in book form, and so the pres-
Tonans," which his initials and his commanding ent publisher's assertion is in a literal sense true.
position might so easily have suggested, no his- The essay is worthy of its more permanent shape,
torian seems to have explained. With this belated for at any time it serves as a useful reminder that
suggestion of an appropriate sobriquet, we turn “to be human is, for one thing, to speak and act
to a brief consideration of his latest biography, with a certain note of genuineness, a quality mixed
entitled “Delane of The Times,” by Sir Edward of spontaneity and intelligence. This is necessary
Cook. It must be by a sort of poetic justice that for wholesome life in any age, but particularly
to the British Censor-in-Chief falls the task of amidst confused affairs and shifting standards.
writing the life of one who notoriously defied all Even more now than on its original appearance
censorship. The book, compactly inclusive of the are the calm, wise counsels of the brief treatise
main facts as already presented in Mr. Arthur needed by the public whom the author addresses.
Irwin Dasent's two-volume biography of Delane, The general purpose and scope of Dr. Liberty
which was reviewed at some length in these pages H. Bailey's “Standard Cyclopedia of Horticul-
at the time of its appearance eight years ago, forms ture” (Macmillan) were stated fully in connection
the initial number of a series to be known as
with the appearance of the first volume (see THE
“Makers of the Nineteenth Century” (Holt), DIAL of August 16, 1914). Volume IV has now
edited by Mr. Basil Williams. Other authorities
appeared, and two more volumes will complete this
contributory to the fulness and accuracy of Sir
important work. The new volume begins with
Edward Cook's study of this prince of editors are “Labels” and ends with “Oxytropis." As usual,
duly enumerated in the appended Bibliography, each important subject is presented by some
after which follows a Chronological Table, and specialist. In addition to the plant descriptions
then a good index. A frontispiece reproduction
a
A frontispiece reproduction and accounts of cultural methods, the more exten-
of the National Portrait Gallery painting by sive general articles are those dealing with land-
Schiött conveys a good impression of the masterly scape gardening, light, machinery, marketing,
quality in Delane's face and bearing.
nomenclature, horticulture in North American
states, nut culture, orange culture, and orchid
culture. The colored plates of the volume are
BRIEFER MENTION.
especially attractive.
The sixteen miscellaneous pieces, chiefly literary
New and cheaper editions of Professor Brander
and critical, brought together in Mr. Arthur
Matthews's critical studies, “Molière: His Life and
Waugh's “Reticence in Literature, and Other
His Works" and "Shakspere as a Playwright,"
Papers ” (Dutton) furnish much good reading on
bear further testimony to their usefulness and subjects of more than transient interest. They are
soundness of scholarship, as indicated in these col- described by the author as “covering twenty-five
umns when the volumes first appeared. Messrs.
years of journalistic dust and desk-work,'' and
Scribner are the publishers.
they treat of reticence in writing, as the title in-
Belgian belfries, recently the object of immi- dicates, of the abuse of the superlative, nineteenth-
nent peril and tragic interest, have always held a century fiction, some movements in Victorian
particular fascination for many writers and tour. poetry, the mood and the book, anthologies, a
6


1916)
479
THE DIAL
66
number of English poets and prose-writers, chiefly trasts Asbury with Lord Kitchener, finding that
of the last century, and a few other subjects. In “just as Kitchener in an hour of crisis has seemed
asserting that “reticence is not a national char- to be “the living expression of the Will of the
acteristic — far otherwise,"
far otherwise," the author invites entire British Empire,' so Francis Asbury to his
contradiction. In the expression of emotion the ago was the Will of Jehovah and the heavenly
Englishman has the reputation, deservedly, of hosts." Mr. Tipple shows a thorough knowledge
being commendably reticent, which is not incom- of his subject, his previous work in editing selec-
patible with honesty and frankness, qualities that tions from Asbury's journal having helped to
Mr. Waugh ascribes to his fellow-countrymen. prepare him for this more ambitious undertaking.
“The Englishman has always prided himself upon Illustrations and facsimiles add no little to the
his frankness," he declares. Both the enthusiasm interest of the book.
of youth and the calm judgment of maturer years
A line of type or two, or three at the most, is
are exemplified in this quarter-century's harvest
the space allotted to each name that appears in
of a literary critic's occasional productions.
"A Dictionary of Universal Biography of All Ages
In “The Masterpieces of Modern Drama" and All Peoples" (Dutton), prepared by Mr.
(Doubleday), edited by Mr. John Alexander Albert M. Hyamson. The scope of the work is
Pierce under the supervision of Professor Brander outlined in the Preface: “It is a guide to the
Matthews, are contained some of the best modern biographies of, it may be said without exaggera-
plays -- English, Continental, and American,- tion, every man or woman, not still alive, who has
abridged in narrative form with textual repro- achieved eminence or prominence, from the dawn
duction of the great scenes. In the Introduction of history until this day (October 1, 1915) in the
to the two volumes, Professor Matthews refers twentieth century on which this preface is being
to this editorial plan as an ingenious and enticing written. The work covers all countries and all
compromise between the unadorned dialogue of the generations. An endeavor has been made to include
stage play and the unbroken narrative of prose- every one whose work or whose memory can be
fiction. Some readers may agree with him. said to have survived until to-day, in the scheme
Others will feel that they are missing half the fun of the undertaking.” Many who use the volume
by accepting an abridged version of "The Impor- will look in vain for at least one who by his work
tance of Being Earnest” and “You Never Can and memory merits inclusion, but this would be
Tell," or that they would take a long chance on true of practically every similar compilation in
trusting their own intelligence, without editor's existence. Words are successfully substituted for
exposition and comment, in reading and fully sentences, a few self-explanatory abbreviations are
understanding a play like “The Return of Peter used, and the size of the volume is excellently
Grimm.'
adapted to general desk use. To have brought so
Professor Tucker Brooke's edition of “Common
much information within so comparatively narrow
Conditions," from the recently discovered quarto
a compass is an achievement little short of
owned by the Elizabethan Club of Yale Univer-
extraordinary.
sity, is something of a “scoop” in the field of A volume which might well be taken for a model
Middle English literature. Hitherto only the in its kind is the catalogue of “Greek, Etruscan,
Chatsworth copy was thought to be extant. The and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum
new text is of an earlier edition, is less of a frag- of Art,” prepared by Dr. Gisela M. A. Richter,
ment, and revolutionizes completely prior impres- assistant curator of the Museum's classical sec-
sions of the play by overthrowing the conventional tion. It is quarto in form, beautifully printed by
happy ending which has been hitherto assumed. the Gillis Press of New York, and lavishly illus-
The editor whimsically suggests that we may have trated with fine half-tone reproductions of the
to wait another three hundred years before we treasures dealt with in the text. The technical
really know if Lamphedon died of the poison or processes of bronze-working in antiquity, and the
if Clarisia quaffed the cup. But what are three origin of the ancient patina, are discussed at
hundred years in the world of scholarship? In length in an Introduction; while the body of the
his treatment of the new text, in the comparative work consists of concise descriptions of all the
study of the two manuscripts, in the Introduc- important objects in the Museum's collection. A
tion and the carefully prepared appendixes and selected bibliography and an index, both prepared
notes, Professor Brooke throughout reveals the true with excellent judgment, are included. The col-
scholar's enthusiasm and love for his task. (Yale lection in the Metropolitan Museum began in
University Press.)
1872-6, when the objects discovered in Cyprus by
In commemoration of the life and work of Francis General di Cesnola were purchased. Twenty years
Asbury, first bishop of the Methodist Episcopal later the Baxter and Frothingham collections were
Church in the United States, sent hither by Wesley bought, and the late Henry G. Marquand gave
in 1771, there appears in this centennial year of twenty bronzes of exceptional importance. In
Asbury's death a well-written volume about him, 1903 the Museum authorities bought the famous
"Francis Asbury, the Prophet of the Long Road” chariot from Monteleone; and from 1906 onwards
(Methodist Book Concern). It is rather an esti- they have every year made one or more first-rate
mate of the man, as is explained by the author, acquisitions. The beautiful catalogue now pub-
Mr. Ezra Squier Tipple, than an addition to the lished is a worthy cicerone and memorial to one
already numerous biographies of him. In his con- of the finest collections of art objects in the
cluding summary the author compares and con- world.
a


480
[May 11
THE DIAL
NOTES AND NEWS.
9
Mr. Zane Grey's forthcoming novel, to be issued
this month by Messrs. Harper, is entitled “The
Border Legion."
“Present-Day China," by Mr. Gardner L.
Harding, being a survey of the ancient nation as
it appears today, will be issued this month by the
Century Co.
Mr. Granville Barker has in preparation a
dramatization of Robert Louis Stevenson's “The
Wrong Box," which will be published by Messrs.
Little, Brown & Co.
“The Restoration of Europe" is the title of a
new book by Dr. Alfred H. Fried which Messrs.
Macmillan will shortly publish in an English trans-
lation by Mr. Lewis Gannett.
"Benighted Mexico" by Mr. Randolph Wellford
Smith, announced by the John Lane Co., is a narra-
tive of the Mexican revolution revealing the condi-
tions in that disintegrated land.
A complete edition of the novels of Tchekov,
in eight volumes, translated by Mrs. Constance
Garnett, is soon to appear. The first volume will
include an Introduction by Mr. Edward Garnett.
A volume entitled “Inviting War to America,”
embodying Mr. Allan L. Benson's ideas on the
evils of the preparedness propaganda, will be
brought out immediately by Mr. B. W. Huebsch.
English translations of M. Paul Claudel's
** L'Annonce Faite à Marie” and “L'Otage” will
shortly come from the Yale University Press under
the titles, “The Tidings Brought to Mary: A Mys-
tery” and “The Hostage.
* Culture and War," by Professor Simon N.
Patten, is a study of the differences between the
German mind and the English which Mr. B. W.
Huebsch announces. There is no discussion of the
merits of the present war.
Mrs. Dorothy Canfield Fisher's new book, "Self-
Reliance,” will shortly be issued by the Bobbs-
Merrill Co. From the same house will come “The
Door of Dread" by Mr. Arthur Stringer, and a
volume of verse by Mr. Robert Underwood Johnson
which will comprise his work written since 1914.
A volume of Clark University addresses by
various American thinkers on "The Problems and
Lessons of the War” is announced by Messrs. Put-
nam. The papers are in part devoted to the sub-
ject of preparedness in the United States and in
part to certain aspects from the point of view
of economics.
Among library publications of monthly or quar-
terly periodicity, appreciative mention should be
made of such book-bulletins as that of the Provi-
dence, the Grand Rapids, the Cleveland, and the
Chicago public libraries. “The Open Shelf”
(Cleveland) and the “Quarterly Bulletin” (Provi-
dence) are especially well annotated.
Publication of Messrs. Holt's “Home University
Library” will shortly be resumed with three new
volumes, bringing the total number up to 101
volumes. The new books will be: “Dante," by
Mr. J. B. Fletcher; “Poland," by Mr. W. A.
Phillips, and “Political Thought in England: The
Utilitarians, from Bentham to Mill,” by Mr. W. L.
Davidson.
Mr. Frank B. Sanborn is at work upon a final
Life of Thoreau — having already written two, and
edited a new edition of the one written by his
neighbor, Ellery Channing, first published in 1873,
and which Mr. Sanborn republished in 1902. This
final Life will contain one hundred pages of
Thoreau's earlier writings never before published,
and some interesting facts about his ancestors.
The New York State Library issues, somewhat
belatedly (as is often the way with public docu-
ments), the yearly reports of its Director for 1913
and 1914, each an illustrated pamphlet of nearly
one hundred pages. Since its disastrous fire of
five years ago this library has been a busy insti-
tution, as indeed it was before; but the labor of
rising from its ashes has been especially arduous.
Two immediately forthcoming contributions
to the Shakespeare tercentenary are “Shakespeare
in Italy: His Influence on Literature and the
Theatre," by Mr. Lacy Collison-Morley; and
“Shakespeare and his Fellows,” by the Chancellor
of the University of Dublin, Mr. Justice Madden,
author of “The Diary of Master William Silence:
A Study of Shakespeare and of Elizabethan
Sport."
Rev. John Haynes Holmes, who has rendered
invaluable service in the peace movement in Amer-
ica, will publish this month through Messrs. Dodd,
Mead & Co. a book entitled "New Wars for Old."
The volume comprises a statement of the pacifist
argument from the standpoints of expediency,
human nature, and religion, and an exposition of
the logic of force, its fallacies and the true mean-
ing of non-resistance.
Sir Charles Waldstein has in preparation a work
entitled “Aristo-democracy: From the Great War
back to Moses, Christ, and Plato,” including a
picture of the old Germany as contrasted with the
and a constructive plan for the avoidance of
war among civilized nations in the future by the
establishment of an International Tribunal, with
an effective army and navy at its command to
enforce its decisions.
“The Dangers of Half-Preparedness: A Plea
for a Declaration of American Policy,” by Mr.
Norman Angell, will shortly be issued by Messrs.
Putnam. The author argues that unless the ulti-
mate purposes of our increasing power are made
manifest to ourselves, the world at large, and par-
ticularly our prospective enemy, that power, how-
ever great, will fail in its object of protecting our
interests and rights and ensuring peace.
The Carnegie Library School of Pittsburgh, a
training school for children's librarians, issues its
catalogue for the sixteenth year of its existence,
showing an imposing array of names on its faculty
list and staff of lecturers, an enrolment of thirty-
four pupils, and a register of more than two
hundred and fifty graduates, most of whom are
now engaged in their chosen work in different
parts of the country. Matrimony has to answer
for a considerable proportion of the remainder.
“Books to Grow On," issued by the Buffalo
Public Library, is a 24-page "experimental list
new,


1916]
481
THE DIAL
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
May, 1916.
99
•
selected from the Open Shelf Room," compiled as
"an attempt to gather the books which have
proved acceptable to young people as they pass
from the children's room to the adult departments.”
Beginning with romance and poetry and ending
with prose fiction, the arrangement is by subjects
and brings to view a great number of excellent
books for the young in years and in heart.
The Riverside (California) Public Library issues
a descriptive illustrated pamphlet concerning its
summer school, its winter school, and its plan for
one-year training in library service. This library
is a county library as well as a city library, and
serves a territory about as large as Massachusetts.
It has sixty branches and stations. The next sum-
mer session of the school opens June 26 and closes
August 12; the winter session will begin January 8
or 15, 1917, date not yet determined, and duration
not indicated.
Sir A. W. Ward has written the first volume
of a short history of “Germany, 1815-1890,
shortly to be published by the Cambridge Uni-
versity Press in the "Cambridge Historical Series."
For the second volume, which it is hoped to have
ready in the course of the year, the author has
secured the collaboration of Mr. H. Spenser
Wilkinson, Chichele Professor of Military History
in the University of Oxford, who has undertaken
to write the sections dealing with the wars of
1864, 1866, and 1870.
The first number will soon appear in England
of a quarterly journal entitled "History,” which
has become the official organ of the Historical
Association, edited by Professor A. F. Pollard,
with the assistance of an editorial board repre-
sentative of teachers in universities, secondary and
primary schools, appointed by the association. One
of the functions of “History” will be to act as a
channel of communication between the members
of the Association and between the education
authorities and the general public, with regard to
questions of historical education, the policy to be
pursued in teaching history, and the like. It is
intended also to appeal to intelligent sections of
the general public.
In the list of volumes to be added during the
present year to the “Loeb Classical Library”
(which series, by the way, will hereafter be pub-
lished in this country by Messrs. Putnam), the
names of American scholars figure with unusual
and gratifying prominence. Some of these names,
with the classics which they are to supervise, are
as follows: (In the Latin section), Professor F. J.
Miller of the University of Chicago, Ovid's
“Metamorphoses” and Seneca's “Tragedies”; Pro-
fessor Paul Nixon of Bowdoin, a four-volume
Plautus; Professor R. M. Gummere of Haverford,
Seneca's “Epistles”; Professor H. R. Fairclough
of Stanford, Virgil. (In the Greek section),
Professor Horace L. Jones of Cornell, a nine-
volume Strabo; Professor A. T. Murray of Stan-
ford, Homer's “Odyssey”; Professor B. Perrin of
Yale, continuation of a ten-volume Plutarch; Pro-
fessor C. L. Brownson of the College of the
City of New York, Xenophon's "Hellenica" and
“Anabasis.”
Academic Distinctions. C. G. and C. B. McArthur Scientific
Administration, Record of the. Henry Jones Ford Atlantic
Americanism. Philo M. Buck, Jr.
Mid-West
Annexation and Conquest.
David s. jordan
Scientific
Antarctic Continent, Elevation of. C. C. Adams Rev. of Reve.
Art and Character. E. B. Andrews
Mid-West
Ass as Actor. The. T. S. Graves
So. Atl.
Bacon, Roger-11. Lynn Thorndike
Am. Hist. Rev.
Ballads, New-World. Louise Pound
Mid-West
Benefactors, Tyranny of. Mary W. Hoyt
Hibbert
Birds in an English Water Meadow. P. A. Bruce So. Ath.
Björnson as a Playwright. Robert W. Buck Mid-West
Booth, Edwin, Reminiscences of. E. M. Royle Harper
Boy, Education of the. Caspar F. Goodrich Rev. of Reve.
Briand, Aristide. William P. Simms
Everybody's
Building and Loan Associations. W. 0. Hedrick Scientific
Business, Courtesy in. Fred C. Kelly
American
Calvinists, Political Theories of. H. D. Foster Am. Hist. Rev.
Champagne, French Offensive in. Captain X
Scribner
Childhood, Mental Life of. H. A. Bruce
Century
Church Attendance, Rural. Washington Gladden Everybody's
College Woman, The: A Symposium
Bookman
Consumers' Coöperation. Albert Sonnichsen Rev. of Reve.
Continental Army, The
Unpopular
Coral Reefs, Study of. W. M. Davis
Scientific
Country-Life, Returning to. Richard Le Gallienne Harper
Davis, Richard Harding. Arthur B. Maurice Bookman
Day's Work, The. Mrs. Percy V. Pennybacker Bookman
Death Valley in California. Ellsworth Huntington Harper
Defence, Organizing Industry for. H. E. Coffin World's Work
Democracy, Absolute
Unpopular
Democracy, Efficiency of. A. w. Douglas World's Work
Depreciation Reserves. L, R. Nash
Am. Econ. Rev.
Destiny not Manifest. H. M. Chittenden
Atlantic
Drake, Alexander Wilson. C. C. Buel
Century
Dreams, Frequency of. Carl E. Seashore
Scientific
Earth, Evolution of the. T. C. Chamberlin Scientific
Education and the State. Roland K. Wilson Hibbert
Educational Progress, Recent. Clyde Furst So. Atl.
Educational Reformers. Mrs. Clement Webb Hibbert
"Efficiency" and Efficiency
Unpopular
England's Secret Diplomacy. H. M. Ayndman No. Amer.
Farmer's Income, The. E. A. Goldenweiser Am. Econ. Rev.
Feminist Program, The
Unpopular
Ferguson, Elsie. Wyndham Martyn
Pearson's
France, 1916. John Palmer
Century
French Treaty with America, 1778. Claude it. Van
Tyne
Am. Hist. Rev.
Garfield's Nomination. Wharton Barker
Pearson's
German Generalship. Alfred G. Gardiner
Atlantic
German Patriotism. William Gascoyne-Cecil Hibbert
Germany's Self-Revelation. E. W. Hallifax
Hibbert
Honolulu: The Melting-Pot. Katharine F. Gerould Scribner
Immigration and the War. Robert DeC. Ward Scientific
Immortality, Hope of. W. Temple
Hibbert
Individualism and Government. Chandler Trimble Mid-West
Invasion or Intervention. George Marvin World's Work
"Japanese Peril, The." George Bronson Rea No. Amer.
"Japanese Peril, The.” K. K. Kawakami No. Amer.
Juras, Motoring through the. Albert B. Paine Harper
Kaiser, The, in Popular Opinion. R. J. Menner So. Ath
Kentucky. Irvin S. Cobb
American
Kitchener's Mob. James N. Hall
Atlantic
Labor Lessons from Germany. F. c. Howe Pearson's
Labor, Organized, and Democracy
Unpopular
Living, Standard of. Henry P. Fairchild Am. Econ. Rev.
Lumber Industry in Northwest. E. C. Robbins Rev. of Revs.
Lumber Waste, Utilizing. L. M. Lamm Rev. of Revs.
Lyric Music, A Plea for. A. W. Porterfield
Mid-West
Machines in War. William J. Robinson
Atlantic
Manuscripts : Why They Are Rejected
Bookman
Marlowe. A. C. Swinburne
No. Amer.
Medical attention, Improved --11. Richard C. Cabot American
Mediterranean, Struggle for the. F. C. Howe Scribner
Meredith's “The Empty Purse.' James Moffatt Hibbert
Mexico, Conditions in. Lincoln Steffens Everybody's
Military Training. George Creel
Century
Miracles. F. W. Orde-Ward
Hibbert
Mob-Psychology in Le Bon and Lear
Unpopular
Morgenthau, Henry. B. J. Hendrick
World's Work
Music. Community. Thomas W. Surette
Atlantic
National Safety: Past and Future. G. M. Dutcher So. Atl.
Newspapers, Country. William Allen White
Harper
Novel, English, Advance of the. VIII. W. L. Phelps Bookman
Pagan Personalities. C. William Beebe
Harper
Pageants, Two Great. Ernest Knaufft
Rev. of Revs.
Pedagogue, The Underpaid. Frederick Winsor Atlantic
Pedagogy, The Professor of
Unpopular
Picture-Frames, Italian. S. T. Prideaux
Scribner
"Preparedness" Hysteria, The. A. L. Benson Pearson's
Presidential Candidates. Arthur W. Little
Pearson's
Presidential Candidates. George Harvey
No. Amer.
Prices, Marketing and. A. P. Usher
Am. Econ. Rev.
Prosperity, American. Charles F. Speare Rev. of Reve.


482
[May 11
THE DIAL
.
Psychical Experience, A Strange
Unpopular
Religion, An Interim. L. P. Jacks
Hibbert
Religion and the Churches
Unpopular
Religion in the Middle Ages: G. G. couiton Hibbert
Reviewer, The Hack
Unpopular
Rome, Dry Farming in. j. Russell Smith
Century
Rural Credits. Charles Edward Russell
Pearson's
Rural Credits. Paul V. Collins
Rev. of Revs.
Russian Land Reform. Richard i. Ely Am. Econ, Rev.
Saloniki. W. Morton Fullerton
World's Work
Schoolmaster, The. John Jay Chapman
Atlantic
Scientific Materialism, Defence of. Hugh' Elliot : Hibbert
Serbian Diary, From a. W. W. Eaton
Atlantic
Shakespearean Stage, The. Richard Silvester Rev. of Revs.
Shakespeare's "The Winter's Tale." Arthur
Quiller-Couch
No. Amer.
Shipping: Why It Has Declined
Unpopular
Slavery and Conversion in the Colonies.
M. W.
Jernegan
Am. Hist. Rev.
Spiritual Awakening. Possibilities of a
Hibbert
Tariff and the Consumer. H. A. Wooster Am. Econ. Rev.
Taylor, Bayard. Laura Stedman
Mid-West
Trade and Investments. J. E. Sterrett Am. Econ. Rev.
Venoms, Significance of. W. M. Winton
Scientific
Verbeek's Monotypes. Hildegarde Hawthorne Century
Verdun, The Battle for. F. H. Simonds
Rev. of Revs.
Virginia, Reconstruction in. E. W. Knight So. Atl.
Virginia Cadet, Letters of a. Thomas Rowland So. Atl.
Wages, High, Advantages of. James Couzens World's Work
Wages and the Public. G. W. McConnell World's Work
War, History, and Women
Unpopular
War, The Apocalypse of
Hibbert
War, The Principles Involved in the
Unpopular
War and Debt. W, S. Rossiter
.
o
.
Atlantic
War and French Finance. Edouard Julhiet No. Amer.
War and Population. W. S. Rossiter
No. Amer.
War as an Institution. Bertrand Russell
Atlantic
Weeds and Wild Flowers. John Corbin
Scribner
Woman's Mastery of the Story. G. M. Stratton Atlantic
Women of the West, New. Elizabeth Sears
Harper
Working for Someone Else
Unpopular
.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 103 titles, includes
books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
Ludwig Lewisohn; A False Saint, by Francois
de Curel, translated from the French by Barrett
H. Clark with introduction by Archibald
Henderson. Each 12mo. Doubleday, Page & Co.
Per volume, 75 cts.
Caliban: By the Yellow Sands. By Percy Mackaye.
Illustrated, 12mo, 223 pages. Doubleday, Page
& Co. $1.25.
In the Garden of Abdullah, and Other Poems. By
Adolphe Danziger. Second edition; 16mo, 128
pages. Los Angeles, Calif.: Western Authors
Publishing Association.
FICTION,
They of the High Trails. By Hamlin Garland.
Illustrated, 12mo, 381 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$1.35.
Viviette. By William J. Locke. Illustrated in
color, 12mo, 198 pages. John Lane Co. $1.
The Daughter of the Storage, and Other Things in
Prose and Verse. By W. D. Howells. 12mo,
352 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.35.
Frey and His Wife. By Maurice Hewlett. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 210 pages. Robert M. McBride
& Co. $1.
Love in Youth. By Frank Harris. 12mo, 331 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.25.
My Lady of the Moor. By John Oxenham. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 312 pages. Longmans, Green,
& Co. $1.35.
Old Judge Priest. By Irvin S. Cobb. 12mo, 401
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25.
Bridge of Desires A Story of Unrest. By Warwick
Deeping. 12mo, 343 pages. Robert M. McBride
& Co. $1.25.
A Raw Youth. By Fyodor Dostoevsky; translated
from the Russian by Constance Garnett. 12mo,
560 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
The Golden Hope. By Grace Sartwell Mason and
John Northern Hilliard. Illustrated, 12mo, 363
pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.35.
Under the Country Sky. By Grace S. Richmond.
Illustrated in color, i2mo, 350 pages. Doubleday,
Page & Co. $1.25.
Those Gillespiek. By William John Hopkins. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 325 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1.35.
Seven Miles to Arden. By Ruth Sawyer. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 244 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$1.25.
The Red Horizon. By Patrick MacGill. 12mo, 304
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25.
Susan Clegs and Her Love Affairs. By Anne
Warner. With frontispiece, 12mo, 320 pages.
Little, Brown & Co. $1.30.
Hearts and Faces. By John Murray Gibbon. 12mo,
352 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.35.
Marie of the House D'Anters. By Michael Earls,
S.J. With frontispiece in color, 12mo, 444 pages.
Benziger Brothers. $1.35.
The Sign of Freedom. By Arthur Goodrich. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 325 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.35.
People Like That.. By Kate Langley Bosher. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 300 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$1.25.
Roberta of Roseberry Gardens. By Frances Duncan.
Illustrated, 12mo, 265 pages. Doubleday, Page
& Co. $1.25.
God', Remnants: Stories of Israel among the
Nations. By Samuel Gordon. 12mo, 378 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.35.
Only Anne. By Isabel C. Clarke. With frontis-
piece in color, 12mo, 443 pages, Benziger
Brothers. $1.35.
The Desire of the Moth. By Eugene Manlove
Rhodes. Illustrated, 12mo, 149 pages. Henry
Holt & Co. $1.
NATURE AND OUTDOOR LIFE.
A Northern Countryside. By Rosalind Richards.
Illustrated, 8vo, 210 pages. Henry Holt & Co.
$1.50.
Along New England Roads. By W. C. Prime, LL.D.
Illustrated, 12mo, 200 pages. Harper & Brothers,
$1.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS,-SOCIOLOGY, ECONOMICS,
AND POLITICS.
The Port of Boston. By Edwin J. Clapp, Ph.D.
Large 8vo, 402 pages. Yale University Press.
$2.50.
The Next Step in Democracy. By R. W. Sellars,
Ph.D. 12mo, 275 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The Life of William McKinley. By Charles S.
Oloott. In 2 volumes, illustrated in photogravure,
etc., large 8vo. Houghton Mifflin Co. $5.
Reveries over Childhood and Youth. By William
Butler Yeats. With frontispiece in color, 12mo,
131 pages. Macmillan Co. $2.
Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln.
By
Henry B. Rankin; with introduction by Joseph
Fort Newton, with photogravure portraits, 8vo,
412 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.
Filibusters and Financiers: The Story of William
Walker and His Associates. By William O.
Scroggs, Ph.D. Illustrated, large 8vo, 408 pages.
Macmillan Co. $2.50.
The Conquest of Virginia: The Forest Primeval.
By Conway Whittle Sams, B.L. Illustrated,
large 8vo, 432 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$3.50.
Union Portraits. By Gamaliel Bradford. With por-
traits, 12mo, .330 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1.50.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Les Euvres de Guiot de Provins: Poète Lyrique et
Satirique. Editées par John Orr. 8vo, 206 pages.
Longmans, Green, & Co.
Studies in Seven Arts. By Arthur Symons. Revised
edition; 8vo, 394 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$2.50.
Canoeing in the Wilderness. By Henry D. Thoreau;
edited by Clifton Johnson. Illustrated in color,
12mo, 191 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.
Virgil's “Gathering of the Clans". Being Observa-
tions on "Æneid" VII, 601-817. By W. Warde
Fowler. 12mo, 96 pages. Longmans, Green,
& Co.
VERSE AND DRAMA,
Poems and Plays. By Percy Mackaye. In 2 vol.
umes, with frontispieces, 12mo. Macmillan Co.
Per set, $4.:
The Drama League Series of Plays. New volumes:
Hobson's Choice; by Harold Brighouse; Youth,
by Max Halbe, translated from the German by
Sara Tracy Barrows
with introduction by


1916)
483
THE DIAL
The Case for the Filipinos. By Maximo M. Kalaw;
with introduction by Manuel L. Quezon. With
portrait, 12mo, 360 pages. Century Co. $1.50.
The Postal Power of Congress: A Study in Consti-
tutional Expansion. By Lindsay Rogers, Ph.D.
8vo, 189_pages. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins
Press. Paper.
Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630-1674.
By John 0. Evjen, Ph.D. Illustrated, large 8vo,
438 pages. Minneapolis, Minn.: K. C. Holter
Publishing Co. $2.50.
The Citizen's Book. Edited by Charles R. Hebble
and Frank P. Goodwin. Illustrated, large 8vo,
242 pages.
Stewart & Kidd Co. $1.25.
Transportation Rates and Their Regulation. By
Harry Gunnison Brown. 8vo, 347 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.50.
THE GREAT WAR: ITS CAUSES, CONDUCT,
AND CONSEQUENCES.
The Diplomatic Background of the War, 1870-1914.
By Charles Seymour, Ph.D. 8vo, 311 pages.
Yale University Press. $2.
The German Empire between Two Wars.
By
Robert Herndon Fife, Jr. 12mo, 400 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Counter-Currents. By Agnes Repplier, Litt.D.
12mo, 292 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25.
The European Anarchy. By G. Lowes Dickinson,
12mo, 144 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.
The Ruling Caste and Frenzied Trade in Germany.
By Maurice Millioud; with introduction by
Frederick Pollock, 12mo, 159 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $1.25.
The Great News. By Charles Ferguson. 12mo, 278
pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.25.
Leaves from a Field Note-Book. By J. H. Morgan.
12mo, 296 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Common Sense Patriotism By A. A. Warden. 12mo,
129 pages. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.
The Forks of the Road. By Washington Gladden.
18mo, 138 pages. Macmillan Co. 50 cts.
Victory in Defeat: The Agony of Warsaw and the
Russian Retreat. By Stanley Washburn. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 180 pages. Doubleday Page & Co.
$1.
Aircraft in War and Peace. By William A. Robson.
Illustrated, 12mo, 176 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.
Carlyle and the War. By Marshall Kelly. 12mo,
337 pages. New York: Jean Wick. $1.
The Second Coming: A Vision. By Frederic Arnold
Kummer and Henry P. Janes. 16mo, 96 pages.
Dodd, Mead & Co. 50 cts.
Peace at Any Price. By Porter Emerson Browne.
Illustrated, 16mo, 70 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
50 cts.
Canada in Flanders. By Max Aitken, M.P.; with
preface by A. Bonar Law, LL.D., and introduc-
tion by Robert Borden. With maps, 12mo, 245
pages. George H. Doran Co. 50 cts.
The War and World Opinion. By William H. John-
son. 8vo, 32 pages. Granville, Ohio: Published
by the author. Paper, 15 cts.
L'Allemagne et le Droit des Gens. Par Jacques de
Dampierre. Illustrated, large 8vo, 262 pages.
!
Paris: Berger-Levrault. Paper.
PHILOSOPHY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND ETHICS.
Indian Thought: Past and Present. By R. W.
Frazer, LL.B. Illustrated, 8vo, 359 pages. F. A.
Stokes Co. $3.
Sons and Daughters. By Sidonie Matzner
Gruenberg. 12mo, 328 pages, Henry Holt & Co.
$1.40.
Body and Spirit: An Inquiry into the Subconscious.
By John D. Quackenbos, M.D. 12mo, 282 pages.
Harper & Brothers. $1.50.
Fatigue Study: The Elimination of Humanity's
Greatest Unnecessary Waste. By Frank B.
Gilbreth and Lillian M. Gilbreth, Ph.D. Illug-
trated, 12mo, 159 pages. Sturgis & Walton Co.
$1.50.
Commencement Days: A Book for Graduates. By
Washington Gladden. 12mo, 257 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $1.25.
On Being Human. By Woodrow Wilson. 16mo, 55
pages. Harper & Brothers. 50 cts.
Six Fools. By Rollo F. Hurlburt. 12mo, 284 pages.
Methodist Book Concern. $1.
Thinking as a Science. By Henry Hazlitt. 12mo,
251 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.
Three Things Every Boy Must Have. By Charles
S. Lyles. 12mo, 48 pages. The Gorham Press.
75 cts.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The Centennial History of the American Bible
Society. By Henry Otis Dwight. In 2 volumes,
12mo, Macmillan Čo. $2.
The Real Mormonism. By Robert C. Webb. 8vo,
463 pages.
Sturgis & Walton Co.
Devotions: From Ancient and Mediæval Sources
(Western). Translated and arranged by Charles
Plummer, M.A. 16mo, 277 pages. Longmans,
Green, & Co. $1.75.
Revelation and the Life to come. Edited, with
introduction, by the author of "The Way, the
Nature, and Means of Revelation." 12mo, 216
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.
The Episcopal Address. By John W. Hamilton.
8vo, 63 pages.
Saratoga Springs, N. Y.: Gen.
eral Conference of the Methodist Episcopal
Church. Paper.
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
Information Annual, 1915: A Continuous Cyclo-
pedia and Digest of Current Events. Large 8vo,
661 pages. R. R. Bowker Co. $4.
Handbooks of Hindu Law. By H. D. Cornish, B.A.
In 2 volumes, 8vo, G. P. Putnam's Sons. $6.50.
Why We Punctuate; or, Reason versus Rule in the
Use of Marks. By William Livingston Klein.
Second edition, entirely rewritten; 224 pages.
Minneapolis, Minn.: Lancet Publishing Co. $1.26.
The International Military Digest Annual: A
Review of the Current Literature of Military
Science for 1915. Large 8vo, 390 pages. New
York: Cumulative Digest Corporation. $2.
Chicago Historical Socitey: Annual Report for tho
Year Ending October 31, 1915. Illustrated, 12mo,
120 pages. Published by the Society. Paper.
Annual Reports of the Federal Council of the
Churches of Christ in America for the Year 1916.
8vo, 221 pages. New York: Published by the
Council. Paper.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
That's Why Stories. By Ruth 0. Dyer. Illustrated.
12mo, 185 pages. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. $1.
Daniel Boone. By Lucile Gulliver. Illustrated,
12mo, 244 pages.
“True Stories of Great Amer-
icans." Macmillan Co. 50 cts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Blackfeet Tales of Glacier National Park. By
James Willard Schultz. Illustrated, 8vo, 242
pages. Houghton Miffin Co. $2.
A Book for Shakespeare Plays and Pageants. By
Orio Latham Hatcher, Ph.D. Illustrated, 8vo,
339 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.
International Cases. By Ellery C. Stowell and
Henry F. Munro. Volume I, Peace. 8vo, 496
pages. Houghton Miffin Co. $2.50.
The New Golf. By P. A. Vaile. Illustrated, 8vo,
289 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.
Our Mothers. Compiled by Mary Allette Ayer.
With frontispiece, 12mo, 222 pages. Lothrop, Leo
& Shepard Co. $1.
The San Diego Garden Fair. By Eugen Neuhaus.
Illustrated, 12mo, 76 pages. Paul Elder & Co.
Songs the Children Love to Sing. Arranged for
singing and playing by Albert E. Wier. Large
8vo, 256 pages. D. Appleton & Co. Paper.
Cleveland Education Survey. New volumes: Rail-
road and Street Transportation, by Ralph D.
Fleming; The Building Trades, by Frank L.
Shaw. Each illustrated, 16mo. Cleveland, Ohio:
Survey Committee of the Cleveland Foundation.
Miss American Dollars: A Romance of Travel. By
Paul Myron. Illustrated, 12mo, 301 pages. Mil-
waukee, Wis.: Mid-Nation Publishers. $1.25.
A-B-C of Motion Pictures. By Robert E. Welsh.
Illustrated, 12mo, 121 pages. Harper & Brothers.
50 cts.
Quit Your Worrying! By George Wharton James.
12mo, 262 pages. Pasadena, Calif.: The Radiant
Life Press. $1.
Beginning Right: How to Succeed. By Nathaniel
C. Fowler, Jr. 12mo, 248 pages. Sully & Klein-
teich. 50 cts.
A-B-C of Correct Speech, and the Art of Conversa-
tion. By Florence Howe Hall. 16mo, 119 pages.
Harper & Brothers. 50 cts.
Royal Auction Bridge including "Nullos." Ву
Taunton Williams. 16mo, 115 pages. Robert M.
McBride & Co. 75 cts.
A-B-C of Cooking. By Christine Terhune Herrick.
16mo, 110 pages. Harper & Brothers. 50 cts.
A-B-C of Automobile Driving. By A. Hyatt Verrill.
Illustrated, 16mo, 141 pages. Harper & Brothers.
50 cts.


484
[May 11
THE DIAL
THE DIAL
a fortnightly Journal of Literary
Criticism, Discussion, and Jntormation
WALDO R. BROWNE, Editor
ALMA LUISE OLSON, Associate
Published by THE DIAL CO., 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago.
HERBERT S. BROWNE, President
PAUL G. SMITH, Secretary
THE DIAL (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published fortnightly — every other Thursday
except in July and August, when but one issue for each month will appear.
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION :- $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and its
possessions, Canada, and Mexico. Foreign postage, 50 cents a year extra. Price of single copies, 10 cents.
CHANGE OF ADDRESS :- Subscribers may have their mailing address changed as often as desired.
In ordering such changes, it is necessary that both the old and new addresses be given.
SUBSCRIPTIONS are discontinued at the expiration of term paid for unless specifically renewed.
REMITTANCES should be made payable to THE DIAL CO., and should be in the form of Express or
Money Order, or in New York or Chicago exchange. When remitting by personal check, 10 cents should
be added for cost of collection.
ADVERTISING RATES sent on application.
Entered as Second-class matter Oct. 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, under Act of March 3, 1879.
VOLUME LX.
MAY 11, 1916
NUMBER 718
INDEX OF BOOKS REVIEWED OR MENTIONED IN THIS ISSUE.
PAGE
Adams, Charles Francis. An Autobiography
(Houghton, $8.)
.......... 461
Angell, Norman. The Danger of Half-Preparedness
(Putnam)
480
Babson, Roger W. The Future of South America... 466
Bailey, Liberty H. Standard Cyclopedia of Horticul-
ture, Vol. IV (Macmillan, $6.).....
478
Benson, Allan L. Inviting War to America (Huebsch) 480
Bernstein, Henry. The Thief (Doubleday, 75 cts.).. 468
Beyerlein, Franz A. Taps (Luce, $1.)..
470
Brighouse, Harold. Garside's Career (McClurg, $1.) 471
Brooke, Tucker. Common Conditions, new edition
(Yale University Press, $2.50)...
479
Buchanan, Thompson. A Woman's Way (Doubleday,
75 cts.)
468
Conway, Martin. The Crowd in Peace and War
(Longmans, $1.75)
465
Cook, Edward. Delane of The Times (Holt, $1.75).. 478
Ervine, St. John G. Jane Clegg (Holt, 80 cts.). 472
Ervine, John G. John Ferguson (Macmillan, $1. 472
Gildersleeve, Basil L. The Creed of the Old South
(Johns Hopkins Press, $1.)....
477
Goldsmith, Peter H. Brief Bibliography of Books
(Macmillan, 50 cts.)
459
Hammerton, J. A. The Real Argentine (Dodd, $2.50) 477
Harré, T. Everett. Behold the Woman! (Lippincott,
$1.35)
473
Hervieu, Paul. The Trail of the Torch (Doubleday,
75 cts.)
471
Holmes, John H. New Wars for Old (Dodd). 480
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A fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
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Vol. LX.
MAY 25, 1916
No. 719
ROMANCE, THE GAMBLE, AND THE
GREAT STAKE.
CONTENTS.
ROMANCE, THE GAMBLE, AND THE GREAT In trying to straighten out my own rather
STAKE. H. W. Boynton
491 vague ideas about realism, the other day, I
CASUAL COMMENT
stumbled on a discovery. It wasn't anything
494
new to human thought, I suppose, but it was
Utopia's quadricentennial.- Humorous as-
new to me
pects of a serious calling.— Journalism's
- the feeling me, if not the think-
increasing dignity as a profession.— The
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soft answer that turneth away wrath.— The
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author of “safety first."-A question of
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the verb to the
The demise of false realism, true romance and false romance.
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I seemed to see for the first time that there is
- A realistic conception of education.- A about as much sense in putting realism and
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Calvin.
a side of beef against a bale of eiderdown
COMMUNICATIONS
. 497 No question of competitive merit is really
“Hamlet” and “The Advancement of Learn-
involved. One commodity may be more
ing." Samuel A. Tannenbaum.
important than the other, but you cannot
More about “Spoon River.” Orvis C. Irwin. fairly say that one is more legitimate than
Japanese Palindromes. Ernest W. Clement.
the other, or that one can take the place of
More Notes on Poe's First School in London.
Lewis Chase.
the other. So I came to the comforting and
perhaps obvious conclusion that we need them
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A “STAND-PAT” both in our business of living,
- the interpre-
REPUBLICAN. Edgar E. Robinson 500
tation of character in action which is true
A MATURE VIEW OF GOTHIC ARCHITEC-
realism, and the high illusion which is true
TURE. Fiske Kimball
502
romance. When realism has suitably embod-
ied life, do we not still need romance to give
THE GREAT SAGA OF IRELAND. Arthur
it glamour !
C. L. Brown
504
Now glamour is most readily to be achieved
A NEW HISTORY OF FRANCE. Benj. M. by appeal to the remote, in time or place or
Woodbridge
506 both. You may, it is true, have a treasure
RECENT FICTION. Edward E. Hale
buried in your woodshed, or a secret cup-
507
bo rd bricked into your chimney. But the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
· 509 past with its quaintness is a safe and inex-
Ballad criticism in the 18th century.- Lake haustible background. In the lost land of
Michigan's wind-swept shores.- Present-day costume, at least, it is possible for all absurd,
prototypes of the apostles.- Humor, the desirable things to befall. Next Door Jones
Devil, and some other matters.— The story
may have had strikingly romantic adventures
of a second Tuskegee.— Essays on artists
on his way to his office, but he finds difficulty
and thinkers.— The Bolivians painted in
in investing them with glamour: he doesn't
gloomy colors.
look or sound the part. Creased trousers and
BRIEFER MENTION.
512 a pot hat may be the current uniform, the
accepted livery of our service to the world
NOTES AND NEWS.
512
of fact and every day. But it is a good deal
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
513 easier to make a credible hero of Jones by
throwing him back a century or two - rig-
A list of the books reviewed or mentioned in this ging him out with doublet and hose, or glaive
issue of THE DIAL will be found on page 515.
and morion, or queue and knee-breeches, or
.
.
.
.


