m.
We are inclined to sug- the special study of law.” For such readers the
gest that the author does not seem quite fair to book must have great value ; but we are inclined
Hugo; there are no doubt spots enough on that sun, to add that it will be found to have equal value to
but recent criticism has made too much of them, readers who are sufficiently intelligent to appreciate
and Professor Wells has taken the reaction against its masterly analysis of the common law, but who
Hugo a little too seriously. But upon this subject, have no intention of adopting the legal profession.
as upon others, the judgments of the author are de-Certainly a knowledge of political science in the
livered without dogmatism, and are so well-reasoned, widest sense of that term is a necessary part of any
80 fortified by citation of chapter and verse, that education that deserves to be called liberal, and
they always command respect, if they do not always | equally certainly the knowledge of political institu-
>


1897.]
61
THE DIAL
tutions and of economics which most well-educated associate the name of our greatest poet. The Macmillan
persons possess ought to be rounded out by an ele- Co. publish the edition in this country.
mentary acquaintance with the principles of English “The Poetry of Sport” is an anthology edited by
jurisprudence. That it is not as a rule so rounded Mr. Hedley Peek for the “ Badminton Library” (Little,
out, is due to the fact that the books have been lack- Brown, & Co.). In an introductory essay Mr. Peek
ing; and so we welcome Sir Frederick Pollock's
discusses the question, “ Is sport a fitting subject for
treatise as supplying a real want. The book has
the poet?” and seeks to show that it is. But his best
two sections, one upon
“Some General Legal No-
argument is to be found in the four hundred pages of
selections that follow, and that draw upon the works of
tions," the other upon “ Legal Authorities and Their
nearly all the greater English poets, besides making us
Use.” In the former section we have discussions
acquainted with many names of lesser note. The poems
of such matters as “the nature and meaning of law," are classified under such heads as “Hunting," “ Fish-
" things, events, and acts," and "justice according ing," and "Shooting."
“
to law.” In the second we find chapters on such After ten years of delay, Professor W. J. Beal has
subjects as “custom in English law," " law reports, completed his important work on the “Grasses of North
and “ ancient and modern statutes.” The extra- America" (Holt), and prepared the second volume for
ordinary ability of the work, its fine literary style,
publication. This volume is in a way complete in itself,
and its philosophical temper, commend it to the
as it contains the entire descriptive section of the work.
judicious, and would justify almost any measure of
The author has described all the United States species
that he has been able to obtain, as well as tbe Mexican
praise.
Graminece collected by Messrs. Pringle and Palmer.
Illustrations are sparingly introduced, and represent
characteristic parts rather than entire plants. The work
BRIEFER MENTION.
is one of enormous industry, and is highly creditable to
American botanical scholarsbip.
To the steadily lengthening list of the “Story of the
Nations” series (Putnam) is now added a volume on
The abridged edition of Professor Bryce's “American
Bohemia, by Mr. C. E. Maurice, whose historical work Commonwealth” (Macmillan) gives us, in a single vol-
is already favorably known. Though necessarily com-
ume of over five hundred pages, those portions of the
pressed, this book is for all general purposes an ade-
original work which are particularly fitted for use in
quate history of this interesting but now submerged
high schools and colleges. While the work was not
nation, from its beginnings in the mists of tradition to
prepared as a text-book, it is in its present form prob-
its absorption by its powerful neighbor. There is also
ably the best book in existence for educational purposes,
a brief sketch of later events. The book is evidently
and the right sort of teacher could do wonders with its
the result of careful and conscientious effort, and sets
aid. The wrong sort of teacher, on the other hand,
forth clearly the character of the people, and the work-
would be quite likely to make a mess of it.
ing of the forces of race and religion and nationality in “ Parakites by Gilbert Totten Woglom.” This is not
their history.
a quotation from“ Alice in Wonderland,” but the name
“Hunting” and “ Angling” are the titles of two invit- of a real book by a real man. Parakites seem to be
ing volumes in Scribner's “ Out of Door Library." Each glorified kites, without tails, that will outsoar the wildest
book contains seven papers by as many competent
dreams of youth. Mr. Woglom's book, which is pub-
hands, and is embellished with the original drawings lished by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons, tells how to
which accompanied the text on its appearance serially make these wonderful devices, and records a great
in “Scribner's Magazine.” The sketches are, with two variety of interesting experiments with them. The value
exceptions, descriptive of sport on this continent as ex- of the invention for photographical and meteorological
perienced by the several writers. the exceptions being purposes is obvious, and parakite flying may be made to
an account of a kangaroo hunt in Australia, and a good combine amusement with serious pursuits in a quite
paper on Izaak Walton by Mr. Alexander Cargill.
delightful fashion.
In bringing together the chronicle plays of Shake- Since its first appearance fifteen years ago, Professor
speare and his contemporary dramatists, Mr. Thomas H. N. Martin's treatise on “ The Human Body," pub-
Donavan has had an excellent idea, but has spoiled it
lished in the “advance course " of the “ American Sci-
by seeking to rearrange the plays “ for acting, as well ence " series (Holt), has been almost everywhere in this
as for reading." No stage is likely to produce Peele's country accepted as the standard college text-book in
“ Edward I." or Heywood's “ Edward IV.," and the human anatomy and physiology. It is a work of which
reader does not want his Elizabethan drama rearranged. American scholarship has reason to be proud, and do-
Mr. Donavan's work is in two volumes, is called “En- serves the numerous editions through which it has passed.
glish Historical Plays," and includes the two above The edition now issued is the seventh, and presents a
named, the ten of Shakespeare, Marlowe's “ Edward thorough revision of the earlier ones, together with much
II.," and Ford's “ Perkin Warbeck."
new matter.
A volume containing the “Sonnets," with a reproduc- The first part of the “List of Private Libraries,"
tion of Mr. G. F. Watts’s glorious “Love Triumphant compiled by Mr. G. Hedeler, of Leipzig, is nearly ready
for a frontispiece, brings to completion the “Temple" for publication. It will include more than five bundred
Shakespeare. The entire set may now be had boxed, in private collections owned in the United States and Can-
two styles, at twenty and thirty dollars, respectively. ada, the indications having been furnished, for the most
This edition, which so happily meets the wants of both part, by the owners. The second part will deal simi-
student and reader, should find its way into many libra- larly with the private libraries of Great Britain. Pos-
ries, not so much to replace as to supplement the more sessors of libraries with whom Mr. Hedeler has failed
portly and dignified tomes with which we are wont to to communicate are requested to furnish him with the
a
»
"
a
9
9


62
[Jan. 16,
THE DIAL
chief facts about their collections for use in future edi- 1852. It is of course pretty generally known that this
tions of the work. The descriptions are printed in three poem was written by the late Benjamin F. Taylor; and
languages.
it appears in the standard editions of his works pub-
Dr. P. M. Wise is the author of " A Text-Book for lished by Messrs. Scott, Foresman & Co., Chicago.
Training Schools for Nurses" (Putnam), a useful work The attractive and popular “Warne's Library of
in two volumes. The book is thoroughly practical in Natural History,” that has been coming to us in sections
method, and is to be used for the preparation of recita- for the past year or two, is now completed by the pub-
tions of the regular school sort, providing the material lication of Parts 35 and 36. The work may now be had
for a two years' course of study. The book may also in bound volumes six or twelve as the purchaser may
be recommended as a manual for household use. It choose. It is an admirable work for home reading and
tells what to do in a great many emergencies, and is purposes of general reference.
well supplied with practical advice for the treatment of
“ Posters in Miniature" (R. H. Russell & Son) is the
the sick.
title of an interesting collection of small black-and-
white reproductions of many of the best-known exam-
ples of American and foreign poster-art, with portraits
LITERARY NOTES.
of some of the most successful designers. A brief Intro-
duction by Mr. Edward Penfield and a still briefer
A seventh edition of Mr. William L. Jordan's work “ Foreword" by Mr. Percival Pollard comprise the only
on “ The Standard of Value” has just been published by text contained in the volume.
Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co.
An announcement of interest to all lovers of rural
" Jane Eyre,” with illustrations by Mr. F. H. Town-
life is that of an“ Encyclopædia of American Horticul-
send, is the latest addition to Messrs. G. P. Putnam's
ture,” consisting of signed articles by specialists, cover-
Sons' handsome and serviceable « Illustrated English ing every branch of the subject in its widest sense —
Library.”
pomology, floriculture, vegetable gardening, greenhouse
The total sale in this country of Mr. Marion Craw-
matters, ornamental gardening, the botany of cultivated
ford's novels has been over half a million copies. “ Sara- plants, and the like. The work will be under the edi.
cinesca "leads, with over a hundred and ten thousand to torial charge of Professor L. H. Bailey of Cornell Uni-
its credit.
versity; it will be issued in three large volumes, pro-
Mr. James MacAlister, President of the Drexel Insti- fusely illustrated, and will not be completed before 1900.
tute, is to give a course of six lectures in Philadelphia
At the Winter Convocation of the University of Chi-
next March upon the general subject of “ The History cago, President Harper announced that negotiations
of Books and Libraries."
were pending for a transfer of the School of Applied
“ The Outlook” now comes to us in standard maga- Ethics, which has hitherto held its sessions at Plymouth,
zine form, and we think the change will be very gen- to Chicago. It is hoped that the School may become an
erally appreciated. The first issue of each month will
organic part of the summer work at the University. In
be a "magazine number," with illustrations and special this connection we may say a word in praise of the
articles.
unusually interesting January number of the “ Interna-
“ Sartor Resartus” ushers in the new “Centenary” tional Journal of Ethics.” It contains three particularly
edition of Carlyle, to be completed in thirty volumes. valuable contributions: “The Ethics of Religious Con-
This edition, which is an attractive and substantial one formity,” by the Rev. Hastings Rashdall; “ The Ethical
for library purposes, is imported by Messrs. Charles and Political Problems of New Japan,” by Mr. Tokiwo
Scribner's Sons.
Yokoi; and “The Responsibilities of the Lawyer," by
Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co. are the publishers of Mr. Joseph B. Warner.
“ A History of Rome to the Death of Cæsar,” the work We learn from the London “Athenæum" that the dis-
of two English scholars, Messrs. W. W. How and
covery of another lost classic is announced.
A papyrus
H. D. Leigh. The volume extends to nearly six hundred manuscript has recently been acquired by the British
pages, is closely but handsomely printed, and judiciously Museum, the contents of which have been found from
illustrated.
internal evidence to be the poems of Bacchylides, the
“The Chap-Book " for January 15, although midway contemporary and rival of Pindar, which have hitherto
in a volume, comes to us with the enlarged page that been known only in fragments. The new manuscript
has for some time past been announced. The contents is not complete and is grievously mutilated in places;
are about what they have been before, although some- but several odes are preserved intact, and others may,
what more space is given than formerly to reviews of perbaps, become so when all the fragments have been
new publications. The department of “ Notes” is par- investigated and arranged. In any case, enough is pre-
ticularly readable.
served to enable readers to form an estimate of the style
The Oxford University Press now has a journal of its and genius of a poet whom the ancient world ranked
own, a modest little sheet called “ The Periodical,” to near, if not on a level with, Pindar. The poems, like
be issued « from time to time as occasion demands." all the extant compositions of Pindar, are epinikian odes,
The initial number contains notes upon the various pub- and victories in all the principal games — Olympian,
lications of the Press, and an account of the famous Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean --- are commemorated
Oxford India paper.
in them. Upwards of thirty columns are contained in
The danger of attributing poems to the wrong au-
the MS., which is well written on good papyrus, and
thors, which besets the makers of poetic anthologies, appears to be of the first century B.C. The text will
has not been escaped by Miss Jennie Thornley Clarke, be published by the Trustees of the British Museum
who in a lately published collection of “Songs of the
with as little delay as possible.
South” attributes the familiar “ Isle of Long Ago” to The death of General Francis A. Walker, on the fifth of
Philo Henderson, a North Carolina poet who died in this month, deprives economic science of its most brilliant
1


1897.)
63
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 48 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
and forceful American representative. General Walker's
economic attitude was in most matters thoroughly sane,
and in accordance with the best conservative tradition,
a fact which brought into undue prominence the diverg-
ence of his views upon two or three controverted sub-
jects from those of the majority of his fellow-economists.
In spite of what many writers would call its heresies in
the treatment of the wage-fund, bimetallism, and the
problem of distribution, General Walker's “ Political
Economy" is the best treatise that we have for advanced
students of the subject, and fully deserves its great pop-
ularity. In its two abridgments, also, the work sup-
plies better than any other in the field the needs of
American students who are beginners. Among the au-
thor's other books, the little volume called “Land and
Its Rent” deserves particular mention for its merciless
analysis of the theories of Mr. Henry George and the
unexampled lucidity of its exposition and defence of the
Ricardian principle. General Walker was born in 1840,
was graduated from Amherst in 1860, went into the
army when the war broke out, was wounded at Chan-
cellorsville, and was confined in Libby Prison. After
the war was over, and he had restored his sbattered
health, he at first taught, and then occupied several gov-
erpment posts, becoming successively a chief of bureau
in the Treasury, Superintendent of the ninth census, and
Commissioner of Indian affairs. In 1873, he accepted
à chair at Yale, in 1880 he presided over the tenth
census, and in 1881 became President of the Massacbu-
setts Institute of Technology. He was a man who made
his influence felt in whatever field he might be working,
a man of strong and engaging personality, and a brilliant
a
example of the American scholar and gentleman. His
death is a severe blow to economic science and to tech-
nical education alike.
66
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Forty-One Years in India: From Subaltern to Commander-
in-Chief. By Field-Marshal Lord Roberts of Kandahar,
V.C. In two vols., illus., 8vo, uncut. Longmans, Green,
& Co. $12,
Life and Letters of William Barton Rogers. Edited by
his Wife, with the assistance of William T. Sedgwick. In
two vols., illus., 12mo, gilt tops. Houghton, Mifflin &
Co. $4.
A Memoir of Hugo Daniel Harper, D.D., Late Principal of
Jesus College, Oxford. By L. V. Lester, M.A. i2mo,
uncut, pp. 232. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.75.
HISTORY.
A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and
of Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy. By M.
Oppenheim. Vol. I., MDIX-MDCLX; illus. in colors, 8vo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 411. John Lane. '$6.
Dr. Jameson's Raiders vs. the Johannesburg Reformers.
By Richard Harding Davis. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 56.
New York: Robert Howard Russell. Paper, 50 cts.
History of the Tobacco Industry in Virginia from 1860
to 1894. By B. W. Arnold, Jr., Ph.D. 8vo, uncut, pp. 86.
'Johns Hopkins University Studies.” Paper, 50 cts.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Addresses delivered to the Students of the Royal Academy.
By the late Lord Leighton. With portrait,
8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 310. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.50.
Addresses and Fragments in Prose and Verse. By James
Sager Norton; with Introduction by Edward G. Mason.
With portrait, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 247. A. C. McClurg
& Co. $3,50 net.
The Bibelot: A Reprint of Poetry and Prose for Book Lovers.
Vol. II.; 16mo, uncut, pp. 394. Portland, Me.: Thomas B.
Mosher. Boxed, $1.50 net.
A Christmas Masque of Saint Roch, Père Dagobert, and
Throwing the Wanga. By M. E. M. Davis. Illus., 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 58. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.
POETRY.
Margins: Collected Poems. By Francis Brooks. 12mo, uncut,
pp. 80. Chicago : Searle & Gorton. 75 cts.
FICTION.
The Sign of the Cross. By Wilson Barrett. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, pp. 303. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.50.
The Princess Désirée. By Clementina Black, Illus., 12mo,
pp. 204. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
Uncanny Tales. By Mrs. Molesworth. 12mo, pp. 228.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
The Rosy Cross, and Other Psychical Tales. By Mina
Sandeman. 12mo, uncut, pp. 264. Westminster, England:
The Roxburghe Press.
An Arkansas Planter. By Opie Read. Illus., 12mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 315. Rand, McNally & Co. $1.25.
On the Red Staircase. By M. Imlay Taylor. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, pp. 352. A. C. McClarg & Co. $1.25.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION,
Crags and Craters: Rambles in the Island of Réunion. By
William Dudley Oliver, M.A. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 213. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.
ARCHITECTURE.
The Story of Architecture: An Outline of the Styles in
all Countries. By Charles Thompson Mathews, M.A.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 468. D. Appleton & Co. $3.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES.
Socialism and Catholicism. From the Italian of Count
Edward Soderini by Richard Jenery-Shee; with Preface
by Cardinal Vaughan. 12mo, uncut, pp. 343. Longmans,
Green, & Co. $2.
The Standard of Value. By William Leighton Jordan.
Seventh edition ; 12mo, uncut, pp. 187. Longmans, Green,
& Co. $2,
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
January, 1897 (Second List).
American Origins, Dr. Eggleston on. W. P. Trent. Forum.
Antarctic Regions, The. Angelo Heilprin. Popular Science.
Architects and Architecture, New Books on. Dial (Jan. 16).
Bryan as a Conjuror. Andrew Carnegie. North American.
Campaign Audiences. Lloyd Bryce. North American.
Carrier Pigeon, Evolution of the. M. G. Renaud. Pop. Sci.
Civilization and Decay, Law of. Theodore Roosevelt. Forum.
Color, Popular Æsthetics of. Joseph Jastrow. Pop. Science.
Consumption and Consumptives. Wm. L. Russell. Pop. Sci.
Debating, Intercollegiate. R. C. Ringwalt. Forum.
Disinfection at Quarantine. M. E. Ward. Popular Science.
Drama of To-Day, The. Beerbohm Tree. North American.
Education, Elementary, Essentials in. J. M. Rice. Forum.
Genius in Children. Andrew Lang. North American.
Genius, Psychology of. William Hirsch. Popular Science.
German Press and the U.S. Poultney Bigelow. No. American.
German Struggle for Liberty. C. H. Cooper. Dial (Jan. 16).
Hare's Autobiography. T. F. Huntington. Dial (Jan. 16).
Ibsen's New Drama. Wm. Morton Payne. Dial (Jan. 16).
Irish Government, Difficulties of. T. W. Russell. No. Amer.
Leo XIII, Vicomte E. Melchior de Vogüé. Forum.
Meliorism, Philosophy of. Junius H. Browne. Forum.
National University, Need of a. D. S. Jordan. Forum.
Petroleum, Asphalt, and Bitumen. M. A. Jaccard. Pop. Sci.
Printed Books, First Two Centuries of. Dial (Jan. 16).
Race Psychology. Anna T. Smith. Popular Science,
Spencer's Final Volume. C. R. Henderson. Dial (Jan. 16).
Spiders. Margaret W. Leighton. Popular Science.
Strikes as Factors in Progress. M. E. J. Kelley. No. Amer.
Tariff, Middle Ground on the. 0. D. Ashley. Forum.
Travels, Recent Books of. H. M. Stanley. Dial (Jan. 16).
Votes, Meaning of the. H. C. Lodge, North American.


64
[Jan. 16, 1897.
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
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70
(Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
IMPORTANT BOOKS The New and Enlarged Edition of
To be Published in February.
JOHNSON'S
Universal
Cyclopædia,
With a por
THE CAMBRIDGE LOWELL.
Complete Poetical Works of James Russell Lowell.
Cambridge Edition. From new plates, large type, on
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Charles Kendall Adams, LL.D.,
THE MYCENAEAN AGE.
By Dr. CHRESTOS TSOUNTAS, Ephor of Antiquities and President University of Wisconsin,
Director of Excavations at Mycenae, and J. IRVING
MANATT, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor in Brown Univer-
as Editor-in-Chief, is
sity. With an Introduction by Dr. WILHELM DÖRP-
FELD. , plans, tables, and over
trations, including many fullpage plates. 1 vol, Now Ready for Delivery
, .,
large ,
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vey of Mycenaean culture, and registers the most significant Every department of knowledge is covered
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illustrations offer the reader and stadent just the apparatus under about Fifty Thousand Titles.
needed to vivify their appreciation of primitive Greek life and
art. An Introduction by Dr. Dörpfeld, the eminent discov- The Pronunciation of difficult names
erer of Mycenaean Troy, adds to the value of the work.
is marked. Etymologies are given and
THE SPOILS OF POYNTON.
in controversial subjects both sides bave
A Novel By HENRY JAMES, author of “The Portrait
of a Lady,” etc. Crown 8vo, $1.50.
a bearing. The whole work is Fresh,
This is a novel of English characters and scones, told with
the high perfection of manner and the fascination of style Scholarly, Authoritative, and Up-
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to-date.
most interesting of that series of novels with which he has
charmed all appreciative readers and enriched English litera-
President D. C. GILMAN, of Johns Hopkins
THE LIQUOR PROBLEM
University, says:
In its Legislative Aspect. Embodying the results of
“ Thoroughness is its marked characteristic.
investigations made by Dr. FREDERIC W. Wines and American scholarship may be proud of this achieve-
John H. KOREN, Esq., under the direction of Presi-
ment."
dent Charles W. Eliot, President Seth Low, and James JOHN FISKE says:
C. Carter, Esq., a sub-committee of the Committee of
Fifty to investigate the Drink Problem. With maps.
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1897.]
71
THE DIAL
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ON THE FACE OF THE FLOWER OF FORGIVENESS,
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
No. 255.
FEBRUARY 1, 1897. Vol. XXII.
SCIENCE AND THE NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Block ..
.
.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
SCIENCE AND THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 73
TO A FLORENTINE DIAL. Lines by Edith M.
Thomas
75
THE HIGHER EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN
GERMANY. Hans Oertel
75
THE ARBITRATION TREATY. Poem by Louis J.
76
COMMUNICATIONS
76
Literature and Patriotism in the Schools. George
Beardsley.
"The Primary Condition of Understanding Whitman,"
and the Secondary Condition of Understanding
Anybody. George C. Cook.
Whitman Cant vs. Criticism. J. Watson.
The Human and the Superhuman View of Whitman.
Francis P. Harper.
Miss Molineux's “Browning Phrase Book" Once
More. W.J. R.
A BRITISH VETERAN'S TALE OF INDIA.
E. G. J.
79
EGGLESTON'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED
STATES. Francis W. Shepardson
83
A NEW CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. Paul Shorey 84
A LAST VOLUME FROM WALTER PATER.
Edward E. Hale, Jr.
85
RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne
87
Kipling's The Seven Seas.-Davidson's New Ballads.
- Romanes's Pooms. - Housman's Green Arras. –
Plarr's In the Dorian Mood. - Beesly's Danton and
Other Verse. - Money-Coutts's Poems. - Seaman's
The Battle of the Bays.-Aldrich's Judith and Holo
fernes. Carman and Hovey's More Songs from
Vagabondia.- Miss Dickinson's Poems, third series.
-A Cycle of Sonnets. – Miss Thomas's A Winter
Swallow.-Mrs. Miller's From Avalon.-Miss Reese's
A Quiet Road. - Miss Putnam's Songs without An-
swer.- Munkittrick's The Acrobatic Muse. - Dun-
bar's Lyrics of Lowly Life. - Gould's An Autumn
Singer. — Auringer's The Book of the Hills. - Saw-
yer's Notes and Half-Notes. - Robinson's The Tor-
rent. - Bates's songs of Exile. - Sherman's Mating.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS..
93
Paris life during the Reign of Terror.- The explorer
Nansen and his work. - History and criticism of an-
cient art.- Bird-studies in Southern California.
Mr. Schouler's historical and biographical papers.
The literature of scoundrelism.-Studies in classical
philology.- A new and welcome Ruskinian reprint.
BRIEFER MENTION
96
There is something quite anomalous in the
fact that the capital of the United States is a
comparatively unimportant city, with hardly
any pretensions to leadership in the intellectual
concerns of the nation. When we think how
much London or Paris means for English or
French art, science, and literature, and how
little Washington means for anything but
American politics, we touch upon one of the
most distinctive characteristics of our New
World civilization. Historically, of course, this
peculiarity is easily accounted for. The na-
tional capital was created by law under circum-
stances almost as unfavorable as those attend-
ing the efforts of Peter the Great to provide a
new capital for the Russian Empire. The ob
jects were different in the two cases, but there
was a considerable similarity in the conditions.
Both Petersburg and Washington came into
existence as fiat" capitals, were not very fav- .
orably situated for rapid development, and had
to contend with the rivalries of old and jealous
centres of civic and intellectual life. Again,
our national capital is the seat of a federal gov-
ernment, and the federal principle is necessarily
antagonistic to the concentration of national
energy at any single focus. But it may well
be questioned whether the centralizing tend-
encies everywhere so strongly influencing our
national life will not eventually have their way
in the affairs of the higher culture, and make
of Washington, in the course of time, our cap-
ital in the true comprehensive sense. As the
foresight of the great Tsar has been justified
by the development of St. Petersburg, and as
the capital of the federal empire of Germany
is slowly but surely overshadowing the older
German capitals, so it is not unreasonable to
think that the “manifest destiny" of which we
hear so much is at work shaping the capital of
this Republic into a home for the humanities.
The time may quite possibly arrive when the
vanishing ascendancy of Boston, and the accom-
plished ascendancy of New York, and the hoped-
for ascendancy of struggling Chicago, in the
world of American letters and learning, shall
come to be viewed in the larger perspective as
-
.
.
.
LITERARY NOTES
97
.
.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
97
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
97


74
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
a
but temporary phases of the bistorical develop-work of the Government is carried on by many
ment that will have transformed our nominal agencies scattered through the various Depart-
capital into the one real centre of our intellec- ments. ... Some of them are not connected
tual activities.
with any department. . . . The majority of
While such a consummation as this, however these bureaus have no logical connection with
devoutly to be wished, can only be a matter of the Departments to which they belong.
the far distant future, it may at least be said The time has arrived when the successful pros-
that events are slowly shaping themselves to ecution of the scientific work of the Govern-
bring it about. Washington is becoming more ment requires that these various bureaus should
and more the centre of an intelligent and cul- be organized in accordance with a logical plan.
tivated society, more and more a city to which ... The United States Government now em-
men of wealth and leisure are drawn by the ploys 5225 persons in this scientific and eco-
various advantages which it has to offer. The nomie work, not including the census, and ex-
forces of official and diplomatic life add to its pends for it annually nearly eight million dol-
society a color that cannot, in the nature of lars." Many others similar in character might
things, be found elsewhere, and that seems to be made.
be one of the necessary elements of the society The objections to the present system are more
of a capital in the European sense. The com- than merely formal, although the illogicality
pletion of the new home provided for the Con- which gives the Treasury Department control
gressional Library is an incident that helps to of the Life Saving Service, and which tosses
accentuate the growing importance of Wash- the Weather Bureau about from the Depart-
ington in our intellectual life. What will probament of War to that of Agriculture, should
ably in time become at once the largest and the alone be enough to condemn it. The great
most useful of our public libraries can hardly practical objection to the system is the dupli-
fail to act as a magnet in attracting to Wash- cation of work which it entails, and the conse-
ington people of the sort most to be desired quent confusion, to say nothing of the waste,
in any great city. The project of a National that results. Mr. Dabney gives many instances
University, to be supported at the public charge, of this duplication and confusion, a few of
has long been in the air," and, notwithstand. which may be quoted. “The Government has
ing the grave objections that may be urged, three separate and distinct agencies for meas-
finds much to be said in its favor, as the elo- uring the land of the country.”
“ There are
quent plea recently made in its behalf by Pres- four hydrographic offices in as many depart-
ident Jordan sufficiently attests. Meanwhile, ments.' “ The Government has at least five
the educational institutions already established, separate and distinct chemical laboratories in
or to be established, in Washington under re- the city of Washington alone.” Perhaps the
ligious auspices tend, and will continually tend, most striking example of this scientific chaos
to further the evolution of the capital in the is afforded by the subject of irrigation. 6 The
suggested direction.
Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of
It is not our present purpose, however, to Agriculture some time ago appointed a board
discuss this subject in its broader aspect, but to compile the laws on irrigation, and find out
rather to call attention to a single phase of the what each bureau of each department should
subject, brought into prominence just now by do. It took this board a year to inform these
the leading article in a recent number of “Sci- two Secretaries what the law required of each
ence.” Under the caption, " A National De- of them. Its report shows that eight bureaus
partment of Science,” Mr. Charles W. Dabney, in the two departments must coöperate in order
Jr., makes a strong plea for the systematization to accomplish any thorough work on the great
and unification of the scientific work done by problems of irrigation. ... It is needless to say
the several Departments of the Government, that, with so many agencies to promote irriga-
and incidentally gives his readers a luminous tion, very little has been done by any of them.”
conspectus of the field of that work. A few These examples tell their own tale, and it only
sentences from Mr. Dabney's article may be remains to add that upon top of all this con-
given in illustration of its purport : “ The fusion comes the work of the Census Bureau,
United States Government is doing more to which, ignoring the statistical work of the sev-
discover the resources of its territory and to eral Departments, proceeds every ten years to
teach its people to develope them than any other collect its own statistics in its own way, and
government in the world. ... The scientific
The scientific sometimes, at least, does the work so badly that


