423 L THE DIAL 1 A Semi-Montbly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME XIX. JULY 1 TO DECEMBER 16, 1895. CHICAGO: THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1895 & APR 48 v.19 Gift Polaro Di 0-14 91241 thy INDEX TO VOLUME XIX. . . . . . . . . . . . • . 43 . . . . . . ALPS FROM END TO END ARCTIC BOOK, A NEW ARNOLD LETTERS, THE ART, BASES OF APPRECIATION IN ART CRITICISM, MODERN ASIA AT MY STUDY TABLE BACKBONED ANIMALS, LOWEST OF THE BAKER, SIR SAMUEL, STORY OF BIRD-LIFE, STUDIES OF BIRDS, BOOKS ABOUT “ BISMARCK OF BULGARIA," THE. BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG . BOOKS OF THE FALL SEASON OF 1895 . BOTANIES, SOME NEW BOYESEN, PROFESSOR, GRATITUDE TO BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL, CORRESPONDENCE OF A CHAUTAUQUA BOOKS . COLERIDGE's NOTE-Books, LEAVES FROM COMING CONTINENT, THE CONTINENTAL LITERATURE, A YEAR OF CYCLOPÆDIA OF HISTORY, LARNED's DANISH LITERATURE, HOLGER DRACHMANN'S PLACE IN DARWINISM AND RACE PROGRESS DECADENCE OF A SCHOLAR, THE . DEFOE, NEW PRESENTMENTS OF EDUCATION, A FEW WORDS ABOUT EDUCATION, A NEW HISTORY OF . ENGLAND, ANOTHER SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLAND IN TUDOR TIMES ENGLISH POETRY, HISTORY OF ENGLISH, RETROGRESSION IN ENGLISH TEACHING AND MAKING OF WRITERS . ENGLISH, TEACHING OF ETHICAL THEORY AND MORAL LIFE, RECENT WORKS ON FAITH, IRREPRESSIBLE NATURE OF ✓ FICTION-READING IN THE COUNTRY . FICTION, RECENT FINANCIER OF FRANCE, A . FITZGERALD LETTERS, MORE . FLAUBERT'S LIFE AND LETTERS FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA FREEDOM OF TEACHING AT UNIVERSITY OF Chicago, FREEMAN, EDWARD A. . GLACIAL GEOLOGY, PROGRESS OF HIGH SCHOOL, THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL NOVEL, THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, RHODES's . HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS . HUGUENOTS, CONCLUSION OF Baird's HISTORY OF HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY INDIAN RELIGIONS INSPIRATION AND INTERPRETATION ITALIAN NOVEL OF THE YEAR LINCOLN, MORE BOOKS ABOUT MAYAN HIEROGLYPHICS . NEW ENGLAND'S FAST-DAYS NEWSPAPER MYTH, A .. Hiram M. Stanley 178 Hiram M. Stanley 253 376 Edward E. Hale, Jr. 141 John C. Van Dyke 70 Selim H. Peabody 47 David S. Jordan. 112 Selim H. Peabody 283 Sara A. Hubbard . 329 Sara A. Hubbard . 16 Charles H. Cooper 212 339, 393 133 John M. Coulter 74 George Merriam Hyde 323 Reuben Gold Thwaites William Morton Payne -- 287 Tuley Francis Huntington . 244 65 61, 83 Arthur Howard Noll 90 M. Wergeland. 135 Frederick Starr 89 W. P. Reeves 171 Josiah Renick Smith 14 105 B.A. Hinsdale 282 James Westfall Thompson 250 A. B. Woodford 87 William Morton Payne 179 Percy F. Bicknell 204 Richard Burton 277 Frederic Ives Carpenter 181 Frank Chapman Sharp . 183 John Bascom 112 Fanny Bates 10 William Morton Payne : 18, 91, 254, 384 D. L. Shorey 138 174 Josiah Renick Smith 208 B. A. Hinsdale 110 201 Benjamin S. Terry 37 Rollin D. Salisbury 246 373 William Herbert Carruth 8 George W. Julian 68 335, 385 Henry E. Bourne. 285 35 G. S. Goodspeed John Bascom 213 Aline Gorren 169 241 Frederick Starr 46 Alice Morse Earle 41 201 . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 . . . . . . . . iv. INDEX. . • . . . David S. Jordan Edward E. Hale, Jr. Anna B. McMahan J. J. Halsey William Morton Payne Charles H. Cooper John Burroughs Edward E. Hale, Jr. George W. Julian C. R. Henderson . ORIGIN OF SPECIES, PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF PATER'S LAST VOLUME. PHILANTHROPIC ENGLISHWOMAN, LIFE OF A PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY POETRY, RECENT PRINCE OF ORANGE, LIFE OF . REAL AND IDEAL, A HINT FROM NATURE SHAKESPEARIAN SCHOLAR, OUR SHERMAN'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY SOCIETY, PHENOMENA AND PROBLEMS OF SUMMER READING TEACHER AS AN INDIVIDUAL, THE TRAVEL, SEVEN BOOKS OF . TRAVELS, A MEDLEY OF TYPICAL ENGLISHMAN, LIFE OF A VICTORIAN GARDEN OF Song . VIRGIL, MIDDLE-AGE CONCEPTION OF WAGNER IN CHICAGO WAR-TIMES, A CONGRESSMAN'S RECOLLECTIONS OF . 140 279 44 210 115 330 239 176 325 331 7 275 143 379 107 237 381 321 12 . . . . . Hiram M. Stanley Hiram M. Stanley . W. H. Johnson George W. Julian ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL Books, 1895. BOOKS FOR SUMMER READING, CLASSIFIED LIST OF . BRIEFS ON New Books BRIEFER MENTION LITERARY NOTES TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS Lists OF NEw Books 150, 190 26 22, 50, 76, 95, 120, 147, 185, 215, 256, 290 24, 53, 78, 98, 122, 148, 188, 220, 260 25, 53, 78, 98, 123, 149, 188, 221, 260, 295, 344, 397 28, 54, 79, 124, 191, 222, 262 28, 54, 79, 99, 124, 191, 223, 262, 296, 345, 398 . . . . . . . MISCELLANEOUS. American Historical Review . 222 Individuality in Teaching, Obstacles to. Anna American School of Classical Studies at Rome 22 Lemira Moore 324 Ballade of Poets. A. T. Schuman 25 Japan, Language and Literature in. Ernest W. Bates, Clara Doty, Death of . 221 Clement 137 Besant, Walter, on Literary Affairs in Chicago . 189 Keats Centenary in Chicago 260 Besant, Walter, upon his Knighthood 25 Literary Chicago, Mrs. Reid on 397 Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth, Death of 203 Literary Conference in France in 1896 221 Bull of Divorce between Henry VIII. and Kath- Locker-Lampson, Frederick, Death of . 25, 54 erine. Charles McK. Leoser 375 Modern Language Conference for the West 26 California Guild of Letters 188 Mona Lisa. Poem by W. P. Trent 240 Campbell, James Dykes, Death of 11 Norton, Prof. C. E., on Popular Education 149 Carlyle Centenary 397 Opium Dreamer, The. Poem by Clifford Lanier 37 Correction, A. Charles Eliot Norton 173 Pasteur, Louis, Death of 172 Courts of Love in Olden Time. Poem by Martha Poe, The Complete Works of. William Nelson 207 Foote Crow 53 Poet-Laureate, The Appointment of 397 Crime in Probibition States. D. C. Milner 172 « Reformate Worthsworthian," A 79 “ Decadence of a Scholar,” The. W. R. K. 207 Reformed Spelling Proposed De Tabley, Lord, Death of 344 Root, Dr. George F., Death of 86 Dumas fils, Death of 344 Rydberg, Victor, Death of 204 England. Poem by Charles Leonard Moore . 220 Saint-Hilaire, Barthémely, Death of 344 English at the University of Pennsylvania. Felix Sala, George A., Death of . 397 E. Schelling 375 Saunders, Frederick, Eighty-eighth Birthday of 98 Experimental Psychology at American Univer- Schopenhauer Monument at Frankfort. 44 sities 295 Smith, Samuel F., Death of 344 Field, Eugene, Death of 278 Story, William Wetmore, Death of . 204 Gower, Newly Discovered Poem of . 86 Stuffed-Animal Hoax in Colorado, The 189 Grolier Club Reprint of Dr. Donne's Poems 261 “ Thomson's ” Biographer. A Card from W. P. Hale, Robert Beverley, Death of 221 Reeves. 240 Higher Aim, The. Sonnet by William Morton “ Thomson” the Decadent. W. H. Johnson . 240 Payne 105 University of California, Location of the. W. H. Holmes, Oliver Wendeli. "Poem by Charles G. V. Raymond 207 D. Roberts 169 Von Sybel, Heinrich, Death of 86 Houghton, Henry 0., Death of 123 Wrong Spelling, The Craze for. W. W. Anderson 173 Huxley's Tombstone, Epitaph for 188 Zupitza, Julius, Death of . 86 25 . . . . INDEX. V. AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED. . . . . . • . . O . . . . 24 . Abbey, E. A. Quest of the Holy Grail .. 387 Brown, Helen D. Little Miss Phæbe Gay 395 Abbey, E. A. The Comedies of Shakespeare 335 Browne, G. F. Off the Mill 122 Abbot, Willis J. Carter Henry Harrison 186 Browning's Poetic Works, “Cambridge” edition 294 A. E. Homeward Songs by the Way. 117 Bruce, Miner W. Alaska. 24 Alexander, J. M. The Islands of the Pacific 380 Burnett, Frances H. Two Little Pilgrims' Progress 341 Allen, Willis B. The Mammoth Hunters 343 Burroughs, John, Works of, new “Riverside " ed. 390 Amicis, Edmondo de. Cuore, Crowell's edition. 341 Butterworth, Hezekiah. The Knight of Liberty 396 Amicis, Edmondo de. Spain . 389 Carey, Rosa N. Cousin Mona 395 Appletons' Guide to the United States and Canada 78 Carpenter, F.I. Metaphor in Minor Elizabethan As Others Saw Him. 113 Drama 295 Ashmore, Ruth. Side Talks with Girls 187 Champfleury. The Faïence Violin, Crowell's ed. 392 Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice, Macmillan's ed. 397 Champney, Mrs. E. W. Paddy O'Leary . 394 Austin, Jane G. Standish of Standish, holiday ed. 337 Champney, Mrs. Witch Winnie at Versailles. 394 Bagby, Albert M. Miss Träumerei 384 Chapman, F.M. Birds of Eastern North America 16 Bain, R. Nisbet. Russian Fairy Tales 291 Cheney, C. Emma. Number 49 Tinkham Street 394 Baird, H. M. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 285 Chittenden, L. E. Lincoln's Speeches 243 Baldwin, C. S. Specimens of Prose Description 294 Church, A.J. Roman Life in the Days of Cicero 341 Baldwin, James. The Horse Fair 341 Church, A. J. Stories from English History 394 Balfour, A. J. Foundations of Belief 114 Church, A. J. Stories from Virgil . 341 Ballantine, Henry. On India's Frontier 49 Claflin, Mary B. Under the Old Elms 217 Balzac's Novels, Dent-Macmillan edition 97, 123, 221 Clark, George H. Oliver Cromwell 218 Baring-Gould, S. Nursery Songs and Rhymes , 338 Clark, Victor $. Selections from Erasmus 78 Baring-Gould, S. Old English Fairy Tales 340 Coates, H. T. Fireside Encyclopædia of Poetry, Barrett, Frank. A Set of Rogues 255 revised edition 389 Bascom, John. Social Theory 331 Cobbe, Frances Power, Autobiography of 44 Bassett, George. Hippolyte and Golden-Beak 95 Coit, Stanton. The Message of Man 183 Bates, Mrs. Lindon. Bunch-Grass Stories 384 Cole, T. Old Dutch and Flemish Masters 335 Beaman, A. Hulme. M. Stambuloff 212 Coleridge, Ernest Hartley. Anima Poeta 244 Bedlow, Henry. The White Tsar Collar, W. C. Gradatim 78 Beers, H. A. Initial Studies in American Letters 289 Comparetti, D. Vergil in the Middle Ages 382 Beesly, A. H. Ballads and Other Verse . 117 Compton, Margaret. Snow Bird and Water Tiger 340 Bell, Mrs. Arthur. Great Artists' Masterpieces 336 Conrad, Joseph. Almayer's Folly 92 Bellew, F. P. “ Chip’s ” Dogs, and Old Woodcuts 339 Conway, Sir W.M. The Alps from End to End 178 Benson, Margaret. Subject to Vanity 393 Cooke, M. C. Studies in Wild Flowers Besant, Walter. In Deacon's Orders . 94 Corbin, John. The Elizabethan Hamlet 51 Beyle, Marie-Henry. La Chartreuse de Parme 390 Coues, Elliott. Expeditions of Pike 210 Bickerdyke, John. Days of my Life Couperus, Louis. Majesty 21 Bicknell, Anna L. Life in the Tuileries 258 Courthope, W. J. English Poetry, vol. I. 179 Bigelow, Edith. Diplomatic Disenchantments 93 Cox, Palmer. Brownies Through the Union 340 Bigelow, Poultney. Borderland of Czar and Kaiser 145 Craddock, Charles Egbert. Phantoms of the Biggle, John W. Religious Doubt. 214 Foot-Bridge 95 Björnson, Björnstjerne. Arne 24 Crawford, F. Marion. Casa Braccio 384 Blanc, Madame. Woman in the United States. 147 Crawford, F. Marion. Constantinople 338 Blanchard, Amy E. Girls Together 395 Crickmore, H. Hovell. Old Chester 390 Blaney, Henry R. Old Boston 390 Crowns of Promise 392 Block, Louis J. The New World 117 Cummings, John. Poor-Laws of Mass. and N. Y. 334 Bloundelle-Burton, John. The Desert Ship 343 Dana, Charles A. Art of Newspaper Making 51 Bolles, Frank. Chocorua's Tenants 119 Dana, Mrs. W.S. How to Know the Wild Flowers 50 Bolton, Sarah K. Famous Leaders among Women 341 Daudet’s La Belle Nivernaise, Crowell's edition. 339 Boothby, Guy. A Lost Endeavor 93 Daudet's Tartarin of Tarascon, Crowell's edition 392 Boothby, Guy. The Marriage of Esther 93 Davidson, John. Pictures from Rustic Landscape 336 Bourget, Paul. Outre Mer 22 Davies, Henry E. General Sheridan. 259 Bouvet, Marguerite. A Child of Tuscany 394 Davis, Noah K. Elements of Inductive Logic 98 Bowen, E. W. The e-Vowel in Accented Syllables 188 Davis, Richard Harding. About Paris 215 Bradley, C. B. Orations and Arguments 53 Dear Little Marchioness 395 Branch, Mary L. B. The Kanter Girls 395 Defoe's History of the Plague, school edition Brandt, Francis B. Friedrich Eduard Beneke 25 Defoe's Works, edited by G. A. Aitken 15, 123 Brewster, W. T. Specimens of Narration 294 Deland, Ellen Douglas. Oakleigh 394 Briggs, Charles A. The Messiah of the Apostles 215 De Tabley, Lord. Poems. 115 Brinton, D. G. Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics 46 Dixon, E. More Fairy Tales from Arabian Nights 340 Brooke, Stopford A. Golden Book of Coleridge 96 Dodd,Wm. Beauties of Shakespeare, Crowell's ed. 339 Brooks, E. Š. A Boy of the First Empire 342 Dorr, Julia C. R. The Flower of England's Face 219 Brooks, E. S. Great Men's Sons 396 Dougall, L. The Mermaid 93 Brooks, Noah. Washington in Lincoln's Time . 241 Dougall, L. The Zeit-Geist . 93 78 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . vi. INDEX. . . . 38 1 . . . 98 Harper's Round Table For 1895 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Douglas, Amanda M. A Sherburne Romance 395 Grosvenor, E. A. Constantinople 385 Douglas, Robert K. Life of Li Hungchang . 121 Gruelle, R. B. Notes on Walters Art Collection 98 Dowden, Edward. New Studies in Literature 185 Guerber, H. A. Legends of the Rhine 291 Downing, Marlton. The Young Cascarillero 396 Guerber, H. A. Myths of Northern Lands 290 Doyle, A. Conan. The Stark-Munro Letters 256 “Gyp." Le Marriage de Chiffon 148 Drage, Geoffrey. Problem of the Aged Poor 333 Haggard, H. Rider. Heart of the World 19 Driver, S. R. A Commentary on Deuteronomy. 215 Haggard, H. Rider. Joan Haste 255 Dumas's Romances, new series, Little, Brown, & Hale, Edward E., Jr. Selections from Herrick . 260 Co.'s edition 391 Hallam, Frank. The Breath of God 214 Dumas's Three Musketeers, Appletons' edition 388 Halle, E. von. Trusts. 334 Dyer, H. Evolution of Industry 333 Hallock, Julia Sherman. Broken Notes 392 Earlé, Alice Morse. Margaret Winthrop 216 Hamerton, P. G. Landscape Painting 389 Easel, Jack. Our Square and Circle 96 Hamerton, P. G. Painting in France after the Eastman, Alfred C. Poems of the Farm . 390 Decline of Classicism 389 Eastman, Morton W. Readings in Gower Hapgood, Isabel F. Russian Rambles 144 Edgeworth, Maria. Popular Tales, Macmillan's ed. 295 Hardy, Thomas, Novels of, library ed. 24, 123, 188, 260 Edwards, G. W. Long and Short Codiac 338 Harland, Henry. 95 Effinger, J. R., Jr. Essays from Sainte-Beuve. 294 397 Elliott, D. G. North American Shore Birds 329 Harris, Joel C. Mr. Rabbit at Home . 339 Ellis, Havelock. Man and Woman 120 Harris, Joel C. Uncle Remus, holiday edition 337 Ethical Addresses 183 Harrison, Mrs. Burton. An Errant Wooing. 93 Fawcett, Millicent G. Life of Queen Victoria 187 Hart, Albert B. American Education . 293 Fenn, George Manville. Cormorant Crag 343 Hassall, Arthur, Louis XIV. 219 Fenn, George Manville. The Young Castellan . 396 Haycraft, J. B. Darwinism and Race Progress 89 Field, Henry M. Our Western Archipelago 145 Hayens, Herbert. Under the Lone Star 396 Finck, H. T. Lotus-Time in Japan 50 Henley, W. E. English Classics Series .220, 261 Finley, Martha. Elsie on Inland Waters 395 Henty, G. A. A Knight of the White Cross 342 FitzGerald's Rubaiyát, “ Bibelot” edition . 387 Henty, G. A. The Tiger of Mysore. 342 Fletcher, Horace. Menticulture 292 Henty, G. A. Through Russian Snows 342 Fletcher, J. S. When Charles First was King 256 Hiatt, Charles. Picture Posters. 388 Flory, M. A Book about Fans 391 Hichens, Robert S. An Imaginative Man 255 Foa, Eugènie. Boy Life of Napoleon , 396 Hill, A. S. Principles of Rhetoric . 293 Foote, Mary H. Life of Christ for Young People 397 Hill, Grace L. Katharine's Yesterday 395 Ford, Paul L. Jefferson's Writings, Vol. V. 77 Hinsdale, B. A. The American Government 123 Fowler, Edith H. The Young Pretenders 395 Hobbes, John Oliver. The Gods, etc . 91 Fowler, W. W. Birds and Books 18 Holcombe, Chester. The Real Chinaman 49 Fraser, Marie. In Stevenson's Samoa . 76 Holden, E. S. Mogul Emperors of Hindustan . 258 Fraser, Mrs. Hugh. The Brown Ambassador 396 Holland, H. S. A Lent in London. 333 Freeman, E. A. History of Sicily, Vol. IV. 218 Hopkins, Edward W. Religions of India 289 Fuller, Henry B. With the Procession 18 Horstman, C. Richard Rolle of Hampole 260 Furchheim, Friedrich. Bibliografia di Pompei 149 Howells, W. D. My Literary Passions 78 Furness, H. H. Variorum edition of A Midsom- Howells, W. D. Stops of Various Quills 388 mer Night's Dream. 176 Hudson, W. H. British Birds 329 Furtwängler, A. Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture Hutton, W. H. Life of William Laud 23 Gage, A. P. Principles of Physics . 123 Hyde, M. Carrie. Under the Stable Floor, Goostie, Garrett, Edmund H. Victorian Songs 335 and Yan and Nochie of Tappan Sea 395 Gates, L. E. Selections from Cardinal Newman 187 Hyde, Wm. DeWitt. Outlines of Social Theology 214 Geikie, James. The Great Ice Age 246 Hyslop, J. H. The Elements of Ethics 184 Gibson, Louis D. Beautiful Houses 389 Imitation of Christ, Oxford India-paper edition, 295 Gibson, W.H. Edible Toad-Stools and Mushrooms 386 International Congress of Charities Papers 334 Gissing, George. In the Year of Jubilee . 92 Irving's Tales of a Traveller, “Buckthorne" ed. 336 Gissing, George. The Emancipated 255 | Jackson, F. G. The Great Frozen Land . 144 Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer, holiday ed. 337 James, G. P. R. Richelieu, Fontainebleau edition 260 Gollancz, Israel. A Midsummer Night's Dream, Jameson, Anna, Art Histories of 388 holiday edition 392 Johnson, Lionel. Poems 116 Gollancz's - Temple " Shakespeare 149, 188, 295, 344 Johnston, Annie F. Joel, a Boy of Galilee. 396 Goodloe, Abbe Carter. College Girls . 385 Jones, A. H. Renascence of the English Drama 121 Goodwin, Maud W. The Colonial Cavalier, hol- Judson, H. P. Growth of the American Nation 289 iday edition 221 Keats's Poetical Works, Crowell's edition. 391 Goodwin, Maud W. The Head of a Hundred 94 Keith, Alyn Yates. Aunt Billy . 394 Gordon, Julien. A Wedding 385 Kelly, Edmund. Evolution and Effort 333 Goss, Warren Lee. Jack Alden 343 Ker, David. The Wizard King. 342 Graham, P. A. Country Pastimes for Boys 343 Kerner, Anton. Natural History of Plants 75 Grahame, Kenneth. The Golden Age. Kies, Marietta. Institutional Ethics 183 Grant's Memoirs, Century Co.'s new library ed. 344 King, Anna Eichberg. Kitwyk Stories 385 Green, Belle C. The Hobbledehoy. 396 King, Charles. Trooper Ross, and Signal Butte 396 Green, T. H. Principles of Political Obligation 218 King, Edward. Under the Red Flag. 343 Griffis, William E. Townsend Harris . 256 Kingsley, Charles, Novels of, pocket edition 149, 295 . . . . . 70 . . a . 289, a . . . . • . 94 INDEX. vii. . . . . . a . . . . . . • . • . . • 41 . . . . . . . . Kipling, Rudyard. Second Jungle Book . 339 Knight, M. J. Passages from Plato 260 Kovalevsky, Sonya, Life of 147 Lamon, Ward H. Recollections of Lincoln 242 Lamont, Hammond. Specimens of Exposition 53 Lang, Andrew. Aucassin and Nicolete 387 Lang, Andrew. My Own Fairy Book. 393 Lang, Andrew. Red True Story Book 393 Lano, Pierre de. Napoleon III. 258 Lansdell, Henry. Chinese Central Asia 48 Larned, Augusta. In Woods and Fields . 119 Larned, J. N. History for Ready Reference 90 Laughton, J. K. Life of Nelson 259 Laurie, S. S. Survey of Pre-Christian Education 282 Lazarus, Josephine. Spirit of Judaism 291 Le Baron, Grace. Little Daughter. 395 Leland, Charles G. Legends of Florence 216 Lever, Charles, Novels of, new library edition 220 List of Books for a School Classical Library . 219 Lodge, H. C. American Hero Tales 341 Lombroso, C. The Female Offender 52 Longfellow's Miles Standish, holiday edition 337 Longfellow's Hiawatha, holiday edition 337 Lord, William S. Blue and Gold 119 Love, W. DeL., Jr. Fast Days of New England Maartens, Maarten. My Lady Nobody 254 MacColl, Malcolm. Life Here and Hereafter 114 Maclaren, Ian. A Doctor of the Old School, bol- iday edition 391 MacLean, J. P. Study of Gospel of St. John 215 Magruder, Julia. Child Sketches from Eliot 394 Mallock, W. H. The Heart of Life 254 Margueritte, Paul. L'Avril, Faïence edition 392 Marmontel's Moral Tales, Cranford edition 387 Marryat's Midshipman Easy, Malta edition. 342 Marshall, A. M. Lectures on Darwinian Theory 140 Marshall, Henry R. Æsthetic Principles 141 Martinengo-Cesaresco, Countess. The Liberation of Italy 52 Mason, Otis T. Origins of Invention 97 Maspero, G. Egyptian Archæology 123 Massey, Susanna. God's Parable Mathews, F. Schuyler. Familiar Flowers 51 Matthews, Brander. His Father's Son 384 May, Sophie. Kyzie Dunlee . 395 Mayo-Smith, R. Statistics and Sociology 332 Miller, Ellen. Northeastern States Wild Flowers Mitchell, S. Weir. A Madeira Party. 338 Mitchell, S. Weir. Philip Vernon . 22 Mitford, Mrs. Country Stories, Cranford ed. 387 Molesworth, Mrs. The Carved Lions . 394 Mommsen's History of Rome, Scribners' edition 188 Monroe, J. P. The Educational Ideal 294 Montorguiel, G. Three Apprentices of Moon St. 343 Montrésor, F. F. Into the Highways and Hedges Moods, Volume II. 121 Mooney, Margaret S. Studies in Literature . 290 Moore, George. Celibates 94 Morgan, T. J. Patriotic Citizenship 294 Morris, J. Advance Japan 257 Morrison, Sarah E. Chilhowee Boys in Wartime 342 Moulton, R. G. Four Years of Novel Reading . 78 Moulton, R. G. The Proverbs 344 Munroe, Kirk. At War with Pontiac . 342 Munroe, Kirk. Snow-Shoes and Sledges . 342 Murray, A. S. Manual of Mythology, revised ed. 397 Murray, David C. The Martyred Fool 92 Murray, J. A. H. Oxford English Dictionary. 261 Murray, T. D. Sir Samuel White Baker 283 My Honey 393 Nadal, E. S. Notes of a Professional Exile . 338 Nesmith, J. E. Philoctetes 118 Nitti, Francisco S. Catholic Socialism 333 O'Grady, Standish. The Chain of Gold 343 Old South Leaflets, Nos. 58 to 64 189 O'Neill, Moira. The Elf-Errant 340 Optic, Oliver. A Lieutenant at Eighteen 396 Optic, Oliver. Half Round the World 342 Oxley, J. M. My Strange Rescue 343 Page, T. N. Unc' Edinburg, holiday edition 337 Parker, Gilbert. When Valmond Came to Pontiac 93 Parker, J. A. Ernest England 23 Parkhurst, H. E. The Birds' Calendar 17 Parkin, George R. The Great Dominion . 145 Parsons, Alfred. Notes in Japan 380 Pater, Walter. Miscellaneous Studies 279 Pater's The Child in the House,Copeland & Day ed. 295 Pater's The Child in the House, Mosher's ed. 387 Payne, W. M. English in American Universities 181 Peacock, Thomas L. Maid Marian, and Crotchet Castle, Macmillan's edition 149 Pemberton, Max. The Impregnable City 92 “ Pembridge.” Whist or Bumblepuppy, new ed. 260 Pendleton, Louis. In the Okefenokee 343 ennell, Joseph. Modern Illustration 388 Perry, Bliss. Scott's Woodstock, school edition 292 Perry, Bliss. The Plated City 94 Perry, Nora. A Flock of Boys and Girls 394 Phelps, Elizabeth S. Gypsy's Cousin Joy, new ed. 394 Phillips, Maurice. Teaching of the Vedas 289 Plympton, A. G. Dorothy and Anton . 395 Poe's Works, Stedman and Woodberry's edition 147 Pole, William. Evolution of Whist 217 Pollard, Eliza F. Roger the Ranger 343 Poole, Fanny H. R. A Bank of Violets 119 Prince, Helen C. Christine Rochefort 19 Pulitzer, A. "Romance of Prince Eugène . 336 Putnam, D. Manual of Pedagogy . 293 Putnam, Ruth. William the Silent 330 Pyle, H. Jack Ballister's Fortunes 342 Pyle, H. The Garden behind the Moon 340 Ragozin, Zenaïde A. Vedic India 289 Raife, R. The Sheik's White Slave 396 Ransome, C. Advanced History of England 250 Ray, Anna C. Half a Dozen Boys . 343 Raymond, Evelyn. The Mushroom Cave 395 Reade's Christie Jol tone, holiday edition 338 Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literature . 53 Remington, Frederic. Pony Tracks 148 Rhodes, J. F. History of the U. S., Vol. III. 68 Rhoscomyl, Owen. Jewel of Ynys Galon 20 Rhys, Ernest. Shelley's Lyric Poems . 96 Rhys, Ernest. Lyrical Poetry from the Bible 53 Rhys, Grace. Banbury Cross Series 340 Richards, Anna M. A New Alice. 340 Richards, Laura E. Nautilus 393 Richardson, C. F. The Choice of Books 148 Riddle, A. G. Recollections of War Times . Rideing, W. H. In the Land of Lorna Doone 96 Rinder, Frank. Old-World Japan . 392 Rives, G. L. Correspondence of Thomas Barclay 43 Roberts, C. G. D. The Land of Evangeline 148 Roberts, Lord. Rise of Wellington 76 Roberts, W. The Book-Hunter in London 386 Robins, E. Echoes of the Playhouse 216 Robinson, E. G. Christian Evidences 214 . . . . . . • 119 . . . . 50 . RH . . 91 . . • . . . 12 . . . . viii. INDEX. . 98, . . . . . . . . . . . . a 24 . • Rockhill, W. W. Through Mongolia and Tibet 49 Romanes, G. J. Thoughts on Religion 114 Roosevelt, Theodore. New York, revised edition 344 Ronnetti's Lyrics, “ Bibelot" edition 387 Rowbotham, I. F. Troubadours 24 Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies, “ Elia” edition 392 Russan, A. Through Forest and Plain 342 Russell, G. W. E. Letters of Matthew Arnold. 376 Russell, W. H. The War with Russia 24 Saint-Amand, I. de. The Revolution of 1848 187 Sand's Choice Works, Little, Brown, & Co.'s ed. 388 Sattorloe, H. Y. A Creedless Gospel 113 Savage-Landor, A. Henry. Corea . 50 Savidge, E. C. The American in Paris 384 Scherren, H. Popular History of Animals 343 Schlossing, A. Deutscher Wortschatz 98 Schoenaich-Carolath, Prince. Melting Snows 21 Schulze-Smidt, B. A Madonna of the Alps . 21 Scollard, Clinton. Ford's Broken Heart 53 Scott, Mrs. Maxwell. Tragedy of Fotheringay. 77 Scripture, E. W. Thinking, Feeling, Doing 287 Scudder, Vida. Spirit in Modern English Poetry 97 Soull, W. E. Westminster Abbey . 391 Shapleigh, Mary Y. On Winds of Fancy 392 Shattuck, W. Keeper of the Salamander's Order 340 Shoarman, T. G. Natural Taxation 217 Shorman, John, Recollections of . . 325 Shields, C. W. The United Church of the U.S. 113 Shirley, Penn. Young Master Kirke 395 Shoemaker, W. M. Trans-Caspia 48 Sienkiewioz, H. Children of the Soil 20 Sigwart, Christoph. Logic 98 Silver Fairy Book 340 Sinbad the Sailor, and Ali Baba, Scribners' ed. 393 Small, H. Handbook New Boston Public Library 260 Smalley, G. W. Studies of Men 120 Smith, Mary P. W. A Jolly Good Summer. 395 Stablos, Gordon. Jack Mackenzie's Epaulettes. 396 Stanley, H. M. My Early Travels . 146 Starr, Frederick. Steps in Human Progress 288 Stonrns, A. Chris and the Wonderful Lamp 340 Stedman, E. C. A Victorian Anthology . 237 Stephen, L. Sir James Fitzjames Stephen 107 Stephen, L. Dictionary National Biography 188, 220 Stephons, W. R. W. Life of E. A. Freeman 37 Stephens, W. W. Life of Turgot .. 138 Stevens, G. B. Doctrine and Life . 214 Stevenson's Works, « Thistle" edition . 292 Stockton, F. R. Adventures of Captain Horn. 19 Stoddard, C. A. Cruising among the Caribbees 379 Stoddard, W. 0. The Partners. 395 Stoddard, W. O. Chumley's Post 396 Sudermann, Hermann. The Wish . 21 Suo's Wandering Jew, Crowell's edition 338 Sunday Reading for the Young . 397 Swettenham, F. A. Malay Sketches 143 Symonds, J. A. Sonnets of Michel Angelo, “ Bibe- lot" edition 387 Tabb, John B. Poems . 118 Tait, J. Selwin. Wayne and his Friends . 340 Tarver, John C. Gustave Flaubert 208 * Tasma." Not Counting the Cost . 255 Tonnyson's Works, * People's " edition . 260 Tharter, Celia. Stories and Poems for Children 394 Thayer, W. M. Turning Points .. 341 Thomas, Calvin. Practical German Grammar 293 Thompson, Charles M. The Nimble Dollar. 343 Thompson, Maurice. The Ocala Boy. 843 Tiffany, F. This Goodly Frame the Earth 379 Tolstoy's Master and Man. 221 Tomlins, William L. Child's Garden of Song 341 Tomlinson, E. T. Boy Officers of 1812 396 Tourguénieff's Novels, Macmillan's edition 188, 260 Towne, E. C. Rays of Light from All Lands 114 Townsend, Mary A. Distaff and Spindle 118 Traill, H. D. Social England, Vol. III. 87 Trask, Katrina. Sonnets and Lyrics 118 Trevor-Battye, A. Ice-Bound on Kolguev 253 Trowbridge, J. T. The Lottery Ticket 343 Tunison, J. S. Master Virgil 382 Tyler, Moses Coit. Three Men of Letters 52 Ufer, Chr. Introduction to Herbart's Pedagogy 294 Underwood, F. H. Dr. Gray's Quest . 94 Upton, Bertha and Florence K. Two Dutch Dolls 395 Upward, Allen. The Prince of Balkistan 92 Ussher, Sir T. Napoleon's Last Voyages 259 Valdés, Armando P. The Grandee 21 Van Cleef, Frank L. Index Antiphonteus 221 Van Dyke, Henry. Little Rivers 379 Van Dyke, T. S. Game Birds at Home 330 Vincent, Frank. Actual Africa . 65 Vines, S. H. Students' Text-Book of Botany 75 Voynich, E. L. Humor of Russia 148 Walker, F. Letters of a Baritone Ward, H. D. A Dash to the Pole . 343 Ward, Mrs. Humphry. Bessie Costrell 91 Ward, William H. Abraham Lincoln . 244 Warming, E. Systematic Botany. 74 Warren, F. M. History of the Novel . 122 Watts, Henry E. Don Quixote. 78 Way, Arthur, and Spencer, F. Song of Roland 261 Waylen, H. S. H. Thoughts from Jefferies. 391 Webster's International Dictionary, new edition 391 Weed, C. M. New England Blossoms and Insects 51 Weeks, E. L. From the Black Sea 381 Wesselhoeft, Lily F. Frowzle the Runaway . 396 Weyman, S. J. Memoirs of a Minister of France 256 Wharton, Anne H. A Last Century Maid . 394 Whateley, R. Historic Doubts as to Napoleon. 148 White, Gilbert. Natural History of Selborne, Appletons' edition 337 Willard, A. R. Life and Work of Morelli 186 Willcox, M. A. Land Birds of New England . 18 Willey, Arthur. Amphioxus . . 112 Wingate, C. E. L. Shakespeare's Heroines on the Stage 219 Winslow, Mrs. E. Readings from Old Dramatists 122 Winsor, Justin. The Mississippi Basin ... 110 Withers, Alex. Chronicles of Border Warfare . 23 Wolfe, Theodore F. Literary Shrines, and A Literary Pilgrimage 391 Wolseley, Viscount. Napoleon's Decline and Fall 76 Woolson, Constance F. Dorothy 385 Woolson, Constance F. Mentone, Cairo, and Corfu 380 Woolson, Constance F. The Front Yard . . . 385 Wright, C. D. Industrial Evolution of the U. S. 288 Wright, Henrietta C. 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AYTON SYMINGTON. With an Introduction by MOWBRAY MORRIS. IV. ANNALS OF A PARISH. By JOHN GALT. Mustrated by CHARLES F. BROCK, A New Volume. MACMILLAN'S NOVELIST'S LIBRARY. Issued Monthly. Price (in paper), 50 cents. Yearly subscrip- tion, $5.50. THE NAULAHKA. A Story of West and East. By RUDYARD KIPLING and Wolcott BALESTIER. 12mo (popular edition), paper cover, 50 cents. Already published uniform with the above. 1. MARCELLA. By Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD, author of "The History of David Grieve," “Robert Elsmere," etc. 2. SANT' ILARIO. A Sequel to "Saracinesca." By F. MARION CRAWFORD. To be Issued in July. THE HISTORY OF DAVID GRIEVE. By Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD. THE FIRST VOLUME NOW READY. THE NOVELS OF H. DE BALZAC. Edited by GEORGE SAINTSBURY. To be completed in about 40 volumes, published monthly. THE WILD ASS'S SKIN (La Peau de Chagrin). Translated anew by ELLEN MARRIAGE. With a General Introduction to the Series, and a Special Introduction to this Novel, by GEORGE SAINTSBURY; and a Portrait and two full-page Etchings by W. BOUCHER. Carefully printed on paper spe- cially prepared. Crown 8vo, cloth, $1.50. Mr. George Saintsbury has undertaken the editorship of this edition of Balzac. He has contributed to the above first volume an interesting and valuable Introduction, dealing biographically with Balzac and critically with his work in general, and he will also contribute an Introduction to each work as it appears. The translations themselves will in no case be reprints of former versions, but have been and will be specially executed under the supervision of the editor, Mr. Saintsbury. MACMILLAN & COMPANY, 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 6 (July 1, 1895. THE DIAL D. APPLETON & Co.'s NEW BOOKS. EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN CUISINE. By GESINE LEMCKE, author of “ Desserts and Salads," and Principal of the Brooklyn Cooking College. Small 8vo, cloth, $2.00. 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Appletons' Monthly Bulletin of New Publications will be sent regularly to any address, free on application. D. APPLETON & CO., No. 72 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. . THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Merico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING Rates furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. No. 217. JULY 1, 1895. Vol. XIX. CONTENTS. PAGE 7 8 SUMMER READING THE HISTORICAL NOVEL. William Herbert Carruth FICTION-READING IN THE COUNTRY. Fanny Bates JAMES DYKES CAMPBELL . 10 . 11 . A CONGRESSMAN'S RECOLLECTIONS OF WAR TIMES. George W. Julian . 12 NEW PRESENTMENTS OF DEFOE. Josiah Renick Smith .. 14 Wright's Life of Daniel Defoe.- Aitken's Romances and Narratives by Daniel Defoe. — Defoe's History of the Plague in London. BOOKS ABOUT BIRDS. Sara A. Hubbard .. 16 Chapman's Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America. -- Mrs. Wright's Birdcraft. — Parkhurst's The Birds' Calendar.- Fowler's Summer Studies of Birds and Books. – Willcox's Pocket Guide to the Common Land Birds of New England. RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne 18 Fuller's With the Procession. – Mrs. Prince's The Story of Christine Rochefort. - Stockton's The Ad- ventures of Captain Horn.- Haggard's Heart of the World. - Rhoscomyl's The Jewel of Ynys Galon. - Zangwill's The Master. - Sienkiewicz's Children of the Soil.- Couperus's Majesty.-Valdés’s The Gran- dees.- Prince Schoenaich-Carolath's Melting Snows. -Schulze-Smidt's A Madonna of the Alps.--Suder- mann's The Wish. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . 22 M. Bourget's impressions of America.- An effective piece of dramatic writing. - A drama for the closet. - Chronicles of Border Warfare.- Troubadours and Courts of Love.- A new life of Archbishop Laud. - War correspondence of the Crimea.- Music study in Italy. BRIEFER MENTION A BALLADE OF POETS. A. T. Schuman . 25 LITERARY NOTES 25 BOOKS FOR SUMMER READING . 