492
[May 25
THE DIAL
-
7
even stock and gaiters. In pursuit of
of listeth, it's an ill wind that blows nobody
romance the costume novel, like the costume good, and the rain descends upon the unjust
play, quite naturally and legitimately follows as well as the just. A less salutary form of
.
the line of least resistance. A good many truth, this latter, but it is only Man who can
years ago I went to see an excellent company be always thinking of his health : He has no
in “She Stoops to Conquer.” The Marlow palate.
pleased me particularly,- a graceful fellow, “Happiness” means good luck; and the
master of his limbs and his sword and his natural man is content to have it so. When
ruffles and his lines, the Marlow of my he parts with you he does not ask heaven to
dreams. The next night I was to see the bless you according to your deserts; he
same company in a modern play, and I looked wishes you luck. He would not give over-
forward with not a little confidence to my much for life without its savor of chance.
Marlow man in his new rôle. Alas, he was Unless she offers him fortune, religion her-
a pitiable object, his fine calves wasted in self is a dingy business.
their clumsy modern swathings, his manner Take away his miracle, and you leave him
finicking and ineffective, his action even with a mess of theories,—too plain a dish for
clumsy. I got the impression of a man ham- him to relish, though he may contrive to swal-
pered and embarrassed, - Marlow awkwardly low it. One miracle he never tires of: that
—
disguised as Next Door Jones. The truth is, miracle which, we are told, may happen to
that young actor needed the grace of costume any of us. Morally, men make their own beds
and accent to set him at ease, to release his and must lie upon them. But the natural
spirit from the bondage of yesterday's tailor man believes, or longs to believe, in a power
and to-day's haberdasher, and to give it the capable of lifting him heavenwards, bed and
freedom of the city of romance.
all, like the man in Holy Writ. The Reverend
I think the great romancers have most of Billy Sunday knows what he has to reckon
them been like that Scott and Dumas and with when he calls his thousands to repent-
Hawthorne, for example,- or, for a current ance and a place under the spotlight. The
instance, Mr. Maurice Hewlett. They have TOŨ otū of all Reverend Billies is their
dealt most successfully with the past because ground of converted sinner. How thrilling
it was only with the aid of the past that they to hear what a reprobate the prophet was
could capture their glamorous vision, achieve before the wonderful unexpected thing hap-
their fine illusion. Realism shows us what we pened! Conversion - stupendous bit of luck
are and what we mean; but it is romance windfall of almighty grace! Salvation
which gives to airy nothing a local habitation a bonus, a prize, a sublime fluke, the thing
and a name.
men covet most and longest something for
Of all airy nothings, perhaps the most nothing! No faith based on this cheerful arti-
reprehensible and the most engaging is the cle can be lacking in romance: what else was
spirit of the gamble. In sober moods we it that gave fatness to the lean religion of the
agree that for the most part, in the fortunes New Englander or the Scot?
of this world, men reap what they sow, get But art? Well, of course the graver art,
"what is coming to them.” But as natural the art of interpretation, busies itself, not
men, as those children of larger growth for with windfalls and sudden transformations,
whom romance prepares its cheering potion, but with an orderly development of character
we do not cherish the admission. We prefer and action. But the art of romance, of illu-
to stow it away, among various uneasy sion, of diversion from reality, has no such
doctrines, in the wooden bosom of that handy | business. Shakespeare knew that by summar-
repository, Man. It is just the kind of thing ily converting his two wicked brothers in
to keep in that kind of place. We can take Arden, he would not be making them absurd,
it out now and then, and look it over and say - he would be investing them with a special
-
how well preserved it is, and put it back with kind of charm. Romance at least is honest
perfect confidence that it will stay put till she makes no bones of her dependence on the
called for. Murder will out, and man is the fluke. You may joke her on her free use of
contriver of his own fortunes, and figs can-chance, the long arm of coincidence, or what
not be gathered from thistles or pears from not. She knows better than to be laughed
an elm-tree. But the wind bloweth where it out of it. What would you give her instead!


1916]
493
THE DIAL
-
—the short thumb of probability, with its feebly hostile demonstrations against us.
neat and dull little rules? Heaven forbid! Doubtful wills, long-lost heirs,— the whole
If we are to get nothing better than a row field of inheritance with its cloth of gold lies
of orderly occurrences, spare us your pains, open to us. Certain quaint survivals in Brit-
well-meaning story-teller. Character ! It's ish family usage are of incalculable value to
neither here nor there,- though of course if the story-teller. Entail and male succession
you want to try to make us believe in your still make possible the most romantically
people, go ahead. Action? By all means, if satisfying stock situation in modern life. A
you don't mean by that mere logical events. fortune plus a title here we have the
What we want is incidents, happenings: let summum bonum of the fate genteel, the grand
things befall, don't bore us with outcomes. prize in the gamble of material fortune.
Things are eventuating all about us, and Democracy offers nothing like it - unless, as
we're tired of them. Give us adventure, the in the instance of a Little Lord Fauntleroy
fortune Chance fetches, the thing (see dic- or a T. Tembarom, it offers everything. No
tionary) that is coming to us.
doubt there are always a few American citi-
An honest romancer has this plea always zens who stand a chance of fauntleroying into
in his ears.
It gives him no uneasiness. He a British title and estates. But the kind of
knows we are not demanding prodigies of truth that is stranger than romantic fiction
him. The cruder appetite for a thrill on is, after all, too rare for impressive tabula-
every page he can afford to ignore, the more tion. We suspect the average Yankee has his
generous craving he cannot and need not. It chances of British succession “figgered pretty
is a vicarious business. We ask him to treat close.”
his own people handsomely in the long run; But why stress the dingy material side of
that being understood, he has a clear road romance? Isn't it love that makes the world
before him. If he has the trick of handling, go round? Yes, but here too the cynic may
he may safely reduce the unexpected to for- cap us with his counter-saw, since what is it
mula. When our hero is assailed by ten vil- but money that makes the mare to go? Even
lains in a dark alley, our fear for him is the the romance of simplicity is lighted by that
perfectly tolerable fear of an exciting dream. yellow reflection. Love in a cottage has the
It costs us nothing. We know we shall be charm and piquancy of a paradox. If we did
comfortably awake presently, and our friend not secretly believe it a desperate thing to
Tom the ex-Yale halfback, or our friend Sir scorn wealth, what romance would there be in
Drivel of the Brand-new Spurs, will be safe the act of scorning! Therefore, despite a
out of the late unpleasantness with nothing recent tendency in favor of proletary hero-
worse to show for it than a wound or two of ines, the daughter of the rich holds her own
the self-healing kind: “The ethereal sub- pretty well with the romancers. For there
stance closed, not long divisible.” Thou- is always the poor and noble youth to pair
sands of years ago the human race constituted her off with. She may effect a minor thrill
itself a committee of the whole for the Pro- by threatening to cast away her all for his
tection of Romantic Heroes.
sake as he may by declaring that he can
And this brings us to the compromising never, never marry an heiress. But we are
,
fact that the gamble is not a square one. The reasonably confident that neither of them will
dice are loaded, the wheel has a secret brake, be so inept when the time comes; and the
to our advantage. The goddess of fortune romancer who knows his business sees to it
has no chance at all against us. And there that they are not. Otherwise he might as
is no denying that this goddess as pictured well be a mere novelist.
by romance is often a plump and earthy per- But the glamour of gold that shall be won,
son. Though money be dross and rightly the glamour of adventure and of battle, the
despised by moral Man, romance reminds us glamour of love, calf-love victorious and
that it still glitters for our delight. And undying, these are only manifestations of
under the guidance of romance we may safely the larger glamour of youth — young blood,
pursue it, daring the sea sharks about the young hope, young folly. Youth cares noth-
treasure-laden coral reef, or the land sharks ing for subtleties of character and action, so
about the green tables of Monte Carlo. There why should romance? Youth cares for things,
is the dead hand, too: it can make only for acts, for types, for dreams - above all for
>


494
[May 25
THE DIAL
CG
or
itself. Therefore romance commonly begins Thomas More. We will overlook the fact that
and ends with the business of being young, “Utopia” was written some time before 1516, and
ardent, striving, successful; with the busi-
as no one knows exactly when it was conceived in
the author's mind we will unhesitatingly date the
ness of reaching goals,— the goal of wealth, ideal republic's beginning in the year when, at
the goal of fame, the goal of mating. When Louvain (the place is notable), the political
a man has reached or definitely failed to reach romance was first made public — naturally in the
these goals he may as well be dead, as far as
tongue of all European scholars of the time, Latin.
youth or romance cares. It is this sublime high standards, or of some of the high standards,
How far we non-Utopians still fall short of the
and innocent egotism which middle age
which middle age maintained by the Utopians, becomes apparent on
knocks out of us, and which, in certain moods opening the book at almost any page. For exam-
at least, we sorrowfully regret. I have heard ple, gold is so little valued by these people that
men say they wished they could live life over,
they show their contempt for its meretricious glit-
ter by using it for making some of their meaner
school days and college days particularly. utensils, and an earring of gold is regarded as a
Sometimes they wished it because they thought badge of exceptional infamy. Silver likewise is
they might make a better job of it in one mere rubbish in their eyes; "and thus they take
way or another; sometimes, it seemed to be care by all possible means to render gold and
silver of no esteem; and from hence it is that
simply a longing, or a theory of a longing, to
while other nations part with their gold and silver
live things over literally, to have one's cake as unwillingly as if one tore out their bowels, those
again. I doubt if it is much more than a of Utopia would look on this giving in all they
theory in most instances: I for one would possess of these metals (when there were any use
not be a child again, or a boy again, or a calf-
for them) but as the parting with a trifle or as we
esteem the loss of a penny!” A glimpse of the
lover again, even “just for to-night." And home life of him to whom the world owes this
yet it is good for age to be reminded of youth, celebrated work is refreshing in these days.
now and then, as something more than a Erasmus in one of his letters has immortalized
mere object of discipline or condescension. that happy household, wherein “none, man
And romance so reminds us. Sentimentalism
woman, but readeth or studieth the liberal arts,
yet is their chief care of piety. There is never any
smears us with syrups,-it tries to divert us seen idle; the head of the house governs it, not
from solid fare by cloying us with sweet- by a lofty carriage and oft rebukes, but by gentle-
meats; and cheap romance is always encum- ness and amiable manners. Every member is busy
bering itself with sentimentalism. But true
in his place, performing his duty with alacrity;
nor is sober mirth wanting.”
romance, high romance, is not a jelly or a
condiment. A real if primary and vague
idealism informs it. Youth has faith, if only
HUMOROUS ASPECTS OF A SERIOUS CALLING will
be found in a modest pamphlet of twenty-two
in luck, if only in desire, if only in the man
pages which the uninstructed might dismiss with
at the top; and romance bears the standard
a hasty glance and thereby miss an opportunity
of the faith. It bears, at its best, the standard to prolong their lives with a hearty laugh. In
of a higher faith — in chivalry, in selfless a valedictory utterance intended for the people
devotion, in aspiration for something nobler of Newton, Mass., but likely to find a larger audi-
than good luck, or satisfied desire, or "suc-
ence, Miss Elizabeth P. Thurston, retiring librarian
of that city, says in her yearly Report: “It is
It enwraps "life,” half-conceals it
not necessary to remind you that a librarian must
from us in a golden mist. Illusion?
of necessity know everything: must be ready to
the fruitful illusion of youth, the healing dictate papers through the telephone to club mem-
illusion which we can never quite afford to
bers at a moment's notice,- and Newton has prob-
ably more clubs than any other city in the world.
outgrow or outface, later on.
A librarian is called upon to give a synopsis of
H. W. BOYNTON. Herbert Spencer's system of philosophy and the
best receipt for doughnuts: readers wish to know
who wrote Gray's 'Elegy, how to find Bunyon's
CASUAL COMMENT.
'Paradise Lost,' or how to spell ‘morage, that kind
of a lake you see in the air.' Some little girl
after having read 'Elsie's Girlhood,' 'Elsie's
UTOPIA'S QUADRICENTENNIAL falls in this year of Motherhood, 'Elsie's Widowhood,' says, 'Can I
1916, and we may picture to ourselves the people have “Elsie's Boyhood” q A small boy of per-
of that happy commonwealth as this summer cele-
haps thirteen years, after wandering helplessly
brating, with pageants and oratory, music and about the Reference Room for some time, asks for
dancing, and other forms of innocent jubilation, something on ‘methodized reproductive invention,'
the four-hundredth anniversary of their country's for school use.” But the Newton librarian is not
birth in the brain of the gentle and cultured Sir for a moment perplexed by any of the inquiries;
9
cess."
Yes:


1916]
495
THE DIAL
men.
for, as it is stated concerning the resources of langwij wood be red and spæken az wydli az pos-
that library, “there is no library that can be com- ibel over the serfais ov the werld, and wun
pared with it for constitutionalistic ratiocination, esenshal obstakel tu thair aim woz that forinerz
for indefatigation of superinerrability - and per- lerning English had praktikali tu lern too langwijez
.
fection generally." Miss Thurston resigns her wun spæken and wun riten.” How many would
office after thirty-five years of highly successful they have to learn if the various schools of sim-
discharge of its duties, and her going is cause of plified spelling should make any considerable
deep regret. Mr. Harold T. Dougherty, formerly progress in their several undertakings? In read-
librarian at Pawtucket, R. I., is her successor. ing the foregoing quoted passage an unreformed
speller is puzzled to account for the escape of
English” from molestation or mutilation at the
JOURNALISM'S INCREASING DIGNITY AS A PROFES- hands of the reformers. One would have expected
sion during the last two decades cannot but rejoice “Inglish.” “Tu” and “too,” for “to” and “two"
the heart of all who hold that to contribute to the respectively, might invite comment, especially in
moulding of public opinion through the press is connection with “kood” and “book.” There is
among the noblest of callings. Twenty years ago food for mild mirth in the spellings “foolfilment”
the school-trained candidate for a position in news- (of hopes) and “hæpfool."
paper work was either an unheard-of being or, if
not that, an object of mirthful derision. In no
event was he to be taken seriously. Since then THE AUTHOR OF “SAFETY FIRST," the slogan now
schools of journalism have arisen and prospered,
heard round the world, is said to have been the
and their number is growing. Their standards are late Josiah Strong, whose recent death deserves
being raised, and it is becoming clear that no more general notice than it has received. He
training can be too good, too broad, too liberal, for devoted the greater part of his life and energies to
those who are to furnish the people with the daily the improvement of the condition of his fellow-
reading matter that with too many readers is their men, especially the urban portion of his fellow-
only reading matter. Illustrative of this tendency Such books of his as “Our Country,” “The
to recognize the importance of the journalist's Challenge of the City,” “Religious Movements for
work is the recent step taken at Columbia Uni-
Social Betterment," "The New Era," "Expansion,
versity in lengthening the course in its School of and “The Times and Young Men” show clearly
Journalism from three to four years, experience enough the causes that he had most at heart. For
having shown that the education thought neces- twelve years he was secretary of the Evangelical
sary for journalistic work cannot be given in less Alliance, resigning this post in 1898 to give himself
than the period required for obtaining a college more unreservedly to the "safety first” movement,
diploma. Only a few years ago, as it now seems,
organizing for this purpose the American Insti-
the addition of a third year to the course in vari-
tute of Social Service. He was born at Naperville,
ous schools of journalism throughout the land was Ill., Jan. 19, 1847, was graduated from Western
hailed as momentous. Shall we before long see Reserve College in 1869, and two years later from
a fifth added to the now prescribed four years ? Walnut Hills Theological Seminary, Cincinnati.
Art is long, and journalism is no exception; yet
He was chaplain at Western Reserve from 1873 to
practical considerations will set a limit to the time 1876, and also instructor in natural theology and
that can be given to preparation for even the most rhetoric. But before many years he was devoting
exacting art.
himself to social service and writing books and
articles in its interest. “Our Country” was trans-
THE SOFT ANSWER THAT TURNETH AWAY WRATH
lated into a number of foreign languages, and that
has been discovered by the spelling-reformers. At
with other books of his had a large circulation at
home and abroad. More than three hundred thou-
an “entheuziastik” meeting of educators, further
specified as the “Aneual Konferens ov Edeukai-
sand copies of works from his pen are said to have
shonal Asesiaishonz in the Euniversiti of London,'
been sold in English-speaking countries.
no less
an authority than Professor Gilbert
Murray, LL.D., D.Litt., F.B.A., expressed himself,
as reported by "The Pyoneer ov Simplifyd Spel- ing short of this: Shall the study of formal gram-
A QUESTION OF GRAMMAR has arisen. It is noth-
ing," to the effect that the cause so dear to these
reformers “woz not entyrli without referens tu
mar in school be continued or dropped? Dr. Abra-
the grait strugel in which the kuntri woz engaijd. by advising that formal grammar be no longer
ham Flexner has aroused considerable discussion
Thai wer aul ekspekting and hæping that, at the
end ov the Wor, thair wood be klæser eunion
studied as a regular school course, such evidence
between diferent naishonz; at the veri leest sum
as we possess pointing to the futility of this study
duling and blunting ov the sharp and dainjerus
as an aid to correct speaking and writing. This
ej ov nashonal feeling, sum kaaming ov that spirit alleged utterance of his contains nothing to startle
one in these days. The unconscious acquisition of
ov nashonaliti which werkt az a dainjerus eksple-
grammar by reading the best authors and hearing
siv and woz amung the kauzez ov the present the best speakers has long been held by many to
dizaaster, Thai shood aim at maiking meuteual be the only sensible method to follow in this de-
interkors and understanding eezier, and sees taik- partment of learning, to which formerly so much
ing a sort ov pervers pryd in nashonal oditiz and attention was given that the name grammar
unintelijibilitiz. It woz thair hæp that the English school" was used to denote the school immediately
66


496
[May 25
THE DIAL
All young
6
below the high school. Now we hear of nothing for much less selective skill, to phrase our meaning
but "grades." Parsing one's way through “Para- in general terms than to put it into the verbal mold
dise Lost," or through the first book at least, was which it exactly fills, no more and no less. The
one of the severer intellectual exercises in the old- first process is like thrusting the hand into a mitten,
fashioned curriculum. No wonder the reading of the second like fitting it neatly with a glove.
the poem for the pleasure of it became something Delane, the great editor of “The Times," devoted
unheard of. But the old methods did seem to a large part of his editorial energy to the correc-
inspire more respect for grammar, for correctness tion of inaccurate or slipshod expressions on the
in speech and writing, than the present compara- part of his subordinates. This insistence upon the
tive neglect of “formal grammar.
right word for the given thought is referred to in
pupils ought in some way to have impressed upon Sir Edward Cook's recent life of the man who for
them the sinfulness (in an intellectual sense) of thirty-six prosperous years guided the fortunes of
violating the rules of intelligible speech, the few London's leading newspaper. Dean Wace, one of
principal rules that can be easily enough taught his editorial staff, wrote of him: “I remember his
even to the very immature. Later a dip into the being particularly indignant with the use of the
Latin language, or if possible some study of both slipshod phrase that a marriage, or a funeral, or
Latin and Greek, will give a grasp of grammatical a race, had 'taken place.' It was mere slovenliness
principles that will tend to make an observance of of expression, he said, instead of saying that a
those principles almost second nature. But how marriage had been solemnized or a race run. He
ever it may best be done, there should be incul- exerted a valuable influence in this way toward
cated some sense of the fitness, the propriety, the maintaining in the public mind a standard of cor-
ultimate necessity, of obedience to the rules of rect English writing." Easy, as distinguished from
grammar. If something of formality, some little nicely accurate, writing may not always be hard
drill in formal grammar, is necessary to this end, reading, but it is often what might be called drowsy
let it be retained.
reading as compared with that difficult writing in
which the expression of the thought is as clean-cut
BOOKS VERSUS BOMBS—with this alliterative and as clear as a crystal, and in which the exquisite
heading we note the competitive struggle now in fitness of each word sends a little thrill of delight
progress for the possession of rags. Rags have through the reader of discernment, and keeps him
always entered into the composition of high-grade ever agreeably on the alert.
paper, the best paper being pure linen, the cheaper
grades part linen and part something else, gener-
ally wood-pulp. At present the manufacture of THE DEMISE OF "HARPER'S WEEKLY" after fur-
high explosives—such explosives as wrecked the nishing wholesome entertainment and no little
library at Louvain-is monopolizing the supply of instruction to thousands of readers for half a cen-
rags, and the world's printing is more and more tury, and to somewhat fewer thousands for nine
done upon cheap and perishable paper. In fact, years beyond the half-century, is cause for regret.
the paper-makers seem to have retired from the With older readers this famous periodical is
contest, and the bomb-factories have it now all largely associated with scenes and events in the
their own way, so sternly imperious are the ways Civil War, and with Thomas Nast's war sketches
of war.
“The Library Journal,” which has hith- and political cartoons, and later with the noble and
erto made a point of using only good and durable commanding editorial utterances of George William
paper, largely composed of rags, announces its Curtis and Carl Schurz. But what gave to the
inability to secure its usual supply of such paper paper its enviable popularity with general readers
and the possibility of its issues for the next year was its generous and skilful use of the timely
or two being of such perishable material that a illustration, the cartoon and the caricature. When
century or more hence its files will reveal a con- the Sunday newspaper acquired the same facility,
spicuous gap marking the period of the Great and in lavishness outdid the pictorial attractions of
War. It points out this possibility in more gen- "Harper's Weekly," the fate of the latter, though
eral terms, however, making it one that applies averted for a time, was inevitable. Not any marked
to all the literature of the present time; for the decline in the periodical itself, but the turning of
insane and disastrous conflict between books and its patrons more and more toward the cheaper
bombs is nothing short of worldwide.
substitute, was the undoing of this famous pub-
lication. Not even a George Harvey or a Norman
Hapgood could turn back the trend of things and
FITTING THE VERB TO THE NOUN is often as nice restore the “Weekly” to its old place.
a task as fitting the punishment to the crime. In
the England of bluff King Hal and of good Queen
Bess justice was satisfied with exacting the death A FALLACY OF THE TIMES would have the war-
penalty for all offences from minor derelictions to harassed world take comfort to itself in the fond
deliberate murder; and in the English of most hope that this bath of blood is a cleansing flood
users of that language the sense is held to be suffi- from which mankind will emerge with higher ideals
ciently expressed if all events are made to “occur” and nobler aims. In literature there are to be
or to “take place,” if all expectations “materialize" no more decadent novels, no more sexual studies
or fail to do so, and if all those who are straining in the guise of fiction, no more morbidly introspec-
after success either “put it over" or "fall down." tive essays posing as wholesome tales. But is
It takes much less time and thought, and it calls it not time that some of these regenerative effects


1916)
497
THE DIAL
should show themselves in our current literature ? tain well-known church journal. He had no
Is the tone of our printed matter any higher than religious prejudices.
He could do almost
it was two years ago? Is it even as high? In anything but speak. Mice amused him.
England we hear of a “Rainbow Society” for the His conscience never seemed to interfere with his
private circulation of such dubious productions as slumbers. Thus it seems that in his (or her)
Mr. D. H. Lawrence's novel, “The Rainbow," said straining for completeness the Oregon person even
to have been visited with the censor's disapproval, included Mr. Warner's pet cat, named after (by
and other similar works. In Germany there is about three centuries and a half) the celebrated
reported to be an unprecedented circulation of contemporary and antagonist of Servetus.
vicious fiction. And everywhere the far from ele-
vating, rather the brutalizing, realistic war-nar-
rative is in eager demand. The London book-
COMMUNICATIONS.
market is improving, is already notably brisker
than a year ago; but it is the war-book and the
“HAMLET” AND “THE ADVANCEMENT OF
cheap novel that bring in the shillings, not the
LEARNING."
noble and purified work of literature that was
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
expected to mark the rebirth of a world baptized
Your correspondent Mr. H. S. Howard, in the
in blood.
issue of April 27, cautions your readers against
"concluding that Bacon is not 'Shakespeare' until
A REALISTIC CONCEPTION OF EDUCATION, by which they have decided by whom and why Hamlet's
the pupil is imagined as climbing, not exactly a words, “Sense sure you have Else could you not
hill of knowledge, but rather a succession of
have motion" were omitted from the 1623 edition
flights of stairs, was prevalent some years ago
of Shakespeare's works. He asserts, as Mr. Baxter
among a portion of our uneducated southern pop- did before him, that the erroneous belief that "in
ulation; and it may not yet have disappeared. În the absence of sense there can be no motion" was
that recent notable autobiography, “The Black
contained in the 1604 edition of “Hamlet” and in
Man's Burden," its author, Mr. William H. Holtz-
the 1605 edition of Bacon's “Advancement of
claw, who worked his way through Tuskegee Insti- Learning,” was omitted from the 1623 edition of
tute and became the founder and head of a similar the play, and was corrected by Bacon in the 1623
school in Mississippi, alludes to this curious con-
edition of his book. The explanation for this
ception as follows: "Before I left home we had coincidence - if it be one
- is very simple.
some peculiar ideas about what a 'college' (as we In the first place, Hamlet's words do not mean
all called boarding-schools at that time) was like. what Bacon's words mean. Hamlet, in his fierce
We all thought it was composed of one immense upbraiding of his mother, wholly forgetting the
building with, say, four stories, and that the first obligations of filial piety,—this talking Lord
year you were at school you were placed on the always throws restraint and convention to the
first floor, and promoted from floor to floor until winds when he "accosts" the women he loves,— tells
you reached the top floor, when you would have her she must be endowed with mental faculties else
finished school. Exceptionally bright students could she not have sensual desires. That the words
might skip a floor. Well, it so happened that “sense" and "motion” had the meaning we give
when I reached Tuskegee I was placed to begin them is proved by a very similar passage in
with in the attic, and there was great rejoicing at
“Measure for Measure” (I. 4, 57-59):
home when I sent back the intelligence that I was
Angelo, a man whose blood
on the highest floor. It was a confirmation of Is very snow-broth, one who never feels
what the old folks at home had said,- I already
The wanton stings and motions of the sense.
knew enough without going to school.” To know In “Othello” (I. 3, 333) “motions” is defined
a thing “from the ground up" must have had a as "carnal stings," "unbitted lusts." Hamlet's
very real meaning to Mr. Holtzclaw's friends and words are true, and could not have been omitted
relatives at home.
from the later edition on the ground that their
author no longer believed that locomotion without
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF JOHN
was impossible. For aught we know,
CALVIN, credited to "a catalog 'made in Oregon'
a catalog 'made in Oregon' Shakespeare never believed or heard of this absurd
by a trained librarian" is just now promoting the
“classical" doctrine -- if there ever was such a
gaiety, perhaps not exactly of nations, but of the
doctrine. Bacon did not credit the ancients with
readers of the magazine, “Public Libraries." In
the belief that motion without sense was impossible,
its current issue a chapter of a series entitled
as Messrs. Howard and Baxter imply, but that
“Adventures among Libraries” makes mention of
motion "at discretion" was impossible without
a catalogue entry under the Genevan reformer's
The omission of the words “at discretion"
name referring the reader to Charles Dudley
makes all the difference in the world, as any one
Warner's “My Summer in a Garden." In that
knows who has ever seen the antics of a freshly-
ever-enjoyable classic it is said of Calvin, as the
beheaded chicken. Bacon made his meaning per-
above-referred to anonymous writer points out, fectly clear by adding the words “or sense without
that "although he was of Maltese race, I have a soul" to the preceding "motion at discretion
reason to suppose that he was American by birth
without sense"
_ words that the Baconians slur
his antecedents were wholly unknown.
over. Had Shakespeare intended Hamlet to say
He preferred as his table-cloth on the floor, a cer- what the Baconians would put into his mouth, he
>
sense
sense.
.
.


498
[May 25
THE DIAL
77
.
must have added the words “at discretion"; with- wild-eyed iconoclast in his mad desire to improve
out them, Hamlet's words can be understood to the “accepted oracles of criticism” drags into liter-
mean only one thing.
ature, by the hair, a set of scientific facts which no
Why Shakespeare or the Globe stage-director more make good literature than the bull of Bashen
or the Folio editors omitted the words in question could make good music. No one denies that
is answered when we explain why some 220 other "things do happen as they happen in 'Spoon
lines which appear in the 1604 Quarto have been River.' Without questioning the valuable infor-
omitted from the 1623 Folio. These cuts involve mation of the things that happen in “Spoon
chiefly passages of a philosophical character, and River," we turn them over to the professor of
were made because the play is too long for acting psychology and the sociological investigator. There
purposes and because these passages retard the is a vital difference between science and art. The
dramatic movement of the action. It is not impos- method of the first is analysis; but art does more
sible that Shakespeare himself omitted some of than analyze and reflect life. When science has
these lines when he revised the play. That the examined and classified its facts, its work is
reader may judge for himself how the dramatic ended. Art may stoop to the results of science,
effectiveness of this part of Hamlet's speech is but it uses them freely for the purpose of a higher
improved by the omission of the italicized verses synthesis.
I append part of it:
Your correspondent clamors for a full recogni-
At your age
tion of life by literature. Truly, literature has
The hey-day in the blood is tame, it's humble,
partially failed when it does not turn all of life,
And waits upon the judgment: and what judgment
Would step from this [man] to this (man]? Sense
the lights and the shadows, the good and the evil,
to account. Literature must reflect life. This
sure you have
Else could you not have motion :-—but sure that sense
much and no more both psychology and the social
[i. e. judgment]
sciences do; yet no one will call either of these art.
Is apoplex'd: for [even] madness would not [so) err, Literature does more than merely reflect life,- its
Nor sense to ecstasy [i. e. madness] was ne'er so sublime function is to react upon life. It elevates
thrall'd
life and informs it with a higher meaning.
But it reserv'd [i. e. retained] some quantity [i. e. Emerson, Carlyle, Browning, Shakespeare are not
power] of choice,
great because they reflect life. The poorest drunk-
To serve in such a difference. What devil was't
ard in his “last delirium" can do that. They are
That thus hath cozen 'd you at hoodman-blind?
great, and their writings are real literature, because
Read the speech with the italicized lines and then
they do what the drunkard does not do — they
without them. For the study, we want every word
reanimate life, they modify it, they lift it above
that Shakespeare put into Hamlet's mouth; but
the level of analysis by pouring into it the fulness
on the stage much can be spared.
of their thought and feeling. Literature contrib-
Why is it, I wonder, that Baconians never stick
to facts? Are they wilfully perverse, or are they
utes something original to life. This is a distinc-
tion between art and science.
merely obsessed ? Here is Mr. Howard, who in all
other respects may be “a piece of virtue,” saying endure the insolence of science. Too often in this
Too often art, and philosophy likewise, must
that I avoided answering the last part of
Mr. Baxter's book “because it 'deals with ciphers, skeptical world science has claimed the last word,
and has trampled the rich things of the spirit in the
etc.” I refused (cf. THE DIAL, Dec. 9, 1915) to
dust. Its business is to analyze and to classify the
consider the latter half of Mr. Baxter's book
facts of the material world. The function of art
because he there tries to prove that Bacon was
and of philosophy and of religion is to lead us
Shakespeare without having first disproved, in the
first half of his book, that Shakespeare was
deeper into the realm of the spirit. Here science
must remain dumb. I object to those votaries of
Shakespeare. SAMUEL A. TANNENBAUM, science who leave the outer porch to set up their
New York, May 12, 1916.
brazen image in the inner shrine of the temple
where poetry worships. Science has its legitima
field, but the nature of that field renders science
MORE ABOUT “SPOON RIVER.”
inadequate to those needs of life which only poetry
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
and her sister arts can satisfy.
In your issue of April 27 appeared a communi- We need not fear that truth will disappear from
cation inspired by a few impressions of the “Spoon the earth if literature does not speak in vulgar
River Anthology” recently printed in these col- accents. Truth has the happy faculty of caring
3
for itself. Moreover, the type of truth demanded
I agree with your correspondent that “Spoon by your correspondent will be cared for by science.
River” needs no apologia. No one to-day would Rather should we be fearful lest the truth of poetry
suggest a defence of the laboratory method. Many shall die. We can get any number of psychologists
of us, however, have firm “personal convictions” and sociologists -- the woods are full of them. It
that the laboratory method is unsuited to the high is the poet for whom we strain our eyes.
purposes of poetry. Spoon River” is an excel- I deplore with your correspondent the “decadent
lent laboratory manual. I think we can classify it sentimentality” which renders much literature dis-
as good science, - a faithful tabulation of a certain gusting. Nevertheless, we need not in denouncing
type of psychological or physiological fact. As this go to the other extreme. In a recent essay in
such it needs no apologia. I have no quarrel with THE DIAL occurred these excellent words; “I for
scientific truth, but I do feel disgusted when the one believe that reticence, in life and in art, is a
umns.


1916]
499
THE DIAL
23
less corrupting influence than loose babbling. By New Year). It is written on a sheet of paper,
all means let us tell our children all the essential folded in the shape of a ship, and laid under the
facts of sex. But it does not follow that we need pillow, as a charm to ensure a good dream. It
to introduce them into brothels, or even into our reads as follows:
own bed-chambers. The writer of these sentences
Na-ga-ki yo no
decries that frankness which has so arrogantly
To-o no ne-mu-ri no
taken possession of recent life and literature.
Mi-na me-za-me
Literature as art must ever minister to the higher
Na-mi no-ri fu-ne no
0-to no yo-ki ka na.
needs of man, to his feelings, thought, imagination,
and to his sense of the good and the beautiful. It
It should be explained that ka and ga are written
cannot do this by presenting evil in lurid pictures.
with the same character, with diacritical marks
At best, this is only negative; more often it is
(in prose) to indicate the “muddy” sound of ga;
seductive. Literature can fulfil its higher mission
and that mu and fu are interchangeable. So the
by informing life with new vitality and with posi- poem is a better palindrome in Japanese kana
than when it is transliterated into Roman letters.
tive and original strength. It remains science as
long as it merely reflects life; it becomes art when
The other poem is a first-class palindrome in the
it recreates life.
Japanese syllabary, as follows:
To-ku ta-ta-shi
By all means let us have careful and scientific
Sa-to no ta-ka-mu-ra
investigation of the essential facts of life, but let
Yu-ki shi-ro-shi
not the fire-breathing iconoclast throw the dirty
Ki-yu-ra-mu ka-ta no
stuff in our faces and bid us call it poetry. Let us
To-sa-shi ta-ta-ku to.
turn these facts over to the social and psycholog. Note how the verbal palindrome, “shi-ro-shi,"
ical analyst. He is equipped with the germproof forms the pivot, exactly in the centre. This poem
uniform and the disinfectants and the smelling
was written by a famous scholar, Dr. Haga.
salts that are necessary in handling them.
The Japanese syllabary lends itself admirably to
"Spoon River" thoroughly analyzes and reflects
the forming of palindromes.
a certain type of life; but I seriously doubt that
ERNEST W. CLEMENT.
it meets the requirement of “high seriousness' Tokyo, Japan, May 2, 1916.
which makes poetry an art. As science, it needs
no apologia; as poetry, it needs some chloride of
lime.
MORE NOTES ON POE'S FIRST SCHOOL IN
ORVIS C. IRWIN.
LONDON.
Loudonville, Ohio, May 16, 1916.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
As a postscript to my letter in your latest issue
concerning Edgar Allan Poe's first school in
JAPANESE PALINDROMES.
London, two additional items which have since
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
come to my notice may be of interest.
The subject of palindromes happened to come The school at 146 Sloane Street, Chelsea, kept
up in my class the other day. After I had given by the Misses Dubourg, which Poe attended in
the most common English example, I asked for 1816, was a small private house of ordinary type.
some examples of Japanese palindromes. This It was erected about the beginning of the 19th
brought out specimens of three or four kinds: century and was removed in 1885 to make way for
those which appear when written in the Japanese the present building.
syllabary (kana); those in Chinese ideographs; “Pauline Dubourg" is the name of one of the
those in Roman letters; and those in two of these characters in Poe's tale, “The Murders in the Rue
kinds at one and the same time. A few of these Morgue. He took the surname, beyond doubt,
examples may be cited here.
from the list of his personal friends and acquaint-
Sa-to To-sa (also read To-sake) is a personal ances, precisely as he took the name of Bransby,
name that makes a palindrome in both the Japa- the schoolmaster of Stoke-Newington, for his tale
nese syllabary and the Chinese ideographs. Mi-wa- of “William Wilson.' These autobiographical
ta Rin-zo, Ku-bo-deva Yassu-hisa, and Wata-nabe references in disguise make one wonder how many
Watara are personal names that form palindromes other instances, as yet undetected, may lie hidden
only with Chinese ideographs (indicated by sylla- in his pages.
bles), although in the last case there is a hint of Since the surname Dubourg is founded on fact,
the palindrome in the Roman letters. A-ka-sa-ka, it is not, I think, unreasonable to assume that the
the name of one of the districts of Tokyo, is a Christian name Pauline goes with it. In other
palindrome only when Romanized; and T'a-ba-ta, words, this family, all traces of which had been
,
the name of one of our suburbs, is a palindrome lost until a few months ago, now contributes three
only in Japanese. Ki-tsu-tsu-ki (wood-pecker) is names to be henceforth associated with Poe's child-
another example. Ta-ke-ya ga ya-ke-ta ("The hood in England, -- Francis, presumably the father
,
bamboo shop has burned") forms à palindrome in since he was the tenant according to the poor rate
Japanese kana only.
books from 1816 to 1822; George, the brother, who
There are two Japanese poems (of thirty-one was Allan's clerk; and Pauline Dubourg, in fiction
syllables) that make good palindromes; but, being a laundress of Paris, in life Poe's school teacher
artificial, they do not make good sense, so I shall, in London.
LEWIS CHASE.
not attempt any translation thereof. The first one Columbia University Club, New York,
is called “Hatsu-yume," or "First Dream" (of the
May 18, 1916.


500
[May 25
THE DIAL
"
>
The New Books.
General Slocum. He records General Sherman
as saying, in substance: “Don't forget that
when you have crossed the Savannah River
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A “STAND-PAT” you will be in South Carolina. You need not
REPUBLICAN.*
be so careful there about private property as
we have been. The more of it you destroy
When an American political leader of dis- the better it will be. The people of South
tinction, one who served as
governor of
Carolina should be made to feel the war, for
Ohio in the transitional eighties and as a Sen- they brought it on and are responsible more
ator of the United States throughout the than anybody else for our presence here.
administrations of McKinley and Roosevelt, Now is the time to punish them.” Cherishing
who had a conspicuous part in the nominations such a recollection, Mr. Foraker twenty years
of Blaine, Harrison, and McKinley, and had
later became, in the words of ex-President
differences of national prominence with Hayes, “popular with the hurrah boys.”
Hanna, Roosevelt, and Taft, writes at sixty- When charged in 1885 with waving the
nine and “in retirement” his “Notes of a “bloody shirt,” he answered that the shirt was
Busy Life,” it is an event of importance to undoubtedly bloody, but that "the Democratic
students of political history and of interest hoodlums and thugs of the South had made it
to all who follow with care the constantly so.” Later, in a joint debate with his antag-
changing politics of the nation. When the onist in the gubernatorial contest, cheers and
writer is Joseph Benson Foraker, the reader applause and election followed his sally:
is assured vigorous account including "While one Democrat was killing Lincoln
eulogies of countless Republicans, here and another was trying to kill William H.
there a sparing comment upon a Democrat, Seward."
and a frank acceptance of all that goes to Serving as Governor of Ohio during
constitute "stand-pat” Republicanism.
Cleveland's first administration, Foraker was
We were recently given the autobiography brought into great prominence as the exponent
of an insurgent Republican, and somewhat
on the stump of the Republican party "that
later the account of certain phases of “the fought the war.” He was a relentless critic
most interesting American"; but neither the of Cleveland. It was Foraker who, after
first, which dealt largely with the personal Cleveland's famous order for the return of
politics of Wisconsin, nor the second, which state flags, telegraphed a protesting former
gave us little more than a background of comrade-in-arms: "No rebel flags will be sur-
personal interest, revealed a great deal of rendered while I am Governor.” In the midst
Republicanism. It was left to Mr. Foraker of his second term as Governor, he went as a
to write a painstaking, if not impartial, polit- delegate to the Republican national conven-
ical account of the more important develop-tion of 1888. John Sherman was Ohio's can-
ments within the Republican party in the didate, and Foraker seconded the nomination.
period since the close of Reconstruction. As it became evident that Sherman could not
These two bulky volumes are not in a class secure the nomination, two other Ohio men
with the briefer recollections of John
were widely discussed as possibilities,
Sherman, Shelby M. Cullom, and Adlai Congressman William McKinley and Governor
Stevenson; although they have in common Foraker. It was charged at the time, and
with these a large emphasis upon the personal the charges have reappeared from time to
element in political relationships. The only time, that Foraker was not faithful to the
account of this period which one may care to Sherman candidacy. This was partly due to
use with Mr. Foraker's work is Mr. Herbert
the presence in Chicago of the Foraker March-
Croly's biography of Marcus A. Hanna; and ing Club of Cincinnati and partly to the effect
where the editor of "The New Republic" has of one of Foraker's earlier speeches in this
led in critical interpretation of the changing convention. One correspondent wrote: “The
phases of Republicanism, Mr. Foraker excels effect of the speech was to make Governor
in realistic presentation of the rough-and- Foraker the favorite of the convention. It
tumble politics of the thirty years that fol- was manifest he stood before it an ideal parti-
lowed the Civil War.
san, reckless of the censure of his enemies,
Enlisting as a private in 1862, when barely proud of its achievements, and indifferent to
sixteen years of age, Foraker served through every effect except that upon party success.
the war, marching with Sherman and acquit- After several ballots without decisive result,
ing himself with distinction on the staff of the convention adjourned over Sunday. Dur-
ing this recess a message came from Blaine
By Joseph Benson Foraker.
positively refusing the use of his name. The
*NOTES OP A BUSY LIFE.
two volumes. Illustrated.
In
Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd Co.