1897.)
75
THE DIAL
a
the result commands but the qualified confi-
dence of the scientific world.
THE HIGHER EDUCATION OF WOMEN
IN GERMANY.
The state of things thus described cer-
tainly calls for a remedy; although opinions Evidence of an interesting change of attitude re-
may differ as to just what the remedy should garding the admittance of women to the German
be. What Mr. Dabney proposes is the sepa-
universities, with all the privileges of full immatric-
ration of the bureaus now engaged in scientific ulation, as well as to the learned professions, may
work from the Departments to which they are
be found in the hundred and twenty opinions of
attached, and the creation and organization, university professors, journalists, and teachers at
'
under expert advice, of a new Department of girls' schools collected by Mr. Arthur Kirchhoff in
a pamphlet entitled “ Die Akademische Frau” which
Science. The plan is deserving of considera- has lately appeared. The mere statistical fact that
tion, and the bringing of the employees of the almost two-thirds of the replies to the question,
several scientific bureaus under the rules of the “ Are women entitled to, and qualified for, the
classified service, recently accomplished, has at higher academic study?” are in the affirmative,
least smoothed the way for some such change. marks a most important advance in the movement.
Four of the Departments now existing would Everyone who is familiar with the state of public
find their responsibilities greatly lightened by opinion even five years ago will admit that such a
this reorganization, but it is probable that the
majority would have been impossible then, and is
inertia of officialism will prove a serious obsta-
decidedly surprising now. Not that all of these
cle to the reform, for cabinet officers, like other opinions are strong pleas in favor of the admission
of women to the universities ; but they all have this
mortals, are jealous of their prestige and their
in common: that they desire to see the present legal
prerogatives. Still, the necessity for some co- obstacles which bar women from the lecture-rooms
ordination of endeavor is so obvious that a de- and degrees of the universities removed, in order that
termined effort to bring it about is worth mak- the question may be settled by free and unham-
ing, and the suggestion now put forward has pered competition-in which, according to some, the
many arguments in its favor. As Mr. Dabney other sex will hold its own, while others (and these
says: “ With enormous expenditure of brain
are perhaps still in the majority) expect their defeat.
and money (the Government] has done a vast
As this is obviously a case in which the votes cast
should not be counted merely, but weighed, the opin.
deal for the advancement of science, but it is
ions of those who avowedly base them on actual expe-
deplorable that so much has been wasted in
rience at universities admitting women (e.g., those
doing this. We garner the golden grain of
of Switzerland) are more valuable than those formed
truth, to be sure, but we cut our wheat with the
on mere à priori reasoning. It must be encour-
old-fashioned sickle, bind it with straw, thresh aging to the advocates of the movement that they
it with the flail, and then wait for a favorable are almost unanimous in favor of opening the uni-
wind to blow away the chaff. Harvested by versities to women on equal terms with men where-
these antiquated methods, our product costs us
ever proof of equal preparatory training is given.
a great deal more than it should, and, what is
As far as the often alleged inconvenience of co-
worse, we lose a large part of the grain.” With
educational university instruction is concerned, the
testimony of all those who have had actual experi.
the organization of such a Department as Mr.
ence is uniformly negative. As to the relative pro-
Dabney urges, Washington would become, even
ficiency of female students as compared with their
more emphatically than it is at present, the male fellow-students, the reports based on actual
most important centre of scientific investigation observation vary. Professor Gusserow, of the
in the United States, and, to recur to the more gynecological clinic of the Berlin Charité, found
general thesis of our opening paragraphs, one that during the five years of his professorship at
very notable step would have been taken toward Zürich the female candidates for the degree of M.D.
the realization of the broader ideal of what
reached only in exceptional cases the male average.
should be, in the best sense of the term, a na-
Prof. F. von Winckel, director of the gynæcological
tional capital.
clinic at the University of Munich, states as his ex-
perience, extending over thirty years, that the forty
female assistants employed by him during that time
“ were at least as proficient" as the male assistants.
TO A FLORENTINE DIAL.
Of the different departments, the mathematicians
Percbance, oft did San Marco's monk austere,
are unanimously and quite strongly in favor of the ad-
Or Donatello, watch thy style's advance:
mission of women. Professor Klein of Goettingen has
Now, from what star, their day our circling year, found them “in every respect equal to their fellow
Our earth their dial, darts their sphery glance ? students," and Professor Meyer of Kiel sends a list
EDITH M. THOMAS. of twenty-one women who have gained prominence
а


76
(Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
he introduction of the selective" plan (similar to whitening attracted by the
thought (determined by the
in pure and applied mathematics, from Hypatia to
COMMUNICATIONS.
Sophie Kovalevsky. The professors of the various
descriptive natural sciences and those of Political
LITERATURE AND PATRIOTISM IN THE SCHOOLS.
Economy are also practically agreed on a favorable
verdict. Among the professors of philosophy there
(To the Editor of THE DIAL. )
is but one dissenting voice. In medicine, dentistry
Is it not possible that literary study in the secondary
and the diseases of the eye are especially pointed
schools might be more efficacious than it now is for the
out as suitable specialties for
women ; while their When a high-school boy goes up to college, he takes
begetting of a worthy sort of patriotism?
admission to general practice and surgery is rather
with him, over and beyond his knowledge of prescribed
strongly opposed, mainly on the ground of defi- branches, a few very definite notions for which nobody
ciency in physical strength. The journalists and the in particular is responsible, which cannot be traced to
teachers in girls' schools are almost unanimously any one teacher or course of study, but which are rather
strong advocates of the higher education of women. an unconscious deposit in his system from the public-
It will doubtless occasion some surprise to learn
school atmosphere. One of these notions is the young-
that, if the opinions here printed are at all typical,
American patriotic sentiment that the United States is
both historians and philologists are rather averse to
“a great and glorious country.” Of course we all know
that his meaning is purely a Philistine meaning. Called
any innovation.
upon to explain
how his country was great and glorious,
Under these circumstances, it is not difficult to
your high-school boy would give you statistics; he would
predict the probable course of the movement in
give you the census, the crop reports, square miles,
Germany. As the requirements for the admission national wealth, national position among the powers,—
to the university cannot and will not be lowered, the in fine, Fourth of July braggadocio.
establishment of fitting-schools for girls is the first Now it is easy enough to say to the boy: Your notions
and most pressing need. Valuable suggestions as of your country are inadequate. Not that you are wrong
to how the curriculum in these schools may best be
to exult in the size of your America, but your view of
adapted to the peculiar needs of the case are given
size is a commercial view. You like the Mississippi
in some of the reports of girls' teachers in the
River, let us say, because it is large. This sentiment
is noble or unworthy, according to the way in which you
pamphlet already to. Much is
have come it. happen
that at our American colleges), which will permit commercial atmosphere which you breathe) of how great
some women to pursue a more general course of a carrying power the river must be, how many steam-
education, while enabling others to fit themselves boats may navigate it, how many saw-mills it may turn,
for special work. And it is not without interest to how many towns it may give their opportunity for
find that by the introduction of the elective system
increased numbers of furnaces and chimneys and a mul-
in the boys' gymnasium it is hoped to relieve to some
tiplied census. What you ought to mean is that you
extent that high pressure which has already caused
like the idea of a great river; that it appeals to your
considerable concern among physicians, and which
imagination; that (if you happen to live beside it) you
find it good to look upon as you come and go, to con-
various remedies have so far failed to alleviate.
template in quiet hours. Such a river should be a
Such introduction would doubtless mean a deviation
source of inspiration to you, so that you should live by
from the time-honored principles of secondary edu- it not only in the sense of having your dwelling upon
cation which knew only required studies, and an its bluffs, making it sustain you from thirst at the north
approach to the methods of the American college. and receive your drainage at the south, but that in a
Yale University.
HANNS OERTEL. higher way your life should be influenced by it, should
tend more and more to measure itself by the river, and
to absorb from it, as the years go by, beyond a mere
physical health, a fine, an increasingly fine, spiritual
THE ARBITRATION TREATY.
well-being. And so your boast about America should
come down to such a basis as this: The largeness and
(“E pur si muove.")
expanse of America are more admirable than the
Yet the world moves; although the bitter Past
crowded limits of most European countries, for the
Lingering enthroned demands to be obeyed;
same reason that the sea is more admirable than the
Across the seas the nations war-arrayed
frog-pond, or the giant redwood tree than the stunted
Still stand at gaze, and hearken for the vast
pine. Your phrase “our glorious country” should refer
And harsh call unto strife, the thunderous blast
to the magnificent expanse of virgin soil in America,
Of trumpets while the fields are sore dismayed;
and all that it promises to the future of the race,- its
In Time's great balance such rule duly weighed
liberty, its independence, its health, its social salvation.
Has been found wanting, its sure doom forecast;
These are some of the thoughts that the high-school boy
should have to back up his notion of this great and
For two strong peoples shape the newer thought, glorious country"; and he can gain them by means of
With joined might invoke the reign of peace, the culture that comes through books.
Seeing each man's fatherland is where is sought If one aim of literary study in the schools could be
Some nobler hope for true life's bright increase, the cultivation of a finer sentiment of patriotism, some
And of one blood is goodness, and release
books must be more potent than others to achieve this
From world-care by the whole world's toil is wrought! aim. For illustration of the sort of American literature
Louis J. BLOCK. which seems to me best fitted to impart a new and deeper
a


1897.]
77
THE DIAL
>
-
66
meaning to the patriotic sentiment, I have in mind the
"THE PRIMARY CONDITION OF UNDERSTANDING
works of Walt Whitman. One of the strongest sides
WHITMAN," AND THE SECONDARY CONDI-
of this poet is, of course, his ultra-Americanism. He
TION OF UNDERSTANDING ANYBODY.
sings a pride in his land intenser than was ever sung
before. A poet, he outdoes even professional patriots
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
on their own ground. It was complained of Thoreau To see a friend's faults, to see that he is weak where
that he was rather too proud of his native Concord. another is strong, unsentimentally to understand his
“He talked about Nature as if she had been born and nature, and yet to care a good deal for him, requires a
brought up in Concord.” Of Whitman, in the same cool head and a warm heart. So it is with our friends,
spirit, one might say that he often talked about America the books. I must say the extreme Whitmanites, of
as if not only Nature but the best of human nature and whom Professor Triggs is one, seem to me to get a little
human institutions and all free government and patriotic
warm-headed in their “boundless enthusiasm.” To
loyalty had been born and brought up here. But how- feel and to know a poet, or anyone else, we must do two
ever rampant his enthusiasm in this strain may some- things: give ourselves up to him as Mr. Burroughs and
times seem, I think it will be found always sound at the Professor Triggs give themselves up to Whitman, and
core. Material things American he does celebrate, but then reflect, compare, define. “Boundless enthusiasm
he illumines them ever with the pure light of the spirit. does not help true definition; comparison is not reliable
His is a patriotism always informed of the highest ideals: when you glance at one thing and scrutinize another.
it is never mere Chauvinism. To his view, America is the As I said in my review, Mr. Burroughs's telescopic
chosen of all lands, reserved to the last to be the stage scrutiny of Whitman helps us. I protest, not against
for the final scenes of the drama of social and individual his enthusiasm for Whitman, but against his “ “negative
evolution. Always for him America bad reference to criticism” of almost everybody not Whitman,— against
the soul and to the human race. His intense patriotism his total failure to make allowance for the fact that a
was bound up with his intense religiousness. Always his man a mile off looks smaller than a man a yard from
pride was in the becoming of America; it did not stop you. Mr. Donaldson keeps his head cool, and though
at the “ has become.”
he does n't say much about his emotions, they seem to
Whitman's books, of course, are too large to be intro work pretty well, albeit quietly. His contribution is to
duced entire into school work, even if there were no
the biography of the man, not to the appreciation of
objection to certain portions of them on the score of the poet. When Professor Triggs calls Mr. Donaldson's
unwholesomeness. Of the existing volumes of selections
book “ wholly inadequate,” he condemns it for not being
from both his prose and poetry, I am not sure that any
what Mr. Donaldson did n't pretend it was and did n't
consists of the passages best calculated to exert an en-
want it to be.
nobling influence on the patriotic sentiment. I believe I despair of convincing Professor Triggs of the fact
other selections are contemplated. One thing seems
that I too bave felt the irresistible grace of Whitman's
inevitable: that a part at least of the immense spiritual strength, that I have sat with a friend, half reading,
power of Whitman must soon be laid hold upon by edu-
half chanting the lilac-perfumed pages of the hymn to
cators. That he has been neglected so long, is perhaps
“ delicate death," that I have “personally absorbed "
nobody's fault so much as that of his own genius. It
the subtle quality of that large gray soul into which all
would be idle to attempt to explain away our objec-
out-of-doors has entered. “Nay, and thou 'lt mouth!”
tions to some of his work. But whatever is false or But after the thrill of the reading is over, “the hesitat-
mistaken or anideal in literature will, for all but the ing, niggardly spirit of criticism” reminds me that this
false and the mistaken and the unideal in spirit, die is one of many gifted men who moved me in something
of its own ill-nature. The point to dwell upon with
the same way; and the enhancement of soul given me by
satisfaction is that whatever is true, high-minded, aspir-
one poet does not in the least incline me to think of the
ing, no amount of what is wrong-headed can suppress
others as dogs and weaklings.
for long.
The truth is that these enthusiasts adopt Whitman's
One poem in particular that I should like to see read
attitude toward Whitman. As a creative, stimulating
and studied in every high school in the land is the “ Song attitude, this is a huge success; but as a receptive atti-
of the Universal.” Never was national destiny so greatly
tude it is not. Whitman recognized that his own solf
conceived ; and never the conception sung with such
was, willy-nilly, the most important fact in his life. It
unerring charm. The good alone is universal (80 runs
is not quite so true when somebody else “ absorbs"
the theme); all history makes for the perfection of the
Whitman and says Whitman's self is the most important
soul:
thing in the life of the world.
“And thou America,
Professor Triggs harps on “the feeling of love and
For the scheme's oulmination, its thought and its reality, the desire of comradeship.” Perhaps we who try to keep
For these (not for thyself) thou hast arrived."
our heads cool and see two sides of a thing, had to some
So admirable a type is this Whitman song of the variety slight extent that feeling and that desire before ever we
of literature I have in mind, that would space permit I
found them in the democratic chants. He says that we
should like to quote it entire. Enough has been said,
fail in interpretation by so much as we are “cold, crit-
however, to recall its clear spiritual ring, its glowing ical, disinterested.” Now disinteresting may possibly
devotion to high national ideals. Surely such an exalted
mean uninteresting; but disinterested, to anyone who
view of America and its mission were well worth trying
knows English, means without bias, prejudice, or selfish
for. It is a sort of culture that can come through books.
interest. Professor Triggs is thus the creator of a deli-
It has not come from the books the secondary schools
cious absurdity, sufficiently in keeping with his theory
have been using. Why not try such books as this?
of “absorbing" things, sponge-fashion, without criti-
cism or discrimination.
GEORGE BEARDSLEY.
Before this tiny critical tilt, I should have said that
University of Indiana, Jan. 20, 1897.
Whitman was second only to Emerson as a prime force
9


78
(Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
1
1
in American literature. If anyone can convince me to doing what he set out to do is probably sufficient for
the contrary, it is a not disinterested admirer like Pro- him, even though he may have failed to attain to the
fessor Triggs. Better trust Arnold, after all, and beware somewhat superhuman conception of Whitman involved
of “the personal estimate.” After “ personal absorp- in Mr. Triggs's fearful and wonderful theories of literary
tion" we must have impersonal judgment in a worthy interpretation.
FRANCIS P. HARPER.
criticism.
GEORGE C. COOK. New York, Jan. 21, 1897.
University of Iowa, Jan. 19, 1897.
MISS MOLINEUX'S “BROWNING PHRASE BOOK"
WHITMAN CANT VS. CRITICISM.
ONCE MORE.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In the last number of The DIAL, Mr. O. L. Triggs,
Allow me briefly to explain the plan of the Index in
in speaking of Walt Whitman, says: “By so much as a
this book, which your reviewer seems still to misappre-
reader remains cold, critical, disinterested, before an hend. Its purpose is two-fold: first and mainly, to give
object requiring the feeling of identity and the desire the novelties and eccentricities of Browning's diction
of comradeship as the condition of understanding, to that
his many compounds, unusual words, etc.,— with all
extent does he fail in his interpretation.”
proper names in the poems except such as furnish titles
Does this mean that before we can truly enjoy Whit-
to poems,
like Pippa, Colombe, etc., or otherwise need no
man we must be in some sort hypnotized ? Why shall
reference to enable one to find them; second, to obviate
we not remain cold if the work does not naturally warm
the necessity of giving the quotations in the body of the
us up? Why shall we not remain critical when we
book under more than one catch-word.
read the “Leaves of Grass” as much as when we read The Index, for instance, begins with 122 compounds
“ Paradise Lost”? Is there any more reason why we
in a-, from a-begging and a-bloom to a-writing and a-yelp.
should not be disinterested in reading Whitman tban
Of these only twenty occur in passages given in the
when we are reading Shelley ? Who made Mr. F. W. body of the book; like a-blush in “ And stand all ready
Rolleston an arbiter in literature ? And if he chooses for morn's joy a-blush,” which is worth quoting aside
to be fervent when other readers are cold, and uncritical from its containing the compound. Under all- there are
and interested when they are critical and disinterested, seventy-six compounds, few of which are in quotable
is this an infallible test of his good judgment ? In passages.
short, is not this the mere cant of a coterie ?
On the next page are such peculiar compounds as
For myself, I must say that if I must muddle my
altar-scrap-snatcher, altar-orts, alley-phiz, alteration-itch,
brains by dismissing what critical faculty I possess, and
angle-niche, angler-simile, etc. Of these only alteration-
by giving up that disinterestedness which is commend- itch is in the body of the book in “Authorship has the
able in all the affairs of life, before I can be competent
alteration-itch!”
to enjoy any author, I shall be content to diminish the Unusual words, like aboriginary, ampollosity, anticise,
possible circle of pleasures. The argument presented
etc., seldom appear in quotable passages.
by your correspondent seems to me to be the same pre- To have given the quotations in the body of the book
sented by quacks and charlatans in all ages that in under two or three catch-words would have made it too
order to judge properly of their theories and exploits bulky and expensive. To have added the passages con-
the first condition is that you shall silence your judg- taining mere peculiarities of diction would have increased
ment and stifle all the promptings of common-sense,
the bulk seven fold.
after which you shall behold visions not visible to the
In selecting the single catch-word the editor may not
vulgar herd.
J. WATSON.
always have made the best choice. In the passage cited
Little Rock, Ark., Jan. 19, 1897.
by your reviewer, death, pause, or work might have
been better than lover; but I do not see any other pas-
sage under love and its derivations to which such objec-
THE HUMAN AND THE SUPERHUMAN VIEW
tion could fairly be made, and on looking through the
OF WHITMAN.
pages I note very few instances in which I should change
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
the catch-word.
Your correspondent, Mr. Oscar Lovell Triggs, in criti- Miss Molineux is too modest in referring to the
cising Donaldson's “Walt Whitman the Man” in your “ lapses and losses of various kinds which involved a
last issue, starts in with the sweeping statement that change of plan during the process of the book's evolu-
“Mr. Donaldson can easily be proved untrustworthy in tion.” After all these lapses and losses, and the changes
a hundred points,” but during his long ramble does not which they necessitated, she practically remade the
once give an instance wbere Mr. Donaldson is at fault. entire book. The final result is as complete and sym-
Such admirers as Mr. Triggs appear to resent any hu- metrical as if she had been sole editor from the start.
man account of Whitman's personality, preferring to
W. J. R.
have his smallest actions idealized and surrounded with
Cambridge, Jan. 20, 1897.
a halo. They prefer to dream of the “good gray poet” [While we do not see that the above controverts
as always communing with the gods. Such a repre- the essential criticisms of our reviewer, we are quite
sentation of himself, Whitman would have been the first
willing to give the book the benefit of Dr. Rolfe's
to resent.
Most readers of Mr. Donaldson's book will readily
generous expansion of his previous explanation and
understand that it was never the author's intention to
commendation of it.—ED. DIAL.]
present a literary study of Whitman. His object was,
as stated in his title, to give a view of “Whitman the THE Macmillan Co. publish a volume of “Stories
Man," to tell how he lived, what were his habits and from English History," by the Rev. A. J. Church. It
character, how he composed his poems, etc. That he is excellent reading for young persons, either in or
has very generally been adjudged to have succeeded in out of school.
"
9)


1897.)
79
THE DIAL
a
The New Books.
(save by a few wise and watchful spirits, like
Sir Henry Lawrence)* over the slender British
contingent in India were heard early in 1857;
A BRITISH VETERAN'S TALE OF INDIA.* and a few months later it broke. During Feb-
We have read Lord Roberts's narrative of ruary, March, and April, disquieting rumors
his long and honorable career in India as soldier had reached Peshawar of mystic chupattis (un-
and administrator with unusual interest. The leavened cakes) sent secretly about the country,
story is in itself naturally a stirring and diver-apprising the natives of some grave impending
sified one, covering as it does such striking event.
Unrest was in the air.
Soon came
events as the great Mutiny (with its dramatic reports of overt mutinous acts ; of outbreaks at
episodes, the siege of Delhi, the relief and the Berhampur and Barrackpore ; of bungalows
siege of Lucknow, the battles of Agra and set in flames; of the Sepoys' objections to the
Cawopore, etc.), the Umbeyla expedition, the cartridges served out with the newly-adopted
Abyssinian expedition, and the Afghan war;
rifles, which had, they asserted, been greased
and it is told with a soldierly brevity and pre-
with a defiling mixture of cow's fat and lard -
cision, and an unaffected modesty as to the ingredients the one of which is as hateful to
writer's own exploits and services, that together the Hindu as the other is to the Mussulman.
constitute its distinctive literary merit and Lord Roberts notes the pervading disregard of
charm. At the close of his preface Lord Roberts
these sinister warnings, and especially the fatal
expresses the wish that his readers “ will bear confidence in their men of British officers
in mind that the writer is a soldier, not a man
attached to Sepoy regiments. Of an officer at
of letters, and will therefore forgive all faults Nowshera, who had served all his life with
of style and language.” There are few faults of Hindustanis, he says:
this sort to forgive. Lord Roberts shows con- “In less than two months' time the Hindustanis, of
clusively that he can wield the pen as well as
whom the Colonel was so proud, had broken into open
the sword ; and it is not too much to say that
mutiny . . and the commanding officer, a devoted
soldier who lived for his regiment, and who implored
in point of style his eminently terse, manly, that his men might not have their arms taken away, as
and straightforward composition may well be he had implicit confidence'in them, and would stake
taken as a model by those having a similar lit-
his life on their fidelity,' had blown his brains out be-
erary undertaking in view.
cause he found that confidence misplaced.”
Lord Roberts was born at Cawnpore, India, Prompt action saved Peshawar from the
and spent his childhood and early youth in horrors that were enacted at other places. On
England. In 1852 he sailed for Calcutta, an hearing of the mutiny, the authorities promptly
artillery cadet, and on his arrival was appointed seized all native correspondence lying at the
to a native field-battery. After four months' post-office; and the character of the papers
irksome service in the East he was sent to found made it clear that every Hindustani regi-
Peshawar, on the Afghan frontier (the real ment in the garrison was ripe for revolt. Says
field of military activity), where he joined his the author :
father, General Sir Abraham Roberts, then “ A strong interest attaches to these letters, for they
commanding the Lahore division. In 1854 he brought to light the true feeling of the natives towards
got his troop in the crack Bengal Horse Artil-
us at the time, and it was evident from them that the
Sepoys had really been made to believe that we intended
lery; and two years later received his first staff
to destroy their caste by various unholy devices of which
appointment, with the immediate duty of assist-
the issue of contaminating cartridges was one."
ing in the survey of Kashmir. A mission to
Kandahar (which he was to revisit at the head
Prompt disarmament of the native regiments
at Peshawar followed the seizure of the mails;
of an army twenty-six years later) followed.
and the good effect of this measure (which was
Up to this date the career of the ambitious
young soldier had been one of relatively halcyon officers) was at once apparent. Comparative
fatuously opposed as “uncalled for” by the
days and plodding advancement; but stirring quiet reigned at Peshawar; and its residents
times, of fast-falling vacancies and swift pro-
motions, were at hand. The first distinct mut-
were spared such scenes of blood and rapine as
were enacted at Meerut and elsewhere in the
terings of the storm long gathering unheeded
province. How serious was the plight of the
* FORTY-ONE YEARS IN INDIA : From Subaltern to Com- English in the Punjab at this juncture, appears
mander-in-Chief. By Field-Marshal Lord Roberts of Kan-
dabar, V.C. In two volumes, illustrated. New York : Long- * Fourteen years before the outbreak, Lawrence predicted
mans, Green, & Co.
the mutiny and accurately foretold the course it would take.


