Green, spirit of aggression, founded in humanitarian
& Co,
dreams and ending in militarism and rapacity,
essence
and em-


1897.]
243
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а
was the mission of Nelson. He was singularly happy episode lent a touch of bathos to the
fitted for the task. English to the core, insular, great sailor's career-even to its heroic ending
knowing po political ideal save King and Coun- in the blood-spattered cock-pit of the “ Vic-
try, no rule save that of duty, a seaman beyond tory.”
tory.” What reader of Nelson's life has not
compare, endowed with a splendid and match-winced at the picture of the susceptible hero
less personal bravery that in the moment of dragged like a dancing-bear about Europe by
action seemed to shine and radiate from his his (and Greville's and a half-dozen others')
fragile frame and light a kindred spark in fat inamorata ? Captain Mahan ventures to
hearts commonly the least heroic, his name compare Lady Hamilton with Lady Nelson,
became the potent counter-charm that broke not altogether to the advantage of the latter.
the spell laid by the conquering genius of Bo- “ Not that the Lady Hamilton of reality was utterly
naparte upon the soul of Europe. The cardinal different from the Lady Hamilton of his (Nelson's) im-
article in his professed creed was characteristic, agination. That she ever loved him is doubtful; but
if unedifying: “ You must hate a Frenchman as
there were in her spirit impulses capable of sympathetic
response to his own in his bravest acts, though not in
you do the devil.” Not all the glories of Copen- his noblest motives. It is inconceivable that duty ever
hagen, the Nile, and Trafalgar should blind us appealed to her as it did to him, nor could a woman of
to the relative moral narrowness of the holder innate nobility of character have dragged a man of Nel-
of that maxim when we compare him with such
son’s masculine renown about England and the Conti-
Dent, till he was the mock of all beholders; but on the
figures as Turgot and Condorcet. But French-
other hand it never could have occurred to the energetic,
men of the Turgot and Condorcet type had courageous, brilliant Lady Hamilton, after the lofty
long been displaced in men's imaginations by deeds and stirring dramatic scenes of St. Vincent, to beg
the Marats and Robespierres. Chaumette fol- him, as Lady Nelson did, 'to leave boarding to Cap-
lowed Voltaire as John of Leyden followed
tains.' Sympathy, not good taste, would have withheld
her. In Lady Nelson's letters there is evidence enough
Luther; and the Reformation of the Eighteenth of a somewhat colorless womanly affection, but not a
Century was discredited, as that of the Six-
thrill of response to the greatness of her husband's dar-
teenth had been, by the violence of sectaries. ing, even when surrounded herself by the acclamations
Nelson's creed of hatred was intelligible enough
it called forth."
to men of his day; for there was latterly more Whether or no Lady Hamilton really loved
of diabolism than godliness in the methods of Nelson seems a point hardly worth refining on.
the practical disciples of the philosophes. Re- It is a plain case to a plain understanding. To
garding Nelson's mission as Europe's defender Nelson the man, stripped of the glamor of his
against French aggression, Captain Mahan fame, she was doubtless indifferent. As a lover
says :
she would have preferred Greville (who had
« Therein is found the true significance of his career, discarded her and passed her on to his friend
which mounts higher and bigber in strenuous effort and Hamilton without a “ by your leave ") a hun.
gigantic achievement, as the blast of the Revolution
dred times over. But the victor of the Nile,
swells fiercer and stronger under the mighty impulse of
the great Corsican. At each of the momentous crises,
the rival of Napoleon ? Nelson was the lion of
so far removed in time and place, at the Nile, at Copen- the hour when Lady Hamilton spread her net
hagen, at Trafalgar, as the unfolding drama of the for him. His name was in all mouths, the din
age reveals to the onlooker the schemes of the arch-
of his renown in all ears. To captivate such a
planner about to touch success, over against Napoleon
rises ever Nelson; and as the latter in the hour of victory
man, to couple her name with his in current
drops upon the stage where he played so chief a part, rumor, and thus to secure a position that would
his task is seen to be accomplished, his triumph secured. enable her to dazzle and outshine with a bril-
In the very act of dying he has dealt the foe a blow liant if borrowed light, was the natural im-
from which recovery is impossible. Moscow and Water-
loo are the inevitabie consequences of Trafalgar; as the pulse of a born and trained adventuress whose
glories of that day were but the fit and assured ending ruling passion was an insensate greed of social
of the illustrious course which was begun upon the
distinction, however won. Of the equivocal
quarter-deck of the • Agamemnon.”
character of the distinction accruing from the
While the dominant note of Captain Mahan's possession of Lord Nelson as her devoted cicis-
book is one of unstinted, generous admiration, beo the ci-devant Amy Lyon naturally had no
he does not shrink from the evidently painful inkling. Her long contact with Neapolitan and
duty of rehearsing impartially the story of his Palerman manners had blunted sensibilities
hero's lapses and imperfections. The Lady originally coarse enough. Nelson, as we know,
Hamilton scandal is a commonplace of histor- yielded without a struggle to his “angel Em-
ical gossip, farcical and deplorable ; and Cap- ma's” sufficiently impetuous onset. The victor
tain Mahan does not try to gloss it. That un- of the Nile ignominiously struck his colors at


244
(April 16,
THE DIAL
66
as
E. G. J.
the first broadside, and was towed into port a incidents of Nelson's career, and points out the
willing prize, to the mortification of his friends. chief influences which contributed to the forma-
How the amazing joint establishment latterly tion of his character. As the title implies,
set up at Merton appeared in “proper” En considerable space is devoted to Nelson's lead-
glish eyes is amusingly manifest in a letter of ing professional associates, whose portraits and
Lord Minto's (1802).
signatures in facsimile form an interesting fea-
“ I went to Lord Nelson's (Merton) on Saturday to ture of the volume. The work is not a mere
dinner, and returned to-day in the forenoon. The whole
panegyric. The author has, as he says, por-
establishment and way of life is such as to make me
angry as well as melancholy; but I cannot alter it, and
trayed his hero “as a man, with a man's pas-
I do not think myself obliged or at liberty to quarrel
sions and a man's weaknesses, but as a man of
with him for bis weakness, though nothing shall ever transcendent genius, endowed with that grand-
induce me to give the smallest countenance to Lady est attribute of genius, the capacity of taking
Hamilton. She looks ultimately to the chance of mar- infinite pains. As a Nelson Memorial, the
riage, as Sir William will not be long in her way, and
she probably indulges a hope that she may survive Lady
work is well equipped. There are a liberal
Nelson; in the meanwhile she
and Sir
William and the number of plates, comprising portraits, battle
whole set of them are living with him at his expense.* scenes, photographic views of Nelson monu-
She is in high looks, but more immense than ever. She
ments and trophies, views of Nelson's flagships,
goes on cramming Nelson with trowelfuls of flattery,
which he goes on taking as quietly as a child does pap.
etc. There is a striking frontispiece in colors,
The love she makes to him is not only ridiculous but representing the stern of the “ Victory” sur-
disgusting. Not only the rooms, but the whole house, rounded by the flags which indicated to the
staircase and all, are covered with nothing but pictures British sailors at Trafalgar the famous signal:
of her and him, of all sizes and sorts, and representa-
tions of his naval actions, coats of arms, pieces of plate duty.” The Appendix
contains a list of Nelson's
England expects that every man will do his
in his honor, the flagstaff of L'Orient, etc.— an excess
of vanity which counteracts its own purpose. If it was
titles and orders, a Nelson Chronology, and a
Lady Hamilton's house there might be a pretence for Nelson Bibliography. Professor Laughton is
it; but to make his own a mere looking-glass to view Lecturer on Naval History at the Greenwich
himself all day is bad taste.”
Naval College ; and his book is presumably
Captain Mahan’s book is easily one of the
authoritative so far it
goes.
notable ones of the year -- a finished and schol- .
arly production that must tend, like its prede-
cessors, to add materially to the solid repute of
American authorship abroad. It is sure of a
THE CLASSICS OF CRITICISM.*
warm reception in England especially, where
At the present day it is, in the world of let-
the need of such a really adequate, judicial, and ters, much as it was in Israel after Samson :
comprehensive life of the favorite national
every man does what is right in his own eyes.
hero has been long felt; and it deserves to be
Not only poets, but critics as well, are, if they
widely read in America. Captain Mahan has
desire to be, frankly subjective. Criticism tends
unquestionably taken his place with the little
to become a form of the lyric. If a man feel
group
of American historians whose books are
himself a prophet, his criticism becomes apo-
standard throughout the English - speaking calyptic; if he have a taste attuned to all
world; and his success is a matter of national beauty, his work becomes a sympathetic and
gratification. The volumes are handsomely and
often adulatory appreciation ; if he be worthy
suitably made up, and contain a good Index, a the privilege of being an American, he sees to
very full and serviceable table of contents, to- it that his criticism is democratic. Criticism
gether with an abundance of maps and plans to-day is as changeable as Proteus.
illustrative of the author's admirable descrip-
It was not always so. During the last cen-
tions of Nelson's sea-fights. The nineteen por- tury, criticism was not apocalyptic, democratic,
traits and plates in photogravure are well chosen appreciative: it was usually procrustean. There
and well made.
were certain RULES. These “ rules,” by which
Professor John Knox Laughton, who is the
our forefathers judged, were fondly conceived
author of an excellent short Life of Nelson,
to be set down in certain treatises on the Art
now produces a handsome memorial volume en-
of Poetry. Of these the chief were those of
titled “ Nelson and his Companions in Arms.' *AN ENGLISH PARAPHRASE OF HORACE's ART OF POETRY.
The work narrates succinctly the principal | By Abby Osborne Russell. New York: William R.Jenkins.
POPE's ESSAY ON CRITICISM. Edited, with Introduction
* An error. The complacent and gullible Sir William paid and Notes, by John Churton Collins, M.A. New York: The
half the housekeeping charges.
Macmillan Co.
:


1897.]
245
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66
Aristotle, Horace, Vida, and Boileau ; but we
;
view. Something certainly is gained by under-
may well add to them the “ Essay on Criticism” standing the ideas of Horace only, but not very
of Pope. All five have fallen from their un- much. Taken by themselves, without comment
questioned station; the critics of our day do or comparison, they have been forced into a
not much trouble their heads or their readers place for which they were never meant. Horace
with them. In this is both a gain and a loss. wrote his Epistle for a young Roman who had
No one of the five is an adequate treatise on it in mind to write a play. The older man
Poetry or the Art of Poetry ; but, on the other gave advice on the special topic : what more he
hand, each has a great deal that is of lasting added is of the nature of obiter dicta. It is a
value. Aristotle's “ Poetics” has lately been mistake to think that Horace sets down rules";
made accessible to all in Professor Butcher's in so far as the drama of his time is concerned,
edition. Professor Cooke's “The Art of Poe- he does give the conventions that had long ob-
try” gave us very conveniently Horace and tained; but otherwise he gives merely the
Boileau in the original and in translation, and friendly advice in writing that any older crafts-
has the advantage of including also poor old man might offer a junior. It was by an irony
“immortal Vida," who might otherwise be for- that he would himself hardly have appreciated
gotten. And now we have an English para- that his epistle became a treatise. We must
phrase of Horace, “ De Arte Poetica,” by Mrs. read Horace as Mr. Churton Collins enables us
A. O. Russell, and an edition of the “ Essay on to read Pope, with an eye always to the others.
Criticism," by Mr. J. Churton Collins.
Of all these five, Horace has really packed
There have been not few translations of the most sense into his work. Aristotle was a
the "De Arte Poetica," and Byron's " Hints wiser man, but not so much of a man of letters.
from Horace” may be called a paraphrase, Pope and Boileau were more cramped by tra-
although the noble author himself called it " an dition than Horace: note, for instance, what
allusion.” Mrs. Russell's paraphrase, however, Horace has to say on diction, on borrowing or
is of a different sort; it is a free prose transla- coining words, 11. 46–72. We have not got to
tion combined with a running explanation. a more sensible position to-day. Our books on
.
The ideas of the original are set forth in a rhetoric have harsh names for those who use a
simpler, more extended form.
So far as con-
French word now and then, or make up some
cerns the information to be had of the original, fresh form to suit themselves. The caution is
.
one has it here in a form that will be much doubtless good, but in itself it is not consistent
more comprehensible to the general reader than with the usage of the language which has always
most translations would be. In general one grown by just the processes which are now rep-
gets a good understanding of the substance of rehended. So it was with Horace: :
the poem, although in some cases (e. g., 11. 108-
“Quid autem
111, 128), Mrs. Russell has not given precisely
Caecilio Plaatoque dabit Romanus ademptum
Vergilio Varioque ?”
the correct idea. To the paraphrase is added a
useful collection of epigrammatic passages which
Or with Byron, who is generally amusing in his
6 Hints from Horace":
have become familiar. * Mr. Churton Collins's
“What Chaucer, Spencer did, we scarce refuse
volume is more conventional in its form
To Dryden's or to Pope's maturer muse.
annotated text with introduction — and more
If you can add a little, say why not
As well as William Pitt or Walter Scott ?"
scholarly in its accomplishment. It is thor-
oughly good, and will be useful far beyond the
Horace, in his position here, shows really more
field for which it is designed.
unconventional sense, more true knowledge of
Mrs. Russell is content with Horace. Her
the authority of words, and so, in a way, of
plan included no more than is indicated in her
poetry, than can be found in Boileau or Pope,
title. We think the work demands a wider
who never conceived such an idea at all.
Or, to take another matter, one on which the
* In this part of the book are a number of errors which, for
the benefit of possible users, it is worth while to correct. The
moderns also have had their say, the remark of
references to Nos. 7 and 15 are incorrect; they should be l. 365 Horace on the problem of style: “Difficile est
and l. 441 respectively. In Nos. 34 and 45 the references are proprie communia dicere."* " It is hard to
omitted ; they should be 476 and Nos. 32 and 25
-
an
need to his worden bericht in the poem precede thema: Le Noel • Mrs. Russell translates (p. 63), " To express commonplace
and 30 the order of the words is incorrect. There are some
errors or misprints ; nodis in No. 13, quae in No. 77. So also in
the text; Portius (p. 12), Ino (p. 21), Tyrteaus (p. 53), Mes-
sela (p. 50). Zeus (p. 46), does not accord well with Juno in
the next line : but perhaps this is only a touch of nature; the
two were proverbially ill-matched.
things with propriety." One can hardly imagine Horace's
making such a futile statement. It is not, and never was,
difficult to express commonplace things with propriety; on the
other hand, it is, unfortunately, just the thing that everybody
can do with ease. The translation on p. 22 does not miss the
point so widely, although proprie does not mean" acceptably."


246
(April 16,
THE DIAL
il -
erent.
speak of things that every body may speak of “Let such teach others who themselves excel,
in such a way as to make them your own.” It
And censure freely who have written well."
seems almost necessary to take the
But the quotation from Pliny seems to fix his
passage as
referring not merely to the working on material meaning.* Mr. Churton Collins has a good
*
already known as Shakespeare's plots, for
note on the passage, unfamiliar to us, from
instance), but with at least a thought of the
“Serjeant Maynard, who was fond of saying,
broader application to all artistic work. Pope,
• Felices essent artes, si nulli de eis judicarent
when he says:
nisi artifices.'” There is, however, the possi-
“True wit is nature to advantage dressed ;
bility of even an artist being prejudiced; and
What oft was thought, though ne'er so well expressed," if this be the case, he is generally much worse
does not say so much, because he does not really than any mere critic.
hit on the point of style. There is much of the
It would be delightful to go further in com-
difference between the eighteenth and the nine- parison; we are glad to have the two books
teenth centuries in the difference between “ to
now in hand for suggestion. But they leave
advantage” and our rendering of proprie, still an opportunity for anyone who knows the
the difference between classic and romantic development of critical ideas in the last two
style. Mr. Churton Collins, in his note on the hundred years to give us in a synoptic view the
passage, quotes Dryden's definition, “a pro- ideas of Aristotle, Horace, Vida, Boileau, Pope,
priety of thought and words ”; but by Dryden's with a good commentary. The classic tradition
time propriety" meant what it means to-day almost vanished in the flood of new critical
Pope's lines seem to be practically based on a thought which is marked for us by the names
passage in Boileau ; but the French critic, if
of Lessing, Goethe, Diderot, Coleridge. But
we may believe M. Brunetière, was keener than the right hand could point out to us many
the English poet. “Ou encore," says M. Brun- places in which the old ideas have come to the
etière, “ la pensée que tout le monde pourrait surface again.
,
avoir, ou doit même avoir eue comme nous, il
* Although in 11. 13, 14, he states something a little dif-
y a une manière de l'exprimer. fine, vive et nou-
velle' qui ne doit appartenir qu'à nous ; et
EDWARD E. HALE, JR.
c'est précisément à force d'art que nous la trou-
vons ; et c'est en quoi consiste pour Boileau la
véritable originalité.” I confess that I cannot
ONE OF THE FATHERS OF THE
see in the passage as much as does M. Brune-
CONSTITUTION.*
tière, but anyone can see how admirably the
It is in itself a title to distinction to a public
comment expresses the romantic spirit, although
man to have had so shrewd a judge of men as
perhaps not in its most modern form. If Boi.
Thomas Jefferson, a political opponent, say of
leau bad the Horatian thought, he kept his view
,
from Pope ; and so Pope impaired the vitality him: “That is Mr. Sherman of Connecticut, a
man who never said a foolish thing in his life.”
of English poetry for fifty years by his futile
Another and greater title is it to have formu-
“to advantage dressed,”and succeeded in teach-
lated and proposed the compromise principle of
ing " a school of dolts to smooth, inlay, and
double representation that made our Constitu-
clip, and fit," as the excited Keats has it.
Horace is very modern, we say; we can read
tion possible in the struggle between large and
small States. Therefore Mr. Lewis Henry
him nowadays with great comfort, with greater Boutell, a grandson of Roger Sherman, has
comfort than we can get from Pope. Not only done well in bringing before this generation
is Horace nearer to us in his ideas on language the well-nigh forgotten name of this one of the
and on style ; he understood criticism better
“ Fathers” who in his character and work is
than did Pope. Not as proof, but as illustra- typical of the best men of a century ago. He
tion, take the question as to the qualification of
has given a plain straightforward account, with-
the critic himself, in the art which he criticizes.
Horace, although really an old poet advising a
out the padding that so often swells the biog-
raphy of a minor character beyond all compar-
young one, says :
ison with his ability and influence. The reader
“Munus et officium, nil scribens ipse docebo."
Lord Byron paraphrases :
is supposed to be familiar with the history of
“Nor write at all, unless to teach the art
the times, and only Mr. Sherman's part is de-
To those rehearsing for the poet's part."
scribed. The account is adequate, yet the de-
Pope, however, has the somewhat ambiguous
* THE LIFE OF ROGER SHERMAN. By Lewis Henry Bou-
couplet :
tell. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.


1897.]
247
THE DIAL
mand on the reader's time and attention is not strenuous tests. His part in the framing of the
excessive.
Constitution was not like that of Madison and
Roger Sherman was entirely a self-taught Wilson, but rather like that of Franklin. Mr.
man. He sat on the shoemaker's bench till he | Boutell bases his grandfather's claim to a high
was twenty-two years old. But he had great place among the founders of the nation largely
thirst for knowledge, and, like many another upon his proposal of the Connecticut Com-
exemplar of our boyhood, kept his book open promise.
before him as he worked, and gained a consid- “ To Roger Sherman belongs the credit, not only of
erable fund of general knowledge in this way. introducing in the convention this compromise, which,
Going west-to western Connecticut-in 1743,
as we have seen, was in substance the plan proposed by
him eleven years before, but also of bearing the brunt
in two years he was a surveyor, and before he of the contest in its favor, through a long and severe
was thirty he was the owner of several hundred struggle, till it was finally adopted."
acres of land and a dwelling worth two thou- A younger contemporary, Theodore Sedgwick,
sand pounds. This great business ability was said:
freely devoted to the service of the community Roger Sherman was the man of the selectest wisdom
and the church. After the age of thirty he
that I ever knew. No law or part of law that Mr.
Sherman favored failed to be enacted."
was led to take up the study of law, which he
practiced only a few years, when he moved to Happy were the days when wisdom ruled among
New Haven and engaged in mercantile pur. lawmakers !
suits. After ten years of this, at the age of
Jeremiah Mason, who was often, when a law
fifty, he turned over his business to his sons, student, at Mr. Sherman's house, gives this
and devoted the remaining twenty years of his picture of the great man :
life entirely to the public service. Yale College,
“ His manners, without apparent arrogance, were
the city, the state, and the nation, all put their excessively reserved and aristocratic
. His habit was,
in his own house, when tea was served to company, to
burdens on his strong shoulders, and he never
walk down from his study into the room, take a seat
once shrank from the load.
and sip his tea, of which he seemed very fond, and then
It is astonishing to see how little the unde-
rise and walk out without speaking a word or taking
veloped democracy of that day realized its priv- he saw nobody, but wore his broad beaver pointing
any manner of notice of any individual. In the street
ileges. So far were they from making the
steadily to the horizon, and giving no idle nods."
offices go as far as possible in satisfying hun-
He was often called aristocratic for his peculiar
gry patriots by rapid rotation and the widest
distribution, that they did not seem even to be ards to a Revolutionary statesman, certain facts
manners, but if one might apply common stand-
hungry, and offices were actually heaped upon
a few and kept there indefinitely. Mr. Sher-
seem to indicate that he was not above posing
as a sage.
man's less than forty years of public life, if
Mr. Sherman was not an orator. He had but
measured by years of office, would number more
than seventy. It was not because he possessed question. In New Haven they said that when
few words, going directly to the heart of the
abilities of that commanding quality that we
he was interested in speaking his gesture was
call genius, that he was called to this long and
like that of a shoemaker drawing a thread. His
varied service. He had indeed great business
ardent admirer, John Adams, said :
ability - good sense to so high a degree that it
“Sherman's air is the reverse of grace; there cannot
might almost be called genius, an almost infal-
be a more striking contrast to beautiful action than the
lible judgment as to the practicable and expe- motion of his hands. Hogarth's genius could not bave
dient in any circumstances. He was a man of invented a motion more opposite to grace; it is stiffness
action rather than a man of thought. This he
and awkwardness itself, rigid as starched linen or buck-
showed in his notable service in the Constitu-
ram; awkward as a junior bachelor or a sophomore."
tional Convention of 1787. When the philoso- Yet Patrick Henry once said that the first men
phers, intent upon the adoption of their theories
in the Continental Congress were Washington,
and systems, had brought matters to a dead-
Richard Henry Lee, and Roger Sherman; and,
lock, it was the practical men who arranged the
later in life, that Roger Sherman and George
compromises, found a working basis of agree-
Mason were the greatest men he ever knew.
ment, and thus made possible a Constitution History hardly bears out this latter judgment,
that fully pleased nobody, but has proved its
but he must have been a strong man who could
excellence and their ability through a century's call it forth. CHARLES H. COOPER.
a
а


248
(April 16,
THE DIAL
>
>
a
>
-
This appreciative discussion of great themes is
THE MODERN “ ETHICAL MOVEMENT.”*
well illustrated in the chapters which deal in
Mr. W. L. Sheldon's book upon the modern helpful, because fresh and suggestive, fashion
“ Ethical Movement” will find many readers, with such topics as “ Being Religious," "Our
and will be helpful to those who occupy relig. Attitude to the Religious Beliefs of Others,"
ious positions far removed from his own. He the “Use of the word God," the “ Ethical
gives a frank, clear, and earnest description of Christ.” It is evident that a large majority are
the general ideas and methods of the movement not yet prepared to accept many things here
which roots in the Society for Ethical Culture advanced, but all will admit the fair spirit that
founded by Dr. Felix Adler in New York City pervades these statements, which the majority
about a score of years ago. But he does more than may well read and ponder. Upon “ Marriage,'
this : he illustrates how the spirit of this move- “ The Family," " Government,” and “ Private
ment deals with many practical and important Property,” there is earnest teaching that will
problems. The Ethical Movement represents, do much good,—wholesome words much needed
on the one hand, a wholesome reaction against in these unsettled times. We may
times. We may not approve
dogmas remote from human concerns and rites every sentiment, but the moral fervor is de-
that develope little more than a vague sense of lightful. This language has the impressiveness
mystery. On the other hand, it is a positive that inheres in a calm treatment that is never-
expression of those humane feelings which have theless tremendously earnest. The chapters on
so widely and powerfully expanded in recent the Value of Poetry " and the Methods for
years,— feelings that reach out manward in Spiritual Culture " contain many ideas both
,
pity over the sorrows of mankind, and in prompt fresh and helpful to all of us.
service for the progress and enrichment of hu- This is no place for a discussion of what
manity. Its leaders feel profoundly that sci- seems to many the fundamental weakness of
entific truth must be put to use under the au- the Ethical Movement, the hesitation in say-
thority of the Moral Ideal. The enthusiasts ing“God,” and the absence of worship and of
for the higher life of man mourn the spiritual hope. And yet there is no lack of reverence.
waste and lack of social fruitfulness within the One feels at times that it is the excess of rev-
churches, while they see that scientific discov- erence that leads these people to capitalize
ery alone can never be an adequate guide “Love” and “ Law," and hide their worship
through the perplexities of life. They hold under such terms as “ Spiritual Centre" and
that we can never get along without religion, “ Central Fact.” The reader feels that he is in
but religion must be enlarged on the side of contact with more piety than comes to expres-
moral sentiment. They hold, also, that we can sion. While following Mr. Sheldon through
never do without science, but the truth that it his intensely interesting chapter on the “Use
reveals must be put to use by ethical passion. of the word God,” one wonders how such a
All this is brought out clearly and forcibly man can keep his worship from finding expres-
by Mr. Sheldon in these thoughtful pages. sion in words. However, this Ethical Move-
The average religious reader will probably be ment is to be most cordially welcomed, even
surprised to find so much here with which he though it may stop short in some respects. It
can most heartily agree.
The author is more is itself probably a transition. It is surely not
conservative than many would expect him to be. an eclipse but a readjustment of faith. And
This book is free from both petty controversies some day the ethical sentiment here accumu-
and caustic criticism. It affirms vastly more
It affirms vastly more lating will break into worship and say
6 God”
than it denies. There is no dogmatic creed, but most heartily, not in forgetfulness of man, but
deep-rooted and far-spreading convictions. Its in joyous recognition of his divine sonship.
message sweeps on in jubilant affirmations that
JOSEPH HENRY CROOKER.
run into tenderest appreciation of the good in all
forms of religious symbolism and organization.
What we find here may not be our faith, but it is ROBERT H. VICKERS, who committed suicide in Chi-
a positive faith which commands and satisfies cago a few days ago, was a profound student in the histor-
a heart in touch with the mysteries that arch ical field, and the author of "A History of Bohemia" and
above and the humanities that spread around us.
“ The Martyrdoms of Literature.” His poem,“ America
Liberata,” was reviewed by us last year. He had been
* AN ETHICAL MOVEMENT. By W. L. Sheldon,
Lecturer occupied of late with a history of Spain, but we do not
of the Ethical Society of St. Louis. New York: The Mac- know what shape the work is left. Mr. Vickers was
a lawyer, and had reached the age of sixty-seven.
>
>
a
millan Co.