1916)
501
THE DIAL
pressure increased in certain quarters to break is safe to say, for his aggressive campaign in
from Sherman. The latter, although in Wash- behalf of the negro soldiers dismissed by
ington, knew of this, and of the rumor that Roosevelt. Into this cause he put his heart,
Foraker was being considered as a vice-
a
and in doing so he was true to himself and the
presidential candidate by certain Blaine dele- generation he typifies.
gates. He telegraphed Foraker of his refusal Of the reform campaign of 1876, the
to withdraw at that time. Foraker tele- author writes: "No reforms were needed, but
graphed in reply: “I have refused to allow a fact like that never interfered with a
my name to be mentioned by anybody for reform campaign.” Ten years later he was
anything, and I do not think it will be men- saying: “We Republicans are too old, have
tioned in the convention; but if it should be, had too much experience, fought too many
it will be without my consent or approval, and fights, and stand charged with too many
if I should be nominated it will be declined responsibilities, to waste time listening to im-
unless you should request me to accept.” This practical teachings about theoreticalisms.”
telegram was sent on Sunday. “At two This attitude was still dominant in 1904, when
o'clock Monday morning," writes Mr. Foraker, he wrote of an opponent: “Instead of repre-
"I was wakened by a delegation of Blaine senting railroads and corporations that were
men, among whom were Senator Stephen B. developing and carrying forward the great
Elkins of West Virginia and Honorable business interests of the country, which in the
Samuel Fessenden of Connecticut. . . They opinion of his nominator would have disquali.
told me they had just come from a meeting fied him for the Senatorship, he had a good
of Blaine leaders, at which it was determined general practice based on the quarrels of liti-
to throw the entire Blaine strength to me on gants, divorce suits and criminal cases, and
Monday morning, if I would accept the nomi- that according to the same opinion, fitted him
nation. I told them I could not and exactly for the public service.”. It is revealed
would not accept the nomination, no matter repeatedly in these volumes that Mr. Foraker
how cordially it might be tendered unless was, as he has been described elsewhere, “a
preceded or accompanied with the request proud, self-contained, and self-confident man
from Sherman that I accept." The nomina- whose nature it was to play a lone hand.”
tion went to Governor Harrison of Indiana, In the midst of his revelation of the intrica-
and Foraker's one opportunity was gone,
cies and maladjustments of our political
although he received votes for the nomination system there are flashes of the man as an
in the convention of 1908. The reputation observer of the play he frequently directed.
acquired in this convention remained his title Early in the administration of McKinley it
to national prominence until he came to the was the wish of the President to appoint a
Senate. In the meantime he had nominated certain Ohio man to a consulship at Manila.
McKinley three times, had written the Mr. Foraker records McKinley as saying: "It
Minneapolis platform, and “his face had is somewhere away around on the other side
become as familiar as that of Grantor Blaine." of the world. He did not know just where,
Mr. Foraker has devoted his second volume and had not had time to look it up." Mr.
to the period since the campaign of 1896. Foraker comments that this was the first time
During twelve of these years he was in the (1897) he had ever heard of the Philippine
Senate. To this period belong the disagree-Islands in such a way as to remember them.
ments with Roosevelt, particularly over the He recalls that it was one of his appointments
Brownsville affair, the sensational Hearst while governor that placed William H. Taft,
charges of 1908, and Foraker's final break then a young man of twenty-nine, on the judi-
with Taft. To the present reviewer, it seems cial bench in Cincinnati; and doubtless it was
that the second volume is less valuable, as a with some enjoyment that he included this
political record and a personal revelation, newspaper comment upon Roosevelt, then a
than the first. The reason may be surmised. young man of twenty-four, in the Republican
Up to 1896, Foraker was fighting the battles .convention of 1884: “The person attracting
within his party with weapons dear to him the most attention was Roosevelt, who is a
from a young and emotional association. rather dudish-looking boy with eye-glasses and
Moreover, he led the forces of aggression. an Olympian scowlet-for-a-cent."
After 1896 he represented the old tradition,-
Although Mr. Foraker modestly feels that
he was “standing pat.” The party tenets of he “has written of past events in which there
the new age did not excite his approval. As a
is no present interest," no student of Ameri-
conservative he held attention by satire and
can history and no thoughtful observer of our
ready grasp of questions that arose in debate.
national politics can afford to ignore these
But he will be remembered in this period, it
“Notes of a Busy Life." EDGAR E. ROBINSON.


502
(May 25
THE DIAL
a
A MATURE VIEW OF GOTHIC
the superstructure, of studies in interpreta-
ARCHITECTURE.*
tion and in the combination of a few elements.
Only when these foundations are laid, and
In his eightieth year, Sir Thomas Jackson this superstructure erected, can the crowning
has undertaken to supplement his "Byzan- feature of all, the synthetic presentation of
tine and Romanesque Architecture” (reviewed historical development, be attempted. Con-
in THE DIAL for October 16, 1913) by a com- siderations of wise economy, as well as of
panion work on Gothic architecture. The clearness and adaptation to purpose, suggest
book shows the experience and mellowness of that in such a synthetic view the detailed
age without its dogmatism, and easily takes description of individual monuments, the
rank as the most important general work on attempt to weigh individual bits of documen-
the subject in English. As in the “Roman- tary evidence, be suppressed, and that, on the
esque Architecture,” the author discusses only other hand, the widest reference be made to
buildings which he himself has seen, — which the individual studies of previous writers and
here include all those of first importance the most recent views and discussions in ques-
within the field covered by the title,-and tions of interpretation.
illustrates them by preference from his own The Benedictines of France in the eigh-
inexhaustible sketch books. The method fol- teenth century and the German historians of
lowed is an extended, but by no means the nineteenth realized this, and turned first,
complete, description of these buildings, with self-sacrificing energy and pains, to the
arranged within each country in a generally minute study of the ultimate facts, which is
historical order, and accompanied by tech- so ignorantly spoken of as “German scholar-
nical and historical introductions and a ship.” Ignorantly, because the practitioners
running commentary of artistic criticism. have well understood that it is not the whole
Although thus doubtless conceived as a gen- of scholarship, and have been the first to reap
eral history of Gothic architecture, the book the fruit of their own earlier efforts. There
proves to be rather a vehicle for the presen- have arisen fresh interpretations and fresh
tation of the experiences and the views of a syntheses, which have the novel merit of rest-
man whose professional contact with the sub- ing at every point on a complete and logical
ject matter is wider, and whose critical views substructure. In the construction of such an
are in this regard more broadly based, than historical edifice, critical judgments, whether
those of any other man now living.
moral or artistic, have no place. Their place
The deficiencies of the work are those of is another and not less honorable one, lying
its predecessor — in common, it must be con-
in the realm of ethics or esthetics, but not
fessed, with most writings in English on the of history. If the function of the critic, like
history of art. They arise from the general that of the historian, is understood, it will
confusion of thought regarding the applica- be recognized that it is safest to practice the
tion of historical methods to the treatment of two independently, though both may conceiv-
artistic subjects, and regarding the categories ably be practiced by the same person.
of historical and critical writing. These mat- In the study of Gothic architecture an
ters are well understood in France and Ger- enormous quantity of minute research has
many, and it is time that we ourselves should already been done. Satisfactory interpreta-
understand them and so put an end to the tions of many of its single phases exist, and
hybrid and unsatisfactory books which, with possibly the time is ripe for at least a pro-
their useless duplication of effort, are the visional synthesis, either historical or critical.
bane of history and criticism alike. The Such an historical synthesis has been recently
modern principle is a scientific division of attempted, a trifle hastily, by Mr. Arthur
labor, made necessary by the vast multiplica- Kingsley Porter in his "Medieval Architec-
tion of objects of historic interest and by the ture”; and something of the sort, written with
obscurity and intricacy of the ultimate evi- fuller personal knowledge of the monuments,
dences concerning them. Such a scientific one might have hoped for in a new book with
method aims to substitute, in place of uncer-
the title and obvious purpose of Sir Thomas
tain speculation on probabilities, the erection
Jackson's. As an alternative possibility, one
of an orderly historic edifice. The founda- might hope for a book devoted to artistic
.
tions consist of numerous monographic studies interpretation and criticism, likewise presup-
of the relevant monuments, and the multi- posing the establishment of the details of
tude of obscure documents concerning them :
historic fact by others.
It proves that in Sir Thomas's book we
• GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE, ENGLAND, AND ITALY. have neither of these things in purity, but a
By Sir Thomas Graham Jackson.
trated. University of Chicago Press.
mixture of criticism and historical general-
>
In two volumes.
Illus-


1916]
503
THE DIAL
a
"
ization, cumbered with a wealth of descriptive eration, certainly untenable. It is as if one
detail and of first hand observations on indi- were to deny, as Ferguson did, that lintels and
vidual points. The author defends himself in round arches could both belong in the
his preface against critics who complained Roman “style.” All this has been repeatedly
that his descriptions in the earlier book were pointed out by reviewers of Mr. Moore's
not complete. As the material is easily access- books, and by writers on English architec-
ible elsewhere, he would have been wiser to ture; but the misapprehension can only be
omit detailed descriptions altogether. The finally dislodged by a general book which shall
many fresh points of detail noted in regard to replace Mr. Moore's as the most authoritative
English buildings, on the other hand, might work on the subject in English. This Sir
best have formed the subject of treatment in a Thomas Jackson has now furnished.
briefer independent work. We might then It is really in the matter of artistic criti-
have had in more convenient compass the cism, rather than of historical research or
admirably clear historical introductions and interpretation, however, that Sir Thomas's
summaries, or the equally admirable exposi- book makes its chief contribution. It is a
tion and sane artistic appreciation. Freed signal evidence of his continued growth and
from his unnecessary burdens, the author intellectual hospitality that he is able at his
,
might thus have found time to enrich his gen- advanced age to voice what one must feel, in
eralizations by reference to the views of such most instances, are the critical judgments of
important writers as Mâle and Brutails, who the younger generation. While it is doubtful
seem to have lain outside the field of his whether critical judgments of any generation
reading.
will ever retain permanent validity, it is pos-
After allowance has been made for the con-
sible to believe that the constantly growing
fusion of genres, and the resulting failure to catholicity given us by increasing historical
achieve fully the merits of any one, we find, understanding of previous ages is really a
nevertheless, that Sir Thomas has made tendency of progress. This tendency Sir
notable contributions alike in personal obser- Thomas carries on by his sympathetic treat-
vation of individual facts, in historical inter-
ment of long mistreated phases like Italian
pretation, and in artistic criticism. The Gothic, Flamboyant, and Perpendicular. In
additions to our knowledge of detail fall these cases and others, there can be little
almost entirely in the field of English Gothic, doubt that he expresses the feelings of a mul-
especially in the numerous cases of buildings titude. With all its catholicity, of course, our
with which Sir Thomas has been profession- age still has its purely intuitive favorites,
ally connected. The practical observations differing from the favorites of even a few
on the effects of thrusts by vaults and flying years ago. In his choice of these, Sir Thomas
buttresses, the establishment that there is no is still young. Thus, when he prefers the
thrust at certain points, with other well soaring ambition of Beauvais to the classical
attested conclusions, are corrective of current perfection of Amiens, the gorgeous façade of
ideas too hastily adopted.
Rheims to the peaceful one of Paris, he is
In historical interpretation the author ren expressing that reaction against logic which
ders his greatest service by setting right the seems to be the æsthetic temper of our own
question whether a specific structural system day.
is the differentia of Gothic architecture. Mr. The publishers have spared no pains to give
Charles H. Moore, the author of the best
the work a form which corresponds with the
known general work on Gothic in English, importance of the text. Light and fine tex-
has insisted that the name of Gothic must be tured English paper, wide margins, a legible
,
confined to buildings showing the system of type face and attractive vellum backed bind-
vaults with balanced thrusts, found especially ing, with the multitude of excellent half-tones
in the cathedrals of the Ile-de-France. Mr. justify the not immoderate price set upon the
Moore's emphasis on the existence of a dif-
volumes.
ference in structural principle between such Personal in its composition of diverse ele-
buildings and others, which include the ments and in its assemblage of individual
majority of later medieval buildings outside observations; unnecessarily descriptive at
of France, has been valuable. His restriction times, yet always readable; clear and trench-
of the term Gothic to the first group, however,
ant in historical exposition, though sometimes
is certainly a wrenching of all usage; and the less concerned with flux than with static con-
contention that the difference in structural ditions,— Sir Thomas Jackson's “Gothic
system constitutes the chief point of division
Architecture” has yet its greatest value as a
in the architecture of the Middle Ages is representative of our newest critical appre-
based on the assumptions of a previous gen- ciation.
.
FISKE KIMBALL.


504
[May 25
THE DIAL
THE GREAT SAGA OF IRELAND. *
influences from Greece and Rome. The Táin
Bó is by several centuries older than the
It is only the apple tree in one's own back
“Beowulf,” far older than the oldest German
yard that remains neglected. Ireland is Eng. poem, the oldest French epic, or the oldest
land's back yard. Its rich apples of saga and Norwegian saga. It is the most ancient exist-
song are left to rot upon the ground unob- | ing literary monument of any of the peoples
served.
who dwell this side of the Alps.
Suppose a thousand-year-old treasure house The Táin Bó is not an epic, but rather the
in England had been dug up in 1914. The materials for an epic. Like all the old Irish
world war would not have prevented the sagas, it is in prose, with every now and then
monthlies, the weeklies, and even the dailies, a poem inserted. It is by no means a finished
from devoting columns to the wonders of by- literary whole, even in the sense that we can
gone days thus revealed. There would have say of “Beowulf” or of the "Niebelungen
been pictures of the weapons and of the war
Lied” or of the “Song of Roland” that they
chariots which we may imagine dragged into are literary wholes. It was not written, as
daylight from their long concealment, and these were, by a cultivated artist who retold
there would have been thoughtful speculations old hero tales in a skilful way and for a chosen
upon the kind of people who built this house audience. In the Táin Bó collected hero tales
and laid away these treasures.
appear very much in their original form.
Suppose that not a treasure house but only Much of the art which it has is outrageously
a poem,- another English epic older than the unlike any literary art with which we are
“Beowulf,” or another Greek poem resembling familiar. It requires to be thrice translated
the “Iliad,” - had been discovered. Would to become intelligible to a modern reader.
there not have been intelligent and enthusias- First, it must be accurately and completely
tic discussion of it, and would not by this rendered into English. This task Professor
time books have been written setting forth
Dunn has accomplished in the volume before
fresh ideas which the new epic had suggested
us. Second, someone with a voice and a pres-
concerning the life of our ancestors ?
tige such as Matthew Arnold possessed must
Why should stories translated from Irish
advertise it, get it talked about, and make its
meet with no more attention than if they strange names familiar to readers. Finally, it
had been brought out of Egyptian or of must be explained and illustrated in a hun-
Gujerati! The Irishman, with his brothers, dred ways: it must be retold in diluted para-
the Highlander and the Welshman, is nearer phrases, and perhaps, if fortune smiles, it may
to the Englishman than anybody else. Even
serve as the inspiration for a modern poet who
a
if English insular habits of thought ostra-
shall represent the old and yet be new.
cize Irish culture as belonging to the history Professor Dunn's introduction is so good that
of another island, no explanation exists for one could wish it longer, but he has not
the neglect of Irish literature in the United thought it right to increase the size of his
States, where live more people of Irish descent
book. He has reserved explanation and com-
than in Ireland itself. And yet the publica- ment for another volume, which the reader
tion of Ireland's greatest saga, translated by will be glad to note he has in mind.
Miss Faraday, in 1904, from the short version Since a relish for story outlines is not com-
has not met with much attention,– perhaps mon except among college professors and
partly because the shorter form of the saga
members of Chautauqua circles, no attempt
is too rugged to be attractive to modern will be made here to tell the story of the
readers.
Táin Bó. Moreover, the plot of the Táin Bó
The Táin Bó (pronounced “thawn bo"), is the simplest thing in the world: a cattle
which is now for the first time completely foray, and a war which ensued to recover the
translated from the longer form by Professor
stolen herd.
Joseph Dunn of the Catholic University at The people of the Táin Bó were at a ruder
Washington, was actually written down in the stage of culture than
culture than the warriors of
manuscripts as we have them about eight “Beowulf.” They had not yet, like the
hundred years ago. It must have been sub- English thanes, learned from Caesar's
stantially composed fifteen hundred years ago, legionaries the use of helmet and coat of mail.
and the historical events with which it is con- Some of the warriors of the Táin Bó entered
nected must have taken place at the beginning the battle stark naked. Warfare was con-
of the Christian Era, when the Irish were not
ducted by a series of single combats between
only pagan but were well nigh untouched by chosen heroes, exactly as in the “Iliad.” If
some time-machine could transport us to the
lated and edited by Joseph Dunn.
year "one" in Ireland, we should certainly
•AN ANCIENT IRISH EPIC TALE: TÁIN BÓ CỨALNGE, Trans-
London: David Nutt.


1916]
505
THE DIAL
answer.
mistake Cuchulinn (pronounced “kuhóolin"), Tara with the city on his left hand, because
fighting from his two-wheeled chariot, guided that was forbidden by a geis. The whole army
by a faithful charioteer, for one of the war- of Connaught must stop for a day because
riors of Agamemnon. The machine gun of Cuchulinn had put a geis upon them not to
the Táin Bó battles was the scythed chariot, advance till one of their number could make
which is the same engine of war that is de- his chariot leap over an oak tree, as Cuchulinn
scribed for us in the “Anabasis” and in the had done,
Book of Judges. Sisera's "nine hundred
If the Táin Bó is of great historical and
chariots of iron,” with which "he mightily anthropological interest, this is not saying, I
oppressed the children of Israel,” doubtless hope, that its interest is inhuman. It is shot
resembled those with which Queen Medb through with coruscating phrases which prove
(pronounced "mave”) broke the line of the that the fili (men of letters), though they
men of Ulster. In some respects the Irish never gained the sustained power necessary
warriors were at a lower stage of culture than to fashion into unity a long artistic work,
Hector and Achilles. Warriors carried about were masters of many of the details of story
the heads of slain foes attached to their belts, telling. One of the commonest and most
like the Red Indian's scalps, or stuck them on powerful of the narrative devices is the triad
posts outside the tent door to advertise their arranged in climax, as in the description of
prowess. Perhaps the ancestors of all Eu- the arrival of the hero Cormac:
ropean peoples passed through such a stage
First came a great company of warriors with a
of culture in their struggle through millions powerful man at the head. Is that Cormac yonder?”
of years from the beast up to the man.
all the people asked. “Not he indeed,” Queen Medb
made answer.
Yet the rough picture of the Táin Bó con-
Then came a second troop with better armor than
tains glimpses of a certain wholesome kindness the first. “Is yonder man Cormac!" all and everyone
and even courtesy which are hard to match asked. “Nay, verily, that is not he,” Medb made
in the more advanced civilization of the
Then came the greatest troop of all, and their
“Beowulf” or even of the “Iliad.” Evidently
spears were as long as the pillars of the King's house.
the pagan Irish must be likened to children “Is that Cormac yonder” asked all. “Ay! It is he
rather than to savages. A word led to a blow, this time,” Medb answered.
to the flash of bloody swords, and then perhaps The choice and arrangement of words in the
to a reconciliation and to a kiss for the sur- Irish narrative are often wholly admirable.
vivors. Some of these bits of chivalry may Thus for example, when Queen Medb explains
have been exalted into prominence by those why it took her so long to choose a husband :
who wrote down the saga in Christian times. “ 'I desired,' she said, 'to wait, for I must
Cuchulinn and Ferdiad, sharing each other's have a husband without avarice, without
food and medicine in the intervals of deadly jealousy, and without fear.'”
conflict, and their charioteers sleeping beside Nor is the Táin Bó as a whole without a
the same fire, may be exceptional. But noble rough sort of unity. The reader notes a
traits are clearly inherent in the saga.
progress in the series of single combats of
Cuchulinn will not slay women, charioteers, which the saga is largely made up. They are
or unarmed men. As he is about to cut down at first gay and bombastic in their character,
Loch, his deadly foe, the latter asks that he
but become gloomier in tone, until they cul-
may be allowed to fall forward with his face minate in the tragic and terrible battle of the
towards the enemy, and Cuchulinn grants his closing pages.
prayer,-“For 'tis a warrior's request that
Professor Dunn has kept his translation
thou makest.”
readable without sacrificing faithfulness to
The King in “Beowulf” is descended from his original. I cannot pretend to have com-
the gods, but remotely through several genera- pared his translation with the twelfth century
tions. Cuchulinn's own father was a god, and manuscripts which contain the Irish tale, —
the divine parent enters one of the conflicts although this would now be possible, since
of the Táin Bó to give aid to his son. The men the Newberry Library in Chicago numbers
of “Beowulf” stood in awe of the marvellous facsimiles of these famous manuscripts among
monsters with whom they fought, but they its treasures. I have, however, compared in
were not superstitious about them. Beowulf several places his English with the Gaelic
seems to act by the cold light of reason, original as printed by Windisch (Irische
whereas Cuchulinn was led by impulse and by Texte, Extraband, Leipzig, 1905), and with
supernatural scruples. The supernatural pro- Windisch's German version, and have noted
hibition geis (pronounced "gas") plays an no variations worth recording.
important part in the action of the Táin Bó.
The Táin Bó in its new English dress will
A warrior must not drive his chariot toward find its place on the shelves of every great


506
[May 25
THE DIAL
2
library alongside the ponderous volume of “because the expedition had been guided by
Windisch, which it supplements and makes God, and owed but little to the good sense of
usable for English readers. It would seem the leaders.” M. Batiffol is not one of those
that every library which includes the epics of who overestimate the effect of these invasions
England, Germany, Rome, and Greece should on the subsequent development of French
welcome this epic of Ireland, and every Irish- | civilization, and we occasionally feel inclined
man who can afford it should buy the book to wonder whether he has done justice to the
for himself — certainly every Irishman who influence of Italian culture.
cares for the wonderful story of his native The history of this period is a most com-
land.
ARTHUR C. L. BROWN.
plicated one, but the author has succeeded by
the suppression or careful choice of detail in
giving a picture at once lucid and calculated
A NEW HISTORY OF FRANCE.*
to make a lasting impression. The brief but
vivid narrative of great battle scenes and the
In a famous phrase, Brunetière has defined striking character sketches of the actors in
the essential trait of French literature as the
the drama hold the attention of those who
social spirit. One manifestation of this char-
seek primarily the panorama of history. The
acteristic is the undisputed precedence held
reader's curiosity is whetted by the acquaint-
by the French in the art of giving artistic ance thus offered with princes and statesmen,
form to erudition. A striking example is the
and he follows eagerly the more sober busi-
great "History of France," published under
ness of history which explains the milieu and
the general editorship of Professor Lavisse.
the superficially less imposing problems with
As invaluable as charming to students of his-
which these men had to deal.
tory, the work has proved rather too long for
Considerable attention is paid to the devel-
the general reader. A warm welcome should
opment of the fine art and letters. The treat-
therefore be extended to a shorter work in
ment of the latter is perhaps the least satis-
this field, modelled on the same lines, to be
factory part of the work. One feels, for
issued under the direction of M. Funck-Bren-
instance, that scant justice is done Etienne
tano. The first volume to appear in English Dolet, "a learned printer of Lyons who was
(the second of the series) is "The Century of
a sceptic and an atheist. He printed and
the Renaissance," by M. Batiffol. The French
hawked heretical books, which led to his being
arrested and tried.
The Parlement
title of the complete work, “L’Histoire de
France racontée à tous," defines its purpose.
sent him to the stake." With that, and a bit
Each volume is the work of a specialist, but
of Calvin's thunder against him, he is dis-
the general public is always kept in view. If missed. Again, there does not seem to be suf-
the remaining volumes equal the first in inter- ficient recognition of Italian influence in the
est, the enterprise should be a distinct success.
work of the Pléiade. We hear nothing of the
Following the custom of Lavisse's History,
debt of their manifesto to Italian sources.
M. Batiffol has added much to the charm and
Of the “Défense et Illustration de la Langue
"
vividness of his narrative by the frequent Française," we read: “Du Bellay's ideas
citation of picturesque phrases and charac-
were productive of three results: an imitation
teristic comments from the memoirs of con-
which grew closer every day, till it amounted
temporaries, letters of ambassadors, or the almost to plagiarism, of the ancients; the
utterances of the protagonists themselves.
bestowing of a more and more rigorous clas-
Among the latter, Henry IV's bons mots
sical education on the rising generation; and
naturally hold a prominent place. Besieged of the Middle Ages. The statement of the
a contempt for the so-called barbarous works
by partisans demanding vengeance on former
”
enemies just after his accession to the throne,
first result seems unhappy, as the slavish imi-
he replied: "If you said the Lord's prayer
tation of the ancients characterizes especially
every day with real sincerity, you would not
the earlier work of the Pléiade; the second
talk as you do.” An effective use of such
and third seem overstated, as on these points
citation is the title of the first chapter,
the doctrine of the Pléiade is merely one
“Smoke and Glory of Italy,” borrowed from expression of the humanistic revival.
Commynes, who also observes of the first of The work of the translator is, with a few
the Italian invasions that if it had not proved minor reservations, highly commendable. One
a disaster from the start the reason was
point that may lead to confusion is the con-
stant use of the word "pounds” in pecuniary
* THE CENTURY OF THE RENAISSANCE. By Louis Batiffol; calculations. If the original reads "livres,"
translated from the French by Elsie Finnimore Buckley,
Introduction by
Edward Courtenay Bodley. it would perhaps have been better to retain
" National History of France." New York: G. P. Put-
nam's Sons.
that word with a note explaining the approxi-
with
John


1916]
507
THE DIAL
mate value of the coin, which has varied (especially the cook) and their employer, in
greatly.
which appears that attractive form of irony
The complete index, and the bibliographies possible when the author and reader know
of sources and general works at the end of more than the characters. But any attempt
each chapter, are noteworthy features of the to give Mrs. Miller's work a sociological or
book.
political character would fail if based on such
BENJ. M. WOODBRIDGE.
passages, for they are not many and only show
a general common sense applied to domestic
affairs.
RECENT FICTION.*
I believe one cannot recommend Mrs. Miller
Some may have turned to Mrs. Alice Duer
to the reader in this case better than as having
Miller's “Come Out of the Kitchen!” with the written an amusing book that seems to have
thought that they were to get something about little but its amusingness to recommend it.
the value of woman in spheres other than the
It is a pleasing interlude among the many
domestic. Of course there are not many at ferociously serious pieces of fiction of the year,
present who really feel that woman's sphere whether that seriousness come from profound
is absolutely the kitchen; still, that term
studies in sociology or hectic labors of the
might as easily stand for the old-fashioned imagination,- whether it be a novel “ that
conception as the oft-quoted (but doubtless makes one think” or one that lifts one to
rarely true) utterance, “My mother could undreamed-of heights of shimmering, entran-
have made a better pie.” So a book by Mrs. cing, vital imagination. It is amusing in its
Miller with this engaging title might obviously kind and better than many others, for it gives
have sociological or even political significance.
a chance for tact, ease, imagination, and
Such readers, however, have been disappointed humor, all of which qualities Mrs. Miller has,
in any such idea, for Mrs. Miller's book is a
in quantity indeed far greater than her pres-
Romance and not a Novel with a Purpose.
ent work requires. It is only on some such
Whatever disappointment there may be on the ground that a sour-faced carper and kill-joy
part of some, there are others who will be glad might find fault with her book. It was cer-
of this.
tainly a well-imagined opportunity, and Mrs.
I should myself think that the book was not
Miller has certainly had the power to make
a romance, but an extravaganza, of much the
more of it; but she apparently did not want
same kind as a number of others of the present to, and the aim and the desire are generally
day. The writer takes a perfectly possible important things in fiction. Mrs. Miller, I
but highly improbable supposition, and then
suppose, wanted to take a little vacation from
gravely follows it through all sorts of permu-
the grinding task of proving that women were
tations and combinations. I believe "Robinson people, and other such obviousnesses; at any
Crusoe” was one of the first books of this sort,
rate, she has taken one, and the result of her
and there have been many since. It is clearly dalliance will give the same opportunity to
possible that a man should have been ship-
others.
wrecked on a desert island, because there was
Mr. Stephen Whitman's “Children of
Alexander Selkirk and his narration. Perhaps Hope" deals with a somewhat similar possi-
that was even more possible than that a gentle bility in rather more serious fashion. A
man should lease a fine old Southern man-
father and his three daughters suddenly get
sion in delightful hunting country, and find a legacy of one hundred thousand dollars, and
that four extraordinary servants went with go to Europe to spend it. That is perhaps a
the house. Why not have servants go with little more probable than that a man should
the house, and why not have them extraor- lease a fine old Southern mansion with four
dinary? In such circumstances would there extraordinary servants, but in my (rather
not be plenty of occasion, too, for one to say limited) view of the world not much more so.
things of value, concerning the position of ser-
Whether more probable or not, it is much less
vants, of woman, and of other such matters ? imaginative and more conventional. But just
Mrs. Miller does not wholly waste her oppor-
as the one conception (however out of the
tunity: there are some very amusing conver-
way) offered Mrs. Miller a chance to give the
sations between these extraordinary servants amusing little narration which she liked to
imagine, so does this other conception (how-
* COME OUT OF THE KITCHEN! By Alice Duer Miller.
ever conventional) give Mr. Whitman a
By Stephen Whitman.
chance to pour out a rich and varied store of
THE SEED OF THE RIGHTEOUS. By Juliet Wilbor Tompkins.
experience and knowledge of life and love and
Indianapolis : The Bobbs-Merrill Co.
art and human nature, as well as to express
CAPTAIN MARGARET.
all manner of opinions (mostly satirical) on
>
New York: The Century Co.
CHILDREN OF HOPE.
The Century Co.
New York:
By John Masefield.
New York:
The Macmillan Co.


508
[May 25
THE DIAL
subjects which have interested him. I believe know whether there really are any families
the most wonderful Bokharan rugs and the left by earnest reformers who have the
most delightful thirteenth-century tapestries instinctive idea that to raise money for good
have very ordinary stuff for woof (or perhaps works is a normal way of making a living;
it is the warp I am thinking of); the wonder but whether there be or not, the situation does
and the delight come from the lovely stuffs present a sentiment widely existent at the
that are so skilfully woven in and out of the present day,- a sentiment of mingled fine-
commonplace framework. So I would not
I
ness and blindness, mingled altruism and
make too much of the framework that Mr. selfishness, mingled earnestness and conven-
Whitman sets up, but would give most attentionality. And that is a very good thing to
tion to the vari-colored, glittering, emotional base a story on,- better, to my mind, than the
tapestry that he weaves upon it. Aurelius notion of hiring a house with exceptional ser-
Goodchild has three lovely daughters, whom vants or that of inheriting wealth and going
he has named after the three Graces, Aglaia, abroad; because as one reads on, one continu-
Euphrosyne, and Thalia. It would seem that
It would seem that ally says to oneself: “The thing is so, and one
they should have been named after some of cannot get away from it.” In fact, one can-
the Muses instead, although it would have not get away from it, because it is meeting
been hard to find the right ones; for the three one every day: Burton Crane went off to
young ladies, besides being possessed of much Virginia where his house was, Aurelius and
personal beauty and charm, had each of them his daughters went to Florence, but not a day
a considerable gift, the one for music, the passes that we do not hear from “causes” to
next for writing, the last for painting. They which we really owe - any part of our income
are all, however, of the clever, easy-going, from one one-hundredth up to ninety-nine.
bohemian type not wholly unknown to pre- So that is a good starter. It has its diffi-
vious fiction, and live in very desultory fash- culties, however, which come from its excel-
ion on the outskirts of a town of the central lence. An idea like Mrs. Miller's ought to
west. Here they get their hundred thousand carry itself; it would be ungracious to say
dollar legacy, and hence their leisurely start that one could not spoil it, but certainly as
for Europe takes place. What are we to soon as one gets well into the book one is
think? Do the three lovely daughters get amused even at the possibilities that come up,
married? Does Aurelius Goodchild lose his let alone at Mrs. Miller's treatment of them.
hundred thousand dollars? Do they finally An idea like Mr. Whitman's certainly would
return to Zenasville, Ohio! Is there a single not carry itself; but given Mr. Whitman's
reader above the age of twelve who would well-stocked armory of ideas on life, Europe,
give or take a bet on the subject? I do not art, war, love, it does not seem so very difficult
know; I only know that I guessed right from to use them in the opportunity which he has
the outset. But what does it matter? The made for himself. But Miss Tompkins's idea,
book depends for its interest on its picture of instead of making the matter easier, makes it
life abroad, chiefly in Florence, on its touch- | harder. Suppose it be true that the organi-
ing upon a hundred things of interest in the zation of altruism as a business leads to ego-
current art and life of to-day,— and also, if | tism, that people who are most earnest in the
rather less, on some of its characters and on service of others are strangely likely to feel
the general impression of life and reality that that they have a right to enlist others in the
it gives. For however conventional or uncon- service of themselves,- suppose all that to
ventional the general idea may be, the book be true, still it is not easy to imagine just the
certainly gives the impression of reality, and people, just the situations, that will bring out
is full of things that (even with so little know strongly, effectively, poignantly the rights and
ledge of circumstances and situation as I wrongs of all concerned. It is here, and espec-
have) one can see are really excellent.
ially in her people, that Miss Tompkins has
I do not remember whether Mr. Whitman's been most successful: I do not feel that the
book has been pronounced "gripping" by com- young playwright or the practical cousin are
petent authorities; it probably has been. I much more than lay-figures; but Mrs. Gage
think Miss Juliet Wilbor Tompkins's “The and her two daughters are well-conceived,
Seed of the Righteous,” both in theory and in and on them rests the chief burden.
practice, really takes a good deal of a hold on So the chief work of conceiving before
one, which I take it is the idea that the writing is well done. There have been those
word "gripping" may be supposed to convey. who when they had thought of a good idea
"
From a theoretical standpoint one would say and a good name felt that the thing was sub-
that Miss Tompkins had a better idea than stantially finished; and perhaps it was. In
either Mrs. Miller or Mr. Whitman. I do not this case there is much more done: the idea,
-
a
6


1916]
509
THE DIAL
In
very much of the plot, but that is rather a the
in the 18th
the situation, the people, are all there. If it were either, I should pick flaws in both.
an oft-quoted remark, Tourgueniéff said he But as it is no ordinary story, but instead a
was sure (in such a position) that the people poet's story, I think the best thing to do is to
would do interesting things. We might well try to look at the thing as he looks at it, and
leave Miss Tompkins here, but it is but right if we can get in our minds even a touch of the
to say that she has carried out her idea (i.e. love of the picturesque, the realism of beauty
written the book, which some people think an in attitude and in act, the tenderness for fool-
important part of the matter) with much ishness and wrong, the humor, and the delight
sympathy and much humor. I do not make at strong action, and the other such things
, a that go to make up Mr. Masefield's view of the
; the rest is quite enough to world, why, I think we can well enough dis-
carry the book.
regard the dotting the i’s and crossing the t’s.
The first thing to be said of “Captain
EDWARD E. HALE.
Margaret” is that it is a story of buccaneer
adventure by Mr. John Masefield; and so
much being said, many will think it enough,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
and will go to the book to read for themselves.
But for others it might be added that here we Ballad criticism
In publishing Dr. S. B. Hustvedt's
have a tale of how, along about 1710 or so,
monograph on “Ballad Criticism in
century.
Scandinavia and Great Britain
Captain Margaret sailed for the Spanish Main during the Eighteenth Century,” the American-
(
Scandinavian Foundation has manifested hyphen-
who had been with Coxon, and I believe
ated activity of the kind we like to commend.
Morgan too, in their campaigns in the Spanish Besides tracing the marked interdependence
Main) with the idea that he might do rightly of ballad criticism in the several countries during
what many had done or were doing wrongly. the period designated, Dr. Hustvedt provides us
The story tells what happened to him. Cap- with an instance of the continued relations in schol-
tain Cammack was a true prophet when he arship of the English-speaking and the Scandina-
said: “He ain't going to do much on the main,
vian peoples.
The standard editions of Danish
and British ballads came from the hands of
if he's going to worry all the time about a
young lady." Yet if he failed, it was only ously in their monumental labors. By peculiar
Grundtvig and Child, men who coöperated gener-
as all artists fail,— because his conception good fortune, Dr. Hustvedt has received great assis-
was too fine for realization. So far as the tance from the respective successors of these two
absolute exploits themselves are concerned, I masters - from Professor Olrik of the University
confess they remind me of an account of the of Copenhagen and Professor Kittredge of
exploits of Captain Swan of the “Cygnet,” Harvard. He presents adequately the mass of
of whom it is said : “The history of their
material that his subject involves. In Great Britain
cruise is a history of bold incompetence. They
the advance during the century was more decided.
landed, and fought, and again landed; but largely through rules and precedents that he found
At the outset Addison praised “Chevy Chase," but
they got very little save a knowledge of geog-
in the “Æneid”; while the editor of “A Collection
raphy.” And that rather confused impres- of Old Ballads," "the first garner of traditional
sion I take to be “very like the real," as it verse issued in English,” concealed the approba-
has been put.
tion he may have felt behind a mask of levity.
That, at any rate, I take to be Mr. Even Percy, supported by the counsel of Shenstone,
Masefield's ideas, or one of them,- to give felt it necessary to improve the old pieces. Ritson
us the touch, the feeling, of life. Life as they distinction between ballads and other poetry and
and Herd were leaders, however, in an increasing
see it at sea, of course, for it all happens on
in a growing reverence for the unchanged text. By
the “Broken Heart,” and most of the people the end of the century the normal rather than the
are sailors, except for Stukely and his lovely abnormal attitude was revealed in Wordsworth's
wife. Captain Margaret is really a poet, approval of ballad simplicity. In Denmark and
Captain Cammack is by way of being “the Sweden, though progress was slower, the way was
tarry Buccaneer,” Olivia is the lovely lady prepared for editions of ballads early in the fol-
who gives beauty and charm to men's thoughts. lowing century. Moreover, Denmark had accom-
And there are others, too, and we have their plished far more than Great Britain before the
life bound together with ties of love and self. opening of the period under consideration. Begin-
ishness and indifference and duty, as a novel-
ning with Vedel in 1591, Danish scholars had
brought together important editions of ballads, and
ist will see it. Being by Mr. Masefield, the
,
had obtained considerable insight into the nature of
book is full of feeling for the beauty and the
the literary type. The Danish movement was
brutality of life, and the beauty also of sea retarded, however, during the first half of the cen-
and land. It is not an ordinary story of tury by the opposition of Holberg, a man who
adventure, or an ordinary story of realism. resembled Samuel Johnson in intellectual eminence
.
"


510
[May 25
THE DIAL
as
and whose conservatism at this point was more we recognize our contemporaries. To take the
effective. The influence of Scandinavian scholar- Apostles from their niches in history and art, and
ship upon British decreased during the century to translate them into flesh and blood, was in itself
because the vernacular was supplanting Latin. a worthy task; but Mr. George's wide experience
After Percy's work, British influence upon the a minister and a broad-minded citizen has
Scandinavian countries increased.
enabled him to make some very suggestive comment
upon the types of men with whom Jesus sur-
rounded Himself and to whom he committed His
Lake Michigan's Neutral tints and landscapes having
cause. His disciples were only average men, and
wind-swept no striking features appeal only to his cause is still in the hands of only average men.
shores.
the educated eye. To the discerning Association with a man like Jesus was able to
they have charms surpassing the beauties of gor- transform such humble and unheroic folk as
geous sunsets and radiant autumn views. Such a
Galilean fishermen and Jewish tax-gatherers into
lover of nature in her quieter, less obtrusive moods
saints and martyrs. This transformation of char-
is Mr. Earl H. Reed, artist with pen and pencil of
acter, still operative to-day, is the real miracle of
the sandy stretches running back from the shores
Christianity, and in this miracle we may all take
of Lake Michigan. His latest book, "The Dune
a part. There are many such paragraphs as the
Country” (Lane) continues the theme of his earlier
following, which contain more help than many a
work, “The Voices of the Dunes.” Expert with the
sermon, and enough matter to start the train of
etching needle and the lead pencil, he intersperses profitable reflection:
his narrative and descriptive matter with sixty
What a mighty power of Christian coöperation
illustrations admirably suggestive of the various
trade associations suggest: If Christian business men
aspects of nature, animate and inanimate, that should unite in Christian work as they unite in finan-
have caught his eye in his study of the region. In cial enterprises, if they should coöperate as Christians
addition to the endless struggle between shifting as they coöperate as partners, directors and stock-
sands and a more or less determined vegetation, holders, the Church would receive fresh efficiency.
he gives pictures of the bird life, the animal life,
Walking by the Sea of Galilee, Jesus called to His
and the human life that he has encountered.
service the brothers fishing in one boat, and then a
little further the brothers working in another. Can
Among quaint human types reproduced with pen
we conceive of Simon and Andrew in the one boat
and pencil are Old Sipes, Happy Cal, Catfish
ignorant of or uninterested in the Christianity of
John, Doc Looney, J. Ledyard Symington, and James and John in the next? But is this not often
Judge Cassius Blossom. Catfish John sells fish on the case with us: men in one store knowing nothing
credit to Dan'l Smith, an inventor, and waits for of the faith of men in the next, knowing nothing often
his pay until Dan'l gets the money that's coming of the faith of associates at the same desk and
behind the same counter
to him from his invention. Meanwhile Dan'l has
Why should not the
apostles of to-day unite in groups of three and four
"got fat_settin' 'round an eatin' everything in
and twelve and one hundred and twenty-five thousand,
sight." Doc Looney is a "yarb man," of moth-
as business proximity and syndicates bring them
eaten appearance and wearing an old pair of
together? Why should not Christianity be forwarded
smoke-colored spectacles. In the general store of in these days by present trios of Peter, James and
a little village somewhere in “the back country" | John, partners in business ?
our attention is caught by several large boxes of
plug tobacco conspicuously placarded, “Don't use
the nasty stuff.” Under a wall-lamp is another Humor, the
With much truth Mr. Stephen
legend, “This flue don't smoke, neither should
Devil
, and some Leacock suggests, in his new volume
you. Still other inscriptions there are, as, “Credit
of "Essays and Literary Studies"
given only on Sundies, when the store is closed,” (Lane), that for everyday, homely purposes of
and “Don't talk about the war-it makes me sick."
life the theory of the ludicrous still remains unde-
A philosopher and a sage is Elihu Baxter Brown,
fined even after Schopenhauer has declared such
the store-keeper. Excellent in its reading matter
concepts amusing in which there is a subsumption
and its numerous drawings, the book is little short
of a double paradox, or after Kant has explained
that he found everything exciting laughter in which
of sumptuous in its plan and execution.
there is a resolution or deliverance of the absolute
captive by the finite. And so, in the introductory
Present-day
In "The Twelve Apostolic Types of paragraphs of an essay on American huinor,
prototypes of Christian Men” (Revell), Mr. Mr. Leacock endeavors to find a simple definition
the apostles.
Edward A. George has written an “for simple people.” Tracing the development of
unusual type of religious book which should prove humor as arising out of the want of harmony
helpful to a large class of readers. The twelve among things, he determines upon three stages: the
apostolic types are presented in the persons of the humor of discomfiture and destructiveness, that of
twelve Apostles. The author has gathered in con- the incongruous, and (the final and highest type)
venient form all that we know of the careers of “a prolonged and sustained conception of the
these twelve men before and after the brief period incongruities of human life itself.” Tested by his
of their association with Jesus; then, without put- own analysis, the humor that pervades Mr.
ting any undue strain upon the text, he has niade Leacock's volume as a whole belongs not infre-
of them men of the twentieth century. In impetu- quently to this last stage. In formulating for the
ous Peter, doubting Thomas, prosaic Philip, toystic college professor a new apologia pro vita sua, there
Nathaniel, Matthew the man of affairs, and the rest, is real pathos in the truths that “modern scholar-
other matters.
99
2



May 5
1916)
ke the
it, ut
itser
THE ]
ment."
ship has poked and pried in so many directions,
has set itself to be so ultra-rational, so hyper-scep-
tical, that now it knows nothing at all," and that
our studies “consist only in the long-drawn proof
of the futility for the search after knowledge
effected by exposing the errors of the past." And
is there not something almost Shavian in the
thought that it is the Devil (or the fear of him, to
be more exact) that for centuries has kept the
world straight? There he stood for ages a simple
and workable basis of human morality; an admir-
able first-hand reason for being good, which
needed no ulterior explanation. Humanity,
with the Devil to prod it from behind, moved
steadily upwards on the path of moral develop-
More might have been made of the "new"
movement of to-day which has supplanted him. Its
supporters, in their preoccupation with being
wicked, so wicked, fail to realize that an uncon-
scionable interest in morals, bad as well as good,
is merely a yielding to the same old-fashioned
puritanical instinct which they do all they can to
decry.
In barely a dozen years a Tuskegee
The story
of a second graduate regarded by Booker
Tuskegee.
Washington as his foremost gradu-
ate, has built up at Utica, Mississippi, a school
patterned after that at Tuskegee, and the only one
of such schools for colored youth that can be com-
pared with it. From an old log cabin in which the
school started in 1904, it has grown, under its
founder's unremitting efforts, to an institution
having thirty-five instructors, more than five hun-
dred pupils, fourteen buildings, and seventeen hun-
dred acres of land, the entire property being now
valued at $160,000 and every year increasing in
extent and value. This is the work of Mr. William
H. Holtzclaw, whose account of the undertaking,
and also of his own life, is to be found in "The
Black Man's Burden" (Neale), a book comparable
in character and interest with the autobiographies
of Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington.
Incidentally, too, it gives a near view of the
founder of Tuskegee in the daily routine of his
administrative task, and conveys some adequate
idea of the great work done and still remaining to
be done by leaders and educators like Booker
Washington and the author of the book himself.
In literary quality the narrative is a credit to its
writer, who on entering Tuskegee could not tell in
what country he lived, much less the parts of
speech, though he hazarded a guess that these were
the lips, teeth, tongue, and throat. The volume is
well illustrated and has an introduction by Mr.
Washington.
Essays on
artists and
thinkers.
"Is the Artist a Thinker, and the
Thinker an Artist?” This is the old
but ever fascinating problem
brought before us by Professor Louis W. Flaccus
of the University of Pennsylvania, in the vivid
and thoughtful pages of his book, "Artists and
Thinkers" (Longmans). The artist as an uncon-
scious philosopher, be the medium of his thought
sculpture or drama or music,--the philosopher as
a real creative artist, building like the artist his