26 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 28 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 28 SUMMER READING. There are many, doubtless, to whom the sug- gestion of a summer vacation largely devoted to reading, particularly if undertaken with profitable intent, will seem little better than a counsel of perfection. The strained nerves and the weary brain demand, they will urge, that whatever weeks or months may be annually snatched from the grasp of toil should be given up to recreation in its primitive sense, to the renewing of the exhausted vitality, to the re- building of the wasted tissue. At such times, the only books of which they will hear are those which the best authority tells us are to be found in running brooks, and the only sermons to which they are disposed to listen are the mute discourses of the stones upon sea-cliff or mountain-side. And there is undoubtedly a degree of tension, reached by many in our fever- ish latter-age life, from which relief is only possible upon condition of a complete, if tem- porary, abandonment of civilization with all its devices. We are impelled for a brief space to relapse into barbarism, and, seeking new strength by contact with the bare earth, to real- ize in our own experience the myth of Antæus. But such relapses are not for long, and, the first joy of freedom and relaxation being at an end, the mental activities quickly reassert their need of occupation. The pendulum of life has soon swung all the way from the unendurable strain of daily recurrent labor to the equally unendurable ennui of prolonged idleness. The pure joy of existence may suffice for the mo- ment, but the sense of vacuity sets in after a while, and imperatively calls for some form of diversion that shall not leave Nature to do all the recreative work. At such times, more forci. bly perhaps than at any others, books offer us their serviceable solace, and we congratulate ourselves upon the instinctive foresight that led us to provide ourselves with such compan- ions. Then, reclining upon shaded lawn or veranda, upon deck or seashore, or pine-clad mountain slope, fortified against the intrusions of care, and at peace with all the world, we enjoy in equal measure the ministries of Na- ture and of Art, as far removed from ennui as from toil, and the discords of life are resolved into the richest of harmonies. . . . 8 (July 1, THE DIAL What books are best suited to the needs of What shall we do, then, with what Mr. Rus- the long summer days?.. We have known a ki kin calls the good books of the hour — telling young man, in contemplation of an ocean voy- us that “ we ought to be entirely thankful for age, to take with him the “ Kritik der Reinen them, and entirely ashamed of ourselves if we Vernunft." Luckily there was a library on the make no good use of them ”—if we are not to ship, and Kant remained undisturbed at the put them in our trunk when we start upon our bottom of the traveller's trunk. On the other vacation? We have no disposition to under- hand, there are too many people whose idea rate the usefulness of these bright accounts of a summer's literary provision becomes em- of travels, good-humored and witty discussions bodied in a package of ephemeral novels of of questions, lively or pathetic story-telling in varying degrees of unreality or imbecility, and the form of novel, firm fact-telling by the real an armful of illustrated periodicals. We hardly agents concerned in the events of passing his- know which of the two extremes thus illustrated tory.” But we think that the time for them deserves the severer censure, but if either case is the hour left us after a hard day's work, or is to have our sympathies it must be that of the the occasional holiday, rather than the sum- Kantian student rather than that of the Dodo". mer's weeks or months of continuous rest. laden excursionist. The former, at least, has When that happy season comes round, we can a rational motive, if his judgment be woefully put it to better uses, and, if we are going to at fault; the latter is, however unconsciously, do any reading at all, it surely offers the occa- doing his best to waste a golden opportunity. sion of occasions for that close acquaintance The rational person will take neither Kant with “ the authors ” that we can never hope to nor “ Dodo” to his place of summer resort, for make during the ordinary routine of active life. he will know that there is a grateful mean be- If we are well-advised, we will leave the ephem- tween the substantial but not easily digestible eral and scrappy literature of the day for the quality of the one and the mere frothiness of day which brings it forth, and not allow it to the other. He will know, for one thing, that usurp our attention during the only part of there is an abundance of literature which is of the year when we are really free to enter upon the very best, yet which makes no strenuous enjoyment of our great heritage of Books in demand upon the faculties, which can hold the the higher and better sense. " Who would attention without conscious effort, so smooth is think of taking up the · Faëry Queene' for a the flow and so harmonious the form. What stopgap?” while waiting for the sound of the . reading, for example, could be more ideally dinner-bell, Lamb asks us. And, to point the fit for the long summer afternoons than the obverse of the moral, let us in turn ask: Who poetry of the “ Faëry Queene ” or the “ Earthly would think, or who ought to think, of devot- " , Paradise,” the prose of the “ Pentameron” or ing the long summer days to books whose final “ Marius the Epicurean "? Such reading as cause is to supply us with stopgaps, and which, this becomes a permanent intellectual posses- when put to other uses, are as much out of sion, an influence moulding imagination and place as Spenser would be in the hungry half- character, and the retrospective charm natu- hour preceding the evening repast ? rally attaching to the memory of a summer out- ing will be not a little enhanced by association with the imperishable beauty of such works of literary art. There is a passage in one of Fitz- THE HISTORICAL NOVEL. Gerald's letters which embodies the whole gos- Dunlop's definition of fiction as “ select and pel of summer reading. “I am now a good “I am now a good highly-colored history” contained within itself the deal about,” he says, " in a new Boat I have germs of all the discussions that have arisen on the built, and thought (as Johnson took Cocker's historical novel and the limits of history and fiction. Arithmetic with him on travel, because he While Huet, the first to write a treatise on the novel, shouldn't exhaust it) so I would take Dante described it as "a fiction of love adventures, written and Homer with me, instead of Mudie’s Books, in prose, with artistic method, for the pleasure and which I read through directly. I took Dante instruction of the reader,” thus ignoring the element of realism, a consensus of opinion on the modern by way of slow Digestion : not having looked novel would surely base its structure upon life. at him for some years : but I am glad to find Fiction includes every narrative prose description I relish him as much as ever : he atones with of human life into which enters consciously the ele- the Sea; as you know does the Odyssey-these ment of the imagination,—narrative, as opposed to are the Men ! annalistic or dramatic; prose, as a quite arbitrary a 1895.] 9 THE DIAL but very convenient exclusion of an exceptional spe- amount of fiction may be almost imponderable. cies with which are associated a troublesome kinship More than one successful novel has been a faithful of varieties. narrative of real events, with merely the names of But history, too, treats life; and, in the shape of persons and localities altered enough to escape a biography, more or less in narrative form. And libel suit. Usually, of course, the author wanders much of what passes for the standard history of the over the broad intervening territory, combining world contains a very large element of imagination. pieces of real persons into a new individual, re- The once universal conception of history as properly grouping real events, revising the decision of fate, confined to the rise and fall of governments and substituting what he conceives to be more interest- the deeds of rulers, gave, to be sure, a ground of ing motives for actual ones,-most commonly, per- distinction in the nature of the events and char- haps, imagining what he himself would have felt acters treated; the novel introducing personages and done, or would have wished to feel and do, under not known to history, and treating war and pol circumstances in which he had observed others. But itics only incidentally. But ideas of history have ever the tendency has been to restrain the vagaries changed since Huet's day, and we recognize that of the imagination, and make the product more true the records of the common people and their daily to life more like biography. lives are as important for the guidance of posterity Whence, then, is the disposition to decry the his- as the chronicles of kings. So that any record of torical novel? Quite evidently, it seems to me, from human life, or of any product or activity of men, a false conception of the function, or discourage- may fairly be said, in so far as it is true, to be his- ment over the possible achievements, of history. It tory is due chiefly to this false conception that we were We cannot escape the entangling alliance by try- so long in learning that “the bygone ages of the ing to draw a line between the present and the past. world were actually filled with living men, not by We now write contemporary history; and the novel protocols, state papers, and abstractions of men. would be classified as historical, no matter how re- It was discouragement over the possibility of any cently past were its data, if its subject matter were other result that led Goethe to say: “The times of on other grounds recognized as historical. “Wav- “Wav- the past are a book with seven seals; and what we erley,” the type and pioneer of the species, treated call the spirit of the times is at bottom the spirit of events only sixty years gone by. Antiquity is not the writers, in which the times are reflected.” But a mark of the historical in fiction or elsewhere. with the new conception of history which says, “I It may be thought feasible to establish a distinc- consider nothing human out of my sphere," every tion on the basis of the intention of the writer. As novel becomes a human document, in a measure Mr. Marion Crawford says: “It is doubtful whether historical. any genuine historical novel has ever yet been It is not true that “ the historical novel occupies written for the sake of the history it contains ; a position apart and separate from others." and a parallel proposition might be set up that no the contrary, it merges by such imperceptible de- genuine history has been written for the sake of grees with other fields of the novel that in many the romance or imagination it contains. But the cases no critical surveyor can stake it off. Some- latter proposition will directly be met with doubt, times, as in “A Tale of Two Cities," there are neither and in the former will be detected the assumed dif- personages nor events which are to be met in or- ference between the theme of history and that of dinary narrative history; only the background, the the novel. Possibly a distinction may be made by atmosphere, the spirit of the time, are historical. viewing the writer's intent upon the reader; his aim Again, as in Erckmann-Chatrian's “Conscript of in the case of the novel being to amuse and enter- 1813” and “ Waterloo,” the events, many of them, tain (not excluding a suppressed but controlling are of world-wide importance, while the characters willingness to elevate), and in the case of the his- are all to fame unknown. More commonly—as in tory, to impress and instruct, - or, in the language “ Waverley,” Hauff's “Lichtenstein,” Freytag's of Mr. Crawford, to furnish in the first case an “ Marcus König, Romola,” or “Ben Hur,”-the intellectual artistic luxury,” in the second “ an in- time is partly fixed by events and surroundings, but tellectual lesson." In general, this distinction, more by some historical personage who towers like though elusive and not profound, may prove ser- a mountain in the more or less remote background, viceable. while the actors who fill the foreground are as in the In the line of biography the two branches of lit- previous case obscure. Yet again, some or all of erature approach most closely, and it is difficult here the leading characters, as well as some of the ele- to find any other distinguishing mark for the novel ments of the plot, may be the property of familiar than that of the conscious introduction of the imag- history ; such are “ Kenilworth,” “Hypatia,” Ham- ination. But as to the proportion of this element, merling's .“ Aspasia,” Dahn’s “ Ein Kampf um I doubt whether anything definite can be said. Rom." However fantastic and improbable a narrative and It is with historical novels of this last type that descriptions may be, the original materials are all critics are most apt to lose patience. If the ficti- from life and nature: it is not possible to invent tious events and pe ons introduced in connection something out of nothing. On the other hand, the with the familiar ones are of any significance we 66 ܙܙ 10 [July 1, THE DIAL are sure to get an impression of improbability. We ask, How does it come that we have never heard of these events and persons before? Then the critical scent for anachronisms is aroused: we discover printed books in the tenth century, and lightning- rods in the seventeenth; we find the furniture of classic Greece introduced into Christian Rome, and the instruments of Judea jangling in the halls of mediæval Germany. As Mr. Crawford says: “So soon as a man deals with events that have actually taken place, he is bounded on all sides by a multi- tude of details with which he must be acquainted and from which he cannot escape.” Plainly, the wisdom to be derived from this is that known per- sons and events are to be avoided by the novelist, or to be used only as background. But it does not at all follow that the historical novel is thereby con- demned. What is the harm in laying a story in proximity to some place, event, or person, whose presence gives a sense of assurance and confidence? The principle is the reverse of that of a cyclorama, where a few logs and stones, an overturned cannon, and a stuffed and blood-stained uniform in the fore- ground, help out the perspective of the painting on the wall. Only, here the realistic touches make tol- erable some very indifferent fresco-painting ; while with the author the historical background enables him to concentrate his powers on other points. Everyone knows how much more interest a lis- tener takes in a story that is laid in a scene famil- liar to him. For this reason, professional story- tellers whose consciences permit always represent the events of their narratives as having happened in their presence, or at least as having been told them by one of the actual participants. Not wide- eyed childhood alone exclaims to Dame Saga : “ Tu l'as vu, grand mère ? ” Finally, an especial challenge to the creative fac- ulty comes from the tomb. By as much as it is more difficult to bring the dead back to life than to plant or beget for the coming race, by so much is the temp- tation greater to try to make, even in the imagina- tion, “dead things relive of long ago.” But the task of making men of the past seem real is not by any means so difficult as that of making dead men live. In this respect the historical novel is subject to the same difficulties and limitations as the novel in general. The truth is that all of the antipodal differences of opinion in regard to the field, function, and pos- sibility of the historical novel are based upon two impressions or prejudices which underlie the critic's views of human nature. One of these assumptions is that men in all times and all climes are essen- tially alike; the other, that each country as well as each age produces its distinct variety of man. It is this latter assumption which leads Mr. Howells to object to characters in an historical novel, be- cause “ the people affect me like persons of our generation made up for the parts,” and to assign the region of historical romance to “readers and writers who cannot bear to be brought face to face with human nature.” Yet there is no more arguing over the matter than over optimism and pessimism. These tinctures are the result of a man's food, like the proportion of red corpuscles in his blood. As a rule, the cosmopolitan learns that men are about alike the world over ; while the provincial on his first visit to the metropolis of his own state fancies all men he sees to be selfish and cold, and feels him. self an alien among his countrymen. If we regard the men of the past as of like parts and passions with ourselves, we shall not take of- fense if we find in a picture of the past the “univer- sal human elements which are found in every time, the permanent in the transitory." If it is true, as Leslie Stephen declares, that Scott's novels are • rapidly converting themselves into mere débris of plaster of Paris,” it must be that he put his “me- diæval upholstery” too much in the foreground and drew too little from the human nature that he knew. The novel is a kind of history, as the common origin of “story” and “history” in itself hints ; and such dicta as that of Palgrave, that historical novels are the most harmful of all semi-poetic hy- brids, without profit for the artistic sense and ruin- ous to the historic sense,” are based on obsolete pre- sumptions regarding history or inadequate estimates of the importance of the novel. There is no con- flict between the two forms of literature. In some respects they seek the same ends. If it be under- stood that the novel makes no pretension to accu- racy of date, document, details of diplomacy or events, but confines itself to life in general, to mak- ing the past seem real and the men of the past mem- bers of our common family, then it will fulfil one of the functions of history in which history most easily fails, while at the same time insisting upon all life, and not simply the life of the present, as its field. WILLIAM HERBERT CARRUTH. FICTION-READING IN THE COUNTRY. Mr. Stevenson says that any reading fit to be called reading should be an absorbing and voluptuous process; and he bemoans the fact that this engrossing interest passes away with the youth of the individual. Miss Repplier joins the wail, and extends the loss of ardor in reading from the individual to the age. She finds that even the children now fail to be carried out of themselves by romance and fairy tales. This satiety she attributes to the flooding of their minds with weak and supposedly harmless children's books, and she strongly advocates giving them such meat of literature as Marjorie Fleming fed upon. This change in the power of fiction may be true in regard to the people of the cities, whose lives are crowded with a variety of interests, and whose desire for change and new experience is constantly gratified. They live more in realities than in imagination, and ideal heroes seldom wield the mighty influence of a vital character whom the reader loves or hates. The case is far different in the country, however, where books are few, time is long, and distracting events 1895.) 11 THE DIAL are rare. a When a new book comes to a household the arouses thrills of enthusiasm for chivalry and adven- highest evidence of noble generosity consists in letting ture, that George Eliot's inost earnest teaching finds its others have it first. Among the children, when this un- deepest influence, that Kipling and Stevenson meet the selfish spirit does not exist, the new story will cause un- most genuine wonder, and that Howells's portraits of limited dissension. Walter Scott was not the only boy human nature are the most absorbing studies. whom the dinner-bell could not draw from his unfin- FAxxy Bates. ished story. I know a set of volumes of Scott's own, calf-bound but tattered through much use, which have rendered a number of boys and girls, for the time of reading, unconscious of hunger, heat, or cold. Neither pangs of conscience for work neglected, nor anticipa- JAMES DYKES CAMPBELL. tions of coming reproof, could break or even mar the James Dykes Campbell, born November 2, 1838, charm of the romance. died at Tunbridge Wells on the first of June, 1895. To It was a country girl who, having exhausted the oil the general reader, his name means little; but to the in her lamp, and fearing she would be sent to bed if student of English literature he was known as the first she sought another, finished her book by the fickering of authorities on Coleridge, as well as on the whole and interrupted light of a box of matches, lit one by period of which that poet was a chief ornament. His one. Nor is it only boys and girls of whom this state “Life of Coleridge” is so much the best biography of of affairs is true; hard-working, white-haired men and its subject that all others count for nothing in the com- women, if they read at all, do it with an intensity of in- parison. The same high praise must be given to his terest amounting to intemperance. I once heard a prac- annotated edition of the “ Poems." We select a few tical busy mother decline a book offered her by a neigh- passages from the tributes evoked by his death. Mr. bor, saying, “ No, I must ’nt take it; I am as fond of Arthur Symons writes : “ Few men so widely and so my children as the next one, but novels almost make me profoundly gifted have ever subordinated themselves so hate them when they wont give me a chance to read.” completely to the most thankless of literary duties, and To lend one's books is held to be the most neighborly to the helpfulness of a disinterested literary conscience. act of kindness, and not to do so an evidence of the Never professing to be a scholar, he gave his life to the most unforgivable meanness. The same books are usu- drudgery of a minute, and for the most part unrecog- ally read by all the families of the community, and the nized, literary scholarship. He desired no fame, sought characters and incidents in the story become a general for no rewards, allowed himself no privileges but the conversational fund. They are not valued as a means passionate satisfaction of an absolute exactitude. Peo- for keeping the social ball rolling, but are of vital in- ple who wrote books on any of the subjects in which he terest in themselves. The men and women of real life took especial interest came to him with their proof- are measured by the characters in fiction; and, indeed, sheets, and he re-wrote their books for them. No name theories of life are largely influenced by the fiction read is so frequently referred to with gratitude at the end in the neighborhood. of prefaces, but few are aware how much is meant by Two young men in the neighborhood that I have in these acknowledgements of help received. He was mind were ploughing in adjacent fields, and chanced to Quixotic in his disinterestedness; and as truly as it may reach the end of their furrows at the same time, with be said that he devoted his life to an ideal of scholar- only the fence between them. After the exchange of ship, so truly may it be said that he devoted his life to greetings, the hero of the motel fast read became the an ideal of friendship.”. subject of remark as naturally as the last man talked Canon Ainger has this to say of the “Life”: “It is with would have been to men of the city stopping for but little to say that it is the best life of Coleridge yet a chat. Not minutes, but hours, these two young written. It is far more than this. It aimed for the ploughmen sat on a rail fence talking over the good and first time at estimating a character of extraordinary the bad, the sad and the humorous elements of the complexity, of exceptional strength and exceptional book. The characters and episodes existed in their weakness, with its high ambitions and its piteous fail- imagination with all the reality of actual life. When ures--a task that might well baffle the profoundest stu- they returned to their work they made up for their dent of human nature. His treatment of his subject neglect by trudging many a weary mile after the usual formed no doubtful clue to the native goodness of heart hour for stopping came, but they did not consider that and generosity of Dykes Campbell. The plea for a time lost which was spent in fellowship with their ficti- kindly judgment of the character of Coleridge, as tious friends. summed up in the final words of the biography, is not A writer may be read by city people because it is the only one of the most eloquent and pathetic pieces of thing to do, or for critical purposes; but country read- criticism given to the world in our generation, but will ers are his real test of power to move the human heart. live in the hearts of all who knew the writer as a sure They have no motive for reading other than interest, index of the gentle and truth-loving nature that has and no standard of criticism besides individual taste. been so early removed from among them.” They are generous in their liking, and frank in declar- And Sir Walter Besant makes these observations ing a book worthless or vicious, regardless as to whether about the quality of his work: “Never was a book writ- the author's name is well known or not. ten which afforded the writer greater pleasure. For the Undoubtedly, the indebtedness of country people to production of such books we want more such men. fiction for supplying needed variety and excitement to There is no money to be got from them. Their com- minds otherwise satiated with uneventful monotony, is mercial value is little indeed compared with the time, very great; but that of the author is fully as great to and the labor, and the cost of producing them. Few the people who give his creations the most ardent re- men, therefore, can afford to engage upon such books. ception. It is in the country that Dickens calls forth But the reward is great to those who can and will afford the most spontaneous laughter and tears, that Scott the unpaid labor." a 12 (July 1, THE DIAL The New Books. which does him credit, at a time when so many of his Congressional associates were lost in the fog. This subject, however, has been far more A CONGRESSMAN'S RECOLLECTIONS OF fully dealt with in other publications, and no WAR TIMES.* new views are given. Mr. Riddle quotes from The close of our Civil War has been fol- the debates in the House in January and Feb- lowed by a dispensation of political and mili- ruary, 1862, on the slavery question, and a very tary reminiscences. These have been abun- radical speech of his own is given, on a propo- dantly served up in biographies and autobiog- sition offered by Mr. Lovejoy for the prohibi- raphies, in magazines and newspapers, and in tion of slavery in all places within the juris- popular lectures. Ex-Congressman Riddle, in diction of the national government. A little the preface to his volume of “ Recollections of later, the bill for the abolition of slavery in the War Times," says: “The war — its policies, District of Columbia gave rise to a more gen- incidents, and men - its struggles, sufferings, eral and thorough discussion of the question and losses — its horrors, adventures, and tri- in both houses, and Mr. Riddle gives copious umphs—has been written up, dwelt upon, dis- extracts from the debates in the Senate and cussed, and talked over, in public and private, his own speech on the question when the bill till he is a brave or a reckless man who ven- reached the House. But the whole subject has tures now to challenge public attention to any. received such manifold treatment in our anti- thing further he may have to offer on that slavery literature since the war that his frag- topic.” He thinks, however, that a history of mentary chapters relating to it can scarcely be the Thirty - seventh and Thirty-eighth Con- regarded as responsive to any popular demand. gresses and their legislation, especially of the The real interest of the book will be found Thirty-seventh, is called for ; and says “ he has in its personal reminiscences. It abounds in long meditated something like a memoir, which incidents, and these are set forth with anima- he finally submits, not without misgiving. tion. Mr. Riddle sees vividly, and he knows Mr. Riddle has not overstated the difficul- how to depict what he sees. His description ties of his task, and his complete success in of Washington before the war is singularly performing it would evidently have been a sur- graphic, and will be especially entertaining to prise to himself. As a history, his work lacks those who are familiar with the beautiful and unity and coherence. It is too scrappy and queenly city of to-day. . miscellaneous. Of the forty-seven chapters “ It was then as unattractive, straggling, sodden a into which his three hundred and forty-three town, wandering up and down the left bank of the pages are divided, several might properly have yellow Potomac, as the fancy can sketch. Pennsylvania been omitted as trivial or unimportant. Others avenue, twelve rods wide, stretched drearily over the deal with matters which scarcely belong to the mile between the unfinished Capitol and the unfinished Treasury building on Fifteenth street, west, where it story of the war,—such as the detailed account, turned north for a square, and took its melancholy way given in Chapter Fifteen, of two contested elec- to Georgetown, across the really once very beautiful tion cases, including copious extracts from the Rock Creek. Illy paved with cobblestones, it was the speeches of members upon legal points of no only paved street of the town. The other streets, which were long stretches of mud or deserts of dust and sand, present interest; and Chapter Twenty-nine, in with here and there clumps of poorly built residences which the subject of ship canals is introduced, with long gaps between them, passing little deserts of and a clever speech of Mr. Riddle on the sub- open lands, where their lines were lost, wandered from ject, which he had leave to print, is given in the highlands north towards the Potomac, and from the eastern branch (Anacosta) to Rock Creek. Not a sewer full. blessed the town, nor off of Pennsylvania avenue was In dealing with military affairs he correctly there a paved gutter. Each house had an open drain states the strength and disposition of our forces from its rear out across the sidewalk. As may be sup- at different times during the war, and shows posed, the capital of the Republic had more mal-odors himself to have been an interested student of than the poet Coleridge ascribed to ancient Cologne. There was then the open canal, or branch of the Chesa- army movements. He deals with the financial peake and Obio, from Rock Creek to Anacosta, breed- policy of the government more fully, giving ing malaria, tadpoles , and mosquitoes. The Tiber of liberal extracts from the debates in Congress to-day, ancient Goose Creek,' stagnated from the high- on the subject, including a speech of his own, lands, through the Botanic Gardens, and Slush Run overflowed the northwest wastes of the swampy city * RECOLLECTIONS OF WAR TIMES. Reminiscences of Men plat.” and Events in Washington, 1860-1865. . By Albert Gallatin Riddle. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Mr. Riddle gives a vivid account of his ex- 1895.] 