1897.]
249
THE DIAL
"
a
lions, in which the lions came off second best.
AN AMERICAN IN EAST AFRICA.*
He also narrates some stirring adventures with
Public attention has lately been attracted to rhinoceroses, which frequently charged his
Somaliland and the neighboring sections of party, and, he found, were as active as goats
Africa by the expedition of Mr. Astor Chan-
and as pugnacious as bulls.
dler, and also by that of Mr. D. G. Elliot of Mr. Smith's observations on men are in gen-
the Field Columbian Museum. In the book eral not of as much interest as those on animals,
now before us, " Through Unknown African
and his remarks for the most part deal with
Countries,” by Mr. A. Donaldson Smith of rather superficial matters.
rather superficial matters. In his statements
Philadelphia, we have an account of a success-
on savage religion he more than once shows
ful hunting, collecting, and exploring trip, great ignorance, as will be obvious to anyone
which extended as far as Lake Rudolf. The who will consider his brief references on pages
title of the book gives a somewhat exaggerated 176, 296, and 358. However, he makes two
idea of the author's performance, for only an very interesting observations which illustrate
extremely small part of the route lay over really wonderfully well the status of the very aged
unknown territory, though most of it was in and the very young in savagery.
little explored regions, upon which Mr. Smith's
“The Somalis are the best savages in Africa, but they
descriptions and maps have thrown much new have their little ways; and one is not to trouble about
light.
a woman after she gets old, whether she be a mother or
sister.
He first started by way of the southern bor-
So many of the poor old wretches are doomed
ders of Abyssinia, but was turned back by the
to wander about, picking berries, or begging, until they
die of gradual starvation, or are caught by lions or
warlike people of that country, and was com- hyenas. Almost continually there would be some of
pelled to make his journey by a more southern these old women following along the caravan, doing
route, where he forced his way, not without what work they could, bringing wood or water, for the
bloodshed, through several weak tribes. For
sake of a few bones our boys would throw them.”
this, he has been sharply criticised ; but on the The children are precocious and ingenious, as
whole he seems to have acted as wisely as pos- appears from an incident that occurred among
sible upon the principle, accepted by most the Ogaden fugitives from the Abyssinians,
African explorers, that if a savage tribe will which Mr. Smith relates as follows:
not allow you right of way, you must take it “ A little boy not over three years old amused me
with as little compulsion as necessary.
very much by begging for a little leather to make san-
While Mr. Smith's account is in many parts
dals for himself. On handing him a knife and some
ory, hide, the youngster set to work like an old shoe-
rather too desultory, rapid, and superficial to maker, cutting strips off the leather for laces, and fash-
be of the highest interest, and very rarely, ioning the sandals wonderfully well. One of the first
indeed, gives evidence of close and thoughtful things that strikes a stranger in Africa is the wonderful
study, yet several incidents are told in a quite rapidity with which children develope. Real childhood
is unknown, although manhood is never reached. The
entertaining way, notably his experiences with
little ones are thrown on their own resources at such an
Wal-da. Gubbra and with the Arbore. There early period that they quickly learn to act for them-
are also scattered throughout the work a num- selves in providing for the passing hour, and little more
than this is attained in after-life. Our little visitor said
ber of interesting observations on animals and
that he had no relatives in the country, and no one to
men ; for example, this remark on the roar of
look after him; but he coolly intimated that he was
a lion which he shot at a distance of a few
going to follow the caravan till it reached some large
feet:
village, where he could earn his living by minding goats
« I have heard it said that outside of menageries the
and sheep.”
lion's roar is not so thrilling as one might suppose; but We wish Mr. Smith had given us a clue to the
this is not the case. I have never in my life heard any-
fate of this youngster.
thing more magnificent or awe-inspiring than the roar
of a maddened lion. It makes every fiber of your body
Mr. Smith discovered a tribe of pygmies, the
a
tingle, especially when you hear it at such close quar- Dame, near Lake Stephanie, but he was unable
ters as I was at this time."
to make any thorough study of them.
On another occasion, while waiting at night for The literary style of this book, though fairly
lions, he found himself present at a fight be good, sometimes suffers from the careless use
tween a pack of some forty hyenas and three of English. The volume is fine, large, well-
* THROUGH UNKNOWN AFRICAN COUNTRIES. The First printed and well-illustrated, and contains scien-
Expedition from Somaliland to Lake Lamu. By A. Donald- tific appendices of value.
son Smith, M.D., F.R.G.S. Illustrated. New York: Edward
Arnold.
HIRAM M. STANLEY.


250
(April 16,
THE DIAL
-
When it is remembered that every theory the
EVOLUTION AS A POPULAR CREED.*
world has seen has been misused, has passed from
Every theory which is eventually accepted passes being the formulation of an advancing movement of
through certain common stages in its history. It thought to becoming a balwark of dogmatism, the
comes into existence first as the rough formulation dangers to the theory of evolution resulting from
of an advancing movement of thought; struggles its present popularity are obvious. No theory is
for recognition, while being constantly modified ; ever fully comprehended until it is outgrown. The
and finally wins its way to popular acceptance, as- vocabulary we develope to formulate our attitude
suming then a definite and crystallized form. When toward the world becomes a limiting form when
this last stage is reached, there is a tendency in accepted as complete and final, and we need to pass
those who accept it to rest back upon it, defend it out of it to attain fresh and strong insight into the
by argument, and support it by authority. Mean- truth of things. When any adventitious principle,
while the advancing line of investigation has often whether it be the authority of revelation or the
moved on elsewhere; it in turn formulates its work- method of induction, is accepted as an absolute test
ing hypothesis, and repeats the struggle with the of truth, it tends to destroy the openness to new
popular creed for recognition.
facts and ideas, and the constant positive activity of
A quarter of a century ago, evolution as a general the intellect, without which we cease to progress in
theory of the development of organic life was still the attainment of truth, and rapidly undergo intel-
struggling for its existence against accepted tradi- | lectual deterioration.
tion and authority. To-day it is taken for granted Hence, if we are to escape dogmatism a dog-
everywhere among scientists, while those who re- matism as paralyzing when clothed in the vocabu-
cently fought it plume themselves upon accepting it lary of science as when expressed through the no-
and applying it to new spheres — and even in some menclature of theology constant vigilance is
cases attempt to show that it is what always has necessary. We must struggle to take points of view
been believed. The controversies in the present widely different from our own. We must recognize
battle-ground of evolution are carried on quite the transitory character of every method of expres-
largely by metapbysical reasoning, on the basis of sion and every system of theory developed to form-
the accepted theory and the great names by which ulate the thought of some particular man or epoch.
it is supported. This has been particularly evident Perceiving the adventitious value which we inevit-
in the Spencer-Weissmann controversy. The appeal ably give to modern thought, we must seek to cor-
to what Darwin thought, and to what is regarded as rect the distorted perspective by endeavoring to
essential to the accepted theory, has been more fre- view the theory and terminology dominant among
quent than an effort to find the facts and to see in ourselves, from without as well as from within. As
an unbiased spirit their meaning.
action is everywhere the law of life and progress, 80
Those who formulated for us the evolutionary it is preěminently in the intellectual world. Con-
hypothesis were intellectual giants who studied rev- stant vigilance and unceasing effort are the price we
erently the world of nature, and told what they must always pay for the active appreciation of truth.
found. Among those who are now champions of The four books grouped for the present review
the theory are many men of small intellectual cali- emphasize in different ways these thoughts. The
bre, whose work is carried on in a spirit of blind first is a popular review of the progress of organic
reliance on the authority of science, in its theories life, and a discussion of the relation of evolution to
and its methods : a dependence on authority as dog- Christian thought; and is addressed to a body of
matic as any ever presented in the history of the- theological students. The second is a re-statement
ology. Emerson called attention to the fact that of the theory of evolution, and an attempt to show
the true followers of great teachers are not found that all its salient features are found in the historical
in their schools ; and there are many who
cry
- Dar- teaching of the Church; and is written by a Catholic
win, Darwin,” who are in no wise admitted into the priest for his peculiar audience. The third is a dif-
kingdom of science.
ficult presentation and discussion of evidence and
arguments in relation to questions on the border-
*THE WHENCE AND THE WHITHER OF MAN. A brief
history of his origin and development through conformity to
land of evolution; while the fourth is the record of
environment. Being the Morse Lectures for 1895. By John
the life and work of one of the most characteristic
M. Tyler, Professor of Biology, Amherst College. New York: figures among modern scientists.
Charles Scribner's Sons.
Professor Tyler's primary desire, in “ The
EVOLUTION AND DOGMA, By the Rev.J. A. Zahm, Ph.D.,
Whence and Whither of Man," is to show the har-
C.S.C., Professor of Physics in the University of Notre Dame.
Chicago : D. H. MoBride & Co.
mony of evolution with Protestant Christianity. The
THE PRIMARY FACTORS OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION. By great steps forward in the progress of organic life
E. D. Cope, Ph.D., Member of the U.S. National Academy are clearly and forcibly differentiated, and in so
of Sciences ; Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy
simple a way as to appeal to a popular audience.
in the University of Pennsylvania. Chicago : The Open Court
Publishing Co.
The philosophy of life is optimistic and pleasant,
THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF GEORGE JOHN ROMANES, M.A.,
but in no way profound. It should certainly en-
LL.D., F.R.S. Written and edited by his Wife. New York: courage (as it is obviously intended to do) young
Longmans, Green, & Co.
men who expect to enter the ministry, to go on with
a


1897.]
251
THE DIAL
a warm welcome for the great generalizations of thor has to say of monism and agnosticism is full
science, as helping rather than bindering their of invective; and he frequently shows his profession
chosen work. Still, it is the popular creed of evolu- by his inability to weigh quietly the value of these
tion which the book cordially welcomes; and it is different attitudes. Still, his protests against the
doubtful if the spirit it inculcates would save the vagaries of pseudo-science are valuable; and he sees
new generation, in its attitude toward struggling clearly the profound teleological implications of evo-
research, from the error of the theologians who met lution. He recognizes the fact that the dignity of
the first statement of Darwinism with vituperation the Divine Being is in no way compromised by re-
and menace. The author is careful to avoid any garding evolution as the method of creation ; and
possible classification of himself with Tyndall and says wisely that “ to say evolution is agnostic or
Huxley, and his attitude is well illustrated by the atheistic in tendency, if not in fact, is to betray a
fact that he finds it hard to avoid using “agnostic” lamentable ignorance of what it actually teaches "
as a term of reproach. The theory of evolution is (page 389). On the whole, the author succeeds in
stretched out of its ordinary shape in order to make showing that the general thought of evolution is not
it appear that the Bible teaches it (cf. pp. 8 and 9). incompatible with some of the views of the scholas-
The author's interpretation of the Bible is by the tics; but this is very far from his claim that all the
conventional method of hunting out texts that seem essential theory of evolution is in these scholastic
to fit his theory, and construing them apart from writings. One feels, in reading such a book, what
their context. Professor Tyler uses his language 80 a burden it is to be weighted down with a great
loosely as to increase the great teleological implica- mass of tradition and authority, with which one
tions of evolution to a questionable degree. The must make his science conform. At the same time
unscientific character of many of the arguments by one is impressed anew with the value of medieval
analogy is obscured by the biological terminology thought for our modern world, if we are not ham-
used. He succeeds in showing the vital relation of pered with a sense of it as authority.
higher human activities, especially religion and altru- The unsettled character of the problems of evo-
ism, to the great process of evolution, and also lution, and the wide differences of opinion which
makes it clear that these highest results are natural exist as to the relative importance of the separate
and inevitable, in conformity with the fundamental elements of the problem, are well illustrated in Dr.
laws of organic life.
Cope's “ Primary Factors of Organic Evolution.”
In Father Zahm's statement of evolution, in his Here, as everywhere else, the author's views are
work on “ Evolution and Dogma," and in his argu- very suggestive and stimulating, although seriously
ments in behalf of his more special thesis, he dis- hampered in effectiveness by an unnecessarily tech-
plays all the merits of logical scholastic training. nical nomenclature. This book consists of an ex-
He succeeds in making a stronger case than might pansion, extension, and attempted verification of
be anticipated for his fundamental claim that evo- the argument in the author's earlier work on the
lation is everywhere implied, or at least nowhere “Origin of the Fittest.” The chief thesis is that
excluded, in the orthodox teaching of the Catholic the larger part of variation is not accidental, but pur-
Church. The deeper we study into the writings of posive, being along the lines of extension or limita-
the great fathers of Christian theology, the more we tion of organ and function through acceleration or
realize how many of the ideas which seem to us pe- retardation of growth. In this work, as in the earlier
culiar to these latter days were present in the brood- one, it is often difficult to perceive a real meaning
ing thought of that fermenting epoch. Yet Father behind the terms used. Romanes is quoted as say-
Zahm fails to distinguish in importance between the ing of the American Neo-Lamarckians, that “they
vague notion of evolution, present or implied, in do not distinguish between the statement of facts in
phases of ancient and medieval thought, and the terms of a proposition and an explanation of them
definite formulation of hypotheses and methods as in terms of causality." Although the author holds
a working basis of science. The fact is, evolution as this charge to be now unwarranted, a careful read-
a theory of the development of adaptations in living ing of his present work deepens the impression that
organisms would never have come into being through Romanes's criticism is a fair statement of the case.
a study of St. Augustine and St. Thomas. The The confusion mentioned is made more possible by
arguments by which Father Zahm tries to establish the use of so difficult a terminology. The facts on
the presence of the evolutionary theory in medieval which the arguments of the present work are based
philosophy and theology are interesting, but of small are drawn chiefly from paleontology; and the author
value. By isolating and interpreting passages apart succeeds in making a very strong case in defense of
from their context, and giving the same weight to the significance of Lamarckian factors. The book
what is implied and what is made explicit, it is pos- is a healthy antidute to Weissmann's metaphysics,
sible to derive almost any theory from almost any and seems at least to show how unsettled are all the
authority. It is such methods of interpretation that problems on the borderland of evolution. Anyone
are here used. As the spirit of the work is that of who will take the pains necessary to understand the
the special pleader rather than the investigating author's meaning must find the work peculiarly
scientist, it is not surprising to find Haeckel and virile in opening up new chains of reflection. In
others called by many hard names.
What the au- addition to an immense amount of work in observ.
a


252
[April 16,
THE DIAL
ing and gathering together scientific data, the author background of deep personal affection, too sacred
possesses an unusual ability to perceive the philo- to be superficially displayed. The character pre-
sophical implications of biological facts. Such dis- sented in this book is most admirable. Generous,
cussions as that regarding the parallelism between chivalrous, open-hearted, sincerely and enthusiast-
heredity and conscious memory, or that concerning ically devoted to truth, yet finely sensitive to friend-
the “ Energy of Evolution,” as characteristic of ship and to those arts which give a higher beauty
organic life alone, serve to show the depth of philo- to human life, the personal character of Romanes
sophic reflection in the work. One feels occasionally is in every way inspiring and helpful. His life in
the absence of that wholly impersonal spirit of the main was remarkably even ; in personal asso-
investigation and discussion which it would seem ciations, in education, in activities, unperturbed by
should naturally be present in all science, but which tides of struggle and storms of misadjustment. The
is unfortunately often wanting in the scientist as positive struggle of his life centres in the develop-
elsewhere in the world of thought. The work ment of his religious faith. Early accepting the
focuses in interest upon the author's theory of con- frank agnosticism of the average scientific worker,
sciousness. He questions whether consciousness, the philosophical and reflective character of his mind
instead of being a last result of the unconscious pro- made it impossible for him lightly to set aside ulti-
cesses of mind, be not rather a fundamental quality mate problems, as is easy for many experimentalists.
of protoplasm. If this be true, all organic functions The philosophic implications in all of his experi-
must be regarded as having been at first conscious, mental work were of the deepest interest to him; .
and only having become unconscious with long- and he followed every point of view which he ac-
continued use. This view is obviously revolutionary, cepted out to its speculative conclusion.
making consciousness, instead of an insignificant always a disciple of the religion of truth. The ear-
result, a positive and fundamental cause throughout nest desire to test all things, and hold fast to noth-
the
process of biological evolution, as it certainly is ing, however dear to him, which would not bear the
in the higher human life. There is much to be most rigid investigation, dominated him throughout
said in defense of this view, and it is in any case his life. He admitted frankly, while accepting it,
extremely suggestive. It is strange how the auto- that “naturalism ” was an utterly hopeless doctrine,
matic theory of animal action has survived in shapes and never attempted to cheat himself or others into
parallel to that given it by Descartes ; while every believing it otherwise. Stricken down with a mor-
step of our modern biological investigation has tal illness at the very height of his activity, with his
shown more certainly the unity of the laws acting largest plans of work but partly carried out, the last
throughout the organic world. Professor Cope's
Professor Cope's years of his life were spent in an unavailing struggle
main contention, that evolutionary theories hitherto to regain health, with alternating periods of hope
have been occupied with explanations of the process ful work and enforced idleness. In this period of
of development, and have given no solution to the his life he works back to an earnest and essentially
problem of the positive causes of evolution, is un- Christian faith. This seems to have been no sudden
questionably just. The only points at which we are conversion, but the cumulative result of a long pro-
skeptical are: whether anywhere in science the cess of development. It is this change in his intel-
human intellect has shown itself capable of under- lectual attitude which gives deepest interest to his
standing more than the process, while ultimate causes life. Many different views are possible as to its
remain unknown; and whether Cope's theories, significance. Those who have one cause to uphold
freed from their technical vocabulary come nearer may regard it as the inevitable return to the true
than others to an explanation of the ultimate causes faith which is coming in all modern science. Their
of evolution.
opponents may look upon it as a weak falling away
Romanes's “Life and Letters” appeals to two from the courageous attitude of Romanes's man-
distinct types of readers. The constant discussion hood, due to his physical breakdown. Yet do not
of technical questions in letters to and from his both of these views miss the essential point in the
fellow-workers gives the book an interest for the problem? The generalizations of modern biological
scientist who studies the questions upon which Ro- science, the laws of the struggle for existence and
manes spent his life. On the other hand, the inter- survival of the fittest, are preëminently a gospel of
esting story of the development of a man, focusing success; and they are particularly a gospel for the
as it does upon the religious problem peculiar to our successful. Christianity in all its characteristic
time, gives the book a value for all who care to un- phases has always been a gospel for the weak and
derstand the deeper problems of living. The work heavy-laden, for those who have failed in the outer
consists so largely of Romanes's letters that it is struggle of life. One's attitude toward life is always
really autobiographical. Mrs. Romanes has done more or less dependent upon one's personal experi-
her work as editor very skilfully, adding only the ence; and it is questionable whether a philosophy
thread of narrative necessary to the unity of the of life that is drawn from an easily achieved suc-
work and the understanding of the letters. Her cess is as interpretative of the love, tenderness, and
admirable taste and restraint are deserving of all infinite compassion and self-sacrifice of the higher
praise. The brief narrative is remarkably grave human nature, as one drawn from a wider range of
and impersonal, and yet one is made to feel the experience, involving the struggle and sorrow, often
9