DIAL
[May 25
NOTES AND NEWS.
"Memoirs of a Physician," by Vikenty Ver-
resayev, is announced for publication this month
by Mr. Alfred Knopf.
A new volume of verse by Mr. J. C. Squire,
entitled "The Survival of the Fittest, and Other
Poems," is nearly ready for publication.
Among the forthcoming publications of the
University of Chicago Press will be a volume of
“Essays in Experimental Logic," by Professor
John Dewey.
"The Hermit Doctor of Gaya" is the title of a
new love story of modern India, by Miss I. A. R.
Wylie, which Messrs. Putnam announce for publi-
cation this month.
Mr. George Moore's forthcoming novel, “The
Brook Kerith,” which was announced in these
columns several months ago, will soon be issued
in this country by the Macmillan Co.
Mr. Boyd Cable, whose "Between the Lines"
has already gone through many editions, has a
companion volume nearly ready continuing his
vivid impressions of the war under the title of
“Action Front."
Miss Betham-Edwards, whose first novel ap-
peared fifty-eight years ago, will soon issue a new
romance entitled “Hearts of Alsace," a tale
founded on the tragedy of French life under
Prussian rule.
It is sixteen years since a new novel appeared
from the pen of Sir Frederick Wedmore. Early
next month he will have a new novel ready enti-
tled “Brenda Walks On"-a story of the English
stage of to-day.
Two midsummer volumes to be issued by Hough-
ton Mifflin Co. are "Tish," a collection of short
stories by Mrs. Mary Roberts Rinehart, and "The
Unspeakable Perk, a novel by Mr. Samuel
Hopkins Adams.
Early next month the Oxford University Press
will publish “Sir Walter Raleigh: Selections from
his “History of the World, Letters, and Other
Writings," edited, with notes and an introduction,
by Mr. G. E. Hadow.
Mr. William W. Ellsworth, who recently resigned
from the presidency of The Century Co. after
thirty-seven years of service, will next autumn
make a lecturing tour of the country, his subject
being "Publishing and Literature."
The second volume of Mr. W. B. Bryan's
comprehensive "History of the National Capital"
will be published at once by the Macmillan Co.
This new volume gives a detailed account of
Washington during the years 1815-1878.
Mr. Horace A. Vachell's new story, "The Tri-
umph of Tim"—the longest novel he has yet pro-
duced—will be published this month. The scenes
are laid in England, California, and Brittany, and
many of the incidents which he depicts are auto-
biographical
"Ian Hay” (Captain Beith) has written a sequel
to his "First Hundred Thousand," which has
proved one of the most popular of recent war


1916]
513
THE DIAL
books. “Carry On” is the title of the forthcoming
volume, to be published by Houghton Mifflin Co.
Miss Alice Brown's new novel, scheduled for
publication next month by the Macmillan Co., is
entitled “The Prisoner," and deals with the career
of a brilliant young man after his release from
prison where he has been sent because of a false
step.
Among other publications announced for early
issue by Messrs. Appleton are: “Americanism-
What It Is,” by Dr. David Jayne Hill; “The Tide
of Immigration,”_by Dr. Frank Julian Warne;
and “Vocational Psychology," by Dr. Harry Levi
Hollingworth.
“Love, Worship, and Death," some renderings
from the Greek anthology by Sir Rennell Rodd,
will shortly appear. It is described as “the sole
and grateful distraction of the British Ambassa-
dor at Rome during the period of ceaseless work
and intense anxiety in the tragic years of 1914
and 1915."
The new edition of “The Breadwinners” (a book
published more than thirty years ago), which
Messrs. Harper & Brothers will shortly bring out,
will for the first time bear on the title page the
name of the author, John Hay. Mr. Hay's son
contributes a preface telling how his father came
to write the story.
Subscribers to Dr. Elroy M. Avery's “History
of the United States” will be glad to know that
a detailed Index to the seven volumes of the His-
tory now ready has just been published by Mr.
William Abbatt, of Tarrytown, New York. The
Index is uniform in size and appearance with the
volumes of the History.
Professor Chester Lloyd Jones has prepared a
study of “Caribbean Interests of the United
States," which will be published by Messrs. Apple-
ton. The author treats of the varied phases of
recent Caribbean development, social, political,
and economic, especially as they bear upon the
United States and its future policy.
Among other forthcoming publications of Messrs.
Longmans are: “A Physician in France," by Sir
Wilmot Herringham; “Serbia in Shadow and
Light," by the Rev. Nicolai Velimerovic, D.D.;
“Promotion of Learning in India,” by Narendra-
nath Law, M. A.; and “Black and White in South-
East Africa,” by Mr. Maurice S. Evans.
The first number of “The American Proof-
reader,” devoted (as the prospectus states) “to the
interests of the correcting profession," will be
issued June 1 by Mr. Jacob Backes, 121 Bible
House, New York. It is said that this will be the
first periodical of its kind ever published, and we
believe it should find a wide field of usefulness.
The following volumes will be published at an
early date by Messrs. Crowell: “The Life of Hein-
rich Conreid," by Mr. Montrose J. Moses; “Mas-
tering the Books of the Bible," by Professor
Robert A. Armstrong; “Reflections of a Cornfield
Philosopher," by Mr. E. W. Helms; and “A Last
Memory of Robert Louis Stevenson," by Miss
Charlotte Eaton.
“Personality in German Literature” is the title
of a new book by Professor Kuno Francke an-
nounced for publication in June by the Harvard
University Press. From the same press will come
“Genetics and Eugenics," by Professor William E.
Castle, and Professor George Lyman Kittredge's
address on Shakespeare delivered on the three
hundredth anniversary of the poet's death.
“Shakespeare's England: Being an Account of
the Life and Manners of his Age,” which the Ox-
ford University Press hopes to have ready in two
volumes early next month, will include an “Ode
on the Tercentenary Commemoration,” by Robert
Bridges; a preface by Sir Walter Raleigh, who
also contributes a chapter on “The Age of Eliza-
beth”; and forty odd sections by various authori-
ties on practically every aspect of the world in
which Shakespeare lived. Sir John Sandys con-
tributes two chapters, one on “Education: Schools
and School Books, Universities, etc., and the
other on “Scholarship: Chroniclers and Histori-
ans, Scholars and Translators”; Professor C. H.
Firth deals with “Ballads”; Dr. Henry Bradley
with “Shakespeare's English"; Sir Sidney Lee
with “Bearbaiting”; D. Nicol Smith with “Authors
and Patrons”; R. B. McKerrow with “Booksellers,
Printers, and the Stationers' Trade”; Dr. H. B.
Wheatley_with “London and the Life of the
Town”; Percy Macquoid with “Costume” and
“The Home"; Lionel H. Cust with “Painting";
Charles Whibley with “Rogues and Vagabonds";
Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer with “Plants"; Mr.
Barclay Squire with “Music"; and Mr. C. T.
Onions, under whose general editorship the whole
work has been seen through the press, with “Ani-
mals."
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 91 titles, includes
books received by The Dial since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
Woodrow Wilson: The Man and His Work. By
Henry Jones Ford. With portrait, 12mo, 333
pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
The Irish Orators: A History of Ireland's Fight for
Freedom. By Claude G. Bowers. Illustrated,
12mo, 527 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.50.
Nationality in Modern History. By J. Holland Rose,
Litt. D. 12mo, 202 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25.
The Autobiography and Letters of Matthew Vassar.
Edited by Elizabeth Hazelton Haight. With
portraits, 8vo, 210 pages. Oxford University
Press. $2.
Samuel W. McCall, Governor of Massachusetts. By
Laurence B. Evans. Illustrated, 12mo, 242 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25.
Biographical and Literary Studies. By Charles
Joseph Little; edited and arranged by Charles
Macaulay Stuart. With photogravure portrait,
12mo, 352 pages. The Abingdon Press. $1.25.
Mrs. Percy V. Pennybacker: An Appreciation. By
Helen Knox. Illustrated, 12mo, 192 pages.
Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
On the Art of Writing. By Sir Arthur Quiller-
Couch, M.A. 12mo, 302 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.50.
Shaksperian Studies. By members of the depart-
ment of English and Comparative Literature
in Columbia University; edited by Brander
Matthews and Ashley Horace Thorndike. Large
8vo. 452 pages. Columbia University Press.
$2.25.
Vision and Vesture: A Study of William Blake in
Modern Thought. By Charles Gardner. 12mo,
226 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25.


514
(May 25
THE DIAL
Public Libraries and Literary Culture in Ancient
Rome. By Clarence Eugene Boyd. 8vo, 77
pages. University of Chicago Press. $1.
VERSE AND DRAMA.
April Airs: A Book of New England Lyrics. By
Bliss Carman. 16mo, 75 pages. Small, Maynard
& Co. $1.
New Poetry Series. New volumes: Roads, by Grace
Fallow Norton, 75 cts.; Goblins and Pagodas, by
John Gould Fletcher, 75 cts.; Some Imagist
Poets, 1916, an annual anthology, 75 cts.; A
Song of the Guns, by Gilbert Frankau, R.S.A.,
50 cts. Each 12mo. Houghton Mifflin Co. Paper.
The Victory: Poems of Triumph. By Charles
Keeler. 12mo, 129 pages. Laurence J. Gomme. $1.
Chicago Poems. By Carl Sandburg. 12mo, 183
pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.25.
Rajani: Songs of the Night. By Dhan Gopal
Mukerji. 12mo, 78 pages. Paul Elder & Co. $1.
Punishment: A Play in Four Acts. By Louise
Burleigh and Edward Hale Bierstadt; with intro-
tion by Thomas Mott Osborne. 12mo, 127 pages.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.
Cowboy Songs, and Other Frontier Ballads. Col-
lected by John A. Lomax, M.A.; with introduction
by Barrett Wendell. New edition; 12mo, 414
pages. Sturgis & Walton Co. $1.50.
The Road to Everywhere. By Glenn Ward Dres-
bach. 12mo, 75 pages.
The Gorham Press. $1.
Including You and Me. By Strickland Gillilan.
12mo, 191 pagse.
Forbes & Co. $1.
Wintergreen, By Marvin Manam Sherrick. 12mo,
74 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1.
FICTION.
The Proof of the Pudding. By Meredith Nicholson.
Illustrated, 12mo, 373 pages. Houghton Mifflin
Co. $1.35.
The Road to Mecca. By Florence Irwin. 12mo, 422
pages. Reilly & Britton Co. $1.35.
The Finding of Jasper Holt. By Grace Livingston
Hill Lutz. Illustrated in color, 12mo, 272 pages.
J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
The Daredevil. By Maria Thompson Daviess. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 344 pages. Reilly
& Britton Co. $1.35.
The Strange Cases of Mason Brant. By Nevil
Monroe Hopkins. Illustrated in color, 12mo, 304
pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
Tha House of War. By Marmaduke Pickthall.
12mo, 307 pages. Duffield & Co. $1.25.
Jaunty in Charge. By Mary C. E. Wemyss. 12mo,
335 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.35.
The Round-About. By J. E. Buckrose. 12mo, 282
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25.
The Cruise of the Jasper B. By Don Marquis.
12mo, 319 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.30.
Behind the Screen. By William Almon Wolff. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 321 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co.
$1.25.
Chapel: The Story of a Welsh Family. By Miles
Lewis. 12mo, 344 pages. George H. Doran Co.
$1.35.
Ice-Boat Number One. By Leslie W. Quirk. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 325 pages. Little, Brown & Co.
$1.20.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Rambles in the Vaudese Alps. By F. S. Salisbury.
Illustrated, 12mo, 154 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$1.
A Woman in the Wilderness. By Winifred James.
8vo, 291 pages. George H. Doran Co. $2.
Russian and Nomad: Tales of the Kirghiz Steppes.
By E. Nelson Fell. Illustrated, 8vo, 201 pages.
Duffield & Co. $2.
Present-Day China: A Narrative of a Nation's Ad-
vance. By Gardner L. Harding. Illustrated,
16mo, 250 pages. Century Co. $1.
Glimpses of Our National Parks. By Franklin K.
Lane. Illustrated, 8vo, 48 pages. Washington:
Government Printing Office. Paper.
Criminality and Economic Conditions. By William
Adrian Bonger; translated by Henry P. Horton,
with preface by Edward Lindsey and introduc-
tion by Frank H. Norcross.
Large 8vo, 706
pages. "Modern Criminal Science Series." Little,
Brown & Co. $5.50.
The German Spirit. By Kuno Francke. 12mo, 132
pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.
History and Procedure of the House of Represent-
atives. By De Alva Stanwood Alexander. 8vo.
435 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.
Industrial Arbitration. By Carl H. Mote. 12mo, 351
pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.50.
The Butter Industry in the United States: An Eco-
nomic Study of Butter and Oleomargarine. By
Edward Wiest, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 264 pages.
Columbia University Press. Paper, $2.
Civilization and Womanhood. By Harriet B. Brad-
bury. 12mo, 229 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1.
Railroad Valuation and Rates. By Mark Wymond.
12mo, 339 pages. Chicago: Wymond & Clark.
THE GREAT WAR.-ITS PROBLEMS AND
CONSEQUENCES.
Preparedness: The American versus the Military
Programme. By William I. Hull, Ph.D. 8vo, 271
pages. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.25.
Imperiled America. By John Callan O'Loughlin,
LL.D. 8vo, 264 pages. Reilly & Britton Co.
$1.50.
The Rise of Rail-Power in War and Conquest,
1833-1914. By Edwin A. Pratt. 8vo, 405 pages.
J. B. Lippincott Co. $2.50.
Our Military History: Its Facts and Fallacies. By
Leonard Wood. With portrait, 16mo, 240 pages.
Reilly & Britton Co. $1.
EDUCATION.-BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND
COLLEGE,
American University Progress and College Reform
Relative to School and Society. By James H.
Baker. 12mo, 189 pages. Longmans, Green, &
Co. $1.
The Psychology of the Common Branches. By
Frank Nugent Freeman, Ph.D. 12mo, 275 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25.
Johann Gottfried Herder as an Educator.
By J.
Mace Andress, A.M. With portraits, 12mo, 316
pages. G. E. Stechert & Co. $1.25.
Education among the Jews. By Paul E. Kretzmann,
Ph.D. 12mo, 98 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1.
Plant Anatomy and Handbook of Micro-Technic.
By William Chase Stevens Third edition,
revised and enlarged. Illustrated, 8vo, 399
pages. P. Blakiston's Son & Co. $2.50.
The Chief European Dramatists: Twenty-One Plays.
Selected and edited by Brander Matthews. 8vo,
786 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.75.
The Printing Trades. By Frank L. Shaw. Illus-
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1916]
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VOLUME LX.
MAY 25, 1916
NUMBER 719
INDEX OF Books REVIEWED OR MENTIONED IN THIS ISSUE.
PAGE
PAGE
Adams, A. A. Plateau Peoples of South America "Hudson Shakespeare" (Ginn, per vol., 30 cts.)... 512
(Dutton, $1.25)
511 Hustvedt, S. B. Ballad Criticism (American-Scan-
Avery, E. M. Index to History of the United States
dinavian Foundation, $3.)....
509
(Abbott)
513 Jackson, T. G. Gothic Architecture in France,
Batiffol, Louis. Century of the Renaissance (Putnam,
England, and Italy (University of Chicago Press,
$2.50)
506
$14.50)
502
Betham-Edwards, Matilda. Hearts of Alsace.
512 Jones, C. L. Caribbean Interests of the United States 513
Brown, Alice. The Prisoner (Macmillan).
513 Leacock, Stephen. Essays and Literary Studies
Bryan, W. B. History of the National Capital,
(Lane, $1.25)
510
Vol. II (Macmillan)
512 Masefield, John. Captain Margaret (Macmillan,
Cable, Boyd. Action Front...
512
$1.35)
509
Cook, Edward. Delane of The Times (Holt, $1.75).. 496 Masters, E. L. Spoon River Anthology (Macmillan,
Dunn, Joseph. An Ancient Irish Epic Tale (Nutt) 504 $1.25)
498
Flaccus, L. W. Artists and Thinkers (Longmans,
Miller, Alice D. Come Out of the Kitchen ! (Century,
$1.25)
511
$1.25)
507
Foraker, Joseph B. Notes of a Busy Life (Stewart & Morris's Pilgrims of Hope (Longmans, 75 cts.) 512
Kidd Co., $5.)
500 "Oxford Garlands" (Oxford Press, per vol., 25 cts.) 512
Francke, Kuno. Personality in German Literature Reed, Earl H. The Dune Country (Lane, $2.)
510
(Harvard Press)
513 Rodd, Rennell. Love, Worship, and Death...... 513
George, E. A. Twelve Apostolic Types of Christian "Shakespeare's England" (Oxford Press).
513
Men (Revell, $1.)...
510 Tompkins, Juliet W. The Seed of the Righteous
Hadow, G. E. Sir Walter Raleigh (Oxford Press) 512
(Bobbs-Merrill, $1.25)
508
"Hay, Ian." Carry On (Houghton)
512 Vachell, Horace A. The Triumph of Tim.
512
Hay, John. The Breadwinners (Harper).
513 Wedmore, Frederick. Brenda Walks On....
512
Holme, Charles. London: Old and New (Lane, Whitman, Stephen. Children of Hope (Century,
$2.50)
512
$1.40)
507
Holtzclaw, W. H. The Black Man's Burden (Neale, Wylie, 1. A. R. The Hermit Doctor of Gaya
$1.50)
.497, 511
(Putnam)
512
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[May 25, 1916
THE DIAL
Selected from the Spring List of
Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Philadelphia
NIGHTS
“The Sensation of Many Years.” – Philadelphia Record
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Shakespeare and Precious Stones
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subject well as because of their relation
Shakespeare.
FAMILIAR NAMES AND FACES
BOSTON TRANSCRIPT: "Rich and
very full in its human acquaintance
has been Mrs. Pennell's life. More
than once we have listened with
unaffected delight to her recital of
certain phases of its contact with
men and women. Her memoirs of
her uncle, Charles Godfrey Leland;
her biography of Whistler written
in collaboration with her husband,
and especially her intimate account
of her experiences in 'Our House,'
the apartment at 14 Buckingham
Street, London, where she dwelt and
received her many friends of the
artistic and social world, have all
revealed the wonderful hours that
come to those who write, or paint,
or draw, or do any one of the other
numerous professional things that
result in a fame accomplished.
Into her pages come many familiar
names and faces.
Mrs. Pennell
finds this life of which she was a
part very vital. It is the stuff out
of which will be woven the history
of literary and artistic movements
during the last years of the nine-
teenth century."
NIGHTS
as
to
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June 8, 1916
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THE DIAL
a fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
Vol. LX.
JUNE 8,
1916
No. 720
THE PASSIONATE VICTORIANS.
.
CONTENTS.
Psychologically speaking, the New Criti-
THE PASSIONATE VICTORIANS. Charles cism, the New Poetry, the New Art, of which
Leonard Moore .
523
we are hearing so much, is easily understood.
LITERARY AFFAIRS IN FRANCE. (Special It reminds us of a child who, after much listen-
Correspondence.) Theodore Stanton 525 ing to the talk of its elders, pulls its mother's
CASUAL COMMENT .
528
skirt and says: “But Mamma, I am here
The search for the permanent.- On the
too!” And the public, which is always tired
subject of capitals.- A foe to intellectual of hearing Aristides called the just, or Shake-
narrowness. The American Scandinavian speare the great, is more or less ready to
Foundation.— Ex-President Dwight. What respond to any irreverence. “The aspiring
Shakespeare thinks of his plays.-An even- youth who fired the Ephesian dome" no doubt
ing continuation school.- A much-quoted
found a good deal of sympathy in his day.
juvenile classic.- Unionized authorship.-
People probably wrote to their newspapers
The useful art of “cumulation.”
saying that they were dead tired of the old
COMMUNICATIONS
531 marble shack, and that Diana had no right to
The Negro in Literature. Garland Greever.
a "dome" anyhow, because she was merely the
Homer in English Hexameters. Bayard
Goddess of chaste propriety and as such was
Quincy Morgan.
New “Old” Poetry. Alfred M. Brooks.
entirely out of date in Ephesus.
Shakespeare in Japan. Ernest W. Clement. This last charge is the gravamen, the
“Shakspere” vs. “Shakespeare” Again. E.
attack of the modernists on the writers of the
Basil Lupton.
preceding epoch. They assert that the Vic-
SHAKESPEARE POTPOURRI. Samuel A. torian age was given over to the domination
Tannenbaum
536 of Mrs. Grundy,- that its literary creations
SENTIMENTAL ARISTOCRACY. Herbert could utter nothing but "prunes, prisms, and
Ellsworth Cory
541 persimmons.” Now there undoubtedly was a
general sobering down from the intoxications
BUDDHISM IN ART. Frederick W. Gookin 546
and riots of the Georgian period. The liter-
THE MONROE DOCTRINE INTERPRETED.
ature which preceded and accompanied the
Frederic Austin Ogg.
549
French Revolution was possibly the most
RECENT FICTION. Edward E. Hale .
552
world-upsetting that has ever been known.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
554 Even in politics and social reform, our radi-
Leaders in Ireland's fight for freedom.- cals have hardly caught up with Rousseau,
What the President has accomplished.- Malthus, Godwin, and Mary Wollstonecraft
Mountain scenery and mountain art.- The Godwin. And Goethe, Schiller, Burns, Byron,
underworld of mind.- An introduction to
Shelley, and Leopardi could give aces and
Wordsworth. The mystery of “Patience
spades to any modernist and beat him in the
Worth.”
— Insect lures for trout and trout-
revelation of the nudities of human nature.
anglers.-A pre-Victorian view of woman.-
Byron was in act and thought and literary
Belgian tributes to Britain.—An American
anthropologist.
production the superman whom Nietzsche
has only philosophized about. But neverthe-
BRIEFER MENTION
558
less we think it quite untrue that the Vic-
NOTES AND NEWS.
559
torian Age was the dull, drab, Quaker domain
TOPICS IN JUNE PERIODICALS .
560
of propriety which critics have accused it of
LIST OF NEW BOOKS .
560 being. Great literature cannot exist without
the exhibition of the good and evil inherent
A list of the books reviewed or mentioned in this
in humanity; and as the Victorian Age un-
issue of THE DIAL will be found on page 563.
doubtedly produced great literature, it must
.
.
.


524
(June 8
THE DIAL
roses
have dealt with such forces, chief among not be, in the language of the street, "a
which are the problems of sex.
piker" in sex revolt compared with the author
No modern poet has realized more fully than of “Laus Veneris,” the creator of “Dolores,"
Tennyson the Miltonic law that poetry should “Fragoletta," and other daughters of joy who
be simple, sensuous, and passionate. In put aside “the lilies and languors of virtue"
meaning, music, and picture, he is prevail- for “the and rapture of vice.”
ingly sensuous; and he never hesitates to deal Swinburne also gave up a great part of his
with any subject that would yield him the life to rehabilitating, or rather justifying,
agitations, clashes, and climaxes of great art. Mary Queen of Scots. His plays on this sub-
His largest poem, "The Idylls of the King,” is ject may pass with “The Ring and the Book”
a tale of adultery, and its central theme is as the most extended study of a frail woman
repeated in some of the minor episodes, in poetry.
-“Merlin and Vivien” is a study of sexual Turning to the novel, we come to Becky
temptation. A great part of Tennyson's early Sharp, who towers over the bad women of
work betrays an extreme susceptibility to fem- that literary form almost as Lady Macbeth
inine beauty and charm, and a most frank and Clytemnestra do over the evil dames of the
portrayal of these things. Very few poets drama. It is true that Taine depreciates
have celebrated so many women, painted from Becky in comparison with Valérie Marneffe,
so many different models. “The Sisters” is a and that a good many modern critics would
tragic story
story of betrayal and revenge. give the palm to Emma Bovary. They are all
“Locksley Hall” and “Maud” were called three as full of original evil as possible; but
Byronic in their day, though in each case for our part, we think that Becky has more
the passion developed is a thwarted one. It variety of wickedness in her than the other
must not be forgotten, too, that he stated the two. At any rate, they are all anterior to the
whole problem of the intellectual equality of art of the modernist, and we fail to see where
the sexes in “The Princess. The modern the latter has improved upon them. It was
education of woman owes a good deal to his Thackeray who uttered the plaint about the
initiative. Tennyson always leans to virtue's restrictions which Victorian prudery placed
side, but prudery is the last defect of which on the novelist; but in Blanche Amory he
he can be accused.
managed to suggest a good deal of depravity,
Of prudery there is of course none in just as in Pendennis's Fanny he developed a
Browning. He is the poet who sympathizes good deal of honest though irregular passion.
with women, and the one whom women conse- Beatrix in “Esmond” is a splendid minx.
quently take to their hearts. He protects the Dickens was hardly a sex novelist. His
erring woman with his shield, as other poets outlook on life was too prevailingly comic to
protect the erring man. “The Ring and the
“The Ring and the take women as seriously as they want to be
Book" is one long plea for a tempted woman. taken, - as indeed they must be taken to pro-
“The Statue and the Bust” is about as abso- duce the greatest effects. But has any Rus-
lute a statement of the right of passion to sian novelist of them all painted a more tragic
have its way as has been put forth by any and tremendous character of low life than
present-day author. And “A Blot in the Nancy in “Oliver Twist”? And Little Em'ly
'Scutcheon” is a pathetic and sympathetic is not all sentimental; certain scenes in her
study of a wronged girl.
career are unflinching in their realism and
So far as we are aware, no recent writer their force. Lady Dedlock and Edith Dombey
has gone any further in the revelation of sex- are more shadowy; but they show, at least,
uality than Rossetti in “The House of Life." that Dickens was not afraid to violate the
Some of the sonnets of this poem drew forth conventions.
Robert Buchanan's puritanical outburst on
Passion has never thrilled through any
“The Fleshly School of Poetry.” The flesh novel as it does through those of Emily and
does get about all that is due to it in the Charlotte Brontë. It is true that there is no
poem ; although, on the whole, it is, if any. actual infraction of virtue in their stories.
thing, too subtly spiritual. The sex interest But what earthly difference does that make
is also supreme in several of Rossetti's ballads. when, in nearly every case, the passion is a
The young Swinburne was a Victorian, and prohibited one, and sex attraction is expressed
we do not know of any modernist who would with the utmost poignancy and abandon? In


1916]
525
THE DIAL
>
Pas . There is a certain type
“Wuthering Heights” especially, the lovers' But the Victorian age in England, we
spiritual possession of each other makes all think, concerned itself with women, or with
matters of the flesh seem shallow and imper- the relation between the sexes, more than does
tinent.
any other literature, except perhaps the
George Eliot was perhaps more responsible Shakespearean drama. The previous litera-
than any one else for the impression that the ture of the world dealt overwhelmingly with
atmosphere of Victorian literature was the men Woman was an adjunct, of course,
but
atmosphere of a Sunday school; that its she was not encouraged to develop any indi-
a
novel was the antithesis of the French novelviduality of her own. She was to be either
or the earlier English one of Fielding and an Egeria or a handmaid. The Victorian
Smollett. She really was a Sunday-school literature changed all that. It retired men
teacher of genius, and she got on the nerves into the background, and devoted itself very
of William Ernest Henley and other critics, largely to feminine characterizations. Nearly
who have for a time written her down in spite every one of its chief poets or novelists,-
of her immense merits. Yet, though she Tennyson, Browning, Swinburne, Thackeray,
preached over vice, she needed vice to spice Meredith, Charles Reade,- was a Perseus
her novels. Hetty falls, and Maggie Tulliver breaking the bonds of Andromeda. If the
is tempted. To a good many minds, the tri- modernists have done very much more salvage
umph of virtue and the condemnation of sin of this kind, we are perhaps too "near blind"
excuse a good deal of dallying with sin by to see it.
the way. A dozen years or so ago, there was There is a certain type of mind which is
a play, founded on "Quo Vadis," which was always rediscovering the elemental facts of
immensely popular in this country. Clergy-human nature. We have no wish to discour-
men recommended it to their flocks as a great age any Columbus of this kind. But we would
moral spectacle. We remember taking a suggest that the differences between the liter-
young woman to see it, and, hardened theatre- atures of various epochs is more a difference
goer as we were, we sat on pins and needles of form than of matter. When poetry is
through some of the scenes. We should cer- dominant, an ideal factor enters into litera-
tainly never have felt, in any company, such ture, harshnesses are smoothed down, discords
a shock to modesty in witnessing “The School are harmonized, and power is subjugated by
for Scandal,” for instance. However, George Beauty. When prose rages unchecked, the
Eliot's humor and pathos and wisdom are reportorial instinct is at work, huge chunks
most genuine, and they will finally weigh of life are flung in our faces, and Beauty is
down her over-much preaching and vivisec-dragged about the stage by the hair of her
tion of characters.
head. We have had many able reporters of
Until recently, in America, sex problems life in recent times; but, for our part, we
have hardly entered into our literature. The still continue to prefer the poets.
one great exception is "The Scarlet Letter,"
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.
in which Hawthorne proved himself a mighty
tragedian. Puritan as he was, he had an
abiding interest in strongly sensuous scenes LITERARY AFFAIRS IN FRANCE.
and characters, -as witness Zenobia in "The
(Special Correspondence of THE DIAL.)
Blithedale Romance.” Poe, his rival and
opposite, though a Cavalier by temperanient
I see it stated in some French publications,
and a Greek by instinct, was an absolute
and the statement has been repeated in at
Puritan in his literary creations. At least
least one American newspaper, that the
United States has formally adhered to the
he managed to give the effect of chastity or
Berne Convention concerning authors' rights.
virginal unconsciousness to figures which are
But the first condition of this pact is that each
projected with the utmost vividness of sen-
state shall place on precisely the same basis,
suous painting. Herman Melville's "Typee"
as far as its international copyright relations
is a sunny, irresponsible picture of sex attrac-
are concerned, the status of the books of all
tion. Most of our older poets and prose other states. In this connection, perhaps the
writers,— moralists or humorists, whichever best authority on the subject of copyright in
they were,- have taken the sex question as the United States, Mr. George Haven Putnam,
read, and ordered it laid upon the table. says to me:


526
[June 8
THE DIAL
No present action is practicable, and, so far as I now being published at Tudor House, London.
know, no action is now in train, in regard to the
Then there is "La Belgique Indépendante,” a
relations of the United States with the Convention
of Berne. As you know, but as these French writers
sort of semi-monthly brought out at Geneva
on the subject do not seem to know, under the influ- (18 rue du Chêne), whose editor, M. Jean
ence of our protective system and of the labor unions, Bary, formerly at the head of the Ghent daily,
the copyright law of the United States contains a
"La Flandre Libérale," seems to consider it
manufacturing provision which declares that no work
may secure copyright in our country that has not
his chief aim at this crisis to throw mud at
been entirely manufactured within American terri- the Belgian public men without distinction
tory. This provision makes it impracticable for the of party. But perhaps the most interesting
United States to accept membership in the Berne
Convention.
of these Belgian periodicals struggling for
The statute which went into force in
July, 1909, not only confirms but extends the manu-
an existence on foreign soil is "La Wallonie,”
facturing requirements of the statute of 1891, which whose office is at 14 rue St. Georges, Paris,
was the first that accorded copyright to foreigners. and whose editor is M. Raymond Colleye. The
As long as our nation maintains a protective policy,
purpose of this semi-monthly is to support, as
and as long as our national legislation is largely under
the influence of the labor unions, we have no prospect
its name would indicate, the French side in
of securing an abolition of the manufacturing condi- Belgium, without, however, attacking in any
tion for copyright. It is of course in no way germane form the Flemish interests of the country. By
to copyright law, but we should have had no interna-
the way, this word “Wallonie,” invented in
tional copyright if we had not been willing to accept
this manufacturing condition.
1884 by M. Célestin Demblon, of the Belgian
Mention of Major Putnam reminds me that
Parliament, became immediately popular, and
his house has recently taken over the Ameri-
now seems to have entered into the language
can end of the “Loeb Classical Library," and
of Belgium. It is meant to designate the four
suggests my repeating here two foreign judg- and a half Walloon provinces in contradis-
ments, though they be rather severe, on our
tinction to the four and a half Flemish
Latin and Greek scholarship. Here is what provinces of this same bilingual nation.
one of the most thorough British classical For what I intended to say about the Scan-
scholars wrote me last winter:
dinavian reviews, I substitute this extract
American scholars seem to me behind English
from a communication which I have just
scholars in literary interest in the classics. They received from Georg Brandes, written from
have, in my judgment — but I am much prejudiced Copenhagen :
in the other direction — far too much devoted them-
selves to grammatical, technical, and archæological None of our Scandinavian periodicals have had to
study; in fact have taken the German rather than suspend publication on account of the war. I have
the French or English line. To my mind this is a
not read them all but I know their views. In a
defect, and I thin he “Loeb Classical Library” | general way all try to remain neutral and are not
ought to do much to remedy it. But unhappily, the disposed to publish articles which clearly or violently
Library seems to be imperfectly appreciated as yet
attack either side. For imports, we depend upon
in America.
England; for exports, we depend upon Germany. Our
And here is what an equally competent the newspapers rather than in the reviews.
sympathies are manifested, but not too directly, in
On
French scholar has said to me on this same account of the war of 1864, which robbed Denmark
point:
of territory, the feeling here in Copenhagen is anti-
I consider the English work in the “Loeb Library”
German, and it is especially so because of the brutal
superior to that of the American scholars. But Dr.
way in which the Prussian government treats con-
Page and Dr. Rouse, the editors-in-chief of the enter-
quered Sleswick. The Norwegians are for England
prise, take so much trouble with the revision that
and France. In Sweden only the socialists are truly
faulty manuscripts must appear correctly under their
neutral, or are friendly to England or France. The
guidance.
majority of the nation has very good grounds for
hating and fearing Russia, which is a constant threat
A discussion has lately been going on in to her security and which has filled the country with
French literary circles about the effect of the spies. The Allies have made a bad impression in
war on periodicals in Europe. I have a few
Sweden as elsewhere by trying to deny that Russia
facts which I can contribute to the question.
is a menace to liberty not only in Finland and Poland
but everywhere. You well know what the average
In Belgium, for instance, the conflict has human being is worth. They cannot think and can-
caused the entire suppression of the reviews, not feel soundly. In Denmark prevails a certain
which were always rather weak, being largely
fanaticism, too merited alas! against Germany. In
overshadowed by those of France. But beyond
Norway the people are cooler because in a less dan-
gerous position. In Sweden, sentiments are dictated
the borders of this unfortunate country some by fear of Russia, the terrible neighbor. All this
new Belgian periodicals have been founded. comes out in our Scandinavian periodicals in one
Thus, at Paris (Rue des Colonnes) is issued
shape or another.
the weekly, “La Patrie Belge”; at Havre, Ultra-Frenchmen have accused Brandes of
where the Belgian government sits, appears being too German and ultra-Germans have
“Le XXe Siècle”; while the well-known accused him of being too French, but the
Brussels daily, “L'Indépendance Belge,” is i above paragraph shows him holding the bal-


1916]
527
THE DIAL
"
>
ance rather evenly in these difficult times. they are still very sharply divided on the
Spanish periodicals are particularly inter- question which, however, would seem to be
esting just now for the light which they throw settled, of participation or non-participation.
on the efforts of the two belligerent sides to In the latter division belong the “Revue
influence neutral public opinion through the Socialiste" of Signor Turati and the Naples
printed page. In a general way it may be “Critica,
“Critica,” edited by the philosopher Bene-
said that the Spanish publications are very detto Croce, still an impenitent admirer of
much divided in their allegiance. Thus, the Germany. The most important of Italian
“Nuevo Mundo” gives more space to the cause reviews, the “Nuova Antologia," though in
of the Allies than to that of the Central
this same camp when the hostilities began, is
Empires, especially in the articles of that now.squarely on the side of the Allies. The
clever writer, Gomez de Baquero. The illus- same is true of the young reviews, as for
trated press is, on the whole, on the side of instance the “Voce," organ of the “futuri-
England. "Blanco y Negro" desires to be estes” both in art and letters. Archbishop
considered neutral, but its caricatures and Henry Doulcet, who knows his Rome as well
cartoons would find a welcome place in any as he does his Paris, writes me as follows on
German magazine, though the articles signed these points :
Angel M. Castell are decidedly favorable to
France. "A. B. C.,” which is owned by the
The present state of Italian public opinion is well
revealed by the position of the reviews. At the same
same company as “Blanco y Negro,” was at time that we see disappear non-intervention period-
first so furiously pro-German that it was not icals, we also note the foundation of very solid inter-
allowed to enter any of the Allied countries.
ventionist periodicals. In a word, it may be safely
said that the grand majority of the Italian reviews,
The London “Times” has been very severe on and especially the younger and more active of them,
it. But to-day it appears to have changed its are squarely of the latter category.
tactics slightly, and its Germanophile military In Switzerland at least one review calls
correspondent has left its staff. The "Illus-
for a word apart. “La Revue Politique
tracion Española y Americana" is openly on
Internationale," founded at Paris in January,
the side of Germany. The same thing is true
1914, was, when the cloud burst a few weeks
of “El Montidero," while “España” is a later, carried to Lausanne, where it is still
friend of France. In fact, in Spain are sev- appearing, and in its pages some of the best
eral publications which do not try to conceal periodical literature now being printed in
their propagandist character. Thus, on the Europe is coming out. Its energetic and
German side are “Germania,”. “El Mundo accomplished editor, M. Félix Vályi, said to
Ilustrado," "Hamburgo Nachrichten," and me recently:
"Hojas Devulcadoras," which are printed
Our aim is the spreading of scientific internation-
Barcelona or even in Hamburg itself. The alism. I myself am more a philosopher than a poli-
Allies' organs are “La Razon,” “America tician, and my programme is to remove politics from
Latina,”
"El Mundo Latino," and "El the exclusive influence of the personally ambitious
and to introduce into its domain those unselfish intel-
Bollatin de la Alizanza." A German watch-
maker in Madrid named Coppel publishes associating themselves with politics.
lectuals who up to the present balk at the idea of
gratis a paper whose very name tells its pur-
Something, too, ought perhaps to be said
pose,-“El Propoganda Germanofila.” In
here about the Dutch monthly printed in the
this connection, a journalistic friend at
Madrid writes me:
French language at The Hague, -"La Revue
de Hollande," whose purpose is to spread
The consulates of the neutral nations are inun-
French ideas and the French language in the
dated with pamphlets and circulars of German origin,
and papers of the same sort written in perfect
Low Countries and to draw more closely
Spanish are handed to passers-by in the streets and together intellectually the two nations. This
left in the churches and public establishments, and is the very time for such a periodical to do
sent to convents and schools. In a word, Germany good work; but while the editorial side is
is spending millions on propaganda in Spain. This
state of things would seem to give color to a remark
fairly well conducted, the administrative side
attributed to our witty young king when he declared is rather weak and inactive, with the result
that “I and the rabble are alone with the Allies." that the review is not at all exerting the influ-
From Rome, M. Jules Destrée writes me ence that it should be exerting. It is printed
that "in Italy the reviews are probably more on good paper, in type pleasing to the eye,
active than in any other part of Europe, and while the level of the articles is far above that
are engaged in publishing articles of the high- found in the average European monthly; but
, with two somehow
or three exceptions, such as the. Rassegna Much might be said in this
connection con-
Contemporanea" which was very feeble before cerning the periodicals of France, but I shall
the war came, have continued to appear. But speak briefly only about one of them, -
&
66


528
[June 8
THE DIAL
"L'Opinion," published at 4 rue Chauveau- three times a letter which he had received from a
Lagarde. The chief founder of this interest-
lady who admired his poems, and each time he
exclaimed, “That is good for me. During his stay
ing weekly was M. Paul Doumer, “the
in New York, he complained very much of the cold,
Roosevelt of France," whose five sons were and did not like to go out unless the sun was hot.
in the trenches, where one has been killed and He was very remiss in keeping his engagements, and
two wounded already. In shape and spirit
would often telephone at the last moment to say he
could not attend a repast given in his honor. So when
this paper somewhat resembles “The New
George Sylvester Viereck invited him to luncheon,
Republic," with the saving salt of what the Dario decided at the eleventh hour that he could not
French call the spirituel. Since the outbreak go. I telephoned the message to Viereck, who was
of the war one of its strongest features has
not at his office, and two days later he wrote me
been the sturdy bold drawings of Forain. Its
saying he hoped Dario had not been disappointed as
he (Viereck) had quite forgotten to go to the rendez-
editor, M. Maurice Colrat de Montrozier, who vous for the luncheon! I heard Dario read in public
has a most pleasant personality and brains in Spanish from his poetry. He spoke very well and
that go with it, is a close friend of both the
read very effectively. While in New York he was pre-
sented with a silver medal by the Hispanic Society,
President of the Republic and the President
and with an address of honor drawn up by the
of the Ministry; so that when the editorial
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
columns speak out, they speak with consider-
THEODORE STANTON.
able authority. This periodical and this editor
May 20, 1916.
will surely be heard from in a powerful way
in the New France, especially when the weekly
becomes a daily, which I am authorized to say
CASUAL COMMENT.
will be the case when the peace comes.
Another Paris daily, "Le Temps," charac- THE SEARCH FOR THE PERMANENT in these days
terizes that gifted Nicaraguan, the late Ruben of demolition and overturn has occupied more
Dario, as "the Prince of Hispano-American
than one earnest soul. When the bottom seems to
poets”; the “Mercure de France” places at
be dropping out of everything there is an impera-
the head of its number for April 1, a very
tive need of something solid to cling to. This
need, in an intellectual and spiritual sense, is
eulogistic article on him from the pen of
keenly felt by a writer in "The Unpopular Review"
Ventura Garcia Calderon; the New York
who, under the heading
the heading “Efficiency' and
Hispanic Society announces a volume of his
Efficiency,” pleads for a return to the ancient
translated poems to be issued under its aus- classics, to the “humanities” as they were culti-
pices; and now Señor Julio Llanos, Paris vated by our grandfathers in the good old days
correspondent of the Buenos Ayres "Nacion," before the warfare of science with the elder learn-
informs the public that he and a little group
ing. Defining humanism as “the critical study of
of friends of the poet are collecting funds
the experience of man in his search for standards
with which to raise a monument in his honor
of worth," the writer finds no such study more
productive of satisfying results than a serious pur-
in the French capital which he loved so dearly.
suit of the classics. But the rare scholar of to-day
Very timely, therefore, is this note from the
who pursues the classics for the pure love of it,
young American critic and publisher, Mr. finds himself suffering a degree of spiritual isola-
Robert J. Shores, who presents the poet in a tion. As our courageously “unpopular” pleader
more intimate manner than I have seen him says of the humanist, “in the face of a world of
presented elsewhere. Speaking of Dario's things, against those whose god is the science of
sojourn in New York during the winter of speed, he alone, as it sometimes seems, upholds
1914-15, Mr. Shores says:
the primal gift of man,- the power to discriminate
and to choose.” To quote further, and without
Though I saw Ruben Dario a number of times and
talked with him in rather intimate fashion regarding
too strict regard to immediate connection: "Partly
his plans and his work, he was something of an enigma
because of this natural relation of the ancient
to me. In personal appearance he was swarthy,
writer to bis environment, partly because of some-
stout, and gave the impression of being a larger man thing which must be set down simply as genius,
than he really was. He was not, in fact, very tall; his work, unlike all but the rarest and least read
but he seemed tall as well as broad. He had a very of contemporary writing, rings true because it
pleasant smile; but when his face was in repose, he comes from the heart and centre of things. Though
had almost an oriental cast of countenance. His
not given to uncharitableness, one cannot but find
head was fine, — the sort a sculptor likes; the sort
which looks well upon a medal or coin. Dario was
much of even the most able literature of recent
not sociable. He did not like to meet people;
years given not to the portrayal of the broadly
seemed really to be averse to making new acquaint-
human, not to the observation of the will in action
ances, though he was affable enough when he did and the workings of the laws of human nature, but
meet them. In many respects he was like a child;
to the exploitation of idiosyncrasy for idiosyn-
when he was pleased with anything, he showed his
This absence of the central, this
pleasure very plainly. He was vain but not conceited;
he did not boast but accepted praise, and even flat-
crasy's sake.
stress on aimless mood and easy-going sentiment
tery, with great equanimity. He liked to hear his at the expense of character, this failure to dis-
poetry praised, and on one occasion asked me to read criminate among values, is responsible for the