80
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from the fact that the available force of British risks they ran. . . Mine was not a solitary instance;
troops there numbered about 15,000, as against not only the officers' servants, but the followers belong-
some 65,000 natives, two-thirds of them. Hining to European regiments, such as cook-boys, saices
and bhisties (water-carriers), as a rule, behaved in the
dustanis. A strong garrison of trustworthy most praiseworthy manner, faithful and brave to a de-
men for each station being thus out of the ques- gree. So much was this the case, that when the troopers
tion, a movable column was organized. Lord
of the 9th Lancers were called upon to name the man
Roberts's account of his experiences with this
they considered most worthy of the Victorian Cross, an
honor which Sir Colin Campbell proposed to confer upon
column, to which he was attached as staff offi-
the regiment to mark his appreciation of the gallantry
cer, are extremely interesting. At Lahore he displayed by all ranks during the campaign, they unan-
first witnessed one of those terrible scenes imously chose the head bhistie ! ”
which the mention of the mutiny recalls to every Delbi fellor, rather, its last stronghold,
mind familiar with its story. Two mutineers the royal palace, was taken — on September 20,
had been sentenced to death by court martial, | 1857; and on the day following, the King, the
and the commanding officer decided that they last of the Moghul Emperors, was made pris-
should be blown away from guns, in the pres- oner, and his two sons were slain (we cannot
ence of their comrades.
think justifiably) by the hand of their captor.
“ A parade was at once ordered. The troops were Says the author :
drawn up so as to form three sides of a square; on the
“I went with many others the next day to see the
fourth side were two guns. As the prisoners were being King; the old man looked most wretched, and as he evi-
brought to the parade, one of them asked me if they dently disliked intensely being stared at by Europeans,
were going to be blown from the guns. I said, 'Yes.'
I quickly took my departure. On my way back I was
He made no further remark, and they both walked
rather startled to see the three lifeless bodies of the
steadily on until they reached the guns, to which they King's two sons and grandson lying exposed on the stone
were bound, when one of them requested that some
platform in front of the Kotwali. On enquiry I learnt
rupees he had on his person might be saved for his rela-
that Hodson had gone a second time to Humayun's
tions. The Brigadier answered: “It is too late!' The
tomb that morning with the object of capturing these
word of command was given; the guns went off simul-
taneously, and the two mutineers were launched into princes, and on the way back to Delhi had shot them
with his own band — an act which, whether necessary or
eternity. . . I carefully watched the Sepoys' faces to
not, has undoubtedly cast a blot on his reputation. His
see how it affected them. They were evidently startled
own explanation of the circumstance was that he feared
at the swift retribution which had overtaken their com-
they would be rescued by the mob, who could easily
rades, but looked more crestfallen than shocked or hor-
have overpowered his small escort of 100 sowars, and it
rified, and we soon learnt that their determination to
certainly would bave been a misfortune bad these men
mutiny, and make the best of their way to Delhi, was
escaped. . . . My own feeling on the subject is one of
in no wise changed by the scene they had witnessed.”
sorrow that such a brilliant soldier should have laid
This novel punishment would thus seem to have himself open to so much adverse criticism. Moreover,
failed in its calculated deterrent effect upon
I do not think that, under any circumstances, he should
have done the deed himself, or ordered it to be done in
onlookers, which was its main and ostensible
that summary manner, unless there had been evident
justification — though the author thinks it signs of an attempt at a rescue.”
”
probably the most humane, as being a sure
The doer of this triple murder (for such it
and instantaneous, mode of execution.”
clearly was) was killed in a subsequent engage-
Of the siege and storming of Delhi, in which
ment; and the story was current that he was
he participated with distinguished gallantry, killed in the act of looting the Begum Kothi
and where he first had the opportunity of dis- (royal palace) at Lucknow. This story General
playing those marked qualities of leadership Roberts disproves. The British left Delhi on
which advanced him in time to the rank of September 24 ; and the sight in the streets of
Commander-in-Chief in India, Lord Roberts
the fallen city as the army filed through them
gives a graphic account, which is too detailed by the early morning light was gruesome
to be summarized here. Special tributes are
enough.
paid to the bravery of the natives who served
“Our way from the Lahore gate by the Chandni
in the ranks of the British; and with charac-
Chauk led through a veritable city of the dead; not a
teristic kindness the writer does not forget to sound was to be heard but the falling of our own foot-
mention the good conduct of those whose merits
steps; not a living creature was to be seen. Dead bodies
usually escape notice. His native servants, he
were strewn about in all directions, in every attitude
that the death-struggle had caused them to assume, and
says, behaved admirably.
in every stage of decomposition. We marched in silence,
“ The Khidmatgar (table attendant) never failed to or involuntarily spoke in whispers as though fearing to
bring me my food under the hottest fire, and the saices disturb those ghastly remains of humanity. The sights
(grooms) were always present with the horses whenever we encountered were horrible and sickening to the last
they were required, apparently quite indifferent to the degree. Here a dog gnawed at an uncovered limb;
"
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1897.)
81
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9
.
there a vulture, disturbed by our approach from its who approached by showering upon him abuse of the
loathsome meal, but too completely gorged to fly, flut- grossest description.”
tered away to a safer distance. In many instances the
positions of the bodies were appallingly life-like. Some
Among the heroic deeds recorded in the story
lay with their arms uplifted as if beckoning, and, indeed,
of the storming of the Sikandarbagh is that of
the whole scene was weird and horrible beyond descrip-
a Mahomedan Subadar of the 4th Punjab
tion. Our horses seemed to feel the horror of it as Infantry.
much as we did, for they shook and snorted in evident “The enemy having been driven out of the earthwork,
terror."
made for the gateway, the heavy doors of which were
After Delhi came the engagements at Aligarh being closed, when the Mahomedan pushed his left arm,
on which he carried a shield, between them, thus pre-
and Agra; and during the halt at Agra the
venting their being shut; on his hand being badly
author first saw the Taj Mahal. Of this pearl wounded by a swordcut, he drew it out, instantly thrust-
of Eastern architecture-like that other famous ing in the other arm, when the right hand was all but
tomb on the Appian Way, the memorial of a
severed from the wrist."
husband's devotion to a dead wife — he says: Lord Roberts closes his account of the Mu-
“I will not attempt to describe the indescribable. tiny (which forms the bulk of the first volume)
Neither words nor pencil could give to the most imagin- with two instructive chapters in which he
ative reader the slightest idea of the all-satisfying attempts to answer the questions, “What
beauty and purity of this glorious conception. To those
who have not already seen it, I would say: "Go to India. brought about the Mutiny ?” and “Is there
The Taj alone is worth the journey.'
any chance of a similar rising occurring again?”
On October 26, Cawnpore was reached.
The Mutiny was not, he thinks, as is commonly
“We now for the first time heard the miserable « story believed, primarily a Sepoy revolt, a mere up-
of Cawnpore.! . . . Our visit to this scene of suffering rising of native soldiers against their foreign
and disaster (the barracks) was more harrowing than officers. Beneath it and logically prior to it
it is in the power of words to express; the sights which lay the profound discontent of the more influ-
met our eyes, and the reflections they gave rise to, were
quite maddening, and could not but increase tenfold the
ential classes among the native civilian popula-
feelings of animosity and desire for vengeance which
tion with measures of reform necessarily, if
the disloyalty and barbarity of the mutineers in other sometimes tactlessly and prematurely, imposed
places had aroused in the hearts of our British soldiers. by the British, which measures they foresaw
Tresses of hair, pieces of ladies' dresses, books crumpled
must eventually prove fatal to a social and
and torn, bits of work and scraps of music, just as they
had been left by the wretched owners on the 27th of religious régime which they held sacred, and
June, when they started for that terrible walk to the
with which their own hereditary class superior-
boats provided by the Nana as the bait to induce them ities and privileges were bound up.
to capitulate.”
“ The prohibition of sati (burning widows on the
Lord Roberts bore a distinguished part in funeral pyres of their husbands); the putting a stop to
Sir Colin Campbell's memorable relief of
female infanticide; the execution of Brahmins for
cap-
Lucknow. The desperate character of the fight- tion of their converts; the removal of all legal obstacles
ital offences; the efforts of missionaries and the protec-
ing in the environs of the city, before the junc- to the remarriage of widows; the spread of western and
tion with Havelock and Outram in the Resi- secular education generally; and, more particularly, the
dency was affected, is well illustrated by the attempt to introduce female education, were causes of
following description of the scene in the Sik-
alarm and disgust to the Brahmins, and to those Hindus
of high caste whose social privileges were connected
andarbagh—a strong post held by 2000 muti- with the Brahminical religion.”
neers. The gateway had been forced ; and Other causes of discontent, such as the alleged
through this and a breach in the wall the British
unfairness of the land settlement, and the an.
poured upon the doomed men trapped within.
nexation of Oude (which naturally aroused the
“There could be no thought of escape, and they
fought with the desperation of men without hope of jealousy of the lesser powers), are enumerated;
mercy, and determined to sell their lives as dearly as
but everything tends to show that the mutiny
they could. Inch by inch they were forced back upon was the result of a deep-seated movement for
the pavilion, and into the space between it and the north the overthrow of British rule in India. The
wall, where they were all shot or bayoneted. There they native aristocratical and sacerdotal classes saw
lay in a heap as high as my head, a heaving, surging
mass of dead and dying inextricably entangled. It was
their ancient status and influence (resting, of
a sickening sight, one of those which even in the heat of course, on a basis of popular ignorance, supine-
battle and the flush of victory make one feel strongly ness, and superstition) threatened by the Brit-
what a horrible side there is to war. The wretched
ish policy of general amelioration and enlighten-
wounded men could not get clear of their dead com-
rades, however great their struggles, and those near the
ment; and they sank their differences to unite
top of the ghastly pile of writhing humanity, vented against the common enemy. Their main plain
their rage and disappointment on every British officer of action was to incite the native soldiery to
a


82
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SO
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2
revolt, by spreading among them reports that memorating his latest and most important mili-
the authorities meant to strike at their caste tary service to his country. Lord Roberts's
and their religion by such devices as the issue final departure from India, in 1893, elicited a
of the polluting cartridges. Thus does Sir long series of farewell addresses which testified
George Campbell's dictum, " The Mutiny was in the warmest terms to the universal affection
a sepoy revolt, not a Hindu rebellion," seem to and respect in which he was held by the resi.
in volve a misconception.
dents in that country, Native and foreign, mili-
"Is there any chance of a mutiny occurring tary and civilian. In the heart of the private
again ?” Lord Roberts answers this question soldier he has ever held an especially warm
by stating how, in his judgment, such a calamity place- there being in the entire British Army
may best be guarded against :
no officer with whom “ Tommy Atkins " so
" (1) By never allowing the present proportion of cheerfully casts his lot in peace or war as gal.
British to Native soldiers to be diminished or the disci- lant and unassuming “ little Bobs.” England
pline and efficiency of the Native army to become slack. has been magnificently served in her Indian
(2) By taking care that men are selected for the higher Empire, and such names as Clive, Hastings,
civil and military posts whose self-reliance, activity, and
resolution are not impaired by age, and who possess a
Watson, Coote, Lawrence, Havelock, Outram,
knowledge of the country and of the habits of the peo- Campbell, stand high on her roll of honor.
ples. (3) By recognizing and guarding against the But higher, we think, than most of these names
dogmatism of theorists and the dangers of centralization. in the honorable distinction of having sought
(4) By rendering our administration on the one hand
firm and strong, on the other hand tolerant and sympa-
England's advantage in India only so far as that
thetic; and last, but not least, by doing all in our power advantage is compatible with the rights and
to gain the confidence of the various races, and by con- well-being of the Native, stands that of Lord
vincing them that we have not only the determination, Roberts of Kandahar.
but the ability, to maintain our supremacy in India
Lord Roberts's second volume throws no
against all assailants."
little light upon the new conditions brought
These cardinal points never lost sight of, there
about by the Russian advance towards Herat
is little chance, the author thinks, of any fresh
an advance for which he is not inconsistent
outbreak threatening the stability of British enough to censure Russia. Her progress
rule in India.
towards the South East has been in the main
In 1859 Lord Roberts visited England, analogous to England's towards the North
where, he says quaintly, “ I found my fate in
West. In each direction barbarism has inevit-
the shape of Nora Bews,” and where he re-
ably given way before the approach of a civil-
ceived from the hands of the Queen herself the
ized race; and it is not unreasonable to hope
Victoria Cross. That coveted token of dis- that when the further advance of each power is
tinguished bravery in the field never graced a barred by the presence of the other a frontier
more humane and chivalrous breast. Lord acceptable to both may be established. Russia's
Roberts took part in the Umbeyla expedition, gradual march Indiawards need not necessarily
in 1863, and in the Abyssinian expedition, in imply that she has “ designs on India,” since
1867; and in 1868 he acted as the bearer of
advance she must.
Sir R. Napier's final despatches to England
We shall close our review of these well made
after the victory at Magdala. In 1877 he was
and finely illustrated volumes by quoting the
appointed by Lord Lytton Chief Commissioner
pregnant remark of an astute Hindu gentleman
of the trans- Indus tract
, which had been de touching the “ Ilbert Bill” and the moot ques-
tached from the Punjab government. About
tion as to the probable effect of British with-
one-third of Volume II. is taken up by the
drawal from India.
account of the Afghan War, including the bril-
“Why do you English raise these unnecessary ques-
liant passage of the Peiwar Kotal, the Cava-
tions? It is your doing, not ours. We have heard of
gpari episode, and the famous march from
the cry, India for the Indians,' which some of your
Kabul to Kandahar, which is usually rated as philanthropists bave raised; but you have only to go to
Lord Roberts's principal military achievement.
the Zoological Gardens and open the doors of the cages,
After the victory at Kandahar he was made a
and you will very soon see what would be the result of
putting your theory in practice. There would be a
G. C. B., and appointed Commander-in-Chief
terrific fight amongst the animals, which would end in
of the Madras Army. In 1885 he succeeded the tiger walking over the dead bodies of the rest.'
his old companion in arms, Sir Donald Stuart, • Whom,'I inquired, do you consider to be the tiger?'
I
as Commander-in-Chief in India ; and in 1892
• The Mohammedan from the North,' was his reply.”
he was raised to the peerage, with a title com-
>
6
6
E. G. J.


1897.]
88
THE DIAL
These two motives had behind them, at the
EGGLESTON'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED
STATES.*
bottom of all English adventure, rivalry for
Dr. Eggleston's first volume of his proposed zeal, manifested by the first comers, being due
Spain ; cupidity, patriotic feeling, and religious
“ History of Life in the United States " pre-
to that feeling. To get a share of the wealth
sents the results of sixteen years of unwearied
among original documents bearing upon England, to meet the charge that the English
from the fabled mines, to add to the glory of
search
the history of the American colonies up to the
Church lacked the Romish zeal for the conver-
middle of the seventeenth century. Three
“ books,” dealing with the Virginia colony, the
sion of the heathen,- such were the desires for
Pilgrims and Paritans, and the Maryland, The trading companies that found their model
which hatred of Spain furnished the impulse.
Rhode Island, and Connecticut settlements, are
divided into convenient paragraphs, which have
in the prosperous associations for the develop-
abundant illustration and comment in maps and
ment of other parts of the world manifested
suggestive notes or “Elucidation.” The title
the same spirit which later led to paper towns
of the volume and the nature of the work out-
in agricultural regions and to mediæval models
lined bring to mind both Mr. Fiske’s “ Begin. linas. They sought to foster wine, silk, silk-
for government in the ricefields of the Caro-
nings of New England” and Prof. McMaster's
* History of the People of the United States": grass, glass, iron, and timber industries, while
but the latter writer began his work with the year they resisted steadily all attempts to introduce
1784, and the former touched only a few points raise and brought wealth in after years,
the cultivation of tobacco, which was so easy to
which are carefully considered by Mr. Eggles-
ton. As a painstaking study of beginnings, ians are left; while in the second book the stu-
In the presence of such a spirit the Virgin-
based upon original material, and apparently in
dent is led to the homes and haunts of Pilgrim
no wise affected by the conclusions of contem-
and of Puritan. Some pictures have recently
porary writers, Mr. Eggleston's work is a dis-
been presented, by Mr. Brown in The Pilgrim
tinct contribution to our historical literature.
The first book, dealing with the experiments Successors," by Mr. Byington in “ The Puri-
Fathers of New England and their Puritan
on the James, gives an excellent idea of the
romantic age in which American exploration
tan in England and New England,” and, at an
was begun. A people which rejoiced in gaily pose in “ The Puritan in England, Holland,
earlier time, by Mr. Campbell with special pur-
colored vestments and took delight in showy and America "; but there is room for Mr.
, ,
pageants, appreciated likewise an exuberance
in literature, and confidently expected from Eggleston's story. It is a calm and dispassion-
each wanderer into “strange parts” tales of
ate narrative; there is no halo of glory; there
wonderful adventures and stories of peculiar later days; but step by step the path of the
is no clouding of judgment by the events of
animals, plants, and men, which thrilling nar-
wanderers is trodden again, and the Pilgrim
rations served to inspire other seamen and
and the Puritan live in our presence as men of
fortune-hunters with longings. Two motives
were powerful: one, the desire to search for
their own day and generation. The motives
the new way to India; the other, the hope of
which impelled them were essentially different
finding mines of precious metal. Hither and
from those which operated in Virginia,— the
desire to establish a church after their own
thither, by sea and on land, explorers made
their way in Eastern North America, making Pilgrims having reflex influence upon the Puri-
notions being potent, the organization of the
valuable discoveries, which for the time were
overlooked, as with feverish eagerness they
tans in whose plans there was much of the com-
mercial element.
pressed westward, following the elusive objects
The Northern settlers are left at the very
of their search,— pioneer pathfinders for later
generations of restless ones who were to push in the third book attention is paid to the Cath-
threshold of their American experience; while
to the South Sea overland, and, as the Argo-olic movement in Maryland, to the case of Roger
nauts of '49, were to get reward at last, when
Williams, and to the several Connecticut set-
the sunny fountains of California rolled down
tlements. If criticism were to find place in
their golden sands.
comment upon so excellent a study as Dr. Eg.
THE BEGINNERS OF A NATION. A History of the Source gleston's, it might rest here ; for the story is not
and Rise of the Earliest English Settlements in America, with
special reference to the Character of the People. By Edward
so well told, there is not that careful attention
Eggleston. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
to proportion, and the resulting impressions are
a
a


84
[Feb. 1,
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>
a
not so distinct, as in the other sections of the vol. Seyffert made by Messrs. Nettleship and
ume. But perhaps judgment should be withheld Sandys. Hundreds of others are closely based
until later chapters develope the life of these upon Seyffert, but enriched by interpolation
people, and the far-reaching influences of such from recent French and German authorities,
feeble beginnings are traced in the history un- enlivened by modernisms or Americanisms, and
der the king and in the conditions of the Na- brought down to date by bibliographical notes.
tional period.
It is only fair to say, however, that the book
The first thought of every reader of the an- which results from this process contains incom-
nouncements of this first volume of the “ His- parably more information than Seyffert, and is
tory of Life in the United States” probably of course accessible to many students whose
was, that it would consist of an elaboration of limited purses or patience would prevent their
the stories so entertainingly told by Dr. Eggles- consulting the seven volumes of Smith. One
ton in “ The Century” a few years ago. One
.
feels throughout the presence of a vigorous and
leaves the volume, after examination, with ad- alert intelligence behind the scissors. The
miration for the thoroughness of investigation, fifteen hundred or more illustrations have been
which has found the roots of things, and has carefully chosen from a great many sources, and
cast aside for the present the entertaining and are excellently reproduced. The type is clear
the amusing for the deeper study of the char- and agreeable to the eye. The consultation of
acter of the fathers of our country.
the work is facilitated by numerous cross-refer-
FRANCIS W. SHEPARDSON. ences, and by the insertion in their alphabetical
places of the English equivalents of technical
Greek and Latin terms. Whatever lapses (in-
separable from the compilatory method) close
A NEW CLASSICAL DICTIONARY.*
scrutiny may reveal to the critical scholar, it is
The accomplished editor of The Bookman " safe to say at once that the book as it stands is
and Professor of Latin in Columbia College by far the most serviceable single volume of
has completed in his leisure hours a labor which
the kind in existence for the needs of the young
would have sorely tasked the undistracted en- student, the general reader, and the isolated
ergies of a less versatile scholar. The new
teacher who dwells remote from libraries.
Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature Further appreciation of the work would re-
and Antiquities,” edited by Mr. Harry Thurs-
solve itself into discussion of the sources of the
ton Peck, is nothing less than an abridged editor's material and his judgment in the dis-
encyclopædia of classical philology, in all its tribution of his space. The value of all the arti-
.
branches, between two covers. The student
cles is greatly enhanced by the careful bibli-
will find here under one alphabet virtually allography. Sometimes, it is true (e.g., in the
the topics treated in the three great works of articles Vesta and Theatrum), this bibliography
Smith, together with much useful information seems to be merely an external appendage, and
which they do not pretend to supply, on such
is not worked into the treatment of the subject;
subjects, e.g., as the History of Philology, the
but in the main defective or inadequate articles
Science of Language, Libraries, First Editions,
are skilfully rounded out and brought down to
etc., etc. And for all this, with the exception
date by the insertion of an apt sentence or
of a limited number of contributions acknowl- paragraph taken from the recent literature of
edged in the preface, “ the editor is himself the subject. The greatest freshness and inde-
responsible.” But the age of miracles is past ; pendence of treatment appears in the literary
and closer scrutiny reveals, what the preface articles, a fair proportion of which are appar-
frankly admits, that the work has been mainly ently from Professor Peck's own pen. The
compilation in the original sense of the word.
claim of the preface that “everywhere the
A large proportion of the longer articles are
effect of ancient literature upon the literature
abridged from Smith, by the simple process of of modern times has been noted” is hardly
omission of some of the more technical sen-
borne out by the rather meagre allusions in the
tences and paragraphs. Hundreds of the minor body of the work. A large proportion of these,
articles are copied verbatim (with slight biblio-
occurring in the mythological articles, are
graphical additions) from the translation of taken directly from Gayley's “ Classical Myths
in English Literature,” which should have been
* HARPER'S DICTIONARY OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE AND
ANTIQUITIES. Edited by Harry Thurston Peck, M.A. Illus-
mentioned among the other authorities enumer-
trated. New York: Harper & Brothers.
ated in the preface.


1897.]
85
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a
Scholars will perhaps regret that in the ar- whom the old date is given, and a minor arti-
ticles abridged from Smith, the editor has cle here and there, as perhaps, Tetrapolis, Osy-
dropped so many of the references to the orig- lus, Demogorgon. We detect the hand of an
inal sources.
Such references occupy little assistant in the misleading observation that
space. They are indispensable to the teacher “ the story of Prometheus has been made the
or investigator, and insensibly lead the beginner subject of two fine poems by Shelley and by
to a more independent and robust scholarship. Mrs. Browning.” It seems a poor economy of
In fact, we are not sure that the ideal classical
space to repeat, when a cross-reference would
dictionary for the serious student would not suffice, large illustrations, such as the Villa of
consist simply of a complete collection of the Hadrian, the temple of Zeus at Olympia, the
sources. An austere censor might also observe head of Sesostris, the Coliseum, etc. Hasty
that, despite his practised literary hand, the revision is probably responsible for the repeti-
editor in abridging sometimes omits, along with tion with slight additions 8. v. Rutilius of the
technicalities which can be spared, qualifications article Namatianus as for the second article on
and reservations which careful scholarship de- Ilithyia given in the appendix. The derivation
mands.
of Bravo from brabeum is surely prescientific.
Misprints and minor positive errors are per. It is a part of the police duty of reviewing to
haps no more frequent than was inevitable in record Trifles like these, but it is hardly neces-
dealing with such a mass of detail. We note sary to repeat that they do not materially im-
wrong accentuation or spelling of Greek words pair the value or impugn the general accuracy
on pp. 1303, 407, 432, 420, 701, 715, 870, of the work.
576, 1165, 1156, 1510, 1032, 1261. Other Finally, despite our appreciation of a skil-
misprints are Hia for Iia, 594 ; to wit for fully executed, laborious, and useful piece of
to which, 1443; or for of, 1223 ; you for your, bookmaking, we cannot suppress the wish that
1161 ; Rumfel for Rumpel, 1263; patrem for Professor Peck and his publishers had judged
putrem, 1136 ; animatium for animantium, it practicable to make of the book a truly inde-
1136 ; celeres liquidum for liquidum celeres, pendent and representative work of American
1136 ; false listening for false witness (?), scholarship. Articles like Professor Gilder-
1011; Les Divinités de Victoire for de la sleeve's Pindar, Professor Seymour's Homer,
Victoire, 1096. The reference to Elethyia Professor Earle's Athenæ, Dr. Cooper's Sermo
(sic), p. 137, should be to Nithyia. Under Plebeius, Professor Wheeler's linguistic arti-
capitis deminutio the student is referred to cles, to say nothing of the original contribu-
caput instead of to deminutio ; elsewhere the tions of the editor offer ample evidence that
word is spelled diminutio. The reference s. v. our scholars need not, unless they choose, limit
Borysthenes, to Olbiopolis, should be to Olbia. themselves to the translation, compilation, and
The reference s. v. Antlia to Lucretius, v. adaptation of the works of others.
317, should be v.516. The reference to Æschy-
PAUL SHOREY.
lus Eumen, 522, for Athene Hygiea, is unin-
telligible. The Danaides did not “ draw water
with perforated vessels,” but poured water into
a perforated vessel, as the illustration shows. A LAST VOLUME FROM WALTER PATER.*
The myth of Ascalaphus is told after Ovid met,
A year or more ago, when Pater's “ Miscellaneous
5. 540, but with a reference to Apollodorus. Studies” appeared, those who looked through the
The French works cited under “ School of Alex- bibliography remarked that everything there noted
andria” all treat of the neo-Platonic philosophy, in one magazine or another was now safely gathered
and not of the subject of the article. The - un into garner except “Gaston de Latour," a story
edited work of Damascius " has been edited by
which had run five months in “Macmillan's," and
Ruelle. We should be pleased to see the au-
an article on Giordano Bruno, which had appeared
thority for the statement that the name Anti-
in “The Fortnightly.” Those who had read both,
or proceeded to read them, probably wondered why
nomian was often given to Hippias, and for the
the latter essay had not been republished, for it was
assertion that the Octavia “perhaps may date extremely interesting, and of great value in helping
from A.D. 1." We miss references to Diels
to a right understanding of Pater's ideas. The
s. v. Simplicius, to Pater in connection with unfinished romance, one may have thought, was not
Demeter, Cupid and Psyche, or Apuleius, to republished because it was unfinished. Few could
Way's translation of Euripides, to Bréal s. v.
GASTON DE LATOUR. An Unfinished Romance. By
Cacus, to Professor Wright s. v. Cylon for Walter Pater. New York: The Macmillan Co.


86
(Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
.
as
reason
*
have guessed that these two pieces were parts of the it was one of the great transition periods in the
same whole.
world's history — the transition from Paganism to
Such, however, seems to have been the case. In Christianity. In another such period, there is no
the volume lately published we have "Gaston de reason to doubt, Pater seemed to stand himself.
Latour it
may
be read in “Macmillan's”; we His mind turned naturally to another such transi-
have the essay on Giordano Bruno remodelled, so tion, the transition from Catholicism to Protestant-
that its connection with the rest is plainer; and we ism; and be created Gaston de Latour, another
0
have an intermediate chapter from Pater's unpub- young man in an age when everything was dissolv-
lished papers printed “ to fill the gap which it was ing beneath the feet. He created him, and then
designed to occupy in his scheme, and to indicate looked to see how he would deal with the situation.
the direction which the development of the story As a young man he had himself dealt with it;
would altimately have taken.” The volume result- Marius had dealt with it; it remained to see how
ing is one that lovers of Pater will be glad to have: Gaston would deal with it. Unfortunately, for one
it completes the list of his works, for no more of
or another, the experiment failed.
In
his papers are to be published ; it has that curious
“ Marius we have certainly a new answer, an
and pathetic interest that always attaches to the advance upon “The Renaissance.” But it was the
unfinished work of a great writer; and in itself it advance of twelve years; now, only three years after
contains much that is not far behind Pater's finest “Marius,” it may well be that the subtle brain had
and most careful work.
not secreted enough material to develope a further
The story was written at a time when Pater's answer. At any rate, Pater gave up the story, and
thoughts had for some years found expression in we cannot form any adequate judgment of what
fiction. For several years he had been occupied would have been its outcome. “Gaston de Latour”
with “Marius the Epicurean "; in the years imme- must be explained by other of Pater's books; itself,
diately following he had written the “Imaginary it explains little. The young thinker would seem to
Portraits.” The year after this volume appeared, have come from devout Catholicism into a sort of
namely in the summer of 1888,* the first part of the skepticism wholly unlike anything in “Marius," from
present volume came out, and the next year the last which he was aroused, one would say, by the logic
chapter was printed, as has been said, as an inde- of real events. But it is idle to try off-hand to un-
pendent essay. Mr. Shadwell says that the story ravel the secret, and the attempt would be of small
was begun “not long after the completion of Ma- value.
rius"; and he is presumably good authority. How- Even as a fragment, “ Gaston de Latour” has its
ever this may be, “ Gaston de Latour” is of the
If we have not the interest in the
same period as “ Marius," as Duke Carl of Rosen- unfolding of character, the development of ideas,
mold and Sebastian van Storck. It shows us that which give unity to “ Marius," we have yet the re-
Pater's mind revolved at this time about one sub- sentation of several phases of life and thought in a
ject. Pater was not in those years the critic, the time and place for which Pater always had a great
expounder, either of the Renaissance or of Greek fondness. His work on the Renaissance, on Greek
Sculpture. He was more of a seeker, a speculator. Art and Religion, on Plato, on English Literature,
His mind worked constantly about one question: has all been gathered into distinct volumes ; but his
What shall be thought by us who love art, of the studies on French subjects are scattered. He was
place of art in life?
fond of France; in later life he usually spent his
Fifteen years before, Pater had said his say upon vacations in one part of the country or another. In
the matter and had been severely criticised, and, as « Gaston de Latour” we have several studies which
he thought, misunderstood. The criticism, the mis- call to mind much of his other work. The chapter
understandings, do not seem to have spurred him on Ronsard may remind us of the essay on Bellay ;
up to defend himself; rather do they seem to have the chapters on Montaigne are almost as purely
led him to think out the question anew.
“ While all critical as the unfinished essay on Pascal; the
melts under our feet,” he had written in a well-known glimpses of the cathedral of Chartres will recall the
passage,
well catch at any exquisite pas- studies of Amiens and Vézelay. Hence “Gaston de
sion or any contribution to knowledge that seems Latour,” although it lacks much of such interest as
by a lifted horizon to set the spirit free for a mo- comes from the careful entirety of “Marius,” pos-
ment, or any stirring of the senses, strange dyes, sesses in some respects a more living interest. The
strange flowers, and curious odours, or work of the
young Roman was influenced by Marcus Aurelius,
artist's hands, or the face of one's friends.” Excep-Aristippus, Lucian, Apuleius ; the young French-
tion had been taken to the idea ; and Pater, accept- man by Ronsard, Montaigne, Giordano Bruno.
ing the possibility of error, had proceeded to con- These figures, of the time just following the Re-
sider a typical case.
What would one be likely to formation, seem nearer akin to us.
do, under whose feet the fabric of the world seemed The book is extremely characteristic of its author.
actually dissolving and passing away? Marius lived I need not remark that the style is delicate, the
in an age in which old ideas were vanishing into thought subtle, the descriptions handled carefully in
nothingness, and old beliefs were losing their hold; the manner of Corot, the criticisms fascinating and
*Not in 1889, as the varying Shadwell would have us believe. approximative. It must be enough to speak of one
great charm.
we may