1897.]
253
THE DIAL
unavailing, which characterize so wide an area of from the garrets in which “ the poor fellows sat
human existence. There is a gospel of failure as abject, and the park seats where they too often
well as a gospel of success. The mystery of life is passed the night.” When the terror of absolute
not easily to be set aside by cheap theories and failure passed away, it was only to leave her in
smart sayings; and the experiences which unseal apprehension as to the possible value of those slight
one's spiritual vision to the deeper truths in human matters which she had herself helped by her recol-
life may perhaps be regarded as the “divine min. lections of older days. She could hardly believe
istry of sorrow.' In the presence of such deeper that “Auld Licht Idylls” were read with pleasure
phases of human experience the popular creed of in London; she could not help thinking “ the Lon-
evolution, like all other popular creeds, seems peurile. don editor a fine fellow, but slightly soft." Then,
,
Browning's “ Abt Vogler” sings with daring pride: when success was assured, there came a worse trial.
"Sorrow is hard to bear, and doubt is slow to clear,
There was the awful jealousy of those who were
Each sufferer says his say, his scheme of the weal and woe:
held greater than her son ; and, more awful still, the
But God has a few of us whom he whispers in the ear;
The rest may reason and welcome; 't is we musicians know."
temptation to think that there might be something
in the idea. The novels of Stevenson were both a
If we understand by“ musicians” those who through delight and a torment. Finally came the confident
the deeps of personal experience have entered into
& positive appreciation of the spiritual harmony of happiness in her son's assured work, and the ill-
the universe, the justness of Abt Vogler's claim is
concealed pleasure at seeing how much of it she had
herself inspired. The heroines in those beloved
evident. We “appreciate ” much that we never
understand. The human love, the beauty and truth
stories, they were a constant source of joy to her;
that answer the strivings of our nature are never
in them, more than any other possibility, did she
see how much she was to her son, and to such a
fully comprehended by the understanding. Life
continually transcends our logic; and any theory
mother not much more is needed. There must be
which ignores simple facts of universal human expe-
many who have brought their first work to that
rience is a creed to be amended or discarded. After
critic so competent to judge impartially the fruit of
one's labors. But not very many have there been
all has been said, it remains true that the love which
would sacrifice itself infinitely and forever for the
in whom the relation has been productive of so much.
loved one, the hunger after absolute justice, the de-
“ Margaret Ogilvy” is not a mere account of Mrs.
votion to ideals which makes “the passing shadow”
Barrie's relation to the world of letters, but that
of Time serve our will, the need to find a permanent
especial part of it must appeal first to the man who
to give meaning to the otherwise irrational process
writes. If our sympathy with the rest be not quite
of change which is the universe, are facts of the
so keen, it is not so much against it. One hardly
needs to commend the book ; in it Mr. Barrie is on
higher human life, as real as any others in the world.
a high level in more senses than one. The elements
Somehow in the great process of evolution these
of interest we have, in a measure, met with before;
facts have come to be, and any theory of the world
which ignores or fails to interpret them has not said
but the great difference is that here we have fact
the last word about the mystery of existence, how-
instead of fiction. In some eyes that is an advan-
ever arrogantly it may be championed. In the
tage. The fact is, as far as criticism is concerned,
presence of such a creed it is the part of wisdom to
that if “ Margaret Ogilvy" were fiction it would be
“Cleave ever to the sunnier side of doubt,
a far greater achievement even than it is. Just
And cling to Faith beyond the forms of Faith,”-
because it is truth, however, it ceases, one might
to trust life and the revelations of experience, rather
almost say, to be an achievement at all; and be-
than an inadequate theory of life.
comes something better to those who enjoy it, as
doubtless it was to the author.
EDWARD HOWARD GRIGGS.
The contrast in spirit and method
An irruption
of psychology.
between American psychology of to-
day and that of thirty years ago is
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
brought forcibly to our attention by Mr. John
Mr. Barrio's
Even the most severe reviewer should Douglas Sterrett's “ Power of Thought” (Scribner).
memoirs of be mollified by Mr. Barrie's memoir The thesis which the author presents may be stated
his mother.
of his mother, “ Margaret Ogilvy ” as follows: Thought is the controlling power in the
(Scribner). He may not care for it all, but whoever world of human activity. The idea of an action
has been once seized with the fever for literature deliberately selected from a number of competitors
will surely be hard-hearted if he read entirely un- is the only discoverable cause of the more important
moved this story of a man of letters and his mother. forms of conduct. But thought announces itself as
This mother sympathized with her son's ambition, an activity independent of the brain and in every
as other mothers have sympathized: who that has respect free from the control of the laws of the ma-
written does not recollect that kindly listener? She terial universe. The attempt to cast discredit upon
was proud of him, proud but fearful. He must go this testimony of self-consciousness by resolving
up to London where there was a field for young men thought into sensation is doomed to failure, for
of letters ; she acquiesced, but shrank with terror I thought is not sensation but simply works with it as
"
à


254
(April 16,
THE DIAL
with a given material. Man, then, the thinker, is a position. Geometry was brought from Egypt to
free agent; which was the point to be proved. Most Greece by Thales (about 675 B. C.), was developed
of these propositions are worthy of serious consider by the Pythagoreans, and culminated in the Ele
ation, and at least one- that which affirms the inti- ments of Euclid (300 B. C.), who remained for two
mate relation between thought and the resultant thousand years the acknowledged master of the
bodily movements—represents an assured result of science, and whose powerful influence has not yet
psychological research. This is the only claim which been fully superseded. Trigonometry originated
the book has upon the attention of serious students with Hipparchus, the chief of ancient astrono-
of to-day. The argument recalls all that was worst mers, who lived about 150 B. C. In tracing the
in the American text-books of psychology and ethics early progress of these sciences, the marvel appears
of a generation ago, with none of their redeeming that the world should have been so long in discov- .
features. Platitude alternates with an incoherence ering those concepts which we now recognize as
that often degenerates into pure nonsense ; impas- necessary and fundamental. Thus, in numbers, the
sioned assertion is mistaken for evidence ; complete use of the zero and the principle of local values
assurance is exhibited in the criticism of views the were not known until they were discovered by the
force and even nature of which the author does not Hindus as late as the sixth century A. D., and were
in the least comprehend. Such ignorance is all the not introduced into Europe until the twelfth cen-
more wonderful because the author informs us that tury. Not until 1585 was the use of the decimal
his “whole life has been one unending, impetuous, point indicated by Stevin of Belgium, and then
uncrushable, and consciously thoughtful (personal imperfectly. With others, the present author notes
and responsible) irruption upon the kingdoms of the mathematical misfortune that man developed
matter and mind." The saving element of the book only five fingers on each hand, when he should have
”
is its unconscious humor. The patronizing air with had six; therefore he has learned to count by tens
which the “scientist” and the “ logician” with their rather than by twelves, and hence has a decimal
“dusky prattle” are shown the error of their ways, rather than a duodecimal notation. As it is, twelve
the sublime confidence with which the development appears in the dozen, and in months, pence, inches,
of the infant mind is sketched with material drawn and ounces; and it submits to division by prime
solely from the imagination, and an estimate of the factors more than does any other number less than
reasoning powers of animals is offered on a basis of sixty. For its historical facts and its suggestiveness,
two anecdotes—one a story of “those halcyon days this work should be read carefully by all students
[when he companioned with an intelligent cur," and teachers of mathematics. Too much stress can
all this and much else is delightful beyond descrip- hardly be laid upon the fact that mathematics is an
tion, and can only be equalled by the best passages active stimulant to the powers of observation. Noth-
from Diedrich Knickerbocker’s “ History of New ing avails so much to the mathematical student as a
York.” Some of the descriptions and definitions clear understanding of the theme offered for discus-
deserve to become classic. A sensation is declared sion, with an intelligent power to interpret results.
.
to be “a mode of brain (which] swims into the The mathematical idiom invites the most careful
mind's presence, giving the latter an opportunity linguistic scrutiny, while all linguistic study will be
instantly to lay hold of an object lodged in the sen- sharpened by the clear precision of mathematical
sorium.” We have no space for further quotation, acumen.
but perhaps enough has been said to convince the
reader that in the words of our author " such lavish
Sir William Wilson Hunter's book
An interesting
blundering,” even if “not very instructive, may be
“ The Thackerays in India" (Henry
tho Thackerays.
a trifle picturesque.”
Frowde) wins attention by the
charmed name on its bandsome covers. Our Thack-
The history of
Professor Florian Cajori's “ History eray, however, left India when he was only six years
,
elementary of Elementary Mathematics" (Mac old, and consequently it is with the earlier genera-
mathematics.
millan) is evidently the product of tions of Thackerays that the volume deals chiefly.
)
wide and scholarly research. It traces the streams of The first Thackeray in India went there in 1766, a
mathematical science, if not to their original springs, lad of seventeen, to accept a Writership in the East
to sources far remote in the history of man. The India Company's service. Like his celebrated grand-
germs of arithmetic, algebra, and geometry appear son, he bore the favorite combination of family
in Egyptian hieroglyphics that were carved in stone names — William Makepeace. Four of his sons, and
four thousand, perhaps five thousand, years ago. at least fourteen of his descendants and collaterals,
Later, both arithmetic and algebra were developed followed the same profession, and those who are
by the Hindus, from whom they came to Europe curious in the study of heredity may learn much
through Arabic channels. The word algebra does that is interesting about the Thackeray family tree.
not, as we have supposed, point to Gebir, a Spanish | But after all, the romantic strain seems to have come
Moor, but appeared two hundred years before his through the ancestry of the grandmother (Amelia
time in the title of a treatise called “ Aldschebr Richmond-Webb); and the greatest single influence
Walmukabela." The first word meant " restora- of the novelist's life-work was his mother, Anne
tion,” and pointed to the artifice now called trans- Beecher. She it was who furnished the inspiration
volume on


1897.]
255
THE DIAL
“
a
& .
for his fine tributes to woman; and from his own Job,” Goethe's “ Faust,” Shakespeare's “Hamlet,”
experience he drew such paragraphs as these : “A and “El Magico Prodigioso" of Calderon. These
good woman is the loveliest flower that blooms un- masterpieces are interpreted with special reference
der heaven, and we look with love and wonder upon to the play of skeptical thought upon the deep prob-
its silent grace, its pure fragrance, its delicate bloom lems of life, which they all in different ways exhibit.
of beauty.
Lucky is he in life who knows a few Here is something more than literary criticism ; and
such women! A kind providence of Heaven it was yet all students of literature will find profit from
that sent us such, and gave us to admire that touching these pages, which open up new points of view and
and wonderful spectacle of innocence and love and make familiar subjects freshly interesting by fram-
beauty." Thackeray was an only child; the same ing them in the large horizon of universal history.
gentle eyes that filled with joy when he was born, Here, too, is something quite different from ordin-
wept with sorrow when he was laid under the sod; ary theological discussion; and yet no student of
and on the first anniversary of his death, she fol- religion can afford to ignore these rich materials of
lowed him to her own grave. She is immortal in prophecy, so unconventional, but so genuine and so
the immortality of the manliest and tenderest man stimulating. Every earnest student of the great
of letters of our age.
Sir William's volume is an problems of human thought will find himself en-
interesting one, and a valuable addition to literary riched by this contribution, and will turn from its
history.
perusal with a deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Owen
Mr. George Meredith's “ Essay on
for a treatise abundant in information, prolific in
George Meredith
Comedy and the Uses of the Comic suggestions, ennobling in character, fearless in spirit,
on Comedy.
Spirit” was written twenty years ago,
reverent in temper, and everywhere broadly human.
and delivered as a lecture before the London Insti- Specialists will probably qualify some of his state-
tution. Published now in a small and attractive ments and even combat some of his conclusions ;
volume by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons, it will though the most censorious will surely commend
command a large audience as the utterance of one of
his noble sobriety of tone and breadth of learning.
the greatest living masters of English fiction. Read-
ers of “The Egoist ” are familiar, in a general Retrospections of Retrospect” (Macmillan) is mainly
Mr. Charles A. Cooper's “ Editor's
way, with Mr. Meredith’s conception of the place of
the story of the fifty years' profes-
comedy in a civilization. In the present work he
sional life of a distinguished British journalist, some-
asserts positively that there never will be civilization
what in the vein of Mr. G. A. Sala's reminiscences.
where comedy is not possible ; that comedy comes
Mr. Cooper is editor of "The Scotsman," and he
only from some degree of social equality of the
sexes, and that it is for cultivated women to recog-
devotes some informing chapters to the history of
that excellent politico-literary sheet. The paper, it
nize that the Comic Muse is one of their best friends.
may be remembered, was founded in 1817 to secure
An interesting distinction is made between comedy
a hearing for the long-smothered protests against
and the other powers that produce laughter: differ-
the oppression of Scotch Toryism - a Toryism then
-
ing from satire in not driving sharply into the quiv-
more high-handed and unbending than that of En-
ering sensibilities, from irony in not stinging under
a half-caress, from humor in having a narrower
gland. In the adoption of such devices of modern
scope
the humorist of high order having an em-
newspaper enterprise as the special wire, the special
train, etc., the Edinburgh journal seems to have led
brace of contrasts beyond the scope of the comic
the way, and London followed. Unlike most vet-
poet. According to Mr. Meredith, a good test of
erans, Mr. Cooper is not disposed to glorify the past
an individual's capacity for comic perception is
at the cost of the present. He does not look back
found when he is able to detect the ridicule of them
upon a golden age of journalism, - rather, he looks
he loves, without loving them less; and more, by
forward for one. Journalism, he thinks,“ was never
being able to see himself somewhat ridiculous in
80 good as it is now; and it will be better. There
dear eyes, and accepting the correction their image
are more able men engaged in newspapers now than
of him proposes.
there were in the wooden press days.” One may
The wide learning and tireless re-
Great
easily agree with Mr. Cooper as to the ability, the
skeptical search of the Rev. John Owen (an keenness, the exceeding facility (too often “fatal ")
(
dramas.
English clergyman) were combined of current journalism. Would that its morals bad
with a character of rare simplicity and a gracious kept pace with its wits! Mr. Cooper's narrative is
spirit. He was as fearless in his rationalism as he freely sprinkled with anecdotes of London and Ed-
was tender and earnest in his reverence. His mind inburgh notabilities, and there is an amusing chap-
was as free as his heart was devout. The last pro- ter or so of angling recollections. Among the lat-
duct of his hospitable and far-ranging mind, com- ter are some notes on the peculiarities of the High-
pleted shortly before his death, has been issued in land “ghillie,” notably his liking for whisky. One
a substantial volume from the Putnam press. In morning at the locks Mr. Cooper overheard a dispute
this work he makes a comparative study of “ The between the ghillies outside his window as to the
Five Great Skeptical Dramas of History”- the merits of their respective “shentlemen.” The voice
“ Prometheus Vinctus" of Æschylus, the “ Book of of his own man soon rose high and triumphant over
9
>


256
[April 16,
THE DIAL
the rest : “You call your man a shentleman? Him! of the last twenty years is the most useful portion
Look at his flask! Look at my shentleman's flask! of the book, in which we get a good account of the
I could get drunk every night if I liked !” There recent difficulties and the present conditions of this
was no reply. The size of Mr. Cooper's flask was in many ways unfortunate country. The publishers
conclusive.
have provided twenty-four excellent portraits, which
In August, 1895, at Cromer, England, add interest and value to the book.
The life of an
African explorer.
there passed away a young man who,
although in his thirty-seventh year,
was perhaps the greatest African explorer of our
BRIEFER MENTION.
century. Joseph Thomson made no less than five
distinct expeditions, one in Northwest Africa, one in
Mr. James Lowry Whittle's “Grover Cleveland'
(Warne) is a volume in the “ Public Men of To-day"
West Africa, one in South Africa, and three in East
Africa, all successful in throwing light on the geol- series, the object of which is to present “ a study of the
career of some conspicuous personage in each nation-
ogy and geography of these sections. He published ality.” The choice of Mr. Cleveland as the representative
his results in various papers and books, of which the American for the purpose for which this series is designed
best known and most notable is “Through Masai- is hardly open to question, for, as the author
says,
«in the
Land.” His brother, the Rev. J. B. Thomson, has case of the United States of America, there is no one now
written his biography, "Joseph Thomson, African alive who has played so important a part, and who, at the
Explorer” (imported by Charles Scribner's Sons), same time, possesses so distinct a personality as Grover
in a pleasant and interesting way, though of course
Cleveland." Mr. Whittle is an Englishman, but he has
from a very sympathetic point of view. In fact, given us the best study of our late President that has
yet been written, and impresses the reader as being at
the work savors almost too much of the spirit of an
all essential points well-informed and sound in judg-
In Memoriam to be a biography in the largest and
ment. The book was completed just before the election
best sense of the term. Selections from Thomson's
of last November.
letters constitute the most important part of this Mr. Woodrow Wilson has become known of late years
volume, and they are often of interest as throwing to readers of the better magazines as one of the most
light both on himself and on the men with whom he graceful and stimulating of our serious American essay-
came in contact. Thus, he remarks of Cecil Rhodes : ists. A volume now made up of these contributions to
“ His education is that of the mining-camp grafted
the periodical press is called “Mere Literature and
on a university training, and he consequently often
Other Essays" (Houghton), and includes seven familiar
expresses himself and acts in a manner calculated
numbers, together with an essay on Burke here printed
for the first time. It is as great a pleasure to read these
to shock people at home, accustomed to the refined
essays the second time as it was the first, and a marked
statesman full of suave language. How can you at
satisfaction to have them thus brought together within
home appreciate the character of a premier who
a single set of covers.
delights to hang about a club bar, drinking whiskies
Some excellent biographical writing is to be found in
and sodas, while with a word here and there be- Prof. W. P. Trent's volume on “ Southern Statesmen of
tween he settles the affairs of a country half the the Old Régime,” which forms a number in Messrs.
size of Europe ? He would be an impossible per- T. Y. Crowell & Co.'s “ Library of Economics and Pol-
son in England; but for South Africa he is simply
itics.” The substance of the book is a series of popular
the ideal man, and throughout the length and
lectures delivered by Professor Trent at the University
breadth of the country he is recognized as such."
of Wisconsin last year; the subjects range from Wash-
ington to Davis, and the treatment is sympathetic and
The present work has a number of good maps, and
independent. The book is illustrated with portraits,
some rather indifferent illustrations.
but lacks an index.
Mrs. E. W. Latimer has added to ber Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons now publish the novels
Italy in the
series of contemporaneous history a
of Mr. Harold Frederic in a new and uniform five-
19th century.
volume edition. The set includes “ The Damnation of
volume on “ Italy in the Nineteenth
Theron Ware,” “The Lawton Girl," "Seth's Brother's
Century” (McClurg). It is history made easy for
both writer and reader, being largely historical gos-
Wife," “In the Valley,” and “In the Sixties.” To the
latter volume, which seems to come first in the series,
sip gathered about an outline of facts that is none Mr. Frederic contributes an interesting preface, telling
too clear. The author's historical judgments and how he came to be a novelist, and throwing some inter-
many of her facts are those generally current, rather esting side-lights upon his literary career.
than the results of profound study of the sources. The series of “ Handbooks of English Literature"
It is to be said, however, that in the other volumes (Macmillan), edited by Professor Hales, now includes,
of the series, if not in this, the author modestly dis-
besides Dr. Garnett's “The Age of Dryden "and Mr.
claims profound scholarship, her aim being to bring
Dennis's “ The Age of Pope," a third volume by Pro-
together an interesting tale for him that reads as he
fessor C. H. Herford, entitled “The Age of Words-
worth.” When the five additional volumes already
In this she succeeds, though not so well in
announced shall have been written, we shall have in the
this volume as in some of the others. Her personal
series as a whole a practically continuous history of
experiences and observation have not served her as
English literature. Mr. Herford's contribution to this
well
, and the subject is more difficult in itself to work covers the period from the publication of the
give unity of interest. The account of the history ! « Lyrical Ballads" (1798) to the first appearance of Ten-
à
"
)
runs.


1897.]
257
THE DIAL
a
nyson (1830). It is as good a condensed treatment of phrase has been scrutinized anew in the interests of
the period as has yet been made; the style and the phi- both compactness and felicity of expression.
losophical breadth of view displayed by the writer leave Mr. T. Bailey Saunders has added a new volume (the
little to be desired, while the soundness of his judgment seventh) to his series of translations from the miscel-
gives a high critical value to the work.
laneous writings of Schopenhauer (Macmillan). “On
“ The College Year-Book and Athletic Record for the Human Nature" is the title of this selection, and the
Academic Year 1896–97," compiled by Mr. Edward contents are drawn from the chapters entitled “ Zur
Emerson, Jr., and published by Messrs. Stone & Kim- Ethik” and “ Zur Rechtslehre und Politik.” Among the
ball, is a sort of American “ Minerva,” and we are very subjects discussed are government, character, moral
thankful that the work has been undertaken. The instinct, and the problem of determinism. It need not
greater part of the nearly six hundred pages is devoted be said that the thought is both weighty and suggestive;
to descriptions and faculty lists of the American institu- there are no lees in Schopenhauer's cask, for he never
tions that confer degrees, the arrangement being alpha- wrote for the mere sake of writing, but always because
betical. Such subjects as fraternities, colors, yells, and he had something definite and important to say.
college publications, as well as the athletic record of the
Messrs. Allyn & Bacon send us the eighth edition of
year, are compactly given in the closing sections. There Professor F. W. Kelsey's school text of Cæsar's “Gallio
are mistakes, of course, as was inevitable in the first
War.” The text is now printed with indicated quanti-
issue of such a work, but we are not disposed to dwell ties, and in other respects also exhibits improvements
upon them, so creditable is the general plan, and so vast over the form in which it first appeared about ten years
the amount of information afforded.
ago. From Messrs. Ginn & Co. we have Book IX.
In “The Argentaurum Papers,” Number 1, “ Con- of the “ Æneid,” edited by Mr. E. H. Cutler; and a
cerning Gravitation ” (Plain Citizen Publishing Co., New volume of “ Easy Latin for Sight Reading,” edited by
York) the author, Mr. Stephen H. Emmens, the well- Mr. B. L. D'Ooge. Messrs. Leach, Shewell & Sanborn
known inventor of the high explosive, emmensite, ad- publish a “New Latin Composition,” by Mr. M. G.
vances some novel, and indeed startling, propositions in Daniell; and a “Greek and Roman Mythology," by Pro-
science. He starts out with an extended mathematical fessors K. P. Harrington and Herbert C. Tolman.
discussion of some of the fundamental propositions in Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. publish “A Primer of
Newton's Principia, pointing out what he regards as French Pronunciation,” by Dr. John E. Matzke; Bal-
Newton's mistakes, which have misled all subsequent zac's “ Le Curé de Tours, and Other Stories,” edited by
mathematicians and physicists. Out of his corrections Professor F. M. Warren; and George Sand's “ La Mare
he developes a new theory of gravitation, leading to au Diable,” edited by Professor E. S. Joynes. Messrs.
the conclusion, taking into account also centrifugal mo- Ginn & Co. publish “ Napoléon," a volume of extracts
tion, that the earth is a comparatively hollow shell of from the best writers upon the Napoleonic period, ed.
unequal thickness. He further proceeds to the follow- ited by Professor Alcée Fortier, who links the extracts
ing revolutionary generalizations, which we give in his by means of his own narrative. The same editor has
own words: “We are thus led to the great generaliza- prepared Molière's “ Les Femmes Savantes” for Messrs.
tion that Space is Energy." “Gravitation is caused by D. C. Heath & Co., and the book appears in their well-
Energy being more abundantly present in Matter occu- known “ Modern Language " series.
pied space than in other regions." The author, who is In “ An Old English Grammar and Exercise Book”
evidently a man of profound convictions, seems through- (Allyn & Bacon), Dr. C. A. Smith of the Louisiana
out especially solicitous as to how his work will be State University gives a clear and accurate statement
received. But if he is possessed of the true scien- of the elementary principles of Anglo-Saxon. Phonology
tific spirit, he can rest in serenity, now that his book is is simply but not extensively treated, but the chaptors
given to the world; well knowing that, while error is on etymology and syntax are full and well supplied with
certain to fail, the truth, as certainly, will ultimately exercises of a practical character. The etymological
prevail.
hints in the vocabularies and the English exercises for
Professor F. H. Storer's “ Agriculture in some of Its translation into Anglo-Saxon are valuable features of tho
Relations with Chemistry is published by Messrs. book. The reading selections are possibly not quite full
Charles Scribner's Sons in a new “Seventh edition,” enough. The work will be useful especially to teachors
revised and enlarged. The work occupies three large who do not wish a book so advanced as Bright's “Reader.”
volumes, and is issued at a very moderate price. It is
based upon the author's lectures given from 1871 to
1897 at the Bussey Institution, and provides a very
thorough discussion of the chemistry of agriculture.
LITERARY NOTES.
“Gentleman " farmers, as well as the professional horny-
handed variety, will find the work of the greatest utility
“ The Forcing-Book,” by L. H. Bailey, is the latest
and attractiveness.
volume in the “Garden-Craft” series, published by the
Macmillan Co.
It is hardly too much to say that in the revised edi-
tion of his Primer of English Literature” (Macmillan),
A second edition of “ An Outline of Psychology," by
now simply entitled “ English Literature,” Mr. Stop-
Professor E. B. Titchener, has just been published by
ford Brooke has given us the ideal book of its sort. For
the Macmillan Co.
a sketch of these dimensions the little book could hardly
“Jeremiah," edited by Professor R. G. Moulton, is
be improved upon, and we should like to see it used as the latest volume of “The Modern Reader's Bible,"
a text by every secondary school in the country. We published by the Macmillan Co.
note with particular satisfaction that the author has Messrs. D. Appleton & Company will issue shortly in
taken good heed of Matthew Arnold's suggestions and their “Great Commanders " series a volume on General
has accepted nearly all of them. It is evident that the Grant by Gen. James Grant Wilson.
revision has been more than perfunctory, and that every Messrs. Ginn & Co. are the publishers of a college
"
а