13 THE DIAL perience at the first battle of Bull Run, which Among the best things in Mr. Riddle's book he visited with several other civilians, and of is his picture of McClellan on his first arrival the panic which took complete possession of in Washington and in the day of his glory. our troops. In a letter to his wife he gave a McClellan's coming to the capital was like the ad- free off-hand sketch of the affair as it came vent of a beneficent prince. We awoke one morning to within his personal observation ; and this let- find the streets, the city, serenely free of the wander- ing gangs of brass and blue. They had all disappeared ter, falling into the hands of his political ene- in a night. In his presence order and quietude at once mies, had the effect of suddenly bringing to an found themselves everywhere established. As by a end his Congressional career. It was badly potent magic, obedience, discipline, neatness, and the garbled and misrepresented, and afterwards air military, ruled the camps to which the soldiers were became so complicated with the patronage of confined ; the awkward citizen began to assume the the district and the malignity of his foes that bearing of a soldier, preparing to take his place in the his friends thought his life was in danger. He brigade, division, and army corps. Never had we a was burned in effigy, and the popular madness superior organizer, with the skill to turn out the com- became quite irresistible. He quietly accepted pleted regiment. Had his enterprise, his dash, his élan, and his tactics in the field, equalled his art as a con- the inevitable, but kept up his active interest structor and artificer of soldiers, his genius would have in public affairs during the war, while resum- approached some of the renowned commanders of his- ing his professional labors. Referring to his tory. Coming as he did to the President's aid to relieve retirement, in the thirty-first chapter, Mr. Rid- him of the chaos of his capital, no wonder he won his heart and confidence. Simple and modest then, he dle gives this estimate of Congressional life: adopted no style, no full dress, plumes, and bullion, no “ I had at least escaped the personal injury of long glittering staff and parade — at the first not even a service in the House. No man has ever served through shoulder-strap. We saw him on the avenue, a simple three Congresses and returned healthfully to take up soldier, without any mark or insignia — alone, hurrying his old life and pursuits. No matter how innocent and on, few knowing his person.” regular may be a man's life and habits in Washington, his mind does not escape the kind of dissipation that Mr. Riddle is not less graphic in other per- in a way unfits it for the ordinary pursuits of life. If sonal descriptions. In referring to Thaddeus his career has been passably successful, he has a scrap- Stevens, he says: book filled with newspaper laudations and criticism, twenty or forty volumes of the Globe, innumerable pub- “Stevens was not an economist, and by temper not a lic documents, and a general disgust and unfitness for leader, but a driver — bitter, quick as electricity, with ordinary useful avocation. His profession is a sarcastic, blasting wit. He most frequently answered his gone, wife is dwarfed by years of neglect, his children are an honest inquirer for information with a dash of vit- strangers, and he comes to loathe the “Honorable' riol in the face. Shurt as he stood, with his large head that men prefix to his name,— the only emolument he covered with a long-haired wig; broad-shouldered, he has acquired save personal and political animosities and usually was standing when he discharged his burning, alienated friends." gall-tipped shafts, which he jerked out in an unpleasant voice, and immediately limped off on his short, club- This is one side only, and the dark side, of footed leg." the picture. Legislative experience can only Mr. Riddle was warmly attached to Lincoln, be had by a continuous service, and the exam- though he sometimes criticised his policy, as did ple of such men as John Quincy Adams and a large majority of members of both Houses. Joshua R. Giddings shows that political fame In speaking of his first inaugural address, he and great public usefulness are sometimes its ripe fruit. It also sometimes happens that a says: “Never was there a more persuasive speaker. His man's professional life is successfully resumed quaint logic, and taking, unaccustomed ways, were ab- after an honorable service in Congress. This solutely irresistible. His vocabulary was limited; he must depend upon the man himself ; nor is there used mainly the simple words one learns in childhood, any necessity for neglecting his wife or making which are always the most serviceable, and which ar- strangers of his children. If these things hap- thought with certainty and force to the minds to which range themselves easily, delivering their burden of pen it is not the long service but the moral they are addressed. Perhaps there was never a more qualities of the official which account for them. immediately effective address delivered to men than this Mr. Riddle's view is too doleful. Our national quaint, masterly performance, an impression only deep- legislation affords opportunities for great use- ened by after-study and reflection. It was in many respects the greatest service to his country of any single fulness and honor, and the patriotic ardor of labor of Mr. Lincoln's. As a forensic effort it was as our young men should be animated by courage effective as that delivered at the Gettysburg — that was and faith rather than chilled by despair. Even to be.” the interests of home and family are sometimes In referring to the question of Reconstruc- to be subordinated to the paramount claims of tion, our author says: the State. “So entirely had Mr. Lincoln won the heart and soul 14 [July 1, THE DIAL a new of the masses, that the common mind accepted his de- with Piazzi Smyth's mysticism about the Great cision as right in all cases, beyond criticism or cavil. Pyramid, or Mr. Donnelly's cryptogramic ex- One of the gravest of all the problems springing from secession was the reconstruction of the Republic. Un- posure of the impostor Shakespeare. In 1869, questionably the President was wrong both as to the the recent discovery of six letters of Defoe in depository of the power and the best method of recon- the State Paper Office was the occasion of Wil- struction. Yet we have seen that the people stood as liam Lee's elaborate three-volume work, “The one with him, and denounced the before-ever-trusted Life and Newly Discovered Writings of Daniel Wade; Ohio repudiated him, and the brilliant Winter Davis had to leave Congress. What would have been Defoe." In 1879, Mr. William Minto con- the result had Lincoln lived ?" tributed to the English Men of Letters" Mr. Riddle speaks kindly of the old anti- series a compact and well-proportioned memoir slavery leaders, with the single exception of of Defoe. And now comes Mr. Thomas Wright, Charles Sumner; and his inexcusable fling at the principal of the Cowper School at Olney, him can harm nobody but Mr. Riddle himself. and offers, in the substantial octavo before us, He also does injustice to Sumner in according - Life of Daniel Defoe." to Seward the great honor of averting the peril first, in the author's belief that with the person- The raison d' être of the book may be found, “ when the fact is that Seward blundered, and ality of no eminent man of letters of the seven- Sumner came to the rescue by placing the sur- teenth and eighteenth centuries is the public render of Mason and Slidell on the only ground less familiar than with that of Daniel Defoe"; which could have pacified England. second, in his desire to paint the man Daniel Mr. Riddle's admiration for Secretary Stan- Defoe "; third, in his theory that “ Robinson ton was absolutely unbounded, and perhaps the Crusoe ” was in all respects a carefully-worked- finest thing in the book is his address before out allegory of Defoe's own life ; fourth, in his the Washington Bar, on the 3d of January, wish to bring out the fact that “ Defoe was 1870, in commemoration of Stanton's death, above all things — that it was his endeavor to To which is printed in the Appendix. The tribute be above all things — the man of God." is as beautiful as it is just. establish these theses, and at the same time to GEORGE W. JULIAN. write an unwarped and straightforward biog- raphy of his hero, was certainly a task which made complex demands on the controversial and narrative powers of the writer. NEW PRESENTMENTS OF DEFOE.* We cannot say that Mr. Wright has alto- The interest in the personality of the author gether happily discharged what has evidently of Robinson Crusoe been to him a labor of love. The mystery seems to be perennial ; which Daniel Defoe liked to throw around his and it culminates periodically in a new biogra- private life has baffled the acutest and most phy. It is one hundred and sixty-four years since Daniel Defoe uttered his last devout Te patient of his biographers ; and will not yield Deum laudamus and was laid to rest in his to persistence at this late day. The parallel- native parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate ; and ism between Defoe and Crusoe may be conceded to this extent: that Defoe, like his hero, lived since that time some six lives of him have ap- peared. The first of his biographers was the for many years alone in his island, led “ a life Scottish antiquary, George Chalmers, whose of wonders, in continual storms, fought with the worst kind of savages and man-eaters, by “ Life of Defoe was published in 1786. Walter Wilson’s “Life” (1830) was thorough miracles greater than that of ravens ; suffered unaccountable surprizing incidents ; fed by and painstaking, and had the distinction of all manner of violences and oppressions, in- being enriched with prolegomena by Charles Lamb. William Chadwick’s “ Life” (1859) of devils, corrections from heaven, and opposi- jurious reproaches, contempt by men, attacks may fairly rank, as a curiosity of literature, tions on earth." His long life of more than * THE LIFE OF DANIEL DEFOE. By Thomas Wright. New seventy years was passed in a whirl of contro- York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Co. versy, denunciation of abuses, advocacy of re- ROMANCES AND NARRATIVES BY DANIEL DEFOE. Edited by George A. Aitken. In sixteen volumes. With Illustra- forms far in advance of his generation, social tions by J. B. Yeats. London: J. M. Dent & Co. (Mac- and religious advice to parents, children, and millan & Co., New York.) servants; and all the time, like a true journal- HISTORY OF THE PLAGUE IN LONDON. By Daniel Defoe. ("Eclectic English Classics” Series). New York: American ist, he kept his private life perdu. He had no Book Co. Boswell, nor even a Friday, to share his hopes 1895.] 15 THE DIAL 2 and opinions. From his own family he seems to vivacity, will scarcely displace the more digni. have held himself often aloof: in all his volumi. fied work of Mr. Lee or the memoir by Mr. nous writings there is scarce a reference to his Minto. Defoe, to our mind, remains very much brothers or his wife. It was not to be expected of a riddle. The estimates of his character that much new light could be thrown on such have ranged all the way from calling him an a life as this ; and Mr. Wright has hardly ful- arch-liar and the prince of spies and turn-coats, filled the large promise of his preface. The to Mr. Wright's " the man of God." We turn business failures of Defoe, his frequent disap- away perplexed, and can only be sure that in pearances and reappearances, the publicity of him the elements were mixed. Yet, like that the pillory, and the seclusion of Newgate, are other noble nature, he was, we believe, “a man all scrutinized with eager care; but the net more sinn'd against than sinning "; and if we result is disappointing. must formulate a sentence, we will fall back Mr. Wright's style leaves much to be de- on Macaulay's summing-up of the great Tory sired. In his preface, he airily characterizes Doctor, who was, like Defoe, buffeted by for- the works of his predecessors—Chalmers, Wil- tune for many busy, weary years ; and will pro- son, Chadwick, and Lee-as " valuable works, nounce him “both a great and a good man.' all of them, but as dry as the very Sahara.” Dr. Johnson probably considered Defoe the With a laudable desire to avoid this aridity for man a “sad dog of a Whig”; but for the author his book, he has plentifully ornamented his of “ The Life and Strange Surprizing Adven- pages with strange and uncanny flowers of tures of Robinson Crusoe” he reserved his speech, and evinces an almost nervous fear of choicest praise, bracketing that classic with seeming dignified or serious, which is very vex- “The Pilgrim's Progress" and "Don Quixote" atious to judicious readers. De Quincey loved as the only three books which their readers to masquerade in slang, and defaced with it would wish longer. Generations of children his best critical work; and Mr. Wright should of all ages have confessed its unique charm,- have taken warning from so conspicuous an have struggled through the surf with the hero, example. Much was forgiven to the Opium- have peered horror-stricken over his shoulders eater, for various reasons, -a lenity which other at the gleaming eyes in the cave, and have writers can hardly claim. Nobody but a pro- shared that thrill which ran up and down his fessed humorist could expect indulgence for spine when "it happened one day, about noon, such colloquialisms as “the inquirer finds him going towards my boat, I was exceedingly sur- self in clover” (p. 3), “ a rare tussle” (p. 12), prized with the print of a man's naked foot on ** would puzzle a Dutchman” (p. 38), “what “ what the shore, which was very plain to be seen in on earth use” (p. 85), “ that in all conscience the sand.” Mr. George A. Aitken has long was delicious enough, but now comes the coat- been known as a close and sympathetic student ing of almonds” (p. 133), “while they were of Defoe; and his name as the editor of a new swearing blue murder, he was either as cool as edition of the “ Romances and Narratives " will a cucumber or as merry as a grig” (p. 226), command popular interest in advance. Of the “ riled them ” (ibid.). It is not thus that per- sixteen volumes that will comprise the series, manent literature is made. The types have the first three are given to the Crusoe tales, gone wrong on pages 42, 79, 149, 188, 254 ; “ Adventures," “ Farther Adventures," and and there are one or two oddities like “ vitu- “Serious Reflections.” Of these it may be said perised” (p. 227). The book is handsomely that the Farther Adventures " and the Seri- printed and fully illustrated. All the famous ous Reflections” fairly deserve the neglect which portraits of Defoe are reproduced ; and the im- they share with the later cantos of " The Faerie agination is stirred by fac-simile reprints of the Queene.” When Crusoe's island was peopled, frontispiece and title-page of the first editions the charm was broken ; and after drawing the of " Robinson Crusoe," " Roxana,” and “ Jack inevitable long breath, we begin to yawn and Sheppard." There is an appropriate dedica- turn the pages listlessly. We are fascinated by tion to Mr. Aitken, a series of four appendices, the isolation, the make-shifts, the homely de- a complete chronological list of the 254 writ- tail, even the iteration and amorphous style of ings of Defoe given by Mr. Lee (with two alter the autobiographic hermit; but we are only ations), and a good index. On the whole, Mr. bored when the curtain falls on his loneliness, Wright has given us an entertaining narrative, and rises on commonplace dealings with other and established one or two new facts; but his men and women. But Mr. Aitken has, of course, book, with its hobbies and its strained air of felt the necessity of giving his author in com- 16 [July 1, THE DIAL A very plete form; and we must admire the dainty birds ? can at last be answered with entire satis- setting which he and his publishers have given faction. Hitherto, no one work could be named to the classic. The little volumes are exquis- which would furnish the inquirer adequate in- itely printed and bound, and chastely, though formation in just the form desired. The ornith- not lavishly, illustrated by Mr. Yeats. The ologies extant were too costly and bulky, or too frontispiece of the first volume is an etched re- limited or local in scope, to suit the popular production of the “ looking-over-shoulder ” por- need. Now, in response, it would appear, to trait of Defoe, prefixed to the first edition of a general demand, several treatises are simul- “ The True-born Englishman.” An attractive taneously produced which answer every require- feature is the printing of Defoe's coat-of-arms, ment of the beginner, either one serving as a with its motto “Laudatur et alget,” on the sec- complete and convenient guide to an introduc- ond page of the cover, to serve as a book-plate tory acquaintance with our native birds. At for the purchaser. Mr. Aitken contributes an their head, the “ Handbook of the Birds of admirable general introduction, which in our Eastern North America," by Mr. Frank M. judgment is simply the most satisfactory short Chapman, must be placed without reserve. It memoir of Defoe that we have seen: it neither is a model work of its kind. In size, cost, and shirks, excuses, nor abuses. contents, it gives equal satisfaction. The American Book Company is doing a large amount of matter is packed into the mi- good educational work in its " Eclectic Englishnutest compass. Not a word is wasted; and, Classics " series ; and in selecting " The His- we might add, not a fact is omitted — not an tory of the Plague” to represent Defoe, it has essential fact, at least, so carefully selected and made an excellent choice. Of all the prolific condensed is the information afforded. The Daniel's two hundred and fifty-odd works, none work begins with a few preliminary chapters better exhibits his most striking features of in which the student is instructed in the proper style. The minute detail, the irresistible veri- methods of out-door observation and of collect- similitude, the awful realism, are all there, and ing and preserving birds and nests and eggs. almost persuade us that he saw all that he de- In the course of these directions much impor- scribes, in spite of our knowledge that he was tant and fresh knowledge is conveyed concern- a boy—though a precocious one-of five, when ing the general habits of birds, their migrations, the pestilence was raging. The introductory The introductory their economic value in relation to agriculture, sketch is so distinctly unfavorable in its esti- their special nesting time, and their summer mate of Defoe's character and literary merit, and winter haunts in varied localities. An as to give pupils a very incorrect idea of his original system of classification is next pro- rank in literature. If he was only the shrewd, vided, by which the novice may readily identify unscrupulous journalist that this editor makes any bird in the fauna east of the Rocky moun- him out, it is difficult to see how a place could tains. The body of the book is given to brief be found for him in the “ Eclectic English biographies of the birds, including over five Classics." The introduction is well written, hundred, arranged in their respective orders but seriously prejudices the reception of the and families. Here, as elsewhere, there is the masterpiece which follows it. utmost condensation consistent with clear and JOSIAH RENICK SMITH. comprehensive description. Often the resources of Mr. Chapman's own richly-stocked note- books are drawn upon, and often he takes from the stores of other competent observers the ma- BOOKS ABOUT BIRDS.* terial for a vivid and authentic portrait. Noth- The oft-repeated question, What text-book ing has been neglected in the structure of the shall one get who wishes to know about our work, and one can but applaud the masterly manner in which its scheme has been carried * HANDBOOK OF BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. By Frank M. Chapman. New York: D. Appleton & Co. out. The series of plates and of figures inter- BIRDCRAFT. By Mabel Osgood Wright. New York: Mac- spersed through the text are of the highest millan & Co. artistic excellence, adding that touch of grace, THE BIRDS' CALENDAR, By H. E. Parkhurst. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. that gleam of intelligence, which good illustra- SUMMER STUDIES OF BIRDS AND Books. By W. Warde tions always afford. Fowler, author of " A Year with the Birds,'' etc. New York: Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright merits much Macmillan & Co. Pocket GUIDE TO THE COMMON LAND BIRDS OF NEW praise for her generous efforts to excite an in- ENGLAND. By M. A. Willcox. Boston: Lee & Shepard. terest in the charming creatures privileged to 1895.] 17 THE DIAL spend their lives just under the skies. A sec- detailed account of the author's study of wild ond volume from her hand, under the pretty bird-life during a single year, that of 1893. title of “ Birdcraft,” follows quite in the line The field chosen for his investigations was lim- of Mr. Chapman's “ Handbook," but with less ited almost exclusively to “The Ramble" in Cen. claim in its contents to scientific method and tral Park, New York, a space covering about fulness of accurate detail. Mrs. Wright writes one-sixteenth of a square mile only, and includ. more as an amateur, yet with a winning en- ing, with its bit of water, very little variety in thusiasm and an impressive knowledge resting the surface of the bush and wooded land. But properly upon personal observation. She makes within this restricted area, in the fragments of the most of a residence in an extensive garden leisure left from more serious occupations, the which offers enticing haunts for a great variety observer was able to catch glimpses, and in some of birds. With these continually under her cases to make a considerable examination of the eye, she has special advantages for original habits and characteristics, of over ninety differ- and gratifying studies. Think of twenty pairs ent species of birds, in the course of the twelve- of house wrens making their home round about month. Beginning with January, the sterner one's dwelling in a single season ; and four period of the winter, Mr. Parkhurst made pairs of red-eyed vireos with a corresponding frequent visits to the woods and by-paths of multitude of delightful songsters to keep them “The Ramble," searching with keen and cau- company! What a chorus of bird-music must tious movement for any flitting thing in feathers roll out from every green nook and canopy; that might come within range of sound or sight. what flashing of bird wings of every tinge of It was apparently the pastime of an amateur, color; and what revelations of delightful bird- but pursued in the true naturalist's spirit, with mysteries must continually appeal to the intel diligent and patient exactitude. His aim was ligent observer! It is well that in such a bird to collect facts and facts only, as many and se- paradise a bird-lover has the good fortune to lect as possible, and, noting them down without abide. In Mrs. Wright's book there is a sim-embellishment, to connect and interpret them ple key to the birds, based upon their color, clearly and intelligently. His narrative is ex- which will afford excellent help to the begin. panded by additional matter gleaned from au- ner in the identification of any male specimen thoritative sources, and the result is a really in spring plumage. There are also colored fresh and useful contribution to the literature plates of one hundred and twenty-eight of our of American ornithology. The book will sur- common species. It is not to be expected that prise many a reader by showing how much in- these should be perfect in tint, but they give a terest and animation birds lend to nature in fair idea of the distinctive markings of each even the baldest and dreariest season of the bird, and serve a better purpose than figures year. By its chronological order it performs in pure black and white. The author's attempts an equal service in helping one to associate at rendering the songs of birds in the English the various phenomena of bird life, migration, vernacular is necessarily a failure. The birds song, nesting, molting, and so on, with the un- may speak to us in a language we can perfectly folding panorama of the seasons. Though most understand, but no one of us can act as an in- painstaking and careful in his work, Mr. Park- terpreter for another. To each sympathetic ear hurst has left a few trifling errors for future their voices address a distinctive word that correction. There are three warblers, he will harmonizes with the mood and temperament. find, instead of one, which are to be met with It will mean the same to no two persons. To during winter in our Northern States. The reduce any bird-song to human speech is piti- house wren, contrary to his statement on page lessly to vulgarize it. “Songs without Words” 158, is fully entitled to its familiar name, be- appeal to the imagination, and suggest thoughts ing strongly inclined to nest in the vicinity of boundless as infinity. In the brief sketch human dwellings ; while the winter wren con- given to each of two hundred separate species, fines itself to secluded places. Lastly, it must Mrs. Wright has often a pleasing anecdote or have happened to him, ere this writing, to hear comment to insert, which comes directly from the robin, the wren, the meadow lark, and her experience, and adds a new and valuable many another ecstatic bird, sing on the ground, item to our accumulations in birdcraft. disproving his too hasty deduction that contact A welcome accession to the library of the with the earth throws a mute spell over these ornithologist is the volume entitled “The Birds' delicious musicians. 66 The Birds' Calendar" Calendar," by Mr. H. E. Parkhurst. It is a is illustrated with twenty-four full-page photo- 18 [July 1, THE DIAL graphs of stuffed specimens, which, mounted reader to our common birds, and this it hap- by expert taxidermatists, simulate life as per- pily accomplishes with respect to eighty-seven fectly perhaps as they can be made to do. Yet, species--no inconsiderable number. After one looking at them, we are forced to quote Mr. has profited by all the little volume has to give, Parkhurst's own remark, that “ There is some- there will be a really large amount of knowl- thing depressing, almost melancholy, in these edge acquired, and the best preparation made dead and withered specimens, ... when one for more advanced treatises. It is an admir- has seen their living joyous confreres in their able book to put in the hands of the young, native haunts." being quite within their grasp, and replete with It is interesting to note how the fascinations judicious and attractive information. An in- of nature will take hold of the strongest and genious Key, founded upon color, as in Mrs. most cultivated minds. It is the sensitive and Wright's volume, enables the student at the enthusiastic temperament, of course, which outset to name his bird. This is supplemented yields most quickly and completely to the by a series of short and well-written biographies, beauty and wonder pervading our universe ; to which are appended, in many cases, refer- yet few are so stolid as not to confess their pow- ences to books and periodicals in which a more erful charm when once it has touched the inner complete description of the bird may be found. vision. Such thoughts occur on opening the During his service as professor of zoology at collection of Summer Studies of Birds and Vassar College, Mr. Willcox has gained a skill Books," by Mr. W. Warde Fowler. Here is in teaching which enables him to present his a grave and serious Oxford man frankly rank- subject in an unusually plain, succinct, and yet ing himself among the passionate lovers of rounded manner. SARA A. HUBBARD. “ His best of harmless beings, the marvellous creatures endowed with flight and song." He will make nothing of going to the remotest RECENT FICTION.* point in Europe to make the acquaintance of some rare species, to hear its unaccustomed We are almost inclined to think that Chicago melody or discover the secrets of its domestic has found what Carlyle would have called a Voice. life; and nothing will so thrill his soul with When Mr. Henry Fuller abandoned the fascinating society of the European chevaliers and chatelaines of delight as some new experience that can add to his already intimate knowledge of the birds ing-clerks and " lunch-counter” girls, the self-made his airy imagination, and turned instead to the bank- of his continent. Genuine interest and affec- men and “social leaders” of his native city, it was tion are captivating traits, and make a pleasant a descent, indeed, from the plane of poetry to the companion of almost anyone; and such we lower plane of prose. Yet the change of base seems find Mr. Fowler, especially in his long and sug- * WITH THE PROCESSION. A Novel. By Henry B. Fuller. gestive talk about the songs of birds,— their New York: Harper & Bros. origin, variety, exquisite finish, and mode of THE STORY OF CHRISTINE ROCHEFORT. By Helen Choate delivery; and also in his lecture on the great Prince. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. THE ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN HORN. By Frank R. work of Aristotle in the province of natural Stockton, New York : Charles Scribner's Sons. history, and his astonishingly wide and close HEART OF THE WORLD. By H. Rider Haggard. New observation of the birds of Greece. Mr. Fow. York : Longmans, Green, & Co. ler's book is composed of lectures and papers THE JEWEL OF Ynys GALON. By Owen Rhoscomyl. New York : Longmans, Green, & Co. which have grown out of his open-air studies THE MASTER. A Novel. By I. Zangwill. New York : in England, Wales, and Switzerland, and have Harper & Bros. had in many cases previous publication. All CHILDREN OF THE SOIL. By Henryk Sienkiewicz. Trans- lated from the Polish by Jeremiah Curtin. Boston: Little, save one relate to the same subject, and that Brown, & Co. one is a feeling memoir of an old friend, a fa- MAJESTY. A Novel. By Louis Couperus. Translated vorite fox-terrier whose noble traits earned the by A. Teixeira de Mattos and Ernest Dowson. New York: D. Appleton & Co. lasting regard of his master. THE GRANDEE. A Novel By Armando Palacio Valdés. “ The Pocket Guide to the Common Land New York: George Gottsberger Peck. Birds of New England,” by Mr. M. A. Will- MELTING SNOWs. By Prince Schoenaich-Carolath. Trans- lated into English by Margaret Symonds. New York: Dodd, cox, has decided virtues to commend it. First, Mead, & Co. its portable proportions, exactly fitted to the A MADONNA OF THE ALPs. Translated from the German pocket; next, its agreeable style and simple con- of B. Schulze-Smidt, by Nathan Haskell Dole. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. struction ; and lastly, its trustworthiness. It The Wish. A Novel. By Hermann Sudermann. Trans- does not pretend to do more than introduce the lated by Lily Henkel. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1895.] 19 THE DIAL to us to have been a fortunate one, for, after all, are its chief theme. Mrs. Prince's envisagement Arcopia and La Trinité are regions whereof anyone of the problem of socialism is not open to serious may write more or less intelligently ; whereas Chi- criticism, and her standpoint is that of sobriety ; but cago has been heretofore the most virgin of literary she decidedly oversteps the line between fiction- soil. Moreover, in taking for his theme the tumult- writing and economic discussion when she repro- uous and strident civilization of the great Lake- duces almost in full the speeches made at the labor- side City, Mr. Fuller has planted himself upon the meeting which has so determining an influence upon solid ground of reality. To every writer of fiction the fortunes of her leading characters. there comes the urgent appeal of the here and the The Treasure of the Incas has fired the imag- now” for artistic expression ; and to neglect this ination of many a romancer before now, and we appeal for sake of the romantic charm attaching to are not surprised to find it once more pressed into the remote must be, for all the vagueness of outline service. But it is a little astonishing to discover in and iridescent coloring of “far-off things,” rather the latest poacher upon the preserves of Mr. Rider a confession of weakness than a sign of strength. Haggard and the rest no less incongruous a person Besides, we cannot escape the impression, warranted than Mr. Stockton. In penning “ The Adventures of as it seems to be by “The Cliff Dwellers” and “With Captain Horn ” the author has indeed, as the adver- the Procession,” that their author has decided to tisements say, written in “ a new vein.” The essen- reculer pour mieux sauter, which is nearly always tial whimsicality of his work, whatever his theme, a wise thing to do. That he will “ go far” upon certainly gives piquancy to the tale, and goes far his new path is not an improbable prediction, in view to justify the use of his extremely threadbare mate- of the distinct advance indicated by the second novel rial. The Rackbirds alone are worth reading the in comparison with the first. “With the Procession” book for, to say nothing of the estimable Mrs. Cliff exhibits, with what may fairly be called an extra- and her Californian blankets. The story of the ordinary talent, the life of the city in which the ac- finding of the treasure, and of its removal, would tion is placed — not the external life as the painter be more thrilling if we did not feel all the time that would view it so much as the inner life, the ambi- the narrator is laughing in his sleeve. But the in- tions and the ideals, the sympathies and the points genuity of invention displayed, and the frequent re- of view, the crudities and the maladjustments, pro- currence of the unexpected, keep the reader's atten- ducing so bizarre an impression upon the objective tion alert, and carry him safely through a concatena- spectator, who perceives dimly that some sort of a tion of episodes which, if taken too seriously, would | distinctive civic type is struggling to emerge from probably be found merely dull. the chaotic mass, but who cannot for the life of him The unregenerate reader of adventure-crammed prefigure the type. Mr. Fuller, certainly, has not romance, however, does not enjoy the suspicion that prefigured it, but he has viewed the seething pro- sport is being made of him, and demands that his cess of development with a degree of insight that story-tellers should take their tales as seriously as no other novelist has brought to the task, and felic- he himself is disposed to take them while under ities of acute observation confront us from every their spell. We fancy that such unregenerates will page of the book. There is certainly an over-insist-prefer the naive imaginings of Mr. Rider Haggard to the obviously sophisticated imaginings of Mr. Stock- certain that there exist other and more agreeable ton. As for the regenerate, we need not consider sorts of Chicagoans than those here delineated. But their feelings at all in the matter, for such of their then, there were other sorts of Londoners than those spokesmen as Mr. Howells and Mr. Boyesen have to whom Dickens and even Thackeray introduced repeatedly informed us that their contempt and us, which does not make our gratitude toward those their scorn are catholic enough to embrace the whole novelists any the less. It is only a ludicrous hy- range of imaginative romance, from Mr. Haggard persensitiveness that could blame Mr. Fuller for to Robert Louis Stevenson. Mr. Haggard's “ Heart having made his own selection of characters. Those of the World,” like Mr. Stockton's tale of adven- whom he has chosen to present to us offer enough ture, deals with a hidden treasure — this time the variety to make interesting the story of their rela- treasure of the Montezumas, not of the Incas. tions, and every one of them is portrayed with truth- There is also a mysterious Indian city in the heart fulness and sincerity. The galled jade may wince at of Central America, the home of an unknown race, some of the episodes, but the withers of the thought- and the storehouse of the treasure in question. ful Chicagoan, who knows well enough that his city The scenario of the tale is almost identical with has the defects of its qualities, will remain unwrung. that of “ Montezuma's Daughter,” or “ The Peo- “ The Story of Christine Rochefort” is pleasing ple of the Mist”; but the author's fertility in the and in good taste, but it may hardly be called strong. invention of new incident saves the book from be- In characterization it is very unsatisfactory, for ing dismissed as a mere repetition, and gives new none of the people who figure in its pages are in interest to situations that would seem, from any out- any real sense alive. It deals with French life in line description, unbearably hackneyed. The style, the provincial town of Blois ; and labor troubles, as of course, is as roughshod as ever, and the arrange- they present themselves to the French manufacturer, ment of material as glaringly theatrical. 