1897.]
87
THE DIAL
-
:
:
but *
thing noteworthy in this book
as in almost every
RECENT POETRY.*
other book of Pater's—his way of conceiving action.
Action was a thing that Pater had read of in books, There can be no question that “ The Seven Seas "
but he could never have known it by experience. is the book of the season, as far as poetry is con-
It seems almost impossible for him to conceive cerned. Other writers of verse laboriously weave
directly of anybody really doing anything. He has their fancies, or their bookish recollections, into a
thousands of ways of implying that something was decorous rhythmical fabric; Mr. Kipling, scorning
done, but we must always reach the facts by circum- the petty artifices and tricks of the craft, works
stantial evidence. Pater holds the past in his mind, himself to white-heat with some theme that has cap-
as Hamlet held the future, and action dissolves and tured his imagination, and then projects his person-
disappears and is lost in thought. So then, when ality without reserve into the product. The result
thought should have taken form in action — in the is something so informed with energy, so genuinely
action of belief, let us say, then it may well be and palpitatingly alive, that we forget about nar-
that Pater was even more like Hamlet. We all row questions of technique, and are carried away
remember how Hamlet was suddenly driven into | by the stormy sweep of the song. When we recover
action most unpremeditated and unconceived. So from the first exhilaration, we sometimes turn back
also are Pater's characters: Marius dies in the place to examine what has so moved us, and then find
of Cornelius, Sebastian is drowned while rescuing a many things at which to cavil. And finally, then,
child, Duke Carl is snatched away in the midst of a when judgment fully resumes its sway, we are com-
thunderstorm, Emerald Uthwart is entirely thought- pelled to recognize the defects of Mr. Kipling's
less in his unfortunate act of bravery. It would
* THE SEVEN SEAS. By Rudyard Kipling. New York:
seem almost as though Pater himself were always
D. Appleton & Co.
waiting for some intervention. And hence I sup- NEW BALLADS. By John Davidson. New York: John
pose it was that after his first well-defined utter- Lane.
ances in the Conclusion to “The Renaissance,” A SELECTION FROM THE POEMS OF GEORGE John Ro-
Pater never spoke clearly out. His points of view
MANES, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. New York : Longmans, Green,
& Co.
changed, he sought constantly for more light; but
GREEN ARRAS. By Lawrence Housman. Chicago: Way
the moment of assurance, once gone by, never came & Williams.
again. Pater can never be the positive master that IN THE DORIAN MOOD. By Victor Plarr. New York:
Carlyle, Ruskin, Matthew Arnold have been to so George H. Richmond & Co.
many; and he would probably have wished to have DANTON AND OTHER VERSE. By A. H. Beesly. New
it so, for no one was less desirous than himself to
York : Longmans, Green, & Co.
POEMs. By F. B. Money Coutts. New York: George H.
offer a “ facile orthodoxy" to those who believed in
Richmond & Co.
him.
THE BATTLE OF THE BAY8. By Owen Seaman. New
“ Gaston de Latour" closes the list of Pater's York: John Lane.
works. It is as characteristic of its author as any JUDITH AND HOLOFERNES. A Poem. By Thomas Bailey
of the volumes that have preceded it. It has his
Aldrich. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
excellences, the thought, the criticism, the descrip- Richard Hovey. Boston: Copeland & Day.
MORE SONGS FROM VAGABONDIA. By Bliss Carman and
tions, the atmosphere, the beauty; it has also his
POEMS. By Emily Dickinson. Edited by Mabel Loomis
defects, the speculative involution and consequent Todd. Third Series. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
super-refinement, which caused his indecision and
A CYCLE OF SONNETS. Edited by Mabel Loomis Todd.
his indefiniteness. Had it been completed, it might Boston : Roberts Brothers.
never have equalled “Marius "; but, as it stands, it
A WINTER SWALLOW, with Other Verse. By Edith M.
contains much of its author's best quality.
Thomas. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
FROM AVALON, and Other Poems. By Emily Huntington
EDWARD E. HALE, JR. Miller. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
* I am not here thinking of the chapter on Saint Bartholo-
A Quiet Road. By Lizette Wood worth Reese. Boston:
mew's Eve, which cannot be much more than a sketch. Such Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
seems to be Mr. Shadwell's opinion, and such is the natural SONGS WITHOUT ANSWER. By Irene Putnam. New York:
inference from passages like that on page 159, beginning
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
"Lodged in Abelard's quarter," which I can hardly believe TAE ACROBATIC MUSE. By Richard Kendall Munkittrick.
to be more than a memorandum never worked up.
Chicago: Way & Williams.
LYRICS OF LOWLY LIFE. By Paul Lawrence Dunbar.
Miss ISABEL MADDISON has compiled for the Grad-
New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
uate Club of Byn Mawr College a “ Handbook of Courses
AN AUTUMN SINGER. By George M. Gould, A.M., M.D.
Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.
Open to Women in British, Continental, and Canadian
THE BOOK OF THE HILLs. New Poems and Ballads. By
Universities," and the work is published by the Mac-
0. C. Auringer. Troy: Henry Stowell & Son.
millan Co. As a sort of « Minerva Jabrbuch " for
NOTES AND HALF-NOTES. By Frank E. Sawyer. New
women seeking the higher education it is of the greatest York: G. P. Patnam's Sons.
THE TORRENT, and The Night BEFORE. By Edwin
otherwise be had only at the cost of much tedious inves- Arlington Robinson. Cambridge: The Author.
tigation. The institutions included are arranged alpha- SONGS OF EXILE. By Herbert Bates. Boston: Copeland
betically by countries and cities, and all obtainable facts & Day.
about professors, courses, and fees are carefully given. MATINS. By Francis Sherman. Boston: Copeland & Day.
à
:
66
value, for it brings together information that could for
:


88
(Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
:
"
a
-
magnificent qualities, and to admit that his work ample, may be “the most modern,” and possibly
does not often reach the higher altitudes of poetry, “the most humane" interpretation of the legend,
or give us that sense of pure and absolute beauty but it is not the deepest, and we are tempted to
that we have a right to expect from the supreme quote the indignant outburst of Dr. Ibsen's hero-
artist. Mr. Kipling appeals to us most powerfully priest when he hears from the lips of the Doctor
when he sings of the sea and of Imperial England ; the same sort of apology for the humane :
yet, if we contrast his capricious and uneven treat-
“Humanity! -That sluggard phrase
ment of these themes with the sustained
power of
Is the world's watchword nowadays."
Mr. Swinburne in dealing with them, we realize the In Mr. Davidson's ballad, when the soul-stricken
difference between the writer whose work is shot knight has confessed his sin, we are told that
with occasional flashes of genius, and the writer
"The undivined, eternal God
who is a great poet by the grace of God. In saying
Looked on him from the highest heaven,
And showed him by the budding rod
this, we have in mind Mr. Kipling at his best ; at
There was no need to be forgiven.”
his worst he is merely a maker of “syndicate copy
This is doubtless a comfortable philosophy, but its
and a juggler in hybrid dialects. There is a good
deal of Mr. Kipling's worst in “ The Seven Seas,” interspersed lyrics better and nobler poetry than he
core is corruption. Mr. Davidson has put into his
and nothing, we should say, of his utmost best. If the
has put into his ballads.
latter is to be sought anywhere, it should be in “ A
Song of the English,” in such noble verse as this :
Most people who are familiar with the scientific
“We have fed our seas for a thousand years
work of the late Professor Romanes will be sur-
And she calls us, still unfed,
prised to learn that the man of science was also a
Though there's never a wave of all her waves poet — at least a poet in feeling and aspiration, if
But marks our English dead :
hardly a master in the art of rhythmical expression.
We have strawed our best to the weed's unrest,
The selection from his poems that now comes, un-
To the shark and the sheering gull.
If blood be the price of admiralty,
der the editorial supervision of President Warren of
Lord God, we ha' paid in full !"
Magdalen, is almost as great a surprise as was pro-
On the whole, in spite of a certain quantity of verse
vided, a few years ago, by the poems of Mr. W. E.
like the above, of the superb imaginative vision of
H. Lecky. The poems by Romanes reveal an aspect
such poems as the two “Chanteys," of the song of
of the author's thought almost unsuspected by the
“The Native-Born,” and of the new “ Barrack-
public at large, for “running through them all ap-
Room Ballads” with their merry lilt, we are inclined
pears the thread of his own character, his largeness
to say that the volume containing all these things
and loftiness of spirit, his love of truth and of
adds little to the author's reputation, and that his beauty through truth, his doubt yet his faith in doubt,
earlier collection is, in its total effect, the finer of
above all his hunger and thirst after righteousness,
the two. But we would by no means venture to
a hunger and thirst most assuredly satisfied." These
prophesy that Mr. Kipling may not have in store
preparatory words from his editor and friend pre-
oven nobler work than he has yet given us. It is
pare the reader for the deeply religious tone of the
not decadence that is traceable in his new volume, rhymed « Tale of the Sea” and a portion of the
poems that follow. They include, besides a lengthy
but rather hurry, recklessness, and a lack of re-
straint. These failings may be summed
up in the privately-printed “Charles Darwin,” something like
single word exuberance, and that word connotes
fifty sonnets and miscellaneous pieces, faulty in many
nothing irremediable. Mr. Kipling is now a minor
ways, yet so perfectly sincere and heartfelt as to dis-
arm technical criticism. Our selection shall be from
poet, but to the twentieth century he may yet jus-
the tribute to Darwin :
tify himself as a major poet, and prove himself a
“For he was one of that small band
worthy successor to the singers who have so glori-
Who in the waves of History
fied our literature during the generation now nearly
Stand up, as island cliffs that stand
at an end.
Above the wide and level sea;
And time will come when men shall gaze
Mr. Davidson's “ New Ballads " suffer from the
That ever-changing sea along,
same causes that unfavorably affect Mr. Kipling's
To mark through dim and distant haze
work. They are the outpourings of an exuberant
One rock that rises sheer and strong:
and impatient nature, too readily satisfied with the
And they will say, 'Behold the place
Where true was steered the course of Thought;
forms in which the imagination first clothes itself.
For there it was the human race
At times, they come near to being magnificent
First found the bearings that they sought."
poetry; but the high level is never for long sus-
tained. Their matter is of such nature that the
Mr. Lawrence Housman's volume of verse entitled
ethical question cannot be kept out of any serious
“Green Arras” bears in its forefront a graceful
discussion of their value, and the author seems to
dedication to the poet's wife, from which we take
raise the standard of revolt against religious and
the closing stanza :
moral conventions from a desire to be original and
As grass to Love's grave, as a curtain
Drawn over the dusk of Life's day,
striking at any cost, rather than from conviction.
This weaving from fingers uncertain,
His new version of the Tannhäuser story, for ex-
This blending of colors astray
to a
a
>
.


1897.]
89
THE DIAL
66
Yet tho' Time bring the touch of the spoiler,
Or the years lay their dust on its sheen,
This gift's to the hand of the toiler,-
To make your name's music be seen
Amid arras of green."
Unfortunately, it is impossible to read these stanzas
without recalling the dedication of the “Poems and
Ballads," and the comparison with Mr. Swinburne
is fatal. At best, they are but a weak imitation,
while the interpolation of the penultimate verse
almost ruins the structural beauty of the stanza.
This is not the only piece in the volume to suggest
the work of a greater poet — of Morris, Rossetti, or
Tennyson. Mr. Housman's diction is too strained
and unmusical to be satisfactory, although now and
then he shows that he can write simply and well.
We could ask for nothing sweeter than this picture
of “ Autumn":
"Over her dreaming face she flings
Forgetfulness, nor seems to hear,
Above the waning of her year,
A passing sob of wood-doves' wings.”
Picturesqueness is, indeed, a marked characteristic
of his verse, as is natural in the case of a poet who
is primarily an artist in the graphic sense.
Mr. Victor Plarr's verses are written, so the au-
thor informs us, “In the Dorian Mood," which would
seem to connote a certain severe simplicity. To our
fancy, there is more of the Lydian than of the
Dorian in his numbers, as the following little poem,
called “Shadows,” may serve to show :
“A song of Shadows: never glory was
But it had some soft shadow that would lie
On wall, on quiet water, on smooth grass,
Or in the vistas of the phantasy :
"The shadow of the house upon the lawn,
Upon the house the shadow of the tree,
And through the moon-steeped hours unto the dawn
The shadow of thy beauty over me.'
Mr. Plarr's poems are pretty fancies, many of them
woven about historical or literary themes, with here
and there a grave pure note of feeling that reveals
the essentially poetic nature.
Aside from a few miscellaneous pieces that occupy
the closing pages, Mr. A. H. Beesly's new volume,
“ Danton and Other Verse,” is a series of dramatic
scenes from the French Revolution, with Danton as
their central figure. The blank verse is tolerable
but not extraordinary, as the following extract may
witness :
"Five years ago we breathed as breathe the beasts,
Ate, drank, as they do, yoked and chained as they,
We were not men - our homes, our wives, our lives
We held but at a master's will and pleasure ;
He took his toll of them, we had his leavings;
Today France stands unmanacled, and we
Who freed her, seal her freedom with our blood."
As this passage, spoken by Danton, indicates, the
protagonist of our drama is represented as desery-
ing more of our respect than history has been will-
ing to allow. Mr. Beesly informs us that he has
for some time past been engaged upon a life of
Danton, whom he believes to have been dealt with
unjustly by most writers, and the dramatic scenes
now published are to be regarded as chips from the
historian's workshop.
The “ Poems” of Mr. Coutts reveal a reflective
fancy, and are filled with philosophical questionings.
This is particularly true of the “Essay ” which
leads off the series, and of a considerable number of
the sonnets that follow. These pieces are correctly
phrased, but have little of the grace of true poetry.
The author does better when he puts philosophy
aside, and writes of some simple and tender theme,
as in the poem called “My Sister's Room.”.
"She that dwells here her spirit doth transmit
Into the very air; a calmness steals
Upon me, sitting where she's wont to sit
Or standing at the table where she kneels.
Ah! Could I only fancy what she feels
When the near presence of her heavenly guide
The Man divine, her reverie reveals.
Here are her books; and here her pen is plied
In takes of love; there, through the window wide,
From wood and meadow floats a summer sound;
The thrushes pipe, the whispering waters glide;
Crowned is the vale with peace, as she is crowned.
O virgin spirit of this quiet place,
Inform me with thy restfulness and grace!”
Mr. Coutts has the daring to make “ Tithonus" the
subject of one of his poems, which is not well-
advised, although the poem is one of the best in his
volume.
Parody must be very good to be tolerable, and it
was with some trepidation that we opened “The
Battle of the Bays.” But Mr. Seaman's daring
soon justified itself, and we read his little book from
cover to cover with increasing delight. The very
first poem yields the following stanza, which needs
no label :
' Hushed now is the bibulous bubble
Of lithe and lascivious throats;
Long stript and extinct is the stubble
Of hoary and harvested oats ;
From the sweets that are sour as the sorrel's
The bees have abortively swarmed,
And Algernon's earlier morals
Are fairly reformed."
The following, “ from the Sanskrit of Matabili-
waijo,” is in Sir Edwin Arnold's best manner :
“Breeze I thou knowest my condition; state it broadly, if you
please,
In a smattering of Indo-Turco-Perso-Japanese.
“Say my youth is flitting freely, and before the season goes
From the garden of my Tâtsi I am fain to pluck a rose.
“Tell her I'm a wanton Sufi ( what a Sufí really is
She may know, perhaps — I count it one of Allah's mys-
teries)."
Mr. William Watson's reflections upon the appoint-
ment of the latest Poet Laureate are thus brought
to their inimitable close :
“Hoarse in Penbryn are the howlings that rise for the hope
of the Cymri;
Over her Algernon's head Putney composes a dirge;
Edwin anathematises politely in various lingos;
Davidson ruminates hard over a Ballad of Hell;
Fondly Le Gallienne fancies how pretty the Delphian laurels
Would have appeared on his own hairy and passionate poll ;
I, imperturbably careless, untainted of jealousy's jaundice,
Simply regret the profane contumely done to the Muse ;
66
a


90
(Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
>
Done to the Muse in the person of Me, her patron, that never “There is something in October sets the gypsy blood astir;
Licked Ministerial lips, dusted the boots of the Court ! We must rise and follow her,
Surely I hear through the noisy and nauseous clamor of When from every hill of flame
Carlton
She calls and calls each vagabond by name."
Sobs of the sensitive Nine heave upon Helicon's hump!"
This is the best that the book can do for us ; tbe
And for nearly a hundred delightful pages, Mr. worst is beneath notice. A word may be said for
Seaman beguiles us with as ready a wit as these
the
song of " Hem and Haw," a delightfully humor-
extracts exhibit. His parodies and humorous poems ous parody of Mr. Carman's own “ Hack and Hew.”
upon subjects of contemporary interest rank with
The daring and the distinction, the production
the best things of Calverley and Bunner, almost
of strong effects by simple means, that characterize
with the immortal “ Heptalogia” of Mr. Swinburne.
Emily Dickinson's poetry need no setting-forth at
Mr. Aldrich's new poem, “ Judith and Holo- this late day. Take these versicles for example:
fernes,” extends to about a thousand lines of blank
“My life closed twice before its close ;
verse, and is sustained upon a high level of thought
It yet remains to see
and imagination, although it does not stir the pulses
If immortality unveil
A third event to me,
as the poet has often stirred them in his earlier
“So huge, so hopeless to conceive,
work. The story is familiar enough, and the author
As these that twice befell,
has taken with it such liberties as the exigencies of
Parting is all we know of heaven,
his treatment seemed to require. The element which
And all we need of hell."
is wholly his own in his treatment of the character A reader who knew Miss Dickinson's work at all
of Judith is “the note of tenderness with which the
would place them instantly, so unmistakably did she
writer has here attempted to accent her heroism." stamp herself upon her least experiment in verse.
The poem reaches its climax in the following fine We make the quotation from a “third series” of her
passage:
poems, edited, like the others, by her friend, Mrs.
" Then Judith dared not look upon him more
Mabel Loomis Todd.
Lest she should lose her reason through her eyes ;
And with her palms she covered up her eyes
Mrs. Todd also appears as editor of the poems of
To shut him out; but from that subtler sight
another of her departed friends, unnamed in the
Within, she could not shut him, and so stood.
“Cycle of Sonnets ” which now reveals him to the
Then suddenly there fell upon her ear
world. These sonnets are the songs of a lover, full
The moan of children moaning in the streets,
And throngs of famished women swept her by,
of the passion of worship, and swelling with the
Wringing their wasted hands, and all the woes rapture of a perfect joy. We may find space for
.
Of the doomed city pleaded at her heart.
but one of the more than fourscore that make up
As if she were within the very walls
the cycle.
These things she heard and saw. With hurried breath
Judith blew out the lights, all lights save one,
“O sad-mouthed virgin with thy perfect face,
And from its nail the heavy falchion took,
And mystic glory of thy gleaming hair,
And with both hands tight claspt upon the hilt
With thy rapt eyes, I wonder how I dare
Thrice smote the Prince of Asshur as he lay,
Do aught, than, silent kneeling as for grace
Thrice on his neck she smote him as he lay,
Before thy soul's white shrine, my own abase
And with Love's rosary to count a prayer!
Then from her flung the cruel curvèd blade
That in the air an instant flashed, and fell."
For every thought of thee, who art so fair,
May win for me at last some lowly place.
We can hardly say that this poem will add to the
Around thy lips the tender shadows play,
reputation of Mr. Aldrich, but it is at least worthy
Prophetic of some woe that may be thine,
Smile till thou shalt have smiled them all away
of him, and serves once more to emphasize the fact
And in thine eyes the look is so divine
that he has no superior among the living poets of
I need a thousand rosaries to pray,
America.
Poor human pilgrim, at thy heavenly shrine."
Another little book put forth jointly by Mr. Bliss And then, through every mood of tender and ex-
Carman and Mr. Richard Hovey is called “More ultant devotion, these sonnets wing their way until
Songs from Vagabondia.” There is more careless the death of the beloved one makes the world dark,
and inartistic work in this volume than in its simi- and wrings from the bereft lover one cry of passion-
larly-named predecessor, and only now and then a ate grief so terrible as to strike the listener's soul
set of finished stanzas really deserving of print. At with awe. These poems are treasure-trove indeed,
its best, as in “ A Vagabond Song,” it gives us but and are worthy of a place beside the “Sonnets from
an echo of Mr. Carman's earlier and better work. the Portuguese” and the other supreme expressions
"There is something in the autumn that is native to my
of the love between man and woman that star our
blood-
English poetry. They are almost too intimate and
Touch of manner, hint of mood;
too sacred to bear the light of print, but literature
And my heart is like a rhyme
would have been distinctly poorer had they not been
With the yellow and the purple and the crimson keeping time.
given to the world.
“The scarlet of the maples can shake me like a cry
Of bugles going by.
A new volume by Miss Thomas is always a pre-
And my lonely spirit thrills
cious gift, and we find in “A Winter Swallow, with
To see the frosty asters like a smoke upon the hills.
Other Verse " the same grave pure note as of old.


1897.]
91
THE DIAL
A few lyrics and sonnets, with two long poems,
make
up
the contents of this volume. " A Winter
Swallow" is a dramatic scene from the legendary.
history of Sparta, and “Ginevra of the Amieri” is
a narrative, in Spenserian verse, from the chronicles
of mediæval Florence. These two poems are minor
masterpieces, and embody, with remarkable insight,
the spirit of the periods with which they are respect-
ively concerned. As regards the former, we hardly
need at this day to emphasize the talent, if not the
genius, which Miss Thomas displays when she aims
to interpret and spiritualize some classical myth.
The same power that is found in “A Winter Swal-
low" may be seen in the sonnet “ Antæus,” which
we will reproduce :
"The gods are on the lawless giant's track,
With fulmined bolts and arrows they pursue ;
Yet, though they pierce his great heart thro' and thro',
And though they stretch him on the torture-rack
Till all his mighty thews and sinews crack,
See what the ancient healing Earth can do-
How quick his ebbéd powers she will renew,
As to her vital bosom he sinks back!
"Take lesson from the Titan, O thou sage:
Pain and confusion wait on him who pries
Into the secret of the jealous skies.
Yet, if thou wilt on airy quest engage,
Bethink thee often of thine heritage
Touch the sane Earth, where all thy safety lies!”
There is always matter for thought in what Miss
Thomas writes, and if her verse seem over-austere
it is never without the emotional tinge that trans-
mutes thought into poetry.
« From Avalon and Other Poems" is a small
book of song, delicately wrought, and appealing to
the gentler sentiments in a way that is pleasing
rather than forceful. The title-poem will be remem-
bered by readers of THE DIAL; the others are lyr-
ical, narrative, and memorial pieces upon the old
themes of nature and the human soul. There is a
strong undercurrent of religious feeling, which some-
times rises to the surface, as in such lines as these
from the poem “ In Port":
""Sailor!' we cried, 'tell us where lies thy port!'
And still came back the answer, clear and strong :
'I know not where, yet am I homeward bound.
This is His sea; its pulses rise and fall
As His breath moves them, and its currents set
Steady and deep, to bear me where he will.'
So he sailed on; and once, when stars were large
And luminous, through changeful purple mists,
Rocked by slow waves that bore him from our sight,
And calm with peace that lay too deep for smiles,
He drifted gently to a palm-girt shore,
And knew, at last, where God's fair islands lie."
This lovely passage is fairly typical of the author's
work, which is sweet and tender from beginning to
end.
There is nothing very distinctive about the small
volume of verse entitled “ A Quiet Road,” by Miss
Reese. We have a nature-lyric here, and there a
bit of versified literary criticism ; now a touch of
allegory, and then a slight expression of medieval
feeling. It is all prettily done, but none of it makes
a a lasting impression. "A Memory” is a good ex-
”
ample.
"The rosy boughs tossed to the sky;
There, as I passed along,
A girl's voice passionate and high
Rang out in sudden song.
"Across the darkening street it came,
Young, throbbing, sad of fall;
I think old Homer heard the same
By some ruined Smyrna wall.
“Thereafter, with my memories few,
That song was a sooth thing;
Yet went I back no more ; I knew
That it was gone with Spring."
Miss Irene Putnam's “Songs without Answer
are sweet ineffectual lyrics, the product of a deli-
cately-cultured mind, and possessed in some meas-
ure of the haunting quality of true song. We quote
from the stanzas “In Winter."
“There's yet a gift that I would own,-
Life's ancient strength, austere, divine,
Like something in the ice-girt stone,
And something in the wind-swept pine ;
"A power to praise the Winter stars
Tho' all my veins be frost-represt,
To bear the burden and the scars
And shield some snow-bird in my breast."
A page or two back in this review, “ The Battle
of the Bays" afforded a sort of interlude to lighten
the over-serious tenor of our discussion, and oppor-
tunity for another such interlude is provided by
“ The Acrobatic Muse” that has inspired the jocular
strain of Mr. Munkittrick. It is something of a
relief, after so much melody in minor key, to listen to
such a song as the “ Ballade of the Declining Year."
“The butterfly has left the lea,
Where golden-rods and asters blow;
No more the little honey-bee
Swings on the lily to and fro.
The rastling sheaf betokens snow,
And from the poet's innermost
Recesses doth this songlet flow-
There are no quail on last year's toast."
The descent from poetry to prose is not often as
abrupt as in the verses entitled “ Dawn."
“The air is clear and sweet as golden wine,
Warmed by day's early beam;
The distant hills in rolling purple shine,
And, from a poet's dream,
“I wake to hear Myrtilla play a great
Tattoo with vim and dash,
Chopping the pickled beeve to formulate
The matutinal hash."
There are tucked away at the end of the book some
clever imitations of Calverley, Locker, and others.
“Roses red your features crest,
In the east or in the west
South or north;
There is naught so gay and sweet,
So enchanting and petite,
&c.,
“As yourself, for it's as true
As your loving eyes are blue -
You 're divine
As when playing on the green
With the lamb in May, 18-
59."
6


92
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
ous task.
This sort of thing is mildly amusing, at least, and the contrast is very marked between the above verses
we welcome it as a diversion in the midst of a seri- and others that might be quoted did we wish to
drive our moral home.
Mr. Dunbar’s “ Lyrics of Lowly Life” gain an Music is the inspiration of Mr. Sawyer's “Notes
adventitious interest from the fact that their author and Half-Notes.” The writer hears the “ Tråd-
is a full-blooded negro.
In about a third of the merei,” for example, shuts his eyes, and is straight-
pieces he writes in the dialect and with the accent
way transported to
of his race; the remaining and greater fraction of “A land where the nightingales sing to the roses
the volume is made up of pieces that are in no way Where the night is a-quiver with music outpoured ;
distinguishable from the effusions of minor poets
Where the passion-flower burns and its rent heart discloses,
And life's dissonance melts in a musical chord."
everywhere — that are neither better nor worse than
those found in many of the other volumes comprised He has similar visions when he hears various other
within the present review. Take “ The Master- compositions, and finds musical words in which to
Player,” for example :
describe them. Of course, no one else is likely to
"An old, worn harp that had been played
see just the same things, for music, being the art
Till all its strings were loose and frayed,
universal, is all things to all men, and (unless it be
Joy, Hate, and Fear, each one essayed
programme-music) does not belong with one set of
To play. But each in turn had found
No sweet responsiveness of sound.
pictures more than with another. In an interesting
Then Love the Master-Player came
series of sonnets called “Musicians' Poets," Mr.
With heaving breast and eyes aflame;
Sawyer traces spiritual analogies between Heine
The harp he took all undismayed,
and Schubert, Rossetti and Palestrina, Swinburne
Smote on its strings, still strange to song,
and Tschaikowsky, Musset and Massenet, Keats
And brought forth music sweet and strong."
and Mendelssohn, Shelley and Chopin, Hugo and
This selection represents the average quality of
Wagner. In one or two of these cases, the combina-
Mr. Dunbar's work. It is correct and cultured,
tion is certainly startling, but here again the author
(except for the dialect numbers), deserving of re-
has a right to his own impressions, and is doing what
spect, but hardly justifying the praise bestowed upon hundreds of others, lovers of music and poetry alike,
it by Mr. Howells in his introductory remarks.
have caught themselves doing in meditative mo-
Dr. George M. Gould, who styles his book (and ments.
himself?) “ An Autumn Singer," writes lyrics and “ This book is dedicated to any man, woman, or
sonnets in profusion, and makes them the vehicle
critic who will cut the edges of it,--I have done the
for much philosophical speculation and meditative
top." This note introduces Mr. E. H. Robinson's
utterance. “The Sceptic's Consolation ” is typical unpretentious pamphlet of verse, and we hasten to
of his work :
say, ignoring the implication that critics are epicene
"What then abides in all this mystic dance
(a charge made once before by “Christopher
Of seeming real and unreal, me, not me ?
North"), that we have not only cut the pages, but
Our firmest faiths, the surest truths, we see
Illusive fade, - our sole inheritance
would cut many more of the sort, and be grateful
The accident of fate, or fate of chance.
to the writer for a number of reasons. One reason
The eye creates the thing it sees, yet we
for instance, is that he has furnished an apt text for
Slow learn that eye and subjectivity
the reviewer of minor poetry.
Are woof of dream and warp of circumstance.
“Oh, for a poet – for a beacon bright
“The dream abides! The law and fact of change!
To rift this changeless glimmer of dead gray:
The surety too that woven warp and woof
To spirit back the Muses, long astray,
Has loveliness for infinite delight.
And flush Parnassus with a newer light:
Know all mutation's laws, let range
To put these little sonnet-men to flight
The eye their glories o'er,- enough the proof
Of world perdurable, in beauty dight.”
Who fashion, in a shrewd mechanic way,
Songs without souls that flicker for a day
The thought of this sonnet is very fine and true,
To vanish in irrevocable night."
but the form leaves to be desired, and this special
It would not be fair, at least relatively, to apply
judgment is that which must be passed upon nearly these verses to Mr. Robinson's own poems, which
all of Dr. Gould's verse.
are far above the average in thought and expres-
“ The Book of the Hills," by Mr. O. C. Auringer, sion. They strike many grateful notes, and particu-
is a small collection of pieces, many of them occa- larly the note of austere restraint that is so rarely
sional, that now and then rise to clear and harmon- heard in contemporary song. A striking example
ious expression, as in these lines from “The Lamp of this writer's workmanship is the close of his
of Hellas":
sonnet to“ Verlaine," surely the work of no “little
“There gleam our marble cities (domes and towers sonnet-man."
Flushed with Apollo's smile, divinest god!)
“Song sloughs away the sin to find redress
Where stand our altars and our images.
All these with godlike leisure, now are ours, -
In art's complete remembrance: nothing clings
For long but laurel to the stricken brow
Free senge and heart to worship, and the rod
That felt the Muse's finger; nothing less
Of perfect law to guard our liberties."
Than hell's fulfilment of the end of things
Much of Mr. Auringer's work is commonplace, and
Can blot the star that shines on Paris now."
6
-
a
>