258
(April 16,
THE DIAL
-
>
"
text-book of “ Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry," the Publishers' Association of Chicago. It is to be in a
work of Messrs. F. H. Bailey and F. S. Woods, both of single volume, compactly written and printed, and aims
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
at greater comprehensiveness than bas been attained by
“The Use of Analysis in Logical Composition" is a any similar work; in fact, it is intended to include “ap-
pamphlet by Dr. Edwin M. Hopkins, issued by the propriate notices of all persons who have risen to any
Journal Publishing Co., of Lawrence, Kansas.
considerable degree of prominence.” Current biography
“Cuba in War Time," written by Richard Harding
- i. e., notices of persons still living - will, we infer
Davis and illustrated by Frederic Remington, has just
from the prospectus, bave the lion's share of the space.
been published by Mr. R. H. Russell of New York. The work is under the editorial charge of Mr. Thomas
Two important novels to be published at once by
W. Herringshaw, and is expected to appear in the fall
of 1898.
Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. are Miss Beatrice Harra-
den's story of California life, “Hilda Strafford,” and
The Burrows Brothers Co., of Cleveland, have just
Mr. Paul Leicester Ford's “ The Great K. & A. Train
secured for their issue of “The Jesuit Relations and
Robbery."
Allied Documents,” being edited for them by Mr.
“ The American Claimant, and Other Stories and
Reuben Gold Thwaites, the original manuscript of
Father Claude Dablon's famous « Relation of the French-
Sketches,” by Mark Twain, is a volume of odds and
Canadian Mission " for the years 1676–77. It is a rare
ends, among which we recognize two or three familiar
and perhaps famous pieces. It is published by Messrs.
find, curiously coming to the surface on the tenth of
Harper & Brothers in their standard library edition.
March last, at the Messrs. Sotheby's auction rooms, in
Scott's “ Ivanhoeand Bulwer-Lytton's “The Last
London. The publishing of the annual volume of “Jes-
uit Relations
of the Barons” are the latest additions to the excellent
at Paris, was probibited by Richelieu
“Illustrated English Library” (imported by Putnams).
after 1672, and few thereafter found their way into
Mr. C. E. Brock and Mr. Fred. Pegram are the illus-
print. In 1854, James Lenox for the first time printed
this particular Relation," edited by Dr. O'Callaghan;
trators of the respective volumes, and the work in each
but they followed an abbreviated and modernized man-
case is well done.
uscript copy at Laval University, Quebec. In 1861, it
Samuel C. Griggs, the pioneer book publisher of
was again printed, at Paris, in Duniol's “ Mission du
Chicago, died on the 4th of April, at the age
of seventy-
five. A short time before his death he sold his pub- finding of the original MS. now enables Mr. Thwaites
Canada,” but still in an imperfect form. The lucky
lishing business to Messrs. Scott, Foresman, & Co., who
now issue the books that for so many years bore the
to present this interesting document just as it was
written.
imprint of S. C. Griggs & Co.
A welcome addition to the beautiful little « Temple
Classics ” (Macmillan) is a new edition of Florio's trans-
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
lation of the “ Essayes” of Montaigne, revised and edited
by Mr. A. R. Waller. The edition will be in six vol-
[The following list, containing 91 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
umes, the first of which is now ready. The second part
of Malory’s “Morte Darthur” has also been published
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
in the same series.
The Life of Nelson, the Embodiment of the Sea Power of
A dinner of the publishers, booksellers, and stationers Great Britain. By Captain A. T. Mahan, D.C.L., LL.D.,
of Chicago will be given April 22, and promises to be United States Navy. In two vols., illus, in photogravure,
an important event for these business interests, as it is
8vo, gilt tops. Little, Brown, & Co. $8.
expected that a permanent organization will be effected.
Memoirs of Baron Lejeune, Aide-de-Camp to Marshals
Berthier, Davout, and Oudinot. Trang, and edited from
The matter is in charge of a committee of which Mr. the original French by Mrs. Arthur Bell (N. D'Anvers);
R. K. Smith of Messrs. McClurg & Co. is Treasurer with Introduction by Major-General Maurice, C.B. In two
and Mr. T. H. Devereaux of Messrs. Rand, McNally &
vols., 8vo, gilt tops. Longmans, Green, & Co. $6.
Co. Secretary
Vita Medica:
Chapters of Medical Life and Work. By Sir
Benjamin Ward Richardson, M.D., LL.D. Large 8vo,
“ Art et Décoration” is the title of a new monthly uncut, pp. 496. Longmans, Green, & Co. $4.
review of modern art which has begun publication in
Edward Cracroft Lefroy: His Life and Poems, including a
France under the editorship of M. Thiébault-Sisson and
Reprint of "Echoes from Theocritus." By Wilfred Austin
Gill; with a Critical Estimate of the Sonnets by the late
a committee composed of several of the best known John Addington Symonds. With portrait, 12mo, gilt top,
French artists and designers. The first number, dated uncut, pp. 199. John Lane. $1.50.
January, is well printed and beautifully illustrated, and Victoria, Queen and Empress : The Sixty Years. By Sir
Edwin Arnold, K.C.I.E. 16mo, uncut, pp. 120. Long-
contains several interesting articles. The American
mans, Green, & Co. 50 cts.
Architect and Building News Co. of Boston are the
American agents for this periodical.
HISTORY.
Prof. Edward D. Cope, one of the most distinguished The Flight of the King: Being an Account of the Miracu-
of American men of science, died at his home in Phila-
lous Escape of His Most Sacred Majesty King Charles II.
after the Battle of Worcester. By Allan Fea. Illus. in
delphia on the 12th of April. He was the author of
photogravure, etc., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 349. John Lane.
350 scientific papers, devoted chiefly to researches in $7.50.
paleontology and to phases of the doctrine of evolution, A History of Canada. By Charles G. D. Roberts. With
and at his death occupied a professor's chair in the
maps, 8vo, pp. 493. Lamson, Wolffe, & Co. $2.
Governor's Island. By Blanche Wilder Bellamy. 8vo,
school of biology of the University of Pennsylvania.
uncut, pp. 40. “Half Moon Series." G. P. Putnam's Sons.
His last important publication, “ The Primary Factors Paper, 10 cts.
of Organic Evolution,” is reviewed in this issue of The
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
DIAL.
The American Claimant, and Other Stories and Sketches.
A new “ Encyclopedia of American Biography” is in By Mark Twain. Illus., 12mo, pp. 545. Harper & Bros.
preparation under the management of the American $1.75.
>
66


1897.]
259
THE DIAL
Rialto Series. A Modern Corsair. By Richard Henry
Savage. 12mo, pp. 382. Rand, McNally & Co. 50 cts.
Denison's Series. The King, the Knave, and the Donkey.
By Pythias Damon. 12mo, uncut, pp. 130. Chicago :
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Sold by all booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by
The trade throughout the United States is supplied by the
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., BOSTON. American News Co, and its branches.
a
66


1897.]
263
THE DIAL
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IS
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"Perhaps the best known reading circle in the Country." | The New and Enlarged Edition of
- Scribner's Book Buyer.
THE
JOHNSON'S
ROUND ROBIN READING CLUB
For the Promotion of Systematic Study of Universal Cyclopædia,
Literature by Individual Readers
and Clubs,
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partment Editors, and nearly Three Thousand Contribu-
Edward Everett Hale, Frank R. Stockton, Horace E. Scudder,
tors, under the direction of
H. W. Mabie, R. W. Gilder, Dr. Edmund J. James, and other
literary men and women of rank. The membership extends CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, LL.D.,
over twenty-eight States; more than forty separate Courses
President of the University of Wisconsin,
have already been made at request of readers. The best
as Editor-in-Chief,
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membership. For further particulars address the Director,
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Every department of knowledge is covered under about
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Westward Through the Rockies.
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sial subjects both sides have a bearing. The whole work is
the Rio Grande Western Railway, “Great Salt Lake Route,'
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addition to the glimpse it affords of the Temple City, the
President D.C. GILMAN, of Johns Hopkins University, says:
Great Salt Lake and picturesque Salt Lake and Utah Valley, “Thoroughness is its marked characteristic. . . . American scholar.
it offers the choice of three distinct routes through the moun-
ship may be proud of this achievement."
tains and the most magnificent scenery in the world. On all JOHN FISKE says:
Pacific Coast tourist tickets stop-overs are granted at Denver, “I believe it to be incomparably the best cyclopædia in the English
Colorado Springs, Manitou, Leadville, Glenwood Springs, Salt language.”
Lake City, Ogden, and other points of interest. Double daily
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For illustrative pamphlets descriptive of the “Great Salt
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264
(April 16, 1897
THE DIAL
Nelson's New Series of Teachers' Bibles.
NEW ILLUSTRATIONS. NEW CONCORDANCE.
NEW HELPS.
NEW MAPS.
These Teachers' Bibles contain new Bible Helps, entitled “The Illustrated Bible
Treasury," written by Leading Scholars in America and Great Britain.
UPWARD OF 350 ILLUSTRATIONS
of Ancient Monuments, Scenes in Bible Lands, Animals, Plants, Antiquities,
Coins, etc., etc., are distributed through the text of the Helps.
6
The new ‘Illustrated Bible Treasury' reaches the acme in the field of Bible
students' helps. The catalogue of themes treated and the compactness and
lucidity of the articles are a delight to the reader. The wealth of illustrations of
the best sort-not old worn-out cuts-adds greatly to the beauty and complete-
ness of the articles. The natural-history sections are especially fine in matter
and make-up. The Concordance is the most complete yet produced, being
adapted both to the Authorized and to the Revised Versions, and containing also
proper names. We also find incorporated in it several themes which, in other
helps, are found merely in separate sections under the dry uninteresting form of
tables. Some of these are Messianic Prophecy, Parables in the Old Testament,
Quotations in the New Testament for the Old. This feature simplifies the Bible
student's task. The full dozen of new up-to-date maps, fully colored and
indexed, are superb. Is nearest the ideal Bible student's manual of any pub-
lication in its field.”—The Dial.
“A storehouse of great riches, indeed, is ‘The Illustrated Bible Treasury,'
edited by the Rev. Dr. William Wright. . . The book will be of the greatest
use to clergymen, and an invaluable aid to Sunday-school teachers. But the lay
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reading may be found in these pages.”—The Critic.
‘The Illustrated Bible Treasury,' edited by William Wright, D.D., is one of
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publication as this attests not only the advance in Biblical scholarship, but the
widespread interest there is in the Book of books. . . . It has no superior ...
the best series of `Helps ' in existence. It is, indeed, a ‘Treasury' filled with
pearls of great price.”—The Christian Intelligencer.
O
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.
O
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6
* For sale by all Booksellers. Write for a Complete List, giving Sizes of Type, Prices, etc.
THOMAS NELSON & SONS, Publishers,
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THE DIAL PRESS, CHICAGO.


THE DIAL
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A SEMI - MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
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DITED BY
FRANCIS F. BROWNE.
Volume XXII.
No. 261.
10 cts. a copy. 315 WABASH Ave.
82. a year.
{
CHICAGO, MAY 1, 1897.
}
TWO POPULAR AUTHORS. .
By MARK TWAIN.
By THOMAS HARDY.
The print and form of the volumes are excellent, the binding
is serviceable and artistic, and altogether the hand some set of
books pays the tribute to the novelist that it should. ... He
is a man to have on one's shelves, somewhere near Thackeray.
- New York Tribune.
New Library Editions from New Electro-
type Plates.
Crown 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental.
With Numerous Illustrations, $1.75 each.
THE AMERICAN CLAIMANT, and Other Stories
and Sketches.
TOM SAWYER ABROAD; TOM SAWYER,
DETECTIVE, and Other Stories, etc.
THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN.
With Photogravure Portrait of the Author.
LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI.
A CONNECTICUT YANKEE IN KING ARTHUR'S
COURT.
THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER.
Hardy has an exquisite vein of humor.
He has a
reserve force, so to speak, of imagination, of invention, which
keeps the interest undiminished always, though the personages
in the drama may be few and their adventures unremarkable.
But most of all he has shown the pity and the beauty of human
life, most of all he has enlarged the boundaries of sympathy
and charity.- New York Tribune.
THE WELL-BELOVED. A Sketch of a Temperament.
With an Etching by H. MACBETH-RAEBURN. Crown 8vo,
Cloth, $1.50.
Uniform with the Above :
DESPERATE REMEDIES. A LAODICEAN.
THE WOODLANDERS. THE HAND OF ETHEL-
WESSEX TALES.
BERTA.
TWO ON A TOWER. A PAIR OF BLUE EYES.
FAR FROM THE MAD- THE MAYOR OF CASTER-
DING CROWD.
BRIDGE.
TESS OF THE D'URBER- | THE TRUMPET-MAJOR.
VILLES. Illustrated. UNDER THEOREENWOOD
JUDE THE OBSCURE. TREE.
Illustrated.
RETURN OF THE NATIVE.
Crown 8vo, Cloth, $1.50 each.
HARPER'S MAGAZINE
ALSO BY
THOMAS HARDY.
ALSO BY
MARK TWAIN.
PERSONAL RECOL-
LECTIONS OF JOAN
OF ARC.
Illustrated from Original
Drawings by F. V. Du
MOND, and from Repro-
ductions of Old Paint-
ings and Statues. Crown
8vo, Cloth, Ornamental,
$2.50.
One of the most delightful
books of the time. It is read
with keen enjoyment, and its
leaves will be turned over
again many times in delicious
reminiscence of its fascinat-
ing episodes and its entrano-
ing digressions. — RICHARD
HENRY STODDARD, in New
York Mail and Express.
LIFE'S LITTLE
IRONIES.
A Set of Tales; with some
Colloquial Sketches en-
titled “A Few Crusted
Characters.” Post 8vo,
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$1.25.
FOR MAY
Offers an excellent variety of short stories,
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OCTAVE THANET. The Captured Dream.
An idyl of domestic life. Illus'd by W. T. Smedley.
REBECCA HARDING DAVIS. The Education
of Bob. A romance of the South.
HARRIET PRESCOTT SPOFFORD. A Guar-
dian Angel. A story of Washington life. Illustrated.
HENRY GALLUP PAINE. The Lion Tamer.
A humorous romance.
'CROSS-COUNTRY RIDING.
By CASPAR WHITNEY.
Giving the history of Drag-hunting in America. Ilus-
trated by C. Dana Gibson and others.
A Few Native Orchids and their Insect Sponsors.
By WILLIAM HAMILTON GIBSON.
English Country-House Life Intimately Described.
By GEORGE W. SMALLEY.
A GROUP OF NOBLE
DAMES.
Illustrated. 12mo, Cloth,
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8vo, Paper, 75 cents.
-
FELLOW-TOWNSMEN
32mo, Cloth, 35 cents;
Paper, 20 cents.
HARPER & BROTHERS, Publishers, Franklin Square, New York.


266
[May 1,
THE DIAL
JOHN LANE THE BODLEY HEAD
NOW READY
FOURTH EDITION
3
PATIENCE SPARHAWK AND HER TIMES. By GERTRUDE
ATHERTON. Crown 8vo, $1.50.
“However much this story may expose itself to the poisoned arrows
of destructive criticism, it remains, when all is said and done, a
remarkably fine novel. I confess that the story carried me along irre-
sistibly. I do not think so adequate an exposition of the differing
ferments and forces in our modern American civilization has been
made before. I am extremely grateful to Mrs. Atherton for what I
consider one of the greatest novels of our time and one of the most
vivid pictures of life as it is near the centre of our American mæl-
strom. 'Patience Sparhawk 'should interest the people of to-day. It
is fascinating; it is great art."- Town Topics.
" This book will be a success.'--JBANETTE D. GILDER in The Sun-
day World.
SOME NEW BOOKS
MIDDLE GRBYNESS. A Novel. By A. J. DAWSON. Crown 8vo,
$1.50.
THE QUEST OF THE GOLDEN GIRL. By RICHARD LE
GALLIENNE. With cover design by WILL BRADLEY. Crown
8vo, $1.50.
“Of the episodes, ' Aucassin and Nicoletė' is the most charming
in a thoroughly decadent spirit, but when we come to Grace o' God,
we can hardly judge it dispassionately enough to criticise, so infinitely
tender and personal is the noto it strikes. For one who, gathering
the best, may pass the evil unscathod, the book holds treasures." —
The Literary World.
“In this airy book there are charming little bits of philosophy. ..
How many of us does not the following appeal to ? - I blush to ad-
mit it, my first love was a house-maid.' But why the blush, if the
girl was pretty ? . . . The young woman who wanted to go to bed in
the dark, and put out the candle, but could n't put out the moon, is
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How one plays the Hero at Thirty.' That seeing the world means
seeing everything in it that most decent people won't look at' is very
true. The Venusberg of Piccadilly' is a phrase that will sum up the
recollection of that thoroughfare for all those who have known it
between 11 and 12:30 at night. . . . This book is the most entertaining
and best thing that Mr. Le Gallienne has done, and makes one forget
the faults that have marred some of his other writings. Here they
are conspicuous by their absence."— N. Y. Evening Sun.
THE BATTLE OF THE BAYS. By OWEN SEAMAN. Flat 8vo,
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The Dial, Chicago, says: “We read his little book from cover to
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pages Mr. Seaman beguiles us with as ready a wit as these extracts
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The New York Tribune says: "There is not a dull page in this book.
We had almost said not a dull line. In its field, The BATTLE OF THE
BAYS will be a classic."
Says The Chap Book : "THE BATTLE OF THE BAYS places him at
one bound on the level of the very best of the lighter products of the
English language. Most of his book is given over to a series of quite
brilliant imitations of the various claimants for the laureateship.
Whatever his subject, Mr. Seaman's delicate wit and absolute mas
tery over an easy conversational form of verse never fail him. THE
BATTLE OF THE BAYS will give pleasure to everyone who reads it."
NEW YORK CITY
DERELICTS. A Novel By W. J. LOCKE. Crown 8vo, $1.50.
GODS AND THEIR MAKERS. By LAURENCE HOUSMAN.
Crown 8vo, $1.25.
MARRIAGE QUESTIONS IN MODERN FICTION. BY ELIZA-
BETH RACHEL CHAPMAN. $1.50.
KAKEMONOS: Tales of the Far East. By W. CARLTON
DAWE Crown 8vo, $1.25.
MERE SENTIMENT. By A. J. DAWSON. $1.25.
SYMPHONIES. BY GEORGE EGERTON. Crown 8vo, $1.25.
(Ready shortly.)
NO. 140 FIFTH AVENUE,
3
COPELAND AND DAY
8
THE FALCON OF LANGEAC. By ISABEL WHITELY. Cloth, $1.50.
Of its kind, “The Falcon of Langéac" is one of the strongest of a year of books.- Boston Courier.
Some of the best romantic works of to-day are from the pens of those writers who go to the distant past for their inspiration
and ideas. Of this class of writers, they are the most sucoessful when historical knowledge enables them to tell a simple tale
in which human nature throbs strongly, and not pedantically, amid the glamour of by-gono days, when faith was strong, and
life was painted in more glowing tales than it can be to-day. Such a story is “The Falcon of Langdac." It is more idyllic and
sweet in character than a Hope tale. ... The spirit of the Middle Age has rarely been better reflected in a story by a modern
author.-Worcester Daily Spy.
LYRICS. By John B. TABB. 3d Edition. Uniform with “Poems,” now in its 6th edition. $1.00.
Father Tabb's new book will not dissapoint the admirers of his “Poems." Many of the "Lyrics" are here published for
the first time. All have the individuality, distinction, and charm that readers have learned to look for in the verse of the
Maryland poet.
A WRITER OF FICTION. By CLIVE HOLLAND, author of "My Japanese Wife." Cloth, $1.00.
A psychologic study of a woman's conscience in regard to a posthumous novel written by her husband, the manuscripts and
proof-sheets of which she heroically destroys to save his hitherto unblemished reputation.
NEW POEMS. By FRANCIS THOMPSON. Cloth, $1.50.
With one exception, the poems in this, Mr. Thompson's third volume, have hitherto been uncollected. The book is larger
than its predecessors, and the work is of equal, if not superior, quality. It may be confidently predicted that its appearance
will be one of the literary events of the season, in America and England.
PATRINS. By LOUISE IMOGEN GUINEY. Cloth, $1.25.
A number of short essays of a speculative and whimsical nature, on disconnected subjects. An extract from the dedication
(to Mr. Bliss Carman ) explains the curious title. “A patrin, according to George Borrow, in ‘Romano Lavo-Lil,' is 'a Gypsy
trail,-handfuls of leaves or grass cast by the Gypsies on the road to denote to those behind the way which they have taken."
IN TITIAN'S GARDEN. By HARRIET PRESCOTT SPOFFORD. Cloth, $1.25.
The poems here gathered are eminently representative of the author's genius. To many readers they will recall and jus-
tify the cordial words with which Mr. Stedman greeted one of Mrs. Spofford's earlier works.
No. VI. OATEN STOP SERIES: THE HEART OF LIFE. By JAMES BUCKHAM. Paper boards, 75c.
Under the sub-titles, “Out of the City" and "With Men and Women,” Mr. Buckham brings together poems which, whether
dealing with nature or humanity, are notable for insight, sympathy, and felicity of expression.
FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.
69 CORNHILL, BOSTON, MASS.