1916]
529
THE DIAL
“ All's
impetus that modern literature has given to our tinues the author, “one may hear talk of Kipling's
already violent tendency to prefer quantity to latest poem, of Chesterton's most recent paradox,
quality. And it would be a sufficient reason, were of football prospects, events in the religious world,
there no other, for us to refuse to accept modern the latest limerick, the political myths by which
literature as an adequate substitute for the classics. people are imposed upon as regards the nature of
For, in a word, modern literature, compared with our Constitution, the trend of contemporaneous
ancient, is a relaxation and a confusion of the philosophy, personal anecdotes, and interspersed
spirit rather than a discipline. For a real and throughout a lot of apposite stories." As one
not a seeming efficiency we are directed back to happy consequence of the above-named Horatian
the study of the classics.
quality (lively interest in all things human), "he
seems to be little or not at all exposed to boredom,
and arrives fresh and buoyant at the end of what
ON THE SUBJECT OF CAPITALS certain remarks to most people would be a wearying experience.
suggest themselves which may be not out of place So far from being tired of it all, he may rehearse
here and not too wearisome to the reader. An its humorous phases with dramatic gusto when he
initial capital letter adds dignity and importance gets back to the hearthstone." Something of
to a word.
Our national legislature we appro- Luther's universality of theme and of interest, as
priately call “Congress," not "congress.” The noted in the reformer's table-talk, would seem to
founder of Jamestown is known as John Smith, characterize the table-talk of him who is here
not john smith; and any person who should write described.
george Washington” in naming our first Presi-
dent would stamp himself as little better than THE AMERICAN - SCANDINAVIAN FOUNDATION,
illiterate. The accepted library usage of begin- established by the late Niels Poulson in 1911, is
ning with a capital only the first word of a book- doing excellent work in spreading the knowledge
title and any proper names in that title is to be of North-European culture. A mutual understand-
commended on the score of economy, if economy ing of national aims and ideals and educational
in the use of capitals is itself desirable. But a methods is considered essential to friendly relations
title seems to stand out better in large initial between nations, and so this organization is a pro-
letters (except to the insignificant words like moter of peace as well as of other good things.
articles and prepositions) than in small.
Mr. Poulson, born in Denmark, came as a poor
Well That Ends Well” shows itself at once as mechanic to this country, amassed a fortune, and
Shakespeare's play of that name. “All's well that devoted half a million of it to the cause here
ends well" would at first glance be taken for a mentioned. Dr. Frederick Lynch is President of
popular maxim. In the current “Quarterly” of the Trustees of the American-Scandinavian Foun-
the Carnegie Library of Atlanta are several refer- dation, and Dr. Henry Goddard Leach is Secre-
ences to well-known books and periodicals, the tary. Associates now number more than four
titles of which are printed with a rather puzzling thousand; a bi-monthly magazine, The American-
a
“
variability in respect to capitals. We find Mrs. Scandinavian Review," has been published by the
Trollope's “Domestic Manners of the Americans," society since January, 1913; two series of books,
but very soon afterward Dickens's
“American a set of translations from the Swedish classics,
notes," and on the next page Henry James's and one of monographs by Scandinavian scholars,
“The American scene. We note also references are now in process of publication; and fellowships
to “The Boston Transcript,” “The dial” and have been founded to enable Scandinavian students
“Book review digest." What is there in the words to take courses in our universities and technical
“manners” and “transcript" to entitle them to schools, and American students to do the same in
greater honor than the words “notes, “scene," Scandinavian institutions of learning. As is ex-
“dial,” “review,” and “digest"? One of our fore- plained by a writer in “The Independent,” to
most newspapers aims at consistency in the use whom acknowledgment is due for these facts, “the
of capitals by employing them only (as is jocu- propaganda conducted by The American-Scandi-
(
larly maintained) to indicate the founder of the navian Foundation in the United States is consist-
journal and the founder of Christianity. This is ent at every point with loyal Americanism. Even
going a little too far, as even the most scrupulous when exhorting descendants of Scandinavians to
library cataloguer would admit.
keep alive in English dress their inherited tradi-
tions of art and literature, this Foundation is not
encouraging the perpetuation of alien groups
A FOE TO INTELLECTUAL NARROWNESS is a friend within our midst, but rather is aiding these children
to liberal culture. This self-evident truth will of Northern stock to assimilate and to support
serve as an introduction to a readable chapter in with their high idealism the principles of American
Mr. Henry Jones Ford's recent study ("a liberty."
biographical study" he calls it on his title-page)
of our present chief magistrate. “Intellectual Ex-PRESIDENT DWIGHT, who died May 26, in his
narrowness," Mr. Ford affirms, “is his great aver- eighty-eighth year, almost seventeen years after
sion. I have heard him describe the class of schol- resigning that administrative control of Yale Uni-
ars who dwarf themselves by confinement to one versity in which the institution gained in material
subject as 'ignorant specialists.'” Whatever con- resources more than it had gained during all the
cerns humanity interests this anti-specialist, it previous century and three-quarters (and
seems, “so that at one sitting at his table," con- decade) of its existence, came to his high office
a


530
[June 8
THE DIAL
eminently fitted for it by both inheritance and AN EVENING CONTINUATION SCHOOL, though not
training. His grandfather, Timothy Dwight, had under that name, is conducted by every public
been president of Yale from 1795 to 1817, and library that keeps its reading-room open after the
both grandfather and grandson fulfilled the estab- customary hours of daily work. Especially may
lished tradition by passing from the pulpit to the the young people's room be regarded as such a
presidential chair; that is, both wore the cloth with school, giving to the boy and girl whose formal
out which, in the old times, no one could be con- schooling has ended early a chance to keep alive
sidered an eligible candidate for the headship of the intellectual curiosity aroused in the classroom.
the college founded especially for the education of The librarian at Manchester, N. H., reports on
future ministers of religion. The later Dwight the results of opening, three evenings in the week,
is to be credited with raising Yale to the rank of a the lately established department for young read-
university, though he opposed with unyielding ers in that city, saying that it has been difficult to
conservatism the modern elective system of under- maintain the service with the present staff, and
graduate studies and also, as was to have been adding: “We believe it desirable to have the room
expected as well as desired, the increasing inroads open every evening from six to nine. There are
of athletics upon the time and energies of the a good many boys and girls who leave school and
student body. Timothy Dwight, the second, was go to work as soon as the law allows. In most
born at Norwich, Connecticut, Nov. 16, 1828; was cases such young people are not sufficiently devel-
educated at Yalé, Bonn, Berlin, and at the Yale oped mentally to find suitable reading in the adult
Divinity School; taught sacred literature and New department. They constitute a class which greatly
Testament Greek in the latter school from 1858 to needs to continue its education. The city has
1886, when he was chosen president of Yale, con- thought it worth while for the good of society to
tinuing in office until 1899. He was a member of educate these children thus far. It is just as truly
the American committee for revising the English for the economic good of society that their educa-
version of the Bible, and was the editor and tion should be continued in order that they may
annotator of various commentaries on parts of the become intelligent and enlightened citizens. This
Bible, also author of "Thoughts of and for the is the function of the library. The public library
Inner Life” (a collection of sermons) and “Mem-
is a continuation school and a recreation field in
ories of Yale Life and Men."
one, and these young people should be attracted
to the library and directed in recreative and help-
ful reading in such a way as to influence their
WHAT SHAKESPEARE THINKS OF HIS PLAYS, if he lives and make them better citizens." In all this
be still in some state of being that renders him there may be some inevitable admixture of plati-
capable of thought, must have been the query of tude, but the platitude has its uses no less than the
many and many a reader of those plays. A Japa- paradox.
nese Shakespeare scholar has put into words what
may be the present opinion held by the actor- A MUCH-QUOTED JUVENILE CLASSIC was the other
playwright from Stratford concerning his work. day cleverly drawn upon to point his nuoral by
A Shakespeare Soliloquy," by Professor W. President Wilson in a speech at the National Press
Asano, is printed in English in “The Far East” Club. Emphasizing the necessity of rapid forward
of April 22. “I feel ashamed in heart," the poet motion on the part of all who would not be left
is represented as saying, “to think that there are behind as hopelessly unprogressive, he said: “You
many persons who talk of me in high terms, call- will remember the Red Queen in 'Alice in Won-
ing me a genius or even a second creator. It is derland' or ' Alice through the Looking-Glass-
clear to me that every work of mine is full of I forget which, it has been so long since I read
faults and drawbacks which I desire to correct.
them - who takes Alice by the hand and they rush
The first thing to explain is that I was a very along at a great pace, and when they stop Alice
busy person, to whom the luxury was not permitted looks around and says: But we are just where
of writing in a clean, quiet study, as you enjoy it,
we were when we started.' Yes,' says the Red
but on a contrary, irregularity was the rule with Queen,' you have to run twice as fast as that to get
me, for I had to give up my work for the present, anywhere else.'” Remarkably near to the words of
after writing in a hurry five or six lines in a noisy
the original does the speaker here come in his
place behind the stage, or I ran the pen on twenty
impromptu quotation; but for the benefit of those
or thirty pages with an aching head after coming who, like him, are a little rusty in their Alice books,
back drunken late at night from roystering. It
but who are in the habit of quoting snatches
was really beyond description how irregular it
from their entrancing pages, it may be well to
was.”
There is more in the same vein, illustrating in Lewis Carroll's whimsical narrative are, in one
point out that the queens and the kings who figure
the abashed sense of failure, or of something very
book, characters from our familiar playing-cards,
like it, with which the really great artist must, and, in the other, personages from the noble game
oftener than not, survey the work of his hand, of chess. It is "Alice's Adventurers in Wonder-
overcome with dismay at the inferiority of his land” that has the card characters, while “Through
accomplishment to his ideal. Shakespeare might the Looking-Glass" is diversified with the chess
not be moved to express himself in an idiom pieces. The Red Queen is, obviously, a chess char-
savoring of Tokyo rather than of London, but acter, and so belongs in the looking-glass story;
in substance he might well have such thoughts as the corresponding royal personage in the other tale
are ascribed to him by this Japanese writer. is the Queen of Hearts. This is manifestly very
6
רון


1916]
531
THE DIAL
important to remember; for to be caught mixing
COMMUNICATIONS.
up these two royalties would be hardly less humil-
iating than, for example, to assign Hecuba to the
THE NEGRO IN LITERATURE.
“Odyssey” and Penelope to the “Iliad,” or to make
Sarah the wife of Elkanah and Hannah the wife
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
of Abraham.
The interesting article in your issue of May 11
on “The Negro in American Fiction" impels me
UNIONIZED AUTHORSHIP certainly has at first a
to offer some comments on the negro in literature.
rather queer sound. To think of the enamoured
I agree with Mr. Brawley that the possibilities of
architect of airy rhyme as belonging to Local No.
the negro as literary material have by no means
so-and-so of the Federated Quill-drivers of Amer-
been exhausted, though I think the American peo-
ica gives one a sort of shock. Apostles of litera-
ple have botched the question of what to do with
ture and art, ministers of religion, benefactors who
him considerably less in their books than in actual
give their lives to philanthropy — all these we
life. In general, we may say that the negro as a
like to picture to ourselves as raised far above
comic character has been adequately presented.
such sordid considerations as must of necessity
Enough has been made of him, too, as a sentimental
influence to some extent those who band themselves
character; indeed, it has often been asserted that
together in a trades-union. And so when we hear
the sentimentality and pathos of the negro shown
of the steps recently taken by the Council of the
in Foster's songs and similar works distort and
falsify his nature.
Authors' League of America toward affiliating that
The question then arises
body with the American Federation of Labor, we
whether the negro as a tragic character has been
sufficiently regarded. I think he has not. The
are not exactly displeased to note, in the list of
those writers favoring the move, blank spaces for
theme has not been neglected (witness, for example,
the somewhat melodramatic but sincere and im-
certain of our best-loved living American authors.
Possibly their failure to participate in these
pressive story "The Mulatto," by Mr. Don Marquis,
momentous proceedings was due to nothing but a
in the April “Harper's”), but it has not been
missed train, or a mislaid umbrella, or a fit of
presented with anything approaching finality. The
indigestion, or a previous engagement to play auc-
negro in comic or sentimental aspects rollicks or
tion bridge, or a too great absorption in a current
sniffles through countless pages; the negro in his
novel; but we are not averse to imagining other-
tragic aspects has been portrayed rarely, and then
wise. Some comfort we derive, too, from the
in half-hearted or else exaggerated ways.
announcement that it is not so much the poets and
At this juncture we are confronted with the
the philosophers who demand trades-union pro-
question whether the negro is suited to tragedy.
tection of their rights as laborers for hire, as it is
The question is perhaps debatable. At the outset
the makers of plays for the moving-picture pro-
let me confess that, like nearly everyone who
ducers. It is possible, in fact highly probable, that
writes about the race problem, I personally know
the best of what is being thought and said and
little about negroes. Though I have lived in the
written in this world of ours will still escape the
South almost all my life, I did not have any inti-
withering blight of commercialism.
mate contact with negroes during those formative
years when one's powers of observation are so
keen and so active. Hence my ideas are to be dis-
counted, like those of anyone else who proceeds
THE USEFUL ART OF CUMULATION," carried so
nearly to perfection by the publishers of the useful mainly upon theory. I have talked over the very
question we are here discussing with Southern
“Cumulative Index,” indispensable to research
college men whose opportunities to know have
workers in periodical literature, is also turned to been better than mine, and I am fain to acknowl-
good account in other quarters. A late illustration edge that they do not think as I do. The negro,
of its value is furnished by the public library of most of them say, is light-hearted, irresponsible,
Cleveland in its cumulated annual edition of The careless; he lives in the present, like a child or a
Open Shelf," wherein the successive monthly beast; he does not aim high or persist; he is
issues of that publication have been combined in a fond of big words and gay colors; he wants to
classified and alphabetically arranged list of acces-
strut, to display himself, rather than to be; and
sions to the library for the year 1915. An author- therefore, seen against the background (or the
and-title index is appended. As the compiler
foreground, if you will) of a civilization which
points out, “nearly every title listed is followed
he apes with fantastic imitation, he is a subject
by a note giving considerable information in the
for comedy, not for tragedy. While I have no
briefest possible space. These notes are intended
conscious prejudice against the negro, I am forced
to admit that there is much to justify such a view.
to do any or all of the following things: To
describe the scope and contents of the book, to
In my opinion, however, it makes too much of
shortcomings and not enough of merits. But
mention its distinctive points of merit and less whether it is sound or unsound, it is not con-
often its shortcomings, and to compare it with clusive in regard to our question; for if we cut
other books on the same subject. Many of the deeply we shall see that it takes into consideration
critical judgments in the notes are quoted from only the average negro, whereas the average man
authorities like the Dial, Nation, Athenæum, etc.; of whatsoever color does not lend himself readily
unaccredited verdicts are usually those of Cleve- to tragedy. The tragic hero has been through the
land Public Library staff readers.”
ages a person of exalted qualities and usually of


532
[June 8
THE DIAL
world eminence. To be sure, we are paying more any two of the works mentioned, but there is one
attention nowadays to exalted qualities in everyday | criticism which applies to them all: the transla-
humanity, but we shall probably never make it our tor's choice of metre—and a number have been
custom to cull tragic heroes from the ranks. We tried—was such as to preclude him from achiev-
turn instinctively to the exceptional man. Now ing the right Homeric flavor. Having clearly
surely among people of dark skins there are excep-exposed the inevitable shortcomings of nearly every
tional beings of both sexes whose positions are other verse-form, Arnold then proceeds, with
tremendously tragic. Think of the negro of good what seems to me admirable force and effective-
education, artistic sensibilities, or high social pur- ness, to state the obvious arguments in favor of
pose who never gets away from his origin, who the hexameter as the desirable medium for ren-
meets galling rebuffs from the whites in all sec- dering Homer.
tions of the country, and is scorned or suspected The question naturally arises why no one has
by his own people! Possibility enough for tragedy as yet attempted a hexameter translation in all
there! Booker Washington without his poise and the years that have elapsed since Chapman's day.
persistent optimism would have been the protago- | I believe there are two principal reasons.
nist of a tragedy unspeakable. There must be In the first place, modern English is unques-
thousands like him except that they do not pos- tionably a very refractory language for the com-
sess his saving qualities for temperament. Is it position of dactylic verse (it is significant that
not a mere question of time until a tragedy thus Tennyson and Swinburne, who tried everything
inherent and inevitable shall find expression else, never attempted it) because the vast body
through someone with insight to read it truly and of the poetical vocabulary of our speech is mono-
with genius to set it forth artistically?
syllabic or at best disyllabic, and because far
So much for the question as to what may be more than half of our verse is iambic in move-
done with the negro in literature. What shall we ment, that is, begins with unstressed syllables.
say on the question as to what the negro, in litera- From these circumstances it follows that we must
ture, may do for himself? The idea has grown lay down certain simple rules for the English
upon me that some day the colored race will pro- hexameter, which my own experience leads me to
duce a great lyric poet. Negroes are assuredly formulate as follows:
emotional, possibly the most emotional people the 1. Each verse must begin with a strong accent.
world has known. Moreover, they have an ele- This rule is repeatedly violated by Arnold, thus:
mental freshness in their point of view and in Between that and the ships, the Trojans' numerous
their feeling for words; they have an extraordinary fires.
knack for brushing refinements aside, thrusting to 2. Each verse must read itself, its rhythmic
the heart of the matter, and crystallizing its flow dare not be ambiguous, or we are reduced to
essence in picturesque language. These are the rhythmic prose:
qualities that make lyric poetry. Cultivation and
And yet not that grief, which then will be, of the
conscious skill may add something, sophistication Trojans.
nothing. Already lyric poets of negro birth have
been near enough to the heart of their race to sing
3. Homer uses a spondaic fifth foot in about
four lines to the hundred; in view of the difficulty
broken snatches of the music that is resident there.
of producing anything like a genuine spondee in
May we not hope they are only an earnest of the
English, we shall do well to limit that number still
inspired singer who is yet to come? The time of
more, and to put only our best spondees in that
his appearance among us, it would be hazardous
foot. Failure to observe this rule is the chief fault
to prophesy. Possibly he will be in our midst
of Dr. Rouse, whose verse in the main represents
to-morrow; possibly not until centuries have
a distinct advance over Arnold:
passed. We can afford to be patient. Scotland
waited long for her Burns.
So he rejoicing goes in the light of a larger wisdom.
GARLAND GREEVER.
4. Similarly, the English verse cannot digest
Lerington, Va., May 29, 1916.
more than two successive spondees, hence the bad
effect of
For than man, indeed, there breathes no wretcheder
HOMER IN ENGLISH HEXAMETERS.
creature.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
It would perhaps not be surprising if Arnold's
No modern language, I believe, has to its credit- own verses, halting and unmelodious as they are,
or discredit -- as many translations of the Homeric had discouraged those to whom his theoretical argu-
poems as ours: at the mere mention of the “Iliad, ments seemed to be well taken.
the names of Chapman and Pope, of Cowper and But there is another and more important reason
Bryant, will immediately occur to all lovers of the why the hexameter has so far not been attempted
classics. It would be too much to say that the on any large scale: it is the frequently iterated
work of these and other men has been an utter dictum that the hexameter in English does not
failure; yet it can hardly be denied that none of even suggest the classic rhythm except to the clas-
these versions, despite great individual merits, has sically trained, and these it offends. The same argu-
succeeded in winning anything like general ac- ment, let me remark in passing, would logically
ceptance from the English-speaking world. The lead to the rejection of any modern metre for the
reasons for this deplorable fact are plainly set translation of any classical one: for the English
down in Matthew Arnold's famous lectures “On trochee is not a Greek trochee, and so on down the
Translating Homer"; they are not the same for list. But I believe that the differences between
19


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There the resounding sea:
nay, thee we fol-
lowed, O shameless,
Tnee, thou dog-face, hither to make thee glad
by obtaining
Quittance for thee at the Trojans' hands, and
for thy Menelaus.
458 Now having prayed and sprinkled the barley,
they went to the victims,
Drew up their heads and slaughtered and flayed
them, and took each thigh-piece,
Folded' it double with fat, and laid raw collops
upon it.
Fagots consumed the flesh, and of gleaming
wine a libation
Made the old man; and five-tined forks held
the young men beside him.
Now when the thighs had been burnt, and when
they had tasted the vitals,
All the remainder they sliced and spitted and
carefully roasted,
Drawing it then from the fire. And when they
had rest from their labors,
Having prepared the repast, they feasted; the
banquet was goodly,
Nor was their pleasure stinted. But when their
desire was accomplished,
Sated with eating and drinking, the young men
poured to o'erflowing
Wine in the bowls, whence they filled all the
cups for libation and feasting.
Thus through the livelong day they worshipped
the god with their music,
Hymning the praise of Apollo: his heart was
rejoiced as he heard it.
66
the classical and the modern metres have been very
greatly exaggerated. There is a steadily growing
body of evidence to support the theory, which has
been advanced in some quarters, that the Homeric
verses were not read, in our modern sense, but
sung. Dr. Rouse alludes to the recitation of the
Vedic hymns, which like Greek have both quantity
and musical accent; this recitation has been banded
down by immemorial tradition, and he says, “It is
a sort of intoned recitative, most impressive and
agreeable to the sensitive ear.” If this is compar-
able to the delivery of the Homeric verses, it fol-
lows that when we contrast the movement of a
modern with that of a Greek hexameter, we are
simply proving the inequality of a spoken verse
and a chanted one.
But it would be fruitless to dwell on this some-
what contentious matter, since for my feeling the
point is not at all whether an English hexameter
is the equivalent of a Greek one. It represents in
any case, rhythmically considered, the closest
approximation to it of which our speech is capable,
and it seems to me that there are only two ques-
tions which we need to ask about it: first, is the
dactylic hexameter a priori adequate for the ren-
dering of Homer; and second, is it in practice
capable of producing satisfactory English verse?
For we must always be mindful of Coleridge's
first rule for a translator: "Thou shalt not turn a
good poem into a bad one."
Now, there is much bad hexameter verse in
English, and I confess that I had grave doubts as
to the capacities of our language in that direction,
especially in view of Arnold's unsatisfactory verses,
until a friend called my attention to Kingsley's
“Andromeda,” a truly beautiful epic poem which
seems to me to banish all doubt of the possibility
of creating admirable English hexameters. With
regard to theoretical adequacy of the hexameter
as a medium for translating Homer, I am con-
tent to cite Arnold's masterly discussion of that
question, which he answers with an emphatic
affirmative.
But poetry is in one respect like pudding: if the
proof of the one is in the eating, the proof of the
other is in the reading of it; and I am so bold as
to append here three short passages from the first
book of the “Iliad,” which I have recently done
into hexameters.
148 Darkling eyed him Achilles, the fleet of foot,
and retorted,
“Woe, thou king that art clothéd in insolence,
crafty of counsel,
How may a man of the Danaans heartily hark
to thy bidding,
Whether to go on a foray, or to fight with the
foe in the forefront?
Not for revenge
the Trojan spearman
journeyed I hither,
Ready to fight, for they have not wronged me;
586
Courage, mother of mine, and endure, howso-
on
neither my cattle
Drove they away, nor my horses, nor ever have
harried my harvest
Yonder in rich-soiled Phthia, the land that nour-
ishes heroes,
Seeing there lieth much distance beween, here
shadowy mountains,
e'er thou art angered,
Lest I behold thee, dear as thou art, undergoing
chastisement
Under my very eyes; nor then, for all of my
sorrow,
Shall I be able to save thee: for Zeus is not
good to encounter.
Yea, one day heretofore, when I fain would have
saved thee, he caught me
Fast by the foot and flung me afar from the
heavenly threshold;
All day long did I fly, and at sunset I fell upon
Lemnos
Barely alive, and the Sintians forthwith nursed
me, the fallen."
Thus he spake, and the ox-eyed goddess, the
white-armed Hera,
Smiled and accepted the cup from the hand of
Hephaestus. And ladling
Nectar sweet from the bowl, from the right to
the left did he serve them,
Filling the cups; and the blest gods shook with
unquenchable laughter,
Seeing the limping Hephaestus puff through the
halls of the palace.
Thus through the livelong day did they feast
till the sun was descending,
Nor were they stinted in heart as to joy of
the bountiful banquet,
Nor of the lovely lyre in the fingers of Phoebus
Apollo,
Nor of the Muses, singing in turn with their
beauteous voices.
It is my wish to complete a hexameter trans-
lation of the entire “Iliad” and “Odyssey. How-
ever, I should not proceed with this arduous task
99


534
[June 8
THE DIAL
if I knew that some other scholar were engaged beautiful in the world,” this poem will come as
on a like undertaking. I should be grateful if such a welcome boon. It is war poetry; it is the poetry
information might be forwarded to me at the of faith. In form it is both old and beautiful;
address given below.
in tissue, fresh as dawn; in wisdom, profound;
BAYARD QUINCY MORGAN. in humanity, exalted. It proclaims the perfect
1710 Adams St., Madison, Wis.,
freedom of the artist, the teller of truth in guise
June 1, 1916.
of beauty, who sets and keeps bounds. It speaks
(and herein lies its poetic value) for those to
whom reality has been both dear and sad, and no
NEW “OLD” POETRY.
less for the many who have the heart to sympa-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
thize with, and the soul to imagine, such reality,
The old order changeth. It always Las, and though fortune has spared them the experience.
probably always will. But no word that even ap-
Here in the marshland, past the battered bridge,
proaches the authority of this declares change One of a hundred grains untimely sown,
to be always for the better or for the good. Just Here, with his comrades of the hard-won ridge
now, in poetry, the old order appears to be chang-
He rests, unknown.
ing, - or, as many a soul dedicated to vers libre
affirms, has already changed. If the change shall His horoscope had seemed so plainly drawn
prove good remains to be seen. The sole judge is
School triumphs, earned apace in work and play;
Time. One thing, however, is certain. A wise
Friendships at will; then love's delightful dawn
And mellowing day.
man never accepts affirmation for proof; least of
all when the delicate truths of art are hanging in
Home fostering hope; some service to the State;
the balance. Those truths are too sacred, as well Benignant age: then the long tryst to keep
as too delicate.
Where in the yew-tree shadow congregate
Poetry, like every other form of art, and like
His fathers sleep.
the memory of man upon the earth, is chiefly
mortal; but now and then it is eternal,- at least
Was here the one thing needful to distill
it is so, under time, as Sir Thomas Browne says.
From life's alembic, through this holier fate,
The man's essential soul, the hero will!
Year on year sees reams of poetry die; but cen-
We ask; and wait.
turies own to the ever-deepening life of such
ALFRED M. BROOKS.
as Milton's “Avenge, O Lord! thy slaughtered
Indiana University, May 30, 1916.
Saints.”
Why is this so? Attempts to answer the ques-
tion form no small part of the whole stock in trade
SHAKESPEARE IN JAPAN.
of the teaching profession. Then heaven forbid —
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
and it does — that the question be answered ! The international sympathy and cosmopolitan
Again, the efforts to separate at birth the sheep of spirit of the Japanese are well evidenced in edu-
poetry from the goats is the breath in critic nos- cation and literature. The Fifth Article of the
trils,— another occupation, or profession, capable late Emperor's “Charter Oath,” taken in 1869,
of noble practice, though often followed ignobly. read as follows: “Wisdom and ability should be
But how about those who neither criticize nor teach, sought after in all quarters of the world for the
- those to whom poetry is truly “the breath and purpose of firmly establishing the foundation of
finer spirit of all knowledge, "- those to whom "it the Empire.” And ever since that time the Japan-
is indeed something divine"? They, too, must have ese have been earnestly seeking for wisdom and
their place in the sun of genius, even though the ability, and have assimilated foreign learning and
teaching of genius, the emanations of which are literature into the Japanese spirit.
beauty, be unknown to them, and the vivisection of It is therefore no wonder that the Japanese
beauty be blasphemy,- those happy creatures who desired to take an active part in the celebration of
love poetry but have never heard a lecture on it. the Shakespeare Tercentenary. The original plans
Because I believe in the utter truth of Dante's for such a celebration could not be carried out in
observation that the more there are to share a their entirety, because it was impossible to secure
good the more of that good there is,-for this the Imperial Theatre at the proper time. But the
reason I am eager to have printed, where many authorities of Waseda University, under the lead-
will see it, on this side of the Atlantic, a poem ership of Dr. Tsubouchi, the greatest Shakespear-
by Lord Crewe, whose son-in-law, Captain the ean scholar in Japan, were able to carry out, on
Hon. A. E. B. O'Neill, M. P., was killed in action a somewhat smaller scale, a celebration which
in November, 1914. The poem appeared in "The reflected great honor upon Japanese interest in
Harrovian,” the Harrow School magazine, and Shakespeare and their ability to represent him
was reprinted in the weekly edition of the Lon- to their people.
don “Times" in March, 1915. It will comfort all There is scarcely space to go into the ails
those who, by nature and custom, are averse to of the celebration at Waseda on April 22 and 23;
what is called “new” poetry. It will reassure but the following were the principal features of
those whose lot is still more unhappy because the programme. There was an exhibition of Shake-
they weep the present as an age without poetry. speareana, consisting of books, pictures, and other
To all those who consciously or unconsciously mementoes. There were lectures on Shakespeare's
accept Shelley's definition of poetry as being that writings, and memorial services, followed by a
which makes immortal all that is best and most memorial dinner. On the evening of April 22, a
-
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535
THE DIAL
man.
-
few scenes from “Julius Cæsar” were presented in of “Hamlet' by the late Otojiro Kawakami, a
Japanese; and on the following evening scenes leading actor of the new school." I may add that
from both “Julius Cæsar” and “Midsummer Dr. Tsubouchi has translated, in all, ten of Shake-
Night's Dream” were presented in English. speare's plays.
ERNEST W. CLEMENT.
I cannot refrain from mentioning one incident
of the celebration, although it may not seem
Tokyo, Japan, May 6, 1916.
exactly in harmony with the dignity of the occa-
“SHAKSPERE” Vs. "SHAKESPEARE” AGAIN.
sion. A Japanese friend of mine has a neighbor
who is afflicted with deafness and a tendency to
(To the Editor of The DIAL.)
conviviality. On the morning of April 23 this man
Dr. Tannenbaum, in your issue of May 11,
gathered a few friends in his house and loudly
attempts to confound the Baconians by his elabo-
informed them that the day was a Shakespeare
rate letter intended to show that the various modes
anniversary, and that, as Shakespeare was a very
of spelling the name of the Stratford actor, and
famous man, it was right to drink much sake in
of the pseudonym of the author of the plays and
his honor! Then they celebrated in true Fal-
poems, were all variants of the patronymic of one
staffian style. This incident at least shows the
Methinks the gentleman doth protest too
much!
intensity of the Japanese admiration of Shake-
It is of course generally known that spelling in
speare.
I must not omit to add that the current maga-
those days was not marked by its modern uniform-
zines are properly celebrating the anniversary, being discussed could not have been raised. All
ity. If it had been, the interesting question now
either by scattering articles on Shakespeare
available records of the time have been searched
through several numbers or by getting out special by Dr. Tannenbaum to discover anyone with a
Shakespeare numbers. Even the moving picture
shows must fall into line, and are presenting
similar form of name to the actor's, and he thinks
he shows that the Baconians are wrong. But the
“Hamlet” as interpreted by Sir Forbes Robertson.
evidence is too extensive to be useful. The enquiry
And the English and Americans in Tokyo and
Yokohama, not to be outdone by the Japanese, are
should be confined to the spelling of the actor's
name in records that have no connection with the
now engaged in practicing for a presentation of
“A Winter Tale,” to be given on May 29, 30, and
plays, on the one hand, and to the spelling of the
31, at the Imperial Theatre, Tokyo, by the Ama-
name on the title-pages of the early editions of the
teur Dramatic Club.
plays and poems, on the other hand. The reason
for this limitation is clear to any unprejudiced per-
Some notes dealing with the question as to how
son, because in places where the two individuals
Shakespeare came to Japan may be added here.
are sought to be identified, as in the preliminary
According to one version, the original story of
matter attached to the first folio, there we natur-
“The Merchant of Venice” came from India, via ally find the actor's name corresponding with the
Persia, or Egypt, or Turkey, to China, and thence
author's pseudonym.
to Japan. Anyhow, Chikamatsu, "the Japanese
The general result of the enquiry so limited goes
Shakespeare” (1653-1724), has a play based on
to show that the spelling of the actor's name was
a biography of Shaka, or Buddha, and in that
“Shakspere” — the a being short as in “Jack,
play he introduces an incident resembling the
and the middle s forming part of the first syllable,
pound of flesh incident. But Chikamatsu's version
as is proved by the alternative “Shaxpere. And
of such a complication is much weaker than
Shakespeare's; especially it lacks the interesting
further, that the spelling of the author's pseudo-
nym was “Shakespeare the first a being long
legal features.
as in “take," and the middle s being part of the
It is reported that “Romeo and Juliet” was pre- second syllable, as is proved by the alternative
sented in 1810 at one of the oldest theatres in Shake-speare."
Tokyo; but it is not definitely known from where This general distinction is clearly illustrated at
the Japanese playwright got the original. It is, the present time in the show-cases in the Boston
however, conjectured, not unnaturally, that he Public Library, where may be seen photographic
took the plot from Dutch translations. In the
copies of the baptismal and burial entries in the
Japanese version, Romeo becomes “Tsunagoro," Stratford parish registers, as well as the title-pages
and Juliet” becomes “Fusa."
of several of the early quartos and of the folio
In the beginning of the Meiji Era, English lit- editions of the plays. It is fair to add that a
erature began to be rather freely translated into photographic copy of the mortgage of the Black-
Japanese. The first of Shakespeare's plays thus friars property has the name spelled both ways,
translated seems to have been “Julius Cæsar.” this being one of the partial exceptions to the
Moreover, the first translation of “The Merchant general rule. This deed is very interesting as
of Venice” was made, not directly from the orig- furnishing evidence that the man of Stratford was
inal, but from Lamb's "Tales." It is only in com- unable to write, his name being appended by a
paratively recent times that Shakespeare has been law clerk in law script, whereas the other parties
"seriously translated," by Dr. Tsubouchi and others. sign in ordinary italic handwriting.
It is interesting to note that Shakespeare's plays In concluding, it may be remarked that by
are so popular here that once the proprietor of referring to “the poet” Dr. Tannenbaum quietly
the theatre known as “Hongoza" was able to assumes the point he endeavors vainly to prove.
“unburden the theatre from heavy debt with the
E. BASIL LUPTON.
profits derived from the successful presentation Cambridge, Mass., June 1, 1916.
27
19
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536
[June 8
THE DIAL
The New Books.
"probably," and "perhaps" (important words
when dealing with Shakespeare), to say
"seems" for "would seem," and to place the
SHAKESPEARE POTPOURRI.*
word "only” where it belongs.
This book calls for a very critical examina-
The last ten years have almost completelytion because of the author's reputation for
revolutionized our conceptions of Shakespeare, scholarship, the tone of finality with which he
his relations to his associates, the conditions
speaks, the authority with which he “imposes”
under which he worked, and the stage for
(as the Germans say) on those who have not
which he wrote. It is with no little satisfac-
investigated the facts of Shakespeare's life
tion that we point out that this is almost
for themselves, and the incalculable mischief
wholly the result of American scholarship.
that errors in such a book may work. The
Those who have chiefly contributed to bring truth is that we do not yet know enough about
this about are, first and foremost, Professor Shakespeare positively; that we still have to
Wallace and his wife; then come G. F.
piece out with guesswork and conjecture the
Reynolds, V. Albright, and F. S. Graves.
few scattered fragments that have escaped
Among foreigners we mention only W. J.
time's devastating influences; and that we
Lawrence and T. Murray; two others are
have to resort to a deal of padding to make
very commonly spoken of as pathfinders in
a plausible “Life” which is to sell for two
Shakespeare exploration, but as they came not dollars. To reconstruct Shakespeare for us,
by their materials handsomely we do not
his biographer must be not only a competent
name them. Owing to these important addi- compiler of other men's work and a scholar,
tions to our knowledge, and to the advent of but must be richly endowed with the bio-
the tercentenary of Shakespeare's death, Sir graphic imagination and a fine psychologic
Sidney Lee has brought out a new edition of insight. Sir Sidney's book gives abundant
his “Life of William Shakespeare," revised, evidence of the first two qualities, but not a
enlarged, and almost wholly rewritten.
trace of the second. In his work the general
Whereas the first edition of his book, in 1898, reader and teacher will find nearly all the
(an expansion of his sketch in the “Dictionary known facts, traditions, and guesses pertain-
of National Biography"), contained only 461 ing to Shakespeare's parentage, education,
pages, divided into twenty-one chapters and marriage, training, work, financial transac-
ten appendices, the present issue contains 713 tions, property, sources, theatrical conditions,
pages, divided into twenty-seven chapters and
retirement, death, will, descendants, signa-
ten appendices. In addition to this, there is
tures, portraits, etc. There are excellent
an exceedingly elaborate and valuable Index
chapters on the Baconian heresy, the growth
of forty-four double-columned pages, in all of
of Shakespeare's fame at home and abroad,
which we have noted but few errors or omis- the Quartos and Folios, his editors, etc. We
sions. It is a bit of false modesty -
miss, however, an account of the Shakespeare
lessness - on Sir Sidney's part that the Index apocrypha, the numerous anti-Willian obses-
contains not a single reference to himself, sions, an account of the Northumberland and
although in the book itself he refers to almost Promus manuscripts, a transcript of the poet's
every scrap of his writings. A very commend- will and other important documents. Almost
able feature of this new “Life” is the
a fourth of the book is devoted to the discus-
abundance and scrupulous exactness with
sion of the Sonnets - the only department of
which references are given to the writings of Shakespeare study to which Sir Sidney may
others, especially Americans whom the author be said to have contributed anything original;
had slighted in former editions. The book is a
but we must not withhold from him the credit
good specimen of the printer's art; and the of having discovered that the sculptor of
proof-reader, too, has done his work remark- Shakespeare's tomb_was Garret Janssen, the
ably well. That a volume of this size
son, not Gheeraert Janssen, the father; that
should contain less than a dozen misprints is
John Combe was not the owner of “The
a phenomenon deserving special mention. We
are also pleased to note that Sir Sidney has
("Shakespeare's especial friend”) was “a
a
reformed, even if only indifferently, his habit
confirmed bachelor,”. unless we also accord
of saying "doubtless" when speaking of mat- him the distinction of having discovered that
ters wholly conjectural,- an indication, we
Shakespeare must have known that the Ameri-
hope, that some day he may learn to realize
can Indians kept the fish-dams of the Virgin-
the usefulness of such words as “possibly,'
ians in good order.
Sir Sidney devotes too much space to the
New edition, rewritten and enlarged.
marshalling of hordes of facts, facts, facts,
or care-
a
We College House" ; and that this same John
*A LIFE OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE.
By Sir Sidney Lee.
Illustrated. New
York: The Macmillan Co.