1897.]
93
THE DIAL
ror
a
a
We are not quite prepared to say all this of Ver-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
laine himself, but the doctrine is of wide application,
and gives pause to the professional belittler of great
M. Edmond Biré's "The Diary of a
and shining names.
Paris life during
Citizen of Paris during The Ter-
the Reign of Terror.
Mr. Herbert Bates, in his “ Songs of Exile,"
(Dodd, Mead & Co.) is a work
voices the emotions of a soul transplanted from the
of enthralling interest and decided historical value.
mountains and the seashore to the monotonous
To the solid worth of history it unites the charm
plains of the Mississippi Valley. The note of exile (if that term can be properly applied to a recital
We do not
is very insistent, recurring in many modulations. generally so grewsome) of romance.
At one moment we are asked:
mean to imply that M. Biré's book is to be ranked
"What speech have sulky sunflowers that star in the category of historical novels. There is no
The prairie ridge afar
fiction about it, save the author's literary device of
To match the message childhood's daisy gave ?" posing as an eye-witness of the scenes described and
At another we are told that
throwing his narrative into diary form. The ag-
“Song homes on hills, its power disdains
sumption is well sustained throughout, and adds
The sordid plains; its true domains
greatly to the readableness of the work. M. Biré
Where riotous the wild wind thrills —
Its home, the hills!"
is a historical writer of repute in his own land, and
If one wished to be very critical, he might retort
readers of Mr. Morse Stephens's history of the
that the wild winds are quite as riotous on the prai-
Revolution will remember the tribute therein paid
ries as by the seashore, and that daisies (of a sort)
to his “La Légende des Girondins”—a work which,
may be found in both places. But without these
by the way, we wish someone would satisfactorily
half-imaginary contrasts Mr. Bates would have
translate into English. M. Biré seems to have ex-
found no raison d'être for his songs, and they are
ploited all sorts of out-of-the-way documents in pre-
paring his work; and the authorities have been
too good to be spared. Yet it is a little rough on
his adopted home to say of it:
thoroughly ransacked and carefully collated. He
“We have delved the black of the prairie earth,
has read most of the newspapers of the period, and
The muck of the rotting sod,
many of the pamphlets ; and particular attention
We have shared the drouth and the rain-rot dearth,
has been paid to bills, posters, etc. Living thus, he
We have sorrowed, have laughed with the devil's mirth, says, “ amidst these witnesses of events long past, it
In a land that knew no God."
seemed to me that I had become their contemporary;
Tastes differ, and life on the prairies has its sombre that, like the awakened sleeper' of poor
Cazotte-
aspects, no doubt, but we call to mind one charm-
one of the first victims of the Terror - I, too,
ing writer who calls his Kansas sketches " Tales of walked in the streets of the Paris of '93; that I
God's own country.”
frequented its public places ; that, after a sitting of
Mr. Francis Sherman's “ Mating" are mainly the Convention, I strolled into a café of the Maison
lyrics and ballads, simple but tense in diction, the Egalité ; that I mingled with the crowd in the
expression of grave moods and melancholy imagin- squares and the theatres, waiting my turn with the
ings. There is something fine and impressive about people in front of the bakers’-shops, following them
such a poem as “ The Conqueror," with its picture sometimes with a heavy heart and swimming eyes
of the knight stricken in the flush of victory, yet so as far as the Place de la Révolution or the barrier
fall of the thought of his Lady that he will not see of the Trôn Renversé, where the tumbrel came jolt-
the figure of approaching death.
ing along through the midst of the hooting mob, and
“Yea, I must go. What? Am I tired yet?
heads fell to the cry of Vive la République !'”
Let me lie here and rest my aching side.
M. Biré has sought to rid his mind of the gloomy
The thought of her bath made me quite forget
visions thus conjured up, by committing them to
How sharp his sword was just before he died."
paper; and the printed result, marked by a Defoe-
Mr. Sherman's poems will bear a close examination,
like exactitude, and relieved by an occasional out-
from the group of four noble sonnets called “A
burst of lyric eloquence such as a contemporary
Life” that opens the volume, to the “Te Deum
narrator stirred by those scenes of blood and tears
Laudamus” that brings it to a close.
might have indulged in, is replete with the atmos-
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
phere of the period. A great number of notes and
comments ostensibly editorial, and references to the
PROFESSOR W. M. Sloane’s “ Life of Napoleon Bona- authorities, are added, and should prove serviceable
parte," with its splendid series of illustrations, is now to careful readers. The writer's sympathies are
carried through its second volume by the Century Co. confessedly royalist, yet his tone is fairly critical
This volume confirms our previous favorable opinion of
throughout. To all desiring an intimate knowledge
this magnificent publishing enterprise, and we can only
and a vivid realization of the characteristic scenes
repeat that it is a masterpiece of modern luxurious
book-making, and presents the most exhaustive life of
and events of the political orgie known as the Reign
Napoleon yet written. Two more volumes are to fol.
of Terror we commend this book as by far the best
low. Messrs. McDonnell Brothers, Chicago, are the
of the shorter works on the subject — adding that
general agents for this work, which is sold only by sub- the judicious reader will doubtless do well to temper
scription.
his impressions gained therefrom of the protagonists
a
"
6
a


94
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
9
of the drama by reference to the dispassionate pages it. We would gladly do something to further the
of Mr. Morse Stephens. The true Marat, for circulation of the work among those who would not
instance, lies, we fancy, about midway between the otherwise apprehend its value. The history of an-
mere homicidal monster of M. Biré, and M. Steph- cient art which Pliny tucked into his “Natural His-
ens's “statesman.” The volumes are handsomely tory” has been long known as one of the chief
made, and contain two portraits, one of Marat and authorities on the painting and sculpture of the
one of Pétion. The latter name, by the way, is ancient world. Pliny has, in fact, no rival but
printed throughout without the accent.
Pausanias, and on the whole we think Pliny the
more interesting of the two. In this volume he is
The explorer
Mr. William Archer's translation of
made easily accessible. We have only those parts
Nansen and “ Fridtioff Nansen: 1861 – 1893"
of his work which refer to ancient art; we have a
his work. (Longmans), by Herren W. C. Brog- good translation (by Miss Jex-Blake), and notes ;
ger and Nordhal Rolfsen, is a timely volume, afford- and we have a dissertation upon the sources of
ing some good preparatory matter for the many Pliny's information, by Miss Sellers. Almost every-
readers now eagerly awaiting the plucky explorer's body with any interest in the fine arts will find
forthcoming narrative of the voyage of the“ Fram.” Pliny entertaining: he has been so vigorously read
Besides the biographical part proper, the book con- already that a great number of his anecdotes have
tains chapters by competent hands on “ The Great
got down into general circulation ; but still the his-
Ice Age, ” “ Arctic Expeditions from the Earliest tory as a whole is good reading, and it will be a good
Times,” etc. These chapters are not perhaps thing to read about A pelles and Pheidias at what
strictly relevant; but they help us to a wider view
is as nearly first-hand as one can easily get. The
of Nansen and his work, so we are not going to book will also be useful to a somewhat more limited
quarrel with them on that score. The account of
range of readers, as giving an idea of present views
Nansen's character, and the story of his training on Greek art. Miss Sellers is already known as the
from childhood up, are extremely fresh and graphic, editor of Furtwängler's " Masterpieces of Greek
“
and make one understand fully why he (half- Sculpture," an excellent example of the higher
“
athlete, half-scholar) of all others was peculiarly criticism” applied to the subject. Anybody who
fitted for the work he undertook, and has now fairly desires to get an idea of the spirit of modern
accomplished --- despite the iterated and rather friv-scholarship in this matter will like to read Miss
—
olous objection that he did not, after all, “ reach the Sellers’s introduction. It has always been known
Pole.” The best answer to this cavil is found in
that Pliny, in this part of his work, was little more
Nansen's own words, in his preliminary address of than a compiler. The problem is, then, to separate
1890: “ We do not set forth to seek for the math-
these chapters into their component parts, to assign
ematical point which forms the northern end of the
each part to its rightful author, and to determine
earth's axis ; to reach this particular spot is not, in its authenticity. The task is performed with much
itself, a matter of the first moment. What we want
neatness and ingenuity, with all the latest German
to do is to investigate the great unknown regions of authorities, and with some new results. We own
the earth which surround the Pole; and our investi.
to thinking some of the minor details of the method
gations will have practically the same scientific value rather too rule-of-thumb, but that is not to the present
whether we reach the actual Pole itself, or pass at point. The book is well made up, and has two
some distance from it - curious though it would be indexes, artistic and museographic, which will be
,
no doubt, to stand on the very Pole and be turned of great convenience to the student, if not so useful
round with the earth on one's own axis, or see the
to the general reader.
oscillations of the pendulum describe an angle of
exactly fifteen degrees in the hour.” These are the
It is seldom that a person's work is
words of the true investigator, and not of the mere
performed under ideal conditions,
California.
notoriety-hunter; and show that Nansen sought
but such seem to have environed
truth, rather than renown, in the frozen North.
Miss Florence A. Merriam when she went “A.Bird-
Happily, he has won his meed of both. The vol- ing on a Bronco” in Southern California. She was
ume closes with an account of the “ Fram”and her on a ranch in the little valley named Twin Oaks,
crew, and of the preliminaries of the great expedi-
which lies cradled in the mountains a few miles
tion generally. There are many pictures, including north of San Diego, and had evidently nothing to
what may fairly be termed a Nansen gallery. do but make charming studies of her feathered
neighbors from morning until night. Every bush
In the editing and translating of
History and
and tree was peopled with them; and from the back
criticism of “The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the of her pony, with opera-glass in hand, she was able
History of Art” (Macmillan), Miss to observe them to admirable advantage. Thus, in
Eugenie Sellers and Miss K. Jex-Blake have pro- the course of some weeks, in the nesting-season of
duced a book both useful and, from some points of 1889 and 1894, she was enabled to identify nearly
view, delightful. It will be found most useful to sixty species, most of which are peculiar to the
the special student of Greek art; and he will know, Pacific slope, and to learn many interesting facts
without further assistance from us, how to appreciate regarding their habits and lives. She enjoyed un-
Bird-studies
in Southern
ancient art.


1896.]
95
THE DIAL
Mr. Schouler's
>
usual facilities for watching the humming- birds Newgate-and-Tyburn-flavored pages with a feigned
while building their tiny mansions and rearing their gusto that might pass for genuine were it not for an
twin babies. Indeed, these fairy-like beings ap- outcropping vein of Swiftean irony. The volume
peared to swarm in this happy valley, and were con- opens with a lengthy introductory touching scoun-
stantly in view, buzzing about the flowers or busy drelism in general, its literature, its famous expo-
with their domestic duties. The plainopepla, too, nents, its crude and crass beginnings, its gradual rise
that rare bird of the Western coast, favored her with to the dignity of a “liberal and an elegant profes-
the perusal of interesting pages in its life history. sion,” its modern decline, and so on. These prole-
Altogether her experience was one to be envied by gomena ended, the author proceeds to sketch rapidly
bird-lovers, who, however, are grateful for the priv- and analytically the careers of such brilliant heroes
ilege of sharing it at second-hand in this charming of the "road,” the “jimmy," and, alas, the death-
volume. Miss Merriam writes in a chatty way, as trap, as Captain Hind, Jonathan Wild, Gilderoy,
though she were talking with friends sure to under- “Sixteen-String Jack," Shepard, Cartouche, George
stand and appreciate every detail of the story she Barrington (prince of pickpockets and enricher of
narrates. The illustrations, from drawings and pho- the Dictionary of Quotations with that deathless line,
tographs, are dainty and effective, combining fact “We left our country for our country's good”), Dea-
and suggestion with genuine art feeling. The book con Brodie, Charles Peace, etc. Mr. Whibley writes
is published by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. agreeably and with a touch of saturnine humor that
somewhat relieves his ugly theme. The frontispiece
It is the personal element which
is a portrait of Jack Shepard, from an old print,
historical and gives most value to Mr. James representing that worthy in his cell in Newgate,
biographical papers. Schouler's volume of “ Historical shackled with a chain that might moor the Great
Briefs” (Dodd, Mead & Co.). While the several Eastern, and plainly engaged, not in moralizing as to
,
papers on Historical Style," "Historical Mono- how he got in, but in planning how to get out
““
graphs," “ Historical Testimony,” “ Historical In- which he did in the end, miraculously forcing his
dustries," and “The Spirit of Research,” have much way through a nine foot wall and other like obsta-
interest as revealing the bent of mind of a veteran cles with an address that procured him the notice
historian, there is more of attractiveness in the chap- of the King, immortality at the hands of Hogarth,
ters that tell of Francis Parkman, of Lafayette's and the more doubtful favor of a three-hundred-
visit, of Monroe and the Rhea Letter, or of special pound chain on his next incarceration.
phases of the life and times of James K. Polk. The
climax of interest is reached in the biographical
The seventh volume of “ Harvard
sketch of the historian himself. Just how and why
studies in Classical Philology” is
classical philology.
a man who had made a success as a writer on legal
dedicated, in a graceful Latin pref-
themes was drawn to consideration of American
ace, to Professor George Martin Lane, in commem-
constitutional and political subjects, makes a very oration of what the Germans would call his jubilee
pleasing story,- one heightened in its effect, per-
-the completion, that is, of the fiftieth year since
haps, because of the serious difficulties and discour-
he received his degree in arts from the institution
agements that came before success was secured.
in which he has so long and successfully taught.
The importance of getting a good publisher inter-
The papers are all contributed by pupils or col-
ested in a proposed work is strikingly illustrated by leagues of Professor Lane. They are of a severely
the fate of the first efforts of Mr. Schouler to get technical character, with the exception perhaps of
his history before the public. Information is given Professor Louis Dyer's enthusiastic vindication of
for the many who stumble over the spelling and the plot of the “Agamemnon” against the strictures
pronunciation of the author's name, a Scotch rather of the ingenious Mr. Verrall. Among the most
than a German origin being shown, and "School-er"
noteworthy of these studies may be mentioned the
being indicated as the complete Americanization.
syntactical papers of Professors Goodwin and Green-
This single volume of fugitive essays and magazine ough; Professor Allen's argument that os colum-
articles should have a place in every library where natum in Plautus refers to some kind of stocks ;
Mr. Schouler’s history of the United States is valued Congressman William Everett's notes on Lucretius;
as a very helpful and suggestive story of the seventy and Professor Hale's “Syllabification in Roman
years between Washington and the Civil War.
Speech."
The curious book containing “The
Mr. Ruskin never wrote words that
The literature
Lives of Twelve Eminent Scoun-
of scoundrelism.
were not weighty, and no apology
Ruskinian reprint.
drels," reviewed in our columns some
can be needed for the publication, in
months ago, has perhaps inspired the smaller volume a new edition, of his “ Letters to the Clergy” (Dodd,
of similar complexion by Mr. Charles Whibley, en- Mead & Co.), a little book long out of print. These
titled “A Book of Scoundrels" (Macmillan). Mr. “ Letters” were written in 1879, at the request of
Whibley writes with the air of a virtuoso in crime. the Rev. F. A. Malleson, and were intended to be
He chronicles the deeds and sings the rascally perfec- read and discussed at the meetings of a small Cler-
tions of the heroes who march gallowsward over his ical Society of which Mr. Malleson was secretary.
Studies in
A new and welcome


96
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
66
They were published, with various notes and com- Pope's “ Iliad,” edited by Messrs. W. H. Maxwell and
ments, in 1880; but the book soon became rare, and
Percival Chubb. These books carry the series well
Mr. Malleson has now published a new edition, with
along into the requirements prescribed for 1898 and
1899.
curtailments in one direction and additions in an-
We have only praise for the way in which the
work has been done.
other. The “ Letters ” deal with questions of church
Life in Ponds and Streams” (Longmans), by Mr.
discipline and observance, and go to the root of the
matter in the true Ruskinian way. They are very in-
W. S. Furneaux, is an attractive volume, adapted to the
instruction of the amateur collector and naturalist. It
teresting, because entirely sincere; and the comments
is copiously illustrated with woodcuts and a series of
provoked by them, and in large part reprinted, are colored plates, both admirably drawn. The instructions
almost equally interesting. The editor shows him- for collecting, mounting, and preserving specimens, and
self an unconscious humorist when, speaking of the for managing the aquarium, are applicable as well in
first edition, he says: “Had I known how valuable one region as another, and will well repay study. In
these little pamphlets were destined to become, I
one respect the work, like other British publications for
should have had many more printed.”
the naturalist, will be a disappointment to the American
reader, as the illustrations are all of British species,
rarely represented in the American fauna.
The following are the latest text-books upon classical
subjects received by us. « The First Greek Book "
BRIEFER MENTION.
(Ginn), by Professor John Williams White; “Greek
The “Student's Series of English Classics," published
Rudiments” (Longmans), by Mr. John Burnet; “The
Strong and Weak Inflection in Greek” (Ginn), by Mr.
by Messrs. Leach, Shewell, & Sanborn, now includes
B. F. Harding; Book I. of Livy (Leach), edited by
something like half a hundred numbers, uniform in
Professor John K. Lord; “ Preparatory Latin Composi-
style, and carefully edited by some of the best American
scholars. The newest issues are “ As You Like It,"
tion” (Ginn), by Mr. F. P. Moulton and Mr. W. C.
Collar; Book II. of Cæsar's “Gallic War” (Hinds &
edited by Miss Katharine Lee Bates; “The Vicar of
Noble), edited by Mr. A. H. Allcroft and Mr. W. F.
Wakefield,” edited by Mr. James G. Riggs; Lowell's
Masom; “The Story of the Romans,” by Miss H. A.
“ Sir Launfal” and other poems, edited by Miss Mabel
Guerber, and a “ Handbook of Greek and Roman His-
C. Willard; DeQuncey's “ Revolt of the Tartars,"edited
by Mr. F. T. Baker; Carlyle's essay on Burns, edited by
tory,” by Mr. Georges Castegnier, the latter two pub-
lished by the American Book Co.
Mr. W. K. Wickes; and Dryden's “ Palamon and Arcite,"
edited by Mr. W. F. Gregory.
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons publish a neat volume of
“ Stories and Legends from Washington Irving,” illus-
Recent German texts for school use include the fol-
trated, and well adapted for school use. No less popular
lowing: Goethe's “Dichtung und Wahrheit” (selec- a writer than Mr. Frank R. Stockton has prepared for
tions), edited by Professor H. C. G. von Jagemann the American Book Co. a volume of “Stories of New
(Holt); Goethe's “ Ipigenie auf Tauris,” edited by Jersey" to be used as a school reader. We understand
Dr. C. A. Buchheim (Macmillan); a second volume of that other volumes, designed for use in other states, are
«Märchen und Erzählungen fur Anfänger," by Miss in course of preparation by this house.
H. A. Guerber (Heath); “ Der Schwiegersohn,” by Professor Hiram Corson's “ Selections from Chaucer's
Herr Rudolph Baumbach, edited by Dr. Wilhelm Bern-
Canterbury Tales” (Macmillan) provides a very com-
hardt (Heath); “ Plautus und Terenz” and “ Die Sonn-
plete and carefully-equipped handbook for students
tagsjäger," two Comedies of Bendix, edited by Dr.
beginning to study “the morning-star of song.” The
B. W. Wells (Heath); and a little pamphlet of “Ma- needful historical and linguistic information is given in
terials for German Composition,” based on Storm's
“Immensee,” by Professor James T. Hatfield (Heath). vocabulary are all that could be desired by any teacher
the general introduction, while the appended notes and
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. are the publishers of an of literature not hopelessly given over to worship of the
“ Elementary Algebra” and a “Euclidean Geometry," false gods of philology. We wish, indeed, that the
both the work of Mr. J. A. Gillet. The former book editor had pronounced somewhat more sharply in favor
is in the main “elementary,” as its title indicates, but of an approximately correct pronunciation, but no other
the latter chapters cover the most advanced college call for serious criticism seems to be heard. There are
requirements. The “Geometry" is styled “ Euclidean” 174 pages of text, carefully selected with reference to
because it “maintains sharply the distinction between interest and poetic quality.
the processes of pure geometry on the one hand and
Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. publish Erckmann-
those of arithmetic and algebra on the other.” Both
Chatrian's “ Le Conscrit de 1813," edited by Mr. O. B.
books are mechanically attractive. Messrs. Silver, Bur-
Super; M. Theuriet's “ Bizarreau,” edited by Mr. C.
dett, & Co. publish a “Plane Geometry,” by Mr. G. D.
Fontaine; and a pamphlet of “Selections for Sight
Pettee, the aim of which is “to furnish if possible to the Translation” (from the French), compiled by Miss
student a more suggestive method of study and a more Mary S. Bruce. Other French texts are a “ Petite His-
graphic form of written demonstration."
toire de Napoléon le Grand” (Maynard), by Mr. A. H.
Five new volumes of “ Longmans' English Classics” Solial; Racine's “Iphigénie" (American Book Co.),
have just been published. The texts included are the edited by Mr. B. D. Woodward; and “ La Lamp de
following: “ Edmund Burke's Speech on Conciliation Psyché” (Jenkins), a pretty story by M. de Tipsean.
with America,” edited by Professor Albert S. Cook; Mr. Jenkins also publishes “ An Elementary French
Scott's “ Marmion,” edited by Mr. Robert Morss Lov- Grammar," by M. Charles P. Du Croquet. Finally, we
ett; DeQuincey's “ Revolt of the Tartars,” edited by may mention a volume of “Class-Room Conversations
Dr. Charles Sears Baldwin; Carlyle's essay on Burns, in French,” by Messrs. V. Bétis and Howard Swan,
edited by Mr. Wilson Farrand; and a selection from imported by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons.
"
"
>


1897.)
97
THE DIAL
LITERARY NOTES.
An “Introduction to American Literature,” by Pro-
fessor Painter, is announced by Messrs. Leach, Shewell,
& Sanborn.
“ The Prophets of Israel,” by Professor C. H. Cornill,
is the latest number of “ The Religion of Science
Library," issued by the Open Court Publishing Co.
The first part of the new year of the great English
Dictionary of the Philological Society carries the D's
from " disobstetricate " to " distrustful.” Dr. Murray
is the editor of this section.
Under the capable direction of Mr. William A.
Dresser, the Author's Agency of Boston has just en-
tered
upon its sixth year. The institution has won the
endorsement of many well-known writers, who are in
position to know something of its usefulness as a prac-
tical medium between authors and publishers.
The Messrs. Scribner announce a revised edition of
Lanier's “The English Novel,” a new volume, by Pro-
fessor Burgess, in the “American History" series, the
hitherto unpublished writings of Edward Gibbon, and
the second volume of Professor Kent's “ History of the
Hebrew People.” This house has also acquired from
Messrs. Roberts Brothers the right to publish all of the
novels of Mr. George Meredith.
We regret to note that our Canadian contemporary,
“The Week,” has suspended publication. Although we
have missed of late years something of the ability that
characterized the paper in the days when Professor
Goldwin Smith was actively associated with its editing,
it has nevertheless been a welcome visitor, and has
always given serious expression to the Canadian point
of view in politics and other matters.
The Macmillan Co. publish “Gulliver's Travels,"
edited by Mr. Israel Gollancz, in their charming " Tem-
ple Classics,” and announce for the same series Florio's
Montaigne, in six volumes. They also publish the first
volume of “ A Harlot's Progress” (“Splendeurs et Mi-
sères des Courtisanes "), translated by Mr. James War-
ing, in their uniform edition of Balzac, and M. Daudet's
“ Sappho,” translated by Mr. Henry Frith.
Among the announcements of Messrs. G. P. Putnam's
Sons we note the following interesting titles: “A His-
tory of Ancient Peoples,” by Professor Willis Boughton;
« The Story of British Rule in India,” by Mr. R. W.
Frazer; “ The Story of Modern France,” by M. André
Le Bon; “ The Literary History of the American Rev-
olution,” by Professor Moses Coit Tyler; “The Literary
Movement in France in the 19th Century," by M.
Georges Pellissier; the concluding volume of “Social
England,” edited by Mr. H. D. Traill; and the second
part of Professor C. M. Andrews's “ Historical Develop-
ment of Modern Europe.”
Those poetry-lovers who are wont to lament the de-
cadence of current magazine verse must have rubbed
their eyes in pleased surprise on opening the pages of
“ Harper's Magazine” for January; and the surprise
doubtless deepened as they read and re-read the beau-
tiful poem on a Time,” by Mr. Williston Fish. The com-
position is so unmodern in thought and treatment, so
quiet and restrained in utterance, so rich and quaint in
expression, and of such finish and completeness, that it
seems to belong to the master lyrists of the seventeenth
century; indeed, it might almost be a companion-piece
to Herbert's “Mortification,” which its subject and
treatment in a way suggest.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
February, 1897 (First List).
Architecture and Modern Life. Thomas Hastings. Harper.
Bible, Making of the. H. J. W. Dam. McClure.
Browning. Dean Farrar and F. Herbert Stead. Rev. of Rev.
Child-Stady for Superintendents. H. T. Lukens. Ed. Rev.
City Magistrates' Courts, The. Robt. C. Cornell. Scribner.
Classical Dictionary, A New. Paul Shorey. Dial.
Composers and “Artistes.” H. R. Haweis. Harper.
Consular Service Reformation. W. W. Rockhill. Forum.
Coronation of the Czar, The. R. H. Davis. Harper,
Criminal in the Open, The. Josiah Flynt. Forum.
Cuba, Present and Future of. Fidel D. Pierra. Forum.
Currency and Monetary Reform. Forum.
Democratic Organization, Future of the. D. B. Hill. Forum.
Democratic Tendencies. E. L. Godkin. Atlantic.
Eggleston's History of the U.S. F. W. Shepardson. Dial.
Emerson Sixty Years After. John J. Chapman. Atlantic.
French Language and Literature Teaching in France. Ed.Rev.
Gibbon's Autobiographies. Frederic Harrison. Forum.
Gloves. Elizabeth Ferguson Seat. Lippincott.
Greece, Sixty Days in. B. L. Gildersleeve. Atlantic.
Hotel, A Great, Conduct of. Jesse L. Williams. Scribner.
Hygeia in Manhattan. Richard Wheatley. Harper.
India, Lord Roberts' Life in. Dial.
Industrial Question, Southern Side of the. Lippincott.
Irrigation. Albert G. Evans. Lippincott.
Kipling, Rudyard. Charles D. Lanier. Review of Reviews.
Ladies' Clubs of London. Alice Zimmern. Forum.
Liquor Laws, American, C. W. Eliot Atlantic.
London Streets. C. D. Gibson. Scribner.
Mexico of To-day. Charles F. Lummis. Harper.
Miniature Portrait, The. Evangeline W. Blashfield. Scribner,
Orange Free State, President of. Poultney Bigelow. Harper.
Pater's Last Volume. E. E. Hale, Jr. Dial.
Peabody Education Fund, The. D. C. Gilman. Atlantic.
Plantagenet, The Last. Henry Cabot Lodge. Scribner.
Poe's Opinion of “The Raven.” Joel Benton. Forum.
Roetry, Recent. William Morton Payne. Dial.
School Organization. E. P. Cuberley. Educational Review.
Science and the National Government. Dial.
Segantini, Guiseppe. Alfredo Melani. Scribner,
Signs. Agnes Carr Sage. Lippincott.
Village Improvement Societies. Mary C. Robbins. Atlantic.
Walker, Gen. Francis A. Review of Reviews.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, containing 45 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
-
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Life of
Napoleon Bonaparte. By William Milligan Sloane,
Ph.D. Vol. II.; illus. in colors, etc., 4to, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 283. Century Co. $8. (Sold only by subscription.)
Dictionary of National Biograpny. Edited by Sidney Lee.
Vol. XLIX., Robinson - Russell ; 8vo, gilt top, pp. 496.
Macmillan Co. $3.75.
Samuell Gorton: A Forgotten Founder of our Liberties,
First Settler of Warwick, R. I. By Lewis G. James.
12mo, pp. 141. Providence : Preston & Rounds Co. $1. net.
HISTORY.
The Struggle of the Nations: Egypt, Syria, and Assyria.
By G. Maspero; edited by A. H. Sayce; trans. by M. L.
McClure. Illus, in colors, eto., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 794. D. Appleton & Co. Boxed, $7.50.
Stories from English History. By the Rev. A. J. Church,
M.A. Part Third, From the Lord Protector to Victoria;
illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 222. Macmillan Co. $1.
Pennsylvania : Colony, and Commonwealth. By Sydney
George Fisher. With maps, 12mo, pp. 442. Henry T.
Coates & Co. $1.50.
Handbook of Greek and Roman History. By Georges
Castegnier, B.S. 12mo, pp. 110. American Book Co. 50c.
9
a