1897.]
267
THE DIAL
The Macmillan Company's Out-of-Door Books
IN PREPARATION:
A NEW BOOK ON NATURE FOR THE YOUNG PEOPLE.
CITIZEN BIRD. | By MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT, author of " Birdcraft,” “Tommy-Anne and the Three
Hearts,” etc., and Dr. ELLIOTT Cours. With Illustrations by L. A. FUERTES.
BIRD LIFE
A narrative guide to the principal species of North American birds, with chapters on
FOR BEGINNERS. anatomy, economic value, habits, eto., and a field key. (Nearly Ready.]
OTHER BOOKS BY MRS. MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT.
BIRDCRAFT.
THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATURE.
A Field Book of Two Hundred Song, Game, and Water Birds. A New England Chronicle of Birds and Flowers. Second
With full-page Plates containing Birds in their Natural Edition. 18mo, gilt top, 75 cents.
Colors, and other Illustrations. Svo, linon, $3.00.
Limited Large-paper Edition, with 12 full-page plates, $3 net,
“Even if this volume were dovoid of illustrations, and depended en- “A dainty little volume, exhaling the perfume and radiating the hues
tirely on its letterpress for success, it would be welcomed as an addition of both cultivated and wild flowers, echoing the songs of birds, and illum
to English literature. It is more than an accurate and comprehensive trated with exquisite pen-pictures of bits of garden, field, and woodland
description of all the birds one is likely to find in an extended search. scenery. The author is an intimate of nature. She relishes its beauties
It is also an introduction to them and their haunts, so enticingly written with the keenest delight, and describes them with a musical flow of lan-
that the reader at once falls in love with them and becomes an enthusi- guage that carries us along from a 'May day'to's winter mood' in a
ast in their pursuit."-Evening Telegraph (Philadelphia).
thoroughly sustained effort. "-The Richmond Dispatch.
TOMMY-ANNE AND THE THREE HEARTS.
Illustrated by ALBERT D. BLABHFIELD. 16mo, cloth; price, $1.50.
“The book is calculated to interest children in nature, and grown folks, too, will find themselves catching the author's enthusiasm. As for
Tommy-Anne herself, she is bound to make friends wherever she is known. The more such books as these, the better for the children. ODO
*Tommy-Anne' is worth a whole shelf of the average juvenile literature."- The Critic.
“No child who enjoys the familiar things of nature will be disappointed in Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright's 'Tommy-Anne and the Three Hearta.'
The work is probably the most charming nature-book for children published this year.
"-The Dial.
“This book is altogether out of the commonplace. It will be immensely entertaining to all children who have a touch of imagination, and
it is instructive and attractive to older readers as well." -The Outlook,
A NEW BOOK ON ANIMALS.
WILD NEIGHBORS.
By ERNEST INGERSOLL. 12mo, cloth.
A work which will give an account of the habits, appearance, etc., of the most important varieties of animal life, aside
from the domestic animals. The places where the different kinds are to be found, the methods by which they are captured,
are vividly described. A special chapter tells how wild animals are trained in captivity.
THE ROMANCE OF THE INSECT WORLD.
By L. N. BADENOCH. With Illustrations by MARGARET J. D.
BADENOCH and others. Second Edition. Gilt top, $1.25.
“The volume is fascinating from beginning to end, and there are
many hints to be found in the wisdom and thrift shown by the smallest
animal creatures.”—The Times (New York).
INMATES OF MY HOUSE AND GARDEN.
By Mrs. BRIGHTWEN. Illustrated. 12mo, $1.25.
“One of the most charming books of the season, both as to form and
substance."--The Outlook.
“The book ills a delightful place not occupied by any other book that
we have ever seen."-Home Journal (Boston).
THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE AND WONDERS OF THE WORLD WE LIVE IN.
By Sir John LUBBOCK, F.R.S., D.C.L., etc., author of " Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves," « The Origin and Metamor-
phoses of Insects,” etc. Third Edition. Illustrated. Cloth, gilt top, $1.50.
"It opens inexhaustible pleasures to those who are desirous of understanding what is the world they live in."-New York Times.
THE GREAT WORLD'S FARM.
Some Account of Nature's Crops and How they are Grown.
By SELINA GAYE. With a Preface by G. S. BOULGER,
F.L.S., and numerous Illustrations. 12mo, $1.50.
The University of California expressly commends this book
to its affiliated secondary schools for supplementary reading.
“One of the most delightful semi-scientific books which everyone
enjoys reading and at once wishes to own. Such works present science
in the most fascinating and enticing way, and from a cursory glance at
paragraphs the reader is insensibly led on. . . . The work is especially
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mentary natural science, to which modern authorities are united in
giving an early and important place in the school curriculum." - The
Journal of Education.
LETTERS TO MARCO.
By GEORGE D. LESLIE, R. A. With Illustrations by the
Author. Gilt top, $1.50.
"Mr. Leslie has the enchanted vision of a born naturalist, and a tas-
cinating way of telling what he sees the beasts and birds doing, also
what they and the plants talk about from spring till autumn." - The
Outlook.
RIVERSIDE LETTERS.
A Continuation of "Letters to Marco.” By GEORGE D.
LESLIE, R.A. Illustrated by the Author. $2.00.
"There is an airy freedom in the style of these letters that fascinates
the reader."-The Outlook,
SEND FOR OUR NEW LIST OF BOOKS ON NATURE, ETC.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, No. 66 Fifth Avenue, New York.


268
[May 1, 1897.
THE DIAL
D. APPLETON & COMPANY'S
NEW AND FORTHCOMING BOOKS
(Ready in May.)
EQUALITY.
By EDWARD BELLAMY, author of " Looking Backward” and “ Dr. Heidenhoff's Process.”
12mo, Cloth, $1.25.
After many years of preparation, Mr. Bellamy now puts forward a work which will command universal atten-
tion. The new book is larger and more comprehensive than “Looking Backward.” The scene is laid in the city
where Julian West awoke, and the hero and his friends reappear. The various conditions of the new life are viv-
idly set forth, and explanations are given of industrial, financial, social, educational, and political conditions under
the new organization. Furthermore, the author explains how the changes were brought about, thus furnishing a
history of our own times, and a prophecy as to changes now close upon us.
BIRD-LIFE.
A Guide to the Study of Our Common Birds. By FRANK M.
CHAPMAN Assistant Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithol-
ogy, American Museum of Natural History; author of
“Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America.” With
75 full-page plates and numerous text drawings, by ERNEST
SETON THOMPSON. 12mo, cloth.
INSECT-LIFE.
By JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology in Cor
nell University. With illustrations by ANNA BOTSFORD
COMSTOCK, Member of the Society of American Wood En-
gravers. 12mo, cloth.
FAMILIAR FEATURES OF THE
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By F. SCHUYLER MATHEW8, author of “Familiar Flowers of
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With illustrations by the Author. 12mo, cloth.
THE THIRD VIOLET.
By STEPHEN CRANE, author of “The Red Badge of Courage,"
"The Little Regiment,” “Maggie," eto. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
THE BEAUTIFUL MISS BROOKE.
By “Z. Z.," anthor of "The World and a Man," etc. 12mo,
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HIS FORTUNATE GRACE.
By Mrs. GERTRUDE ATHERTON, author of " Before the Gringo
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UNCLE BERNAC.
A Romance of the Empire. By A. CONAN DOYLE, author of
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Illustrated. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
WAYSIDE COURTSHIPS.
By HAMLIN GARLAND, author of "A Little Norsk," sto.
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Other Books by HAMLIN GARLAND, new editions, uniform with
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A Spoil of Office.
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SOME UNRECOGNIZED LAWS OF
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Appletons' Town and Country Library.
Each, 12mo. Paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00.
IN JOYFUL RUSSIA.
By JOHN A. LOGAN, Jr. With 50 full-page illustrations in
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SOME MASTERS OF LITHOGRAPHY.
By ATHERTON CURTIS. With 22 Photogravure Plates after
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CYPRIAN.
His Life, His Times, His Work. By EDWARD WHITE BEN-
BON, D.D., D.C.L., late Archbishop of Canterbury, with an
Introduction by the Right Rev. HENRY C. POTTER, D.D.,
LL.D., Bishop of New York. 8vo, cloth.
1
THE BEAUTIFUL WHITE DEVIL.
By Guy BOOTHBY, author of “Dr. Nikola," "A Bid for
Fortune," etc.
THE SUN OF SARATOGA.
A Romance of Burgoyne's Surrender. By J. A. ALTSHELER.
FIERCEHEART, THE SOLDIER.
By J. C. SNAITH, author of “Mistress Dorothy Marvin."
JUST PUBLISHED.
LADS' LOVE.
By S. R. CROCKETT, author of "Cleg Kelly," "Bog-Myrtle
and Peat,” “The Lilac Sunbonnet," etc. Illustrated.
12mo, cloth, $1.50.
DEAR FAUSTINA.
By Rhoda BROUGHTON, author of “Scylla or Charybdis ? "
"A Beginnner," etc.
D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 72 Fifth Avenue, New York.


THE DIAL
A Semi-flonthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAOR
. 269
.
.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 161h of
cach month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
THE CHICAGO ORCHESTRA.
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must The Chicago Orchestra, under the leadership
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
of Mr. Theodore Thomas, has just ended the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
sixth season of its work, and the occasion seems
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; to call for a few statements of fact, as well as
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING Rates furnished
for a few comments upon the significance of the
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
organization for the city in which it has found
a home. For six years now, the music-loving
No. 261.
MAY 1, 1897. Vol. XXII. population of Chicago has been in the enjoy-
ment of weekly concerts given by this unex-
CONTENTS.
celled body of musicians, each programme
receiving both an afternoon and an evening
THE CHICAGO ORCHESTRA ..
performance, and the steady increase of receipts
THE DETERIORATION OF COLLEGE ENGLISH.
from year to year has given evidence of the
W. H. Johnson.
271
growing hold of the Orchestra upon the public.
COMMUNICATIONS
272
In addition to its own proper work, the Or-
The Magazines and New Talent. John Jay Chapman. chestra has been the means of providing a
The Preservation of Historical Material in the West,
Duane Mowry.
suitable setting for the work of a great array of
A Good Example from Kansas. Richard J. Hinton. distinguished artists, both vocal and instru-
A Dispated Archaism. Henry M. Field.
mental, who have been inspired to their best
AUCASSIN ET NICOLETE. (Poem.) Grace Duffield efforts by its sympathetic and finished accom-
Goodwin
273
paniment. It has also served to reënforce the
SOME AMERICAN HISTORY RE-WRITTEN. work of the most important choral organization
George W. Julian
274
of the city, and to join forces with the visiting
POSITIVISM AND THE HISTORY OF PHILOS- companies of grand opera, making possible
OPHY. William A. Hammond
277
performances of a character unequalled else-
RECENT BOOKS OF TRAVEL AND ADVEN- where in the United States. During the season
TURE. Hiram M. Stanley
279 just ended, it has organized and trained a spe-
Sommerville's Siam on the Meinam.- Pollok's Fifty
cial auxiliary chorus of its own, whose work
Years' Reminiscences of India. - Oliver's Crags and
Craters. - Macdonald's Soldiering and Surveying in thus far accomplished is full of promise for the
East Africa.- Mrs. Müller's Letters from Constanti-
future. It has also, by means of its occasional
nople.-Stadling and Reason's In the Land of Tolstoi.
tours in neighboring states, brought musical
THE NATIONS OF THE ANCIENT EAST. James
opportunities of the highest character within
Henry Breasted
282
the reach of many communities that could not
TEN BRINK'S LAST VOLUME. John Russell Hayes 284
otherwise have hoped to hear adequate perform.
PHASES OF THE SOCIAL QUESTION. C. R. ances of the great orchestral masterpieces.
Henderson
285
Until recently, the public in general has
Soderini's Socialism and Catholicism, - Mrs. Bosan-
quet's Rich and Poor. - Mead's Modern Methods of
been but imperfectly informed of the means
Church Work. – Mrs. Campbell's Household Eco- whereby this superb musical organization has
nomics. – Miss Salmon's Domestic Service.
been enabled to carry on its work for the past
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
287 six years. It has been known in a general way
The memoirs of Count de Tocqueville. — The old- that the Orchestra was far from self-supporting,
time New England tavern.- Legends of the Western
Isles.-- An essayist who demands repose.—
The story
and that the liberality of a small body of public-
of the Crusades.-- The Conciergerie and other topics. spirited citizens has alone made its work
pos-
- Boswellian memories of General Grant. — For the
sible. A financial statement just published by
instruction of concert-goers.
the trustees of the Orchestral Association gives
BRIEFER MENTION .
290
for the first time a series of definite statements
LITERARY NOTES
290
upon this subject, and tells the city how much
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
291
it owes to the men who have so nobly carried
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
292 on the enterprise. It appears that the annual
.
.
.
-
a
.
.
.
.
.


270
(May 1,
THE DIAL
;
deficit, which was more than fifty thousand masterpiece deserves your attention,” we should
dollars for the first year, has steadily dimin- say, “ for it has the power to raise you to a
ished until it now amounts to about half of that higher spiritual level. If you do not like it now,
sum. In other words, the guarantors (a body pray that you may learn to like it, for the de-
of men numbering fifty or less) have contrib- fect is yours, and we should do you but poor
uted something like a quarter of a million of service in seeking to attract you by inferior
dollars during the six years, or what has been things.” He who takes this attitude has to
roughly speaking, from one-third to one-fifth contend against powerful odds; all the forces
of the annual cost of the work. This great of stagnant indolence, and ignorant self-asser-
gift to the interests of culture has been made tion, and petty pride, and unreasoning preju-
without ostentation, by men whose hearts were dice are arrayed against him, and the endeavor
in the work to be done, and who have sought to help men in spite of themselves is of all
no recognition for their public-spirited en- forms of endeavor the most certain to be mis.
deavor. Its importance deserves for this rea- understood. It requires strong convictions and
son to be emphasized all the more, and the unusual tenacity of purpose to live up to such
public can not honor too highly the men who an ideal. The educator, for example, finds it
have found so worthy an object for their ex- hard to resist the pressure of subjects that he
penditure, and who have maintained this mu- knows should not invade the curriculum be-
sical enterprise upon so high a plane of artistic cause he knows that they offer but an inferior
excellence.
means of discipline; the librarian finds it hard
For the most satisfactory thing about the to refuse people the books that they want
whole six years' work, when viewed in general because he knows that they are not worth read-
retrospect, has been its entire freedom from ing; the literary critic gets small thanks for
any attempt to win the applause of the multi- his insistence upon true literary values and
tude by concessions to vulgar prejudice or mere- his uncompromising maintenance of absolute
tricious tastes. Unmindful of popular clamor, standards; the musician who would give the
which has often been voiced in an ignorant public only the best work too often finds that
way, and sometimes in a purely malignant way, the public has no appreciation of the gift, and
by the more hopeless of the city newspapers, is clamorous only for work that is shallow or
the trustees and director of the Orchestra have
set themselves the highest possible standard for It is not easy to form an adequate conception
their work, and have persistently refused to of the value to the public of such a service as
derogate from a lofty ideal. The two leading has been performed by the Chicago Orchestra.
aims have been to present the greatest musical | The ministry of every form of fine art is elu-
works in the best possible way, and to give sive, and of none more so than of music. There
encouragement to new talent, European and are many estimable persons who would deny it
American, by a generous production of the lat- any part in the development of culture or the
est compositions. Many a time, doubtless, when shaping of character, considering it merely as
a more popular selection of numbers would have means of amusement, a titillation of the au.
filled the vast hall, the performance has found ditory sense, a recreation in the popular but
but a slender audience because the programme not the real acceptation of the term. Non
announced only works by men whose names ragionam di lor. Their philanthropic endeavor
seemed to the public either unknown or forbid will properly find exercise in charities of the
ding. The average Philistine resents being material sort, in caring for the sick, feeding
told that his own likings have nothing to do the hungry, and clothing the needy. But the
with the matter, that such and such works are life is, after all, we are told upon excellent
the ones best for him to hear, and that if his authority, more than meat, and music is of
self-sufficiency scorn the opportunity offered, all the arts that which contributes most imme-
he is not to be flattered by a descent to the level diately to the enrichment of life, to the enlarge-
of his unformed tastes, but rather left to his ment of the spiritual part of man, to the
own devices.
strengthening of every worthy impulse and the
Work done in this spirit often seems thank- deepening of every noble aspiration. “He only
less, and its reward is likely to be long-delayed. is advancing in life,” says Mr. Ruskin in a
Yet it is the only spirit in which really worthy familiar passage, “whose heart is getting softer,
work may be done for popular culture, whether whose blood warmer, whose brain quicker,
in music, literature, art, or education. “This
“ This / whose spirit is entering into living peace.” And
inane.
9
2)


1897.]
271
THE DIAL
a
a
mankind has had no truer or more potent ben- impossible in all other walks of life has unfortu-
efactors than the long line of composers, from nately made its way into our colleges and universi-
Bach to Brahms, whose immeasurably full and ties. An Eastern professor can in these latter days
rich spiritual experience becomes for the time
describe the kind of psychological training which
being our own when we listen to their works,
he advocates as that which will enable the student
to
and helps us to escape from the trammels of
get there"; and on all sides the cry is heard
for shorter paths to college honors — paths which
this muddy vesture of decay.
can be trod only at the sacrifice of much that should
be inseparable from the idea of liberal education.
And even when there is no attempt to shorten the
period of college residence, it is none the less true
THE DETERIORATION OF COLLEGE
that a shortening of the portion of this time which
ENGLISH
can be given to reading is rendered inevitable by
Quintilian, the great Roman educator of the first
the excessive multiplication of college organizations,
century, regarded the power of speech as a divine
a tendency which has gone so far in many col-
gift, entailing apon its recipient the moral obliga leges that organization falls little short of disinte-
tion of careful use. It is true that one may pick out
gration. With so many
outside calls
upon
his time,
occasional blemishes in his fulfilment of this obliga-
even the well-meaning student often finds himself
tion ; but that his ideal was a beneficent force in hunting for spare hours in which to "get his les-
the development of his style, and in his influence
sons," and does less collateral reading during his
over his pupils, cannot be questioned.
whole course than should be compassed in a single
To pass over eighteen centuries at a bound, it is
year.
worthy of consideration whether the teaching of
All these disadvantageous circumstances can be
English to-day is not hampered by the lack of some overcome only by influences of immense strength in
such noble point of view. We say “hampered " the opposite direction ; and it is well worth consider-
advisedly, for a deficiency may easily have just such ing whether a sine qua non among such influences be
an effect as a positive encumbrance. Anyone who
not the assiduous cultivation of a wholesome respect
is at all acquainted with the college life of to-day
for correct and graceful expression as such. We
knows that it is permeated, not simply with a lack
have little respect for the man who from mere lack
of care as to the correct use of language, but also
of effort remains a life-long bungler with the tools
with the habit of taking the most grotesque liber-
of manual labor, but we are all too lenient with
ties in its morphology, phonetics, syntax, and mean-
him who remains unnecessarily a bungler with the
ing, for no more adequate reason than the supposi delicate tool for the expression of thought. Can
tion that such linguistic butchery is humorous.
there not be a general determination among, not
There are very few college periodicals in which the merely the teachers of language, but all who think
influence of both these elements is not prominent, accuracy
and
grace in the use of language a boon
notwithstanding the fact that many colleges allow worth striving for to secure for this acquirement a
work on the college paper to count as a substitute higher place in the public esteem than it now occu-
for a portion of the work of the English Depart- pies? Genius is proverbially hard to tether, but
ment.
even the man of genius should be made to feel the
Now it is utterly impossible that such loose habits critic's lash when he indulges in slovenly expression,
of speech indulged in constantly during student life any other faults of expression which a reason-
should bave no permanently deleterious effect upon
able caution would avoid. If one's claim to genius
the speech of after days. We may as well look for be in any way bound up with language which would
the average youthful spendthrift to take his place be simply carelessness of expression in another,
among careful and successful men of business as for then it is a claim the validity of which will bear
the student who habitually mangles his language investigation.
during his college days, just for the fun of it, to There is one source of linguistic deterioration in
become a graceful writer or speaker. There might our colleges which it takes some temerity to men-
be some mitigation if these same students were in tion, and yet it deserves notice,—that is, the prac-
the habit of spending their spare hours in the tical working of the modern elective system. Under
thoughtful reading of the great literary masterpieces older methods the study of a few models of literary
a
of our own and other tongues; but it must be ad- expression, even if only in foreign tongues, was an
mitted that this kind of reading is not very gener- absolute requisite to college honors. Now nothing
ally in vogue among American colleges of the pres- of the kind is true. Entering with no Greek, and
ent day. With the improved systems of cataloguing with not enough Latin to have reached the point
now in use, it is true that most college libraries are where an appreciation of literary excellence is pos-
issuing more books than ever before, but there is sible, the student in some of our most famous schools
here no evidence that thoughtful students of lin. may pursue a course which will bring him into con-
guistic expression are increasing in numbers. The tact with polite letters at no single point, and grad-
prevalent haste that is rendering thorough work date with the same honor as any other. Colonel
or in
-


272
(May 1,
THE DIAL
a
Higginson has recently told us of a Harvard Pro- a business man, and all novelty represents risk. When
fessor (name omitted) who stopped him in the street a magazine has established a circulation, the only safe
to inquire who Charles Brockden Brown was, and
thing to do is to keep on reprinting the same number.
of a Harvard Senior seeking for a lecturer before
If this point has been reached in the progress of a mag-
some society, and obliged to confess that he had
azine, it is marked by the appearance in the stationery
of the editorial office of the phrase “policy of the maga-
never heard the name of John Fiske. Now if free
zine."
election may legitimately follow paths which will
A magazine ought to have no policy except the policy
allow the elector to escape even a hint of the exist- of discovering and publishing the live thoughts of living
ence of Charles Brockden Brown or John Fiske, are men and women, and the editor in printing or rejecting
we to throw stones at him who elects a course which ought to be governed by his own personal feelings, his
will not bring him into contact with such points as good sense, his taste, his beliefs.
the propriety of avoiding split infinitives and the The other day I wrote an article on a popular author.
various other offenses against good taste which need
It was quite short. In order to find out what it was like,
no enumeration here? And then, too, as professor-
I showed it to half a dozen intelligent people. They
thought it well-written and entertaining. The article is
ships in this and that specialty multiply, the new
now in process of being rejected by all the leading maga-
chairs in the faculty circle will often be filled by zines. The real reason of its rejection is that it repre-
graduates who began their specialization at so early sents a slightly novel view of a very popular writer: each
a date as not to come into contact with any of the magazine is afraid that some portion of the public will
departments of instruction which can fairly be called pick up the number, glance at it, see an unsympathetic
upon to look carefully after the student's habits of view of a favorite writer, and throw down the copy.
expression. The inevitable result is a faculty not
The forms of rejection are different, but the substance
at all in harmony as to the inherent importance of
is the same.
the niceties of verbal expression. This lack of uni-
Now note the point: I am perhaps thirty-five years
old. I believe I know the rank and value of such arti-
formity in standard has its positive influence for bad
cles as I turn out. They are secondary work of an intel-
on the speech of students who come under such a
ligent sort. I know, too, that by consulting certain
faculty, and indirectly it deprives them of much of
people I can make sure of just how much
any
article
the good influence which a portion of the faculty amounts to before publishing it. I have money enough
might otherwise exert; for one feels a natural hesi- to live on. I have a contempt for the magazines. It
tation about passing a severe sentence of condemna- may be that rejection means encouragement. But take
tion upon language which may
be heard from the the case of a boy of twenty-one, and let us imagine a
lips of a colleague before the day is over.
boy of genius who out of the blood of his heart writes
With such conditions, it is not altogether strange something. He himself is no judge of its merits. He
only knows he thinks it true. He does not even know
that the offer of a good prize failed to bring to
the editor of the “ Bachelor of Arts” a story from
how to find out whether his article is good. He has a
narrow acquaintance among persons whose opinions
an undergraduate of sufficient merit to justify the
might stead him much,— and he needs money. He sends
award. But let not the editor be too severe in his
his work to a magazine. The better the work is, the
conclusions ; has not an editorial department of his more real and vital and novel it is, the more certainly
own magazine startled all old-fashioned Bachelors will it represent risk. He receives it back, and begins
of Arts with such a hash of Greek and Latin as “ hoi to collect notes of rejection. The worst of this is that
populoi”?
these rejections represent not only discouragement to
W. H. JOHNSON.
him, they represent criticism. He begins to mistrust
his own work. For a time he starves. Then it occurs
to him that if he wants to get his work printed, he must
provide some magazine with the material which that
magazine is printing. Upon trial, he finds this not so
COMMUNICATIONS.
difficult; and this is the beginning of the end for that
young man.
THE MAGAZINES AND NEW TALENT.
Let us now imagine a writer to get past this first
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
barrier. He writes a good story and has it printed. It
The prevailing flatness and sameness of American turns out a success, and his name and work are in de-
literature is due in great measure to the influence of the mand. One would think that the writer was now a
magazines. If any young writer can get his work
made man.
And so he is, but on condition. He must
printed in the magazines, he cannot afford to publish write on the subject or in the manner of his first effort.
elsewhere, except as an afterthought; and hence in style He may turn out replicas for the next ten years, and
and substance he is apt to be controlled by the ideals of can sell them all; but his venture in any new field will
the magazine editors. These ideals are purely com- represent risk as before; and the business pressure will
mercial.
begin to fall exactly upon his own weakest point. Inertia,
The magazine editor serves a firm and handles the self-esteem, and expediency, all prompt him to content
money of others. A single mistake may mean a damage himself with his old style. The work done by a man
of thousands of dollars. The appearance of an unpop- under these circumstances is very different from the
ular article or an unpleasing phrase may alienate a pub- work done in creating his first masterpiece. He strug-
lic; not only a reading public, but an advertising public. gles to reproduce his success, to keep his audience. He
Hence the flatness of the magazines.
is paying for his advancement in coin much like that of
What the business man dreads is risk. A publisher is his weaker neighbor.
a