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537
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66
a
-
which are not only uninteresting in them- as often as defendant); that William inher-
selves but which contribute absolutely noth- ited from his father his litigious tendency
ing to our understanding or appreciation of (Sir Sidney has peculiar notions about hered-
Shakespeare. According to this method, there ity); that “The Tempest” was the last play
is absolutely no limit to the size a Shakespeare that Shakespeare completed (perhaps it was
biography may reach. In subsequent edi- • ”
The Winter's Tale"); that only two of
tions we may be regaled with chapters on the Shakespeare's works were published with his
lives of each witness to Shakespeare's will, sanction and coöperation; that no play of his
his attorneys, his theatrical associates, his reached the printer in his own handwriting
neighbors, etc., etc. The author's guiding (there is positive evidence to the contrary);
principle seems to have been to include every that Heminge and Condell lied when they
fact that can in any way be brought into asserted they had access to their friend's
association with the poet. The result is a manuscripts; that theatrical managers some-
maze of shreds and patches without any sense times bought off piratical publishers (an
of unity. It would be much nearer the truth "absurd notion" Miss Albright calls this);
to call this volume a dictionary or manual of that at Shakespeare's death “no mark of
Shakespeareana than "A Life of William honor was denied his name” (an assertion
Shakespeare.”
that has no foundation in recorded fact);
Shakespeare scholarship is not advanced a that the poet "uncomplainingly submitted to
jot by any such false, misleading, or ill- the wholesale piracy of his plays and the
founded assertions as that William left Strat- ascription to him of books by other hands”
ford "in the later months of 1585," especially (this is flatly contradicted by Heywood; cf.
when we are subsequently told — with as Lee, p. 269); that the 1599 negotiations with
little reason also — that his departure was the College were crowned with success (an
“doubtless [!] in the early summer of 1586”; assertion wholly at variance with all known
that John left Snitterfield “about 1552"; facts or logical inference); that the heralds
that the bulk of John's stock-in-trade came proposed to assign to the Shakespeares the
from Snitterfield; that he was a keen man arms of a family living at Alvanley to
of business and that he married Mary Arden which they were not related; that the red-
because she had a handsome dowry (accord- nosed Bardolph in “Henry V” is a satire on
ing to Sir Sidney the Shakespeares all lived “Sir William Phillipp, Lord Bardolph”
for money); that he had a "ready command (there were Bardolphs enow in Stratford if
of figures" and that this "relieves him of the the dramatist needed a living model); that
imputation of illiteracy"; that John's mar- the "treble sceptres" in "Macbeth” relate to
riage "doubtless" took place at Aston Cant- the union of England, Scotland, and Ireland
low;
that parents “invariably" played (the allusion is unquestionably to England,
foremost parts in the betrothal of their chil- Ireland, and France); that Prospero's
dren; that William had no means of liveli- enchanted island was one of the Bermudas
hood at the time of his marriage; that he (Shakespeare himself tells us it was not);
received aid and encouragement from Richard that Shakespeare's name occurs sixty-six
Field; that Shakespeare “doubtless knew times in the Stratford Council books; that
Florio first as Southampton's protégé"; that Camden was mainly responsible for the grant
in Sonnet 107 reference is made to Queen of arms to Shakespeare (it was certainly
Elizabeth's death; that there is “no diffi- Dethick); and so forth. It would be impos-
culty” in detecting the lineaments of the sible to enumerate here all of Sir Sidney's
Earl of Southampton in those of the youth unwarranted assertions of fact and ill-con-
of the Sonnets (this from the man who was sidered inferences, and to disprove them
once a Pembrokist is good); that Barnes sat- would require several volumes the size of his.
isfies “all the conditions” of the problems of But we cannot let the opportunity go by to
the identity of the rival poet (except, we may
correct some of the most grievous errors cur-
note, that no sane poet could ever have rent about Shakespeare, for some of which
spoken of "the proud full sail of his great Sir Sidney is responsible.
verse"); that the Sonnets were put together Discussing Shakespeare's handwriting and
at haphazard; that John's negotiations for autographs, Sir Sidney makes several state-
heraldic distinction in 1568 "were certainly ments that are not in accord with the known
abortive”; that John's "customary role" in facts. We are told (p. 519) that the poet,
the Stratford Court of Record was that of as a result of his provincial education, never
defendant (had Sir Sidney read Halliwell- troubled to learn the fashionable Italian script
Phillipps's “Outlines” more carefully he but adhered throughout his life exclusively
would have known that John was plaintiff to the old English or Gothic script. But, as
66
>


538
(June 8
THE DIAL
a
6
6
"
"
a
a matter of fact, Shakespeare's six signatures, existed only in the imagination of the writer
the only admitted evidence on the subject, are from whom Sir Sidney copied. While we are
written in a mixed Italian and Gothic on this subject of handwriting we may refer
characteristic of the handwriting of some of to Sir Sidney's repeated assertions that Mr.
the best educated men of his day, for example: Ernest Law has “completely vindicated” the
Raleigh, Drake, Cecil, Spenser, Bacon, Jonson, genuineness of certain suspected entries in the
etc. Sir Sidney boldly asserts (p. 520) that Master of the Revels's Account Books for
"it is certain [!] that (William) wrote [his 1601-5 and 1611-12. Mr. Law has, as a matter
surname) indifferently Shakspere, Shakespere; of fact, done no more than to re-open the
Shakespear or Shakspeare.” My knowledge subject and to show the necessity for a genu-
of Elizabethan script, based on fifteen years' inely scientific investigation of these play-
study of the subject, enables me to say that lists by an allowed handwriting expert. We
Shakespeare's extant autographs are either strongly suspect that George Steevens had
written “Shaksper'” (mortgage and deed), something to do with them.
“Shakspere" (testament and Florio's "Mon-
The characters of John and William
taigne”), and “Shaksp'r'” (deposition). The Shakespeare suffer past thinking on at the
abbreviated signature on the title-page of hands of Sir Sidney. No matter how shadowy
Ovid's "Metamorphoses," the property of the an item he may be discussing, he always man-
Bodleian Library, Sir Sidney reads "Shº," ages to give it an ugly interpretation. No
although it is unquestionably “Shr"; and he wonder the Baconians and the pious New
is inclined to regard it as a genuine autograph Englanders — whose achievements always
— on the authority of Leo and Macray - harmonize with their mórals and characters!
although a careful scientific examination
cannot marry the man to his verse. Lee
would surely have convinced him that it is an finds that in 1601 Mrs. Anne Shakespeare
impudent forgery. The Montaigne signature was indebted to Thomas Whittington, her
is rejected as spurious, although it has a much father's ex-shepherd, in the sum of forty
better claim to be regarded genuine than the shillings, and he at once jumps to the con-
Ovid. Sir Sidney's facsimile of the mortgage clusion that up to 1595 (why 1595?) William
signature is spoiled by the heavy shadow did not provide for his family, (hoarded all
across the upper part of the parchment strip, his income for the purchase of a coat-of-arms),
and the Wallace signature is defective in so that his wife had to “borrow” money of a
lacking the insignificant little blot under the shepherd that she and her children might live;
8 which sceptics pretend to consider as and what makes matters worse is that up to
Shakespeare's "mark.” Impartial students 1601 the parsimonious and money-grubbing
ought to be permitted to judge for themselves hack had not paid his wife's debt. A little
as to this. Baconians are sure to discover a legal training or a course in logic would do
motive in the omission of the blot. Graphi- Sir Sidney yeoman service. Is it not possible
ologists will be amused to read (p. 647) that that Mistress Anne gave her father's shep-
in the opinion of Sir Sidney the rascally herd employment on her husband's estate, and
young Ireland “had acquired much skill in that the forty shillings (the equivalent of
copying Shakespeare's genuine signature." about $35.00 today) were unpaid wages? Or,
Anything more clumsy than Ireland's fabri- as Mr. Fraser suggests, that Thomas had put
cations cannot be imagined. Sir Sidney has this money “in the hand of Anne Shaxspere
probably never laid eyes on any of these for wyffe unto Mr. Wyllyam Shaxspere” for safe-
geries. That our author is in the habit of keeping? “Deliver all with charity," says
quoting from documents that he has not con- Katherine; and a biographer of Shakespeare
sulted is certain. Thus, speaking of the sec- might be expected to heed her. Sir Sidney
ond 1596 heraldic draft, he says that it differs errs (p. 26) in his statement that Whitting-
from the first in only two alterations ton's will is dated "1602.”
(although it differs from it in many respects, According to Sir Sidney, Anne Hathaway's
especially in the important matter of the friends forced William to marry her, without
description of the coat-of-arms), and that the the knowledge and consent of his parents,
last one of the memoranda at the bottom of because they feared he might seek to évade
this document reads: "That he mar[ried a the obligation incumbent upon him in conse-
daughter and heyre of Arden, a gent. of wor- quence of his illicit relations with her. But
ship]." An examination of the draft - a
- there is absolutely nothing in the known facts
transcript of which ought to be given - shows to exclude the theory that William loved
that the clerk never got beyond “That he Anne; that, for social reasons and perhaps
mar” and that the bracketed words — which because of the disparity in their ages, his
Sir Sidney says are an interlineation parents objected to the match; that the lovers
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had been formally betrothed several months interpretation of the Sonnets as the artificial
before the marriage; and that they solicited exercises of a very adaptable poet's leisure
the aid of the bride's friends to unite them moments is too well-known to be set forth at
in wedlock. Sir Sidney meets this theory with length and in this place. To us there is abso-
the wholly invalid objections that a formal lutely nothing to commend it. Unfortunately,
betrothal of this sort required the consent the positive data about these poems are so few
of the parents of both parties, and that that there is nothing to hinder anyone so
Shakespeare's references to betrothal deny inclined from indulging in the most fantastic
the betrothed the right of cohabitation. Sir speculations concerning them. Of all the
Sidney errs in both these points. As to the methods of approaching these difficult prob-
former, he is flatly contradicted, on unques- lems, that chosen by Sir Sidney -- the method
tionable evidence, by Halliwell-Phillipps, and of comparative study - is the simplest, most
as to the second by no less an authority than superficial, and most barren in results. The
Shakespeare himself ("Measure for Meas- themes of Shakespeare's Sonnets are differ-
ure," V. I, 425; “The Winter's Tale," I. 2, ent from those of any of his contemporaries
278; and especially “Cymbeline,” II. 5, 9). except Barnfield. The intensity of the emo-
Posthumus and Imogen were troth-plight tions exhibited in these poems and the fact
without the knowledge and consent of that they were not intended for publication
Imogen's parents, and he complains that she prove that they were the sincere outpourings
"restrained” him of his “lawful pleasure." of a man consumed by an overwhelming pas-
To what desperate lengths Sir Sidney will go sion. That passion was a forbidden attach-
to make a point is evidenced (p. 30n) by the ment to a young, handsome, accomplished
forced and coarse interpretation of Rosalind's young man — the typical effeminate homo-
-
words in "As You Like It," III. 2, 233. psychic "love-object." That Shakespeare was
In some respects our author is childishly homosexual admits of no doubt to one free
amusing, as, for instance, in his determina- from the current moral prejudices and
tion not to acknowledge that
to acknowledge that Professor acquainted with the facts of modern sexology.
Wallace has unquestionably determined the That the poet's passion was ideal only is cer-
true site of the Globe Theatre and that he tain from Sonnet 20:13-14. Any critic who
(Lee) and Sir Herbert Tree had wilfully finds, as Sir Sidney does, in the "Willobie his
placed a commemorative tablet on the wrong Avisa" a reflection of the story in the Sonnets
site. Rather than acknowledge that Professor is too deep-rooted in his preconceptions to
Wallace has determined that money toward
be able to shed any light on the great
the end of the sixteenth century was worth Shakespeare mystery: Sir Sidney's moment-
three and a half times what it is worth to-day,
ous conclusion that the Sonnet-story comes
Sir Sidney gives the valuation as five — an nearer the confines of comedy than of tragedy
evident compromise between the valuation, (p. 221) is worthy of a critic who finds
eight, given by him in former editions of his Barnes's sixty-sixth Sonnet “a first-rate
book and Professor Wallace's present valu- poem,” Lear's poor Fool a "half-witted lad,”
ation. At page 301 we are amused to read and in Lady Macbeth an absence of a moral
that "a proof that (William's] reputation sense.
excelled that of any of his partners” is the
In a former edition of his book, Sir Sidney
fact that in an inventory of an estate of which gravely announced that he had independently
the Globe formed a part the property was investigated the matter of the Shakespeare
described as in the occupation of “William application for coat-of-arms and had
Shakespeare and others." With this kind of reached very important conclusions. And so
”
logic one might prove that Shakespeare was he had; but with what dire results to
held in contempt at court in 1604 because in Shakespeare's character may be gathered
a warrant for payment to the Grooms of the from the fact that every Baconian quotes him
Chamber he is not mentioned by name,
with gleeful avidity, and even Churton Collins
whereas Heminge and Phillipps are.
To speaks of William's "bogus coat-of-arms."
prove that William did not take an active How hastily and ill-advisedly Sir Sidney
part in "the war of the theatres” he inter- reached his conclusions, and with what little
prets the words "Shakespeare hath given regard for the characters of the men involved
(Jonson) a purge that made him bewray his (John and William Shakespeare, William
credit" as meaning no
than that Camden, William Dethick, and the Earl of
Shakespeare “had signally outstripped Jonson Essex), will be evident upon a reconsidera-
in popular esteem."
tion of the evidence. Puzzled by the fact that
Of merely æsthetic criticism there is fortu- in 1599 the College of Arms drafted a docu-
nately very little in this book. Sir Sidney's
Sir Sidney’s | ment purporting to assign to the Shakespeares
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540
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mer
us
ance
the right to impale and to quarter with the as is implied in our last argument proves
arms of Shakespeare (incorrectly depicted on nothing; but it is equally true that justice
the cover of Sir Sidney's book) with those of requires us to regard all — even poets
as
Arden, the writer concludes that John's appli- law-abiding subjects until the contrary is
cation for arms in 1596 had failed, and he proved against them. Why the 1599 appli-
thence spins out a contemptible conspiracy cation was made, why the heralds struck out
between the Shakespeares, especially William, one sketch and substituted another, why the
and the officers of the College to make the for- 1596 application was made, and why the
butcher's assistant, stable-boy, and Shakespeares were entitled to arms, I have
poacher a “gentleman.” All this falls to the already discussed in these columns.
ground if we can show, as we have no doubt William Shakespeare, as portrayed by Sir
we can, that the 1596 application was granted, Sidney Lee, is not only very mercenary and
and rightly granted, and that there was there-
litigious but is a very revengeful judgment-
fore no occasion for a conspiracy. After creditor, insisting on having his pound of
1597 the poet and his father are almost invari- flesh even when his debtor is his childhood's
ably accorded the honorable addition of playfellow or the town's apothecary. That
"Master” or “gentleman”–unequivocal evi- the poet personally had nothing to do with
dence that they had been admitted to the rank these petty suits, and that they were probably
of gentry before that year. Mr. Charles H. prosecuted without his knowledge or consent,
Athill, Richmond Herald, assured me in 1908 may be reasonably inferred from the fact that
that “the fact that the [1596] arms appear he did not figure as plaintiff in a single suit
again in the assignment for Arden in 1599
for debt after he retired from London and
clearly proves that the 1596 patent did pass, took personal charge of his estate.
otherwise they would not have been included If Sir Sidney thinks it logical and correct
in that patent.” John Guillim, in his monu- to refer to two lines in “Troilus and Cressida"
mental "Display of Heraldry," without reli-
play which he elsewhere tells
upon any Shakespeare biographer, Shakespeare did not write -- as evidence that
,
credits the granting of the Shakespeare arms Shakespeare knew something about poaching
to William Dethick, Garter King-at-arms. and that this lends color to the poaching tradi-
Had the grant been made in 1599 the name of tion, we may, more warrantably, be permitted,
Sir William Camden, who had in the interim notwithstanding Pope's cleverly-worded coup-
been made Clarencieux King-at-arms, would let, to refer to Hamlet's contempt for those
have been added to that of Dethick. In the sheep and calves who seek out assurance in
British Museum is a manuscript known as parchment as proof that Shakespeare knew a
“Harl. MS. 6140” (fol. 45), in which the higher goal than the pursuit of wealth. And
Shakespeare "pattent" ” is sketched and similarly, Sir Sidney could readily enough
ascribed to “William Dethike." In the have found abundant material in the plays to
"Index College of Arms,” a record which is show that the poet was above the petty snob-
preserved in the College, John Warburton, bishness that craved for a purchased coat-of-
Somerset Herald (1720-1759), describes the
arms as a means of social distinction; this
Shakespeare coat and says it was granted 20 the more so as there is nowhere the slightest
October, 1596, per Will Dethick.” The fail- hint that William had anything to do with
ure of any member of the Shakespeare fam- the applications to the College. The refer-
ily anywhere to display the Arden arms proves ence to the poaching story leads us to point
that the 1599 application did not terminate in out that Sir Sidney characterizes almost all
a grant. This fact, taken in connection with the traditions handed down by late seven-
the other facts just mentioned, and also with teenth century and early eighteenth century
the further fact that the Shakespeares, the gossips as “credible” or “well attested,"
Halls, and the Nashes freely displayed the though they have nothing to commend them,
Shakespeare arms, proves with the utmost cer- but rejects as “idle gossip" the Rev. Richard
tainty that the 1596 application was approved Davies's report that the poet “dyed a papist”
by the College. The unlawful assumption of
the only one of the traditions that is corrob-
a coat-of-arms was strictly prohibited. In the orated by collateral testimony. The current
reign of Henry VIII the Kings-of-Arms had belief that for years the Shakespeares suf-
been empowered “to reprove, control and fered from poverty Sir Sidney accepts with-
make infamous by proclamation all such as out question, notwithstanding the existence of
unlawfully and without just authority, a large body of positive evidence to the con-
usurped or took any name or title of honor or trary.
dignity, as esquire, gentleman, or other.” It Shakespeare was a great genius but, judged
is of course true that a negative pregnant such by our standards, not a great man.
He was
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*
a man like other men, a tangled skein of good In this way arose feudal socialism: half lamenta-
and ill together. We shall never know much
tion, half lampoon; half echo of the past, half menace
of the future; at times by its bitter, witty, and inci-
about him as he lived in the flesh; but Sir
sive criticism, striking the bourgeoisie [i.e. the mer-
Sidney Lee's picture of him as a lawless, prof- chant capitalists large and small] to the very heart's
ligate, snobbish, sycophantic, and mercenary core, but always ludicrous in its effect, through total
opportunist accords but ill with the “gentle,”
incapacity to comprehend the march of modern
history.
“sweet," "friendly” Shakespeare whom Ben
The aristocracy, in order to rally the people to
Jonson described as “of a free and open them, waved the proletarian alms-bag in front for a
nature," and whose honesty, civil demeanor, banner. But the people, so often as it joined them,
and “uprightness of dealing" Chettle extolled.
saw on their hindquarters the old feudal coats-of-
arms, all deserted with loud irreverent laughter.
SAMUEL A. TANNENBAUM.
Something of Mr. Ludovici's crocodile lamen-
tation over the sorrows of the modern serf,
coupled with a sentimental longing for the
SENTIMENTAL ARISTOCRACY.*
return of the robber-baron (so much more
An astronomer at his vigils, viewing light picturesque than the robber-merchant), viti-
travelling with incredible speed over incred-
ates much of Carlyle's "Past and Present,"
ible distances, may be observing to-day move-
that brilliant, sombre, richly-suggestive con-
ments of his favorite constellation which
temporary of the dithyramb by Marx and
occurred during the American Revolution. A Engels. But Mr. Ludovici (who refers occa-
similar but too often a far less impressive sionally to Carlyle in the language of the
experience is not seldom the lot of the critic. proverbial fish-wife) has none of Carlyle's
It is indeed with an emotion quite as exalting great virtues, though he has all of Carlyle's
as an astronomer's that the critic finds in a
vices with not a few of his own, and a few
modern opinion the confirmation of some-
private virtues which are at best but a sorry
thing which Plato wrote more than two thou-
substitute for the earlier mode of neo-aris-
sand years ago,— some current of thought
tocratic hero-worship.
which perhaps has flowed on like a deep
In the first chapter, on “The Aristocrat as
stream under the earth until it gushes forth
the Essential Ruler,” Mr. Ludovici thus
'
to refresh a faint traveller far distant who
defines the principle of aristocracy:
drinks, perchance, without knowing its source.
The principle of aristocracy is, that seeing that
human life, like any other kind of life, produces
But the critic has experiences more often some flourishing and some less flourishing, some
grotesque than idyllic. Again and again he fortunate and some less fortunate specimens; in
finds to his distress that a stream of thought
order that flourishing, full and fortunate life may
he prolonged, multiplied and, if possible, enhanced
which he had fondly believed to have found a
on earth, the wants of flourishing life, its optimum
just oblivion in some desert has survived to of conditions, must be made known and authorita-
feed with its brackish streams some scrawny
tively imposed upon men by its representatives.
oasis.
Observe some of the presuppositions of this
The reader of Mr. Ludovici's “A Defence definition,-if you can be sure of any pre-
of Aristocracy” will find a thought-current suppositions in a definition so vague. The
that flowed with turbid force in the middle
eternal truth of all things, it would seem, has
of the nineteenth century. I had supposed been discovered by some persons who were
it dead, at least among ambitious essayists,
thrown at a lucky angle from Dame Nature's
indefatigable dice-box. Man, it seems, has
to-day. I could even have hoped that it had
been killed by a passage in that queer but
discovered so much about Dame Nature that
he knows that Dame Nature knows more than
stimulating farrago, “The Communist Mani-
he does (whoever or whatever Dame Nature
festo" by Marx and Engels, which appeared
in 1848, when essays and speeches like Mr.
may be); and so, with a finely heroic fatalism,
he is willing to leave it to Dame Nature's
Ludovici's began to emerge in considerable "flourishing” productions (whatever "flour-
numbers. Marx and Engels wrote:
ishing" may mean) to cram the law and the
In order to arouse sympathy the aristocrats
prophets down the maws of Nature's numer-
(whose cause had been dealt a death-blow in the
French Revolution] were obliged to lose sight appar-
ous little human jokes very much as medi-
ently of their own interests, and to formulate their
cine was once administered to horses by
indictment against the bourgeoisie in the interest of enthusiastic but somewhat primitive veter.
the exploited working classes alone. Thus the aris-
inaries. Mr. Ludovici throws away immedi-
tocrats took their revenge by singing lampoons on
their new master, and whispering in his ears sinister
ately one of his most plausible arguments for
prophecies of coming catastrophe.
a new aristocracy by denouncing the fanatics
and followers of Science” with all the tradi-
By Anthony M. Ludovici.
Boston: Le Roy Phillips.
tional fear of aristocrats in times past. His
>
* A DEFENCE OF ARISTOCRACY.


542
[June 8
THE DIAL
>
sneer at science recurs again and again plutocracy. He attacks the lust of modern
throughout the book, though on a few occa- capitalism, but idealizes the old Tudor and
sions he condescends to quote anthropological Stuart fear of capitalism into a prophetic
and biological dicta which seem to bear out vision of its nineteenth and twentieth century
his case.
Had Mr. Ludovici overcome that evils.
age-long aristocratic dread of all innovation The best instincts of the Tudors and the Stuarts
which once dealt so crudely with Galileo he were against this transformation of England from
would have found a powerful ally in some
a garden into a slum, from “Merrie England” into
a home of canting, snivelling, egotistical, greedy and
students of genetics. But the aristocracy in
unscrupulous plutocrats, standing upon a human
which genetics is interested would be too foundation of half-besotted slaves.
rational for his taste. A relish of his polemics Doubtless there is an element of truth in this.
will make clear to the reader just how much
But the reviewer must also subscribe enough
Mr. Ludovici cares for the somewhat unpop- to the doctrines of those “fanatics and fol-
ular processes of calm reason.
lowers of Science” whom Mr. Ludovici hates
This is not a "matter of opinion," it is not a on principle and cites for convenience to inter-
matter concerning which every futile flâneur in Fleet
Street can have his futile opinion. It is the Divine
pret that fear as also the desire for self-
Truth of life. And the democrat who dares to deny
preservation in a more sordid sense and as too
it is not only a blind imbecile, he is not only a cor- often a fear with staring eyes glued strictly
rupt and sickly specimen of manhood, he is a rank on the present. Mr. Ludovici says defiantly:
blasphemer, whose hands are stained with the blood
of his people's future.
I submit that it was on the battlefields of Edgehill,
Marston Moor and Naseby that trade first advanced
Mr. Ludovici quotes Bolingbroke's fine say- in open hostility against tradition, quantity against
ing that “A divine right to govern ill is an quality, capitalistic industry against agriculture and
absurdity: to assert it is blasphemy."
the old industry of the Guilds, vulgarity against
taste, machinery against craftmanship, grey and
protests justly against Puritanical and bour-
mournful Puritanism against cheerful and ruddy
geois dualisms of body and spirit which lead Paganism in fact, plebian democracy against aris-
to asceticism, morbidity, or hypocrisy. He tocracy.
blames modern aristocracy severely for its One need not pause here over the familiar
forgetfulness of noblesse oblige. But the true exaggeration and cant about Puritanism and
aristocrat he defines with all the characteris- art to remind the reader of Colonel Hutchin-
tic vagueness, fatalism, and sentimentality of son, of Marvel, of Milton. There is some
such reactionary paternalism. The true ruler truth in what Mr. Ludovici says, and it should
must have "taste and good judgment, arising never be forgotten, especially in twentieth
from the promptings of fortunate and flour. century America. But we must remember
ishing life in the superior man," "one who also that this “ruddy Paganism ” of the
has that spontaneous and unerring taste which Stuarts, which they affected in imitation of
is the possession of nature's lucky strokes'); the more truly vigorous Tudors, too often took
he is to rejoice in the onerous but “noble duty the form of a blind and deceitful conserva-
of caring for the hearts of the masses.” (The tism and a feline hedonism that made radical-
italics are mine.) “When men exist," con- ism all the cruder when it forced its way
tinues our rhapsodist, “whose characters and upward with violence; that blind feudal con-
achievements shed a glamour upon everything servatism (not the tempering enlightened
that surrounds them, no duty they can impose conservatism) shares the responsibility for the
upon their immediate entourage, no effort horrors of the age of machinery with bour-
they can demand of it, whether it be the bear- | geois Puritanism. And later on, Mr. Ludovici
ing of children or the building of a pyramid, somewhat contradicts himself by admitting
can be felt as a humiliation or as an act of the wolfish depredations on the peasants by
oppression.”
Henry VIII and his "ruffianly favourites,'
In the second and third chapters, Mr. and by tracing from the time of Edward VI
Ludovici denounces the English aristocrat of “the capitalistic and greedy element in the
“
later days as a fạilure. No democrat could landed gentry and aristocracy. He speaks
be more fearless and abusive. He bids him of the yeoman prowess of labor on the fields
"drink copiously at the fount of Bolingbroke, of Crécy and Poictiers, and (writing just
Pitt and Beaconsfield.” He finds much scrip- before the outbreak of to-day's great war) he
ture in Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Nietzsche warns the English aristocracy that their abuse
(all of whom are indeed suggestive thinkers of the pleb will vitiate English soldiery,- a
when not in the hands of one who would brew warning that sounds strangely prophetic to
of them all a strange and sentimental witches' us who read daily of the just obstinacy of
broth). He deals implacably and justly with labor in England in these critical days. He
the confusion of aristocracy and irresponsible reminds us sensibly that "again and again
6


1916]
543
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il
"
a
mere change has falsely been welcomed as one might well gather that to Mr. Ludovici
Progress." He quotes the wise words of Adam “the unscrupulous spirit of gain and greed”
Smith, who warned men that “the earlier now attained to power for the first time in
economists, like ourselves, were hypnotised by centuries. He traces the deterioration of
the spectacle of the extreme poverty prevail physical beauty. It is certainly true that
ing in the lower ranks of labour, and, as a many seventeenth century Puritans and many
result, they were induced to pursue comfort twentieth century heads of corporations are
and hygiene as if they were ends in them- not objects lovely to the contemplation of the
selves, and as if the whole industrial problem portrait painter; but it does not follow, as
were to be discovered in their attainment." Mr. Ludovici asserts, that faces and bodies
Mr. Ludovici shows a fine but somewhat near- which a minority of fastidious people declare
sighted scorn of trade “where sheer speed is to be beautiful are the sure concomitants of
often a means to success," combined with that noble character. However much the reader
sentimental conception of leisure which would may believe in a Platonic union of the idea
remedy the evils of quick-lunches and railway of beauty and the idea of goodness (a doc-
accidents by the restoration of picturesque trine to which the present reviewer subscribes
stage-coaches. He blames Darwin and his fol- emphatically), it is not always easy to accept
lowers rather unfairly for that unscientific one whom many of aristocratic, taste have
confusion of biological and moral law which called beautiful as empirical evidence of the
has been such a devil's advocate among mod-union of these two ideals even partially real-
ern business men. He makes an excellent ized. But Mr. Ludovici is at least consistent;
attack on "charity and benevolence" (as he classes Socrates among the men who have
usually interpreted to-day) as “not the coun- created or established things that all good
ter-agents chosen by rulers and deep think- / taste must deplore — things of which the
ers” but "essentially the counter-agents which
whole world will one day regret to have
occur to the shallowest and least thoughtful heard,” one of the "ugliest beasts that ever
minds.” But his vague aristocratic panacea blighted a sunny day.” It is somewhat diffi-
is not very reassuring:
cult to follow him, even after accepting his
It requires ruler qualities of the highest order,
postulates, when he places Napoleon among
knowledge covering the widest range, and thought of those who were at once good and beautiful.
the deepest kind, correlated with all the leisure that But perhaps that is because I have never seen
would render these possessions fruitful and operative.
a decent portrait of Napoleon or because my
He blames the English aristocracy for becom- taste is hopelessly bourgeois. Mr. Ludovici
ing hedonists, but he does not realize that the writes with just indignation against the influ-
English bourgeoisie, partly because the old ence of the Industrial Revolution on the
aristocrats were already hedonists, reduced physical well-being of the children of labor.
their power and now keep them as decora- But he
to describe the Puritan
tions. In other words, he does not realize tactics of the seventeenth and eighteenth
that because the earlier aristocrats chose to centuries as a nation-wide conspiracy not only
be hedonists, they are now forced to be hedon- to create a crudely dualistic conception of
ists by a plutocratic middle class which in soul and body but also to so depress the phys-
turn practises à gross hedonism itself. In ical well-being of those who worked in modern
short, though Mr. Ludovici is very effective in industries as to starve out the sexual desire.
his denunciation of both contemporary aris- It all reads like the alarmist interpretation
tocracy and bourgeoisie, he is utterly blind of the deep-scheming, well-unified capitalists
to the great contributions of the middle classes that we hear from street corner orators in
to civilization, and with the typical Arcadian- twentieth-century America. Perhaps this
ism of his sect he would create Utopia by conspiracy is a matter of indisputable history,
restoring the idealized feudal aristocrat whom but I have not yet been made aware that psy-
he is forced to define in vague and sentimental chology and sociology have confirmed the
terms simply because such a creature as he notion that modern industry succeeds in mak-
describes never existed and never will exist,- ing the sexual desires less active,
a dim shadow of that paragon whom Aristotle In the sixth chapter, Mr. Ludovici deals
described much better in terms more suave with “The Decline of Manners and Morals
and beautiful, more clear but still too vague, under the Modern Democracy of Uncontrolled
the magnanimous man, the versatile, the Trade and Commerce.” After a rather good
benevolent, the detached, the heroic self with criticism of the sordidly abstract point of view
an Olympian ennui.
which he and some other people call Socialism,
From Chapter V, “The Metamorphosis of he sets forth his own fundamental criterion,
the Englishman of the Seventeenth Century,' - Taste:
seems
а


544
[June 8
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man.
:
Very well, then, Taste, which is the power of dis- not been such as to inspire enlightened revolt
cerning right from wrong in matters of doctrine,
or to strengthen them against equally bru-
diet, behavior, shape, form, constitution, size, height,
colour, sound and general appearance, is the greatest
tish reprisals. Mr. Ludovici goes on, how-
power of life; it is a power leading to permanence ever, with an admirable analysis of bourgeois
of life in those who possess it and who can exercise democracy: the tawdriness of its leisure-class,
it. The absence of taste, or bad taste as it is some-
the laissez-faire of its economics, the low
times called in these same matters, is a defect involv.
ing death, it is a defect leading to sickness or tran-
attitude of men towards women and of women
siency in life in those who suffer from it.
towards themselves, the ugly clothes, the sala-
To a less vague definition of taste we never
cious theatricals on and off the stage, the
attain in this book. Against the philosophy rushing automobiles with their peremptory
of unbridled economic determinism (if we
honkings, the vulgar display of wealth with-
may be allowed to call a quack-science a phil. decline in physical comeliness, the mania on
out any knowledge of its true worth, the
osophy by accepting the connotations of the
man in the street), Mr. Ludovici opposes the
the part of many of our most vulgar to collect
even cruder and more tarnished philosophy old masterpieces merely as symbols of the
of a world of moral and æsthetic conflict
owners' power. Then he turns to review the
between the snow-white purity of a minority
causes of the gradual passing of the gentle-
party thrown into the world by some “lucky
We are presented with another char-
:
strokes of nature” and a majority party of acteristically vague and rosy definition:
fast-black sordidness,- all of which is an alle-
A gentleman in body and soul is a creature whose
very tissues are habituated to act in an honourable
gory which would do credit to his arch-foes,
way. For many generations, then, his people must
the Puritans, even in their most naïve have acted in an honourable way.
moments of measuring the universe with a We note again the typical defect of most neo-
yardstick. How in these days when, as Mr. aristocrats: these gentlemen of Utopia are
Ludovici admits, the twisted and warped have moved only by the dynamic force of fatalistic
undue power, are we to select as rulers these traditionalism. Another definition, as lumi-
“lucky strokes of nature,” or how are they nous as a heavy fog, confirms the aristocratic
going to select themselves and awe the mob? | fatalism : “Conscience,
to the non-
One feels the need of science, or of some mode Christian (who is to Nietzschean Ludovici the
of thought more sinewy than Mr. Ludovici's only possible gentleman], is simply the voice
sentimental verbosity. We shall later find of his ancestors in his breast.” In order that
Mr. Ludovici forced to retreat to the trenches modern consciences and tastes may be puri- .
of what he calls science. Meanwhile he grows fied, we must have aristocrats entirely immune
more and more loosely intuitional. How are from the dirty work of the world. And so
the people to appreciate these aristocrats who these innocents are to be our guardians much
have this vague superiority which Mr. as the swooning mid-Victorian women in
Ludovici calls taste? The people “do not Tennysonian harems nurtured the morals of
need to understand or to judge the examples the twentieth century conservatives and para-
of flourishing life.” Suffice it that they say sites. This cult of the innocents, together
gushingly: "We want them because we feel with Mr. Ludovici's utter loathing for machin-
that they understand us.” Like most aris- ery, we must always expect from the senti-
tocrats, then, Mr. Ludovici would keep the mental aristocrat. Machinery is often sor-
masses in submissive ignorance, although did. True,-- the best democrat will admit
later on he prescribes a limited and severely that machinery has reduced the world to a
winnowing process of education conducted by new and singularly terrible form of economic
aristocrats who will occasionally single out a slavery. But it would never occur to an aris-
rare spirit whose ideals can be stamped with tocrat to ask whether this might not be a
aristocratic notions. To be sure, we are told, transitional period, — whether we could not
the masses may rebel should aristocracy make machinery our slave. The sentimental
become unworthy. Well, the saddest thing aristocrats have much in common with two
about rebellions in the past has always been famous characters once described with much
that fine principles have been muddled, by shrewdness by a certain vulgar tinker who was
the ignorant uprisers, with superstition and the son of a tinker:
hysteria. Imagine the horrors which would I saw then in my dream, that when Christian was
arise with a rebellion in Mr. Ludovici's
got to the borders of the Shadow of Death, there
met him two men, children of them that brought up
Utopia. Truly the golden age of feudalism
an evil report of the good land (Num. XIII.), making
would return - with its reverse side; rebel- haste to go back; to whom Christian spake as fol-
lions conducted in the manner of the brutish
lows:
Chr. Whither are you going?
Jacquerrie, the convulsive hydrophobia of
Men. They said, Back! back! and we would have
men whose wrongs and disillusionments have you do so too, if either life or peace is prized by you.
-
:
1
.


1916]
545
THE DIAL
retok
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WODAD
if sala
th
mptor
112 OL.
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1:
66
Detalle
de
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e furt
Mr. Ludovici caps the climax with a defence mined by his own loyalty, but a loyalty based
of Machiavelli's double code of morality for not on reason but on certain unplumbed emo-
princes. Heaven forbid that such an admir- tions,—"a voice within his own heart,” a
able book as “The Prince” should fill modern loyalty directed towards heaven knows what
readers with the devil-exorcising fear with goal. It is easy to understand from this why
which it inspired Elizabethan dramtists! But Mr. Ludovici, when as in these later chap-
even irrational people are to-day growing ters he chooses to tolerate science for conven-
more and more numerously aware of the eth- ience sake, warns us that all the conclusions to
ical impossibility of double standards within which biology and anthropology have slowly
the field of morals, whether sexual or politi- and blunderingly attained, all their conclu-
cal.
sions and infinitely more, were present in the
In the last three chapters, Mr. Ludovici sure instincts of Brahmans, Egyptians, and
turns more particularly to his constructive other races of uncontaminated intuitional-
work: “The Aristocrat as an Achievenient,' ism. Nothing daunted by the dædalian turns
“The Aristocrat in Practice,” “What is of Mendelian law, and in fact ignoring
Culture?” Now, at last, he is fain to throw Mendelianism altogether, Mr. Ludovici now
himself on the protection of “the fanatics and proceeds to cite his few adopted scientists in
followers of Science” who, you will remember, proof of the supreme necessity for in-breeding
“are not the representatives" of "the princi- within a family or caste. While he admits
ple of aristocracy” because “their taste is too that occasional judicious cross-breeding is
indefinite” and their conclusions too slowly necessary, he holds that wanton cross-breed-
reached. If one were to derive his notion of ing has been the chief cause of the decadence
science from the citations that follow in Mr. of all the good races of past and present, and
Ludovici, one would be compelled to agree now threatens the English aristocracy. He
with Mr. Ludovici's earlier mood of contempt would find not a few students of genetics who
and give prompt allegiance to his more funda- would listen respectfully to his conclusions
mental principle, which is to leap before you were they stated with anything like temper-
look. One would feel absolutely compelled ance and with a reasonable amount of evi-
to cite Herodotus, Deuteronomy, and Ezra, dence. But although I could well imagine
I
as Mr. Ludovici does, to bolster up and myself as ignorant of these fascinating
amplify the laborious findings of modern sci- humanistic sciences as Mr. Ludovici himself,
ence. One would cite, with all Mr. Ludovici's I find that my meagre knowledge is enough to
disapproval of its radical tinge, the state- assure me that his procrustean treatment of
ment of Aristotle, who, in an age of deca- | biology and anthropology would make many
dence, makes the fatal admission that “Slaves of the most reckless of “the fanatics and fol-
have sometimes the bodies of freemen, some- lowers of science” gasp. But Mr. Ludovici,
times the souls.” (The italics are mine). | I suppose, would remind me that he has sup-
Mr. Ludovici has often blamed democracy plemented the results of the scientists from
justly for its excessive and vague individu- the sure instincts of Osiris, the Ptolemies, the
alism. But now, in his neo-aristocratic pro- Brahmans, the Jewish Levites, and many
gramme, he follows a Nietzschean individu- others whose examples and whose lore he now
alism, different in some respects, but equally cites with great profusion. Only, when he
excessive and equally vague. With Reibmayr, says that the Brahman practice of not insult-
he classifies man's instincts "under three ing but merely avoiding drunkards, lepers,
“
heads, (A) the self-preservative, (B) the "those who subsist with shopkeeping," "a man
reproductive, and (C) the social," all of with deformed nails or black teeth,” etc.,
which, we are told, may be present in fairly when Mr. Ludovici cites such conduct as
well balanced or unequal degrees. It then “more merciful and more practical than the
becomes necessary to define Will. Mr. methods of isolation, segregation and sterili-
Ludovici (evidently recreating the history of sation proposed by the eugenists,” I find
human thought from his insides, much as a myself wondering on what grounds Mr.
spider weaves a web) astounds us with the Ludovici finds modern science by contrast to
assurance that “the whole discussion about be so “bungling” as he so often implies and
free will and determinism could only have says.
Also, if this divine instinct of the
arisen in a weak and sickly age.” With his Egyptians, Brahmans, Levites, early Greeks,
healthy aristocratic mind, Mr. Ludovici dis- Roman patricians, and others taught them to
poses of the trivial problem in about three avoid resorting to cross-breeding, except judi-
,
pages. His conclusion, “determinism from ciously, when their in-breeding threatened
within," seems to be a sort of crude teleolog- exhaustion, I find myself wondering what it
ical determinism, a conception of a self deter- was, either in the way of in-breeding or cross-
TE
zieni 1
Tabs in
Jartir
Sena
220221
1 4
d 101
mena
ch 110
mach
10
met on
ut here


546
[June 8
THE DIAL
66
breeding, that impelled this divine instinct ing but the glory that was Greece or nothing
into that contamination which has recurred in but the grandeur that was Rome? Does the
all his great races which fill our modern human race at large move towards “that one,
thought with deep brooding over the tragic far-off divine event,” and does the "whole
cycles of human progress. Lax cross-breed- creation” move towards it? Or should we
ing, says Mr. Ludovici, causes the deteriora- agree to take a severely empirical attitude,
tion of the divine instinct. But what first and regard this last question as full of temp-
causes these divine instincts to lend them- tations involving dangerous presuppositions
selves to the practice of lax cross-breeding ? or prejudices? Should we hope for an era of
Here again we seem to find ourselves at the unprecedented nationalistic individualism,
heart of that fatalism which has sooner or and in-breeding not only physical but moral
later bred self-destruction in all aristocracies and æsthetic? I know that such questions
yet conceived, and which, as far as I can see, might seem naïve to an advocate of the
vitiates the very centre and basis of Mr. Marxian "materialistic conception of history.”
Ludovici's creed.
I know they would seem impertinent to the
Nor can I be appeased when Mr. Ludovici, so-called "scientific historian,” with his wor-
who has had so much to say about the “flour ship of Von Ranke and his amazing notion
ishing life” of aristocracy produced by “lucky that the historian can deal with what he styles
strokes of nature," asserts that it is one of pure facts” without even raising an eyebrow
the most incontrovertible facts of science and by way of interpretation. I am well aware,
human experience, that there is extraordinar- too, that many empiricists of a much finer
ily little chance of accident in the production sort than the old-fashioned followers of Von
of great and exceptional men.” Just how, Ranke and his successors would not be very
I wonder, does he distinguish between the much interested in my questions. And for
instincts of “most European aristocracies” the point of view of the most sensible empiri-
which have “always relied more or less indo-
cists I have the most cordial respect,- though
lently and ignorantly upon chance” and the I cannot, at least in my present stage of
divine instincts of his favorite ancients,
favorite ancients, enlightenment, give them my poor bewild-
except in degree? For the best that can be dered allegiance. But Mr. Ludovici is clearly
said of his ancient aristocrats is that in some no empiricist. He is an emotional idealist.
cases their instincts seem to have kept them He is a philosopher-artist, or an artist-philoso-
longer from instinctively falling into that pher, and he is therefore under Druid bonds
practice of cross-breeding which was their to pay attention to questions like those I have
ruin. One is not surprised to find Mr. asked. If he does not ask them, his book is
Ludovici, after an interesting and plausible fundamentally meaningless. And I cannot
attack on primogeniture, admitting the need perceive that he asks them.
of heavy gambling in propagating, even when
HERBERT ELLSWORTH CORY.
it is practised on the most divinely instinc-
tive basis. You must have plenty of children,
BUDDHISM IN ART.*
if you are an aristocrat. Then, from the midst
of failure, at least one great man will arise.
Within its limitations as to
Once more Mr. Ludovici circles back to an
Dr.
space,
onslaught on decadent British aristocracy. Buddhist Ideals” is an illuminating book. It
Anesaki's “Buddhist Art in Its Relation to
He shows how from the days of the younger comprises four lectures given at the Museum
Pitt there has been a tendency to increase the
peers of England on economic
and other capri- of Fine Arts, Boston, in January and Feb-
cious incentives. He advocates an educa- ruary, 1914, while the author, who is Pro-
fessor of the Science of Religion in the
tion of lower classes placed in the hands of
active aristocrats who would weed out in the Imperial University of Tokyo, was temporar-
early grades all those who seem unworthy to ily in the United States and occupying the
chair of Professor of Japanese Literature and
the traditionalizing gaze of aristocrats and to
Life in Harvard University. In its bearing
the myopia inevitable in their native habitat
and environment.
on the history of art, the theme of the lectures
Finally, Mr. Ludovici has altogether of it is thoroughly comprehending and clear
is an important one. The author's treatment
avoided the questions which would arise in any
philosophy of history, which should command
in statement, and his book supplies a real
need, as the information hitherto available
the attention of any theorist on human prog-
ress. Has it been for the worse that aristo- * BUDDHIST ART IN ITS RELATION TO BUDDHIST IDEALS,
crats have faded and fallen? Would it have tures given at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
M. Anesaki, M.A., Litt.D.
Boston: Houghton
been better if the world had always had noth-
with Special Reference to Buddhism in Japan.
Four Lec-
By
Illustrated.
Mifflin Co.


ne 8
547
1916)
THE DIAL
thing
o the
one,
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a
tude.
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Wor
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styles
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finer
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e very
mpir
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.
hiloso
bonds
I have
is scattered through the pages of periodicals Whether the making of sacred images began
and costly publications to which few have prior to the development of sculpture in India
access.
under Greek influence may never be known,
Buddhahood signifies enlightenment. Hav- for there is some reason to suppose that the
ing attained the infinitely expanded vision, earlier statues were of wood and have not
the Buddha Sākyamuni must have become the been preserved. If tradition may be believed,
possessor of all knowledge. He must, there the first of these was an image of Buddha
fore, have foreseen the use that his followers carved by order of Udayāna, King of
would make of art in spreading the faith, Kosambi, from wood of the sendan (Pride of
and the influence that Buddhistic philosophy India) tree. That some of the figures were
would have upon the development of the fine of comparatively early date seems probable,
arts throughout the Far East. Nevertheless, for among the adherents of the Hinayana
the view of art held by him and his immediate schools that grew up in the centuries follow-
disciples was strictly hedonistic. Dr. Anesaki ing Sākya's death, dissensions arose, regard-
tries to get around this fact by asserting that | ing them and the stupa, the votaries being
“Buddha was an artist,” a statement which divided in their opinion as to whether these
he immediately qualifies by adding “not in the things were or were not efficacious aids to
sense that he ever worked with brush or chisel, salvation. Not until the second and third
but in the sense that his perception of life centuries B. c. is there clear evidence of any
was artistic.” This may be dismissed as a bit general patronage of artists and craftsmen
of special pleading. There is nothing in by the Buddhist Sangha: not until the begin-
Sākya's life as we know it, or in his teaching, ning of the Christian era do the types of Bud-
to show that he realized the possibility of a dhist art begin to take definite form. At first
mental uplift through the contemplation of we find, as Dr. Coomaraswamy puts it, "only
physical beauty in any form. His mission the popular Brahmanical and animistic art
was to spread spiritual illumination among of the day, adapted to Buddhist require-
his fellows, to break down the barriers of ments. The earliest type to emerge is that
caste, and to establish the principle of human of the Buddha-yogin, the seated figure in the
equality and brotherhood. His philosophy practice of Yoga, seeking enlightenment and
has been described as an interpretation and emancipation by meditation calculated to
popularization of the Veda, made over into release the individual from empirical con-
à moral code "at once intuitive and prac- sciousness," until, as Schelling expresses it,
"
tical," the dominant idea being "the attain-
“the perceiving self merges in the self-per-
ment of salvation with one's own mind." ceived."
After the Buddha's death, his injunction As Buddha reached his final enlightenment
to his followers to abjure the pomps and vani- while seated in yogi fashion under the Bodhi
ties of worldly life was interpreted in many
tree at Gaya, the cross-legged figure seated
ways. He had required all who adhered to
upon a lotus-flower āsana (support) became
his cult to shave their heads and put on the most characteristic and symbolical out-
priestly robes. And in the early years the
ward representation of spiritual achievement,
brethren were forbidden to allow figures of and as such it has persisted through all the
human beings to be painted on monastery centuries down to the present day. Much
walls. Dr. Anesaki points out that as late
has been written about the influence of the
as the reign of King Asoka, during the third
Gandhara sculptors during the period from
century B. C., the person of the Buddha was
the first to the fourth centuries A. D., when
regarded as too sublime to be represented as
this classic conception was taking shape, but
a human figure, and was symbolized by such
there can be little doubt that its importance
things as the holy wheel of eternal truth, or
has been over-rated. Dr. Coomaraswamy
the tree under which he attained Buddhahood.
But before long the priests found it neces-
regards the Gandhara sculptures as the work
of Greco-Bactrian craftsmen employed by the
sary to their teaching to have something
tangible to recall the magnetic influence of
Gandhara kings to interpret Buddhist ideas;
his presence." There is a tradition that in an and Havell is probably right in his estimate
endeavor to supply this need, Sākya's bones that their art, so far as it is Greek or Roman,
were distributed among the eight kingdoms is lifeless, and “the more it becomes Indian
where his faith had been embraced, and were the more it becomes alive." Dr. Anesaki,
there enclosed in mound-like repositories however, says they represented Buddha “in
known as stupa. But this failed of the desired all the beauty of an Apollo.”
effect, and led only to superstitious worship The great development of Buddhist art
of the relics.
came about through the evolution of Northern
book is
cannot
ORT.
e, Dr.
cion to
USEUM
1 Feb
s Pro-
in the
porar-
ng the
re and
Haring
tules
atment
clear
a real
ailable
DES
out LA
ton
Houghton