98
(Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
GENERAL LITERATURE.
History and Criticism : Being Studies on Conciergerie,
Bianca Capello, Wallenstein, Calderon, Carlyle, Goethe,
Faust, and Taine. By H. Schütz Wilson. 12mo, unent,
pp. 292. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
English Literature. By Stopford A. Brooke, M.A. New
edition, revised ; 16mo, pp. 283. Macmillan Company.
90 cts. net.
The Sources of Spenser's Classical Mythology. By
Alice Elizabeth Sawtelle, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 128. Silver,
Burdett & Co. 90 cts.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
A Harlot's Progress. By H. de Balzac; trans. by James
Waring; with Preface by George Saintsbury. Vol. I.; illus.,
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 322. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Sappho: Parisian Manners. By Alphonse Daudet; trans.
by Henry Frith. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 364.
Macmillan Co. $1.
Gulliver's Travels. By Jonathan Swift. With portrait,
24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 405. “Temple Classics."
Macmillan Co. 50 cts.
EDUCATION.-BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND
COLLEGE.
Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year
1894–95. Vol. 2 ; 8vo, pp. 1164. Washington : Government
Printing Office.
University Tutorial Series. New vols.: Cæsar's Gallic
War, Book II., edited by A. H. Allcroft, M.A., and W.F.
Masom, M.A., 70 cts.; and, The Tutorial Chemistry, by
G. H. Bailey, D.Sc., edited by William Briggs, M.A.,
Part I., Non-Metals, $1. Each 12mo. New York: Hinds
& Noble.
Outlines of Electricity and Magnetism. By Charles A.
Perkins. Illus., 12mo, pp. 277. Henry Holt & Co.
$1.10.
German Scientific Reading. With Notes and Vocabulary
by H. C. G. Brandt, Ph.D., and W.C. Day, Ph.D. 12mo,
pp. 269. Henry Holt & Co. 85 cts.
Le Curé de Tours, and Other Stories. By H. de Balzac;
selected and edited by Frederick M. Warren. 16mo,
pp. 267. Henry Holt & Co. 75 cts.
Hygiene for Beginners. By Ernest Septimus Reynolds,
M.D. Illus., 16mo, pp. 235. Macmillan Co. 70 cts. net.
Napoléon: Extracts from French Authors, with a Narrative
by the Editor. Edited by Alcée Fortier, D.Lt. 12mo,
pp. 136. Ginn & Co. 55 cts.
Moser and Heiden's Köpnickerstrasse. Edited by Benj.
W. Wells, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 159. Modern Language
Series." D. C. Heath & Co. 30 cts.
Sand's La Mare au Diable. Edited by Edward S. Joynes,
M.A. 12mo, pp. 122. Henry Holt & Co. 40 cts.
Molière's Les Femmes Savantes. Edited by Alcbe For-
tier, D.Lt. 12mo, pp. 125. "Modern Language Series."
D. C. Heath & Co. 30 cts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Ex Libris: Essays of a Collector. By Charles Dexter Allen.
Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 157. Lamson, Wolffe, &
Co. $3, net.
The Majestic Family Cook Book. By Adolphe Gallier.
8vo, pp. 419. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.
Speculation on the Stock and Produce Exchanges of
the United States. By Henry Crosby Emery, Ph.D. 8vo,
uncut, pp. 230. Columbia College Studies." Macmillan
Co. Paper, $1.50 net.
Practical Cook Book. By Henriette Davidis. 12mo,
pp. 717. Chicago : Koelling & Klappenbach. $1.25.
3
POETRY.
Verses and Sonnets. By Hilaire Belloc. 24mo, gilt top,
pp. 64. London: Ward & Downey.
FICTION.
Miss Ayr of Virginia, and Other Stories. By Julia Ma-
gruder. 16mo, unout, pp. 395. H. S. Stone & Co. $1.25.
Stories of Naples and the Camorra. By Charles Grant;
with Introductory Memoir of the Author by J. B. Capper.
12mo, uncut, pp. 379. Macmillan Co. $1.75.
McLeod of the Camerons. By M. Hamilton. 12mo, pp. 355.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.
American Publishers Corporation's Fortnightly Series:
New vols.: Christian Vellacott, by Henry Seton Merriman;
Tales of Soldiers and Civilians, by Ambrose Bierce; Mr.
Bailey-Martin, by Percy White ; and, Nor Wife nor Maid,
by "The Duchess.” Per vol., paper, 50 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Transcaucasia and Ararat: Being Notes of a Vacation Tour
in the Autumn of 1876. By James Bryce. Fourth edition,
revised, with supplementary chapter ; illus., 12mo, pp. 526.
Macmillan Co. $3. net.
With the Trade Winds: A Jaunt in Venezuela and the
West Indies. By Ira Nelson Morris. Illus., 16mo, gilt top,
pp. 157. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
Two Health-Seekers in Southern California. By Will-
iam A. Edwards, M.D., and Beatrice Harraden. '16mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 144. J. B. Lippincott Co. $i.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
The Chronicles. Edited by Richard G. Moulton, M.A.
24mo, gilt top, pp. 275. The Modern Reader's Bible."
Macmillan Co. 50 cts.
The Prophets of Israel. By Prof. C. H. Cornill. 12mo,
* Religion of Science Library.” Open Court
Pub'g Co. Paper, 25 cts.
9
1
AFTOGRAPE LETTERS OF CELEBRITIES and
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H. WILLIAMS, No. 25 Kast Tenth Street, New York.
MAGAZINES, and other Periodicals. Sets, volumes, or single numbers.
IN
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facts, not opinions. Economizes time and money. $1.00 a year; trial
of 13 weeks, 15 cts. Cheapest review published.
Address PATHFINDER, Washington, D. C.
pp. 194,
REFERENCE.
The Daily News Almanac and Political Register for
1897. Compiled by Geo. E. Plumbe, A.B. 12mo, pp. 492.
Chicago: Daily News Co. 50 cts.
A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Edited
by Dr. James A. H. Murray. Disobst.--Distrustful; 4to,
uncut. Macmillan Co. Paper, 60 cts.
THE BOSTON FOREIGN BOOK-STORE.
A complete stock of French, German, Italian, and Spanish standard
works. New books received as soon as issued. Large assortment of
text-books in foreign languages. Complete catalogues mailed free on
demand.
CARL SCHOENHOF,
(T. H. CASTOR & CO., Successors), Importers of FOREIGN BOOK.
23 School Street, Boston, MA88.
ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF MISSOURI. By Col. W. F.
SWITZLER. (Published at $3.00.) Sent, prepaid, for $1.50.
1
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
Wagner's Heroines. By Constance Maud. Illus., 12mo,
unout, pp. 285. Edward Arnold. $1.25.
Wrecked on Spider Island; or, How Ned Rogers Found
the Treasure. By James Otis. fllus., 12mo, pp. 276. New
York: A. L. Bart. $1.
With Lafayette at Yorktown: A Story of How.Two Boys
Joined the Continental Army. By James Otis. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 303. New York: A. L. Burt. $1.
The Story of the Romans. By H. A. Guerber. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 288. “Eclectic School Classics." American
Book Co.
Valley. (Published at $1.50.) Sent, prepaid, for 75 cts.
Send stamp for catalogue.
A. J. CRAWFORD, 312 N. 7th St., St. Louis, Mo.
ENGLISH Just Out: Interesting February Clear
ance Catalogue of Choice English Sets in
BOOKS.. Fine Bindings at extremely low prices.
Also, London Weekly Report of Rare
English second-hand Books for collectors. Send for BOTH.
H. W. HAGEMANN, Importer,
160 Fifth Avenue, New YORK CITY.


1897.]
99
THE DIAL
The Ambassador of Christ.
Ayo
uthors'
'
gency.
LIBRARIES.
SEND IN YOUR NAME AT ONCE to the READERS' LEAGUE,
Now Ready:
Box 223, Brooklyn, N, Y., if you wish to receive Free Specimen
Copies of all the leading periodicals of the United States.
A NEW BOOK BY HIS EMINENCE,
Also send the names of your friends who are readers. Enclose
stamp for reply.
CARDINAL GIBBONS.
Will all students, admirers of, or dealers in, Charles Dickens'
works, kindly send in their names and addresses to
The Manager of the Roxburgbe Press, Companion to “Faith of Our Fathers" and
“Our Christian Heritage."
15 Victoria St., WESTMINSTER, ENGLAND.
“They are the best books to put in the hands of those who
AUTHORSThe New York Bureau of Revision gives: 1, Thorough want to know what the Church teaches." — The Picayune
and competent revision of MSS. of all kinds. 2, Letters of expert (New Orleans).
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102
[Feb. 16,
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103
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104
(Feb. 16, 1897.
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SHAKESPEARE IN FRANCE
105
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FENIMORE COOPER AND MARK TWAIN. D. L.
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MR. JAMES BRYCE ON THE ARMENIAN QUES-
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TION. Oliver T. Morton .
113
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M. Jusserand introduces his narrative by
William Morton Payne .
115 setting side by side two passages, published re-
spectively in 1645 and 1765, and roughly indi-
BIRD LORE AND BIRD LOVE. Sara A. Hub-
bard
118
cating the limits of the period to which the
chief interest of the story attaches, the period
FOLK-TALES FOR YOUNG AND OLD. Frederick
during which Shakespeare won his way to the
Starr
120
French consciousness. The first extract is from
Phillips's Totem Tales. — Chodsko's Fairy Tales of
Blaeu's Théâtre du Monde," a sort of glori.
the Slav Peasants and Herdsmen. — Brun's Tales of
Languedoc.
fied gazeteer, and informs the reader that Strat-
ford is a pleasant little town which owes its
SOME PROBLEMS OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY.
entire glory to “Jehan de Stratford, archevêque
Joseph Jastrow .
121
Mosso's Fear.- Hirsch's Genius and Degeneration.-
de Cantorbéry” and “Hugues de Clopton,
Binet's Alterations of Personality,- Titchener's An juge à Londres.” One of these worthies, it
Outline of Psychology.
seems, built a church in Stratford, and the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
other spanned the Avon with a bridge. To this
124
The literature of Omar Khayyam. — The House of
writer, Shakespeare was less than a name; Strat-
the Ivory Gate. — The making and protection of ford had enough of glory in its claim upon the
American highways. — Gossip about Charles II. and primate and the judge. The other extract is
his mistresses.- Scotch ballad poetry.- Early Scotch
from the “ Encyclopædia,” and speaks of Strat-
literature.- Miss Kirkland's Short History of Italy.
ford in this fashion : “ It was not long ago that
- Archibald Forbes in lighter vein. - The elements
of the air.
the house in which Shakespeare (William)
died in 1616 was still pointed out in this town;
BRIEFER MENTION
127
it was even regarded as a curiosity of the coun-
LITERARY NOTES
128 try and the inhabitants regretted its destruc-
tion, so jealous are they of the glory of having
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
128
given birth to this sublime genius, the greatest
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
129 in all dramatic poetry.” The article fills five
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columns, and although its title is “Stratford,” tender or sublime, for the tragic form which
its exclusive subject is Shakespeare. To trace stirs the depths of the heart and infallibly
the history of the change in French opinion arouses passion in the dullest souls, for energy
thus brought about by a century has been the of expression and for the art of contriving sit-
task of M. Jusserand, and the subject is one uations and carrying on an action, I have read
richly deserving of attention.
nothing, either in Greek or in French, which
The first judgment upon Shakespeare to find takes the palm from the English drama.”
expression in the French language occurs in a Even Montesquieu felt compelled to have an
catalogue of the Royal Library (1675–1684). opinion concerning Shakespeare, although, as
.
A copy of the second folio had found its way M. Jusserand remarks, it does him less honor
into the collection, and the entry of the cata- than his opinions upon government. In 1830,
loguer included, besides a Latinized form of he had an audience with the queen, who began
the title, the following note: “This English to talk about the drama. . She asked Lord
poet has a rather fine imagination, he thinks Chesterfield, who was also present, how it hap-
naturally, he expresses himself with delicacy, pened that Shakespeare, who lived in the age
but these fine qualities are darkened by the of Elizabeth, had made his women speak so
filth that he mingles with his comedies.” An
An badly and act so foolishly. 6 Milord Chester-
inventory of Fouquet's library shows that it field answered the question very well by saying
also contained a volume of Shakespeare “valued that women did not appear upon the stage, and
at one livre.” The first printed mention of that their parts were taken by poor actors, for
Shakespeare in France occurs in Baillet's which reason Shakespeare did not take any
“ Jugements des Savants” (1685-6). Here great pains to make them speak well. I should
.
the name is given, without comment, in a list give the other reason that, to make women
of English poets. Two or three other fugitive speak well, one must know the ways and the
allusions to a poet variously named “Shak- conventions of society. To make heroes speak,
spear” and “Shakees Pear" may be found book knowledge is all that is necessary.” These
during the closing years of the reign of the explanations, observes the commentator, “en-
Roi-Soleil, but the great age of French litera- abled Queen Caroline (to whom Voltaire had
ture was over, and Corneille, Racine, and Mo- just dedicated his . Henriade') to understand
lière had long been in their graves, before even why Beatrice, Rosalind, Portia, and Juliet
a Frenchman here and there had so much as speak so badly and are so foolish.” Meanwhile,
dreamed that the English poet who had died Voltaire, who had the precious gift of writing
,
when Corneille was a boy of ten was destined with “blacker ink” than other men, and of com-
to enjoy a heritage of fame so world-wide and so pelling attention to whatever he might choose
a
enduring that even the genius of Molière would to say, had lived for three years in London,
come to seem pale in the comparison.
and published his “ Lettres Philosophiques
The first half of the eighteenth century in 1834. Henceforth, there was no escaping
changed all this. Not only did Shakespeare Shakespeare for the cultivated Frenchman, for
become widely known in France, through criti- Voltaire said things about him that could not
cism and even through translation, but his possibly be ignored. His appreciation was
plays began to influence the French stage, and qualified, but for that perhaps all the more
to awaken an uneasy feeling that possibly the forcible, and it is quite evident that he was
rules of the classic drama might not have said more deeply impressed than he was willing to
the final word upon the subject of dramatic let appear. In the “ Lettres ” he said: “Shake-
: “
composition. During the period in question a speare had a genius full of force and fertility,
great many writers found occasion to speak of of what is natural and what is sublime, with
Shakespeare in appreciative terms, and some of not the least spark of good taste, and without.
these writers were men whose opinions carried the least knowledge of the rules." In the intro-
much weight. The Abbé Prévost, who made
,
duction to “Sémiramis” (1748), where the
a long stay in England, and began to publish famous epithet of the “drunken savage ” oc-
his "Mémoires " in 1728, became a genuine curs, he said that “Hamlet” contains "sub-
“
anglomaniac, the first in date of a numerous lime strokes worthy of the loftiest geniuses. It
tribe. The beauty of Mrs. Oldfield inspired seems as if nature had taken delight in collect-
him to learn her language, and, having learned ing within the brain of Shakespeare all that
it, he read Shakespeare and waxed enthusiastic. we can imagine of what is greatest and most
“For beauty of sentiment,” he says, “whether powerful, with all that rudeness without wit
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1897.]
107
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can contain of what is lowest and most detest- the monster has a party in France, and to cap
able." Testimonies to Shakespeare were now the climax of calamity, it was I who formerly
rapidly multiplying. Riccoboni (1738) wrote first spoke of this Shakespeare, it was I who
a history of the English stage, saying of Shake first showed the French a few pearls that I had
speare that “ having used up his patrimony, he
patrimony, he found in his enormous manure-heap.” Thus
took
up
the trade of robber. He wrote san- wrote the recluse of Ferney to a friend, and in
guinary dramas, · Hamlet' among others, and this spirit was prepared his communication to
Othello,' in which we witness the incredible the Academy. The protest was read at the
strangling of Desdemona.” Le Blanc (1745) session of August 25, 1776, and its success for
found fairly fitting words in which to express the hour, at least, was complete. A year or
the magic of Shakespeare's style. Finally, La two later, and only a few weeks before his
Place (1746) made a French translation of death, Voltaire inscribed his last tragedy to
many of the plays, and prepared analyses of the the Academy, and took occasion to renew the
others.
attack. The letter ended with these words :
In the latter half of the eighteenth century, “Shakespeare is a savage with sparks of genius
we come face to face with the “Shakespeare that shine in a horrible night.” Thus closes
question,” which fills the last and most inter- this interesting and characteristic episode in
esting chapter in all this curious history. Speak- Voltaire's life, and with it what is most signif-
ing of the translation of “ Tom Jones” made icant about the history of the fortunes of Shake-
in 1750, d'Argenson remarked : “ Anglicism speare in France under the old régime.
is gaining upon us,” while Boissy, in a comedy
dated 1753, made sport of the fickle tastes of
the French public, which sought after strange
FENIMORE COOPER AND MARK
gods, now in Italy, now in England.
TWAIN.
"Son transport l'autre jour était l'anglomanie;
Rien sans l'habit anglais ne pouvait réussir;
When “ The North American Review” of July,
Au-dessus de Corneille il mettait Shakespir."
1895, printed a laughable sally against Fenimore
Something clearly had to be done, and Vol. Cooper by our quaint and popular Mark Twain, the
taire, who felt that both his critical precept and public was once more left in doubt as to where humor
his practice as a dramatic poet had been largely
ended and soberness began. In the first sentence of
responsible for this exaltation of the “sauvage
the article, three of Cooper's admirers, who hap-
vre,” stepped into the breach. It was all very study or the practice of literature in Europe and
pened to be at the same time distinguished in the
well to praise Shakespeare in measured terms,
America, were charged with not having read his
as he had himself done, but when it came to a
writings before pronouncing judgment. This was
complete and sumptuous translation, dedicated evidently a joke, and everybody smiled. Later,
to the king, and prefaced by the judgment that Mark proposed to call the “ Leather Stocking Tales”
“never had man of genius penetrated deeper the “Broken Twig Series,” and everybody smiled
into the abyss of the human heart or given again. So when, to suit his effect, our humorist
better and more natural speech to the pas- guessed Cooper's canal-boat to be of so great defi-
sions," it was really going too far. “Had not
nite dimensions, and his river precisely of so little
he [Voltaire) granted enough to the monster ?
breadth, as to present an amusing contrast; and,
Had not he introduced certain liberties to the
further, when he expanded two short sentences of
French stage? Had not he cleared, and pruned, graphic imaginative description of some very
Cooper's narrative into two-thirds of a page of
foolish
and given regular shape to this lofty thicket?”
jumping Indians, the smile grew into that species of
But now there was nothing less in question than applause which only a humorist can awaken. But,
a revolution of taste. Even Diderot was call- while this tone of extravagant raillery ran through
ing Shakespeare “ a Gothic colossus between the article, the impression left by it as a whole was
whose legs we might all pass ?”
that the author really believed Cooper guilty of
claimed Voltaire, and his indignation waxed.”
serious literary offences.
Nothing less than a formal protest to the Acad-
In Professor Brander Matthews's Introduction to
emy could suffice for such a critical situation.
a recent reprint of the “ Leather Stocking Tales,"
“There are not in France enough buffets, pronounced unappreciative in one direction and an
Mark Twain's article is mentioned; but while it is
enough foolscaps, enough pillories for such a
over-statement in another, there is no attempt to
fellow"
as the audacious Le Tourneur, who
examine it in detail. It may not be out of place in
was responsible for the translation that was so the interest of a just estimate of Cooper himself, nor
heralded. “The frightful thing about it is that I untimely in view of the revival of interest indicated
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by the appearance of two new editions of his works * Further, says our humorist-critic, the events of
to pass in review some of the points made against Cooper's tales are not probable,-nay, they are not
—
him by Mr. Clemens, disentangling, so far as possi- possible; they are miraculous, and that too without
ble, the cluster of fact from the tendrils of fun. even any successful attempt to render them plausi-
One charge that seems to be urged by Mark with ble. This judgment, if seriously meant, is extreme.
an accent of seriousness behind the extravagance Of course Cooper was not writing realism, for real. 1
of its form is that Cooper's novels “ fail to accom-
ism was not yet invented. But he usually recog-
plish something and arrive somewhere.” This seems nizes the improbable character of an event, when it
to mean that they lack unity of purpose and con- is improbable, and tries to render it credible. Thus
structive ability. But “ The Deerslayer," which is a foot-note in “The Pathfinder” explains that the
selected for the most abundant ridicule, is clearly writer has known a thirty-two pound boat to be
the account of a mission undertaken by the hero carried over the falls of the Oswego, as described, in
and his Indian friend in behalf of the latter. In perfect safety. Mr. Clemens finds food for laughter
carrying out this mission the fortunes of Deerslayer in an Indian's turning a running stream out of its
are united with those of another group of characters, course and finding traces of a foot-print in its allu-
and after the mission is accomplished, the book ends vial bed. But Cooper is careful to describe the
when the hero is released from peril of his life stream as a “turbid little rill.” If the phenomenon
incurred as a consequence of this piece of unselfish could occur under any circumstances, it were pos-
devotion. Surely there is a tolerable adherence to sible under these. Again, the saving of a vessel by
the accomplishment of a definite object in this story, relying upon the under-tow, near the shore of On-
to say nothing now of others. The object is, it is tario, to aid the anchors in overcoming the drift, is
true, as usual, connected with a practical end, involv. jeered at by Mark as the height of impossibility.
ing a series of adventures, and thus as far as possi-
far as possi- Cooper makes a conceited old sea-captain, unaccus-
ble removed from the thought-analysis of the modern tomed to our inland lakes, play the part that Mark
school. But here, as in general, the story “ accom- plays in his criticism :
plishes something,” under a somewhat orderly de-
«« Under-tow!'... who the devil ever heard of
velopment.
saving a vessel from going ashore by the under-tow!'”
Concerning Cooper's characters, it is asserted that
“ . This may never happen on the ocean, sir,' Jasper
they are ill-defined, are not alive, do not converse
answered, modestly, but we have known it to happen
here.'
like real people nor at all times in the same diction.
It may be freely admitted that in character-drawing
This is Cooper's reply, and shows at least that the
the author does not display his richest talent, yet
writer prepared the way for his “miracle.”
the dominating figure of these five tales rises to Is it not presumptuous for a critic to find fault
declare, in unison with Lowell in his “ Fable for
with the description of places which the author has
Critics,” that at least one new figure, likely to re-
known from boy hood, but which the critic himself
main, has been added to the gallery of fiction. The presumably never visited ? An example of this fal-
simple uprightness of Leather Stocking, his peace-
lacy is in Mark's comments upon Cooper's picture of
loving disposition in the midst of war, his natural
Otsego Lake and the Susquehanna flowing from it.
religion, his respect for the “ gifts” of other men, By jocular comparison of some of Cooper's figures
his bravery, coolness, and skill, - all these, what- concerning the breadth of the river in different
ever exceptions may justly be taken, unite to form
places, a humorous effect of stupid incongruity is
a man, who is confessedly the creation of romance,
produced. As it happens, Mr. C. A. Perry, of Coop-
yet whose life is more real to thousands than is erstown, who has frequently fished upon the lake
many an historic character, and whose noble death- and river in question, declares that, with due allow-
note may well have suggested to Thackeray, as the
ance for the sbelving shores of the lake, and for the
Introduction hints, the famous “Adsum!” of Colonel
trees and bushes lining the banks of the river, of
Newcome. Nor are touches lacking in the minor
both of which Cooper himself makes special men-
characters to attest the author's adherence to the
tion, there is no necessary absurdity or contradiction
broad lines of nature. Is it true, by the
in the details as given of the scene.
that
The author
way,
speaker uses, whatever his mood, the same sort of
was not furnishing a surveyor's plan of the grounds ;
language? Is it not rather true that poetic or other he was only writing a story, laid, however, in scenes
emotion causes a heightening of one's style, produc-
with which he was completely familiar. Suppose
ing what may be called native eloquence? If it is not
we apply this same sort of arithmetical blindness
true, let the printer substitute a few apostrophes for
to Mark himself. In describing the way in which
the vowels in some of Deerslayer's more poetic
a real cannon-ball acts, in contrast with one de-
speeches, and the fault will be obviated. But let us
scribed by Cooper, the critic says it "skips a hun-
not deny to him the capacity for poetic exaltation.
dred feet or so; skips again a hundred feet or so —
and so on.” We suspect that an outcry would be
*“Leather Stocking Tales" in 5 vols., with introduction by raised if an arithmetician should assume that, be-
Brander Matthews and illustrations by F. T. Merrill, pub-
lished by Messrs. Crowell & Co.; “Mohawk Edition" of Com-
cause exactly the same language is used in each
plete Works in 32 vols., with new illustrations, published by
case, the writer means that the second ricochet of
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
the ball was equal to the first.
)
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1897.]
109
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Mr. Clemens has much to say about Cooper's En- theatre for the man of action, too absorbed in doing
glish. He gives a number of examples of misused to devote his hours to reflection, yet possessing
words, alleged to have been drawn from half a somehow thoughts of duty and of God. And when
dozen pages of “The Deerslayer.” Unfortunately the woodsman must shoot the rapids, or track the
the lack of references nders the reader unable to footsteps of his enemy, or endure savage torture, he
examine the context of these words, and thus, in approaches such experience with the strong and
some cases, leaves him undecided whether Cooper or poised frame of one for whom bodily hazard holds
Mr. Clemens is correct. Still, there is little doubt that an everlasting charm.
Cooper suffered under a mild form of linguistic astig- Another trait of Cooper's, that should secure him
matism. His constant use of “individual” for “ per- the lasting regard of his countrymen, is the essen-
son,” not mentioned by Mr. Clemens, may be taken tially American quality of these tales. In a general
as an example of his imperfect command of words. view, one is struck by the occurrence of situations
But to say this alone to characterize his style as among the characters that could not pass in other
at times slovenly, as does Professor Matthews — is countries without remark. The women of these tales
to leave the false impression of an incomplete state- are under the gallant protection of the men, whose
ment. Cooper's style is that of a writer whose first pur and chivalry are relied upon with an unques-
love is the blue sky, the woods, the calm or stormy tioning faith. It is only in an American novel that
waters, and who tells his story in the hasty conver- such chastity is taken for granted. In a specific
sational unbookish manner of an out-of-door man. sense, Cooper has done for New York what no his-
To expect from him academic nicety, or such accu- torian or map-maker has accomplished : he has left
racy as comes from studying to-day's rbetorical a vivid record of that ample domain, in the days
treatise, is to look for what he does not try to give. preceding the Revolution, when the Indian was in
When the editor changes Cooper's “none were” to some active degree a competitor with the white man
“none was,” he is guided by what may fairly be for
occupancy
of the soil. Where else shall we go
called academic standards. As to the frequent use for such vital pictures of the essential truth of these
of“ female” for “woman,” the former term was evi- otherwise obliterated days?
dently regarded as “genteel” when Cooper began to Tried by the standards of fiction, by permanent
write. Turn in proof to "The Lady of the Manor,” standards, so far as one may arrogate possession of
by Mrs. Sherwood, printed in 1828, and you shall these, — Cooper speaks his power in that he has had
read upon the title-page that the book was “in- a host of imitators. Inevitably the imitation is far
tended for the middle and higher ranks of Young inferior to the original: the dime-novel is a syn-
Females." If Cooper's English, then, is sometimes onym of the plague. But to be the father of a
inaccurate, it is with the inaccuracy of contempo- numerous race is something, though the children mul-
rary usage, while its ease and freedom are in them- tiply the vices of the parent and forget his virtues.
selves better than the cramped mannerism of cer- For Cooper is throughout as wholesome as a forest
tain bookmen.
breeze, or a dip into the lake: no reader will draw
The question whether Cooper's novels are or are from him one casuistic precept, or one admired ex-
not interesting, to which of course Mr. Clemens ample of lust or cruelty. In his own words : “The
makes unfavorable answer, is dependent after all preference (the author] gives to the high qualities
upon the personal equation, as Professor Matthews named, over beauty, delirious passion, and sin, it is
says. Cooper will have to content himself, in this hoped, will offer a lesson that can injure none." It is
regard, with the hundreds of thousands of delighted true that he poetized the Indian and the backwoods-
readers he has already had in his own land and man. Herein lies his limitation, as it is also his glory.
across the sea, and with the hundreds of thousands To judge him by the newly-set-up criterion of real-
more he is likely to have as the result of such re- ism is something like measuring flowers with a yard-
prints as have lately been given to the public. stick. Mr. Bliss Carman has said : “ Realism has
In taking leave of Mark Twain, it seems just to given us a careful and studious manner in art, which
say, in view of the facts, that, considered as scien- renders it delightful to the quiet and curious reader;
tific criticism, his diatribe needs at least as much but for the incurious and active man it is somewhat
kindly allowance as do Cooper's “Leather Stocking lacking in interest.” Cooper, shall we say, has
Tales” tried by modern standards of the novel. written for the incurious and active man, or for any
For, although Cooper did not in any sense forestall man in his adventurous and unscientific moods.
the latest phase of fiction, his work has intrinsic Without decrying realism, therefore, we shall do
merits upon which it may securely rely. Perhaps well to encourage a catholic taste, explaining the
its most obvious quality is the out-door atmosphere American romance of adventure by the circum-
pervading every book. The author had a lively stances out of which it was born, and welcoming it
feeling for nature, in its broad aspects, and, while as capable still of affording entertainment and re-
his
pages do not, like Miss Murfree's, contain long freshment when a redundancy of over-nice distinc-
poetic descriptions of rock and sky, there blows tions and of proved though insignificant data brings
through them the breath of the free air, the glorious a longing for the excitement of a free shot in the
sun shines above, the shadowing leaves of the forest open air and a grapple with the stealthy foe.
rustle overhead. This uncrowded earth is fitting
D. L. MAULSBY.