1897.]
273
THE DIAL
Hence the daily destruction of talent, on the one side
by starvation, on the other side by success; and hence
also the general tone and character of our magazines.
It is not to be expected that any improvement will
take place except upon the realization by the magazines
of a new commercial interest. If the public is now well
served, and gets what it really wants, the case is hopeless.
JOHN JAY CHAPMAN.
New York, April 24, 1897.
full on everything relating to anti-slavery affairs, while
its John Brown collection is unique and almost complete.
It has become a matter of personal pride on the part of
old residents of Kansas, like myself, to send all their
historical material to Topeka; and this has by no means
been confined to the “ abolition " side of the State's his-
tory. The society has also a valuable collection relating
to the New West.
RICHARD J. HINTON.
Washington, D. C., April 21, 1897.
A DISPUTED ARCHAISM.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
It has long seemed to me that there is something
more than an “ archaism ” in the widespread disposition
to use the word “ learn” for “ teach."
When the rustic brings "young hopeful” to the pro-
fessor with the proposition to “ learn” him algebra, he
means something more than teach; he means, Can you
make him learn? Can you teach him so that he will
learn?
In a word, if I am right in my recollection of the
Greek, the usage is a survival of the “middle voice.”
HENRY M. FIELD.
Pasadena, Cal., April 19, 1897.
THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL MATERIAL
IN THE WEST.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
I wish to add my word of cordial endorsement of the
article on “ The Preservation of Historical Material in
the Middle West,” in The DIAL of April 16. I wish
it were possible to place Professor Sparks's admirable
article within the easy reach of every intelligent and
thoughtful citizen in the land. For the significance of
his contention cannot be overrated. He correctly says
that much historical material is disappearing from hu-
man view forever, the loss of which will be a serious
one not only to the student of history, but to the country
and the world. This material cannot, in many instances,
be duplicated. Once destroyed, there is often nothing
left of the facts but conjecture and tradition. Professor
Sparks is quite right, therefore, in urging the generation
of to-day to place such historical material as it may
possess at the disposal of trustees of public libraries,
historical societies, museums, and the like, so that this
valuable matter may be accessible to the generations
that are to follow.
I have thought that an excellent way to stimulate
original historical research in the West might be to pur-
sue some such plan as is adopted in the Eastern colleges
with reference to their admirable series of « historical
studies.” Perhaps there are a few lesser Rockefellers
in the great and growing West who would offer some
substantial encouragement for such investigations. I
feel sure that there are students of Western history and
Western life who are ready to engage in the laudable
undertaking.
DUANE MOWRY.
Milwaukee, April 23, 1897.
AUCASSIN ET NICOLETE.
A GOOD EXAMPLE FROM KANSAS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Having read with much interest Professor Sparks's
article on « The Preservation of Historical Material in
the Middle West,” in your last issue, I intrude on your
valuable space only to call attention to the splendid
example afforded by one Western State. The Kansas
State Historical Society, located at the State Capitol in
Topeka, is peculiarly rich in just such materials as Mr.
Sparks refers to. The society has been very fortunate
in its secretary, Mr. Frank G. Adams, to whom his work
has in verity been a grateful “ labor of love." I doubt
if there is a richer mine of contemporaneous historical
material in any other State of the Union than has been
collected largely by his efforts. The history of Kansas
has been made within the memory of our older genera-
tion; and Secretary Adams, who was himself an active
participant in those stirring events and struggles, has
labored unceasingly to make the records of them com-
plete, and to preserve every scrap of pioneer and per-
sonal data. The collection is peculiarly rich in its news-
paper files, pamphlets, and manuscripts; especially is it
Sweet his lady, fair of face,
From the turret to the ground
In a moment's breathless space
Glad escape has found.
Swift she takes her wilful way
Past the blossoms drenched in dew;
(What if Aucassin were I-
Nicolete were you!)
Fair white daisies 'gainst her feet
Show less white, less pure than they;
Through the shadowy moonlit street
Love has found a way.
To the dungeon deep and chill
Comes she where her lover lies,
And the air is all athrill
With his passion-cries.
Sharp and bright her dagger gleams,
As she cuts her yellow hair;
Throws it him who oft in dreams
Kissed and called it fair;
Whispers, ere she turns fly,
All the old words, dear and true;
(Ah, that Aucassin were I —
Nicolete were you!)
What is left to us to-day
From that simple elder time?
Just the half-forgotten way
Of a captive's rhyme.
Yet it breathes of courage high,
Strong Love, swift to dare and do;
(Ah, that Aucassin were I !
Nicolete were you!)
GRACE DUFFIELD GOODWIN.


274
[May 1,
THE DIAL
offensive and defensive purposes by the negroes
The New Books.
and Indians who occupied that region; and
after the close of the war Colonel Nichols, who
SOME AMERICAN HISTORY REWRITTEN.* had been in command of it, left it in the posses-
In his work entitled “The Middle Period,
sion of these people. Professor Burgess says:
1817-1858,” Professor Burgess confines him-
“ Professor Von Holst, in his great work, has desig-
nated the expedition against the Nichols Fort as a hunt
self to the political history of the United States
by the United States army for fugitive slaves. He does
during the period covered by his plan. The not seem to have recognized the danger to the peace
burden of his task is slavery ; but of course he
and civilization of the United States of the growth of a
deals with the related questions which group
community of pirates and buccaneers upon its borders. It
themselves about it, including the acquisition of
does not appear to have occurred to him that the most
humane attitude towards the slaves of Georgia may have
Florida and our Seminole wars, the admission
been to prevent them from being drawn into any such
of Missouri, the tariff issue and internal im- connection. He does not seem to have comprehended
provements, the bank question and the sub- that any public interest was subserved by disposing of
treasury, nullification and the rise of abolition-
the negroes captured in this expedition in such a way as
ism, the annexation of Texas and the Oregon tion with the Indians in their barbarous warfare upon
to prevent any future attempts on their part at coöpera-
question, the war with Mexico and the Com-
the frontiers of the United States. In a sentence, he
promise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Law and seems to have regarded the entire incident as a prosti-
the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and
tution of the military power of the United States to the
the struggle in Kansas and the Dred Scott private greed of slave-hunters, and to have discovered
in it a most convincing proof of the canting hypocrisy
decision. These are old questions, about which of the free republic. In view of all the facts of the
history has had much to say in the form of case, this certainly appears to be a very crude apprecia-
detailed narrative; but we believe that never
tion of the subject. This same historian calls the attack
before have they been so clearly presented for
upon the Nichols Fort the beginning of the Seminole
War."
the use of the general reader as in the well-
These are remarkable statements. Professor
written and compact pages of this volume.
The author says in his preface :
Burgess speaks of the people in this fort as
“ The continued misunderstanding between the North
It is always easy
"pirates and buccaneers.”
and the South is an ever-present menace to the welfare
to call names, but history should deal with facts.
of both sections and of the entire nation. It makes it
There were three hundred and thirty-four per-
almost impossible to decide any question of our politics sons in the fort, all or nearly all of whom were
upon its merits. It offers an almost insuperable obstacle
fugitive slaves or the descendants of slaves who
to the development of a national opinion upon the funda-
mental principles of our polity. If we would clear up
had escaped from their masters during two or
this confusion in the common consciousness, we must three preceding generations. They were citizens
do something to dispel this misunderstanding; and I and subjects of the crown of Spain, and as free
know of no means of accomplishing this, save the re- as the fugitive slaves who had found protection
writing of our history from 1816 to 1860, with an open
under the British flag in Canada. They were
mind and a willing spirit to see and to represent truth
and error, and right and wrong, without regard to the cultivating their lands and occupying their
men or the sections in whom or where they may appear.”
homes in that section of Florida, and were en-
This breathes the right spirit, and doubtless
titled to all the rights of Spanish citizens. Of
expresses the sincere purpose of the writer course the presence of such a body of fugitives
touching the task before him. But he acknowl- was disagreeable to the slaveholders, and tended
edges its difficulties and freely confesses his to weaken their title to this peculiar form of
“many misgivings” as to its performance. property ; but the fugitives could not justly be
His self-distrust is quite natural, and evidently blamed for exercising the right to run away,
precludes the hope of complete success. Our
nor was the general government under the
first occasion for criticism is found on page 27, least obligation to assist their masters in their
where Professor Burgess refers to the Seminole recovery. Professor Burgess complains that
Indians, and the destruction of what has been
Dr. Von Holst designates this expedition
known as Blount's Fort, on the Appalachicola against the Nichols Fort as “a hunt by the
river. This fort had been erected by Great United States army for fugitive slaves.” This
Britain during the War of 1812, when Florida is exactly what it was, and the order of General
belonged to England, and was intended for Jackson was to “ blow up the fort and return
the negroes to their rightful owners.” Dr. Von
*THE MIDDLE PERIOD, 1817-1858. By John W. Burgess,
Ph.D., LL.D., etc. With Maps. New York: Charles Scrib-
Holst was right, therefore, in regarding it as
ner's Song.
“a prostitution of the military power of the
a


1897.]
275
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.
was,
United States to the private greed of slave question incidentally, and always with modera-
hunters,” while he was also right in asserting tion and good temper. When he found he
that the attack upon this fort, which was sixty could not do this in Missouri, and was driven
miles from United States territory, was the into a free State, the barbarism of slavery fol.
beginning of the first Seminole War. In this lowed him, and he was put to death, solely be-
statement he is supported by Hildreth and cause he refused to surrender the right of free-
other trustworthy authorities. We believe no speech at the bidding of the mob. These are
fact is better established than that both of our the simple facts of his heroic career, and his-
Florida wars were organized military slave-tory should not attempt to palliate the crime of
hunts, during the progress of which the author- his murderers by the pitiful plea that he pro-
ities of the government offered a bounty of voked it.
twenty dollars for each slave captured, while Speaking of our war with Mexico (pp. 330,
the bloodhounds which the government im- 331), Professor Burgess says:
ported from Cuba were not employed in the “Some of the Whigs claimed that if war existed at all,
capture of Indians, but of slaves. In the light it was offensive war, and that the President had exceeded
of these facts, the reader can form his own
his constitutional powers in bringing it on, and should be
impeached for so doing. The truth of this proposition
opinion of the bombarding of this fort by red- depended, of course, upon the recognition by the United
hot shot which instantly killed two hundred States of Mexico's title to the territory between the Rio
and seventy men, women, and children, who Grande and the Nueces, or at least upon the recognition
were torn and mangled beyond description;
of it as a free zone, a proposition difficult to reconcile with
while of the sixty who remained, only three
the acts of Congress annexing Texas, and extending the
laws of the United States over this very district. The
escaped unhurt. We add, as a further contri-
fact is, it was a defensive war at the outset, and if the
bution to the truth of history, that twenty-odd Mexicans were excited to their move across the Rio
years afterwards Congress appropriated five Grande by the appearance of United States troops on
thousand dollars as the reward of the officers
the northern bank, they had only to thank themselves
and men who perpetrated this wholesale work troops on the south bank.
for bringing them there by previously massing their
Of course the abolitionists
of rapine and murder. If the development of could see nothing in the matter but a wicked scheme
“
a national opinion upon the fundamental prin- for the extension of slavery. Their attitude how-
ciples of our national polity” has become neces-
ever, too narrow and bigoted to win much attention.”
sary, as Professor Burgess insists, we respect- In a serious historical undertaking, written
fully submit that “the re-writing” of our “ with an open mind and a willing spirit to see
political history will have to be done after a and to represent truth and error,” these state-
different fashion, and that it will necessarily ments are surprising. It was not “some of the
include some adequate account of our wars with Whigs," but all of the Northern Whigs, who
the Seminole Indians and the shocking sub believed that the war was one of aggression and
serviance of the national government to the conquest, although they lacked the courage to
interests of slavery.
vote their convictions. In this, both Calhoun
In referring to the mobbing of Abolitionists and Benton agreed with them, and the latter
in the North and the insurrection of Nat Turner demonstrated that the country between the
in Virginia, Professor Burgess says (p. 250): Nueces and the Rio Grande, about one hundred
“Only one person, the Rev. Mr. Lovejoy, was killed miles wide and two thousand miles long, be-
in these [Northern) collisions; that this happened under longed to Mexico. The United States in annex-
circumstances of some aggravation; and that, if the ex-
ing Texas bad expressly reserved the right to
citement at the South over the massacre of sixty-one
determine her disputed boundaries, and this
innocent persons was out of proportion with the event,
then not too much should be made out of the killing of certainly could not be done by an order of the
a single person, who was not entirely guiltless on his President commanding General Taylor to begin
part of giving provocation."
offensive operations a hundred miles beyond
We think the fling at Mr. Lovejoy contained the boundaries of the United States. As to the
in this passage is unwarranted. He was a min. bill extending the revenue laws of the United
ister of the gospel and the editor of a religious States over a portion of the territory claimed
newspaper. He was not a politician or the by Texas, Professor Burgess must be aware
champion of any party. He was not in the fel- that it was smuggled through Congress by a
lowship of the Abolitionists, and criticised their trick, and was never recognized by Mexico.
methods. He disclaimed any right to meddle We did not suppose that any respectable writer
with slavery, either by legislation or physical of our political history would at this day defend
violence. His newspaper only dealt with the the executive falsehood of President Polk in
9


276
[May 1
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nor
a
He says:
declaring that “ American blood has been shed in the prime of life, so that this poor excuse
on American soil,” or the parallel falsehood of fails him; while the statement that if he had
Congress that “ by the act of the Republic of chastised Sumner in a brave and manly way be
Mexico a state of war exists between that
gov- would have been generally applauded is a re-
ernment and the United States."
The con-
markable one, for Sumner had kept himself
temptuous reference of Professor Burgess to strictly within the rules of parliamentary de-
the Abolitionists is not less remarkable. He corum, and thus left his enemies without any
says they “could see nothing in the war but excuse for an appeal to violence, although they
a wicked scheme for the extension of slavery," had singled him out for months before for their
but that their attitude was “ too narrow and special venom and personal vituperation. It is
bigoted to win much attention.” That the ani- true that Sumner's words were winged with
mating purpose of the war was the extension of power, because he told the naked truth and
slavery, nobody will now dispute ; and intelli- made no attempt to “nullify damnation with
gent men of all parties so understood it at the a phrase.” But he was neither “coarse
time, while history has abundantly shown that “ brutal” in his diction. He saw that the slave-
the " attitude of the Abolitionists on this masters had united in the resolve to crush him,
question did finally “win much attention.” and he felt that the time had gone by for the
In speaking of the Brooks assault upon Sum- policy of conciliation and concession, or any
ner (p. 439), Professor Burgess speaks of form or degree of surrender to brow-beating
Senator Butler of South Carolina as “ a gentle and threats. He therefore offered them his
man of great refinement and politeness," and defiance; and the nation to-day owes him its
pronounces Sumner's speech in reply to him unbounded thanks for his blasting assault upon
“ especially coarse and brutal.”
slavery, which was made necessary by the habit
“Senator Butler was in ill health, and was absent of submission to its demands and the growing
from his seat, both of which circumstances made the audacity of its pretensions.
affair all the more exasperating. For two days the Cap- Professor Burgess refers (p. 440) to the
itol rang with denunciations of the insulting speech,
when Preston S. Brooks, a nephew of Senator Butler frightful slaughter of five men by John Brown
and a member of the House of Representatives, de-
and his associates on Pottawattomie creek in
manded and took satisfaction of Mr. Sumner for the Kansas, and says: “ No sane man can find the
attack upon his kinsman. Had he carried out his pur- slightest justification, excuse, or palliation for
pose in a brave and manly way, he would have been
this atrocious crime. It was murder, pure
and
generally applauded for it; but being a small, weak
man physically, while Sumner was a powerful athlete, simple.” And he brands them as “ cutthroats
Brooks had recourse to a method which stamped him as and highwaymen.” This sweeping and unqual-
a coward, and his attack upon Sumner as a brutal out- ified statement will be questioned by many.
rage.”
Brown was a sincere and intense hater of slavery.
We think this is entirely too gingerly. Sen- He regarded the repeal of the Missouri Com-
ator Butler was by no means a saintly charac- promise as a conspiracy to nationalize and per-
ter, but an irascible representative of Southern petuate the evil in the United States. He saw
chivalry, who had already given Mr. Sumner the border ruffians of Missouri rushing into
adequate occasion for what he said, and who, Kansas in armed hordes, and by fraud and
in the debate which followed this assault, called force seeking to legalize slavery there, while
Senator Wilson a liar. It is true that Senator the administration at Washington was giving
Butler was absent from his seat, but he knew them aid and comfort. Several of his own
before he left for his home that Sumner was to family had fallen in this fearful conflict, in
speak on this day, and that he was under no which the border ruffians were seeking to ter-
obligation to postpone the time of his speaking rorize the free-state men into submission. These
on this account. Professor Burgess speaks of were certainly palliating facts. It seemed to
Brooks as a nephew of Senator Butler; but he him that the nation was asleep, and he finally
was in fact only the son of Butler's cousin. He persuaded himself that divine Providence had
says if Brooks had “ carried out his purpose in chosen him to be the special avenger of unright-
a brave and manly way, he would have been eousness. Both in Kansas and afterwards in
generally applauded for it; but being a small, Virginia he showed himself to be a man with-
weak man physically, while Sumner was a pow- out fear and without self-reproach, and that he
erful athlete, Brooks had recourse to a method gloried in the consciousness of having become
which stamped him as a coward,” etc. Brooks the instrument of the Most High in giving
was over six feet in height, strongly built, and I liberty to the slave. The propriety of classify-
a


1897.)
277
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:
ing such a character with ordinary "cutthroats would be and had been successfully interred by
and highwaymen” is not apparent; but we Bacon and the creators of empirical and induc-
agree with Professor Burgess when he says: tive science. One should no more identify a
“It is a source of congratulation that the juristic single aspect in the evolution of metaphysics
a
sense of the last decades of the nineteenth century re- with the discipline itself than one should excom-
fuses to place the crank who kills or robs for what he
municate chemistry because it has a historical
considers, or professes to consider, the welfare of society
under any other class than that of the most dangerous
connection with alchemy, or astronomy because
criminals. It remains for the ethical sense of the there might be found in it some hereditary taint
twentieth century to sweep the hero worship too often of astrology. The fact is that speculative phil-
accorded such characters out of the world's literature."
osophy, the hunt for “ being,” “reality,” the
The order and well-being of society must at all “first cause," a Weltauschanung, is an impulse
events be entrusted to the care of the sane. If that is not only legitimate, but ineradicable and
one man is accorded the right to undertake the necessary in every man of intelligence. " Phil-
work of reform as the chosen instrument of the osophy," to quote the words of Lewes, an En.
Almighty, and to set aside the commands of glish disciple of Comte, “is inherent in man's
“
the Decalogue, any other man may claim the nature. It is not a caprice, it is not a plaything,
same right, and the multiplication of these it is a necessity; for our life is a mystery, sur-
saviors of society would turn the world upside rounded in mysteries. We live encompassed by
down.
GEORGE W. JULIAN.
wonder.'” No more is metaphysic a caprice.
The disposition to seek a unitary principle to
explain the world is, I believe, inherent in the
mind. Every religion, apart from the elements
POSITIVISM AND THE HISTORY OF of feeling in it, the correlation of the sciences, the
PHILOSOPHY.*
investigation of the criteria of knowledge, the
Comte, when he wrote his Philosophie posi- inquiry into the relation of mind to matter and
tive and constituted himself sovereign pontiff in
into the nature of ultimate concepts like "force"
the newly erected hierarchy of science, supposed
and “matter” and “cause,” are metaphysical
that he had performed the last rites over the processes, and every man carries around with
defunct discipline of metaphysics, and that with him, whether conscious of its pernicious charac-
his pronunciation of requiescat in pace this
ter or not, a more or less articulated metaphysic.
troublesome pretender had been forever laid to
He
may
pot even have heard of that name or he
rest. That was half a century ago. After this
may have very serious objections to it as a re-
lapse of time we find metaphysics still stalking pated intellectual disease, but whether he will or
about the intellectual world as alive and vigor not (unless he is mentally abnormal) he has his
ous as in Comte's prime, when he supposed him-
own view of life and duty and destiny (or, as
self to be in mortal combat with it. Indeed,
the Germans would call it, his Weltauschan-
a discipline of knowledge, not to say science, ung) which constitutes his private metaphysic,
such as metaphysics, which from the time of the
much as one regrets to thrust on a person some-
Greeks to Comte's own countryman Descartes thing he does not want.
had occupied the very best of the world's talent,
Comte's own philosophy presupposes a meta-
was not to be throttled in that way. Even sup- physic and terminates in a religion, although
posing “ ultimate reality” to be some mirage he supposed religion and metaphysics to be the
or will-o'-the-wisp, the pursuit of it had been
two stages in the development which had been
useful, and we shall not impugn the services of
forever superseded by the final era of positive
Plato, Kant, Spinoza, and Descartes to man-
philosophy. In his new ecclesiasticism, science
kind, by saying that their theories should be rel-
takes the place of traditional dogma and Hu-
egated to the limbo of idle speculative dreams manity“with a big H” plays the role of divinity.
or that their metaphysics should be thrown out
He appears to be unaware of this because he is
of the back door into the rubbish of the past.
all the while, when speaking of metaphysics,
The whole trouble was that Comte wrongly employing it in a mistaken sense, in the sense
identified Scholastic Ontology with metaphys-
of an obsolete transcendentalism ; he appears to
ics, and was really occupied in exhuming and
be always thinking of the scholastic essences
reburying a thing which was as dead as it ever
and theology. Now, no one will question the
statement that all modern philosophy,—whether
*HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY. By Alfred Weber. Author-
ized translation from the fifth French edition by Frank Thilly.
it be materialistic or idealistic,- is openly hos-
Now York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
tile to every unempirical metaphysic. In this
66


278
[May 1,
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?
respect there is nothing peculiar to Comte or in modern times; yet his own system had fallen
his congeners. Neither is there anything pecu- largely into disrepute before his own death and
liar to these advocates of positive science in his disciples have never made any considerable
their insistence upon verification. In respect propaganda for it.
of rigidity of proof, Descartes, Locke, Hume, A trite objection to the metaphysician is that
and Kant were as exacting as the most con- he looks inward to discover what is outside of
scientious investigator of the truths of mathe- him. But one may retort that positive science
matics or of the material world. The difference
errs equally in ignoring the subject. Is it not
is not in method, save in so far as experiment equally fallacious to suppose that in science we
may be employed, but in the subject-matter of are concerned merely with objective things ?
the several disciplines, in the relative illusive- Is color out there on the painted surface ? or is
ness of their immediate materials. And even
pigment manufactured in the laboratory of the
in the physical sciences, when one comes to the eye? Do we know things, or do we know only
ultimate, concepts on which they rest, one finds certain states of consciousness? Is there any
that truth is not to be hunted down with a cru- intelligible object without an intelligent sub-
cible or a piece of apparatus. Indeed, it is ject? Are not knowing subject and known
much as Emerson says: “Truth is such a fly-object indissoluble correlates for science as well
away, such a sly-boots, so untransportable and as for philosophy ? And is philosophy, after
unbarrelable a commodity, that it is as bad to all, anything else than science become conscious
catch as light. In so far as the physical sci- of itself and its methods and its ultimate mean-
ences may be applied to our comfort and to the ing? Huxley, in his “ Lay Sermons,” very
amelioration of our physical condition, they wisely and charmingly says:
have a certain utilitarian superiority,— but in
“When the Materialists stray beyond the borders of
so far as they purport to furnish us with a body their path and begin to talk about there being nothing
of irrefragable truth about ultimate reality they else in the universe but Matter and Force and Neces-
are no better off than metaphysics, for the pro- sary Laws and all the rest of their "grenadiers' I de-
cline to follow them. . . . Matter and Force are, so far
cess in both cases is speculative, though each
as we know, mere names for certain forms of conscious-
to have any value must have an empirical basis.
The reconciliation of physics and metaphysics
In this connection one need only call to mind lies in the acknowledgement of error on both sides; in
the atomic theory, the doctrine of energy, of the confession by physics that all phenomena of nature
motion as an explanation of light, heat, elec-
are, in their ultimate analysis, known to us only as facts
of consciousness; in the admission by metaphysics that
tricity, etc., etc. Comte repudiates metaphysics
the facts of consciousness are practically interpretable
altogether. He will none of it, and yet in the
only by the methods and formula of physics. Their
development of his own system he abandons differences are complementary, not antagonistic, and
nominalism (which, to be sure, is as much a thought will never be completely fruitful until the one
unites with the other."
metaphysical hypothesis as is realism), and in
his Politique positive he talks of that abstrac- This attitude towards philosophy on the part
tion, Humanity, completely unconscious of his of the distinguished English interpreter of sci-
self-contradiction, as if Humanity had some ence is very different from that of Comte, and
objective reality over and above individual men. is, I believe, much more representative of the
But is this Humanity anything else than one spirit of contemporary thought. For this rea-
of his much maligned substantiated abstrac- son an adequate interpretation of the historical
tions ? And more than that, this same Human- meaning of philosophy is at the present moment
ity is as much Comte's fetish as was the nature a much desired work. In my opinion, we have
of the old philosophers or the hypostasized ideas in Weber's treatise, skilfully translated by Dr.
of Plato. In his later days he even attempts Thilly from the fifth French edition, the best
to rehabilitate the subjective method, and so extant history of philosophy in a single volume.
turns apostate to his own evangel; and in his It ought to find a large body of readers amongst
creed of the superiority of heart to intellect, students of science, of philosophy, and of the
after he had fallen under the dominion of a general evolution of civilization. Weber is an
woman's love, he becomes the weaver of vaga- admirable expositor of philosophical doctrine.
ries, of sheer poetry, with as slender basis of There is no Scotch mist or German fog here.
fact as have the gossamer systems of the Neo- He is perspicuous and direct ; his employment
Pythagoreans. We have in this brilliant of system is well-nigh faultless ; he has given
Frenchman the most persistent and learned us in these six hundred octavo pages, not a lot
crusade against the traditional philosophy made of facts chronologically strung together, but the
ness.