20 (July 1, THE DIAL undoubtedly prove the sort of thing they like." The is a The romancer bent upon buried treasure, to whose of the narrative, which deals for the most part with imagination the hoards of Incas and Montezumas Poles of intensely national type, and which brings do not appeal, has always the resource of the pirate into frequent prominence that attachment to the and the Spanish Main. To these themes Mr. Owen country -- in the sense of pays rather than of patrie Rhoscomyl has turned in “ The Jewel of Ynys which is one of the best elements of national Galon," and the only novel feature of his treatment character, whether in Poland or elsewhere. This is provided by the fact that his pirates are Welsh- aspect of the work is well illustrated by the heroine men, and that the scene of their exploits is a rocky when she says: island off the coast of Wales. There are in this “More than once, when I went out to the fields in book a great many of what the writer loves to call spring, and saw that all things were growing, I felt that "bloody horrors," and the quality of his narrative my heart, too, was growing with them. And now I may best be illustrated by a brief extract: know why that is : In all other relations that a man “Just as I was expecting sudden death I heard a roar holds there may be deceit, but the land is truth. It is of dry rage, and past me gleamed a weapon all horrible impossible to deceive the land; it either gives, or gives with grey brains and crimson with blood that dropped not, but it does not deceive. Therefore land is loved, from it as it swung. It was the brass butt of the blun- as truth; and because one loves it, it teaches one to love. derbuss in Will Barry's hand, and, as it fell upon the And the dew falls not only on grain, and on meadows, nearest skull, smashed it to pulp." but on the soul, as it were; and a man becomes better, for he has to deal with truth, and he loves,- that is, he This book, for those who like this sort of thing, will is nearer God.” illustrations are, in the present case, exceptionally The passage we have quoted is not alone illustra- spirited and happy in execution, offering a striking tive of a special aspect of the story, but also of the contrast to the slovenly and chaotic bits of impres- simple and wholesome feeling that pervades it sionism that it would be a misnomer to call the illus- throughout. In point of fact, the Polanyetski's and trations to Mr. Haggard's Mexican romance. their friends are city-dwellers during most of the period covered by the narrative, and only at the Mr. Zangwill's " The Master” is an exasperat- beginning and the end are they brought into inti- ing book. More than half of it is padding, dis- mate relations with “the soil.” They form a group guised barely if at all; the remaining fraction em- of interesting men and women, differentiated into bodies a strong conception of character, and contains a sufficient variety of types, and delineated in a the stuff whereof good fiction is made. As for the manner that is nothing less than masterly. The superfluous moiety of the work, it is difficult to have interest centres about Stanislav Polanyetski and his any patience with it. There is a great deal of ar- wife Marynia, whom we come to know and love as tistic “shop" of the cheapest sort; there is even if we had lived with them for years. more of dilute and sentimental rhetoric. The style enough to love Marynia, who is saintly without be- is nearly always unfinished, and often bad. Yet ing insipid, sweet without being tiresome, and whose low the clue of the hero's diversified career, and purity of soul by imperceptible degrees raises Stan- share something of the joy with which he conquers, islav to something like her own level. The delinea- tion of the husband is an even greater triumph; for Art, to begin with, and then, after a fashion, and he is, after all, the homme sensuel moyen whom we not without a bitter spiritual struggle, Life. Re- all know, and it requires something of a struggle duced to reasonable dimensions, pruned of its exu- for the novel-reader, accustomed to heroes of strik- berant offshoots, the sharpness of some of its con- trasts toned to a closer semblance of reality , and ing personality, to admit the right of such a man to occupy the most conspicuous place in a great work worked over with the file from first to last, this of fiction. In fact, the triumph is not unlike that book might be transformed into a creation worthy achieved by Freytag in “Soll und Haben.”. In of the lofty ideal that the writer has evidently set the end, Stanislav wins our allegiance completely, himself, but failed to embody in a satisfactory man- and the story of his spiritual development, as the ner. Natural facility has been Mr. Zangwill's bane, translator with justice remarks, “is of interest to and overmuch journalism has wellnigh wrecked in him what might have been an admirable talent for Soil” occupies a middle position between the highly every person in civilized society.” “ Children of the description and characterization. analytical and introspective “Without Dogma" and Several translations of Continental fiction, includ. the magnificent historical trilogy, with its glowing ing works by some of the foremost of living novel- scenes and its tremendous sweep, by which the au- ists, are among the publications selected for review thor is best known. It is strictly a modern novel, in the present article. First in importance of these but it offers none of those aberrations of tendency books is Mr. Curtin's translation of the latest work to which many modern novelists weakly resort. of Henryk Sienkiewicz, “ Rodzina Polanieckich.” | The strength of the book is in its entire sanity, its This title, which means - The Polanyetski Family,” | freedom from exaggeration or sensationalism, and has been set aside for no adequate reason, and for its psychological insight. It must be reckoned it “ Children of the Soil" has been substituted among the finer fictions of our time, and shows its Such a title is amply justified, however, by the tenor author to be almost as great a master in the field It is easy a 1895.] 21 THE DIAL of the domestic novel as he had previously been manners in a Spanish town the work has more value shown to be in that of imaginative historical ro- than it has considered as constructive art. It bears mance. Yet we must, in conclusion, express a slight the impress of sincerity, and, in this respect, com- preference for the chronicler of the seventeenth- mands attentive interest, but its subject matter of century Commonwealth over the novelist of nine- intrigue, cruelty, and horse-play is not engaging, teenth-century Warsaw. The “fierce wars and and some of the scenes are quite beyond the pale faithful loves" of the former represent an even of the artistically permissible. Mr. Edmund Gosse higher reach than the delicate delineations and sober writes an introduction, giving some interesting par- philosophies of the latter. But, viewed in either ticulars of the author's life and earlier work. But aspect, the work of Henryk Sienkiewicz has already even he, as sponsor for the translation, will not an- earned for him a place in the foremost rank of liv- swer the question “ Whether these maladies of the ing novelists. soul are or are not fit subjects for the art of the Majesty " seems to us the most important book novelist,” but leaves each reader to answer it for that Heer Couperus has yet produced. It is, like himself. its predecessors, largely a work of psychological It is a strangely pathetic story that Miss Sy- analysis, and the chief interest centres about a char- monds has translated from the German of Prince acter of distinctly degenerate type. But the out- Schoenaich - Carolath. Steeped in sentiment and come is not altogether gloomy, and the possibility romantic color, it offers a striking enough contrast to of a regenerative process is dimly hinted at in the the dull realism that still confronts us in the pages closing pages. All these things take on a height of most current novels, while it serves also to re- ened significance from the fact that they concern, mind us that the feelings of those about whom the not an ordinary mortal, but the descendant of a novelist writes for our entertainment or instruction great line of princes, himself the ruler of a great are no less deserving of delineation than their activ- Empire. The problem seems to be something like ities or their environment. This story of a poor stu- this : Is the institution of monarchy a hopeless an- dent at a German university, into whose life the achronism in the present age of social discontent passion of love comes like the warm sun of spring- and aspiration, or is it possible that the institution time, melting the snows of winter and flooding all may adapt itself to the new environment, and be- his soul, is told with grace and eloquence ; its sin- come once more the pillar of social order? The cerity is so heartfelt that a certain vagueness of out- author does not solve this problem, but he at least line and other amateurish characteristics may well hints that the second of the alternatives may offer be forgotten in the beauty of the total impression. the solution. The Empire in which the action lies Yet it seems to us that the tragic conclusion is a has no place on the political map of Europe — it is little forced, certainly not made quite inevitable by an eclectic or composite sort of Empire, drawn from the temperament and the antecedents of the per- the observation of several States — yet the dominion sons concerned. So harsh an ending is not quite of the Hapsburgs has clearly served more frequently consonant with the tenor of so sweet an idyl, and than any other for a model, and Austrian conditions the last pages find us unprepared for their sorrow- are more closely than any others reproduced. The ful burden. Shakespearian “Uneasy lies the head that wears a The tragic idyl of Italy which Mr. Dole has ad- crown” might well have been taken as a motto for mirably translated from the German of Herr this pathetic study of a soul eager to do what is best Schulze-Smidt takes us to the Lake of Garda, and for his people, yet oppressed almost to the point of does all that words can do to picture the scenery of death by his intolerable sense of the responsibility that beautiful district. And against this lovely attendant upon his exalted rank. A suggestive com- back-ground is sketched a story of human passion parison might be made between this work and Herr - of sin, suffering, and atonement - which for Björnson's treatment of a similar theme in his intensity of expression and sympathetic presenta- drama of "The King." tion of some of the darker moods of the soul could Spain and the Netherlands are farther apart in not easily be matched. The story is simple enough the nineteenth century than they were in the six- in outline, and for that reason all the more impres- teenth, but the intellectual ferment of our time has sive, since the attention is not often diverted from reached both countries alike, and we can pass from the central situation. The exquisite ending of the a Dutch to a Castilian author without the sense of tale will linger in the memory long after the pages discontinuity that would have been awakened a few of the book are closed. years ago. “ El Maestrante," the new novel of “ Frau Sorge” is the only one of Herr Suder- Señor Valdés, is not as modern a story as “ La Es- mann's novels that we recollect to have seen in En- puma," but it is painfully modern in its realistic glish translation previous to the appearance of “ The method. This story of “The Grandee,” as the trans- Wish,” the work now before us. “ Der Wunsch " is lator calls it, takes us to the provincial city of Oviedo one of the tales published in the “ Geschwister" col- (called Lancia in the book), where Señor Valdés lection about ten years ago. It has the dimensions of spent his early youth, and the time is that of a gen- a novel, although not a lengthy one, and is one of the As a document illustrative of bygone | most finished productions of the author's art. The eration ago 22 [July 1, THE DIAL a 9 story hangs entirely upon a psychological experience BRIEFS OX NEW BOOKS. familiar to almost everyone, but not taken seriously except by a morbidly developed mind here and there. M. Bourget's Whatever may be the errors (and There are probably few people who do not, in their impressions of they are relatively few) of M. Paul America. musings, now and then picture to themselves the Bourget's widely read " Outre Mer death of those nearest and dearest to them, and re- (Scribner), they are at least errors of imperfect or flect upon the possible consequences of such an oc- hurried observation, and not of prejudice. The mir- currence. Nor are there many who, if such a hap- ror that he holds up to us is an unclouded one, wherein pening were to bring in its train some personal grat- we may see what manner of men and women we are ification, or the realization of some ambition (such in the eyes of a cultured Frenchman who is a stu- as rank, or fortune, or love), do not catch them. dent of manners and a master of expression. M. selves at times abstracting the sad features of the Bourget did not come to our shores fettered with a death thus imagined, and contemplating it for an ready-made theory of us into which the facts gath- instant or two in what may be called its pleasant ered must be made to fit. Facts first, conclusions aspect. With the healthy mind, of course, this ab- afterwards, has been his rule. He does not cloy straction is only momentary, being promptly in- us with sugared words, like Sir Edwin Arnold ; or vaded by the flood of sorrowful associations that “ blow us up,” on the Mark Tapley plan ; nor does cannot long be kept at bay. Now the mind that he merely exploit our oddities, like his loquacious has developed a morbid ethical consciousness may compatriot "Max O’Rell.” If he handles us “ with- be so distressed at the thought that such an abstrac- out gloves” on the score of our failings, he is equally tion — although natural and even inevitable was candid when it comes to our merits — of which he at all possible as to feel a grievous sense of sin in credits us with a liberal share. He foresees for us consequence of the experience, although it knows a tolerably hopeful future, albeit one fraught with perfectly well that the will, which alone determines perils, noted chiefly in unchecked, or unsifted, im- sin in any real sense, could not by any possibility migration. Premising that, after the Civil War, become enlisted in behalf of so evil an imagining, “the Atlantic became the great conduit through that such a wish could never become translated into which flowed all the malcontents of old Europe, act. It is such a consciousness that Herr Suder- especially of Germany,” he concludes : “ The day mann depicts in the present story—a consciousness when excessive immigration shall have truly created that can find expiation for its imagined sin only in two Americas in America, the conflict between these suicide. Our criticism of the story is not that it two worlds will be as inevitable as that between should deal with so essentially morbid a psycholog- England and Ireland, and between Germany and ical state, but that it should seem to countenance France. Not against his employer will the Amer- the notion that a wish thus formulated — which is ican workman of New York and Philadelphia be neither a real wish nor so much as a velleity—is a led to make war; his employer and he will end by serious ground for self-reproach, to say nothing of acting together against the foreign workman.” M. its being a ground for so heroic a measure as self- Bourget is happier in his treatment of lighter topics. destruction. The ethical balance is not fairly held The “ Impressions” of our Society, our Business by the author, and his work suffers in consequence. Men, Lower Orders, Education, Pleasures, etc., are For the rest, we cannot but praise the art with strictly impressions-rapid, though shrewd, glimpses which this difficult situation is developed, or the and jottings, gathered at random, and put together fidelity of the descriptive touches that gives such in a rather haphazard though very entertaining way. marked reality to the life reproduced in these pages. Readers of the later dramas of Dr. en cannot An effective Among all the refinements of current fail to notice how typically Ibsenian is the problem piece of literary treatment, and all the deli- dramatic writing. above outlined, and with which the book is mainly cacies of current literary emotion, it concerned. The translation reads well in Miss Lily is a great pleasure to come across anything so sim- Kenkel’s English, and the information about the ple and so effective as Dr. Weir Mitchell's “ Philip author and his writings, supplied by Miss Elizabeth Vernon ” (The Century Co.). It is called "a tale Lee, is both timely and interesting. in prose and verse,” but really it is rather a little WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. drama than anything else, coming near indeed in its construction and handling to the possibilities of stage presentation. So many of the literary dramas of our time, though meant for the stage, are found The thirteenth annual report of the American School to be effective only in book form. This work, though of Classical Studies at Athens has just been issued by apparently written with no idea of representation, the managing committee of the School, and contains seems to have dramatic possibilities that would not much interesting reading. We note also, in this con- be so very hard to realize. We have perhaps noth- nection, the recent establishment of a similar school at Rome, and the fact that it will be presided over during ing more than a fifth act; but at any rate it is a its first year by Professor William Gardner Hale, of strong combination of real emotions wrought up to the University of Chicago, who has been granted leave a situation powerfully, if simply, handled. The time of absence for that purpose. of the Armada gives a sort of electric atmosphere, 1895.] 23 THE DIAL а 66 9 ance. 9 charged with high feeling and great adventure. The study of the lover of letters, but rather that sort of local color, the old English inn, the chase, and the dark up-stairs closet into which one puts such liter- garden of the great manor, gives a touch of roman- ary rubbish as must be kept but cannot be allowed tic beauty. The characters, a Roman priest, two to clutter up the library. This literary tendency young English gallants, and a beautiful gentle-(aided by present predictions of a new dramatic woman, are brought together in a story which, if period) has now produced a stupendous, if not an not extraordinarily novel or especially ingenious, unnatural, blossom in “ Ernest England: A Soul has at least the merit of holding one's interest. At Laid Bare,” by J. A. Parker. This work is in the the beginning, one reads a little suspiciously. “Why form of a drama in prose and verse, and its most ob- should anyone bother to string together a lot of vious characteristic is its length, in which it exceeds rhymes about the time of Queen Elizabeth?” But “Hamlet,” the First Part of “ Faust,” and “Le Cid,” one reaches the end with an increased respect for all put together; even approaching the fabled por- the author, with the relieved calm that comes after tents of India and China. Keats, thinking of Leigh emotional tension, and with the feeling that this Hunt's question, Why write a long poem? asked, slim little book may really be one of those things so “Do not the lovers of poetry like to have a little hard to detect at first sight, so easy to recognize region to wander in, where they may pick and choose, when detected,—a gain to literature. Dr. Mitchell and in which the images are so numerous that many does not strive nor cry very much in this work, but are forgotten and found new on a second reading?” there is something in it that is better than much that Besides being a long poem, " Ernest England" re- may be found in the more hysteric efforts of some sembles “ Endymion ” in being delightful reading who are much more conscious of their own import- for the reviewer of the old “Quarterly" type, - and for such a reader the prodigy of its length is no The new life of William Laud, by ridiculous missiles to hurl at the unfortunate author, drawback, since it offers only the richer store of A new life of Mr. W. H. Hutton, in the “ Leaders Archbishop Laud. of Religion” series (Houghton ), who has really offered more excuse for such treat- ment than a sane man should do. gives in popular form an account of the real man as judicial students of seventeenth-century history Mr. Reuben G. Thwaites has recently have agreed in estimating him. Probably no great Chronicles of rendered a new service to students of man has suffered more or longer from the assaults Border Warfare. pioneer history by his careful work of religious and political passion than the great arch- in editing the revision of Alexander Withers's bishop,— the greatest, our author thinks, who has “Chronicles of Border Warfare ” (Robert Clarke sat in the chair of Augustine since the Reformation. We hope that this book will be read by many who Co.). The book was first published in the thirties, when the author, an enthusiastic antiquarian, was will never look into the great works of Ranke and able to gather original material from some of those Gardiner, and will thus be led to see that Laud was who participated in the events described. It was a high-souled prelate and statesman, though he made read in every pioneer home, sometimes literally read one of the worst mistakes a statesman can make, to pieces, so that copies of it became scarce long that of misjudging the temper of the times and the ago. Its value was at once recognized, and in its forces at work among the people. Though his work new form this value has been many times increased seemed to go down in an awful crash, yet when the because of peculiar circumstances. The late Lyman Church came back at the Restoration it was on the C. Draper visited the regions described by Withers, basis of his plans and ideals. The completeness of his immediate failure should not blind us to the great- very soon after the publication of the latter's book. He verified the facts described ; he interviewed ness of his aims. His misfortunes came not from his many old settlers ; he made copious notes from the being a Papist at heart, as his Puritan foes charged, standpoint of a historian. But he was not so much but from his not being a Puritan. This he could an editor as a collector; and when his literary labors not be : he believed in order, reverence, forms; and closed, perhaps with the writing of one of the foot- as head of the Church he endeavored to further what he believed would conduce to true worship, notes for this new volume, his literary executor, Mr. Thwaites, took up the work, and the revision comes but he did not do this in the spirit of the bigot or to the reader rich with the notes of Withers the original author, of Dr. Draper the enthusiastic in- The plays written by our great poets vestigator, and of Mr. Thwaites the painstaking A drama for of the present century have, as a rule, editor. The old edition of Withers was considered enriched that department of literature final authority ; the new one is better, because it has known as the “closet drama." 66 The Borderers,” the advantage of modern ideas of bookmaking and “ Remorse,” “ The Ayrshire Tragedy,” “ Manfred,” scholarly notions of editing. The warfare of the “ The Cenci,” “Harold," “ The Blot on the Scut- border was savage, and many a scalp was taken, as cheon,” “ Chastelard” (to mention no more), have the humble cabin of the pioneer went up in smoke; been, some not well suited to the stage, some frankly but scenes like those described were absolutely neces- intended for the closet. Too often the closet which sary to the taming of the wilderness for the steady has received them has been by no means the quiet | settler of later days. the tyrant. the closet. 9 24 [July 1, THE DIAL The first volume of the “ Social En- interested in that war and its controversies as to Troubadours and Courts gland Series" (Macmillan) is writ- who was most responsible for the misfortunes of the of Love. ten by Mr. I. F. Rowbotham, M.A., British army. The chief interest of the book lies in and devoted to “The Troubadours and Courts of the humble beginnings there shown of the expansion Love.” A theme so romantic raises high expecta- of the field of the modern newspaper. Mr. Rus- tions of interest; yet there are few literary subjects sell was without military protection or standing, and requiring more drudgery and delving on the part only explicit orders from the government enabled of an author. Most of the writings of the trouba- him to secure bare tolerance. It was with good dours are still in manuscript, and must be studied reason that the officers of the old school did all they chiefly in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, the could to drive him from the army, for his plain Bodleian Library at Oxford, and the British Mus- account of what he saw from day to day showed eum at London. Moreover, the bulk of them are such mismanagement and official folly that a great written in a tongue different not only from modern cry of wrath went up from all England, and re- English, but different also from the English of forms were instituted that put an end forever to the Chaucer and the other early poets. But the reader's whole system. This was an honorable achievement, expectations in the present work are not disap- and the story of it is well told. pointed; the history runs on, without appearance of labor, from the time of the first troubadours in England early in the twelfth century, to their de- cline and fall about one hundred and fifty years BRIEFER MENTION. later. The general character of the poetry of the The new English translation of Herr Björnson's troubabours is described, with citations; their quali- “ Arne ” (Macmillan), while not altogether satisfactory, fications and characteristics as an aristocratic caste appears to be an improvement upon the hitherto exist- are set forth ; and their influences on society, partly ing versions. The work was done by Mr. Walter Low, refining and partly pernicious, is revealed. Wher- who died shortly after its completion, and whose career ever there was chivalry, there were troubadours and forms the subject of Mr. Gosse's sympathetic prefatory courts of love. But with the annihilation of the pages. “ The Fisher Maiden,” also translated by Mr. bright and glittering society which had been min- Low, will be the next volume to appear in this edition. strelsy's chief inspirer and genial patron, the chief A handsome library edition of Mr. Hardy's “Far stimulus to poetry and song vanished, and the gay from the Madding Crowd” comes to us from Messrs. reign of love and the troubadours was past forever. Harper & Brothers. There is an etched frontispiece Thirteen pictures copied from old tapestries or and a sketch-map of “ The Wessex of the Novels.” Of much interest is the prefatory note in which Mr. Hardy mural decorations, and several old musical scores, tells how he came to naturalize the term “ Wessex" in furnish quaint illustrations of the text. modern English for purposes of descriptive topography. The term, somewhat to the author's surprise, has since Mr. Francis Walker's - Letters of a found general favor, and he now feels impelled to beg Music-study Baritone" (Scribner) are the record of his readers that they “refuse steadfastly to believe in Italy. of a young man's experiences while that there are any inhabitants of a Victorian Wessex in Italy for purposes of voice-culture. Writing to his outside the pages of this and the companion volumes in sister, he adopts a familiar and discursive style, in which they were first discovered." which personal adventures and practical affairs are “ The White Tsar and Other Poems" (Tait) is the mingled with discourse on nature, art, criticism, and title of a volume by Mr. Henry Bedlow. The other as much information of a technical sort relating to pooms are two in number—"Dies Caniculares," a series of contemplative stanzas, and “ Bedaweeyeh," an Ori- his own studies as it is possible to communicate with- ental tale. As for the “ White Tsar," he is none other out illustrations viva voce. The book is not with- than the polar bear. Ordinarily these three sets of verses out interest to the general reader, but its special would hardly fill the thinnest of volumes, but by giving value is for the student of vocal art. Here he will a full page to each eight-line stanza, by setting opposite learn the reasons why he should go to Italy, rather each a full-page illustration, and by leaving the alter- than to any other country, for instruction; why he nate pages blank, the work is made to assume imposing should not delay too long; what are the effects of dimensions. The poetical quality of Mr. Bedlow's verse bad teaching ; who should and who should not study is not conspicuous, and there are stanzas which it would to become professional singers; and how to achieve be cruel to quote. The illustrations, which display some most comfort with least expense while dwelling imaginative power, are the work of Mr.J. Steeple Davis. Mr. Miner W. Bruce is the author of a book on abroad. “ Alaska, Its History and Resources, Gold Fields, In “ The Great War with Russia' Routes, and Scenery,” published at Seattle by the Low- War correspondence (Routledge), by Mr. W. H. Russell, man & Hanford Co. Mr. Bruce's treatment of the sub- we have that veteran's story of his ject is based upon extensive personal acquaintance with the country, and is strictly up to date. His journalistic pioneer work as war-correspondent, and of his per- training has enabled him to make a readable book, and sonal experiences in that long series of blunders and both settlers and tourists will be likely to find it help- horrors, lighted up with some brilliant deeds, which ful. Many photographs and a map are provided by we call the Crimean War. The world is no longer way of illustration. 1895.] 25 THE DIAL I 2 ENVOY. when the opera was hissed off the Parisian stage, not A BALLADE OF POETS. to be produced again until an entire generation should have elapsed. Where are the poets of the past Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. are preparing a series Whose voices rang divinely true ? — of “ English Classics,” edited by competent men, and Whose thoughts munificent and vast having particular reference to the existing entrance re- From stars and suns their music drew ? - quirements of the colleges. Professor G. R. Carpenter To whom the gods a welcome blew, is the general editor of the series. And lamps from far Parnassus shone ? ... None dare the heights to which they flew, Mr. Frederick Locker-Lampson, author of “ London Since Alfred Tennyson is gone. Lyrics,” and one of the most graceful writers of society verse, died on the 28th of May, at the age of seventy- The freshening gale strained spar and mast, four. He was perhaps even better known as a collector The billows great and greater grew; of books, drawings, and autographs than as a poet. The vessel forward sped and fast, “ Friedrich Eduard Beneke: The Man and His Phil. Nor port nor anchorage she knew; osophy” is the title of a monograph by Dr. Francis Naught recked they of the circling view, Burke Brandt, published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co., Their only end was to sweep on. under the auspices of Columbia College, as the fourth Vanished are captain, ship, and crew, volume of its series of “ Contributions to Philosophy, Since Alfred Tennyson is gone. Psychology, and Education.” The main thesis of the Now lesser men their fortunes cast work is that Beneke, rather than Fichte or Hegel, was In lesser seas, and zephyrs woo; the true continuator of the Kantian philosophy, and that Their lutes are thin, they cannot last, in his work we have “the profoundest metaphysical We listen but to say adieu. insight of our century." The artificial gems they strew Provost Charles C. Harrison of the University of Of specious glitter fade anon. Pennsylvania has made to that institution a gift of half Is there no granite left to hew, a million dollars, to constitute a Foundation in memory Since Alfred Tennyson is gone ? of his father, thus following the noteworthy example of President Low of Columbia. The following suggestions as to the use of the resulting income were made by the Fled are the mighty bards and few; donor: 1. The establishment of scholarships and fel- The ways of song are barren, wan. lowships. 2. An increase of the University Library. Fled is the perfect manner, too, Since Alfred Tennyson is gone. 3. The temporary relief of professors from their reg- ular work, permitting them to engage in research. 