110
[Feb. 16,
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cerely that equal success will crown the enter-
The New Books.
prise in the sixth and last particular.
The documents named in the title are not so
familiar to the reading public, or even their
THE JESUIT MISSIONARIES IN NEW
FRANCE.*
general name, as to render a brief description
of them superfluous.
No similar undertaking with which we are When the extensive countries that constituted
acquainted reflects more credit upon Western New France fell to France under the right of
scholarship and publishing enterprise than the discovery, they were, so long at least as France
present undertaking by the scholars and pub should hold them, devoted to the Catholic faith.
lishers who have the matter in charge, to bring It is true that the first attempts at French
out, in the form that they have determined
colonization in Acadia, as well as in Carolina
upon, “ The Jesuit Relations and Allied Docu- and in Florida, were made under Huguenot
ments.” This is stating the case moderately; | leadership; but under the conditions existing
we had almost said American scholarship and
in France all such attempts were foredoon
publishing enterprise. The title-page, which is
to failure. Even the charter given by Henry
.
transcribed in full below, describes the under- IV. to DeMonts, which conceded Calvinistic
taking in a general way, but it does not convey, pastors to Calvinistic colonists, stipulated that
save to a few specialists, its full significance. Only the Catholic faith should be taught to the
More definitely, the undertaking embraces the Indians. Granted the determined effort to con- .
following things : First, the discovery and
vert the
savages
of New France to the Catholic
identification, in many different places — as faith, it is hardly too much to say that the
libraries and collections, public and private, Jesuits were the predestined cultivators of the
some in the old world and some in the new
field. They were not indeed the first Catholic
of more than one hundred and fifty titles of missionaries on the ground; but the character
French, Latin, and Italian texts, most of them
of the work to be done, and their admirable
dating from the seventeenth century, which are
fitness for it, together with the strength of the
together sufficient, with the translations and order, not to speak of the political power that
explanatory matter, to fill sixty octavo volumes
was at first behind them, sufficed to enable
of 300 pages each ; secondly, the transcription them to distance all competitors as bearers of
of these texts, some of them in a very imper- the cross to the red men.
fect condition, and the collation of varying The black robes are first met with in the
copies ; thirdly, the translation into current
persons of Fathers Biard and Massé, at Port
English of these texts, which, for the most part, Royal, in June, 1611 ; on the St. Lawrence
are written in a language and a style pow out they do not appear until 1625. But neither of
grown; fourthly, the preparation of the exten-
these dates marks the beginning of the Jesuit
sive explanatory apparatus — introduction, pre- missions, properly so called. In 1628–29 the
faces, and notes — that is needed to make the French settlements in New France fell into
documents fully intelligible to readers ; fifthly, English hands. If they had been retained, as
the carrying through the press of this vast mass it certainly seems they might have been had not
of material texts, translations, and comment- Charles First's interest in the half of the dower
ary — in the highly creditable manner that of Queen Henrietta which had been withheld
marks the three volumes that have already ap-
been greater than in half a continent, American
peared ; and sixthly, the management of the history, in many important respects, would have
undertaking as a piece of business in such a way
been something very different from what the his-
as to make it commercially successful. The torians have written. New France was returned
work already done is sufficient proof that the
to France in 1632, at the peace, for 400,000
five points will all be met, not only satisfac-
crowns. Now the spiritual interests of both set-
torily but admirably; and we hope most sin- tlers and savages were, by the highest authority,
*THE JESUIT RELATIONS AND ALLIED DOCUMENTS. Trav- entrusted to the Jesuits; and with the arrival
els and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, of three of the Fathers at Quebec in July, 1632,
1610–1791. The Original French, Latin, and Italian Texts,
with English Translations and Notes. Illustrated by por-
the Jesuit missions proper in North America
traits, maps, and facsimiles. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, begin. From first to last these missions, fol-
Secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Vollowing Mr. Thwaites's grouping, were the fol-
ume I., Acadia, 1610–1613; Volume II., Acadia, 1612–1614;
Volume III., Acadia, 1611-1616. Cleveland: The Burrows
lowing: The Abenaki Mission, in Maine and
Brothers Company.
Acadia and on Cape Breton Island ; the Mon-
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1897.]
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tagnis Mission, centred at Tadoussac, at the count, based in part upon the oral reports of visiting
junction of the St. Lawrence and the Saguenay fathers. This annual . Relation,' which in bibliographies
Rivers ; the Quebec and Montreal Mission, occasionally bears the name of the superior, and at other
times that of the missionary chiefly contributing to it,
which is sufficiently described by its name; the
was forwarded to the provincial of the order in France,
Huron Mission, planted in the region south of and, after careful scrutiny and reëditing, published by
Georgian Bay; the Iroquois Mission to the him in a series of duodecimo volumes, known collect-
Iroquois of Central New York and the St. Law-
ively as “The Jesuit Relations.'”
rence; the Ottawa Mission, embracing the The “Allied Documents" are similar to the
numerous tribes and fragments of tribes found “ Relations " in this, that they introduce or con-
in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and adja- tinue the main story or throw additional light
cent parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota ; the upon it. They are not all the work of Jesuits.
Louisiana Mission, which included the Illinois Some of them are excluded from the category
country as well as the region of the Lower “ Relation" more on technical grounds than
Mississippi.
any other. Properly speaking, the “ Rela-
Mr. Thwaites controverts Mr. Bancroft's tions" begin in 1632, when the Jesuits returned
statement in regard to discovery and explora- to Canada, and close with 1673, when Fron-
tion, when he says: “Not a cape was turned, tenac, it is conjectured, procured the discontin-
,
“ ,
not a river entered, but a priest led the way.” uance of their publication. At the same time,
“The actual pioneers of New France," on the the list of titles to appear in this series extend
“ ”
other hand, “were almost always coureurs de
all the
way
from 1611 to 1791. It should be
bois, in the prosecution of the fur trade; but added that after 1700 they are relatively sparse
coureurs de bois, for obvious reasons, seldom - only some twer titles in all. The occur-
kept records, even when capable of doing so, and rence of the word in a title does not necessarily
as a rule we learn of their previous appearance
constitute the document a “ Relation."
on the scene only through chance allusions in the Until half a century ago, little was known of
* Relations.'” The Jesuits performed a great the “ Relations” outside of Jesuit circles ; and
service to mankind in publishing their annals
, to Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan, editor of “The Doc-
which are, for historian, geographer, and eth- umentary History of New York,” is given the
nologist, among our first and best authorities. credit of having effectually called the attention
Perhaps no literary documents were ever of scholars to their great value as historical ma-
written under circumstances more uncomfort- terial. Since then they have been held in con-
able and discouraging, — cold, heat, hunger, stantly growing estimation ; and their publica-
danger, insects, weariness, dirt, and smoke, be- tion in the present form cannot fail to make
sides the human society that surrounded their them more fully known, more widely studied,
authors. But the “ Relations” are not the and more highly valued, than heretofore. Here
annals of the missionaries in just the form in they are, the originals and the translations, side
which they were written ; for they were edited, by side, on opposite pages, for every body to read
first in Canada and then in Paris, before their and examine who cares to essay the task.
publication. How the documents in their pres-
ent form were elaborated from the whole mass ferent persons for very different ends. Here is
of written material, the editor of the series well material in rich abundance for the geographer,
explains in the following paragraph :
the student of natural history, the ethnologist,
"A few explorers like Champlain, Radisson, and Per- the philologist, the anthropologist, the investi-
rot have left valuable narratives behind them, which are
of prime importance in the study of the beginnings of
gator of primitive culture, the historian of mis-
French settlement in America; but it is to the Jesuits sionary effort, and the historian of the long
that we owe the great body of our information concern- struggle between England and France in North
ing the frontiers of New France in the seventeenth cen- America. It would be hard to say which one
tury. It was their duty annually to transmit to their of several kinds of inquirers will find most to
superior in Quebec or Montreal a written journal of
reward his search. Upon the value of the
their doings; it was also their duty to pay occasional
visits to their superior, and to go into retreat at the
“ Relations and Allied Documents" to the stu-
central house of the Canadian mission. Annually, be-
dent of American history, it can hardly be
tween 1632 and 1673, the superior made up a narrative necessary to enlarge. At the same time that
or • Relation' of the most important events which had
the English people were planting colonies on
occurred in the several missionary districts under his
the Atlantic coast from Maine to Georgia, the
charge, sometimes using the exact words of the mission-
aries, and sometimes with considerable editorial skill French were planting competing colonies in
summarizing the individual jonrnals in a general ac- Acadia, Cape Breton, the Valley of the St.
8- . These documents will be resorted to by dif-


112
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
1
1
1
i
a
a
Lawrence, the Basin of the Great Lakes, and person taught, is applicable to a race as well as
the Valley of the Mississippi; and the sources to an individual, and to beliefs even more than
of the history of these two groups of colonies to knowledge." And yet we recall the contrast
are intertwined, just like the sources of the between the converts of the Jesuits in Canada
streams flowing to the Atlantic Ocean and to and the converts of the Moravians in Pennsyl-
the interior waters, from the mouth of the St. vania and Ohio as sketched by Mr. Parkman.
Lawrence to the mouth of the Mississippi. As “ The Moravians were apostles of peace, and they
well might the geographer studying the Atlantic succeeded to a surprising degree in weaning their con-
slope disregard the slopes that begin just be-
verts from their ferocious instincts and warlike habits;
while the Mission Indians of Canada retained all their
yond its crown, or vice versa, as the historian of
native fierceness, and were systematically impelled to
the English colonial development to use English use their tomahawks against the enemies of the Church.
sources alone or the historian of the French de- Their wigwams were hung with scalps, male and female,
velopment to use French sources alone.
adult and infant; and these so-called missions were but
As a record of missionary enterprise, the
nests of baptised savages, who wore the crucifix instead
of the medicine-bag, and were encouraged by the gov-
• Relations are at once very inspiring and
ernment for purposes
of war.”
very depressing. We do not know that a com-
Nor is it a sufficient reply to say that the Jesuit
plete list of the Jesuits employed in the seven Fathers lived and labored in a hot-bed of sav-
missions first and last exists or could even be
age internecine warfare, while the gentle Breth-
made up; but, if so, we feel confident that it
ren labored in a secluded field ; there is, indeed,
would be difficult or impossible to make up an
truth in this, but there was also a difference in
equal list of men from any age or period of the
the ideals, methods, and spirit of the laborers.
history of the world, not even from the mar-
What we have just said suggests a single
tyr age of the Church, who have shown greater further observation. Perhaps no student is
courage, fortitude, devotion, and zeal in the likely to find a richer store of material in these
prosecution of any great and inspiring cause.
volumes than the student of what is sometimes
Nor can it be said that the Jesuits had zeal
called primitive culture. While bearing the
without knowledge ; perhaps no men were ever
better fitted to undertake such a task than they ican Indians are a peculiarly interesting race,
universal marks of the savage man, the Amer-
were. From their story men may draw exam-
in some respects sui generis. No other class of
ples of moral heroism for all time. And to
observers that had an opportunity to study
what end was this sublime effort made ? To
them in the Northern and Central parts of
none whatever, as the event proved; one and
North America were so competent to do so as
all, the missions were complete failures. And
why? There is some truth in the conjectural scholars and men of letters, painstaking and
the Jesuits. They were educated men, trained
answer that the missions might have succeeded
conscientious. Nor had any other observers so
had it not been for the inplacable enmity of
the Iroquois, or in the answer that their failure good an opportunity. They studied the Indians
in their native seats, through a very wide geo-
was only a part of the failure of New France, graphical range, for an extended period of time,
which, after a century and a half of rather
and in hundreds of tribes and fragments of
feeble life, passed into the hands of a Protes-
tribes. Further, the Jesuits saw the savages in
tant power ; but the profounder student will not
their native state, and they reported what they
fail to take a much deeper view than either of
saw so faithfully that the “ Relations
seem to
these. He will see that the failure was prima- be a part of aboriginal nature — a real scien-
rily due to the total inability of the savages to tific laboratory
receive Christian ideas, or to live anything de-
It remains only to congratulate the editor,
serving to be called a Christian life. Indeed,
Mr. Thwaites, and the chief translator from the
such success as the Jesuits seemed to have re-
French, Mr. J. C. Covert, and the enterprising
sulted from their practically putting the new
publishers, upon the happy opening of their
faith on the savage level — making it a matter
of rites, ordinances, and sacraments, the ideal large undertaking. As the editor calls for
significance of which the Indians did not and suggestions, we will observe that he makes a
mistake in deferring the index to a final vol-
could not discern. The “ Relations
ume. There should indeed be a complete index
eloquent confirmation of the words of a distin-
to the whole work when finished; but it is an
guished English scholar: “ The truth which
error not to provide indexes for the successive
Aristotle enunciated, that all intellectual teach-
volumes as they appear. B. A. HINSDALE.
ing is based upon what is primarily known to the
>>
>
are an


1897.]
113
THE DIAL
66
MR. JAMES BRYCE ON THE ARMENIAN
ners, character.” The Caucasus was the mys-
QUESTION.*
terious boundary of the ancient world, the land
Mr. James Bryce comes to us this year with
of mythological marvel. Against the black
a new volume, entitled “Transcaucasia and precipices of Kazbek, a steep dome of snow,
Ararat,” or, rather, with an old volume, origin- Prometheus hung in chains. Near by were the
ally published in 1877, and now bound in with man-hating Amazons, the gold-guarding grif-
-
a recent and timely chapter on “ The Armenian fins, and Colchis, the goal of the Argonauts.
Question.” The earlier and descriptive part
The southern end of Dariel Pass opens into the
of the book details a journey through Russian country of the Georgians, “a race of jovial
Transcaucasia and the Turkish cities on the topers,” whose women are celebrated for their
Black Sea. Starting from the Nijni Fair, beauty, albeit
, to the Western taste, of an ex-
which, the author says, is losing in picturesque pressionless kind. The land is rich in resources.
costume and in variety of national types,- he
There are great oil wells at Baku, on the Cas-
proceeds by gentle declension on the Volga to
pian Sea, and a railroad connects this port with
Saratof; and thence by rail across a corner of Poti, on the Euxine, about which rice-fields lie.
the Southern Steppe
a wild waste of land, Coal, iron, and copper are found in the moun-
limitless as the ocean, where the horizon is un.
tains, the forests include rare and valuable
changing, and there is sense of motion without woods, cotton grows in the valley of the Araxes,
progress," the undefended side of Europe.
the tea shrub thrives on the hills, and the fer-
through which all the Asiatic hordes, Huns,
tile steppe promises generously to industry.
Alans, Avars, Bulgarians, Mongols” poured
Near the southern boundary is the capital, Tif-
like a submerging food. Contrary to popular lis, a town of six nations, the Russians, who
supposition, the Steppe is not necessarily flat,
compose a pleasant and not intolerant official
low, or barren. It is simply open, treeless land,
class; the Germans, whose ancestors were
sometimes rolling, sometimes rich in loam, and driven hither from Würtemberg by a new
sometimes desert.
hymn-book; the Tartars, who are the carriers
The country north of the Caucasus is fertile
from the country about the Caspian Sea, the
in the main and is capable of supporting a
slim, stealthy, lithe, and cat-like Persians, an
vast population, but it remains unturned soil.
industrious race of laborers and merchants, but
“Whatever Russia may want,” says Mr. Bryce, also first, the Armenians—a vigorous, pushing,
“ the greatest liars in the East”; and last, but
“she does not want land, and has no occasion
to annex Bulgaria or Armenia or any other trading, shopkeeping class, sharp men of busi-
country to provide an outlet for her superfluous ness, thrifty, able to drive a hard bargain.
children.” The railroad ends at Vladikavaz,
“Like most successful people, they are envied
a town and fortress which command the en-
and ill spoken of.” In Tiflis there are few
trance to the famous Dariel Pass, the principal | them. All these peoples live side by side, sell-
Jews. " The Armenians leave no room for
gateway of the Caucasian Range. The prodi-
gious aspect of nature here impresses even the ing and working for hire, yet never coming into
cultivated mind with terror. The bed of this
any closer union, remaining indifferent to one
another, with neither love nor hate nor ambi-
savage gorge foams white with the mountain
torrent, and the granite walls rise to a height tion, peaceably obeying a government of stran.
of four thousand feet; “ behind are still loftier
gers, who annexed them without resistance and
ranges of sharp, red pinnacles, broken, jagged, retain them without effort, and held together by
and terrible, their topmost summits flecked with
no bond but its existence."
snow.” Shut within, protected and preserved
The author pushes his way across Russian
by these mountain fastnesses, are many peoples. Armenia, a desolate steppe country — scorched
Thus the Caucasus is “ a kind of ethnological with the fierce heats of summer and swept with
museum, where specimens may be found of
the icy blasts of winter—to Ararat, the meeting-
countless races and languages, some of which point of three empires, the Russian, Turkish,
probably belong to the early ages of the world
and Persian ; Ararat-the centre of the earth,
races differing in religion, aspect, man-
the sacred, the white-crowned, where the ark
* TRANSCAUCASIA AND ARARAT: Being Notes of a Vaca-
of humanity, the drift of appalling ruin, found
tion Tour in the Autumn of 1876. With a Supplementary
a mooring place on this planet of ours. The
Chapter on the Recent History of the Armenian Question. Turkish Armenians, who live almost in sight
By James Bryce, author of “The American Commonwealth.”
With Engraving and Colored Map. New York: The Mac-
of this mountain, might be pardoned for wish-
millan Co.
ing that this craft, embryonic of infinite woe


114
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
and tears, had been scourged forever over the literature, and their customs, as well as their
dark face of the deep, never to find a resting relation to the unseen world.” But it is also
place. The peak is an object of superstitious an isolating and repellent force.
reverence to the people who live about it; and
“ In ancient times there were in Western Asia and
as we watch Mr. Bryce begin the lower part Europe pretty nearly as many religions as there were
of his ascent to the sublime height, mounted
races, but these religions were not mutually exclusive,
upon a horse and covered with an umbrella, we
and required from their believers no hostility to other
deities. Hence the ease with which the Roman empire
ourselves suffer the sense of a descent to the
drew so many diverse nations into its bosom, and formed
ridiculous. At the altitude of thirteen thou-
out of them a sort of new imperial nationality. The
sand feet, he finds a piece of gopher (?) wood, rise of Christianity altered all this, since it claimed to
"a fragment of Noah's ark," which affords him be a world religion, which could own and brook no rival.
some pleasantry; and the summit, which he
Mohammedanism repeats the same claim."
reaches alone, inspires appropriate reflection. It follows that between the ruling Muslim and
Retracing his steps, he touches at Etchmiadzin, the subject Christian in Asia Minor there may
the seat of the Primate, or Katholikos, of the be a truce, but there can be no lasting and vol-
independent Armenian Church. Thence he untary peace. During the past few years,
goes to Poti, the “ most fever-smitten den in nearly two hundred thousand Armenians have
Asia," where he embarks on a coasting voyage perished by sword, torture, fire, and famine ;
to Constantinople.
and this enormous destruction of life, and of
It is imposible to epitomize in allowable property as well
, is distinctly traceable to re-
space the record of Mr. Bryce's travels; and ligious fanaticism, that inspired diabolism
this is to be regretted, for the reason that the which still continues to drench the earth with
narrative is dull - a defect due largely, per- blood. The effort of the Sultan to extend his
haps, to the fact that the country itself is de- Kalifate, or spiritual headship of the Ottoman
pressingly dull. The author's account of the Turks, to the entire Mohammedan world, from
,
Armenians and their troubles possesses, how- Morocco, through inper Arabia and Persia, to
,
ever, a vivid dramatic interest, and will reward | India, has stimulated the religious passions and
perusal. Mr. Bryce is an accomplished and intolerance of the Mussulmans, and they have
conscientious student of historic and social fact, proved to be a willing instrument in persecut-
and his data herein is authoritative, being de- | ing the Armenian Christians. The proximate
rived from personal observation, from conver- cause of the persecution is, however, political.
sations with leading factors, and from the Blue When, by the treaty of Berlin, the Armenians
Books containing the reports of English con- were made the wards of Europe, the Sultan
suls located in Asia Minor.
was threatened either with the intervention of
The Armenians are a people, not a country.
one or more of the six signatory powers, or
More than three millions of them live under with the erection within his dominions of an
Turkish rule, eight hundred thousand under autonomous self-governing state. Remember-
Russian, and six hundred thousand under Per- ing the loss of Bulgaria, he resolved upon a
sian. Despite various and oppressive govern policy of conversion (a subsequent lapse from
ment, they have persisted as a race and nation- Islam being punishable with death) or exter-
ality since the time of Herodotus. Become mination ;
mination; and many of the Armenians chose
passive under centuries of bondage, they still apostacy. Those who lived in the peasant vil-
Cling loyally to the traditions of an independent lage communities of the interior were the easi-
existence, which ended in the eleventh century. est victims. Ever subject to the pillage of tax-
Their christianization dates from the time of gatherers and to attacks by marauding Kurds,
Tiridates the Great, who suffered a change of spiritless from ages of slavery, unarmed and
faith a few years before Constantine saw the scattered, they could offer no effective resistance
vision of the Cross ; “ Armenia is therefore the to organized massacre. Even in considerable
first country to have enjoyed the privileges of towns, they were without the habits of com-
an ecclesiastical establishment.” Although the bined action. At Urfa more than eight thou-
allegiance of this people is divided between an sand of them perished, about a third of the
independent patriarch at Etchmiadzin and one number being killed or burned in a cathedral
at Constantinople, who does homage to Rome, where they had taken refuge. What happened
their religious differences are not vital. Religion in Constantinople, the world knows. In fine,
is the common bond ; indeed, religion is to them the whole Armenian country was given over
everything, since " it includes their laws, their to fire and sword, to atrocities nameless and


1897.]
115
THE DIAL
>
.
terrible. For these infamies, Mr. Bryce de- ter, and that it had better be allowed to drop."
clares, the Sultan is personally responsible. Mr. Bryce pays a tribute to the American mis-
“No one at Constantinople, from the ambas- sionaries, as being the only good influence
, “
sadors downwards, now doubts it.” That the that has worked from abroad upon the Turkish
massacres were predetermined and instructed Empire.” Disinterested, earnest, and culti-
is circumstantially evident from the absorption vated men, they have brought the light of ed-
of all administrative power in the person of the ucation and of learning into dark places, and
Sultan, and his laborious and minute interfer- have inspired the Armenian youth with higher
ence with public affairs, the systematic nature ideals of life. Wisely discouraging political
of the slaughter, the participation of the agitation, as affording a pretext for massacre,
Turkish soldiery, the arming of the Hamidieh and with equal wisdom working towards secu-
cavalry, the active directing presence of some lar rather than sectarian ends, they have suc-
officials, the expressed belief of the Mussul- ceeded, in some places, in modifying appreci-
mans that they were doing the wishes of the ably
ably the severity of Turkish persecution.
Sultan, the fact that no assailant was punished Although Mr. Bryce does not predict the
while leading official participants were re- future, it is certain that the Sultan is rapidly
warded, the careful immunity of foreigners, approaching his doom. “From the Euphrates
the trumpet signal which sometimes began a to the Bosphorus, all is silence, poverty, de-
massacre, and the formal religious procession spair. ... The Sultan's government has been
which sometimes ended one, the destruction of reduced to such financial straits that no one in
such winter stores as could not be carried away, the public service is now paid, except the troops
and, finally, the obstruction to benevolent aid who guard the palace and the spies who carry
from without the empire,— all these constitute secret reports to it.” It is likely that the end
a chain of inculpatory facts which indicates a will be partition, in the form of European pro-
deliberate policy of extermination.
tectorates, with Russia the gainer. The tradi-
The refusal of the signatory powers to inter- tional English policy of nursing the sick man
“"
vene to prevent this wholesale murder is one of will be abandoned, and with small loss to En-
the most disgraceful happenings of modern his- gland, save that her trade in the Black Sea
tory. Russia could have protected the Armen- may pass through Russian custom-houses. As
ians, because she maintains a standing army of to her interest in the Suez Canal, military and
150,000 men in Transcaucasia ; and this, in- naval authorities generally agree that, even to-
deed, she engaged to do in a treaty made by day, in the event of a war with a Mediterranean
, a
her with Turkey at San Stefano, at the con- power, it would be better for England to send
clusion of the last Turko-Russian War; but her troops to India around the Cape of Good
this undertaking was superseded at the Treaty Hope. .
OLIVER T. MORTON.
of Berlin, and by a separate pact made between
England and Turkey. Thereupon, Russia be-
came unsympathetic, sullen, and hostile to the
Armenians, who, even in Russian dominions, THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCHOPENHAUER.*
now began to show disturbing signs of inde-
Schopenhauer once wrote to his satellite,
pendent vitality. On the other hand, England Frauenstädt, in the following terms: “The
undertook to do two contradictory things : to time will come when he who does not know
protect Turkish territory in Asia from Russia what I have said upon a given subject will be
(in consideration of the cession of Cyprus), and held an ignoramus.” Forty years have passed
to protect the Armenian Christians from Tur- since this particular prediction (but one among
key. In fulfilment of the second half of this
many of the writer's expressions of confidence
contract, she sent consuls to Asia Minor and
in the enduring character of his philosophical
exacted many promises of reform from the system) was made, and the remark has been
Turkish Government; but her repeated pro- fairly justified by the event. It is not that the
tests in behalf of the Armenians have been
educated man of to-day is bound to know what
effective only in irritating the Sultan and in Schopenhauer said upon every subject, but he
driving him into the arms of Russia. Owing is at least bound to know the main lines of his
to mutual jealousies, the other powers showed thought and its bearings upon the fundamental
but a languid interest in the Armenian trouble,
*SCHOPENHAUER'S SYSTEM IN ITS PHILOSOPHICAL SIG-
and finally Germany intimated with brutal cyn-
NIFICANCE. By William Caldwell, M.A., D.Sc. New York:
icism that she “ cared nothing about the mat- Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons.
a