548
[June 8
THE DIAL
or
>
Buddhism,— the Mahayana, Greater mudras, or mystic poses of hands and feet,
Vehicle. This school was the outcome of an and their various sacred belongings; and the
emotional transformation which carried its Dharma-Mandala, setting forth the letters of
votaries away from the purely intellectual the so-called Lancha alphabet as applied to
concepts of Sākya and his early followers. It them with symbolic meaning. These Mandala
promulgated doctrines at variance with those merged into one another on the principle of
taught by the Founder. It peopled the “The whole in one and one in the whole,"
universe with Dhyani-Buddhas and Boddhi- and from being considered merely as repre-
sattvas, and extended its metaphysical specu- sentations of the ideal world they were trans-
lations until they embraced the idea of an figured by the mass of believers who came to
Adi-Buddha as Supreme Lord and Creator, look upon them as in themselves objects of
and, under a new terminology, included the worship.
orthodox Hindu pantheon in the Buddhist A history of Buddhist art being beyond Dr.
hierarchy. Its ritual became elaborate, and Anesaki's purpose in this book, he does not
was designed to put before the devotee vivid attempt to trace the spread of the Mahayana
mental images of the divinities evoked. The doctrines from India into Tibet, China, and
Mahayana sutras represent an attempt of other countries on the continent of Asia, and
Buddhism to absorb the Brahmanistic creed. its absorption of various pantheons into one
“They are,” says Dr. Anesaki, “to leave
cycle central in Buddha, but, with only casual
untouched the metaphysical doctrines preached reference to the importance of the works of
in them, descriptions in words of the pictures the painters and sculptors of the T'ang and
representing the glorious assembly of celestial Sung dynasties, wrought under its influence,
and human beings around Buddha.” Through
passes to the introduction, in the ninth cen-
their tacit approval of the worship of images, tury A. D., of Mystic Buddhism into Japan,
these sutras gave an impetus to the employ where it was designated as Shingon or “The
ment of art in spreading the faith.
True Word.” The iconography of Shingon
The development that brought Buddhism art, its signs and symbolic inventions, fur-
into the closest union with art was, however, nishes the subject of his third lecture; but as
the rise of the Yogāchārya, or Tantric sect. “the possible deities and symbols are as many
The essence of its special creed is that Buddha
as the atoms of the universe," he offers only a
lives in a spiritual world of the imagination general view of the subject and brief descrip-
whose secrets are veiled in mystery to the tions of some of the figures most commonly
uninitiate. These secrets it professed to represented by the artists. At the end of the
reveal through mystic formularies, and by chapter he touches upon the syncretic religion
“vizualizing in pictures, statues, and rites, the called Ryōbu Shinto, which was an extension
symbolic or anthropomorphic manifestations of the Shingon concept to include Shinto
of Buddha and of the various deities which
within its purview, as in India the Yogā.
are his emanations.” It was the outgrowth of chārya had gathered the Hindu divinities into
a cosmotheistic concept which Dr. Anesaki its fold.
describes as “the fundamental ideal common The elaborate and richly colored paintings,
to nearly all branches of Buddhism,” and noble statues, and ornate temples with their
concerning which he says:
splendid furnishings and imposing rituals, of
The final substratum of Buddhahood is, therefore, the mystic sects, represent only one phase of
the cosmos, including the spiritual and material
Mahayana Buddhism. Equally characteristic
aspects, and Buddha is the Lord who rules it, not from
above, but from within. His spirit is the cosmic soul,
is the idealistic and supremely poetic art that
which, like a seed, evolves out of itself all the is the outcome of the contemplative school,
phenomena of the universe.
known in Japan as Zen. This school lays
For concrete representations of this ideal special emphasis upon meditation. In the
world recourse was had to painting and sculp- words of Dr. Anesaki, “its adherents believed
ture and music. Much was made of the Man- that to them had been directly transmitted the
dala or groups of sacred figures. The spiritual illumination of Buddha, and they
Sanskrit word signifies “whole," "circle," cultivated its method of meditation simply
"assemblage,” etc., but as applied to these and purely without admixture of mysterious
pictures had the wider meaning of the cosmos rituals and doctrinal analysis.” Its tenets
symbolized in terms of its moving forces. The were carried from India to China about 526
Mandala were of four kinds: Maha-Mandala, A. D. by Bodhidharmá, the twenty-eighth and
representing Buddhas and Boddhisattvas last Indian Patriarch of Buddhism, who
with all their distinguishing marks and became the first Patriarch of Zen Buddhism in
attributes; Karma-Mandala, illustrating their China, where he was called Tamo. To the
actions ; Samaya-Mandala, showing their Japanese he is known as Daruma. He main-
>


1916)
519
THE DIAL
9
tained as a principle that one should not be are quite irrelevant and would wisely have
bound by the words of the scriptures, and been omitted. And in the legend appended
asserted that Buddhahood is not to be attained to Plate XLIV, instead of stating that the
by works, but by the purity and wisdom that deity Fugen “is represented as a courtesan,
comes from meditation. It should, therefore, it should have been put the other way around.
be sought in one's own heart.
But in spite of these shortcomings, the illus-
The influence of this doctrine upon the Art trations form an important and most useful
of the Far East was profound and far-reach- feature of the book.
ing. A few sentences from what Dr. Anesaki
FREDERICK W. GOOKIN.
has to say about it tell the story very con-
cisely, and serve also as an example of his
lucid style.
THE MONROE DOCTRINE INTERPRETED.*
As a method of achieving a union of the individual
soul with the cosmic spirit Zen training manifested
In the year 1901, Professor Albert Bushnell
itself in art of a transcendental kind. Naturalism Hart published in “The American Historical
and intuitionism enabled the Zenist not only to absorb
Review” a brief paper entitled “The Monroe
the serenely transient beauty of nature, but also to
Doctrine and
express it, distinct from human passions and interests
the Doctrine of Permanent
in placid dignity and pure simplicity; while individu- Interest” which went a long way toward
alism, a necessary, consequence of Zen practice, found clearing up the hazy notions upon the subject
expression in a vigor and freshness of artistic treat- at that time prevalent. Other contributions
ment implying always a touch of original genius.
Thus the æsthetic sense developed by the culture con-
of the sort have been made from time to time;
sisted essentially in disinterested observation and
and at last we have from Professor Hart's
penetrating insight which produced a feeling of inti- facile pen a volume of ample proportions
macy with the universe and caused man to mould his
which comprises the most ambitious, and the
life and taste in accordance with the “air-rhythm” of
most generally useful, treatise upon the sub-
nature. Since, however, high attainment in Zen was
limited to a few men of indefatigable persistence, the ject at present available in the English lan-
best products of its art showed an intellectual lofti-
guage.
ness suggestive of aristocracy. Yet its influence
The first clue to the actual nature of the
pervaded the lives of the people and moulded their
perceptions in every branch of art,- in the composi-
volume in hand is supplied by the sub-title,
tion of poems, the building of houses and furnishing “An Interpretation.”. What the reader
of rooms;
in methods of flower arrangement, of expects to find, and does find, is far more
gardening, and even of preparing and drinking tea. than the Doctrine's history. Of the seven
Indeed there is in Japan hardly a form of thought or
activity that Zen has not touched and inspired with
"parts" into which the book falls, only three
the ideal of simple beauty.
are purely historical. In the first of these
It would not be fair to the author of this
are recounted the circumstances and events
very interesting volume to criticize it for what attending the original pronouncement of
it does not contain. Instead, it is to be com-
1823; in the second are recorded the fluctua-
mended for the extent of the information that
tions of American foreign relations from
has been compressed within the space of four
about 1827 to 1869, together with the efforts
short lectures, and the clarity with which the
of presidents, secretaries of state, and other
dominant ideas are made to stand forth. The public men "to frame new forms of doctrine
book is illustrated with forty-seven full-page carried from 1869 to 1915. Of the four suc-
to correspond”; in the third the narrative is
reproductions of paintings and statues,
accompanied by explanatory text. The front ceeding “parts,” two are strictly interpreta-
ispiece is a chromo-lithograph of the famous tive, one is essentially prophetic, and one is
bibliographical.
triptych of “The Amita Triad rising over
Hills" traditionally ascribed to Eshin Sozu
The fundamental service which Professor
Genshin and now deposited in the Imperial
Hart has rendered has been the clarification
Museum, Kyoto. The other subjects are
of ideas concerning a very confused but very
chiefly from paintings and sculptures in the
live subject. “No public policy,” he cor-
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. If the repro-
rectly observes, “has taken such hold upon
ductions are not, in every instance, satisfac-
the imagination of the American people as
tory it is because many of the originals are
the so-called Monroe Doctrine. It has been
ancient works which it is very difficult to quoted, discussed, stated, re-stated, revised,
photograph. This does not apply to the repro-
and re-issued for nearly a hundred years.
duction of Zen paintings, which might be During the last fifteen years the Doctrine has
better. It must be said of them also, that not * THE MONROE DOCTRINE. An Interpretation. By Albert
all of the works selected are of such merit as
Bushnell Hart, Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D.
Little, Brown, & Co.
to warrant their inclusion. As for the two
By Charles H.
Ukiyoe travesties of Buddhist subjects, they
Sherrill. With an Introduction by Nicholas Murray Butler,
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
>
With map.
Boston :
MODERNIZING
THE
MONROE
DOCTRINE,


550
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been applied to a much wider range of objects guises, subsequent declarations by Polk, Cass,
than in its earlier history. Its meaning Seward, Grant, Fish, Evarts, Cleveland,
and its immediate cogency are still uncertain Olney, Roosevelt, and Root have been only
and disputed.” The causes of the obscurity fresh assertions of the one abiding doctrine
which surrounds the subject are not difficult of “permanent interest.” For purposes of
to discover. In the memorable message of convenience this eternal doctrine may
be
December 2, 1823, President Monroe made denominated the “Monroe Doctrine." But
certain assertions relative to the attitude of the user of the phrase must understand that
the United States toward the affairs of Latin in essence the doctrine was no more originated
America and of the Northwest coast. The by Monroe than by any one of a score of
phrases employed were put forward "for American publicists; while in its form of
immediate consumption, in order to forestall expression it has ever been, and must ever be,
difficulties then serious but now mostly passed changeable as the chameleon.
by.” But in succeeding decades the attempt It is easy for the author to demonstrate
was made, as it still is made, to apply these that men are as absolutely disagreed to-day
Monrovian phrases to every aspect of our concerning the meaning of the “Monroe Doc-
international affairs to which, by the wildest trine" as they have been at any earlier time,
stretch of the imagination, they can be and that so long as our foreign relations are
regarded as pertinent. As necessity has managed in deference to a rule or theory of
arisen, or as inclination has led, presidents, such uncertainty the United States will suf-
secretaries of state, writers, and publicists fer in dignity and influence. That the United
have introduced glosses on the original Doc- States has need of a Doctrine of some variety
trine, adding element to element of confusion. - indeed, that the maintenance of a Doctrine
And it is difficult to say whether the grossest is inevitable — is regarded as axiomatic, and
anachronisms and incongruities have arisen it becomes a question of the kind of Doctrine
from the exploitation of these glosses or from which is most desirable and of the form in
the occasional impossible attempts to apply which it shall be stated. The Doctrine which
the phrases of 1823 literally to existing situ- is affirmed to be desirable is that which may
ations.
be designated by Secretary Evarts's phrase
Underlying and antedating all of these "paramount interest,” or the author's "per-
more or less ephemeral and contradictory doc- manent interest." And the essentials of it
trines, Professor Hart finds “a perpetual are asserted to be (1) a declaration of the
a
national policy which needs no authority from continuing interest of the United States that
President Monroe, or any later public man, Europe shall obtain no new footholds in
to make it necessary or valid.” It is "the America, and (2) an explanation that the
daily common-sense recognition of the geogra- reason for this interest is "the honest repub-
phic and political fact that the United States lican desire that our near neighbors may be
of America is by fact and by right more given the chance to practice republican gov-
interested in American affairs, both on the ernment." The omissions will be observed to
northern and southern continents, than any be significant. The United States is not to
European power can possibly be.” For the disclaim desire to annex territory south of
ultimate basis of this “American doctrine" the country's present boundaries, “because
one must turn to the physical make-up of the we have never recognized any limitation on
American continent and the remoteness of that subject in the Monroe Doctrine, and
the Americas from both Europe and Asia; because we are now, from year to year, pick-
and for the earliest deliberate expressions of ing up territory which is not likely ever to
the doctrine one must go back beyond Presi- see independence again.” In the next place,
dent Monroe and Secretary Adams to, at all the principle of the two spheres must be given
events, Thomas Pownall's "Memorial to the up, because the United States has become “a
Sovereigns of America" in 1781 and John Canal power, a Pacific power, and an Asiatic
Adams's conversations with the British peace power," and must remain such. And, finally,
commissioner at Paris in 1782, as well as the there is no longer to be pretence that the Doc-
more familiar pronouncements of President trine is international law, public law, inter-
Washington. Viewed in this way, the dec- American law, or indeed law at all, "except
larations contained in the Monroe message of in the sense of the physical sciences.” The
1823 become, not a new and final statement of Doctrine is not law for the people of the
national policy, but a reiteration, adapted to United States, “because none of them is
contemporary circumstances, of a long-recog- required as an individual to believe and
nized principle of fundamental and continu- obey." It is not law for the Latin-American
ous national interest; and, in their varying states, for they did not make it and they


1916]
551
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>
resent every part of it that imposes limits clearly into conformity with the times, and
upon what they might otherwise do as sov- of fresh definition to dispel the misunder-
ereign nations. It is not law for other for- standings that have gathered about it in the
eign nations, but simply "a warning of the past, Mr. Sherrill is in substantial agreement
disagreeable things that may happen to them with Professor Hart and other recent writers.
if they ignore it.”
It is insisted by him, further, that now is
Even in this moderate form, the Doctrine, peculiarly the time for such reconstruction
it is asserted, will be difficult, if not impos- and for drawing the twenty-one American
sible, to maintain by peaceful means. “Unless republics into closer relations. It is his plan
Europe is about to enter on a new régime of for accomplishing this end that specially
international understandings and good will, enlists attention. This plan embraces a series
which seems very doubtful, the Doctrine is of actions working out in the erection of a
likely to be tested by some ambitious military Pan-American “triangle of peace," an inter-
power. For such a contest the naval prepara- national arrangement guaranteed to preserve
tion of the United States is insufficient and the United States and her sister republics
her military organization is preposterous. from the menace of European or Asiatic
Either the country must face the responsibil- aggression and from the ravages of interna-
ity which it assumes and prepare itself
tional war.
accordingly, or it must give up the Doctrine." The base of the triangle is to be supplied
But giving up the Doctrine, the author con- by a more substantial harmony among the
tends, will not be so easy; and not even by Western republics; and the joint mediation
such a course can peace be assured. “The of the United States and the A. B. C. powers
Doctrine will not give up the United States; in the Mexican situation in 1914 is cited as
for European settlements in America can only evidence that the desired condition of comity
be made by war upon American countries, is being attained. The Eastern side of the
which would inevitably involve the United triangle is to be "a completed Monroe Doc-
States sooner or later, with or without a Doctrine to prevent friction with Europe.” At
trine." The conclusion to which the author this point the scheme as outlined by Mr.
comes is, therefore, that the present demand Sherrill becomes dubious, if not fantastic,
for military and naval preparedness is well and, in the reviewer's opinion, quite breaks
founded, and he rounds off his luminous
down. For, the completion of the Monroe
exposition with a few telling arguments in its Doctrine which is advocated involves persua-
behalf. On its face, the view of things which sion of the European powers forthwith to
is expressed seems pessimistic, and even pan- give up all of their surviving possessions in
icky. Yet in consideration of the many hap- the western hemisphere (with the possible
penings since August, 1914, which had been exception of Canada) and financial compen-
asserted to be, and. were generally believed to sation of the powers for these territories
be, altogether impossible, one hesitates to should it be demanded by the United
demur. At the least, Professor Hart's char- States. Arguments presented by the author
acterization of the status of the Americas in in defence of the practicability of this pro-
relation to the affairs of the world at large posal, while ingenious, are in no wise con-
will provoke much thought and discussion.
vincing. The third step is the erection of the
Mr. Charles Sherrill is a former minister Western side of the triangle, to ensure peace
to Argentina, and in his “Modernizing the on the Pacific. It involves simply, we are
Monroe Doctrine” he writes from first-hand told, “practicing across the Pacific what the
knowledge of Latin American sentiment and Monroe Doctrine preaches." Mr. Sherrill
policy. Upon the subject of Pan-American- considers this the easiest part of the task;
ism he feels deeply and speaks forcefully. for all that is necessary is for the United
His arguments in favor of the cultivation of States "to stay at home and mind her own
the Pan-American spirit are irrefutable;
spirit are irrefutable; business.” This, however, under conditions
although in his enthusiasm he occasionally that have grown up, is asking a good deal —
ventures assertions of somewhat extravagant particularly when it is explained that adop-
character. The most noteworthy feature of tion of the course proposed would mean not
his book is, however, not the appeal for Pan- only that the United States should discon-
American coöperation, but certain novel and tinue the effort to maintain the Open Door
even radical proposals concerning the mode of in China but that she should give up the
attainment of peace and comity in the Philippines. To facilitate the adoption of his
Western world.
plan, however, the author proposes the sur-
In his contention that the Monroe Doctrine render of the Philippines to Great Britain,
stands in need of modernization to bring it France, Holland, and Denmark, in exchange


552
(June 8
THE DIAL
for the liberation of the colonies at present stand for ideas,- in fact that nothing can
held by these powers in the western hemis- distract her from putting down her view. She
phere! It must be said in the author's favor may be called old-fashioned; people may say
that in some quarters this last suggestion has they do not care for phases of life in a small
been accorded support. But to most men it metropolis of the central states. But Mrs.
must yet appear chimerical.
Watts is not by any means a purveyor of local
FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG. color; the orator and the baseball player and
the contractor are really national types. In
the dreadful Mrs. Maranda she emerges into
RECENT FICTION.*
the sphere of general humanity. And the
other chief figures, the novelist and the young
Mrs. Watts always writes something worth lady, whatever they are, are not particularly
reading. She is always (it would seem) so typical of the central states. So Mrs. Watts
really interested in life as she knows it and has the main thing to her credit,-a fine
in a broad way so pleased with it, that her material; though she lacks in this book the
report of it is worth listening to. The first molding power of one sort or another, the
few pages of “Nathan Burke” were enough power of shaping things into just the right
to show a competent observer that a new form, which some people seem to have acci-
planet had somehow got itself together out of dentally, and which others seem to have as a
the nebulous chaos of fiction writers which matter of conscious art.
jars and joggles about nowadays, and started She does not give an encouraging view of
off in some sort of orbit. The precise nature life. It must be that there are a great many
of this orbit has not yet been calculated by handers-out of balderdash like T. Chauncey
our literary astronomers; it would seem not Devitt; one can hardly imagine otherwise.
to be comet-like or to have the wholly reliable But he is a sad figure for all that. So is Amzi
characters of some other literary luminaries. Loring. It may be doubtful if there are many
There are those who think that “Nathan millionaires sons who become professional
'
Burke" is finer than anything that Mrs. ball-players; but there certainly are many
Watts has done since; that was perhaps young gladiators very like him, both in the
because the historic element gave a sort of college world and out. Mrs. Watts's types
romantic flavor that many people like. There are pretty true,- so true, indeed, that it may
are also those who think that “The Rise of
be fancied that they are too much the crea-
Jennie Cushing” is her best book, which tion of the general idea and too little of the
may come from the particular interest that particular impression so needful for art.
is undoubtedly felt by the present literary Whether of one kind of another, they all
generation in following out the story of some- together the walking delegate, the labor-
body's life. In “The Rudder” Mrs. Watts leader, the bright boy, the base-ball player,
has neither of these advantages, besides which
the millionaire, and a number more give
she has elected to make something of a diffi- rather a dull idea of life which is hardly
culty for herself by having, as she puts it lighted up by anything else. Certainly Mr.
herself, several heroes. It might also be said Cook, the novelist, presents little more than
that the symbolic name of her novel does not an amused tolerance, and Nellie Loring the
seem (at least to one sympathetic reader) social worker has only a pained feeling that
really to show the course of the book; it seems she will find out about it all some time.
to be a rudder, to make a feeble joke, that It is not, of course, the duty of the novelist
does not do much steering.
to be optimistic, nor is optimism as a duty a
In spite of these disadvantages, largely self- very interesting thing in fiction. But almost
imposed, Mrs. Watts is as obviously herself everybody feels that there is something worth
in “The Rudder” as in her other books. She while in life, --something beyond mere stoical
is really so interested in life as it goes on endurance: and if one's novelist does not per-
about her that no passionate delight in allur-ceive anything, one believes there must be a
ing fancy and no deep resolution of the false view somewhere. So I think that Mrs.
troubles of the present generation and no one Watts has this time not got her focus quite
of the current catchwords which nowadays right.
Whether her focus be right or wrong, her
By Mary S. Watts. New York:
book is immeasurably nearer truth than is
By Willard Huntington Wright. Mr. W. H. Wright's “A Man of Promise.”
Mr. Wright was writing a different kind of
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
novel for one thing, and at best would not
By Maurice Hewlett. New York:
have had the kind of realism in which Mrs.
The
• THE RUDDER,
Macmillan Co.
THE MAN OF PROMISE.
New York: John Lane Co.
THE PORTION OF A CHAMPION,
tighe.
FREY AND HIS WIFE.
Robert M. McBride & Co.
By Francis O Sullivan


?
553
June
THE DIAL
1916]
-
||
ng can
7. She
ar si
A small
of local
er and
Ps. In
es into
nd the
Foung
culars
Watts
a fine
ok the
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e atiti
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IATT
man
in the
Watts excels. But it is only in a way that course) does not believe in hers, while Mr.
he himself possibly did not plan that Mr. Wright solemnly and even pathetically takes
Wright appears to me to give in any sense his hero seriously. I suppose the reason for
a true note of the world to-day. His chief this is that Mrs. Watts has long been inter-
figure and Mrs. Watts's T. Chauncey Devitt, ested, amused, astonished, disgusted, allured
though superficially very different, are really by the antics of such people and their unfort-
men of much the same intellectual type,- unate audiences; so that finally she created
unconscious intellectual charlatans both, play- the character by a species of necessity. Mr.
ing, the one to the vast mediocre audience of Wright, on the other hand, has taken a stock
our country, the other to the much smaller figure, a common and conventional character
set which prides itself on being cultivated - of our generation, the wonderful intellec-
or perhaps here one should say “cultured.” tual and social heretic - and has tried to tell
Stanford West, the man of promise, is con- us how such a person would act. But he has
stantly presented to us as a man of ideas, not even studied the conventional type care-
and evidently seemed so to himself and to fully enough.
those about him. It is clear, however, from Mr. Wright also, and perhaps primarily,
the book that he was nothing of the sort. He wishes us to understand that a man of genius
conceived himself as one whose thought could will find it hard to arrange his relations with
dissolve the present structure of society and women so that they will not interfere with
construct another. But he says and does noth- his more important affairs. But this is a
ing that gives any such idea. Men of that matter which has been dealt with so often of
kind do not keep their thought for one or two late that it does not seem to call for especial
books or newspaper articles: they talk, act, discussion here.
.
live so that people know that there is some- Those who do not like either good or bad
thing to them. Stanford West is said to have books like the above may be tempted by two
published a book which "stripped the illusion other books of a very different character. In
and sanctity from the whole fabric of life “Frey and His Wife” and “The Portion of
and replaced them with doctrines which a Champion,” Mr. Maurice Hewlett and Mr.
seemed to reverse the accepted moral code.” o Sullivan tighe have caught the spirit, the
Yet nothing that he says or does strips the one of the old Norse Saga, and the other of
illusion or sanctity from any part of the fabric the old Irish Hero-story. I am perhaps too
of life. It surely does not strip the illusion bold in regard to Mr. o Sullivan tighe's book,
or sanctity from the relation of sex (which is
for I have never really read much of the
the only part of the fabric of life in which
literature that evidently inspires him. But
he had the slightest interest) that a young his book seems as if it must be right. I
man should make his beginnings in such would like to find some faults: I feel that the
things with services of girls from the street, utterances of the shannachies and brehons
should go on with two (consecutive) mis- should be given in triads instead of quatrains.
tresses, follow with a wife, leave her for a There is something strangely distinctive in a
third mistress, and come back to his wife. triad, for example:
Stanford West was “a man of promise" Hast thou heard what Garselit said,
just as T. Chauncey Devitt was. He talked The Irishman whom it is safe to follow?
as if he had ideas, as he were an intellectual
"Sin is bad, if long pursued."
giant; whereas he really was a muddle-headed That is not exactly Mr. o Sullivan tighe's doc-
sensualist. Mr. Wright has made a mistake trine; yet he, like Garselit, is in this tale an
in telling us that he wrote a beautiful play
Irishman (as I guess) whom it is quite safe
full of the Greek spirit. There is nothing to follow, at least in pursuit of amusement.
in the book to show that Stanford West had Then I feel as if some of the adventures and
any real comprehension of Greek culture. Mr. incidents were a little conventional. But that,
Wright is also mistaken in telling us that to tell the truth, is one of the characteristics
West wrote either articles or books which of the Red Book of Ulster (if that, by chance,
criticized the present social structure in a be a correct name) or the Book of the Dun
destructive and a constructive manner. Such Cow, as of a good deal of fiction since. So
a man could have done nothing of the sort,-
fault-finding comes really to little; if one likes
though he might easily have thought he had, stories of this sort, as many do, one will like
and very probably told Mr. Wright that he
Mr. o Sullivan tighe's, for it is a very good
had. Such people often think more highly
than they ought to think of their own doings. “The Portion of a Champion,” however, has
The chief difference between these two more to it than a sequence of adventure, good
charlatan-rhetoricians is that Mrs. Watts (of or bad. It is in its implications the picture
it may
CM
of the
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554
[June 8
THE DIAL
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of an old civilization now long passed away,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
a civilization very different from ours,- SO
different indeed that it is wellnigh impossible
Leaders in
It is now nearly seven hundred and
for us really to imagine it, however much we Ireland's fight fifty years since the sons of Nesta
for freedom.
may be amused or attracted by some of its
ssed the Irish Sea and began the
details. It has been the fashion for a good conquest of Ireland on the suggestion of the
while in the neo-Celtic group to look back to
English king. The process of subjugation was long
those days with a vague sentiment of desire,
and wearisome; there have been many revolts on
as though there were something there that
Irish soil, much blood has been shed in the name
of Irish liberty, and apparently the end is not yet.
might be restored to the life of our own time.
These revolutionary uprisings have, however, as a
No pictures of Oisin or of Deirdre have given rule ended disastrously, and have served merely to
me so much of an idea of a something worth fasten the chains more securely on the necks of
while in that old Celtic otherworld as this the restless Irishmen. Far more important has
tale of adventure by Mr. o Sullivan tighe. been the long and continuous parliamentary con-
Deeply engrained in the minds of those people flict of the last century and a half, which has
was the respect for law. Not very good law, actually brought the Irish people in sight of the
perhaps, and good or bad not always easy to
promised land. This phase of the struggle for free-
get at; but such as it was, whether found in
dom in Ireland may be said to have been begun
in 1759, when Henry Flood entered the Irish par-
custom, in poem, or in decree, it was a dom-
liament. Since that day there has been an unin-
inating factor in life. That in itself was a
terrupted succession of brilliant and picturesque,
good thing: to have some really steadfast guide though not always discreet, Irish political leaders
for life, even if it were no better than the
in the parliaments of Dublin and Westminster. In
rather rigid guide of law. Mr. o Sullivan a volume entitled “The Irish Orators" (Bobbs-
tighe is aware of other guides, and he pre- Merrill Co.), Mr. Claude G. Bowers has brought
sents his champion as once or twice coming together a series of studies of the personalities
under the influence of that other great guide
and careers of the more eminent among these
of life which has gradually subverted the idea leaders, which taken together give a continuous,
of law without as yet imposing itself uni-
though very incomplete, “history of Ireland's fight
for freedom.” Mr. Bowers has selected nine of
versally in its place, - namely, the guide of
the leading agitators of the period covered, and
life which brought St. Patrick to Ireland.
the list is one that every Irishman is likely to
That is something which made a great change approve. It comprises Henry Flood, the spokes-
in the world, both in the social tradition of man of the Irish “Volunteers”; Grattan, whom
ancient Erin and in the Stoic discipline of Fox called the “Irish Demosthenes”; Curran, the
Rome which the Champion met with in his great advocate of Irish rights at the bar of jus-
expedition into Gaul.
tice; Lord Plunkett, who led the fight against the
Mr. Hewlett's “Frey and His Wife" is a
Act of Union in 1800; Robert Emmet, who headed
the ill-considered uprising of 1803; Daniel O'Con-
most entertaining saga, written with all Mr.
nell, the “Liberator"; General Meagher, who was
Hewlett's skill in getting into the form and involved in the revolutionary movement of 1848,
spirit of ancient ways of word and thought. and later won fame in our own civil war; Isaac
It is a very curious story. Beginning with Butt, who led the Irish membership in parliament
some unimportant matter about Osmund Dint, just before the organization of the Nationalist
useful merely in showing how things came party; and Charles Stewart Parnell. The larger
about, the real story is about a man named
part of the work is, however, devoted to the careers
Gunnar, who fled from Norway across to
and achievements of Grattan, O'Connell, and
Parnell. In these essays Mr. Bowers does not
Sweden in the days of Olaf Triggvason. In
Sweden he fell in with some people who held pretend to give biographical sketches; his discus-
sions are rather in the form of appreciations,
a god Frey in great esteem. Frey was a fine-
attempts to determine what each one of his sub-
looking god made of wood, and handsomely jects has contributed to the cause of Irish freedom.
painted and clothed. He was married to an The author writes in a glowing, vigorous, and
attractive girl, and blessed the fields and eloquent style, and has produced a most interesting
crops. The saga tells how Gunnar became work; but the instincts of the historian, whose
concerned in this strange combination. There purpose is to present all the truth, he apparently
may be some deep hidden meaning in the
does not possess. There is another side to the Irish
story, though I judge not. It seems to be question, which is also important, but which Mr.
what it is on the surface, an amusing and
Bowers wholly ignores. One is also led to feel
that in his discussion of the merits of his heroes he
astonishing tale of a simple kind of life. That
has not always preserved a proper balance. One
is a good kind of story to tell, for in it the
rises from the reading of the essay on Grattan with
writer can say all sorts of things that are the feeling that in him Irish oratory reached its
interesting. Mr. Hewlett, of course, is equal greatest perfection; but a little further on we meet
to the opportunity. EDWARD E. HALE. the statement that “the Irish race · · has not
(


1916]
555
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6
given the world a greater orator than John Philip approaches the distant Rockies from the great
Curran”; and in the essay on O'Connell we are told prairie, and in Chapter II he approaches them
that as an orator "he was one of the most marvel- from afar in another sense - from the nebular
ous the world has known.” There can be no doubt hypothesis and the planetessimal theory. These
that all these nine men were masters of eloquence, introductory chapters are followed by pains-
but it is generally wise to be sparing in the use
taking discussions of the natural appearances of
of superlatives, even when discussing Irish oratory. "The Hills," "The Timber-Line," "The Uplands,"
“,
“Mountain Waters,” “Glaciers and Avalanches,
“The Snow-line,” etc. The following extract,
What the
Not so much a biography of the relating to the beautiful, graceful lines of hills (as
President has man as a review of his public serv-
accomplished.
contrasted with “the abrupt line of a splintered
ices is Mr. Henry Jones Ford's
mountain ridge”), illustrates the author's pene-
"Woodrow Wilson” (Appleton), even though it trating comment: “Now, these lines of beauty are
bears as sub-title, “The Man and his Work." But
shown to the best advantage only on sparsely cov-
with so diligent and productive a worker the work
ered hills — that is, hills devoid of thick brush or
is the man, and the man is the work, to a great trees. The heather of the Scotch hills or the grass
extent. Accordingly the larger part of the book of the English hills along the sea does not per-
is given to Mr. Wilson's record as an educator, his
ceptibly check the flow of the lines, but the trees
published writings, his entrance into public life, his of the Harz or the Catskills muffle and confuse.
governorship of New Jersey, and, in six successive
As soon as timber covers the slopes the lines are
chapters, his presidency of the United States. One softened, weakened, perhaps destroyed. It is pos-
chapter has to do with his personal traits, and the sible in sculpture to place drapery over the human
book ends with “a mid-career appreciation.' As figure and make it reveal the very thing it covers;
a writer Mr. Wilson has accomplished an amount
but you cannot have foliage covering the hills and
of solid work unsuspected by many. In the
still show through it the rock structure or the earth
Princeton University Library is a bibliography of curves beneath it.” One of the most interesting
these published writings from the time he entered chapters is the last one, in which Professor Van
Princeton as a student to the day he resigned its Dyke asks why the painters have not succeeded in
presidency to become governor of New Jersey; following Ruskin in the mountains. His answer
and this list, though admittedly incomplete, con-
is that high mountains are not pictorial. “The
tains seventy-five entries showing a liberal range qualities of sublimity in the mountains, such as
of scholarly interests with a due measure of con- bulk and mass, are the very qualities that cannot
centration and specialization. As an administrator be realized or placed upon canvas.” In particular,
in high office he is, as was to have been expected, “the quality of looming in the peak” cannot be
represented as conspicuously successful. A ten-
rendered by the painter. Again, the decorative
dency to not unnatural and not unpardonable aspect of a picture is unmanageable when the
excess of eulogy appears in such passages as this subject is a mountain. So, too, the colors
reference to a public utterance of his on the tariff
lead to ineffectiveness, being too cold — there are
question: “Probably no other presidential utter- too many whites, blues, and purples. And again,
ance ever had such a tremendous reverberation
“The light has little or no warmth and is too clear,
throughout the country.” Illustrative also of the
too penetrating. It robs the scene of all mystery
tone of the book is the following: “With the war and is inclined to be glaring." All of these diffi-
still going on it would be rash to make any pre- culties have been minimized with great skill in the
diction as to the permanence of any arrangement, beautiful reproduction of a photograph of “The
but the indications are that President Wilson has Weisshorn from above Täsch Alp,” which serves
successfully vindicated neutral rights in the midst
as an impressive frontispiece.
The book appears
of the greatest war the world has ever known.” at a strategic moment: many a perfervid mount-
His administration has been of so high an order aineer, and summer cottager, and week-ender will
" that the character of the presidential office will take a copy with him to the unpaintable mountains.
be permanently affected.” And, finally, as a last
word at the end of the closing chapter, “Woodrow
Wilson's Administration will figure as the begin-
It is not a simple matter to convey
The underworld
the spirit and message of “The Psy-
ning of a new era." Appended is Mr. Wilson's of mind.
utterance of three years ago on the eligibility of a
chology of the Unconscious" (Mof-
fat, Yard & Co.), a large volume by Dr. C. G.
president to reëlection, and on the length of the
Jung of the University of Zurich. The explana-
presidential term. Four portraits of the subject
tory titles, “A Study of the Transformations and
of the book are inserted.
Symbolisms of the Libido: A Contribution to the
History of the Evolution of Thought,” are but
The lover of mountainous country
modestly helpful.
Mountain
The whole is a significant
scenery and will welcome Professor John C. Van
example of the Freudian psychology of the day. It
mountain art.
Dyke's “The Mountain” (Scribner),
is introduced with an admirable statement of this
in which the author, regarding the mountains as
psychology by the translator, Dr. Beatrice M.
pictures as well as matter in evolution, reveals a
Hinkle, which is itself a worthy contribution. The
great deal to those who observe with less knowl- libido is generalized into the underlying striving
edge, if not with less ardor. Beginning “From which sustains life and animates resolve and con-
Afar," Professor Van Dyke, in Chapter 1, duct. It derives vitality from the deepest phases
9
a


556
[June 8
THE DIAL
of nature, most centrally and richly from the sex teen years ago, at a time when Wordsworth feared
impulses which preserve the race and set the pat- that the brief security from the peace of Amiens
tern for desire. The major argument of the book was lulling Englishmen into indifference to all
maintains that the symbolism of myth is a racial noble ends; but they embody as ringing a call for
record of the libido, a revelation of the subcon- to-day, toward loftier ideals and a higher national
scious workings and the mechanism by which they life. This is not to say that Wordsworth can ever
attain expression. A wide sweep of myths and be termed, in any strict sense, a popular poet, - a
cults, fables and traditions, religious beliefs, and fact acknowledged by Dr. Winchester in one of his
mystic practices is drawn upon to enforce this early chapters, where he calls attention to the
view. Parallel with this is the interpretation of poet's limitations. Wordsworth had little sense
a series of impressions, moments of inspiration of the poetic charm of movement or passion; he
leading to poetical effusions, on the part of one had no voice for love or war, and no great delight
Miss Miller. These, when subjected to the Freud- in beauty for its own sake, apart from its moral
ian interpretation, are held to reflect the same suggestion; he had a dull ear for the music of
type of subconscious emanations of the libido as verse; he lacked utterly any sense of humor. But
have given rise to the ancient myths. A common granting all this, and not expecting from Words-
source in the libido, a common transformation by worth things he cannot give, no other poet finds
the poetic or mystic symbolism, and consequently so much of the highest kind of joy in the world.
a common significance, underlies the individual and No on can drink deeply of his spirit without being
the racial expression. This thread of argument is kindled to a reverent delight that behind all the
crossed and intertwined with others until an intri- shows of earth and sky is a solemn Power and
cate design results, which the reader will find it Presence to which our souls are akin. So, while
difficult to follow; for symbolism is a treacherous Wordsworth's poetry will never speak to the busy
guide to proof; and sympathy, if not preposses- crowd, it can render a better service than that,
sion, is needed to keep one on the trail. The view -it can take us away from “the dreary inter-
that the dream-thought, the revery, the inspira- course of daily life," and set us in the solitude of
tion, the emotional impression, the poetic theme, nature as in a sanctuary; it can infuse a healthy
is as natural, as intimate a type of thinking as sympathy for the essential virtues of men, how-
the conscious and accredited argument, will find ever homely; it can dilate the soul with thoughts
assent; but the view that such complex syinbol- as lofty and as pure as the naked open sky.
To
isms are constantly at work, and that the libido, help toward a keener appreciation and a more
however generously interpreted, is ever seething immediate recognition of the real Wordsworthian
and breeding, and through this indirect escape sat- mission is the purpose of Dr. Winchester's book,
isfies its repressed yearnings, is hardly so accept- and the author has succeeded admirably both in his
able. That the “Song of Hiawatha" and the myths sympathetic criticism and in his wisely chosen
of Brahma, the Christian mysteries and the classic citations.
wonder-tales, are likewise products of the Freudian
activities of the psyche is rather a difficult and
comprehensive thesis. The courage to maintain it
The mystery of
“Patience Worth" has risen to sud-
“ Patience den popularity as
and the erudition to carry through the exposition
à subject of
Worth."
are the notable qualities of this remarkable book.
discussion at dinner parties and
afternoon teas. She is the heroine of a book by
Mr. Casper S. Yost of St. Louis, where the afore-
Notwithstanding that Wordsworth said “Patience Worth” resides in the person of
An introduction
to Wordsworth.
has written the longest autobio- Mrs. John H. Curran. “Patience" is the plan-
graphical poem in the language, to chette personality of Mrs. Curran, and in that
read that poem is not really the best way to begin capacity is the author of witty conversation, prose
acquaintance with its author. As Matthew Arnold tales with a moral, and poetic revelations of more
pointed out long ago, Wordsworth is one of the than common merit. These writings are for the
few poets to be seen at his best through judicious most part in a quaint archaic style suggestive of
selections rather than through the whole body of the Elizabethan period of our literature. They
his verse, which was written during an industrious reflect a strange acquaintance with the customs
life of eighty years. The reader who happens to and ways of thinking of a by-gone age, and with
make a beginning by way of “The Idiot Boy” or the the manner of expression then current, or a clever
prologue to “Peter Bell” is unlikely to be tempted imitation thereof. And all this wealth of literary
further. Thus a book on "How to Know Words- effusion comes in the form of painful letter-by-
worth” would be not without value at any time; letter spelling of a ouija board under the manipu-
but there could scarcely be a happier moment than lation of Mrs. Curran's sensitive mind. Such
the present for Dr. C. F. Winchester's volume phrases as the following, taken at random, illus-
with that title. For it is in Wordsworth that the trate the language and the wisdom: “Thee'lt bump
Englishman of to-day will find expression of the thy nose to look within the hopper”; “Should
deepest needs of the present hour. Nowhere does thee let thy fire to ember I would fain cast fresh
love of country find loftier utterance than in faggots.” Mrs. Curran in everyday life
.
is a cul-
Wordsworth's splendid sonnets; no poet is more tivated woman, not professionally literary; she has
sure that his countrymen are 'sprung of Earth's never been to Europe, makes no pretence to 'his-
first blood, have titles manifold.” The best of torical knowledge, and preserves a discreet silence
these sonnets were written one hundred and four- as to the source of her inspiration. However one
2
"


1916)
557
THE DIAL
Insect lures
may view the value of the literary expressions, executed, and the descriptions are clear and
one cannot but be impressed with the wealth and sensible. Mr. Rhead's observations were appar-
readiness of the output. The phenomenon is pre- ently made on eastern streams, but it is probable
sented rather neutrally, but with the strong impli- that most of the species will be found over the
cation that it is viewed as “a psychic mystery." waters of the middle west. The chapter on ama-
It is certainly a remarkable human document that teur fly-dressing contains some useful hints, though
is here put together; and yet it is presumably but the list of materials and accessories that the author
an unusually rich example of subconscious devel- deems necessary is appalling to a man who has
opment. The data are meagre, and there is a had much pleasure and some apparent success in
curious avoidance of dates, places, and incidents tying flies from an outfit kept in a single cigar-
that might be of evidential value. Much of the box. The last fifty of the 177 pages of the book
language is in the nature of studied mannerisms describe a series of artificial frogs, minnows, etc.,
with no claim to authentic correctness. Its devel- designed by the author and light enough to be
opment is slow and gradual, suggestive of pro- handled on a fly-rod.
tracted periods of incubation. The ideas and
reflections are well within the capacity of a sen-
sitive and absorbent mind. It is natural, under
Take a baker's dozen blatant ills
A pre-Victorian
the volume of the evidence, to resort to hypotheses
view of woman.
of the sweated trades, add to them
that science knows not of; but the story is just
the vagaries of extremists among
as remarkable if viewed as the manifestation of feminists, throw in greed and commercialism,
a rejected aspect of a complex personality that
infant mortality, prostitution, graft at the polls,
has somehow yielded to or chosen this secretive
and the passing of the home for full measure, call
form of expression. There may be a considerable
it feminism, then wonder why your cake is dough:
number of persons who harbor mute and inglo-
and withal you have the mental process revealed
rious Miltonic aspects of their nature, which await
by Mr. and Mrs. John Martin in their volume on
only the invitation of a ouija board or other tap-
“Feminism” (Dodd). First we are given the man's
ping of the subconsciously repressed storehouse
point of view. Mr. Martin uses his space largely
to come to the light of day. It would be interesting
to show that woman in industry must sacrifice her-
to have a more explicit autobiographic confession
self, since business will not yield. In Europe, the
of the wide-awake personality of Mrs. Curran.
woman of to-day, in factory and field, is giving the
lie to this argument that she lacks strength to cope
with industrial conditions; in America humaner
Mr. Louis Rhead's“ American Trout- labor laws prevail because of woman, and if these
for trout and Stream Insects" (Stokes) presents can be extended to protect the laboring an as
trout-anglers.
the results of studies by an artist- well, her sacrifice, though tremendous, will not be
angler-entomologist, the difficulty of which can be vain. Mrs. Martin attempts a strong plea for a full
appreciated only by those who have made some expression of woman's womanliness. She plans to
slight attempts in the same direction. It may be establish a Utopian domestic guild to remove the
regretted that the author's frequent reference to stigma attaching to the servant's calling"; for
“my line of lures” and the mention in connection the unmarried mother, society should provide the
with each plate of “choice flies tied from the "offer of secrecy that the shame of exposure might
author's patterns and sold by his agents” make the not be made the price for human care”; woman,
book more suggestive of the sporting goods empor- she warns, must never forget that her true place
ium than of the stream-side. No one will grudge is “the HOME” (sic). How smug it all is! No true
the author any financial returns that may come as feminist will deny that woman's place is the home.
a result of his labors; but he might well have made What they aver is that no amount of capital let-
this attractive book a pure delight to the sports- ters will dignify that home so long as she makes it
man, and reserved matters of a commercial savor a place to sit in judgment on those less fortunate
for a catalogue. There is also something of "effici- than she. Other things being equal, one may find
ency” theorizing in the remark that “by the sys- the finest type of womanhood among those who
tematized method of fishing, success is sure. May obey the call of domesticity or motherhood, though
the system of trout-fishing never be devised of placed by circumstances outside their own home or
which this can truthfully be said ! Mr. Rhead's the pale of matrimony. To refer, in lump, to the
contention is that artificial flies should be perfect stigma of the one or the shame of the other is
imitations of the natural insects on which trout crassly ante-diluvian, or pre-Victorian at least.
are feeding at the time of the cast. The angler Both authors, in taking feminism far too seriously,
who has had the occasional good fortune to land ignore two things: just now woman is bent on
a series of rises on an old fly battered and mutil- adventure, and she is demanding liberty. She
ated out of all semblance to anything living or wants suffrage and political freedom as a recog-
dead may question whether trout are always such nized inherent right, not as something man may
expert entomologists as Mr. Rhead believes. Still, grudgingly give. She has a huge wonder, a legit-
the theory has at least a show of plausibility; and imate curiosity, about the world —man's world, for
the fascination of trying to copy the natural insect which she is expected to train her children to be-
will not be greatly lessened by the frank recogni- come useful citizens. As a sex, she is in the awk-
tion that, after all, lures are made for the fisher- ward age, but there is not half the danger the
man as well as for the fish. The studies in colors Martins anticipate that her pranks are going to
of the prevailing insects for each month are well- capsize the boat.