1897.]
279
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9
conceptual evolution of speculative thought, its thought, a tendency to a monism of the will,
genesis and development, the mutual relation- which has had only “ an accidental and passing
ships of its doctrines, set forth in such fashion alliance with the pessimism of Schopenhauer.”
that we can see them forming and growing in Since modern science has reduced matter to
their vital succession from Thales to Schopen- force, there is an unmistakable tendency on the
hauer. First and foremost, he is thoroughly part both of idealism and materialism to com-
conversant with the matter in hand (that is the bine Idea and Force into a monism of the will.
main thing); and then, his fine sense of literary This monism of the will is the synthesis which
form adds a not unimportant extraneous attrac- the three factors in European philosophy co-
tion. Matter and form are here happily mated. öperate in forming. These three factors are
It is a comparatively rare thing for a French reason, which interprets the world as a cosmic
philosophical work to be translated into En unity, experience, which asserts the universality
glish. The present instance seems to be one of of struggle, and conscience, which sees the
the most justifiable exceptions.
world under its aspect of moral order. The
Weber considers for the most part the meta- world is observed under the forms of unity,
physical aspect of philosophy; the disciplines effort, and morality. This will, then, is not sim-
of ethics, psychology, and logic, as distinct ply the will to live ( Wille zum Leben), but
from metaphysics, receive only incidental con- will working towards the good (Wille zum
sideration. The phases of philosophy which Guten). Nature is therefore an evolution, and
are the legitimate subjects of treatment here the creative force in this evolutionary process
are ontology, scepticism and dogmatism, ra- is will operating in the struggle for existence
tionalism and empiricism, idealism
and realism, ever towards the Good as goal. In so far this
dualism and monism, atomism and dynamism, view, philosophically derived, is akin to the
theism and pantheism, materialism, and similar poet's belief,
questions. Philosophy, as Weber treats it, is “I doubt not thro' the ages one increasing purpose runs.'
intimately connected with the sciences, although
Small defects, like the lack of appreciation
it has its own subject matter. The sciences fur- of the meaning of Socrates and the rather slash-
nish the raw material of philosophy, and, guided ing criticism of Leibniz's theodicy, and the
by their deliverances, it aims to answer the somewhat numerous inexactitudes in quota-
questions as to the origin and meaning of the tions, will not unduly bias the reader against
world, the first cause and the end. « The sci- the solid merits of the volume as a whole.
ences without philosophy," as Weber says, “are
WILLIAM A. HAMMOND.
an aggregate without unity, a body without a
soul; philosophy, without the sciences, is
soul without a body, differing in nothing from
RECENT BOOKS OF TRAVEL AND
poetry and its dreams." The progress of the
ADVENTURE.*
sciences, if the so-called natural sciences be Professor Sommerville prefaces his book on
permitted to usurp that term, and the relation “Siam on the Meinam” with a remark, which
of philosophy to them, are, therefore, kept con- must not be taken too literally, as to the non-
stantly in view through the entire length of the
existence of books on Siam. Both Hallett and
treatise, from the rise of the philosophy of na- Bock have given us interesting accounts, espe-
ture amongst the Ionians to the latest phase of cially of the Shan States ; and Bowring's
the philosophy of evolution amongst ourselves.
* SIAM ON THE MEINAM. From the Gulf to Ayuthia. To-
The stammering infancy, the vigorous manhood, gether with
Three Romances Illustrative of Siamese Life and
and the senile dotage of Greek thought are
Customs. By Maxwell Sommerville, Professor of Glyptology,
University of Pennsylvania. Illustrated. Philadelphia : The
portrayed in living historically faithful outline.
J. B. Lippincott Co.
Not less interesting is the account of the revolt FIFTY YEARS' REMINISCENCES OF INDIA. A Retrospect
from scholastic philosophy at the Renaissance,
of Travel, Adventure,
and Shikar. By Colonel Pollok. Illus-
trated. New York: Edward Arnold.
which went hand in hand with a revolt from
CRAGS AND CRATERS. By William Dudley Oliver, M.A.
the church, scientific and ecclesiastical reforma- Illustrated. New York : Longmans, Green, & Co.
tion keeping pace with each other, both born SOLDIERING AND SURVEYING IN EAST AFRICA, 1891-1894.
By Major J. R. L. Macdonald, R.E. Illustrated. New York
of the same spirit of liberty. After a short
Edward Arnold.
luminous treatment of Pessimism, Darwin, and LETTERS FROM CONSTANTINOPLE. By Mrs. Max Müller.
Positivism (Kant and Hegel are, of course,
Illustrated. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
IN THE LAND OF TOLSTOI. Experiences of Famine and
examined at considerable length), Weber finds,
Misrule in Russia. By Jonas Stadling and Will Reason. New
as the leading characteristic of contemporary York: Thomas Whittaker.
a
a


280
(May 1,
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66
9
a
Kingdom and People of Siam” still remains good taste. The book is well printed and bril-
the best general account of the country. Vin- liantly bound.
cent's “Land of the White Elephant," Cort's
Of quite a different order from the book just
“Siam," and Child's Pearl of Asia," are also noticed is Colonel Pollok's “ Fifty Years' Rem-
“
worth mentioning. Professor Sommerville's iniscences of India.” Colonel Pollok writes,
work is professedly no more than a series of
as he suggestively puts it, in “ the hope of
sketches based upon a short visit to Bangkok amusing and instructing those who may be
and a flying trip of fifty miles up the Meinam thinking of taking to sport in earnest.” Here,
to Ayuthia. The first part of the work is taken then, we have a book, and an excellent one, for
up with a rapid description of the sights of
the benefit of the thorough-going sportsman.
Bangkok, the bazaars, markets, temples, and
Colonel Pollok is firmly convinced that the best
especially the far-famed river life of the Venice school for the soldier is in hunting big game;
of the East. At evening he finds a great charm and he has lived up to his convictions. Many
in the light and sound effects in this water city. a campaign has he made against tigers, boars,
“ The floating theatres add their glare and glitter; buffaloes, and elephants, and many an enter-
the supernumeraries stand well out on the platform, taining story of adventure is one result, and
beckoning with their firebrands; others guard the lights
The
of the many-colored paper lanterns; and here is a show perhaps the best result, of his prowess.
where some of the actors stand without, giving tempt- story of a hunt for a man-eating tiger, and of
ing examples of the entertainment to be enjoyed within. the assistance he received from some four-footed
Near at hand is a broth and curry-and-rice shop. Two
allies, is extremely interesting. The tiger's last
or three fellows on a float are striving with string instru-
ments to tempt some of the pleasure-seekers to enter exploit was the slaying of a girl, and Colonel
there and amuse their stomachs. Fruit shops and toddy Pollok took up his watch near the corpse, for
boats, all with gay lanterns; and beyond, on a floating the return of the beast. After waiting some
platform in the subdued light, stands a screen, on which time, he inadvertently turned his eyes away from
a light from within and behind casts a series of silhou-
the body for a moment, and on looking again
ettes. The performer's hand and arms are posed in
such a manner as to produce representations of birds,
the dead girl was not there. As no trail was
animals, and human beings; many amusing contests found, it was evident the tiger had carried off
between the characters and ludicrous predicaments of the body just as a cat does a mouse.
mirthsome Judys are shown on the screen. .. The
“So, although I ran along some way, I failed to find a
artistic performance of the silhouette-maker is inter-
trail; but just ahead of me I saw a herd of buffaloes,
rupted at intervals by a company of quasi-musicians,
headed by a very large bull. The tiger was not likely
who, by a terrific blast of horns and ringing of gongs,
to have gone toward them, for these animals, when to-
call on the innocents to try Dame Fortune. There are
gether, act in concert, and do not fear a tiger. I got hold
floating gambling-shops, where, at games similar to rou-
of the gwalas (herdsmen), and promised them twenty
lette, so much coin changes hands of an evening that an
rupees if they would drive their herd as I should indicate.
implement resembling a coal-scoop is used to shovel in
The men took the cattle right across the place where the
the money, the bankers at the same time paying the
girl's body had lain, and no sooner did the bull smell the
winners with their hands, which should give all level
blood and the scent of the tiger than, with a bellow, low-
heads an idea of the chances in the game."
ering his head, he galloped forward, followed by the
The steamer-ride to Ayuthia and the sights cows and young bulls, tracing the scent much as a pack
there are briefly described. The author then of dogs might have done. I ran my best, hoping to get
gives a chapter on Buddhism, which cannot be
a shot; but the ground was covered with trailing vines,
accounted the best thing in the book, being By the time I got on my feet again, the buffaloes had
over which I kept stumbling, and finally came a cropper,
quite too slight, superficial, and prejudiced to overtaken the tiger; the bull rushed at him, and I sawa
be of real assistance to the reader. For instance, brindled mass thrown high up. It had barely reached
his contention (p. 148) that he has “ fully and
the earth again, when it was again sent flying. The
finally” settled the question as to whether im- tiger roared, clawed, and bit, but he had fully twenty
beasts on him. I could not put in a shot; if I had rushed
ages are mere symbols, implies both great pre-
in amidst the infuriated herd, I stood more than a chance
sumption and great ignorance of the animistic of being hoisted myself. The cattle formed a phalanx
form of religion. He gives no account of mis- round the tiger, and what with tossing, prodding, and
sionary work in Siam. The tales illustrating kneading, they soon deprived the scourge of the country
of its life. The buffaloes were in such a state of excite-
Siamese life seem to us a little formal. Though
ment that even their attendants hesitated to go in to
this work is neither thorough nor incisive, it is drive them off; the bull in particular would not leave
yet a brisk and pleasant description. Its inter- his prey; when driven off, he would make a detour, re-
est is very greatly enhanced by the abundance turn to the charge, with eyes flaring almost out of his
of excellent photographic illustrations, though head, nostrils blowing like a grampus, and furiously
assail the dead body again. I promised the men ten
the two pictures of vultures eating a corpse
rupees more to get him away, as I did not wish to have
might well have been omitted on the ground of the skin ruined. They succeeded at last in doing so,
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and as soon as the coast was clear I found the tiger ship.” Major Macdonald gives a careful ac-
stone-dead, or rather kneaded into a jelly."
count of the way in which Uganda became a
In the book entitled “Crags and Craters, British Protectorate, with particular details as
Mr. W. D. Oliver gives a pleasant account of to the battles in which he was engaged. Espe-
some excursions in the little-heard-of volcanic cially in his chapters on the three Mohammedan
island of Réunion, or Bourbon, situated in the
wars he has made a valuable contribution to
Indian Ocean some four hundred miles east of East African history.
Madagascar Réunion is about as large as
In their “ Letters from Constantinople,"
Rhode Island. It is extremely mountainous,
Mrs. Max Müller and her husband have con-
and contains mineral springs which make it a
tributed to the literature of travel some agree-
health resort for the neighboring island of
Mauritius. Réunion, now under French con-
able descriptions of Constantinople and its
trol, can hardly be called prosperous at present,
environs. As Mrs. Müller's son was Secretary
to the British Embassy, she obtained extraordi-
owing to the lack of proper labor for the sugar
plantations, and also to absentee landlordism.
nary privileges; and she thus describes her
visit to the wife of a Turkish Minister behind
In a direct and unpretentious way the author
the Harem walls :
tells the story of his rambles, which, however,
were only mildly interesting, though his descrip- twice, a year, in a shut carriage, the only
time she passed
“She told me that she drove out once, at the utmost
tions of the beautiful scenery are rather tantal- outside those terrible walls. She was fond of her gar-
izing. On the whole the book is to be com- den and her pets, cats and birds, but she had no children,
mended as a quite reliable and well-written and, I was told, lived in constant dread that her husband
description of a corner of the earth practically would, in consequence
, divorce her, for very few
Turks
a
now have two wives. Her idea of opean life was
unknown to most people.
founded on French novels, which she read incessantly,
Major J. R. L. Macdonald, in “Soldiering and she said to me: "Well, we are happier than you,
and Surveying in East Africa,” gives us a mix-
for our husbands may fancy one of our slaves whom we
ture of adventure and history, the first part of
know, but your husbands go about with French actresses
whom you do n't knowl' Sweetmeats were brought in
the book being mainly adventure and the later by slaves, and then cigarettes, but I had to confess my
, I
part history. In surveying the Uganda Rail- ignorance of smoking; and, lastly, the delicious Turkish
way he met with adventure in various forms,
coffee in golden cup-stands. The minister's wife is a
both from wild men and wild beasts. Strange
good musician, and her sister-in-law draws and paints,
taught by the minister, who is quite a good artist; but
to say, bees and rhinoceroses were the greatest
in spite of music, and painting, and French
els, and
impediments to his party. More than once lovely garden, I had a sad feeling that she was like a
they were put to rout by swarms of bees or by bird beating her wings against her gilded cage. She had
rampant “rhinos.” He gives quite the best
read too much to be content."
description of a rhinoceros reconnoitering a As Mrs. Müller and her husband were treated
caravan that we have come across.
most hospitably by the Sultan and the highest
“ The great beast scents the caravan at once, but can-
officials, their account is in the main rather too
not quite make it out, so he stands facing it, wagging rose-colored and superficial, and the letters are
his enormous head from side to side in ludicrous uncer-
tainty. Then up goes his tail, and he comes tearing revised for print ; still, the volume affords much
also sometimes too formal in tone, too obviously
down, only to pull up again after twenty or thirty yards
to repeat his investigations. To give time for reflection pleasant, and often suggestive, reading, and the
and vary the monotony, he then trots along parallel to illustrations are admirably clear.
the caravan, till, on an extra strong whiff of scent, he
The book entitled “ In the Land of Tolstoi"
wheels round, and makes a headlong charge for a few
yards. This somewhat stupid, though distinctly enter-
is valuable and interesting. Its material is due
taining, performance is repeated until, in most cases, the to Mr. Jonas Stadling, and its literary form to
caravan has passed safely, and the rhinoceros is left in
Mr. Will Reason. Mr. Stadling assisted Tol-
his uncertainty. Sometimes, however, the caravan is of
stoi in relief work during the famine of 1892,
such a length, or so slow, that a charge home comes off;
when the porters drop their loads and scatter, and the
and had an opportunity of coming into more
rhinoceros gallops through the line and away up-wind, intimate relations with Russian peasant life
with his tail in the air, and no damage done.”
than is often granted to foreigners. He seems
A curious custom among the Masai is thus to think that the Russian peasant is worse off
mentioned in connection with the freeing of to-day than before the abolition of slavery,
some hostages by Major Macdonald's partner. Everyone preys on the mushik, especially the
“The women were then liberated, and, being money-lenders and Government officials, so that
,
evidently struck with Pringle, insisted on his he is reduced to misery, and easily attacked by
spitting on each individually in token of friend- actual famine. Many of the accounts of relief


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work will be painful reading to the sympathetic extensive that has yet appeared in this field,
reader. Mr. Stadling, by the way, helped in and represents an undertaking so vast and com-
giving out much of the aid sent from America. plex in its scope that one can but admire the
Mr. Stadling's impressions of Tolstoi are inter- prodigious industry which has brought the task
esting, and this account of his first meeting with so near completion. The first volume, called
him is worth quoting.
“ The Dawn of Civilization” (French “ Les
“ With a hearty grip of his strong hand he bade me Origines"), appeared in 1894, and brought
welcome, asked about my journey, admired my Lapp the history from the beginning in pre-historic
dress, and showed me into a small room that I was to times down to the end of the feudal age in
occupy. Then he told me to hold out my feet, and
pulled off my Lapp boots. This was done so simply that | Egypt (the middle empire), and through the
they were off before I thought of protesting. Yet the earliest dynasties in Chaldæa. The second vol-
spectacle of Count Tolstoi, whose greatness had been ume, “ The Struggle of the Nations" (French
filling my mind a moment or two before, pulling off my “ Premières Mêlées des Peuples "), takes up
boots like a common servant, left me breathless with
the narrative at the rise of the first Chal-
surprise. Then things took their proper perspective,
and I saw the naturalness of it, and learnt more from
dæan empire and the new empire in Egypt,
this little unaffected deed of helpfulness than from all
when for the first time the civilization of the
the learned lectures I had heard or all the volumes of Euphrates-Tigris valley and that of the Nile
theology I had read. I was in the presence of a man
came into intimate contact and open collision.
who had devoted a whole life to passionate search after
This volume is well named, for it is occupied
truth and reality, and had found the meaning of life'
in following Him who came not to be served, but to
from beginning to end with the successive con-
serve': a man who not only talks about « égalité et fra- quest of Palestine and Syria by these two civ-
ternité,' but whose life is 'égalité et fraternité.'
ilizations. Into the account of this struggle is
The illustrations in this book, though not very woven the story of the minor peoples of this
artistic, have much intrinsic interest of subject. region, who were the sufferers in such collisions;
For instance, there is a suggestion of great and the whole picture is filled out with accounts
pathos in the picture of the peasant woman of the geography, topography and roads, re-
with her arm over the neck of her only cow, ligion, political organization, commerce, art,
which is about to be seized by the tax-collector.
and the industrial and social life of each na-
HIRAM M. STANLEY.
tion. All this, in Maspero's picturesque and
interesting style, is rendered still more vivid by
the many beautifully executed illustrations.
The arrangement of the material, though not
THE NATIONS OF THE ANCIENT EAST.* 80 convenient for reference as that of Lenor-
When but eighteen years of age, so he once
mant, is far superior in giving a complete pic-
told the writer, M. Maspero began collecting
ture of the whole oriental world during each
material for a history of the ancient East, which great period, instead of separately following
later appeared in a modest volume entitled
the career of each nation uninterruptedly from
“ Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'orient." | beginning to end. The main outlines of the
The work has since grown to its present pro. picture, however, are sometimes lost, owing to
jected form of three large volumes. Of these,
the insertion of many pages of archæological
material.
two are ready; the second, the subject of this
review, having just appeared in English form.
It is useless, within the limits of this review,
The work when thus completed will offer a very
to attempt any adequate analysis of the book or
detailed historical picture of the great oriental
any discussion of debatable questions. Of these
world which lies back of the classic age, a world
there are many, as the author frankly admits;
which the decipherment of the cuneiform and
and he systematically refers in the foot-notes to
the hieroglyphic has revealed to us within the opinions differing from his own, always adding
memory of men still living. With the single
the references to the publications where they
exception of Lenormant's work, it is the most
may be found. Indeed, the references to the
literature of the entire oriental field are aston-
* THE STRUGGLE OF THE NATIONS: Egypt, Syria, and
ishingly full, even for so extensive a work. In
Assyria. By G. Maspero; edited by A. H. Sayce ; translated
by M. L. McClure. With map, 3 colored plates, and 400 illus- this respect especially, the volume is an inex-
trations. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
haustible storehouse, showing an unusual ac-
† As to the completion of the work, the writer may quote quaintance with the history of the subject.
from a letter from M. Maspero: “Le troisiême volume de mon
Histoire auquel je travaille en ce moment ... paraîtra, je Every orientalist will be grateful to M. Maspero
l'espère, en 1899."
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1897.]
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which he has here brought together. The work painted pavement of this palace, the row of
of Erman, however, seems sometimes to be over- negro and Syrian captives appears at one end
looked.
only, not “ at each end of the room ” (p. 320,
The distinguished author's name is of course cf. fig. p. 321). An evil fate seems to have
quite sufficient surety for the value and char-pursued our author at Amarna, for he speaks
acter of the work in so far as it concerns Egypt. (p. 336) of the “ two funerary chapels " built
Although not an Assyriologist, he is so inde- there by Ai. These two chapels exist only in
fatigable in his use of translated and edited the Denkmaeler of Lepsius ; the mistake being
sources, so sober and judicial in his estimate due, probably, to some confusion in Lepsius's
of accessible materials and his interpretation notes before publication. A visit to Amarna
of the evidence, that the work will also com- discloses only one chapel of Ai, and this con-
mand the highest respect in the Assyro-Baby- tains all the inscriptions given in the two Ai
lonian field. It is, perhaps, owing to the enor- chapels of Lepsius (III., 103 to 106a, 107d
mous territory thus covered that the volume to 109). It seems strange that this was un-
contains more slips than we look for in a work known to one who has been active in Egypt so
of its kind. It would be impossible in one life- long as our author. But leaving Amarna and
time to command all the vast range of material ascending to Abydos (p. 380), there are seven
except by the greatest dispatch in making and chapels in the Seti temple, not “ eight” as
putting together one's prelimary notes and ob stated. Again (p. 628), the Assyrian chariots
servations. Hence the seams sometimes show, are said to have “ wheels with eight spokes ";
and sometimes notes of a curiously contradic- they have only six. The shaft where the royal
tory nature, made evidently at different times, mummies were hidden at Der-el-bahri is said
,
-
are both inserted. Referring to that remark- to be “130 feet deep” (p. 771); it is less than
able XVIIIth dynasty queen, Hatshepsut, the forty feet.
author says (p. 239) : “She governed with so As the above shows, in matters archæolog-
firm a hand that neither Egypt nor its foreign ical the work contains more errors than it
vassals dared to make any serious attempt to should. But even on historical ground such
withdraw themselves from her authority.” But slips are not entirely wanting. Speaking of the
on page 254 he states that “ by the end of her Hittite kings (p. 389), the author says: “Khat-
life she had lost nearly all that her father had usaru, a younger brother of Maurusaru, mur-
gained in Syria," which is a flat contradiction. dered the latter and made himself king.”
In the geography, which is very full, there Maurusaru was the father, not the brother, of
are some strange errors. It is impossible to
Khatusaru. The brother to whom he intends
cross the Jabbok on the
way
from “ Bethshan" to refer is Mutenr (not mentioned bere), whom
northward to Damascus (p. 138). I suppose Maspero calls “ Mautallu” and recognizes him
the author means the Yarmuk. Again, how is rightly on page 372 (and in Note 3, p. 389).
,
it possible for the mountains of Moab to shut Undue baste must be the cause of these errors.
out David at Jerusalem from a view of the In the “ Expository Times” (March, 1897),
Dead Sea (p. 727) when the sea was between Professor Cheyne of Oxford has suggested that
him and the mountains ?
Maspero is unfamiliar with the apparatus of
In connection with the reign of the above- Old Testament criticism ; and it must be ad-
mentioned queen, there is an extraordinary mitted that he has not satisfactorily treated Old
mistake. Her favorite nobleman, Senmut, Testament sources. He simply summarizes,
whose Berlin statue is well known, is stated without estimating the value of the evidence.
(p. 245) to be “ holding between his knees the An amusing error in the use of these sources
young king Thutmosis III.” The figure thus occurs on page 728, where it is stated that the
held is that of the queen's little daughter Neferu- | Ark, on its return by the Philistines, “
Re, and her name is inscribed on the statue at placed on a new cart, and two milch cows with
her side. In describing the Amarna palace of their calves drew it." The Hebrew narrative
the strange king Amenhotep IV., the author (I. Sam. VI., 10) distinctly says the calves
states (p. 319):
“ Altars of massive masonry were shut up at home, a circumstance upon
rose in the midst of the courts.” This state which the whole point of the narrative turns.
ment is based on a false restoration in the A number of errors like “ eastern " for western
author's archæology, where a series of doors (p. 433) we omit. It is but just to add that
.
appear as altars (!), a mistake pointed out by one or two of the above slips may be due to the
Steindorff eight years ago. Similarly, in the translator, for I have been unable to obtain a
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284
[May 1,
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copy of the French edition. We wish all refer-
character. The paper
is excellent, the print
ences to the maps had not been omitted ; this large and clear. We have already referred to
seems strange in view of the numerous refer- the excellent workmanship on the illustrations.
ences to the illustrations and the numerous and The volume is well and tastefully bound, and
excellent maps themselves. We are loth to refer will be an ornament to any library. It is rarely
to that bugbear of all orientalists, the question that the student of oriental history and civiliza-
of orthography. The author makes a praise- tion is privileged to review a work like this of
worthy effort to supply the unwritten vowels Maspero, and the few evidences of haste above
of the Egyptian. But he should be consistent noted do not mar the impression of the author's
in it. We cannot understand why he writes great critical insight and marvellous arbeits-
side by side nutir and nofir, when consistency kraft, which the reader feels as he lays down a
demands either notir and nofir, or nutir and volume representing so many years of self-
nufir. Likewise “Usirmari,” but “ Amonra.” denying toil. JAMES HENRY BREASTED.
We notice that the orthography is sometimes
not the same in the maps and the text; this
may be due to the translator. On page 573 he
has Sankhoniathon, but on page 572 Sanchon-
TEN BRINK'S LAST VOLUME.*
iathon.
No single writer has yet completed an ex-
We are grateful to the translator for the
haustive account of English literature. Morley
excellent English which she has given us.
died while dealing with the later Elizabethans,
Without the French, however, we are unable to
and Ten Brink's work came to its unhappy end
vouch for its correct rendering of the original.
ere the author was well upon the threshold of
On page 320, referring to the Amarna pave-
the great Shakspearian age.
ment, it is clear that the French arcs has been
The period under consideration — the four-
translated “ arches " where it means bows. A
teenth century to the death of Surrey — wit-
reference to the illustration (p. 321) would nessed the beginnings of important movements,
have avoided this error. In “ The Athenæum"
and to these the book is chiefly devoted : the
of January 2, 1897, a letter signed “ Verax”
Renaissance, the introduction of Humanism,
exposes a most unfortunate weakness in the
the origins of the Drama and of prose style,
translation. It consists in systematic and de-
.
the poetry of allegory.
liberate changes of the wording wherever Mas-
The love of prose romances was fostered by
pero incidentally shows his acceptance of mod. Caxton with his busy pen and busier press. Of
ern critical views on the Old Testament. Thus, the “ Morte d'Arthur," Ten Brink has too little
where the original had “ tradition related,” the
to say. Here, one would think, is a subject
translation has the narrative says "; "tradi- specially fitted for research in the German man-
tion” is regularly changed to “sacred writ-
ner, with full discussion of Malory's sources ;
ings" or something similar. Thus, in different
but in this, as elsewhere, we are reminded that
ways, which Verax clearly shows in the “deadly
deadly the author was of a race more nearly akin to the
parallel column," Maspero's real position is English. He seems closer to us in his sympa-
concealed. The defense offered (see " Athe- thies than do most teachers of literature in Ger-
•
næum,” Jan. 9, 1897), by Mr. Mcờlure, whose
many. He is not without an ear for the sub-
wife is the translator, simply states that Mas-
tler harmonies and an eye for the romantic and
pero knew of these changes. This explanation
This explanation picturesque.
picturesque. Of such rememberable phrases
does not in the least justify an attempt to de-
as enchant the reader in the critical writings of
ceive the reader as to Maspero's real views. Saintsbury and Gosse, he has, to be sure, not
When one remembers that Mr. Sayce, the
a great many; his style is sustained rather than
editor, is continually assuring the public that
brilliant. Yet it has a charm of its own, and
the facts of oriental archæology are daily up- the translator has been happy in her rendering
setting the results of Old Testament criticism, of this charm. Witness the delicate charac-
it is easy to understand why it was so impor- terization of the gracefully mobile figure of
tant to conceal from the same public the fact
sensitive Dunbar”; or that of Skelton as "the
that a great archæologist like Maspero accepts grand virtuoso in verse and language,” who
the conclusions of Old Testament criticism.
adorns his song with“ melodious repetitions and
Misprints are rare, and we omit for lack of
* HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. By Bernhard Ten
space the short list which we have found. The
Brink. Edited by Dr. Alois Brandl. Translated by L. Dora
mechanical work on the volume is of the highest | Schmitz. Volume II., Part II. New York: Henry Holt & Co.