4. A. T. SCHUMAN. The engagement of non-residents to lecture for a term at the University. Messrs. Funk & Wagnalls announce it as their inten- tion to introduce into all of their publications a lengthy LITERARY NOTES. series of “reform spellings” (such as beutiful, glimps, oger, skul, and yern), “provided a reasonable number Dr. W. L. Phelps is editing a volume of Chapman of other periodicals, and writers, and business men will for the “ Mermaid series." adopt the same so as to help break the force of the A civil list pension of £100 a year has been bestowed criticism that may oppose.” It is hardly necessary for upon the widow of Philip Gilbert Hamerton. THE DIAL to say that it must decline the invitation to Mr. Bradlee Whidden, of Boston, issues a priced cat- participate in any such phonetic vandalism, and that it alogue of works upon natural history, so neat and well- will continue, as heretofore, to stand for good spelling arranged as to be worth filing for reference. no less than for good literature, opposing all attempts The Chautauqua circles are to devote the coming to vulgarize either the one or the other. year to an “ American” course of reading, and special The following verses, by Miss Mathilde Blind, are text-books on American history and literature are in taken from an English paper, and were inspired by course of preparation. reading the “Rubaiyat” in a Kentish rose-garden: Messrs. Macmillan & Co. announce “ The Modern “Beside a Dial in the leafy close, Reader's Bible," a series of books from the Scriptures Where every bush was burning with the Rose, presented in modern literary form. Four books of With million roses falling flake by flake “Wisdom Literature " will be the first issued. Upon the lawn in fading summer snows: Dr. Ibsen is to have a monument erected in his honor “I read the Persian Poet's rhyme of old, during his lifetime. It is to be by a well-known sculp- Each thought a ruby in a ring of gold tor, Herr Stephan Sinding, and will stand in front of Old thoughts so young, that, after all these years, the Royal Theatre at Christiania. They 're writ on every rose-leaf yet unrolled. Two fellowships, of six hundred dollars each, in the “You may not know the secret tongue aright American School at Athens, are offered for the year The Sunbeams on their rosy tablets write; 1895–6. Professor J. W. White of Harvard will fur- Only a poet may perchance translate nish application blanks to those desirous of submitting Those ruby-tinted hieroglyphs of light.” their names. We are glad to note that the poet had a Dial by her side. The fourth performance in Paris of Wagner's “ Tann- häuser" was given this year. M. Van Dyck sang the Sir Walter Besant, in “ The Author,” thus discourses title-role, and it is a curious coincidence that he was upon his new dignity: “I think that I may very prop- born on the very day of the third performance, in 1861, Ierly make this the place for a brief note concerning the a 26 (July 1, THE DIAL BOOKS FOR SUMMER READING. A CLASSIFIED LIST OF SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS. [Fuller descriptions of these books may be found in the adver- tising columns of this number or recent numbers of The Dial.] distinction lately conferred upon me. It is, in fact, a national recognition of this Society and of its work in ad- vancing the dignity and the independence of literature. The Earl of Rosebery in his letter to me expressly pointed out that this distinction was offered in recog- nition of services which, he kindly says, have been ren- dered by me to the dignity of literature. These humi- ble services could only be effective through such an organization as our own. It is, therefore, the Society itself which has, for the first time, received recogni- tion.” We shall, however, continue to think that Sir Walter's deserts are not wholly conditioned upon his management of the Society of Authors. THE CENTRAL LANGUAGE CONFERENCE. As the result of a circular letter which has been dis- cussed for several months, representatives of nine col- leges in the Mississippi Valley met in Chicago, June 21, to organize a conference of the teachers of modern lan- guages in the district which the railroads call Central. The proposal for such an organization seemed to come spontaneously from many sources at once, and as a natural result of the comparative isolation to which college men of the Middle West have been condemned. The conditions are in most respects the same as those which led to the recent conference of teachers of clas- sical languages in Ann Arbor, to the conference of En- glish teachers, and the association of teachers of his- tory and sociology, both formed last year. The need of personal contact with colleagues has been deeply felt. At the same time, the danger of detracting from the none too strong forces of the American Philological So- ciety and the Modern Language Association of America was duly weighed. All of those engaged in the prelim- inary steps toward the new society are members of one or both of the old bodies, and expect to continue such. But it is believed that a society meeting at various points in the Middle West can enlist a great number of teachers who would not or who could not join the societies which meet so seldom within reach, and yet work together harmoniously with the older societies. In the matter of publication, it is hoped that the new society can support the older ones. In the course of a full discussion, lasting through two sessions, it was agreed to call the new society The Central Modern Language Conference; a constitution was adopted, subject to revision by the members pres- ent at the first regular meeting; the first regular meet- ing, with programme, is to be held in Chicago, during the Christmas recess, but not in the same week with the Modern Language Association; the membership fee was fixed at two dollars, and all persons interested in the scientific study and teaching of English, French, Ger- man, or other living European languages are invited to apply for membership through the Secretary. Provisional officers were chosen as follows: President, Professor W. H. Carruth, University of Kansas; Sec- retary and Treasurer, Professor H. Schmidt-Warten- berg, University of Chicago; Committee on Programme: Professors Karsten, Indiana State University, Edgren, University of Nebraska, Cutting, University of Chicago, and Baskervill, Vanderbilt University. It is understood that the territory of the new society extends from the Alleghanies to the Rockies, and from the lakes to the gulf. There is also a general feeling that the regular annual meetings should be held in the summer, or at least at some other time than the Christ- mas holidays. FICTION The Adventures of Captain Horn. By Frank R. Stockton. Chas. Scribner's Song. $1.50. With the Procession. By Henry B. Fuller. Harper & Bros. $1.23. An Errant Wooing. By Mrs. Burton Harrison. The Cen- tury Co. $1.50. The Story of Bessie Costrell. By Mrs. Humphry Ward. Macmillan & Co. 75 cts. In the Fire of the Forge. By George Ebers. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50. Celibates. By George Moore. Macmillan & Co. $1.50. Master and Man. By Count Leo Tolstoy. D. Appleton & Co. 75 cts. The Impregnable City. By Max Pemberton. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. Heart of the World. By H. Rider Haggard. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25. The Story of Christine Rochefort. By Helen Choate Prince. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25. Beside the Bonny Brier Bush. By Ian Maclaren. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. Mr. Witt's Widow. By Anthony Hope. Lovell, Coryell & Co. $1.; paper, 50 cts. The Master. By I. Zangwill. Harper & Bros. $1.75. Children of the Soil. By Henryk Sienkiewicz. Little, Brown, & Co. $2. The Princess Aline. By Richard Harding Davis. Harper & Bros. $1.25. Terminations. By Henry James. Harper & Bros. $1.23. Beyond the Dreams of Avarice. By Walter Besant. Har- per & Bros. $1.50. When All the Woods Are Green. By S. Weir Mitchell. The Century Co. $1.50. Keynotes. By George Egerton. Roberts Bros. $1. The Head of a Hundred. Edited by Maud W. Goodwin. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.25. The Judgment Books. By E. F. Benson. Harper & Bros. $1. The Plated City. By Bliss Perry. Chas. 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Putnam's Sons. $1.; paper, 50 cts. Fromont Junior and Risler Senior. By A. Daudet. J. B. Lippincott Co. $2. The Three Graces. By “The Duchess.” J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25. Yale Yarns. By John Seymour Wood. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1. Kitty Alone. By S. Baring-Gould. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. 1895.] 27 THE DIAL . A Truce, and Other Stories. By Mary T. Wright. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1. A Madonna of the Alps. From the German, by N. H. Dole. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.25. The Prince of Balkistan. By Allen Upward. J. B. Lippin- cott Co. $1.; paper, 50 cts. The Wish. By Hermann Sudermann. D. Appleton & Co. $1.; paper, 50 cts. Far from the Madding Crowd. By Thomas Hardy. New edition. Harper & Bros. $1.50. Under the Man-Fig. By M. E. M. Davis. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25. A Soulless Singer. By Mary C. Lee. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25. Tenement Tales of New York. By J. W. Sullivan. Henry Holt & Co. 75 cts. Neighbor Jackwood. By J. T. Trowbridge. New edition. Lee & Shepard. $1.50. A Lost Endeavor. 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Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBg and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. No. 218. JULY 16, 1895. Vol. XIX. CONTENTS. PAGE THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY.. 35 THE OPIUM DREAMER (Poem). Clifford Lanier . 37 EDWARD A. FREEMAN. Benjamin S. Terry 37 . NEW ENGLAND'S FAST DAYS. Alice Morse Earle 41 CORRESPONDENCE OF A BRITISH CONSUL- GENERAL. Reuben Gold Thwaites . . 43 THE LIFE OF A PHILANTHROPIC ENGLISH- WOMAN. Anna B. McMahan. THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY. Professor Huxley died on the twenty-ninth of June, not without warning, and having to his account the exact scriptural tale of a man's years. A worker and a fighter all his life, the pen was in his hand when overtaken by the ill- ness that was to prove fatal in the end, and he was replying, with unabated vigor of expres- sion and force of logic, to the latest attack made by mysticism upon that stronghold of reasoned and ordered knowledge which we call science, and of which he had for nearly half a century been one of the doughtiest of defenders. In the popular consciousness, indeed, Hux- ley ranked among the leading representatives of English science, probably as the foremost among them after the death of his old-time col- league, John Tyndall. It may be worth while to consider for a moment what this estimate means. There is practically no such thing, in the present age of the world, as the represent- ation of science by any one man. Aristotle was perhaps the only man for whom, in any age, that distinction may be claimed. Nowadays, a man can represent science only by represent- ing biology, or physics, or geology, or something even narrower than these. Huxley represented English science in the sense that he gave a large part of his life to the subject of compar- ative anatomy, and made some fairly important contributions to our knowledge of that subject. But his work was not comparable to that, in their respective subjects, of such men as Far- aday, or Lyell, or Maxwell, to say nothing of Darwin. It was good work, without doubt, but it was equalled by a score of Englishmen of his own generation, and surpassed by a re- spectable number. But the average person, when he thinks of Huxley as a scientific leader, recks little of his comparative anatomy, and has probably never heard of the great work on “Oceanic Hydro- zoa,” the manuals of vertebrate and inverte- brate anatomy, or even the monograph on “The Cray-Fish.” It is a very different sort of work that has given Huxley his immense reputation, the work which, for the most part, may be found in the nine volumes of his « Col- lected Essays,” and which is, of its kind, almost unparallelled in our literature. These volumes, 44 MAYAN HIEROGLYPHICS. Frederick Starr . 46 THROUGH ASIA AT MY STUDY TABLE. Selim H. Peabody . . 47 Lansdell's Chinese Central Asia. - Shoemaker's Trans-Caspia. — Ballantine's On India's Frontier. Rockhill's Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet.- Holcombe's The Real Chinaman.-Savage- Landor's Corea.-Finck's Lotus-Time in Japan. 50 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. Some beautiful new books about American flowers. -Mr. Dana's essays on “Newspaper Making.”—The literary sources of Hamlet.—Three figures in Ameri- can literature.- A study of the female criminal.-A fascinating account of the “Liberation of Italy."- The fifth issue of “The Yellow Book." BRIEFER MENTION 53 THOSE COURTS OF LOVE IN OLDEN TIME (Poem). Martha Foote Crow 53 LITERARY NOTES 53 • . TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 54 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 54 . . 36 [July 16, THE DIAL it is true, have a great deal to say about science when a Frenchman or a German would have - biological science in particular—but they an- been satisfied with nothing short of a system. nounce no original investigations worth speak. Hence, he was willing to leave many of the ing of, and they are not contributions to scien questions of philosophy unanswered, content to tific knowledge in any strict sense. Some will carry his method as far as it would go, and to dismiss them with a sneer, as mere populariza- admit ignorance of the regions beyond. He tions, as a sort of juggling with other men's even coined a word with which to name this ideas. This contemptuous procedure, it need philosophical attitude, and the immediate adop- hardly be said, gets no sympathy from us, and tion and currency of that word showed that it is as distinctly wrongheaded as the attempt, met a long-felt want. Since it came into our already discussed, to classify such books as circulation, agnosticism, like many other words, “Man's Place in Nature" and "The Physical has been used as a counter by wise men and as Basis of Life” among important scientific a full-weight coin by fools, but it has justified works. itself, on the whole, as a useful addition to our Wherein, then, lies the value of these nine philosophical terminology. volumes of essays, if it is inadequate to consider The lectures and writings of our arch-agnostic them as mere popularizations, however skilful, have, during the past forty years, aroused a and quite wrong to call them contributions to good many religious antagonisms; some of these science? We should say that the first and most have become allayed by time, and some are still important claim to be made for them is that active. It took a bold Englishman in the six- they reveal a strong philosophical thinker ; that ties to champion the Darwinian doctrine of de- beneath their graceful rhetoric and acute dia- scent and to combat the grotesque Miltonic lectic there is a Method of fundamental import theory of creation ; but Huxley was never lack- ance, clearly conceived, and rigorously applied ing in courage, and he bore without flinching to the special subject, whatever it may be, un- the brunt of theological attack and vilification. der consideration. What that method is may The world — that is, all the world worth con- be seen plainly enough in any one among half sidering — came round to his side sooner than a dozen of the more formal discussions ; most could have been anticipated by a student of plainly, perhaps, in the noble essay, dated 1870, the history of new and fruitful ideas — of their upon the “ Discours de la Méthode" of Des- long hard struggle with ignorance, and blind- cartes. Indeed, the author recognized the prin- ness, and all the banded legions of the old or- ciple above stated as constituting the unifying der of thought — and the last score of years element in his seemiugly so diversified work left to the stout-hearted philosopher were serene when he gave to the initial volume of the re- with the satisfaction of complete achievement vised edition of the “ Essays” the significant in at least one important field of his endeavor. title “ Method and Results.” And this title But the theory of creation was not the only might have been made to cover the whole collec- stronghold occupied by the popular theology of tion, for we find, whether the subject of an essay his fellow-countrymen, and, when that was bat- be “ Man's Place in Nature" or “ Evolution tered down, there were others to be attacked. and Ethics,” the story of the Gadarene swine All these assaults were not, of course, directed or the organization of the State, that the dis- against religion at all, any more than were the cussion always proceeds upon well-defined lines, Voltairean assaults of a century previous, and and with close reference to a controlling or- the infame that Huxley sought to crush in the ganon. It was no vagary, as some of his read- world of thought was as little deserving of con- ers thought, when he turned from his anatom- sideration as was the engine of political and so- ical studies to write for the “ English Men of cial despotism which Voltaire's memorable and Letters a philosophical analysis of the work magnificent crusade did so much to demolish. of Hume; it was rather an indication of the We should say that Huxley, far from being an real bent of his mind, which always looked be- enemy of religion, was one of the best friends yond the half-unified knowledge of science to it has ever found, and we have no doubt that, the fully-unified knowledge that we call phil- from the more enlightened twentieth-century osophy. religious point of view, he will be remembered The healthy English mind is not distin- guished by an aptitude for metaphysics, and For our part, the aspect of Huxley's life and Huxley's mind was distinctly of the healthy work that compels the deepest gratitude is the English type. He was content with a method, I absolute honesty by which that life and that as such. 1895.] 37 THE DIAL a work were characterized throughout. One does The New Books. not need to accept all of his conclusions to ad- mire the intellectual process by which they were reached. His logic may now and then EDWARD A. FREEMAN.* have been at fault, but it scorned every species In bringing out “ The Life and Letters of of sophistical subterfuge. To get at the truth, Edward A. Freeman,” Dean Stephens has con- not merely to make a better-sounding argument ferred a lasting obligation upon the student of than his opponent, was always his aim. He history. It is not only of prime value to be hated shams as Carlyle hated them, but, instead able to see the great historian in his workshop of inveighing at them with stormy prophecy and to breath the atmosphere of enthusiasm (“I am not equal to the prophetical busi- that always pervaded that sacred place, but, ness"), he employed the better weapon of com- more and most, to come into close contact with pactly-wrought argumentation. Very recently, a spirit singularly pure and noble, whose love taking a retrospective view of his life, he made of truth and violent hatred of sham breathes this statement of what had been its aims and in every written line, - this is high privilege its guiding principles : indeed. “Men are said to be partial judges of themselves. The author has had the good sense to re- Young men may be, I doubt if old men are. Life seems main silent himself for the most part, and let terribly foreshortened as they look back, and the moun- Mr. Freeman talk through his correspondence, tain they set themselves to climb in youth turns out to be a mere spur of immeasurably higher ranges when, —a conversation all the more charming because with failing breath, they reach the top. But if I may he speaks altogether unconscious of the larger speak of the objects I have had more or less definitely audience. The author is content, therefore, to in view since I began the ascent of my hillock, they are briefly these: To promote the increase of natural knowle play the part of gentleman usher, by whose kind offices the reader is introduced into that edge, and to forward the application of scientific meth- ods of investigation to all the problems of life, to the charmed circle which the years drew about this best of my ability, in the conviction, which has grown patriarch of the historical clan. Here Freeman with my growth and strengthened with my strength, held converse with Finlay and Stubbs, Bryce, that there is no alleviation for the sufferings of man- kind except veracity of thought and action, and the Cox, Dawkins, and Goldwin Smith, Hodgkin, Kate Norgate, and the gifted granddaughter of Thomas Arnold,f whose departure into story- uglier features is stripped off. It is with this intent writing was always a grave disappointment to that I have subordinated any reasonable, or unreason- Freeman. This is the acme of good biography- able, ambition for scientific fame which I may have permitted myself to entertain, to other ends; to the making. popularization of science; to the development and organ- Strange to say, however, Green, the John of ization of scientific education; to the endless series of this apostolic group, has been omitted. The battles and skirmishes over evolution; and to untiring Preface prepares us somewhat for this disap- opposition to that ecclesiastical spirit, that clericalism, which in England, as everywhere else, and to whatever pointment; but the proposal to reserve the cor- denomination it may belong, is the deadly enemy of respondence of Green for a third volume is not science." reassuring. It is because this part of Mr. It is a noble apologia pro vita sua, and the Freeman's correspondence is so important, that world will not readily forget what it owes to Mr. Stephens says he has not presented it here. this man's single-hearted devotion to truth. It is because it is so important that the reader His tombstone should bear the inscription, Ver. has a right to expect it here. There are many itatem dilexi, that Renan asked to be cut upon minor letters to unimportant persons which his own, and the measure of his delight in the contain only echoes of things elsewhere said. truth should be the measure of posterity's de- These could have been omitted. The whole light in cherishing his memory. discussion with Anthony Trollope on fox-hunt- ing, and all that is really important in the cor- respondence elicited, might have been given in a tithe of the space. Thus there is really no THE OPIUM DREAMER. satisfactory reason why the correspondence with The drowsy poppy from Earth's sleep hath caught Green,—the thing which the student of history Vagaries that with Heavenly visions teem: * THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF EDWARD A. FREEMAX, De Quincey! thou distillest from all thought D.C.L., LL.D. By W.R. W. Stephens, B.D., Dean of Win- The vory juice of thought coherent dream! chester. In two volumes. New York: Macmillan & Co. CLIFFORD LANIER. † Mrs. Humphry Ward. of make-believe by which pious hands have hidden its The 38 [July 16, THE DIAL would prize most, the thing which he has a reading which, if I carry it on, would go a good way right to expect when he pays his seven dollars through a tolerably long life. Besides philosophy, I work chiefly at history, of which I should much like to for these two volumes,— should be omitted. be master. My great ambition would be to get one of the Externally, the Life of Freeman offers little History Professorships here." (I., p. 63.) for the biographer. A life could hardly be The competence to which Mr. Freeman here more devoid of dramatic interest. Born in refers was an income of £600, which fell to 1823, at eighteen months left an orphan, him from his father's estate ; and this was after- brought up in a most exemplary way by an im- ward increased by what he inherited from his perious old grandmother, given the best educa- tion that England could offer, from childhood grandmother, who died in 1848. He was thus from the first placed beyond the need of follow- extremely sensitive to the religious and moral ing any profession at all ; and soon after his mar- atmosphere that surrounded him, he passed riage with Miss Gutch, in 1847, he settled in safely over the period when most young men a delightful little country-house in the valley of are supposed to be sowing wild oats, and ar- the Cam, and not far from the small town of rived at manhood, a severe moralist, a devout Dursley. Here at Oaklands he began, for the religionist, and withal, possessed of a disposition man with literary tastes, an ideal life, “ the most unusually pure, strong, and wholesome. At favorable of all conditions for steady literary this time the leaning of Mr. Freeman was work and study.” In seven years he, or rather strongly toward the Church. And yet his sym- pathies were with the devotional and ascetic lands. After some searching he found a home his library and his family, had outgrown Oak- side of the ministerial office, rather than its in- tellectual, or practical side. His plain and sim- him. Thither he moved in 1855. Of his new in southern England, near Cardiff, that suited ple mind found little satisfaction in the vague home, Lanrumney Hall, he thus wrote, in Sep- speculations of systematic theology; while upon tember, to his old friend the Reverend Henry the humbler duties of the parish priest, he was Thompson : too much of an aristocrat by nature ever to look with much satisfaction. Strange to say, “ This is certainly a jolly place. From our church- yard and other elevated points we see all Zummerzet however, the final decision against ordination coast; and it is said that from some of the mountains turned upon his conviction that celibacy was more inland one can see right across to the English the proper state for the clergy. Writing, Jan- Channel. . . . Without deserting my books, I have turned farmer, and own uary 25, 1846, he says: 2 Horses 1 Coon “I have almost entirely given up the idea of ordina- 1 Pony tion, as I am getting every day more fully convinced 4 Pigs 2 Goats of the necessity for the clergy to observe celibacy for 29 Sheep 4 Cows every reason, both as in itself the holier estate, and 1 Calf Rabbits therefore especially incumbent upon them, and also for Ducks Cocks and hens. the avoidance of secularity and sacrilege.” (Vol. I., 2 Cats p. 62.) Of these, two pigs and all the sheep and kine and ducks Freeman had already for some time back have been bought since I came here. We slay and eat been engaged to a most estimable young lady, patriarchally of our own, yet we do not eat so soon after death as Abraham did.” (I., p. 177.) a Miss Eleanor Gutch. The question of ordi- nation was to be settled for him, and for her After five years he had again outgrown his too. No mawkish sentimentalism clouded his quarters, and for a third and last time he purpose for the moment. The idea of separa- moved, this time to Somerleaze, a comfortable and commodious house about two miles from tion seems not for a moment to have been thought of. If he could not conscientiously Wells. Here he was still immured in the quiet take with him into the clerical profession the isolation of English country life, keeping as wife-to-be, he would himself keep out of orders. far away from London, which he always abom- Moreover, at this time other ambitions were inated, as it was possible and still remain in already stirring in his mind. On March 22, England. And here he began the real work of his life. At Oaklands and at Lanrumney writing from Oxford, after stating that his con- victions on the question of clerical celibacy are he had been by no means idle, but he had been now so strong that he has finally determined as yet content to gather and lay the founda- tions for the greater work to come. He had to remain a layman, he continues : way “ If I take up any profession, it would be architec- produced much, but mostly in the ture; but I would much rather, if I find myself suffi- view and criticism of the work of others. At ciently well off, have none. I have begun a course of | Lanrumney he had devoted himself to the study 1 Dog of re- 1895.] 39 THE DIAL of Greek and Roman history. The series of a new subject. He had long been delving and reviews put forth at this time" exhibits a knowl- gathering. In 1892 he said of a former un- edge of Greek and Roman history marvellous successful effort to win a prize upon this sub- in its extent, clearness and firmness of grasp, ject : ranging as it does from the earliest ages down “ The Norman Conquest was a subject that I had to his own day.” Yet fame had come to him been thinking about ever since I could think at all. I slowly. He was one of those luckless bodies wrote for the Prize; I had the good luck not to get it. Had I got it I might have been tempted to think that whose fortune it was always to be just beaten I knew all about the matter. As it was, I went on and by some more fortunate competitor. At the learned something about it.” (P. 75.) university he had tried for prizes and fellow- This was, in 1846, one of the several unsuc- ships, and had generally succeeded in securing cessful attempts of Mr. Freeman to secure an honorable mention. He had tried twice or honors during his university career. But dis- thrice for Parliament; but he was too honest appointment only stimulated him to deeper and for the politicians, and too impatient in the more diligent study. Thus in a double sense, presence of mediocrity or stupidity, ever to se- we are indebted to the disappointments of Mr. cure the favor of the common people. Freeman for his greatest work, “ The Norman His ambition some day to return to his be- Conquest.” Nor was he destined to succeed loved Oxford as a professor of history had any better in 1866. When Goldwin Smith never forsaken him, but neither had his ill-luck. resigned, the coveted prize again eluded the In 1861 he had failed to secure the Camden ambitious recluse of Somerleaze and was given Professorship of Ancient History, and in 1862 to his friend William Stubbs. The appoint- · he had likewise failed to secure the Chichele ment of Stubbs did much to rob Freeman's Professorship of Modern History. In the lat- third disappointment of its edge. It was an ter case, thirty-five testimonials in his favor had honor to be beaten by such a competitor. In been forwarded to the electors. Amongst them the mean time Freeman remained at Som- was one from Thirlwall, the learned Bishop erleaze, quietly working away at the “Con- of St. David's, who said : quest” and making himself generally useful, “I have much pleasure in stating that I not only con- like the typical country gentleman that he was. sider him eminently fitted for the office, but that I Gaols, lunatics, and meetings about cattle should not be able to name any living scholar who ap- pears to me more highly qualified for it.” (I., p. 308.) plague” claimed a due share of his time. The work on the “Conquest ” also greatly broadened These various rebuffs to his ambition were, his scholarship by bringing him more into however, not without their beneficial results. sympathy with German writers, and greatly Freeman had made a reputation as a reviewer. strengthened that new taste for travel and local He had published a volume on Church Archi- research which became so marked in his later tecture, and had also put out Volume I. of his years. In a letter written from Oaklands, in “Federal Government"; but his name was not 1854, he frankly confesses that he is not a as yet, in the public mind, attached to any German scholar, and in citing a list of author- great work on modern history. It was time ities upon mediæval constitutional history he that he concentrated his splendid powers upon has apparently exhausted himself with - Hal- some one definite period of world history that lam, Guizot, Palgrave, Kemble, and the like " should henceforth be recognized as peculiarly (Ibid., p. 171). In 1877 he could address the his own field. In 1865 he wrote to Dean Hook: Greeks at Corfu in their native tongue; he “Goldwin Smith will most likely give up his profes- could write and talk Latin like a mediæval sorship next year, and I want to succeed him. It seems chorister; French also was as familiar to him to be thought good that I should put out something more directly bearing on what they call Modern History than as his native English; but as late as 1871 he Federal Government, Vol. I. So, as Federal Govern- complains from Strasburg: ment, Vol. II., could not be done in time, and as no « The folk at this inn be so Dutch that it was only bookseller (at least neither Longmans nor Macmillan) with great pains that I could find out the time of the would take a volume of collected essays at his own risk, trains for Paris. •You're in Germany now' says the I have actually sat down to make a distinct History of waiter, in English.” (II., p. 20.) the Norman Conquest, which I can do easier than any- body else, as I have worked so much at the subject for In December, 1872, we find him patiently twenty years past, that is, a great part of the story; laboring through Waitz, whom he treats with there will be little more to do than to write down what great respect. Possibly this interest in Waitz is already in my head.” (I., 335.) had some connection with a visit to central The Norman Conquest was thus by no means Germany in the preceding summer when he 66 40 (July 16, THE DIAL was the honored guest of Ihne at Heidelberg religion, and in the consciousness of common and of Pauli at Göttingen. destiny. Said he: Freeman's method of work at this time was “ This great land is essentially an English land; it is first to gather and read all that he could find no small witness to the toughness of fibre in the En- upon the topic in hand, and then to visit the glish folk wherever it settles that it is so; a land must be reckoned as English where the English kernel is so region in question and study it on the spot. strong as to draw to itself every foreign element, where It was at such times that he laid his friends the foreign settler is adopted into the English home of under tribute. Green, whose powers of observa- an English people, where he or his children exchange tion were far keener than Freeman's, was his the speech of their elder dwellings for the English frequent companion, especially in Normandy. speech of the land. Men of various nationalities are on American ground easily changed into good Ameri- A jolly pair they must have been, too, as they cans, and the good American must be, in every sense • footed it " about among the Norman hills,- that is not strictly geographical, a good Englishman. ... “stalking castles,” making the best of the in- Truly we may rejoice that with so much to draw them conveniences of such travel, finding no end of in other ways, this great people still remains in all essen- amusement and entertainment in the people, than they themselves know, more English it may be tial points an English people, more English very often but always deprecating the “Gal-Welsh jabber sometimes than the kinsfolk whom they left behind in that must come out of such fine Dutch car- their older home.” (II., p. 180. Quoted from “Im- cases.” What would one not give to have their pressions of United States," p. 137.) eyes and see what they saw and as they saw ! At last, in the year 1884, the honor for which Switzerland, Freeman had already visited. Mr. Freeman had so long hoped in vain sought Italy and Greece received his attention later. him. On the resignation of Mr. Stubbs to be- His “ History of Sicily” led him to study its come bishop of Chester, Freeman was chosen local topography as earnestly and faithfully as to fill his place. One of the great objects of he had once studied Normandy. his ambition, in which he had been so often In 1881 a long-talked-of trip to America was disappointed, was now at last within his grasp. undertaken. His ostensible object was to re- But the prize had now lost its charm. He felt spond to the joint invitation of the Lowell Insti- that the appointment was his due, and that he tute of Boston and the Peabody Institute of ought to accept it, but he shrank from the Baltimore. But Freeman's historical studies change in all his habits of life which must fol- had long since interested him in the Americans low. There is a real pathos in the reply which as the people who had most realized the prin- he at the time makes to the congratulations of ciples of Federal Government. He came, there- Mr. Goldwin Smith : fore, with eyes opened with kindly interest for “It is something to succeed Arnold, yon, and Stubbs the people and their institutions. He saw in - but I gnash my teeth that I have not had you and them his kindred, and he loved and respected Stubbs to my colleagues and not to predecessors. Years ago to fill one of the historical chairs at Oxford was my them as he did all that was English. His alternative ambition with a seat in Parliament. It seemed habit of constantly studying and comparing for years as if neither would ever come to me; and now the history of England with the history of at least one has come when I am rather too old for the old Greece made it easy for him to grasp the change. Leaving one's home for half the year to be in the midst of the whirl of Oxford, as Oxford is now, is idea of a people politically and geographically a frightful prospect, besides the bondage of new and divided, but still remaining in the higher sense absurd rules which Arnold never was under, nor you one people. It was in his large thought that either. . . . Still, I should have been disappointed if I the Englishmen of Britain, of America, of had not had the offer of the post, as I certainly thought Africa, of Australia, should be each to his dis- it was my due; and I thought it right to take it.” (II., tant brother as were the Greek of Kyrene and the Greek of Cherson. He regretted that there No one more than he knew his limitations. His health was failing rapidly. It was too late was no common name to embrace them all, such as the Greeks had in their term Hellene. The for the old dog to take kindly to new tricks. British Empire meant nothing to him com- He clung fondly, pathetically, to the old hab- itat. He continues to Goldwin Smith : pared with that truer and larger unity of the “I do n't mean to leave Somerleaze; at least I shall scattered English folk, the great family of the try the experiment of keeping two houses, though I fancy Angle-Kyn, who, in spite of geographical dis- it will be both grievous and costly; but I have got so tance, political separation, cruel warfare, and fond of my own place that it would be a frightful even more cruel commercial rivalry, were still wrench to leave it altogether.” one people — in history, in language, in the The results proved that Freeman had not possession of common political traditions, in I misjudged himself, or his condition. He be- 279.) 