558
[June 8
THE DIAL
Belgian
tributes to
Britain,
-
The great majority of the books Emma R. McGee, now privately printed, cannot
written about the war prove how the claim to be such, and is far from giving a satis-
belligerents can hate, but there is factory presentation of Dr. McGee's career; it
at least one which shows how they can love. “A gives little detail concerning his actual work.
Book of Belgium's Gratitude” (Lane) is at once Two-thirds of the book is taken up with extracts
the record of the great-hearted generosity of the from his writings. While these are interesting in
British Empire toward its martyred guests, and of themselves and in the glimpse they give us of the
the gratitude of the sufferers. The volume, beauti- author, they occupy space that might have been
fully illustrated with English scenes viewed through better used for a fuller life story.
the eyes of Belgian artists, contains (in French
and in English) contributions from prominent
Belgians in all spheres of activity. After the
BRIEFER MENTION.
reproduction of autograph letters from the royal
family, contributions by ministers of state and
Without condensation of the text, a new edition
other personages high in authority describe the
of Professor John Spencer Bassett's “Life of
different phases of the relief movement in which Andrew Jackson" has been issued in one volume
every part of the Empire has eagerly shared.
by the Macmillan Co. Distinctive features of the
Artists, musicians, professors, and men of letters, work were commented upon in these columns
including Maeterlinck, Verhaeren, and Cammaerts, (June 16, 1912) when the biography first ap-
offer striking tributes to the welcome extended to peared, and it now gains in value by the general
them. The gratitude of the humble is shown in revision to which it has been subjected.
the numerous anecdotes — sometimes humorous,
Unlike most publications of the sort, Miss
more often pathetic – which add much to the vivid-
Virginia Robie's “Historic Styles in Furniture"
ness and sincerity of the book. Then there are
(Houghton), a volume which first appeared ten
occasional letters, straight from the trenches. In
one a soldier on the Yser, who lays no claim to
years ago and is now reissued in less expensive
form, deals with the subject in its broader aspects,
book-learning, addresses his benefactress as “tu”
and "vous" in the same sentence. Doubtless he was
- in its relation to background and setting.
Delightful glimpses of social life of the periods
constantly interrupted by speaking to comrades.
There is but one poem, – that entitled “To
dealt with make the account informal, without the
sacrifice of sufficient technical details to meet the
England," written by Fernand Séverin. The first
stanza gives the spirit of the whole collection:
needs of the general reader.
Nous étions sans appui: tu nous as secourus,
"The Haitian Revolution, 1791 to 1804," by Mr.
Nous étions las, meurtris, saignants, bien qu'invaincus: T. G. Steward, is now reissued in a second edition
Tes soins ont adouci notre fière détresse.
(Crowell). Enthusiasm for his subject and a per-
Tu nous as fait bénir, à force de tendresse,
sonal knowledge of present-day life on the island
Ce que l'heure présente avait pour nous d'amer. help the author in his endeavor, as he suggests in
the Introduction, to present "touches of genius in
character, and here and there glimpses of moral
Few men in American science have
An American
grandeur in action.” A list of authorities consulted,
anthropologist.
deserved greater credit than Dr. W
a chart of the presidents of Haiti with their terms
J McGee. Without the advantage of office, a classified list of Haitian authors with
or prestige of a college training, he entered the
names of their works, and an appendix containing
field of professional science as an original investi-
Thiers's Exposition of the Revolution are useful
gator, and gained an enviable place and name. His
features of the volume.
earlier work upon the geology of northeastern
Iowa, where he was born and reared, was of such
Despite the melancholy interest that must at-
quality as to bring him into relations with the
tach at this time to a reprint of The Hague con-
United States Geological Survey. He won the
ventions and declarations of 1899 and 1907, it is
well to be reminded that modern civilization was
respect and strong personal affection of the Director
of the Survey, Major John W. Powell, who came to
at least capable of formulating such a code, even
depend greatly upon him. Dr. McGee's most
though it could not maintain it. The large volume
which Dr. James Brown Scott has edited for the
important scientific work was done in connection
and
with the Survey, Major Powell's last years were Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
largely given to the Bureau of American Ethnology,
which the Oxford University Press publishes, con-
and here too he associated Dr. McGee with himself tains the complete text of these two declarations,
and at his death left Dr. McGee the Acting-Chief with tables of signatures, ratifications and adhe-
of the organization. Not the least important scien- sions of the various powers, and texts of reserva-
tific service of Dr. McGee was in connection with tions. An exhaustive "Index-Digest" to all of this
the department of Anthropology at the Louisiana material is a feature of great value.
Purchase Exposition, where he had opportunity for A service of no little importance to American
the presentation of some of his most original ideas. students of economics has been performed by
Later, he became associated with the Deep Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. in publishing a new
Waterways Commission, to which his full energy translation of Gide and Rist's "History of Eco-
was being given when death took him. A man of nomic Doctrines," made from the second revised
force, originality, and ideas, Dr. McGee deserves and augmented edition of 1913 under the direc-
a monumental biography. The “Life” by his sister, tion of the late William Smart by Dr. R. Richards.
"


1916)
559
THE DIAL
way Stories.”
79
73
The work has long been known as probably the
NOTES AND NEWS.
best foreign contribution on the subject,-indeed,
no English writer has yet covered the same ground
A volume of short stories by Mr. William J.
with equal thoroughness and success. Its unique
Locke will soon be issued under the title, “Fara-
value lies in the fact that it gives us "something
like a true perspective of certain modern theories
“Science of Mechanics" by Ernest Mach is
by connecting them with their historical antece-
dents.” The translator's work is of excellent qual- Publishing Co.
announced for July issue by the Open Court
ity, and the wealth of detail in the volume is made
“The Rambles of a Canadian Naturalist,” by
completely available for reference purposes by a
Mr. S. T. Wood, will soon be brought out by
full index.
Messrs. Dutton.
The beauty and variety of our spring wild flow-
ers fully entitle them to the distinctive treatment
Mr. J. C. Snaith has recently completed a new
“The
which Miss Harriet L. Keeler has accorded them
novel which will be published at once.
Sailor” is its title.
in her pocket volume, “Our Early Wild Flowers'
(Scribner). Something like one hundred and
A volume of war sketches by Mr. C. Lewis Hind
thirty plants are described, including all that are
will be published this month by Messrs. Putnam
habitually in bloom during March, April, and May
under the title, “The Soldier Boy."
in the northern states. In addition to careful "The Path of the Modern Russian Stage, and
descriptions and general comments, practically Other Essays” is the title of a new volume by
every plant dealt with is illustrated, -eight in Alexander Bakshy, which is soon to be published.
exceptionally good water-color plates by Miss The first book announced by the Britton
Eloise P. Luquer, twelve in full-page reproduc- Publishing Co., a concern recently organized, is
tions from photographs, and the rest in pen-and- “Georgina of the Rainbows" by Mrs. Annie
ink text drawings. The little book should prove Fellows Johnston.
an indispensable companion for the nature lover A study of “Contemporary Politics in the Far
in his spring rambles.
East,” by Professor Stanley K. Hornbeck of the
On the theory that a little learning is a danger- | University of Wisconsin, is announced for June
ous thing, the "A-B-C books” projected by Messrs. publication by Messrs. Appleton.
Harper should be set down as among the most The third series of “Sixty Years in the
iconoclastic ventures of the publishing season. An Wilderness," by Sir Henry Lucy, to which he gives
examination, however, of those at hand belies the the title “Nearing Jordan, will be published
supposition, and we recommend each in its field, before the end of the present month.
both for the simple manner in which facts are “The Sins of the Children,” Mr. Cosmo Hamil-
presented and for the definite way in which it lures ton's forthcoming novel of American family life
the interested reader to make a practical test of and of temptation as it is met to-day, is announced
its principles. The following volumes have been
for issue early in the autumn by Messrs. Little,
published: “A-B-C of Correct Speech," by Mrs. Brown & Co.
Florence Howe Hall; "A-B-C of Vegetable Gar-
Two little books dealing with the broader
dening," by Mr. Eben E. Rexford; "A-B-C of
C
aspects of the immigration problem, which the
Golf," by Mr. John Duncan Dunn;
“A-B-C of
Macmillan Co. will publish this month, are
Automobile Driving,". by Mr. A. Hyatt Verrill; “Straight America" by Miss Frances A. Kellor,
“A-B-C of Motion Pictures,” by Mr. Robert E.
and “Americanization" by Mr. Royal Dixon.
Walsh; and “A-B-C of Cooking;" by Mrs. Chris-
tine Terhune Herrick.
Early in the autumn Mr. Robert J. Shores will
To the already innumerable illustrated editions
issue “United States Army Pioneers," a work
of Omar Khayyám must now be added a quarto
showing the achievements of United States army
volume privately printed and published by Messrs.
officers in times of peace; and “Under the
Galloway & Porter, of Cambridge, England, the
Southern Cross," a history of polar exploration
in the Antarctic.
particular distinction of which is that it is the
work of a Persian artist, Mera Ben Kavas Sett.
Among other new volumes to be issued at once
"It is original,” says the artist, as much as a
by Mr. Nicholas L. Brown of Philadelphia are:
thorough acquaintance of Persian literature and
“Plays and Sonnets" by Mr. Ernest Lacy, in two
thoughts can render it.” No one is likely to dis-
volumes, containing three plays and sixty odd
pute this claim of originality, whatever else may
sonnets; and “Ephemera," Greek prose poems by
be thought of the book. Indeed, so exotic and
Mr. Mitchell S. Buck.
weirdly unconventional is the artist's work that Mr. Hutton Webster's “Rest Days” is announced
one is almost at a loss to judge of its artistic qual- for immediate issue by the Macmillan Co. It out-
ity. The treatment is largely symbolic, and there- lines the origin and development of the Hebrew
fore is a welcome relief from the customary Sabbath, presenting a large body of evidence relat-
pictorial style of Omar illustrators. Then, too, the ing to rest days in all parts of the world and inter-
artist has not been afraid to express the spirit of preted from an anthropological standpoint.
frank sensuousness that is inherent in the quat- Mr. H. G. Wells has just completed a novel
rains. On these accounts the edition is to be entitled “Mr. Britling Sees It Through,” which
welcomed, and collectors of Omar literature should will appear as a serial in the London "Nation"
add it to their shelves. The edition is, we believe, prior to book publication. The story describes
limited to 250 copies.
Great Britain before the war, and shows how the
ก
66


560
[June 8
THE DIAL
.
.
:::
conflict has affected the spirit and character of the
nation.
Among other volumes which Messrs. Harper
announce for publication in the autumn are the
following: “The World for Sale," by Sir Gilbert
Parker; “The Rising Tide," by Mrs. Margaret
Deland; “Rainbow's End," by Mr. Rex Beach,
and “The Thirteenth Commandment," by Mr.
Rupert Hughes.
Lord Cromer has a third series of "Political and
Literary Essays” in preparation with Messrs.
Macmillan, dealing for the greater part with mat-
ters connected directly or indirectly with the war.
The literary essays include a review of Sir Sidney
Lee's “Life of Shakespeare," and a paper on Lord
Curzon's “War Poems."
Some time ago it was announced that the pub-
lication of the second volume of Maxim Gorky's
autobiography would be indefinitely postponed,
owing to the fact that the English translation and
printed sheets of the book were interned in Berlin
for the duration of the war. But word has now
been received that the work is running serially in
a Russian magazine, and a fresh translation may
be undertaken immediately. It will be called “In
the World," and, like the first instalment, “My
Childhood," will be published by the Century Co.
.
Jones, Sir Alfred. Albert Hickman
Century
Judicial Determinations. C. W. Needham Am. Pol. Sc.
Labor Legislation. Leo Wolman
Quar. Jour. Econ.
Land Department, The. C. R. Pierce
Am. Pol, Se.
"Mailed Fist," The. James Middleton World's Work
Mons, Battle of. A. Conan Doyle
Everybody's
Montana. C. P. Connolly
American
Moral Progress, Acceleration of. Durant Drake Scientific
Morwenstow, in Cornwall. Clarence E. Macartney Sewanee
Movies, Writing for the. Dale Carnagey
American
Mücke of the Emden. Lewis R. Freeman
Atlantic
Nationalism in British Empire. A. M. Low Am. Pol. Sc.
New York, Wonderful. Wyndham Martyn
Pearson's
Novel, English, Advance of the-IX. W. L. Phelps Bookman
Novel, The Problem. Edna Kenton
Bookman
Peace, A Permanent World. F. B. Vrooman Century
Pedestrians and Automobile Traffic. F. U. Adams American
Persia of To-day. Youel B. Mirza
Rev. of Revs,
Philadelphians. Harrison Rhodes
Harper
President, The Next. R. R. McCormick
Century
Profanity, Everyday. Burges Johnson
Century
Railroad Wages. Frederick Kerby
Pearson's
Rheumatism, Cause and Cure of. A. Ř. Reynolds American
Rowing at American Universities. Laurence Perry Scribner
Russia, New Ports in. Paul P. Foster Rev. of Revs.
Russia, Trade Opportunities in. R. W. Child Everybody's
Russian Literature. Abraham Yarmolinsky Bookman
Rysselberghle, Théo van. Christian Brinton Scribner
Salaries in Civil Service. Robert Moses Am. Pol. Se.
Sault Ste. Marie Ship Canals. H. T. Wade Rev. of Revs.
Saxe-The Vermont Poet. J. G. S. and M. S. S. Bookman
Sea Fight, The Coming. J. B. Macdonald Rev. of Revs.
Shakespeare, Chief Problem in. J. S. P. Tatlock Sewanee
Shakespeare, Observer of Nature. 0. D. von Engeln Scientific
Shakespeare, Playing. Arthur Swan
.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
June, 1916.
.
Academic Freedom. Vida D. Scudder
Century
American Diplomacy, Crises in. B. J. Hendrick World's Work
Art, Mystical Interpretation of. A. E. Bye Sewanee
Athletic Records. George P. Meade
Scientific
Blaine's Nomination and Defeat. Wharton Parker Pearson's
Board of Appeals, The. E. C. Finney
Am. Pol. Sc.
Book-Plate Collection, Curiosities of a. Sargent
Romer
Bookman
Business and Philanthropy. R. W. Bruère
Harper
Castelnau and Foch. Captain X
Scribner
Chemical Enterprises in America." A. w. Atwood' American
Childhood: An Autobiography. Katherine Keith Atlantic
China, Social Reform in. G. L. Harding
Century
China's Empire Lost. Frederick Moore World's Work
Christianity, Revival of. Willard Price
Rev. of. Revs.
Coaling-Ports of the World. George Harding Harper
Color Line, Clouds along the. Ray S. Baker World's Work
Coral Reefs, Study of. W. M. Davis
Scientific
Cowper's “Task.” Warwick James Price
Sewanee
“David Grayson." John S. Phillips
Bookman
"Daylight-Saving” in Europe. C. F. Talman 'Rev. of Revs.
Defence, Millions for. George Marvin
World's Work
Democracy, Thoughts on. Francis P. Venable. Sewanee
Depreciation and Rate Control, J. C.
Bonbright
Quar. Jour. Econ.
Difference, The Liberty of. George Hodges Atlantic
Drinking, Losses by Moderate. E. F. Bowers American
Dull Child, Care of the. H. A. Bruce
Century
Earth, Evolution of the. T. C. Chamberlin Scientific
Economic and Moral Value. R. B. Perry Quar. Jour. Econ.
Education as a Political Institution. Bertrand Russell Atlantic
Egypt, British Control of. Arno Dosch
World's Work
Electrical Rates. G. P. Watkins
Quar. Jour. Econ.
Farm, Buying a. Francis Copeland
World's Work
French War-Time Sketches. Herbert Ward Scribner
Friends, Use and Uselessness of. A. L. Benson Pearson's
Gambling: What It Is. Charles E. Russell
Pearson's
Germany and the Judgment. T. P. Bailey
Sewanee
Gold-Hunters, The. Charles J. Lisle
Scribner
Government Contests. Philip P. Wells
Am. Pol. Sc.
Hawaii, By-Ways in. Katharine F. Gerould
Scribner
Henley - Last of the Buccaneers. Alfred Noyes Bookman
Home, Downfall of the. W. L. George
Harper
Honolulu's Metropolitan Volcano. Vaughan
McCaughey
Scientific
Immigration, Decisions in. Louis F. Post Am. Pol. Sc.
Indians, The Omaha. Keene Abbott
Harper
Ireland, The Rebellion in. W. B. Blake Rev. of Revs.
James, Henry. Helen T. and Wilson Follett
Atlantic
Joan of Arc, Miss Hyatt's Statue of. C. H. Caffin Century
Sewanee
Shakespeare as Health Teacher. J. F. Rogers Scientific
Slav, Mystic Vengeance of. W. M. Fullerton World's Work
Sociology, Fifty Years of. A. W. Small Am. Jour. Soc
Soldier of the Legion, A. E. Morlae
Atlantic
Standardization
and Inspection. J. A. Dunaway Am. Pol. Sc.
Submarines in 1861. Oswald Villard
Harper
Tai Shan: Ancient Place of Worship. W. K. Fisher Scientific
Thiers, Louis Adolphe, Aaron Schaffer
Sewanee
Trenches, In the. W. J. Robinson
World's Work
Universities, In Foreign. Nicholas M. Butler Scribner
Wall Street, The New. Henry Cushing World's Work
War, After the. Bouck White
Atlantic
War, Summer Prospects for the. F.H. Simonds. Rev. of Revs.
War and the Sexes. Ellen Key
Atlantic
Weather and the Sky. W. P. Eaton
Harper
West, The Opening. Helen Nicolay
Century
Wilson-Can He Win? George Creel
Century
Wilson's Mexican Policy. L. Ames Brown
Atlantic
Wolf, Henry Charles H. Caffin
Harper
Women, Wages for. F. W. Taussig
duar. Jour. Econ.
World Court, The Proposed. W. L. Stoddard Pearson's
Yeats, WB. Yone Noguchi
Bookman
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 128 titles, includes
books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
With Americans of Past and Present Days. By J.
J. Jusserand. 8vo, 350 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.50.
A History of the Third French Republic. By C. H.
C. Wright. Illustrated, 12mo, 206 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50.
English and American Tool Builders. By Joseph
Wickham Roe. Illustrated, large 8vo, 315 pages.
Yale University Press. $3.
Travels in the American Colonies. Edited by
Newton D. Mereness. 8vo, 693 pages. Macmillan
Co. $3.
The Diary of James Gallatin, Edited by Count
Gallatin; with introduction by Viscount Bryce.
New edition; illustrated in photogravure, etc.,
8vo, 314 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.75.
The Vigilantes of Montana; or, Popular Justice in
the Rocky Mountains. By Thomas J. Dimsdale.
Third edition; illustrated, large 8vo, 290 pages.
Helena, Mont.: State Publishing Co. $2.50.
Histoire D'Alsace. By Rod. Reuss. Eleventh edi-
tion, revised and enlarged; 12mo, 452 pages.
Paris; Boivin & Cie. Paper.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Magazine in America. By Algernon Tassin.
With frontispiece, 8vo, 374 pages. Dodd, Mead
& Co.
$2.


(Juce
1916]
THE DIAL
561
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An. PL
Jaut. Let
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Beerybody
Ameron
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Atlantic Classics. 12mo, 278
pages. Boston:
Atlantic Monthly Co. $1.25.
Shakespeare Studies. By members of the Depart-
ment of English of the University of Wisconsin.
Large 8vo, 300 pages. Madison: Published by
the University.
Mary Astell. By Florence M. Smith, Ph.D. 12mo,
193 pages.
Columbia University Press. $1.50.
Shakspere: An Address. By George Lyman
Kittredge. 16mo, 54 pages. Harvard University
Press. 50 cts.
The World's Classics. New volumes: English
Prose, narrative, descriptive, and dramatic, com-
piled by H. A. Treble; English Critical Essays
(nineteenth century), selected and edited by
Edmund D. Jones. Each 16 mo. Oxford
University Press.
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VERSE AND DRAMA.
On the Overland, and Other Poems. By Frederick
Mortimer Clapp. 8vo, 90 pages. Yale University
Press. $1.
Poèmes de France: Bulletin Lyrique de la Guerre.
Par Paul Fort. 12mo. 328 pages. Paris: Payot
et Ciė. Paper.
Marlborough, and Other Poems. By Charles
Hamilton Sorley. With photogravure portrait,
12mo, 108 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.
The Mothers. By Georg Hirschfield; translated,
with Introduction, by Ludwig Lewisohn. 12mo,
123 pages. "Drama League Series of Plays."
Doubleday, Page & Co. 75 cts.
The Path of Dreams. By George Marion McClellan.
12mo, 76 pages. Louisville, Kentucky: John P.
Morton & Co. $1.50.
Runie and Heroic Poems of the Old Teutonic
Peoples. Edited by Bruce Dickins. 8vo, 91
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Humorous Poems. By Ignatius Brennan. With
portrait, 12mo, 244 pages. Richard G. Badger.
$1.25.
At the Edge of the World. By Caroline Stern.
12mo, 131 pages.
Boston: The Gorham Press.
$1.
The Golden Sunset. By Ella Embery Tubbs. 8vo,
187 pages. Binghamton, N. Y.; Kennedy-Morris
Corporation. $1.25.
The Fledgling Bard and the Poetry Society. By
George Reginald Margetson. 12mo, 111 pages.
Richard G. Badger. $1.
Poems. By Najah E. Woodward. 12mo, 64 pages.
Berg
Cam
Cerin
Hoy
Tho King's Men. By John Palmer. 12mo, 311
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35.
The Home Coming. By Constance Holme. 12mo,
381 pages.
Robert M. McBride & Co. $1.40.
The Family. By Elinor Mordaunt. 12mo, 327
pages. John Lane Co. $1.35.
The Tragedy of an Indiscretion. By J. W. Brodie-
Innes. 12mo, 345 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25.
A Western Warwick. By Samuel G. Blythe. 12mo,
345 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.35.
Unhappy in Thy Daring. By Marius Lyle. 12mo,
501 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35.
Trial by Fire: A Tale of the Great Lakes. By
Richard Matthews Hallet. With frontispiece,
12mo, 309 pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $1.25.
Happy Valley: A Story of Oregon. By Anne
Shannon Monroe. Illustrated, 12mo, 347 pages.
A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.30
The Bywonner. By F. E. Mills Young. 12mo, 351
pages. John Lane Co. $1.35.
Seouting with Kit Carson, By Everett T.
Tomlinson. Illustrated, 12mo, 284 pages.
Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.25.
The Valley of Lebanon. By Helen S. Wright. 12mo,
151 pages. New York: Robert J. Shores. $1.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Chronicles of the White Mountains. By Frederick
W. Kilbourne. Illustrated, 8vo, 434
pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.
China: An Interpretation. By James W. Bashford.
With frontispiece, large 8vo, 620 pages. The
Abingdon Press. $2.50.
A Month in Rome. By André Maurel; translated
by Helen Gerard. Illustrated, 16mo, 401 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75.
The Tourist's Northwest. By Ruth Kedzie Wood,
F. R. G. S. Illustrated, 12mo, 528 pages. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $1.75.
Black Sheep: Adventures in West Africa. By Jean
Kenyon Mackenzie. Illustrated, 12mo, 314 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50.
A Merry Banker in the Far East (and South
America). By Walter H. Young. Illustrated,
12mo, 279 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.50.
Through Glacier Park: Seeing America First with
Howard Eaton. By Mary Roberts Rinehart.
Illustrated, 12mo, 92 pages. Houghton Mifflin
Co. 75 cts.
Domestic Life in Rumania. By Dorothea Kirke.
Illustrated, 12mo, 290 pages. John Lane Co.
$1.50.
Boston: The Poet Lore Co. $1.
Madonna Dianora: A Play in Verse. By Hugo von
Hofmannsthal; translated from the German by
Harriet Betty Boas. 12mo, 44 pages. Richard G.
Badger. 75 cts.
The Fooliam: A Satire. By Edwin Alfred Watrous.
12mo, 76 pages. The Gorham Press. $1.
Selected Poems. By Aaron Schaffer. 12mo, 54
pages. Boston: Poet Lore Co. 75 cts.
Seven Sonnets and Ode to the Merry Moment. By
Hiram Powers Dilworth. 16mo. Chicago: Pri-
vately printed. Paper.
Two Plays. By Morris M. Townley. 12mo, 90
pages. The Gorham Press. $1.
What Is Your Legion? By Grace Fallow Norton.
12mo, 38 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. Paper,
25 cts.
The Death of Shakespeare: A Chronicle Play in
Two Scenes. By Wilfrid Blair. 8vo, 24 pages.
Oxford: B. H. Blackwell. Paper.
A Pageant and Masque for the Shakespeare Ter-
centenary. By Armond Carroll. 4to, 79 pages.
Published by the Atlanta Center Drama League
of America. Paper.
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Perman
Becados
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206 per
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PUBLIC AFFAIRS.-SOCIOLOGY, POLITICS,
AND ECONOMICS.
Alcohol and Society. By John Koren. 12mo, 271
pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.25.
The Socialism of To-day: A Source-Book. Edited
by William English Walling and others. 12mo,
642 pages.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.60.
Sociology. By John M. Gillette, Ph.D. 16mo, 159
pages. "National Social Science Series." A. C.
McClurg & Co. 50 cts.
Money and Banking. By William A. Scott, LL.D.
Fifth edition, revised and enlarged; 8vo, 406
pages. Henry Holt & Co.
THE GREAT WAR.-ITS HISTORY, PROBLEMS,
AND CONSEQUENCES.
New Wars for Old. By John Haynes Holmes. 12mo,
369 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50.
Kitchener's Mob: The Adventures of an American
in the British Army. By James Norman Hall.
With portrait, 12mo, 201
pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $1.25.
Awake! U. S. A. By William Freeman.
8vo, 453
pages. George H. Doran Co. $2.
They Shall Not Pass. By Frank H. Simonds. 16mo,
142 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.
Impressions and Experiences of a French Trooper,
1914-1915. By Christian Mallet. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, 167 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. New
volumes: An International Court of Justice, by
James Brown Scott; The Status of the Inter-
national Court of Justice, by James Brown Scott;
The Freedom_of the Seas, by Hugo Grotius,
translated by Ralph Van Deman Magoffin, Ph.D.;
An Essay on a Congress of Nations, by William
Ladd. Each large 8vo. Oxford University Press.
Per volume, $1.
Zeppelins and Super-Zeppelins. By R. P. Hearne.
Illustrated, 12mo, 159 pages. John Lane Co. $1.
Edited
Hace:
by CORT
ouni Bapak
rature et
Sons
1 Justin
J. Dimedia
FICTION.
The Dark Forest. By Hugh Walpole. 12mo, 320
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.35.
The Night Cometh. By Paul Bourget; translated
rom the French by G. Frederic Lees. 12mo,
312 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35.
Tho Real Motive. By Dorothy Canfield. 12mo,
334 pages.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.40.
Green Mansions: A Romance of the Tropical
Forest. By W. H. Hudson; with Introduction
by John Galsworthy. New edition; 12mo, 350
pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $1.50.
Father Bernard's Parish. By Florence Olmstead.
12mo, 302 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
The Door of Dread: A Secret Service Romance.
By Arthur Stringer. Illustrated, 12mo, 375
pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.25.
lerenth
non licet
Dodd,


562
[June 8
THE DIAL
My Home in the Field of Honour. By Frances
Wilson Huard. Illustrated, 12mo, 302 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.35.
The Dangers of Half-Preparedness: A Plea for a
Declaration of American Policy. By Norman
Angell. 12mo, 129 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
50 cts.
NATURE AND OUTDOOR LIFE.
Under the Apple-Trees. By John Burroughs. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 316 pages. Houghton Mifflin
Co. $1.25.
Wild Animal Ways. By Ernest Thompson Seton.
Illustrated, 8vo, 247 pages. Doubleday, Page &
Co. $1.50.
The Latchstring to Maine Woods and Waters. By
Walter Emerson. Illustrated, 8vo, 229 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.
Let Us Go Afield. By Emerson Hough. Illustrated,
12mo, 319 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25.
How to Know the Mosses. By Elizabeth Marie
Dunham. Illustrated, 12mo, 287 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25.
PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS,
A Study in the Philosophy of Bergson. By
Gustavus Watts Cunningham, Ph.D. 12mo, 212
pages. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
The Philosophy of Freedom. By Rudolf Steiner,
Ph.D.; translated from the German by Mr. and
Mrs. R. F. Alfred Hoernlé. 12mo, 301 pages. G.
P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
The Philosophy of Wang Yang-Ming. Translated
from the Chinese by Frederick Goodrich Henke;
with introduction by James H. Tufts, LL.D.
With frontispiece, large 8vo, 512 pages. Open
Court Publishing Co. $2.50.
The Case of John Smith: His Heaven and His Hell.
By Elizabeth Bisland. 12mo, 244 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
The Influence of Joy. By George Van Ness Dear-
born. 12mo, 223 pages. "Mind and Health
Series." Little, Brown & Co. $1.
Making Life a Masterpiece. By Orison Swett
Marden. 12mo, 329 pages. Thomas Y. Crowell
Co. $1.
From Existence to Life: The Science of Self-Con-
sciousness. By James Porter Mills. 12mo, 355
pages. Edward J. Clode. $1.50.
Manhood in Its American Type. My Martyn Sum-
merbell, LL.D. 12mo, 132 pages. Richard G.
Badger. $1.
Discourses on the Sober Life (Discorsi della Vita
Sobria): Being the Personal Narrative of Luigi
Cornaro (1467-1566 A. D.). 12mo,
64 pages.
Thomas Y. Crowell Co. 25 cts.
Quiet Talks with the Family. By Charles Edward
Jefferson.
12mo, 187 pages. Thomas Y. Crowell
Co. $1.
Illustrations of Positivism. By John Henry Bridges;
with preface by Edward Spencer Beesly.
Enlarged edition; large 8vo, 480 pages. Open
Court Publishing Co. $1.50.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The Civil Law and the Church. By Charles Z.
Lincoln. Large 8vo, 951 pages. Abingdon Press.
$5.
of Reformation Touching Church-Discipline
England. By John Milton; edited by Will
Taliaferro Hale, Ph.D 8vo, 224 pages. Yale
University Press. Paper, $2.
Mohammedanism. By C. Snouck Hurgronje. 8vo,
184 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
Bergson and Religion. By Lucius Hopkins Miller.
12mo, 286 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.50.
Into the Light. By Bruce MacLelland.
With por-
trait, 12mo, 133 pages. R. F. Fenno & Co. $1.
EDUCATION-BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND
COLLEGE.
The Mechanism of English Style. By Lewis
Worthington Smith. 12mo, 291 pages. Oxford
University Press.
Practical English Composition. By Edwin L. Miller,
A.M. Book II, 12mo,
122
Shakespeare Questions: An Outline for the Study
of the Leading Plays. By Odell Shepard. With
frontispiece, 16mo, 214 pages. Houghton Mifflin
Co. 50 cts.
The Elements of Physiology and Sanitation. By
Louis J. Rettger, Ph.D. 12mo, 389 pages. A. S.
Barnes Co.
A City Reader for the Fourth Year. By Abby
Porter Leland, Ph.D. Illustrated in color, etc.,
12mo, 288 pages Charles E. Merrill Co. 56 cts.
Reaching the Children: A Book for the Teachers
and Parents. By Henry C. Krebs; with intro-
duction by Calvin N. Kendall, LL.D. 18mo, 127
pages. A. S. Barnes Co. 54 cts.
The Globe Theater Shakespeare. New volumes:
The Merchant of Venice, edited by Daniel Homer
Rich; Julius Cæsar, edited by Daniel Homer
Rich. Each with frontispiece, 16 mo. Harper
& Brothers. Per volume, 35 cts.
The Young and Field Literary Readers: Book Two.
By Ella Flagg Young and Walter Taylor Field.
Illustrated, 12mo, 208 pages. Ginn & Co. 40 cts.
Des Kindes erstes Lesebuch. By Karen Monrad
Jones. Illustrated, 12mo, 85 pages. D. C. Heath
& Co. 35 cts.
Primary Elements of Music. By Inez Field Damon,
12mo, 28 pages. A. S. Barnes Co. 32 cts.
First Lessons in Child Training: A Hand-Book
for Mothers. By Zelia M. Walters. 12mo, 156
pages.
Standard Publishing Co. 60 cts.
Cleveland Education Survey. New volumes: The
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Trades, by R. R. Lutz; The School and the Immi-
grant, by Herbert Adolphus Miller. Each 16mo.
Cleveland, Ohio: Survey Committee of
the
Cleveland Foundation. Per volume, 25 cts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co.
Macaulay's Lays and Ballads. Edited by Moses
Grant Daniel. With portrait, 16mo, 166 pages.
Ginn & Co. 30 cts.
Julius Cæsar. Edited by J. H. Lobban, M.A. With
frontispiece, 18mo, 156
pages.
"Granta
Shakespeare." G. P. Putnam's Sons. 25 cts.
A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West,
By R. W. Carlyle, and A. J. Carlyle. Volume III.
8vo, 201 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50.
What Every Business Woman Should Know. By
Lillian Cecilia Kearney. Illustrated, 8vo, 247
pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.60.
Low Cost Suburban Homes: A Book of Suggestions
for the Man with the Moderate Purse. Edited
by Richardson Wright. Illustrated, large 8vo,
120 pages.
Robert M. McBride & Co. $1.25.
A Honeymoon Experiment. By Margaret and Stuart
Chase. 12mo, 159 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1.
Your Boy and His Training: A Practical Treatise
on Boy-Training. By Edwin Puller. 12mo, 282
pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Tennis for Women, By Molla Bjurstedt and Samuel
Crowther. Illustrated, 12mo, 175 pages. Double-
day, Page & Co. $1.25.
The Venus of Milo: An Archäological Study of the
Goddess of Womanhood. By Paul Carus. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 182 pages. Open Court Publishing
Co. $1.
Physical Anthropology of the Lenape or Delawares,
and of the Eastern Indians in General. By Ales
Hrdlicka. 8vo, 130 pages. Washington: Gov-
ernment Printing Office.
Results of Observations Made at the United States
Coast and Geodetic Survey Magnetic Observatory
near Tucson, Arizona, 1913 and 1914. By Daniel
L. Hazard. 4to, 102 pages. Washington: Gov-
ernment Printing Office. Paper.
Modern Swimming: An Illustrated Manual. By
J. H. P. Brown. Illustrated, 12mo, 181 pages.
Small, Maynard & Co. $1.
The Cathedrals of Great Britain: Their History
and Architecture. By P. H. Ditchfield, M.A.
Revised edition; illustrated, 12mo, 483 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.75.
That Something. By W. W. Woodbridge. 16mo, 54
pages. Stewart & Kidd Co. Paper, 50 cts.
The Foundations of Slavic Bibliography. By
Robert Joseph Kerner. Large 8vo, 39 pages.
University of Chicago Press. Paper.
Excerpts from an Egyptian Manuscript. By K.
Esryer. 22mo, 308 pages. Chicago: Privately
printed.
The Healing Power of Suggestion. By Charles R.
Brown. 12mo, 37 pages. Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
25 cts.
Recent Poetry: A List of Some of the Best Con-
temporary Poetry Added to the City Library
during the Years 1908-1915. 16mo, 37 pages.
Springfield, Mass.: City Library Association.
Paper 25 cts.


1916]
563
THE DIAL
THE DIAL
a fortnightly Journal of Literary
Criticism, Wiscussion, and Information
WALDO R. BROWNE, Editor
ALMA LUISE OLSON, Associate
Published by THE DIAL CO., 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago.
HERBERT S. BROWNE, President
PAUL G. SMITH, Secretary
THE DIAL (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published fortnightly every other Thursday –
except in July and August, when but one issue for each month will appear.
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION :- $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and its
possessions and in Canada and Mexico. Foreign postage, 50 cts. a year extra. Price of single copies, 10 cts.
CHANGE OF ADDRESS: Subscribers may have their mailing address changed as often as desired.
In ordering such changes, it is necessary that both the old and new addresses be given.
SUBSCRIPTIONS are discontinued at the expiration of term paid for unless specifically renewed.
REMITTANCES should be made payable to THE DIAL CO., and should be in the form of Express or
• Money Order, or in New York or Chicago exchange. When remitting by personal check, 10 cents should
be added for cost of collection.
ADVERTISING RATES sent on application.
Entered as Second-class matter Oct. 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, :under. Act of March 3, 1879.
VOLUME LX.
JUNE 8, 1916
NUMBER 720.
INDEX OF BOOKS REVIEWED OR MENTIONED IN THIS ISSUE.
PAGE
PAGE
“A Book of Belgium's Gratitude" (Lane, $2.)
558 Lacy, Ernest. Plays and Sonnets (Brown).
559
"A-B-C Books" (Harper, per vol., 50 cts.)...
559 Lee, Sidney. "Life of Shakespeare (Macmillan, $2.).. 536
Anesaki, M. Buddhist Art (Houghton, $6.)........ 546 Lucy, Henry. Nearing Jordan...
559
Bassett, J. S. Life of Andrew Jackson (Macmillan, Ludovici, A. M. A Defence of Aristocracy (Phillips,
$2.50)
558
$3.)
541
Bowers, C. G. The Irish Orators (Bobbs-Merrill, McGee, Emma R. W J "McGee (Privately printed,
$1.50)
554
$2.)
658
Buck, Mitchell S. Ephemera (Brown)
559 Martin, Mr. and Mrs. John, Feminism (Dodd, $1.50) 557
Cromer, Lord. Political and Literary Essays "Omar Khayyam," illus. by Mera K. Sett (Galloway
(Macmillan)
560
& Porter)
559
Dixon, Royal, Americanization (Macmillan).
559
Rhead, Louis. American Trout-Stream Insects
Ford, Henry J. Woodrow Wilson (Appleton,
(Stokes, $2.50)
557
$1.50)
.529, 555
Robie, Virginia. Historic Styles in Furniture
Gide, Charles, and Rist, Charles. History of Eco-
(Houghton, $3.)
558
nomic Doctrines (Heath, $3.)..
558
Scott, J. B. Hague Conventions and Declarations
Gorky, Maxim. In the World (Century)
560
(Oxford)
558
Hamilton, Cosmo. The Sins of the Children (Little,
Sherrill, C. H. Modernizing the Monroe Doctrine
Brown & Co.)
559
(Houghton, $1.25)
551
Hart, A. B. The Monroe Doctrine (Little, Brown
Steward, T. G. Haitian Revolution (Crowell, $1.25) 558
& Co., $1.75)
549
Hewlett, Maurice. Frey and His Wife (McBride, $1.) 553
Sullivan, Francis, Portion of a Champion (Scribner,
$1.35)
Hind, C. L. The Soldier Boy (Putnam).
553
559
Hornbeck, S. K. Contemporary Politics (Appleton) 559
Van Dyke, John C. The Mountain (Scribner, $1.25) 555
Johnston, Annie F. Georgina of the Rainbows
Watts, Mary S. The Rudder (Macmillan, $1.50). 552
(Britton)
559
Webster, Hutton. Rest Days (Macmillan).
559
Jung, C. G. Psychology of the Unconscious (Moffat,
Wells, H. G. Mr. Britling Sees It Through..
559
$4.)
555
Winchester, C. F. How to Know Wordsworth
Keeler, Harriet L. Our Early Wild Flowers
(Bobbs-Merrill, $1.25)
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Kellor, Frances A. Straight America (Macmillan).. 559 Yost, Casper S. Patience Worth (Holt, $1.40)...... 556
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THE DIAL
Who's Who in
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NIGHTS
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Rome, Venice, in the Æsthetic
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