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(Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
DIAL
>
a
>
a
problems of philosophy. If he seeks to know sonality, when such attribution does not rest
more than this he will at least not go unre- upon a broad perception of the philosophy of
warded, for Schopenhauer illuminated and such a personality as Schopenhauer's." This is
adorned all of the many subjects upon which very justly as well as neatly put, and warns the
he touched, and to read intelligently the whole reader against a tendency which is peculiarly
body of his work is, as we said in these pages dangerous in the case of the philosopher in ques-
twelve years ago, in itself almost a liberal edu- tion. “The feelings play a tremendous part in
cation.
Schopenhauer's system,” says Professor Cald-
No apology is needed, then, for such a work well, and this certainly explains the human
as Professor Caldwell's recent monograph, and interest that attaches itself to his writings.” A
A
it is a little surprising that we should have had little further on we are told of “his marvellous
to wait so long for the appearance of such a personality, combining as it does to a more won-
study as this in the English language. We have derful extent than that of any other man who
long bad good translations of Schopenhauer, ever lived the power for abstract speculation
readable biographies and essays, elaborate ex- with an enormous vitality of force and feeling.
aminations of the pessimism for which he chiefly The difficulty of subjecting the work of such a
stands with the average reader, and special man to a process of purely intellectual analysis
expositions of his system in histories of phil- is very great, and it is no wonder that we are met
osophy and reviews scientific or popular. Pro- with this preliminary note of warning. Having
fessor Caldwell does not attempt to do any of duly sounded the note, the author proceeds to
these things over again, except as they are inci- indicate the way in which Schopenhauer turned
dentally connected with the purpose stated in the traditional philosophies topsy turvy, and
the following sentence:
found a new starting-point for his work of sys-
“I have rather tried to connect Schopenhauer with tematic construction. " It is no doubt intellect-
some few broad lines of philosophical and general ually satisfactory to think the world downwards,
thought, and — 80 far as I could — with some few broad
or from the point of view of the whole '; man
principles of human nature."
had done so for two thousand years before
This statement is too modest by more than
half
, and needs to be supplemented by the fol- Schopenhauer, he had had gods and heroes for
lowing analysis of the chapters into which the
his ancestors, and trailed clouds of glory'
after him, and the like. The nineteenth cen-
discussion falls :
“The first chapter is general in its character, and tury began to look at the world from below
suggests only the scope of Schopenhauer's significance upwards, and Schopenhauer was its philosoph-
and the spirit in which we ought to study his system.ical mouthpiece.” He was among the forerun-
The next two chapters, I imagine, will demand a some-
I
ners of nineteenth century naturalism (some-
what closer attention on the part of the reader than the thing very different, as the author points out,
first. They constitute an attempt to trace out the theo-
retical roots of Schopenhauer's philosophy. The fourth
from the naturalism of the eighteenth century),
chapter occupies itself with the practical bondage of life,
“a naturalism whose real drift Schopenhauer
from which art and ethics and religion are supposed by divined before Comte and Darwin and Spencer
many people (and by Schopenhauer himself) to set us had written.”
free. The following four chapters present the Schopen- Considered thus with reference to his histor-
hauer that is known to the thought of the nineteenth
century. Chapter IX. tries to show the fundamental
ical position, Schopenhauer affords a peculiarly
philosophical character of Schopenhauer's thought. It interesting subject for examination. Had he
takes up, incidentally, the threads of Chapters II. and lived half a century later, he would have ac-
III., and interweaves them with the other chapters of cepted the philosophy of evolution, in its essen-
the book and with the system as a whole. Chapter X.
attempts some general positive statement about Schopen- tial features, without reserve, although he
hauer. In it and in the Epilogue points are suggested would have objected strenuously to some of its
which might form the material for further study and metaphysical implications. He would have
exposition."
made short work, for example, of Mr. Spencer's
Having thus, with the author's help, got our “ Unknowable," and would have had for the
orientation in the book, we may proceed to the materialism of Haeckel the same scorn that he
discussion of a few of its more salient features. had for the crass materialism of his own day.
At the outset, we are met with a protest against As it is, there is no very great difficulty in trans-
the extent to which Schopenhauer's striking per- lating his philosophical language into more
sonality is assumed to color his philosophy. “I modern forms of speech, and his theory of dis-
am inclined to resent the practice of attributing tinct stages of the objectification of the will
the exaggerations of his philosophy to his per- does not require much modification to become
>
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1897.]
117
THE DIAL
a theory of the absolute continuity of develop- sion, in any exhaustive sense, of Professor
ment. His language has not escaped from the Caldwell's work. The style of the writer is on
bondage of formalism, and his philosophy is the whole admirable. If at times it resorts to
expressed in terms of Kantian categories and the sort of philosophical algebra that makes
Platonic“ ideas,” but it is really a philosophy metaphysical exposition so difficult for the gen-
of evolution, and is at heart convinced that eral reader, and if the light which it sheds upon
nature makes no leaps. Professor Caldwell its subject is often the dry light so character-
|
quotes the following suggestive passage :
istic of the Scotch philosophers, it can rise upon
“ If Nature had only taken its last step to man from occasion to eloquent heights, and can draw for
an elephant instead of from an ape, how different would
illustrative comment upon the stories of a cul-
man then have been! He would have been an intelli-
tured and finely-balanced mind. Sometimes,
gent elephant, or an intelligent dog, instead of an intelli-
gent monkey."
the neatness of the style is the chief element in
And there is another passage, not quoted, in
our satisfaction, as in the following passage :
which he speaks of one species giving birth to
« Agnosticism may lead to mere empty Pyrrhonism,
which is too thin and useless to be taken seriously; or
another, zur glücklichen Stunde, in terms that
it may lead to mysticism, which is not philosophy. Ag-
are not Darwinian merely because the key of nosticism generally does lead, in the case of those who
natural selection has never been put into the profess it, to an airy empiricism in theory and practice,
which substitutes brilliant or incisive utterances for
speaker's hands. Similarly, he anticipates mod-
ern psychology in the passage which speaks of ideas and thoughts. The only possible attitude of the
reasoned beliefs and impressions, and sensations for
“first principles and abstract knowledge” as mind to the world, if we are bent on learning the mean-
“the reservoir in which the disposition to act, ing of things, is a direct one, and not a general paraly-
which is the source of all moral conduct, and
sis before such self-created barriers as the imaginary
which does not exactly flow out into action at
and spurious distinction between phenomenon and nou-
menon."
every moment, is kept stored up ready to flow
With this extract may go another to show that
through certain conducting channels, when the
real occasion for action arrives."
Schopenhauer by no means fell a victim to such
The formalism which stiffens Schopenhauer's paralysis.
philosophy in the stricter sense, and which ap-
“ The intellectual side of things is to him merely
phenomenal and phantasmal, merely ideal and not real;
pears to his modern readers such a stumbling-
on the other hand, the volitional side of things is sub-
block until they realize how easily it may be stantial and actual, real and not ideal. There is some-
pushed aside, appears also in his treatment of thing healthy in this thought, and indeed Schopenhauer
such an extra-metaphysical subject as art.
appeals to one because he teaches throughout all his
“His whole philosophy of art seems almost a phase
writings that knowledge is a poor thing at best, a kind
of indirect way of apprehending reality, and that in
of that glorification of Greek statuary and architecture
which was a kind of worship in his days, with its Neo-
order really to understand things one must feel them,
Hellenism as opposed to crude Protestantism and Juda-
must to a certain extent be them, energise with them,
or energise with the great cosmic agency that we call
istic theism. Schopenhauer certainly never felt the full
the world-will."
force of the modern gospel of Romanticism, with its
exaltation of the need of a free and expansive (and even
Something of Schopenhauer's own marvellous
fantastic and extravagant) sense for beauty and reality. feeling for style seems to have become the pos-
It would probably have shocked him very much to think session of the author when he writes as follows:
that there was color and ornament even in Greek stat-
“Schopenhauer knew what beauty was, but he did
uary and architecture."
not appreciate it in his soul as Sophocles did. To him
But here again it is not difficult to translate beauty was only a 'light'- not the spontaneous and
his theory of art into terms sufficiently compre-
joyous creation of a full sense for reality, but a feeble
hensive to embrace the very manifestations for
fair flicker — the • light' and the steady gaze' on the
which he had neither eye nor
• face of genius,'or the gleam of rest and repose' that
ear. Had
often appears on the faces of those who die after extreme
Schopenhauer lived to hear the later works of suffering. He evidently came at the end of his life,
Richard Wagner, he would probably have through reflection upon poetry and music as universal
condemned them as barbaric, and argued con-
arts, to appreciate art as the outcome of a healthy and
vincingly (to himself) that they were inferior
refined general sense for things, but this feeling repre-
sented a summit of effort towards which he had strug-
to the operas of Rossini. Yet Wagner's theory gled during the course of his life, and not a level of
of art is confessedly based upon the principles attainment from which he could always calmly survey
laid down by Schopenhauer, who in this respect,
the realm of beauty.”
as in so many others, builded better than he We are not sure that this is quite fair to Scho-
knew.
penhauer, but there can be no doubt that it is
The limitations of space forbid our discus- / strikingly and beautifully expressed.
66
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118
[Feb. 16,
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Professor Caldwell deserves our thanks for world Schopenhauer absurdly imagines to be
his treatment of Schopenhauer's pessimism. To downwards or backwards,” we object vigor-
the average person, Schopenhauer stands for ously to the adverb. The following seems to
pessimism and nothing else. Yet his pessim- us an unfair statement of Schopenhauer's the-
ism was really a matter of temperament and ory of the will: “ There is much in the thought
environment rather than of philosophical prin- that the reality of the world and of the individ-
ciple, and we are opportunely reminded that ual consists in will; but the will that should
Schopenhauer rarely makes use of the word. be selected for this honour is rational purpose
As far as his pessimism was the result of en- and achievement, and not mere atomic attrac-
vironment, its causes are briefly summarized tion and repulsion, or mere organic reaction to
in the statement that she was an unregenerate what is called external stimulus.” A good deal
youth, living in some of the most trying years of the discussion concerning Schopenhauer's
of this century, with no one country that he theory of art appears to be mere play upon
cared about in particular, and no relations or words, as the following sentences will illustrate :
friends for whom he had any real affection.” 6 Art must not be thought to take us out of
His pessimism was accidental rather than essen- reality, but more deeply into reality.”
6. He
tial, and the author is well-advised in giving it ought to have brought art infinitely into life
a subordinate place in his analysis. Schopen- instead of taking it infinitely out of life.”
hauer's primary assumption that all pleasure is Finally, we note the misquotation (besteht for
negative was never proved by him, although he entsteht) of a familiar passage from “Faust.”
made the assertion over and over again, nor is Such matters as these are, however, but slight
it susceptible of proof. Rather is it open to abso- blemishes upon a work remarkable for its
lute disproof by anyone who will interrogate his acuteness, sympathy, and knowledge, and for
own experience and honestly accept the answer. its successful analysis of the most important
So much for pessimism in the absolute sense. system of philosophy that has appeared during
As for the other sense, the sense in which it the post-Kantian period.
means the firm grasp and unblinking view of
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
life in its totality, poets and philosophers and
religious teachers are well-nigh unanimous in
their recognition of the futility of a great part
of human endeavor, of the illusory nature of
BIRD LORE AND BIRD LOVE.*
much of the happiness that men consciously
During the sessions of the World's Congress
pursue, and of the ignoble aims of any philos- in the Memorial Art Palace in the never-to-be-
ophy that is hedonistic and nothing more.
forgotten year 1893, a group of enthusiasts in
« Il ne s'agit pas d'être heureux,” says Renan, the study of ornithology organized a series of
“ il s'agit d'être parfait,” and this is the sub meetings for the consideration of their favorite
stance of Schopenhauer's pessimism in its branch of science. The movement was initiated
nobler aspect, in the only aspect in which it has
so late in the season that but a scanty time was
serious claims upon our attention.
allowed for the arrangement of details and the
A few not very important criticisms may preparation of papers ; nevertheless, a gratify-
close this review. The book is so exception- ing degree of interest was aroused, and large
ally well printed that such occasional slips as
audiences assembled on the days appointed,
“ Nietsche” and “Frauenstadt" stand out all
toward the close of the month of October. The
the more prominently. There is no more reason
late Rev. David Swing delivered the opening
for saying " von
Hartmann” than there is for at
“
address; the Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones, Pro-
saying “ von Goethe.” The split infinitive to
fessor D. D. McCormick, and other earnest
fully characterize” occurs to mar the author's speakers, followed. The papers presented by
usually correct style. We must take exception special investigators or observers in the domain
to a few of Professor Caldwell's dicta, to the
of bird-life were characterized by a commend-
statement, “ There is little that is noble in
able degree of serious thought and original
Schopenhauer,” and to the statement, “ Most research, and, notwithstanding the haste with
thinkers are now prepared to admit that con-
which they were called forth, were worthy of
scious existence for self or conscious person- praise from a literary point of view. They
ality is something that we do not find lower
* PAPERS ON ORNITHOLOGY, Presented at the World's Con-
down in the biological scale than man." In
gress of 1893. Edited by Mrs. E. Irene Rood, under the direc-
the remark that “the final process of the tion of Dr. Elliott Coues. Chicago: Charles H, Sergel & Co.
>
occurs to mar
the author at fes


1897.]
119
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.
were too valuable, in fact, to be lost from slay the innocents for the gratification of fem-
sight, and a select number - twenty-seven, all inine vanity. In a paper on “The Herons of
told — have been gathered into a handsome Central Florida," Mr. T. Gibert-Pearson de-
octavo volume. The edition is limited to six scribes the sorrowful scene witnessed by him in
hundred copies, - an inadequate number, one a devastated heronry in which the plume-hunter
would think, judging from the excellence and had but lately accomplished his fiendish work.
importance of the work; yet the readers to
“Under a bunch of grass a dead heron was discovered,
whom it appeals are probably still a small, from whose back the plumes had not been torn. The
though we trust a constantly enlarging, circle. ground was still moist with its blood, showing that death
The names of some of our foremost ornithol.
had not long before taken place. The dirt had been
beaten smooth with its wings; its neck was arched; the
ogists are found in the index of authors; for
feathers on its head were raised; and its bill was buried
example, Dr. Elliott Coues, Mr. J. A. Allen, in the clotted feathers of its breast, where a gaping
and Mr. Frank M. Chapman, each of whom wound showed where the leaden missile had struck. It
speaks with authority on the subject which he
was an awful picture of pain. Sorely wounded, this
treats. An interesting variety marks the con-
heron had crawled away, and after enduring hours of
agony had died, the victim of a foolish passion. Young
tributions offered, each article bringing for- herons had been left by scores in the nests, to perish
ward some peculiar point in the general topic. from exposure and starvation. These little sufferers,
In his opening address as President of the
too weak to rise, reached their heads over the nests and
Congress, Dr. Coues calls particular attention faintly called for the food which the dead mothers could
never bring."
to the enormous utility of birds, quoting as one
item of evidence that “the total output of the Would it be more than a just retribution, if each
poultry industry, in the shape of hens' eggs woman who wears on her bonnet an aigrette
alone, exceeds annually that of all the mines of torn from the back of a murdered heron, or the
gold, silver, and other precious metals.” wing or body of any of the feathered species so
Mr. Chapman's paper gives an ingenious cruelly slaughtered to furnish her a barbarous
a
account of “The Ornithology of Columbus's decoration, should be compelled to hear the cries
First Voyage.” Now Columbus, in all prob- of the starving nestlings moaning in her ear, and
ability, did not know one bird from another,
to feel in her heart the pang of the dying parent
being presumably as ignorant of these exquisite spatched from the care of its helpless young,-
creatures as the great bulk of mankind remain should be compelled to hear and feel all this
to the present day; yet the record of his mo- until she repent of her inhumanity ? It rests
mentous trip across the Atlantic yields data with women to suppress the fearful traffic in
from which the skilled ornithologist gains val- the skins of murdered birds for the supply of
uable hints regarding the movements of birds the milliner's demand. It is said that eight
during the period of their autumnal migration. millions of these loveliest beings in the animate
It was the birds, as Dr. Fiske has shown, who world had their gentle lives put out, in answer
guided Columbus to the Bahamas, thereby
to fashion's brutal call in the city of Chicago
shortening his perilous voyage and possibly alone, last autumn. How can such things be,
saving himself and his mighty project from and we lay any claim to advance in civilization ?
destruction by a mutinous crew. The presence
It rests with women, too, to stop the wanton
of small land-birds about his little fleet of cara- destruction of our song-birds by the sling and
vels, when they were seven or eight hundred the small gun in the hands of ruthless boys,
miles from the nearest shore, renewed in the who kill every living thing in sight for the mere
hearts of the sailors their lost hope and forti-
fun of killing
tude, and, hovering about the vessels from time We are our own worst enemies in allowing
to time in the weeks following, enabled the such deplorable work to continue ; for when
heroic leader to control his rebellious men until bird-life ends, plant life will end likewise, and
the coast-line of San Salvador was sighted. human life swiftly follow. It is the birds that
Despite the agreeable diversity manifest in save our crops of every kind from the devour-
this assemblage of papers, there is a sorrowful ing insects, and in their loss we lose a service
plaint sounded in most of them over the de- on which it is scarcely too much to say that
struction which is unceasingly waged against our very existence depends. But women and
the birds of beautiful plumage throughout the small boys are not the only culprits of human
world. Chief of the miscreants engaged in kind worthy of blame for the destruction of our
this pitiless warfare is the mercenary assassin feathered friends. The collector who, under
who prowls about the fields and hedgerows to the pretense of furthering science or of stock-
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120
(Feb. 16,
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66
>
ing a private cabinet, shoots and plunders with and thought, and presenting the character and
out mercy, shares in full the guilt of the crime. life of the people from whom they come. If illus-
It is sickening to read, in every number of every trated, the book should contain only necessary,
periodical devoted to ornithology, the stories helpful, and instructive pictures ; it should also
of nest-robbing and bird-killing by men who be honestly printed, in a compact form, conven-
have had a mother and perhaps have children
ient for use.
The same book should not aim
of their own, and yet show no pity for the be- to please both the child in the nursery and the
ings whose devotion and fidelity to their mates student in the library, though occasionally it
and their young is not parallelled by the race
may do so.
holding the highest rank in the animal world. Probably these propositions, in their abstract
SARA A. HUBBARD. form, will meet with ready acceptance. When
they are applied to the three books before us
we become critical. The “ Totem Tales” are
intended for small readers; yet we have a
FOLK-TALES FOR YOUNG AND OLD.*
preface” for which no child will care, a
Folk-tales appear to be particularly in vogue,
-
“ credit mention " which can mean nothing to
judging from the three collections that have children, and twelve pages of “ vocabulary and
lately come to hand. Usually there are but two historical appendix " which all “wee tots” will
excuses that can be urged for the publishing of skip. That the two“wee tots” Laura and Elden
a book of folk-tales. One of them is the desire were delighted by the narration of these stories,
to supply children with stories; the other, to we may believe; but they would probably have
provide the student with material for serious
been also delighted if the tales were told, vigor-
study. Grimm's “ Household Stories ” met ously and with animation, in the Chinook jargon.
both needs; many later collections meet neither. For boys and girls to listen to stories is one
There should be no doubt that the folk-tales of thing; for them to enjoy reading them is another.
his own ethnic group form wholesome food for The book shows much hard work; it breathes
the child-mind. Ata certain age most children an honest and enthusiastic spirit; it contains
live in fairyland ; to such among us the dear old considerable suggestive matter for older people;
stories of the German or the English folk have but it is not a good book for children who have
a real charm. Teachers do not do ill to recog- enough Aryan fairies without Indian skallala-
nize this fact; and at present many of them toots, and enough witches without Quootshois.
dole out such material to their little learners. If meant for adults, the style should be changed,
But it is just as certain that the folk-tales of the book condensed to half its present size, and
other ethnic groups have little interest or
all the illustrations except the Indian pictures
attractiveness to our small
omitted.
savage or barbarian.
The stories are told in the region
It is enough for his little mind to be crammed of Puget Sound; but they represent several
with gnomes and elves and brownies who think mythic groups, and the native pictures are all
and act somewhat in our own fashion. Both
Haidah. The notes are unsatisfactory, being
theoretically and practically, he cannot and
often indefinite or even misleading.
ought not to be given all kinds of foreign imag-
Professor Brun's “ Tales of Languedoc
inings.
have a certain general literary value. The
For the student, folk tales of a given people book is not aimed at small children ; it does
should be seriously told, as nearly as may be
not claim to be important to the student; the
in the native words and style. The collection
author distinctly invites to the hearth a wider
should rarely be a selection, but should be as
circle.” The book really appeals to this wider
complete as prolonged study and collecting can
circle. Children will like the stories, which are
make it. Either the tales should be given sim- daintily told. For folk-lorists the collection is
ply and without comment, or there should be meagre, there being but half-a-dozen tales. But
scholarly notes going to the very marrow and
the ordinary reader of adult years, who delights
heart of the stories, discussing both expression in good literature and in the life of simple folk,
* TOTEM TALES. By W. S. Phillips. Illustrated by the
will enjoy the book heartily. In these times of
author. Chicago: Star Publishing Co.
sensational literature, the narrative of days
TALES OF LANGUEDOC. By Samuel Jacques Brun. Illas- when young men facing life all longed “ to
trated by Ernest Peixotto. San Francisco : William Doxey. make the tour of France" is wholesome.
FAIRY TALES OF THE SLAV PEASANTS AND HERDSMEN.
From the French of Alex, Chodsko. Translated and illus-
The collection of Slav Fairy Tales comprises
trated by Emily J. Harding. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. twenty fairy stories; “principally they are
a


1897.]
121
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a
a
intended ” for the young folk, but it is hoped of a genial and enthusiastic devotee of science and
that older readers will find some additional to imbue many of his pages with the exhilarating
interest in tracing throughout the many evi- charm of a fascinating story. To recommend the
dences of kinship between these stories and
book as a model for others to follow would, however,
those of more pronounced Eastern origin.” be a venturesome step.
The title of the book is somewhat misleading; its
There is no question that young people will
like the stories, which are well told — notwith general subject is the Physiology of the Emotions,
amongst which fear is treated somewhat fully, but
standing their double translation - and are
by no means to the exclusion of other important
vital with Aryan emotion and thought. Slav topics; while the general introduction upon the rela-
tales are becoming quite common in English tions of mental states to bodily states forms one of
dress, both for young people and students. the most valuable portions of the work. This is
We cannot discuss their character in detail. indeed the keynote of his problem, the gaining of a
While some of the stories in this collection are physiological insight into the nature of the emotions.
probably new in English, they present many of
“ The time has come when we must throw off our
the characteristic features shown by those
professional robes, tie on our aprons, roll up our
already translated.
sleeves, and begin the vivisection of the human
FREDERICK STARR. heart according to scientific methods." Blushing,
trembling, pallor, the quickening of the heart-beat
and the respiration, the distortion of the facial mus-
cles, weeping, the frown, the cry, cold perspiration,
SOME PROBLEMS OF MODERN
cold shivers, goose-skin, momentary paralysis, and
PSYCHOLOGY.*
the like, these are the symptoms the explanation
The four volumes included in the present survey
of which attract Professor Mosso's abilities. In
may well serve as illustrations of the diversity of
part this is the problem of Darwin, whose researches
the questions upon which the modern psychologist in the expression of the emotions are frequently
seeks and gives light. They are equally illustrative
cited and discussed ; but the physiological aspect is
of the international character of the contributors to
more particularly dwelt upon, and leads repeatedly
this department of knowledge: the one author is
to a refutal of the conclusions suggested by zoolog-
an Italian, the second a German, the third a French-
ical considerations alone. It is hardly possible to
man, while the fourth, though writing in this coun-
discuss within the present limits these conclusions
try, is an Englishman with considerable German
and their evidence; but some attempt may be made
training.
to suggest the author's fertility in experiment.
With regard to Professor Mosso's work on
One of Professor Mosso's most valuable re-
“Fear,” the reviewer's first duty is to make known
searches proved most strikingly the exquisitely deli-
the charm of the author's presentation, and the fas-
cate relation between blood-supply and emotional
cination of his treatment of a subject upon which
or mental disturbance. He constructed a balance-
he has labored with great ingenuity and success.
table resting on knife-edges, on which the subject
It is a brilliant example of a bit of popular scientific could recline, while delicate apparatus recorded the
writing, popular not by any sacrifice of accuracy
heart-beat as well as the slightest divergence of this
or dignity of presentation, but by the author's strong
" scientific cradle” from the position of perfect
conviction of the deeply human interest of his sub. equilibrium. The slightest change in the occupa-
ject; and by his ability to express his results in a
tion, a sudden noise, talking to the subject, listening
significant and attractive form. It may well be
to music, reading, even the change from the familiar
doubted whether a popular scientific work of this
Italian to the translating from Homer, caused reg-
flavor could originate outside of Southern Europe ;
ular changes in the rate and nature of the pulse.
the Anglo-Saxon scientist would certainly hesitate
Another instrument devised by the author to register
to throw so much of his own personality into the
similar changes is the plethysmograph, which con-
account of his researches, to mingle social and moral
sists essentially of a glass cylinder large enough to
reflections with descriptions of experiments and de-
contain the arm, and so connected that the slightest
fence of conclusions. In Professor Mosso's hands change in the volume of the arm as determined by
the result is to give the reader a refreshing glimpse
the flow of blood toward or away from the arm, is
delicately recorded. While the apparatus was ap-
* FEAR. By Angelo Mosso. Translated from the fifth
plied to one of his subjects in the laboratory of the
edition of the Italian, by E. Lough and F. Kiesow. New
York : Longmans, Green, & Co.
eminent Leipsic physiologist, Professor Ludwig, the
GENIUS AND DEGENERATION. A Psychological Study. By latter walked into the room, whereupon the volume
Dr. William Hirsch. Translated from the second edition of of the arm instantly and markedly decreased, the
the German work. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
blood being drawn off to the brain by the mental dis-
ALTERATIONS OF PERSONALITY. By Alfred Binet. Trang-
turbance. The eminent professor noted his appre-
lated by Helen Green Baldwin, with Notes and a Preface by
J. Mark Baldwin. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
ciation of the significance of the experiment by
AN OUTLINE OF PSYCHOLOGY. By Edward Bradford marking on the record at the point of the disturb-
Titchener. New York: The Macmillan Co.
ance caused by his own appearance on the scene,
a
:


122
[Feb. 16,
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“ Der Löwe kommt” (“Enter the lion "). Similar proachable through the avenues of cleverness, pains-
effects are shown upon dogs ; the printed record of taking ability, and success. Quite the contrary
the change in a dog's pulsation caused by the sight notion has been likewise entertained, making the
of a gun or the click of the trigger is more eloquent genius nothing more than the development to an
than much description. Still more remarkable are unusual degree of the qualities distinguishing the
the cases in which, owing to an injury to the skull, leaders, great and small, of mankind,“ the infinite
the apparatus could be directly applied to the ex- capacity for taking pains.” Some have seemed
posed brain. Such a patient is being observed as he to discover the true secret of genius in the uncon-
falls asleep; the pulsations gradually become regu- sciousness, the inspiration, of his work; others in his
lar and smooth, like the disappearance of the ripples marked originality; others in the keenness of his
from the surface of a sheet of water.
sensibilities and the vividness of his imagination ;
“ At length Bertino fell asleep. Consciousness was others again in his irresistible impulse toward, his
extinguished, the troublous thoughts of life had ceased; passion for, self-expression. Insanity, likewise, is a
only the last sentinels of the nervous system were still term not easily defined ; when the doctors discuss
vigilant. At the slightest noise, a wave of blood dis-
the classification of insanity their differences in con-
turbed the surface of the brain. If the hospital clock
struck the hour, or someone walked along the terrace,
ceptions of the nature of the condition at once ap-
if I moved my chair or wound up my watch, or if a
pear; and when the doctor and the lawyer come
patient coughed in the next room everything, the
into conflict over this mooted point, the expectation
slightest sound, was accompanied by a marked altera- of any mutually satisfactory result is quite idle.
tion in the circulation of the brain, all immediately
None the less, the underlying essentials of the
traced by the pen which the brain guided on the paper insane condition are sufficiently well understood to
of my registering apparatus."
enable an alienist, such as Dr. Hirsch, to bring to
After Bertino had slept an hour and a half, Pro- the study of his problem a practical notion of what
fessor Mosso arose and gently called his name. He insanity is. We may be quite certain of where the
did not stir, but the blood circulation was markedly
centre of an infected district lies, even if we do not
altered, and even the noise made in the rising from
know how far it extends on all sides; we can point
the chair left its trace on the pulse record.
out the focus, even if we cannot draw the boundary
This minute interaction between emotion and
lines of the penumbra.
some physiological change, between thought and its The outlook for tracing a definite relation be-
expression, this conviction that our feelings and tween terms 80 vaguely defined is certainly not very
our reflections are writ large in our bodily system, promising; and it cannot be claimed that the light
if only we can render the record legible, — domi- of psychological science has as yet penetrated very
-
nates all of the author's inquiries; and there is per-
far into the obscurity of this field. The cause of
haps no one among contemporaneous workers who this failure lies to a very considerable extent in the
has contributed more to the proof and development inherent imperfections of the data. The study of
of this conception than Professor Mosso. The ap individuals is always difficult; there is the constant
pearance of some portion of his results in an English difficulty of separating the essential and typical from
form is a deserved tribute to their value,— a tribute
the accidental; with regard to most men of genius,
rendered several years ago by the German and the
the facts most valuable for such an investigation
French edition of this work.
are unknown, the interest in observing or recording
such facts being distinctly a modern acquisition.
The notion that the great man, in his striking There is, again, the question of bow far imperfec-
divergence from popular standards of thought, feel- tions and abnormalities would be revealed in the
ing, and action, is somehow akin to the madman lives of average mortals if the biographical search-
who is equally out of touch with the average man, light were turned upon the