1895.] 41 THE DIAL of per- longed to the generation past. He had little times?” To Bryce, in March, 1884, he says, sympathy with the innovations that had dese- referring to the critics : “ These things would crated the Oxford that he had known and loved annoy me less if I saw more of other men and forty years before. He was out of place and could talk and laugh them off, but I can't he knew it and felt it. He who could have change my way of life now." (II., p. 278.) been so much to the university, saw himself Freeman had in fact for years been carrying now deserted for younger men. He lectured on a losing fight with his grim foe. His mind, to empty benches,- neither his style nor his however, remained clear and powerful. His methods were adapted to the ideals of the time. memory had lost the tenacious grasp of youth, His studies in the mean time were not for but his hunger for work was as eager as ever. one moment forsaken ; the first and second vol. He went on planning and breaking new ground, umes of his “History of Sicily” were published as if he really expected to live as long as Greg- in 1891, and by the end of the year nearly the ory IX., the man who began his lifework at whole of the third volume was ready for the seventy and completed it at ninety. But not press. In this great work, destined to be left so with Freeman. His career ended suddenly unfinished, he found relief and consolation in at Alicante in Spain, where he sank peacefully the midst of the discouragement and humilia- to rest, March 16, 1892,- his eagerness for tion that clouded his professorial career. "I work unabated and his ambition still unsat- am a-weary," he writes in February, “ of all isfied. BENJAMIN S. TERRY. this professing, and I shall be glad to give it up at the first moment I can.” In March again he writes : “I am thoroughly tired of this place and everything NEW ENGLAND'S FAST DAYS.* in it. It is all so disappointing and disheartening. I The painful preparers and purveyors have tried every kind of lecture I can think of, and pat my best strength into all, but nobody comes, and all ennial papers, to be printed throughout the the petty things that turn up are just enough to dis- press of this great United States, upon Thanks- . turb one's own steady work without awakening any in giving Days, with historical reference to the , terest." day and to Fast Days, will hail with deep grat- Freeman's failing health undoubtedly had itude the intelligent, comprehensive, exhaust- , much to do with the despondence that pervades ive, and interesting book entitled “The Fast all his letters of this period. Occasionally and Thanksgiving Days of New England.” In . he writes in a tone of sadness and vexation it is fresh and varied material sufficient to fur. of spirit, never manifested before in any for-nish suggestions for scores of such papers, an mer period of his life. From Somerleaze he excellent calendar of Fast and Thanksgiving complains that few of his friends wrote to Days, from the year 1620 to 1815, and a Bib- him, and that no one came to visit him; and liography of Thanksgiving and Fast Sermons. declares that if his friends did not go to see In the book are set forth in a series of in- him, he certainly would not go to that hateful teresting and well laid out chapters, the condi- London, in which so many of them had buried tions leading to the adoption in New England themselves—that horrid wilderness of houses," of the Fast Day and Thanksgiving Day system more dreary to him than any other place in the (if it may be so termed) in place of the holy world. At this time, also, he seems to be spe- days of the Church of England. The devel. . cially annoyed by the critics. He complains opment of this system, and the reason of its that for some reason, which he cannot under- decline, are also fully given. In various pe- stand, he seems to be more jeered and sneered riods, the system is shown in operation, in a a at than any other writer, by those who set them- , series of pictures all in proper historical setting. selves up to be critics. They are always at- As it would be impossible, within any rea- tacking me about peculiar spelling of names, sonable space, to give any adequate review of as if I had any spelling of my own different the thirty long chapters that constitute this from Lappen berg and Kemble before me, and book, I will chiefly dwell on the chapter en- Johnny* after me.” The critics also were ever titled “The Conquest of Canada,” since the grumbling at his “ horrible repetition "; and subject chances to be of special prominence and he asks, “Why should one not say the same interest to-day in the pleasant recognition and thing twenty times if people forget it twenty commemoration of this conquest through the *J.R. Green, whom he always refers to in his letters either THE FAST AND THANKSGIVING Days or New ENGLAND. as " Johnny or “Johnnikin, By W. DeLoss Love, Jr. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. > 42 [July 16, THE DIAL erection and dedication, by the Society of Col- be noted that prayer came nigh also to wreck- onial Wars, of a monument in memory of the ing the expedition, for it was desired to be kept Battle of Louisburg. secret as long as possible, but a loud-voiced In the middle of the eighteenth century the and fervent petition for guidance from God in conclusion was forced on New Englanders, the matter made the whole thing public. through the Indian wars, that the conquest of The following summer of 1746 was passed Canada was essential to the continued peace of in alternate hopes and fears. A French fleet New England. It took two wars to obtain this was said to be hovering off the coast near Bos- conquest, “ Governor Shirley's War,” 1744 to ton. The town was in consternation, a fast was 1749, and the “French and Indian War," set, and possibly in answer a tempest wrecked 1755 to 1760. An attack was made on the the French ships. In alternate fasting and English post of Canso in May, 1744, and when thanksgiving passed the six years of the treaty the news reached Boston, preparations were at of peace; and then the second war arose, the once made both for fighting and praying. A war of Braddock's campaign. Well should Fast was held in Massachusetts and New New England now fast and pray; burdened Hampshire four days before the troops sailed with debt, shocked by another earthquake, dis- for Annapolis Royal. Additional cause for couraged by Braddock's defeat, fasts followed humiliation was found in the warning voice of rapidly and prayers filled the land. They were an earthquake, by which Boston was shaken finally answered by the victory of Wolfe on the the day after war was declared. The summer Heights of Abraham (a fireside tale in New months were spent in endeavoring to secure England), and an English chaplain preached the neutrality of the Indians, and the autumn a Protestant sermon in the Ursuline convent Thanksgiving was given for the exceptionally in Quebec on the 27th of September. bountiful harvest, upon which the ministers How England and New England rejoiced! dilated as God's provision for war. The win- The autumn was a round of thanksgiving, of ter witnessed preparations for the expedition, war-sermons, which now constitute an import- and on the last day of February another Fast ant contribution to the history of the war. was held, and Samuel Checkley preached a ser- Some deemed the Conquest of Canada the final mon on “ Prayer a Duty when God's People overthrow of Babylon. They cared little for Go Forth to War.” Bostonians had never Canadian territory, but were eager for the ban- neglected that duty; they had prayed often and ishment of the Roman Catholic religion from with “extraordinary fervency, faith, and wrest- the continent. To me, these wars are deeply lings,” both in private and “ solemn days of significant, for a reason which at that day would publick prayer.” Praying-meetings were held have seemed basely traitorous to the loyal hearts even of women, a thing which had not been of both soldiers and ministers; the struggle tolerated in Boston since the dangerous and taught the sturdy Americans modes of war- “ bussie-headed” meetings of Anne Hutchinson fare, of fortifications, of endurance, and it pre- and her gossips a century previous. All this pared them for the struggle for Independence. later agitation was in Whitefield's time, when But it was a bitter experience; the hopeless prayer and praise filled every hour of the day. campaigns in the fierce Canadian winters; the sacrifices of wealth, of human life; the hor- Pepperell and the “ forces thro Favour of Di- rors of Indian atrocities; the tedious uncer- vine Providence Were Embarked and De- tainty of the issue. Well might they pray at parted.” And it was learned afterward that the end and sing their “ New Thanksgiving while these good pious Bostonians were thus Song,” printed in 1759. solemnly fasting and earnestly praying at home, “With feasting and Thanksgiving that very hour the grand Battery of Cape Bre- Our grateful hearts are fed, ton was delivered up. On July 3 the good Which gratifies the Living news of the fall of Louisburg arrived, and was And can't offend the Dead." greeted with fireworks and thanksgiving. The story of all this has been well told by The ministers and prayers had a large share Mr. Love, and is of deep interest. Of scarcely in this Louisburg expedition. Rev. Samuel less interest is the fantastic chapter on “ Pests, Moody, who accompanied the troops, cut down Plagues, and Prodigies ”; the one on “The with his own hands the papal images in the Witch Craft Fasts"; and the amusing one on Louisburg churches, and preached a Puritan Spells of Weather.” For this book has much sermon in the Romish church ; and it should I that is amusing in its pages. It shows many 1895.) 43 THE DIAL a - aspects of the subject that are decidedly hu- four generations, married into Dutch families morous, though always full of affectionate re- of the patroon order. Thus Thomas Barclay spect; for the modes of thought which may was a thorough - going Knickerbocker of the appear whimsical to-day, two centuries ago were olden type, reared in an unyielding Church of passionately religious and deeply significant. England atmosphere, intensely loyal to his Mr. Layard tells us that when in pursuit of king, and of course an uncompromising Tory some antiquarian researches in the Orient, he when the Revolution broke out. In 1775 he asked a certain Eastern Cadi for assistance and married, and opened a law office in New York, information. He received this answer: “ The but soon fled to rural Ulster ; but here he found things you search and ask, O most Illustrious life intolerable, amid suspicious neighbors to Stranger and Joy of my Liver, are both im whom a loyalist was akin to a mad dog, and in possible and useless to accomplish.” It would 1776 he joined the British army, fighting gal- appear that it must be impossible to make a lantly until the close of the war, from which list of all the various fast and thanksgiving he emerged as a major, on half-pay. The prop- days observed in all the New England towns erty of the Barclays, like that of hundreds of since colonial days, to recount their exact dates, other loyalist estates, was sequestered to the their commemorative sermons; yet I think it Commonwealth of New York, and, exiled, the has not proved so. At any rate, the author young lawyer-soldier went forth to drag out a gives in this book a table of about two thou- few barren years in Nova Scotia, upon the sand of these days, and I cannot believe there shores of the Bay of Fundy. were many more. I personally know of some In 1796, it became essential to establish very out-of-the-way — if I may so term them, which of two streams emptying into the Bay - some very recondite Fast Days, some appar- was the true River St. Croix mentioned in Jay's ently hidden and secreted instances. I have I have boundary treaty of 1794. Barclay's local conferred with Mr. Love's list. They all are knowledge, added to the credit he had estab- there, in proper place, properly dated, properly lished at court, caused him to be selected as labelled. Whether this work is useless or not, the king's commissioner, and his views appear is another matter. It would seem to be a mat- to have prevailed in the council. In 1799 he ter of individual decision. Certainly from the returned to New York as British consul-gen- point of view of an antiquary or oniomaniac iteral, a position he held until the outbreak of would not appear that it was Love's Labor Lost. war in 1812 necessitated his retirement to ALICE MORSE EARLE. England. He was soon back again, however, as agent for the relief and exchange of British prisoners in America, and in this often dis- agreeable position served until peace was de- CORRESPONDENCE OF A BRITISH clared, when he once more retired to London, CONSUL-GENERAL.* only to be again despatched to New York as one of the British commissioners to settle the The student of American history will find much of interest and value in a handsome vol. vexed question of the Northeast Boundary ume recently issued under the title of Seleo (1815–22). tions from the Correspondence of Thomas Bar- Barclay's position was now a peculiarly del- icate one. clay.” Thomas Barclay came of old colonial His editor well says: “ He was a stock. His great-grandfather, John, was sur- native of New York, he had married his wife veyor-general of East Jersey, and agent of his in New York; his family had their home there, brother Robert, the non-resident governor; his sons were New York merchants, his daugh- ters had married Livingstons and Stuyvesants, Thomas, the son of John, was Church of En- gland missionary at the then (1707–22) out- and he was a cousin of half the people in the post of Albany ; his son Henry was long rec- place. Nova Scotia and Canada were sensitive tor of Trinity Church, in New York, and to on the subject, and if Lord Ashburton was him, in 1753, was born the hero of the present attacked and discredited because he had mar- what sort book. The original Barclays were upper-class ried an American wife, we may guess Scotchmen; but the American branch, in its of a storm would have been raised if Barclay had yielded to American demands. Far more * SELECTIONS FROM THE CORRESPONDENCE OF THOMAS stubbornly, probably, than any native English- BARCLAY, formerly British Consul-General at New York. Edited by George Lockhart Rives. New York: Harper & man, Barclay stood firm for the extremest Brit- Brothers. ish claims." As a matter of fact, these pro- 44 [July 16, THE DIAL - a -- tracted negotiations availed nothing; it was THE LIFE OF A PHILANTHROPIC not until the Webster-Ashburton treaty in 1842 ENGLISH WOMAN.* that the matter was finally settled, by the es- tablishment of the present boundary. As for Viewed from the standing-point of thrilling Barclay, he retired in 1822, after nearly fifty adventure or varied experiences, the Life of years of important public service for Great Miss Frances Power Cobbe would seem unevent- Britain, and spent his last years quietly and ful enough ; but as a record of the evolution of prosperously, in the care of a country place on a strong personality, and of changes in English Manhattan Island, where he passed away in life and society during the past seven decades 1830. - all of which she saw, and part of which she Barclay appears to have preserved but a rela- was,- it holds the reader's attention from the tively small portion of his correspondence, which first page to the last of its two large volumes. must have been voluminous ; such papers as are It is impossible to conceive a more dispas- here given us, however, are sufficient to throw sionate or franker narrative; and this is per- many a strong ray of light upon the troublous haps the greatest charm of the book. Nothing affairs of the Republic in its years of childhood. either good or bad in the way of self-revelation Their author probably never quite forgave his appears to have been shirked; and many of ; fellow-countrymen for breaking with the mother those things which most persons, especially country, and was to the last faithful, perhaps most women, prefer to keep to themselves are over-zealous, in his service for the King. But stated here in a matter-of-course fashion that he thoroughly knew America and Americans, is a sure warrant of that perfect candor in self- and his letters reveal none of those singular judgment which is usually so difficult of attain- misconceptions of our national characteristics ment. For example, speaking gratefully of her which were wont in his day to abound in the own vigorous physique, Miss Cobbe admits its memoirs of English travellers and diplomats defects, “ even to the verge of grotesqueness whose paths led hither. He drove hard bargains from the æsthetic point of view"; in describ- for his sovereign; nevertheless he had a whole- | ing a childish temptation whereby she ate, one some respect for the land of his birth, its peo- by one, certain sweetcakes placed in her care ple, and most of its institutions. for a boy cousin, she adds: “Greediness, alas ! The editor of the present volume, Mr. George has been a besetting sin of mine all my life.” Lockhart Rives, is not only a descendant of But the most astonishing bit of confidential Thomas Barclay, but was formerly assistant sec- disclosure to the reader is where she speaks of retary of state of the United States, and betrays having gone through life without any experi- an intimate knowledge of early American diplo-ence of what has been styled “woman's whole macy. His introductions to the several chap- existence,” confessing that no man has ever ters into which he has arranged the papers are desired to share her life, nor has she seen the in their way models of judicious and concise man she would have wished to ask her to do statement; his own account of the northeast so. This revelation makes it seem all the more boundary question, reinforced by two original astonishing that she could have entered into maps, is in itself a valuable contribution to the the understanding of the sentiments of love literature of the subject. The publishers have and maternity as she has done in “ The Duties coöperated with the editor in the production of of Women.” of Women." It denotes an intuitive imagina- a highly creditable piece of book-making. The tion of a high order to supply the sympathy excellent index deserves special commendation that is commonly derived only by actual experi- from historical students. ence in one's own fibres. REUBEN GOLD THWAITES. By any of the recognized laws of heredity, Miss Cobbe is puzzled to account for herself. Not one of her ancestors or relatives, so far as A SCHOPENHAUER monument was unveiled at Frank- furt on the sixth of June. Dr. Gwinner was the orator she can learn, ever dabbled in printer's ink; of the occasion. It will be remembered that the last and so little sympathy had she at home that thirty years of the philosopher's life were spent in the she was obliged to write and publish secretly, city on the Main, and that his tomb is in the Frankfurt in order to spare her father the mortifying con- Friedhof. We note also that a Scheffel monument is to be unveiled on the twenty-first of the present month sciousness of having a scribbling daughter. at Mürzzuschlag, where the poet once sojourned for a * THE LIFE OF FRANCES POWER COBBE. Written by Her time. A Scheffel Festschrift is also promised for this self. In two volumes, with Portrait. Boston: Houghton, occasion. Mifflin & Co. 1895.] 45 THE DIAL 6 6 His own abilities, though not small, were exclu- vogue, and generally performed in a showy and taste- sively of an administrative order. The mother less manner on harp or piano. I can recall an amusing was a gracious and beautiful woman, notable instance in which the order of precedence above de- scribed was naively betrayed by one of our schoolmis- chiefly as a charming hostess and cultivated tresses when she was admonishing one of the girls who member of society. With a great admiration had been detected in a lie. •Don't you know, you for both parents, and a passionate love for the naughty girl,' said Miss R. impressively, before the mother, Frances Power Cobbe recognizes that whole school, don't you know we had almost rather her own faculties, her own lifework, are of a music, than tell such falsehoods ? . They marched find you [of Pretty Well] kind that would have been regarded as un- us to church every Sunday when it did not rain, and seemly by all her ancestry, and unbecoming as they made us on Sunday mornings repeat the Collect a daughter of their house, especially as she and Catechism; but beyond these exercises of body and mind it was hard for them to see what to do for our lacked the inheritance of all their peculiar gifts spiritual welfare. One Ash Wednesday, I remember, and graces. Of her four brothers, all her they provided us with a dish of salt fish, and when this elders, none showed any marked fondness for was removed to make room for the roast mutton, they literary pursuits. addressed us in a short discourse, setting forth the merits of fasting, and ending by the remark that they Destiny conferred upon Miss Cobbe a for- left us free to take meat or not as we pleased, but that tunate environment. Being granted the proph- they hoped we should fast; "it would be good for our et’s prayer of “neither poverty nor riches,” she souls AND OUR FIGURES !'" was freed from all the money cares that beset By far the most vital and momentous of the pathway of most persons. Neither of those Miss Cobbe's experiences were those in con- difficult problems, the making of both ends nection with religious thought and feeling. Nat- meet or the just and conscientious expenditure urally a very devout child, when she was about of a large income, were pressed upon her for eighteen she found herself, in complete mental solution. Thus in early womanhood and mid-solitude and in great ignorance, facing all the dle life she enjoyed a degree of real leisure of dread problems of human existence. Her father mind possessed by few. This gift of the gods was a typical Churchman as Churchmen were to the literary worker is so priceless that it is in the first half of the century. All her rela- a pleasure to find Miss Cobbe recognizing its tives, far and near, were the same. In those full value, even to the extent of somewhat de-days no such thing was heard of as “ Broad” preciating her real gifts and creative energy. interpretations of Scripture doctrines. It was sixty years before " Lux Mundi," and thirty “I had good, sound working brains to start with, and before even “Essays and Reviews." Evan- much fewer hindrances than the majority of women in gelical Christianity in 1840 presented itself as improving and employing them. Voila tout." a thing to be taken whole, or rejected wholly. A woman thus fortunately born and fortu- The story of the alterations that for years went nately placed would naturally receive the best on in the poor young heart and brain, one week education offered by her time, and accordingly, or month of rational and moral disbelief, and at the age of fourteen Miss Cobbe left the care the next of vehement and remorseful return to of governesses for a private “ Ladies' School' the the faith which she supposed could alone give in Brighton. The description of her life there her the joy of religion, is too pathetic and in- during the next two years is one of the most timate for condensation, and the result of her entertaining portions of the book, as showing final acceptance of the doctrines of Theism, the characteristics of the typical higher educa with its family estrangement, is really tragic, that period. Miss but must not be dwelt . Cobbe's deliberate conviction that, for attainIn the year 1857, by the death of her father, ing the minimum of solid results with the max- Miss Cobbe was released from her pleasant du- imum of cost and labor, a better system could ties as mistress of the family estate at New- scarcely have been devised. These were some bridge, and found herself free to enter upon an of its features : independent career of her own choosing. She “ Not that which was good in itself or useful to the was then thirty-five years old, had written one community, or even that which was delightful to our- book, the “ Essay on the Theory of Intuitive selves, but that which would make us admired in so Morals," but had seen little of any life beyond . ciety, was the raison d'être of each requirement. Every- that of her own immediate neighborhood. After thing was taught us in the inverse ratio of its true importance. At the bottom of the scale were Morals the English fashion, the interests of the eldest and Religion, and at the top were Music and Dancing; brother and his charge of keeping up the house miserably poor music too, of the Italian school then in and estate were considered as paramount, and She says: 46 [July 16, THE DIAL she was left with but a small patrimony. But MAYAN HIEROGLYPHICS.* accepting her comparative poverty with cheer- fulness, and interpolating a year's pilgrimage Of the native peoples of North America, the abroad as a sort of conclusion to her self-edu- Mayas had certainly made the greatest ad- cation, the time seemed now ripe for realizing vancement in culture and have left the most a long-cherished hope of leading an independ- enduring and interesting monuments. At the ent life in some field of usefulness to her fel- time of the Spanish Conquest, the Mayas oc- low-creatures. “Slumming,” before either the cupied the whole of Yucatan and parts or all word or the thing had become fashionable, was of the present states and countries of Chiapas, the first thing that presented itself, and the Tabasco, Guatemala, and Honduras. Mayas next four years were spent assisting Miss Car- pure in blood and speaking their old language penter in her Reformatory and Ragged School still form the main population of much of that work. Lameness, in consequence of a sprained The Maya language possesses remark- ankle, terminated these labors; and Miss able vitality, and has not only not given way Cobbe's work henceforth, though not less phil- before the Spanish, but has forced itself upon anthropic, was performed chiefly through the the half-breed and foreign population of Yu- medium of the pen. Two classes of the op- catan. pressed — women and brutes — appealed espe- The Mayas are short, strong, dark, and cially to her justice-loving nature, and inspired brachycephalic.” Not quite satisfied with na- her to vigorous efforts in their behalf. Wo- Wo-ture's gifts, they formerly shaped their heads man Suffrage, the Married Woman's Property into curious forms and perforated or filed their Act, the granting of university degrees to wo- teeth. Agriculturists, they raised crops of men, the protection of assaulted wives from maize, beans, and peppers for food ; they cul- brutal husbands, are all causes which have owed tivated cotton for clothing; they raised bees much to the voice and pen of Miss Cobbe. But for their wax and honey. Fond of bright col- it is in behalf of dumb animals, and as leader of ors in dress, they made much use of gay feath- the Anti-Vivisection movement, that her chief ers, and dyed their cotton cloths brilliantly. energies have been engaged during the last They lived in permanent towns, wherein some thirty years. Her article on - The Rights of of the buildings were built of stone and elab- Man and the Claims of Brutes,” published in orately carved. Their religious ideas were nota- “ Fraser's Magazine” of November, 1863, was bly developed and deeply influenced the daily probably the first effort ever made to deal with life. the moral question involved in the torture of Students have given much attention to the animals, either for the sake of scientific or ther-interesting architecture and the written system apeutic research, or for the acquirement of man- of the Mayas. Stephens and Catherwood half ipulative skill. Now there are no less than a century ago made known to the American fifty-seven Anti-Vivisection Societies in Europe reader the ruined cities in the forests of Chi- and America, and the cause is recruiting new apas, Honduras, and Yucatan. They caused a friends every day. Miss Cobbe gives it as her veritable sensation. Yet for a long time, and “supreme hope” that “when, with God's help, until quite recently, American students made our Anti-Vivisection controversy ends in years no further important explorations. Then the to come, long after I have passed away, man- Peabody Museum at Cambridge began its work kind will have attained through it, a recogni- in Honduras ; later the management of the tion of our duties towards the lower animals, World's Columbian Exposition arranged for far in advance of that which we now commonly the photographing and reproduction of some hold.” of the more important monuments and ruins. Those who know Miss Cobbe as the author At the Exposition not only all of this material, of books so eloquent and ringing as “ The Du- but also the important reproductions by Char- ties of Women,” so logical and scholarly as nay-that enthusiastic French explorer-were the “Essay on Intuitive Morals,” so devout and shown. Parts of finely carved façades, the helpful as “ Religious Duty,” so incisive and Yucatanese Arch, mural decorations and in- sprightly as “ Re-Echoes,” will not delay long scriptions, altars, great monolithic figures, tab- in seeking the acquaintance of an autobiogra- * A PRIMER OF MAYAN HIEROGLYPHICS. By D, G. Brin- phy marked by all of these qualities. ton. Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, Series in Philology, Literature, and Archæology, Vol. III., No. 2. ANNA B. McMAHAN. Boston: Ginn & Co. 1895.] 47 THE DIAL lets bearing hieroglyphs, were among the spec- lowed by Brinton, claims that this mathemati- imens ; most of these are now in the Field cal knowledge was chiefly of service in religio- Columbian Museum and supply an important astronomical computations. The pictorial ele- material for study. In these carvings the in- ments are mainly representations of gods or of scriptions are in characters which have been sacred objects. In identifying them, Schellbas called “calculiform" or pebble-shaped. Though has been a chief worker. Brinton summarizes much conventionalized in some cases, they are his work, adding pertinent suggestions. The plainly pictorial in origin. The inscriptions mathematical and pictorial elements, now fairly on walls and monoliths are not the only speci- worked out, form a considerable part of the mens of Mayan writing. There are some brief Mayan inscriptions and texts. The remainder inscriptions on small objects, on stone, and on - the real graphic elements — presents great vases of earthenware. There are also a few difficulty. The signs of days, months, and car- books. dinal points are known; the names of some The books of the Mayas were long strips of gods have probably been made out. Most of paper made of maguey fibre, which were folded the rest remain unconquered. In studying like a screen. Upon the pages thus formed them, the characters, most of which are com- were painted in black and various colors strange posite, must be analyzed into their component pictures and characters of the same sort as parts; the original picture meaning of these those engraved on the monuments. Most of must be determined ; lastly their rebus value, the Maya books were early destroyed by the or sound, must be discovered. The work will Spaniards, but a few still exist in libraries and be arduous, but it will probably be done. Dr. museums. Of those known, four have been Brinton's “ Primer” will help on the work. It accurately reproduced for the use of students. supplies the beginner with just what he needs, In his “ Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics,” information as to what and how much others Dr. Brinton aims to summarize present knowl. have really gained. FREDERICK STARR. edge of this curious system of writing. The work of German, French, English, and Ameri. can authors is collected, examined, and weighed. The number of American workers in the field of THROUGH ASIA AT MY STUDY TABLE.* translating the Mayan hieroglyphs is not great. The great central plateau of the Asiatic continent Cyrus Thomas, Philip Valentine, Aug. Le offers to the explorer irresistible attractions. An Plongeon, and Dr. Brinton are the ones whose area nearly as large as all Europe is lifted higher writings are best known. Authors are not than any other continental mass of the earth ; 80 that it has been called “the roof of the world.” agreed upon very many important points. Thus The rim of this plateau is fortified by ranges of the question whether the characters are pho- lofty mountains upon three of its four sides ; the netic is still discussed. Some, by means of summits of those upon the south reaching an elevation Landa's “alphabet " and other keys" translate but little short of six miles, while their practicable everything. Others go so far as to say that passes carry the daring traveller some thousands of everything is pictographic and that phonetic feet higher than the dome of Mont Blanc. To the characters are wanting. Dr. Brinton occupies extreme vicissitudes of climate which such geograph- a moderate position between these extremes. ical conditions necessarily impose, are added the Considering the system as a whole, in its ori. suspicious and unfriendly disposition of inhabitants gin, pictographic, he finds many of the char- * CHINESE CENTRAL ASIA: A Ride to Little Tibet. By acters to be of the nature of rebuses. At first Henry Lansdell, D.D. In two volumes. New York: Im- ported by Charles Scribner's Sons. pictures representing real objects, they have TRANS-CASPIA, the Sealed Provinces of the Czar. By W. come to represent sounds derived from or sug- M. Shoemaker. Cincinnati : The Robert Clarke Co. gested by the name of the original object. ON INDIA'S FRONTIER; or, Nepal, the Gurkha's Mysterious In the material studied there are three groups Land. By Henry Ballantine, M.A., late American Consul at Bombay. New York: J. Selwin Tait & Sons. of elements recognized - mathematical, pic- DIARY OF A JOURNEY THROUGH MONGOLIA AND TIBET, torial, graphic. The first group, the charac- in 1891 and 1892. By William Woodville Rockhill. Wash- ters connected with number, is important. In ington: The Smithsonian Institution. THE REAL CHINAMAN. By Chester Holcombe, late Inter- their peculiar way the Mayas were great mathe- preter, Secretary of Legation, and Acting Minister of the maticians. With a vigesimal system of count- United States at Peking. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. ing, they had distinct names for the various COREA ; or, Chosen, the Land of the Morning Calm. By A. Henry Savage-Landor. New York: Macmillan & Co. orders of numerals up to the sixth power of LOTUS-TIME IN JAPAN. By Henry T. Finck. New York : twenty. Förstemann, who in this matter is fol- Charles Scribner's Sons. 48 [July 16, THE DIAL unaccustomed to the incursions of visitors, and a consular service, he was enabled so to conduct his general unwillingness of the governments to admit travel as to relieve it of every inconvenience not im- foreigners, amounting in some instances to absolute posed by natural causes. Under instructions which prohibition. everywhere preceded him, officers were on the alert The condition of isolation which the oriental na- to anticipate his wants. His goods passed frontiers tions have so long maintained, and which some of not simply free of duty but free of inspection ; quar- them yet strenuously insist upon, may be figured, ters, servants, and transportation were freely pro- not inaptly, by the physical situation just described. vided, and even the postal service followed him to Elevated, in their own opinion, far above all other the heart of Asia. What with stalking deer and races or peoples, they have entrenched themselves shooting wild asses, and gathering butterflies to make within walls of opinion or of prejudice as massive an entomologist green with envy, his collections in as their mountains, and moving as slowly as their natural history seem to have been limited only by glaciers. Having outlived many more active and his means of transportation. With all this, it should progressive nations, it may not be surprising that be noted that other interests were constantly sub- they should imagine stability of government to be ordinated to the great errand on which he had come, synonymous with perpetuity of custom; and that which was to make reconnaissances for suitable points they should think it therefore necessary to resist for missionary stations, and to distribute translations all innovations of persons or of ideas. For genera- of the Scriptures in lands where they were before tions, progress knocked at the gates of isolation, unknown. These he found everywhere gladly re- but gained no admission. By a display of courteous ceived, the people offering large prices for books, power, Japan, already ripe for change, was induced when the supplies allotted for free distribution in to open her doors ; in response to the imperious de- specified localities were exhausted. mands of war, China has reluctantly done the same; Moving rapidly, as modern conveyances permit, Korea and Siam and Burmah conform in a more from London by way of St. Petersburg and the kindly fashion. But Great Tibet sits within her Black and Caspian seas, his first objective point circumvallation of mountains and deserts, beyond was Kuldja, southeast of Lake Balkash, and north the range of gunboats or gatlings, and refuses ad- of the Thian Shans. Thence scaling its northern mission to a single feringhee scout, either traveller boundary by the Musart Pass, at an altitude of or missionary. Her contention is that every visitor 12,000 feet, he entered the high basin of Chinese will be followed by a score ; and that the gates once | Turkestan, where he established himself at Kashgar, opened, the isolation so carefully preserved for cen- a point nearly north from Bombay. Here, thirty turies will be irrevocably destroyed. No occidental years ago, the Mohammedan chieftain, Yakub Kham, may visit Lassa, or even enter Tibet; the native who made against the Chinese Empire a revolt, briefly aids such a visitor, or who even brings a request for successful but after a time suppressed, which had admission, no matter in what respectful terms it may its use in admitting a ray of modern daylight into be couched, parts company with his head. a secluded region. Having completed his inspection, Of the books of travel upon our list, four describe and visited Yarkand and Khotan, cities yet but little assaults upon the great central plateau and its some known, Dr. Lansdell continued his journey south- what isolated people ; the other three present views ward, crossing in succession the lofty ranges of the within lands which have lately given admission to Kuen-lun, the Karakorum, and the Himalayahs, by the stranger. Dr. Lansdell, who gives to the ac- passes each of which had an altitude of more than count of a long and most successful journey, full of 17,000 feet. The beast of burden available at these interest and adventure, the modest title of * A Ride great elevations, where horses and men suffer from to Little Tibet,” unites in himself the characteris- the rarefaction of the air, is the yak, described as tics of a traveller, a naturalist, and a pioneer of a grunting ox with a horse's tail.” It proved to Christian missions. As the result of preceding jour- be sure-footed and easily ridden along precipitous neys, he has described the northern or Siberian paths of alpine abruptness, encroached upon by Asia, and that part of Central Asia which is gov- glaciers of more than Arctic grandeur. The route erned by Russia. In this journey it was his pur- finally emerged into Kashmir, in that part called pose to visit that part of Central Asia which is in- Little Tibet, which gave the title to Dr. Lansdell's cluded in the Chinese Empire, although without the book. Great Tibet he could not enter. No diplomacy great wall. He so arranged his route as to enter from England or from China availed anything. An this region, as he himself says, by the “ back way" autograph letter addressed to the Grand Lama by that is, from the west, crossing the Russian fron- the Archbishop of Canterbury, whom Dr. Lansdell tier, rather than by making the journey from the described as the Chief English Lama, failed for Chinese seaboard. As his friends deemed this pro- want of delivery. From Bhotan, from Leh, from cedure extra-hazardous, they endeavored to dissuade Darjeeling, he could only look over into the forbid- him from it; but by skilful approaches to the gov- den land, which he could not enter. ernments of China and of Russia, supported by his The route which Mr. Shoemaker proposed to fol- reputation already established with each, and aided low in the country somewhat indefinitely named by by the kind offices of the British diplomatic and him Trans-Caspia, was a little less circuitous than 1895.) 49 THE DIAL that taken by Dr. Lansdell, though directed to The reader will sympathize with the regret of the nearly the same objective points. So far as Tash- traveller when he found that the decision of the kend, they were the same; thence he went toward grand lama was consistent with previous refusals, Kashgar by the passes of the Alai mountains, rather and that he would be compelled to turn again east- than by the long detour by the Issik-Kul lake, and ward and conclude his journey at Shanghai. Some the town Kuldja. From Kashgar he proposed to time may yet elapse before any correspondent will enter Kashmir by Leh and the passes of the Kara- date his letters at Lassa. korum. Mr. Shoemaker had nearly reached Kash- Since the publication of the voluminous work of gar when his farther progress was arrested by fever Dr. Williams, we have seen no presentation of China so serious as to require him to retrace his steps and and its people more admirable than that of Mr. regain the railway at Samarkand. The narrative, Chester Holcombe. One hardly needs to say that scarcely more than the introductory chapter of what the Real Chinaman will not be discerned by the was designed, is pleasantly written, but subjectively rather than objectively. most astute tourist whose daily observations fall within daily changing horizons. For such a writer, The scene of Mr. Ballantine's excursion is upon the mental vision, like the physical, sees simply what the southern slope of the Himalayas. Along this is before it, is limited by its own aperture, and portion of the impregnable defense of Great Tibet usually discovers only what it is looking for. His lies a fringe of mountainous country, a strip of ter- narrative describes himself as affected by novel ritory five hundred miles long by one hundred and conditions. It shows what the reader, if a person fifty wide, yet unsubdued by the East Indian gov- similarly constituted, would be likely to find on a ernment, and named Nepal, from the ascetic Hin- similar journey. The vision may be truthfully pre- doo saint, Ne. The frontier of Nepal is reached sented, but it is partial, superficial, and misleading at a point near Segowli, distant by rail from Cal- in every important generalization. Especially in cutta four hundred miles, and from Khatmandu, oriental lands, where all the elements of life, char- the capital, about one hundred miles. The road is acter, education, art, are so strangely different from merely a track through the jungle, not passable by those which have developed the occidental mind, is vehicles, patrolled by dangerous wild beasts ; the it necessary that the observer should have the op- traveller must provide his own equipment for camp- portunity given only by extended residence and inti- ing at night. The city occupies a picturesque sit- a mate acquaintance, before his senses and his thoughts uation between the spurs of the mountains. No shall have adjusted themselves to the strange atmos- one could expect other than mediæval types ; great phere, and he be enabled to discover the real meaning wealth existing in temples and shrines, little for the of even everyday occurrences. Considering the wide daily life of the people. Edifices for religious pur- gulf between oriental and occidental ideas, and the poses exhibit an impressive architecture of Indian usually limited means for proper study, it is doubt- style, profusely enriched, especially with quaintly less true that “ the rule in Western lands is to mis- artistic carvings. The most startling event at the understand everything Chinese.” Mr. Holcombe time of our traveller's visit was a change in the gov- has made skilful use of the singular advantages of ernment, accomplished in the oriental fashion by his position as interpreter to the American legation the assassination of the prime minister and his gen- at Peking, and afterward as secretary and acting eral-in-chief of the army. minister. His work is concise, luminous, and of The next anabasis is one undertaken from the rare interest. China is a complete, coherent, and East, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Insti- comprehensive organism. It is an Endogens. Its tution, by William Woodville Rockhill, previously ideal assumes that every possible condition, social, of the American Embassy at Peking. The objective religious, and political, has been recognized, ana- point was the exploration of part of the great Asian lyzed, and regulated, both as to substance and eti- plateau, Great Tibet, and a visit to Lassa - or, as quette. Revision is needless, alteration impossible. he spells it, Lh'asa — the capital city of the grand Education means the absorption by the memory of - lama. The route chosen was westward from Pe- the entire regulative code, as it was long since form- king, to the vicinity of the lake, Kokonor; thence ulated and expounded. The matter to be learned over the high lands inhabited by the Mongols of the is, like the language, so wide in its scope Kokonor, to the Tengrinor, where he would be infinitely multifarious in detail that a long life is within a few days' march from Lassa. The journey too brief for its perfect mastery. Its political sys- was conducted as a scientific excursion, rather than tem is the reductio ad absurdam of what in the as a summer excursion, and the narrative is given western world is the apotheosis of civil service. in the same spirit. The route is laid down with The unit is the family, in which the father is an instrumental precision ; altitudes, temperatures, the autocrat; the son is a vassal ; the daughter is nil. weather, are carefully noted ; observations are re- The son never becomes “of age"; during his father's corded whenever they have any bearing upon zoolog- life he may not plant a separate family tree. The ical, ethnological, or allied natural science. The state is the larger family of which the emperor is record forms a valuable contribution to the geog- the paternal head. As he is the supreme father, the raphy of that part of Asia which was traversed. fibres of his absolute control permeate the mass of and so a 50 [July 16, THE DIAL new books about hundreds of millions of people, and unite him per- rents and temples, its gay bridges and its sombre ave- sonally with the humblest subject, who may not even nues of cryptomerias; modern Sapporo, where a col- exchange his winter garments for his summer garb lege of agriculture, founded by Americans and taught without permission from the vicegerent of heaven. by Americans, rejoices in Jersey cows and the United Towards the highest power, next to that of the em- States dialect; Hakodate, Kyoto, and imperial Fuji- peror, any boy in the empire may aspire; the route san,— are any of these new to us? But the fresh lies through a limitless jungle of education, and is visit with so versatile a companion will be not less marked by endless fences of examination. Like its delightful than were its predecessors. And if we, most famous pagoda, the Chinese system is sym- like him, have come with a purpose to see what we metrical, consistent, finished, and lifeless. There were looking for, we shall agree that in many respects is no place for foreign men or alien thought. There Japan can show to us bustling Americans rare and may be no migration, either inwards or outwards. worthy lessons in civilization of the highest type; The Chinese educated gentleman is like one of his such as kindly love for little children and reverent choicest porcelain vases: elegant in form, polished care of parents; real politeness, the cherished vin- in surface, artistic in its own way, unchangeable, tage of a thousand years; a language without pro- and hollow. The china bowl foating beside the fanity; genuine altruism, and the purest and most iron pot upon the swollen tide cried « Keep away, unselfish patriotism. Even Shinto virtues are not for I am precious"; and she might have added to be despised; they are, cleanliness, courage, cour- fragile. Considered as to its own premises, the at- tesy, personal honor, patriotism: against such there titude which China has assumed toward the rest of is no law. SELIM H. PEABODY. the world is logically correct. The premises are deficient, for they ignore the indispensible element of vitality. The irresistible logic of events is drive ing her on. Whether collision come against the BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. elegant bronze of Japan, or the rougher iron of Mrs. William Starr Dana's “ How Russia or of England, the porcelain vase of China Some beautiful is in imminent danger. to Know the Wild Flowers ” (Scrib- American flowers. ner) seems to have proved a distinct From China to Korea Cho-sen, the Land of success, the title-page of the revised and enlarged the Morning Calm-the transition is natural. Upon edition now published announcing the twenty-sev- Korean soil came the first collision between isola- enth thousand of the work. In this edition there tion, as championed by China, and the youthful are fifty-two new plates, making the whole number virility of progress, as illustrated by rejuvenated of flowers pictured one hundred and sixty-four. Japan. So much, at least, has been gained by the Some sixty new descriptions have also been added, struggle, whose outcome as yet does not clearly ap- and many of the old ones amplified. The drawings pear, that this land has been opened to the inspec- are, with two or three exceptions, made directly from tion of the world ; and of this opportunity Mr. Sav- nature by Miss Marion Satterlee.—A work of similar age-Landor has taken early advantage. In his brief character and larger scope is the “Wild Flowers visit he has seen much, which he has described in- of the North-Eastern States ” (Putnam), which has structively. been prepared (both text and drawings) by Miss Whoever may have glanced at the volumes under Ellen Miller and Miss Margaret Christine Whiting. consideration will have traversed in imagination the This work, we understand, was undertaken some wide continent of Asia. With Shoemaker he has time before the appearance of Mrs. Dana's book, stifled in the hot sands of the Black desert; with and its preparation has been a labor of years. Three Lansdell has chased butterflies in the glades beneath hundred and eight species are included, each having the Thian Shan, and struggled on yak-back over the a page of descriptive text and a full-page plate in glaciers of the Saser Pass; with Ballantine has gazed illustration thereof. The most distinctive feature at the gorgeous shrines near Khatmandu; with Rock- of the work is found in the fact that each drawing hill has turned sadly away from inhospitable Tibet; (with two or three exceptions) gives us the exact with Holcombe has enjoyed a clear glimpse of Chi- | dimensions of the specimen from which it was taken. nese political and social economy; and with Savage- If the plant is large, like Acorus Calamus, we have Landor has scampered through Korea. He would only the section that the page will admit; if it is not willingly emerge from the glamour and the mys- small, like Viola sagittata, we have an equally tery of Asiatic communion, without a look at that small drawing set in the midst of a great blank farthest and fairest land where the East clasping space. The carrying out of this idea made a large hands with the West, joins the completed circuit of page necessary, and hence the volume is a bulky the world. With Mr. Finck this will be a rapid but Anyone familiar with our wild flowers does pleasant journey. We shall see the lovely land in not need to be told that the drawings for the pres- its loveliest garb of Lotus-time. The places will be ent work have been made with great and loving familiar; for have we not, by proxy, visited all be- care, but the following note from the introduction fore?—the foreign drink-bars of Yokohama, and the is of interest : “ Days have been pleasantly spent in bright streets of Tokyo; ancient Nikko, with its tor- searching for a specimen which would show most one. 1895.] 51 THE DIAL room. as 9 typically the particular trick of growth, the charac- papers," as, for the rest, Mr. Dana frankly enough teristic gesture which individualized it from all admits. “ If any one newspaper regularly omitted other plants ; often a flower has been drawn and to give an account of interesting swindles, or for- described as it grew, surprised in its familiar haunt.” geries, or murders, the people would stop reading An Arisaema dracontium, slightly conventionalized, that paper and go off and get one where they could makes a beautiful and striking cover-decoration for find all the news. This is the old plea of “I am this handsome volume.--Mr. F. Schuyler Mathews, no worse than the other fellows,” and it is as vicious in his “ Familiar Flowers of Field and Garden in journalism as it is anywhere else. But few (Appleton), has prepared a book to be read rather among journalists, we fancy, would have the sub- than referred to, and a charming book it is. The lime effrontery of Mr. Dana in introducing the Di- drawings are shaded instead of being the mere out- vine Providence as a witness for the defence. We line sketches of the two books just described, and do not care to criticize these lectures in detail. Mr. the artist has been extremely successful in getting Dana could not be expected to write any kind of a the characteristic pose of his specimens. The de- book without introducing a slur upon President scriptive text is accurate in fact and engaging in Cleveland; in the present instance the slur is both style. A peculiar point of excellence is found in uncalled for and in the worst of taste. The arrange- the author's color-vocabulary, which shows how the ment of the newspaper hierarchy which places the eye of the painter may be enlisted, and to good pur- editor at the head of things, calling him “the final pose, in the service of science. Mr. Mathews is not authority in everything," ignores the publisher, who the only student of botany who has been compelled is too often the real head of a newspaper, working to admit that Gray's descriptions are often inaccu- the strings of the puppet-editor from the counting- rate as far as color is concerned. The grouping of Mr. Dana's examples of newspaper poetry species in this book is by months, and an extensive are not likely to become classics, and are perhaps tabular index (with floral calendar) is appended.- best described in the phrase which calls them “ The last book in our list is by Mr. Clarence Moores good an article in that line as ever has been pro- Weed, and is called “ Ten New England Blossoms duced in the past.” and Their Insect Visitors ” (Houghton). As the title indicates, the main interest of the book centres One of the discoveries of the most The literary in fertilization, and the author has brought numer- modern Shakespearian criticism is to sources of Hamlet. ous curious observations of his own to the store ac- the effect that certain of the perplex- cumulated by his predecessors. The subject is ing scenes in Hamlet had their origin in the desire always fascinating, and Mr. Weed brings it easily for an effect not so much tragic as comic. This idea within the comprehension of the general reader. seems very modern indeed; it gives the mediæval His illustrations, at least the larger ones, are repro- mind a dazed sort of feeling, mingled with its nat- ductions of photographs. ural contempt for newfangled notions. "What, what, what!” says Grandpa; “do you mean to say that * The Art of Newspaper Making” Mr. Dana's Shakespeare meant to make us laugh in that won- essays on “ News (Appleton) is a small volume into derful scene between Hamlet and Ophelia? Did he paper Making." which have been gathered three lec- think we should find something Fallstaffian in the tures by the veteran Mr. Charles A. Dana. The awful utterances of the Ghost? Is Hamlet's mad- lectures are entitled “The Modern American News- ness only a bit for the low comedian? That may be paper,” “The Profession of Journalism,” and “The well enough for the higher criticism, but as far as Making of a Newspaper Man.” That they are both I can see, it's no more than the most arrant non- readable and instructive goes without saying. Mr. sense.” It is not long ago that Mr. Wendell informed Dana knows his subject and knows how to write the world of Shakespearian scholars that Mr. John entertainingly about it. He comes out strong upon Corbin (now “of Harvard and Oxford”) was pre- the ethics of journalism, and even goes so far as pared to maintain some such thesis as that indicated to formulate a code for the profession. The jour above, and not long afterward appeared Mr. Cor- nalistic principles thus enunciated are for the most bin's book itself—"The Elizabethan Hamlet” (im- part praiseworthy indeed, but those who have stud- ported by Scribners). It is a very interesting little ied the way in which the “ Sun” practises these book. For some time it has been an idea of the stu- principles may possibly be led to think of the “no- dents of “quellengeschichten " that a good deal could ble sentiments” of Joseph Surface. As was to be be found out concerning the lost play of Hamlet, expected, Mr. Dana, with the usual phrases about which, as we know from various bits of evidence, "getting all the news," and "feeling the popular was in existence some ten years or more before the pulse," defends the modern practice of pandering to Shakespearian Hamlet was written. The story it was the instincts of the vulgar, and of printing accounts written from is known; two plays are also known of all sorts of occurrences over which it were best for which it presumably furnished the original to draw the veil of reticence. “I have always felt,” Shakespeare's Hamlet and a German play. One he says, " that whatever the Divine Providence per- would say that we should be able to get something mitted to occur I was not too proud to report.” of a notion of the play itself. This is the basis of Of course the real motive of such a policy is to “sell Mr. Corbin’s study, which is well carried out, but his 66 66 52 [July 16, THE DIAL source. idea is not merely a bit of reconstruction; his chief and William Ferreri, we have the first volume in a intention is to bring forth something that will make “Criminology Series" (Appleton). There may be a little less remarkable some of the difficulties and question as to the wisdom of greatly “populariz- inconsistencies which have arisen in the study of ing” the subject. Everyone would promptly ad- Hamlet and which indeed seem to belong to the play mit that judges, lawyers, teachers, leaders of all itself. The book makes it pretty clear that in the kinds, ought to know the recent studies upon crim- old play there was a comic strain which, according inals, and to fully realize that “ born criminals” to the humor of the time, included much that to us exist, that degeneration in physical structure and would not be comic at all, that there is a good deal mental endowment often accompany and evidence of the old tragedy left in the Hamlet we are famil- moral imbecility, and that many a criminal is only iar with, and finally that some rather perplexing an unfortunate and irresponsible being. But it is things in the modern Hamlet may be traced to this certain that too much multiplication and populariz- These are interesting points, and Mr. Cor- ation of these ideas will remove the feeling of re- bin sustains them sufficiently by the various means sponsibility from weak but normal or from slightly at the disposition of the student of the Elizabethan abnormal natures and lead to much unnecessary drama. The book is a good example of a study in crime. Whether a “criminology series " work good literary sources thạt is of really practical use in mak- or harm depends much upon its editor. The ing some masterpiece more comprehensible. Messrs. Appletons have been fortunate in their choice of Mr. W. Douglass Morrison for so delicate a task. Three figures That part of the public who believe His introductory chapter to this volume is one of in American that America, if she has not yet the clearest and simplest presentations of the claims literature. reached her intellectual golden age, of criminology in any language. As for the book has at any rate evolved a written product which itself, it considers woman as Lombroso's Uomo De- should excite the interest of all her loyal sons, will linquente (Criminal Man) considered man. The welcome a new book by Professor Moses Coit Tyler, woman criminal is studied physically and mentally. called “ Three Men of Letters” (Putnam), and The work has most of the strong and weak points issued between two important epochs in his monu- of its predecessor, but, on the whole, is more cau- mental history of our literature. George Berkeley, tious and conservative. After analysis of the crim- hitherto greeted mainly as the author of “ West- inal woman, a synthesis of elements is made and ward the course of empire takes its way,” here ap- several types are studied — the born criminal, the pears as the philanthropic idealist who would have occasional criminal, the criminal of passion, and dedicated this nation in its early day to learning hysterical and epileptic criminals. The publishers and religion, by means of the mammoth university have done their part well, but we must regret the which Walpole's politic but broken promise failed wretched system of numbering and referencing the to support with financial aid. President Dwight of rather poor plates which illustrate the work. The Yale is depicted as the ascetic student seeking men- editor might properly have improved here upon the tal liberation through starvation of body, and as the customary slipshod methods of the famous author. author of the imitative pastoral poem, “Greenfield Hill.” “The Columbiad," one of our early would be A fascinating ac- No other phase of nineteenth-century epics, far greater in conception than in execution, count of the Lib- history offers so tempting a theme eration of Italy.” for historical treatment as the Italian is described in connection with the ambition, the self-complacency, and the miscellaneous avocations Risorgimento. The right man for the task has not of its author, Mr. Joel Barlow. It is profitable to yet appeared, and perhaps the time is not quite ripe see these figures against the background of contem- for his appearance, but when he comes he will find porary Europe,- to know that Swift's “ Vanessa ” ready to his hand a story no less interesting than left Dean Berkeley a cozy legacy, that the amiable that of the French Revolution, the English Com- Cowper criticised Dwight's inevitable epic and onwealth, or the repulse of the Persian by the praised one of his sermons, that Barlow, in the Greek. Meanwhile, the story has been outlined by troublous time of the Reign of Terror, was made a a number of writers, although such treatment as it French citizen by the National Convention. Such has yet received, even at the hands of Reuchlin, is unexpected historical encounters, together with the obviously provisional. In English, three attempts author's pure style, his lurking humor, his occasional to tell the story have been made: that of Mr. John tone of mild satire not preventing full and cordial Webb Probyn, clean-cut and matter-of-fact; that of appreciation, make the little book delightful to read Mr. William Roscoe Thayer, sympathetic but ver- and a charming earnest of greater things to come. bose ; and that of the Countess Martinengo-Cesar- esco, called “The Liberation of Italy, 1815–1870,” The study of crime and the criminal and just now published in the “Events of Our Own A study of the female criminal. is just now popular. Within a few Time" series (Scribner). The author has had pecu- years a whole literature in Crimin- liar advantages in the preparation of this work. She ology or Criminal Anthropology (the latter an un- has known many of the Italian leaders, has had ac- fortunate term) has grown up. In the book before cess to a great number of unpublished documents, us, “The Female Offender,” by Cæsar Lombroso and has visited the scenes of most of the events mon 1895.] 53 THE DIAL > * Yellow chronicled. On this latter point, she writes: “I annotated edition of Ford's “ The Broken Heart.” We am familiar with almost all the places where they are glad to see that noble tragedy thus brought into the occurred, from the heights of Calatafimi to the un- classroom. Mr. Hammond Lamont, in the same series, collects into a small volume a dozen of what he calls happy rock of Lissa." This has given her the advantage that Curtius had in writing the history “Specimens of Exposition,” for the purpose of training of Greece, and Colonel T. A. Dodge in describing sions. The selections range from Mommsen to a New the student in preparing analyses of extended discus- the battles of his “Great Commanders.” Inspired York newspaper, and, in subject, from the steam-engine throughout by intense sympathy for the Italian to Wordsworth. Another help for the instructor in cause, and written from abundant knowledge in an English is Professor Cornelius B. Bradley's volume of attractive style, this book may be read as one reads “Orations and Arguments by English and American a novel, and with interest equally unabated. Statesmen” (Allyn). There are nine examples: two from Burke, one each from Chatham, Erskine, Webster, The fifth issue “ The Yellow Book” has been made Macaulay, Calhoun, Seward, and Lincoln. The notes of the the victim of a good deal of abuse are ample and judicious. ok." on account of its decadent tendencies in both literature and art, the abuse, although ex- travagant, not being entirely unwarranted. But the THOSE COURTS OF LOVE IN OLDEN TIME. publication seems to survive in spite of attack, and now comes up smiling with its fifth quarterly issue, No Courts of Love, you say, no Courts of Love dated April, 1895, and supplied in this country by Did ever meet? Pedant, go to! What trance Messrs. Copeland & Day. Among the contents of Has touched you now? By all the gods above, this volume we note an amusing story by Mr. H. D. Leave us this sweet romance. Traill; a forced and turgid ode by Mr. William You 'll next abolish all the knights a-tilt Watson ; “ The Phantasies of Philarete," a story by Beneath the light of golden ladies' eyes, Mr. James Ashcroft Noble; one of Dr. Garnett's And all the rainbow circle poets built finely-chiselled sonnets; a charming sketch (in That sat to judge the prize. French) by M. Anatole France, and an appreciative No gallant knight e'er pricked along the plain study of that writer by the Hon. Maurice Baring. Keen the fire-breathing dragon to oppose, A periodical that can boast of such collaboration as Or in his woodland dream was ever fain this, and of contributions by Messrs. Gosse, Ken- To pluck the Rose. neth Grahame, Henry Harland, and John Davidson You'll take the very rose itself away, besides—all within the compass of a single issue- With all the long-drawn sweet of its romaunt; need not fear to lift its head boldly in the most crit- My iridescent dragon, too, you 'll say ical of literary circles. For the art of the present Those woods did never haunt. volume, there is not much to be said. It is some- No Courts of Love! What pall is this comes down times interesting, but that is all. On all the widespread stillness of the place ? No Courts of Love, no queen, no rose, no crown! Sad grows the human face. BRIEFER MENTION. It must not, shall not be. Though fall to dust The reverend ark itself and its white dove, “ A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literature Dear Science, spite of all your proofs, we must (Putnam) is a “ First Supplement" to Mr. William Swan Still keep the Courts of Love ! Sonnenschein's “ The Best Books,” published in 1891. MARTHA FOOTE CROW. It is practically a classified list of all the books of any importance published during the past five years in the principal languages of Europe. In many cases, brief characterizations of the books are given. Enormous LITERARY NOTES. labor must have gone to the preparation of this vol- ume, which contains nearly eight hundred quarto pages, Mr. Edward Arnold, the London publisher, has just and which is simply indispensable to the librarian as established an American branch of his business, at 70 well as to collectors or students in special fields. Fifth avenue, New York. The exquisite Dent series of volumes devoted to “The We learn with regret that Mr. Walter H. Page has Lyric Poets” (Macmillan) now includes a selection of resigned the editorship of “The Forum,” which has Lyrical Poetry from the Bible," edited by Mr. Ernest been, under his management, our most dignified and Rhys. The selections are mostly from the Psalms and authoritative monthly review. the Book of Job. There is an introductory essay which Mr. W. J. Courthope is a candidate for the chair of says fitly the things that should be said in such a place, poetry at Oxford, shortly to be vacated by Professor and an appended historical synopsis” of the selections Palgrave, and his candidacy is so strongly supported “ printed. A second volume, to contain passages from that election seems a foregone conclusion. the Prophets and the Song of Songs, is promised. For Messrs. P. Blakiston, Son & Co. announce that their frontispiece, Blake's “When the morning stars sang medical publications will hereafter be sold at absolutely together” is reproduced. net prices throughout the United States, and have, to For the “ English Readings" series of text-books this effect, made a general reduction from the prices (Holt), Mr. Clinton Scollard has prepared a carefully- hitherto published. 66 54 [July 16, THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS. 1 (The following list, containing 66 titles, includes books re- ceived by THE DIAL since its last issue.] A committee of French scholars, aided by a subven. tion from the State, has for some time been engaged in preparing a new and complete edition of the writings of Descartes. The work will probably be completed by the close of this century. The New York Shakespeare Society will this sum- mer begin to print, in “Bankside " style, a five-text “ Hamlet.” Copies may be subscribed for only by mem- bers of the Society, or by others through members, prior to the printing of the first sheet. Messrs. Macmillan & Co. will publish “ The Ameri- can Historical Review," and the first quarterly issue is promised for October. The board of editors consists of six well-known professors, from as many universities, while Professor J. F. Jameson, of Providence, R. I., will act as managing editor. A large number of representative English scholars and authors have signed a congratulatory address to be presented to Mr. George Haven Putnam, in recognition of the efforts made by him and his father, the late G. P. Putnam, to obtain from the United States Govern- ment a law for the protection of the literary property of foreigners. Dr. Suphan, the learned Director of the Goethe- und Schiller- Archiv at Weimar, communicated at the last general meeting of the Goethe-Gesellschaft an interest- ing find, consisting of the poet's effusions during his student days at Leipzig. It is entitled “ Annette," in honor of Anna Katharina Schönkopf, and bears the date of “ Leipzig, 1767.” Mr. Frederick Locker - Lampson, says « The Book Buyer," completed a volume of literary reminiscences just before his death, which will soon appear, edited by Mr. Augustine Birrell. It is said to have been finally decided that the magnificent library of the dead poet, “the Rowfant books,” will not come under the hammer, but remain intact in the possession of his family. GENERAL LITERATURE. Legends of Florence. Collected from the People and Re- told by Charles Godfrey Leland (Hans Breitmann). First series. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 271. Macmillan & Co. $1.75. Legends of the Rhine. By H. A. Gueber, author of "Myths of Greece and Rome.' Illus., 12mo, pp. 350. A. S. Barnes & Co. $2. Our Square and Circle; or, Annals of a Little London House. By Jack Easel. With frontispiece, 12mo, uncut, pp. 268. Macmillan & Co. $1.75. The Greek Epic. By George C. W. Warr, M.A. With map, 16mo, pp. 288. E. & J. B. Young & Co. $1.25. Fifty Years; or, Dead Leaves and Living Seeds. By the Rev. Harry Jones, M.A. 12mo, uncut, pp. 228. Mac- millan & Co. $1.50. Shadows of the Stage-Third Series. By William Winter. 24mo, gilt top, pp. 351. Macmillan & Co. 75 cts. Foundation Studies in Literature. By Margaret S. Mooney. Illus., 12mo, pp. 292. Silver, Burdett & Co. $1.25. Woman's Work in the Home. By the Venerable Arch- deacon Farrar. With portrait, 18mo, pp. 115. Henry Altemus. BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. Carter Henry Harrison: A Memoir. By Willis John Ab- bot. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 254. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.50. Some Federal and Confederate Commanders: Critical Sketches. Edited by Theodore F. Dwight. 8vo, pp. 348. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2. The Ameer Abdur Rahman By Stephen Wheeler, F.R.G.S. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 251. Warne's “ Pub- lic Men of To-day.” $1.25. HISTORY. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850. By James Ford Rhodes. Vol. III., 1860-1862 ; 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 659. Harper & Bros. $2.50. Europe, from the French Revolution to the Fall of Napoleon. By Archibald Alison, F.R.S.E.; abridged by Edward S. Gould. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 530. A.S. Barnes & Co. $2. John Brown among tbe Quakers, and Other Sketches. By Irving B. Richman. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 239. Des Moines, Ia.: Historical Dept. of Iowa. $1. ART. The Quest of the Holy Grail: A Series of Paintings Done for the Boston Public Library. By Edwin A. Abbey. Oblong 8vo. R. H. Russell & Son. $1.25. POETRY. Verses. By L. R. Hamberlin, author of "Lyrics." 18mo, uncut, pp. 67. Austin, Texas : Corner & Fontaine. 50 cts. FICTION. The Story of Bessie Costrell. By Mrs. Humphry Ward, author of " Marcella." 12mo, pp. 180. Macmillan & Co. 75 cts. In Deacon's Orders, and Other Stories. By Walter Besant, author of " Beyond the Dreams of Avarice." 12mo, pp. 279. Harper & Bros. $1.25. Terminations. By Henry James, author of “ Daisy Miller." 12mo, pp. 242. Harper & Bros. $1.25. The Plated City. By Bliss Perry, author of "The Brough- ton House." 12mo, pp. 397. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.25. The Martyred Fool. By David Christie Murray, author of “Aunt Rachel.” 12mo, pp. 265. Harper & Bros. $1.25. A Study in Prejudices. By George Paston, author of " A Modern Amazon." 12mo, pp. 287. D. Appleton & Co. $1. The Mayor of Casterbridge: A Story of a Man of Charac- ter. By Thomas Hardy. With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 406. Harper & Bros. $1.50. A Street in Suburbia. By Edwin W. Pugh. 12mo, uncut, pp. 201. D. Appleton & Co. $1. TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. July, 1895 ( Second List). 9 Armadillo, The. Charles H. Coe. Popular Science. Art-Teaching to the Masses. Forum. Asiatic Travel, Books on. S. H. Peabody. Dial (July 16). Balfour's Dialectics. Herbert Spencer. Popular Science. Child Life and the Kindergarten. F. B. Vrooman. Arena. Climate and Health. Charles F. Taylor. Pop. Science. Cobbe, Frances Power. Anna B. McMahan. Dial (July 16). “Coin's Financial School." W. H. Harvey. No. American. “Coin's Financial School." J. Laurence Laughlin. Forum. Cooper's Literary Offences. Mark Twain. No. American. Currency, Sound. William Salomon. Forum. Degeneration: A Reply. Max Nordau. North American. Degenerates, Protection Against. Max Nordau. Forum. Egypt, Contemporary. Frederic C. Penfield. No. American. Fast Days, New England's. Alice M. Earle. Dial (July 16). Freeman, Edward A. Benjamin S. Terry. Dial (July 16). Heredity, Morbid. M. Ch. Féré. Popular Science. Huxley, Thomas Henry. Dial (July 16). Income Tax Decision. George F. Edmunds. Forum. Jury System, A Medical Study of the. Popular Science. Kidd's “Social Evolution." Theo. Roosevelt. 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His work is, both in form and spirit, ethical, social, and philosophical." IN OLD NEW ENGLAND. The Romance of a Colonial Fireside. By HEZEKIAH BUT- TERWORTH, author of “The Patriot Schoolmaster," "In the Boyhood of Lincoln," etc. No. 173, Town and Country Library. 12mo, cloth, $1.25. The romantic phases of colonial New England life are per- haps better known to Mr. Butterworth than to any other writer of the day, and the richness of his discoveries will de- light every reader of this volume. Colonial Boston and New- port and the traditions of King Philip's country live again in these charming pages, which offer a series of vivid pictures of a fascinating time. IN THE YEAR OF JUBILEE. By GEORGE Gissing, author of “ Eve's Ransom," " Denzil Quarrier,” etc. No. 172, Town and Country Library. 12mo, paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00. 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THE DIAL A Semi-filonthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAGE . THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of ugal. We propose, as in past years, to sum- cach month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage marize the more important information pre- prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must sented by these articles, in our present issue be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the taking up France and Belgium together with current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or the countries of Teutonic speech, and reserving postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; for a subsequent review the remaining articles, and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATEs furnished chiefly devoted to the countries of Southern on application. All communications should be addressed to and Eastern Europe. THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. “ Literary activity in France," writes M. No. 219. AUGUST 1, 1895. Joseph Reinach, "continues to be extremely Vol. XIX. prolific; indeed, the output becomes greater in quantity year by year, but it would scarcely be CONTENTS. true to say that during the last twelve months its quality has been either exceptionally bril- A YEAR OF CONTINENTAL LITERATURE.-I. 61 liant or of particularly solid merit.” It is still the fashion in France to publish memoirs, and “THE COMING CONTINENT.” E. G. J.. ... 63 everybody's sons and grandsons are busy ran- THE THIRD VOLUME OF MR. RHODES'S HIS- sacking the family desks and drawers in the TORY OF THE UNITED STATES. George search for letters and other remains' of their W. Julian 48 forbears." forbears." The most important works of this MODERN ART CRITICISM. John C. Van Dyke . . 70 class have been the memoirs of the Chancelier Pasquier, of General Thiébaud, and of Barras. SOME NEW BOTANIES. John M. Coulter 74 Barras has been something of a disappointment. Warming's A Handbook of Systematic Botany.- “ His scandalous chatter offers no serious rev. Vines's A Students' Text-Book of Botany. - Von Marilaun's The Natural History of Plants. elations; the man, save for his performances on the 9th of Thermidor, was one of the most BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. 76 vulgar figures in the history of the Revolution, Napoleon's fall and the rise of Wellington.-Life and ways in "Stevenson's Samoa." - Significance of the and his untrustworthiness as a historian is only execution of Mary, Queen of Scots.-Fifth volume of equalled by his duplicity as a statesman.” In the “ Writings of Jefferson."'- Some literary autobi- contemporary history the following publications ography from Mr. Howells. - A helpful book for have been noticeable : Two volumes of a “ His- reading-circles. toire Générale du Second Empire," by M. de BRIEFER MENTION . 78 la Gorce; a continuation of M. Alfred Du- quet's “ Histoire Militaire du siège de Paris LITERARY NOTES 79 par les Prussiens," " the most important work TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 79 dealing with the war of 1870 which has yet LIST OF NEW BOOKS been published in France"; the first volume of 79 M. Emile Ollivier's "L'Empire Libéral"; and General Lebrun's posthumous book on his se- cret embassy to Vienna. Among political A YEAR OF CONTINENTAL works are mentioned M. J. J. Weiss's post- LITERATURE—I. humous “ Combats Constitutionuels,” M. René In pursuance of a long-established custom, Millet's “L'Expansion de France," and M. “The Athenæum " for July 6 publishes a se- Eugène Eichthal's “Souveraineté du Peuple et ries of articles upon the literary output of the Gouvernement.” M. Brunetière's article on past year in the chief countries of Continental the “ bankruptcy of science" and M. Berthol- Europe. These articles are fourteen in num- ot's reply thereto have both been published in ber, and include every country of any literary permanent form. In literary history and crit- importance, with the single exception of Port- | icism, mention is made of M. Gaston Paris, . . . . 62 [Aug. 1, THE DIAL 66 with his lectures on the poetry of the Middle among other works upon social problems. Ages; M. Monod, with his studies of Taine, “Les Mystères de Mithra," by Professor Cu- Renan, and Michelet; the “Livre du Centen-mont, and an “ Etude Historique sur les Cor- aire de l'Ecole Normale”; and half a dozen poration Professionnelles chez les Romains," volumes in the series of “Grands Ecrivains by Professor J. P. Waltzing, are named as the Français.” Important works of art include the most important publications in ancient history. sixth volume of “L'Histoire de l'Art dans l’An. Passing by the books of travel and of Belgian tiquité,” by MM. Perrot et Chipiez; “L'His- history enumerated, we come to literature toire Ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient Clas- proper. M. Maeterlinck, it seems, while being sique,” by M. Maspero ; the completion of M. himself translated into Polish and other lan- Müntz’s “ Histoire de l'Art pendant la Ren- guages, has been translating Emerson and No- aissance Italienne "; the beginning of M. Col- valis into French. In literary history, there lignon's “ Histoire de la Sculpture Grecque,” | is Professor Thomas's “ Histoire de la Littéra- and M. Gaston Boissier's essays on “L'Afrique ture Latine jusqu'aux Antonins,” and M. Paul Romaine.” It is interesting to learn that M. Hamelius's “ Histoire Politique et Littéraire Perrot “is a stylist as well as a savant,” and du Mouvement Flamand.” Flemish literature that “ his prose is always limpid and elegant.” also flourishes, counting among its products the Readers of the astonishingly bad English trans- Letterkundige Studiën" of M. Rooses, “ De lation of his work would hardly suspect him of Æsthetieck van het Lyrisch Drama" of M. A. such qualities. In travel and description, M. Cornette, and volumes of poems by Mlle. Hilda Bourget's “Outre-Mer,” and “ Pierre Loti's” Ram, M. Emmanuel Hiel, and M. Pol de two books on “ Jérusalem ” and “ Le Désert," Mont. Mont. Fiction is represented chiefly by the are singled out for a few words of praise. The Boerenkrijg” of M. van den Bergh, a story only thing really new and noteworthy in poetry of the insurrection of the peasants of Flanders seems to have been the “ Pleureuses” of M. against the conscription of the first French Henri Barbusse, “less a series of pieces than | Republic ; “Sursum Corda," by M. Cyriel one long poem purely subjective in tone, and Buysse, a novel descriptive of the aristocratic couched in the form of a reverie, telling of the classes, with their narrowness, their prejudice, charm of mourning and shadows, of solitude and their complete subjection to clerical dicta- and sorrow.' The most brilliant work of fiction; and two novels—«Eene Idylle" and "De tion produced by the year is « Le Lys Rouge" of Bruid des Heeren ”—by Mlle. Virginie Love- M. Anatole France. “It is true that we are ling, “the chief of modern Flemish prose getting rather tired of aristocratic liaisons, and writers." some passages in this book are outrageously It is an easy transition from Belgium to Hol- licentious. But it is a flawlessly beautiful piece land, and we turn to M. Taco de Beer's report of prose, and the descriptions of Florence are from the latter country. “The younger gen- a series of exquisite pictures. No one has ever eration have most of them abandoned poetry succeeded in conveying the peculiar charm of altogether,” he says; the reader who wishes to that delightful city more completely than M. know what they have done is referred to Heer France.” The same author has published “Le van Hall's “ Dichters van Onzen Tijd,” an ex- Jardin d'Epicure," a volume of philosophical cellent anthology. Dr. Jan ten Brink of Ley- chats, and “ Le Puits de Sainte-Claire,” a col- den has begun the publication of an illustrated lection of tales. The most noteworthy of other history of literature in the Netherlands. Un- novels are “ Les Demi-Vierges” of M. Pré- | interrupted activity is shown in historical writ- vost, “L'Armature” of M. Hervieu, the ing. In fiction, the tale of country life and Myrrha” of M. Lemaître, the “ Fors l’Hon- the novel of the Dutch colonies are mentioned neur" of M. Margueritte, and “Le Silence” as two species that seem to be dying out. A and “ Les Roches Blanches” of M. Edouard few novels are singled out for extended men- Rod. tion, but none of them described with much Professor Paul Frederic is the Belgian con- enthusiasm. Among these are the "Geheiligd” tributor to this series, and lays particular stress of Miss Marie Gyzen, the “ Zonder Illusie” upon the department of social science, instanc- of Mrs. Therese Hoven, and the “ Sascha” of ing the “ Essais et Etudes ” of Emile de Lavel- a new author who calls himself “ Prosper van eye, the “ Dépression Economique et Sociale” Haamstede" for purposes of the pen. of M. Hector Denis, and the Organisation de The article on Germany, by Hofrath Zim- la Liberté et le Devoir Social " of M. A. Prins, mermann, is much the longest of the series. 1895.] 63 THE DIAL To begin with, he tells of volumes of poetry volume of “Tischgespräche” (including some without end, describing at considerable length interesting conversations with Motley), and the “Robespierre” epic of Frl. delle Grazie even the first issue of a Bismarck “ Jahrbuch." and the didactic poem “Faust und Prome- Professor von Sybel's “Geschichte der Be- theus” of Herr Hango. In the former, “the gründung des Deutschen Reichs durch Wil- author developes her conception of the French helm I.,' of which the sixth and seventh vol- Revolution in a series of varied, effective pic- umes have appeared during the year, is vir- tures, sometimes, however, degenerating into tually a biography of the Iron Chancellor. coarseness.” Of the latter we read : “ His Goethe literature is represented by Herr Rich- Faust is not Gretchen's Faust, but his .grand- ard Meyr's essays, and Shakespeare literature son'; it is not love-making, but investigation by Herr E. Bormann's "Shakespeare-Geheim- of the universe, that engages him; Prometheus, niss," which latter, " in its curious handling of the thief of fire, kindles the torch for him, too, the Shakespeare-Bacon controversy, surpasses which illumines the darkness of the eternal all its American and European predecessors in riddle of nature and humanity. Dealing with grotesque invention. According to this author, the science of to-day, whose teachings he ren- Bacon's Instauratio Magna consists of two ders in luminous parables and melodious verses, parts, the one scientific and written in prose the poet, with commendable outspokenness, under his own name, the other symbolic, in declares himself against the lawlessness that dramatic form, under the pseudonym Shake- follows in its train as well as the gloomy pes speare. Herr Bormann finds hints of the solu- simism which is built up upon it.” Herr Nor- tion of this riddle, in particular in the names dau has published a play, “ Die Kugel,” which of the characters ; thus in Hamlet'the soldier has not proved successful. Herr Sudermann's Francisco is no other than Francis Bacon, while comedy, “ Die Schmetterlingsschlacht,” was a Horatio, who to Bernardo's question, What, is failure in Berlin and a success in Vienna. It Horatio here ? ' replies, • A piece of him,' de- “is more suggestive of a contest between loath- sired thereby to designate the wisdom (Ho- some, poisonous spiders than one between light ratio) of Bacon, which was embodied in him!” but lovely butterflies.' The same writer has Germany has lost two great men during the scored the greatest success of the year in fic- year, Freytag and Carriere. Of the latter, tion with his novel “Es War.” “A deep described as “the most eloquent and purest moral tone breathes through the whole ; the representative” of idealism, there have been descriptions of the country and the people that published three_books : “Christus,” “ Das appear in it have a North German, or, to be Wachsthum der Energie," and " Fichte's Geis- more accurate, East Prussian character; the tesentwickelung.” They “ breathe the same local coloring of the language, the mode of enthusiastic inspiration, and reveal the same thought, the conduct of life, are singularly passion for beauty" as the older works by which successful.” Herr Spielhagen's latest novel, Carriere is so widely known. “ Stumme des Himmels,” is described as lack- Dr. Alfred Ipsen, writing of Danish litera- ing in lifelike character. It “possesses neither ture, tells us that Denmark exhibits some symp- a political nor a social purpose; it only deals toms of a renascence of poetry, and, in fiction, with a question of society, and a tolerably well-“ a tendency toward symbolism and sundry worn one, being an onslaught on aristocratic vague forms of mysticism.” Herr Drachmann prejudices.” The professorial” novel seems has, in “ Völund Smed,” given political hand- to be played out, neither the “Cleopatra” of ling to a familiar Eddaic myth, the work being Herr Ebers nor the “Julian der Abtrünnige" characterized by an 66 exuberant and some- of Herr Dahn having succeeded in effacing the what sentimental sensuousness.” Herr J. Jör- memory of their predecessors. Other fiction gensen's “ Bekendelse" is a beautiful collec- of note includes Wider den Kurfürsten," by tion of poems. “A characteristic of this au- Herr Hans Hoffmann, a tale of the siege of thor, as of others of the younger generation, is Stettin in 1678; "Die Martinsklause,” by Herr a certain monotony and a total absence of ideas; Ludwig Ganghofer; and shorter stories by everything is emotional with them, and there Herr Heyse and Frau von Ebner-Eschenbach. is a tone of archaism in their imagery." The Bismarck literature naturally cuts a large fig- most important novel of the year is “ Hjarl,” ure in the work of the year, and includes a five- by Herr Einar Christiansen. « The book is by volume biography by Herr Hans Blum, a col- no means sensational, but recounts plainly and lection of Fürst Bismarck's speeches, a new quietly the story of a young man from his boy- 64 [Aug. 1, THE DIAL hood in a rich, aristocratic, but somewhat mo- with the exception of Fru Amalie Skram, they notonous home, his hopes and strivings and his “scarcely need to be mentioned from the point disappointments and shortcomings, telling it in of view of art.” Other items of interest are an earnest tone, which moves the reader with the continuation of Herr Jaeger's history of out being in the least sentimental.' Another Norwegian literature, and Herr Collin's “ Kunst noteworthy novel is by Herr Schandorph, called og Moral,” which“ og Moral," which "gallantly takes the field “ The College Years of Vilhelm Vang,” which against the immoralities of naturalism, and pictures “the hidden opposition between in- warmly insists that the laws of morality should herited culture and the modern plutocracy.” | be respected even in art.” “ As for books on literature, the year has fur- Swedish literature, with which we close this nished a crop uncommonly rich in quality. section of our summary, is discussed by Herr There are at least two voluminous studies of Hugo Tigerschiöld. "The Swedish poetical more than usual ability : a monograph on Swed- temperament, strongly influenced by its natural ish Romanticism (the literature of the first environment of vast and sombre forests, widely half of the present century), a beautiful book extending lakes, and foss-broken streams, is written in a somewhat rough style, by Herr V. fundamentally lyrical. The simple, melan- Vedel; and a large monograph on Poul Möl- choly tone of a folk-song runs through all true ler, a Danish poet of the same period, by Herr Swedish poetry.” A number of lyrists have Vilhelm Andersen, a young and promising stu- published during the past year, representing dent of our literature.” both the older and the newer schools. Real- Norway was not represented in the “ Athen-ism, it seems, is losing its hold in Sweden, and æum” summary of a year ago, and perhaps it “a strong bent towards romanticism and sym- is for this reason that the Norwegian corre- bolism is observable in every direction.” This spondent, Dr. C. Brinchmann, does not confine dictum is illustrated by mention of several himself to the happenings of a single year, but works of fiction, the most noticeable being Fru roves somewhat indefinitely over the whole field Malling's “ En Roman om Förste Konsuln." of recent literature. He purposely says little little This book is described as “containing un- of the two men who chiefly represent Norwe- usually elegant and intimate sketches of the gian literature, because their recent works are most remarkable personages who lived during already familiar enough to English readers. the earlier stage of Napoleon's career. With The man who stands next to them in import- the exception of Napoleon himself, who is too ance is Herr Lie, whose latest work, “ Lystige romantically drawn, and the heroine (the youth- Koner,” is not a novel, but a play. It is said ful Edmée), a prettily poetic creature, the to have made “ rather a weak impression.” other numerous personages in the romance are Herr Garborg has just published a tale in verse, excellent portraits. This romance, which tes- “Haugtussa," in which “he relates the sad tifies to careful study, especially of the memoir love story of a young peasant girl who grows writers of the period, is marked by quite an up amongst the cattle and the ling-covered extraordinary power of vivid and concentrated hills. The girl is a visionary who holds con- character-sketching.” The Bellman and Gus- verse with fairies and other supernatural be- taf Adolf commemorative festivals, both held ings, and some parts of the book contain so during the past year, are discussed at some much naively gentle poetry that one is amazed length, and each has stimulated the production how Garborg's morbidly reflective mind could of a considerable literature. Herr Victor Ryd- have produced it.” “Det Store Lod,” the lat- berg is represented by “ Varia,” a volume con- est piece of Herr Gunnar Heiberg, the dram- taining the pieces written by him of late years, atist, “ describes the influence of money on an pieces in which the author, with youthful en- enthusiastic idealist.” Herr Knut Hamsun, thusiasm, goes forth to combat modern mater- one of the newer men, is made the subject of ialism.” Herr Tigerschiöld's paper ends with a paragraph, which concludes with mention of the following bit of news: “The Swedish Au- “ Pan," characterized as "a wonderful book, thors' Union, which published its first literary notable for deep and genuinely poetic descrip- calendar at Christmas, with contributions from tions of nature and daring love scenes,” and many of our most eminent authors, has peti- the drama, “ Ved Rigets Port,” a “weak and tioned the Government for several necessary rather ordinary production.” The best known modifications to the legislation referring to lit- of women writers, Camilla Collett, died a few erature, with a view to Sweden's accession to months ago, and we are told of the rest that, the Berne Convention." 1895.] 65 THE DIAL The New Books. flavor of the guide-book is now and then mani- fest in Mr. Vincent's work, that does not, at least, impair its usefulness. “Actual Africa ” “ THE COMING CONTINENT." * is the fruit of two years' travel, within which Victor Hugo's prediction that in the twen- period the continent was circled, and several tieth century Africa would be the cynosure of deep dips were taken into the interior—notably one, by river and caravan-road, to the capital every eye seems already in a fair way of