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endings that ring on the ear.” From Lord
PHASES OF THE SOCIAL QUESTION.*
Berner's admirable translation of Froissart, he
writes, “the chivalrous and romantic tenden-
All of the books named in the present article
deserve the attention of those students who are
cies of the day drew new nourishment.” Wyatt,
with all his attachment to religion, yet cherished
interested in the field they cover, although none of
them are exhaustive treatises. Two of these are
a “semi-Platonic, semi-Troubadour-like devo-
tion to Love." And he records with evident pioneer studies of interesting developments of social
life in the United States.
delight the youthful Surrey's enjoyment of Soderini's “ Socialism and Catholicism" is intro-
“ the birds warbling their thanks to Nature for duced to the English-speaking world by this sen-
the happiness of their loves,” or his captivation tence of Cardinal Vaughan : “ Count Soderini's
by the charms of the Lady Elizabeth so that work, Socialismo e Cattolicismo, may be taken as
he “ elected her mistress of his heart and of his the best and fullest commentary on the Encyclical
Muse.”
Rerum Novarum that has appeared in Italy."
Ten Brink's best work is his chapter on
Twenty chapters are devoted to an analysis of the
Wyatt and Surrey. In tracing the sources of
social problems of the age, and to an examination
A
their art and of the forms which they imported of the proposals of Socialism. A sketch of the devel-
into English song, he has given us a worthy what florid and polemic style, leads up to a critical
opment of collectivist doctrines, written in a some-
close since close it must be
of his history.
examination of the central economic doctrines of
From Chaucer and from Petrarch they drew Lassalle and Marx. The lines of the Encyclical
copious draughts of inspiration ; from Italy, concerning labor are closely followed, and the en-
then in the springtide of the Renaissance, they tire book may be regarded as at once a commentary
brought home echoes of harmonies lovelier than upon and a eulogy of the papal treatment of the
any yet heard in England ; and, tireless in their subject. This fact alone would give great signifi-
endeavoring after beauty of melody and of
cance and value to the work. Eight chapters are
devoted to “ Remedies.” The rich are called upon
technique, they wrought out enduring measures
and forever dispelled the prosaic and pedantic of social health. The State, within carefully-guarded
to regulate their expenditures according to the laws
diction of the old school. The influence upon
limits, may be employed to further the interests of
Surrey of Chaucer and of his own fellow-
the working classes, as in the matter of protecting
minstrel is thus pleasantly stated :
factory children and securing a legal day of rest.
Chaucer, one might fancy to have been the intimate Associations of employers and employes may pro-
friend in Surrey's parental home .. whose image mote peace and welfare by means of boards of con-
remained associated in the son's memory among the ciliation. Cooperation, in its many forms, will give
most cherished impressions of his childhood; Wyatt, on
the other hand, seems the teacher to whose school he
to wage-earners a method of improving their lot.
The climax of the book is reached in the plea of the
had been sent."
last chapter. Religion alone can insure order and
Following the story of Surrey's unhappy
progress. The Pope has come to the rescue of the
devotion to the fair Geraldine,
modern world, the champion of the laborer, the
"So sweet a wight, so sad, so wise,"
emancipator of the oppressed, the guardian of uni-
the author gives many a lyric from the poet- versal justice.
lover's album of adoration, among them the fine
We are sure of walking in the presence of reality
when we
take
sonnet wherein the world first learns of the lady
up a piece of work by Mrs. Bosanquet.
and her lineage,-
The study of a London parish, in her volume en-
titled “ Rich and Poor,” is done so thoroughly and
"From Tuscan came my Lady's worthy race;
Fair Florence was sometime her ancient seat," eto.
so deeply that world-wide lessons are taught. In
So ends, all too early, the work of the emi-
the first part of the book we are shown, by an artist
in the craft, how to observe the conditions that effect
nent Dutch scholar. His own closing words on
life and character, and in the second part we are
the noble Surrey have been well quoted by the taught how to take hold and help. Selecting a few
editor as applicable to Ten Brink himself :
*SOCIALISM AND CATHOLICISM. Translated from the Italian
“Great things he might still have accomplished, but
of Count Edward Soderini, by Richard Jenery-Shee; with
what he did accomplish has not been lost to posterity.” Preface by Cardinal Vaughan, New York: Longmans, Green,
JOHN RUSSELL HAYES.
& Co.
RICH AND POOR. By Mrs. Bernard Bosanquet. New York:
The Macmillan Co.
MODERN METHODS OF CHURCH WORK. By George W.
MR. GLADSTONE's famous collection of miscellaneous Mead. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
articles and essays, “ Gleanings of Past Years," has HOUSEHOLD ECONOMICS. By Helen Campbell. New York:
been continued in a volume of “ Later Gleanings: Theo- G. P. Putnam's Song.
logical and Ecclesiastical,” which is to be issued shortly DOMESTIC SERVICE. By Lucy M. Salmon. New York
by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons.
The Macmillan Co.
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typical sentences, we see the points of view and churches in all parts of the United States. The
range of ideas.
“Character is one amongst other author is in touch and sympathy with the tendency
economic causes, and as such cannot fail to have which he illustrates, and understands its motives.
economic effect.” Bribes to the poor to secure Among the many interesting topics are cardinal prin-
attendance at worship are held up for deserved ciples, the open or institutional church, methods of
castigation. An example is given of a legacy of reaching various classes, clubs, and associations of
1628, which provided 10s. for a sermon, the sur- men and boys, the Pleasant Sunday Afternoon,
plus to be divided amongst the “poore, weake, aged young people’s societies, modes of evangelization,
or decayed inhabitants of the parish that shall be educational classes, athletics, temperance and social
present at the hearing of said sermon." On the purity work. The chapter on results seems to show
subject of old-age pensions, we read:
that the recent methods are highly successful, as
“Let those who are interested in the question of old shown by the earnestness and growth of church
age pensions realise the fact that there is in England a membership. The discussions are too brief to be
sum of £1,025,000 per annum actually in their hands entirely satisfactory, especially on such subjects as
and available for the purpose, which is now to a large charity and reforms. The relation of the church
extent being frittered away in meaningless doles of bread
to economic and political life, the two chief social
and clothing and half-crowns, which serve no purpose interests of the people, is hardly touched, although
but to create greedy expectations and discontent.”
the typical church which the author describes “ seeks
This sentence will reveal a danger of our own out- to become the centre and source of all beneficent and
door relief: “It is not an uncommon thing in the philanthropic effort, and to take part in every move-
poorer districts of London for householders to apply ment which has for its end the alleviation of all hu-
for charity to pay heavy rates.” Our public relief
man suffering, the elevation of man, and the better-
fund is largely paid by persons who themselves have
ment of the world.” The optimistic statistics (page
a hard time to support themselves. There is a play 2) declare that since 1800, church members have
of humor which brings to light the sunny side increased thirty-eight fold, while the population has
of East End London. The character of the local increased twelve fold. The statistics of anxious
practitioner which Dickens ridiculed
reappears
in
doubt (page 49) are difficult to reconcile with the
the conservative quarters of the poor : “A doctor hopeful figures, and an explanation is desirable.
who will suit his fees to his patients, and give them Mrs. Helen Campbell's “ Household Economics”
plenty of medicine in large bottles, can generally get covers a wider field than Professor Salmon's work,
a good practice.” Ailments are objects of human and has a different object. It is adapted to its pur-
interest, and their consideration a part of the enter-
pose of stating the problems of the family life and
tainment. “A long fine-sounding name does much driving home the conviction of their importance.
Public university lectures delivered to a somewhat
told me her husband was suffering from the first mixed audience could not go far into te nical de-
assumptions of paralysis forgot for the moment her tails, but the significance of the various functions
distress.” We are taught that the etiquette of East of the household is made clear and vivid. In a
Londoners forbids inquisitiveness. “The man who rapid sketch of the evolution of industry, the organic
gave his wife standing instructions to say he was relation of household activities with all others is
drunk when the parson called was perhaps within made plain. The House is analyzed, and its various
his rights.” Mrs. Bosanquet helps to correct the
parts interpreted by a description of their uses. The
notion that the life of the poor is altogether sordid, main principles of construction are treated under
hopeless, and without redeeming elements.
the heads " building of the house ” and “organism
“On the cover of a popular tract, issued by a popular of the house,” the biological analysis being followed
society which revels in dramatic misrepresentations of
quite as far as it is safe to go. The æsthetic mean-
industrial conditions, I find the quotation “ Hell is a
ing and uses of decoration and furnishing are sag-
City much like London.” If this were so I would cheer-
fully accept a sentence which should doom me to hell,
Valuable discussions of food,
gestively treated.
and would play my part as a citizen to the best of my
cleaning, and household industries, follow. Of
would be a city full of pathos and humor,
course one chapter is devoted to the vexed question
where much that is bad is mingled with all that is human of “household service," and the discussion of the
and lovable, where the very fiends who are represented inordinate cost of employment bureaus and intelli-
as tormenting the lost are really engaged in works of gence offices brings to the surface some startling
mercy and brotherly love; a city above all where justice facts. The closing chapter is devoted to the theme
and straightforwardness and manly effort never fail to of “organized living," in which a plea is made for
make their influence felt."
connecting the family industries in natural relations
Those who are interested in the “ Forward Move- with the industrial and political order of our age.
ment” of the “ Institutional Church,” and in the Full bibliographies are furnished with each chapter,
recent developments of social work in many direc- and add much to their value.
tions, will find a very convenient summary and de- Professor Lucy M. Salmon, of Vassar College,
scription in Mr. Mead's volume on “ Modern Meth- has given to the world a discussion of “ Domestic
ods of Church Work." It is rich in suggestions of Service” which is of the highest value. Various
practical methods actually in successful use by papers already printed in magazines appear as a
to mitigate the evils of illness
, and the woman who P
a
power; for


1897.]
287
THE DIAL
book in more impressive form. The earlier chap-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
ters are devoted to the various historical aspects of
domestic service in this country during and since
“ The Recollections of Alexis de
The memoirs
of Count de
the Colonial period. It is shown that household
Tocqueville,” edited by the Comte
Tocqueville.
industry is organically connected with and affected
de Tocqueville and translated by
by the industrial system which prevails at a given
Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, cover the most inter-
period. One important deduction from this discov. esting portion of the eminent political philosopher's
ery is that the problem is social quite as much as
somewhat brief experience in the world of active
personal
. It is very generally believed and taught politics, namely, the revolutionary period of 1848.
that amiability, kindness, and consideration, on the
De Tocqueville was elected to the Chamber in 1839.
part of individual mistresses, would render the pres-
When the Revolution of February broke out, he
ent method of employment tolerable. While it is
threw himself into the struggle, resolving to devote
admitted that personal qualities have much to do
himself to the interests of the country and of society.
with mitigating the evils of the present situation, it
He was, says his relative, one of the first among
is shown that the causes of friction are too wide and
those whole-hearted, single-minded men who en-
deep to be removed by individual action or charac-
deavored to keep the Republic within a wise and
ter. There is an admirable analysis of the difficul.
moderate course by steering clear of the two-fold
ties, advantages, and disadvantages of domestic ser-
perils of Cæsarism on the one hand and revolution
vice, with illustrations and statistics drawn from a
on the other. He was a member of the provisional
careful investigation by the author and from govern-
government, and served France well as Minister of
ment reports. The vague complaints which one
Foreign Affairs. After the fall of his short-lived
hears on every side are here classified and given
and perplexed ministry he retired to Sorrento in
articulate expression. Various "doubtful remedies"
search of needed repose ; and it was during this
are shown to be antagonistic to the economic and
time that the notes composing the present volume
other social conditions of our age or only partly con-
were written. They were not intended for publica-
formed to them. One of the first remedies proposed
tion. “They shall,” says M. de Tocqueville, “be
is the removal of the stigma now attached to house-
a mirror in which I will amuse myself in contem-
hold work, and the frank and honest acceptance of plating my contemporaries and myself ; not a pic-
democratic ideals in the home. Much value is at-
ture painted for the public.” Some of these con-
tached to the specialization of employments and the
temporaries are mirrored with unsparing literalness
socialization of household service. This tendency
M. Hébert, the Minister of Justice, for instance.
has already become conspicuous. For example, Says the author : “ I have always observed that law-
clothing was once made in the home, but is now
yers never make statesmen; but I have never met
manufactured in publio establishments. Fruit is
anyone who was less of a statesman than M. Hébert.
now canned in factories, seldom in the kitchen. It
You must imagine a little, wizened, sorry face,
seems probable that this specialization will be car-
shrunk at the temples, with a pointed forehead, nose,
ried much further, and the amount of personal ser-
and chin, cold, bright eyes, and thin, in-drawn lips.
vice be reduced at a corresponding rate. Very inter-
Add to this a long quill generally held across the
esting suggestions are made in relation to profit mouth, and looking at a distance like a cat's brist-
“ .
sharing.” In the strict economic sense, there could
ling whiskers, and you have a portrait of a man,
be no “ profit-sharing” in an ordinary household, than whom I have never seen anyone more like a
because there are no “profits,” only savings. In a
carnivorous animal.” There is a touch of life in
hotel the term might be employed. It would be well
De Tocqueville's portraits that would have charmed
to distinguish clearly between profit-sharing and a
Carlyle. The Memoir forms an interesting and
bonus on efficiency or economy, as is done by Mr.
authoritative record of the brief and changeful pe-
Schloss. A strong plea is made for great profes-
riod between Louis Philippe and the beginnings of
sional schools in household science, open only to
the Second Empire; and it bears throughout the
college graduates. Perhaps there would be more
impress of the lofty and philosophical mind of its
chance for such a school if the terms of admission author. The volume is neatly made by the Mac-
were not made more severe than those for the legal
millan Co., and contains an attractive portrait of
and judicial professions. Yet the ideal is none too
De Tocqueville.
high. The book should be carefully studied by all
Mr. Edward Field's - The Colonial
who believe that the Family is the primary agency
New England Tavern (Providence : Preston &
for social reform and progress, and that public health
Rounds) is constructed on the now
and happiness wait for the advancement of its indus- familiar model of Mrs. Alice Morse Earle's books
trial methods. The author agrees with Miss Addams on Colonial life. Mr. Field has gleaned his mate-
in regarding domestic service as a “belated indus- rial from the usual sources -old diaries, letters, ac-
try,” clinging desperately to the relics of the feudal count books, town records, and so on and has ar
system long after it has been made obsolete by the ranged it in the usual way. A number of printed
introduction of machinery and the factory system in volumes have also been consulted, including Roads's
all other forms of business.
“ Marblehead,” Fielden's “ Medfield,” Chase's
C. R. HENDERSON. “Haverhill," Paige's “Cambridge," etc. The re-
.
The old-time
tavern.
-


288
(May 1,
THE DIAL
>
toho demands
ropose.
a
sult is a very amusing and suggestive picture of an from Norway. It is an unknown and an attractive
important side of New England town-life during region, with many things in which many will find
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Of that delight. The book has one drawback at least, how-
life the tavern, or “ ordinary,” was a centre second ever, and that is a serious one: it is not done by a
in importance only to the meeting-house. The for- master-workman. We do not pretend to be thor-
mer edifice was usually built near the latter—a jux- oughly acquainted with the spirit of Gaelic tradi-
taposition of “rum and true religion” that, so far tion, but we know enough of what is written to-day
from being regarded as a snare of Satan by the to be sure that the author often gives us, not the
town authorities, was favored and sometimes even simplicity of the original, but an affectation of sim
enforced by them. It is of record, for instance, that plicity which shows the unpractised hand. These
in 1651 John Vyall of Boston was granted “Lib- tales do not come to us in the naivété of the con-
ertie to keep a house of Common entertainment if scious translator; nor, however, do they have the
the Countie Court consent, provided he keep it neere artistic unity of good metaphrase. Hence they have
the new meeting house." There was certainly sound interest, but lack charm. Taken in and for them-
reason for such a proviso in winter. The early New selves, as if they were originals, they would some-
England meeting-house was (despite the doctrine times seem to us childish, ill-done. As renderings
preached therein) a proverbially chill and frost- of what was genuine and true, they appeal to us,
bitten place; and it must have been a delightful and that with such force that we often forget their
change from its precincts to the neighboring tap-drawbacks. One is a good deal impressed by the
room, with its crackling log-fire and restorative book, and yet wonders that the impression is not
creature comforts, such as hot flip, cherry rum, etc. deeper: in criticism one must often look a gift-horse
Mr. Field has extracted some quaint records from in the mouth. The best thing in the book, because
the tavern accounts. The following, for instance, the most genuine, is “ Mircatn.” As for the tale
was the great Governor Endicott's score with one that gives its name to the collection, it is almost
Joseph Armitage, inn-keeper between Boston and worthy the author of “ Zanoni.”
Salem :
“to beare and cacks
6d
“I am at a loss to account for this
An essayist
beare & cacks to himself
violent hurry that has infected the
and other gentlemen
1s 2d
world in all its pursuits, and will still
beare and cacks with
be making a toil of our pleasures.” Such is the state
Mr. Downing
1s 6d
of Mr. E. H. Lacon-Watson; and having quoted
beare and a cack
6d
his remark we have done much to give the discern-
38 8d"
The author has arranged his matter conveniently ing an idea of his volume, called from the second of
its fifteen essays
“ The Unconscious Humorist
under such heads as : “ The Tavern Keeper,” “The
(G. H. Richmond & Co.). We will confess that to
Tavern Sign and Name,” “ Tavern Cheer and
Charge," "The Tavern in the Revolution," etc. The
our mind it is a dangerous experiment suddenly to
burst loose and write a classic, for people do not
book is legibly printed, and substantially bound in
to-day give to current literature the time necessary
red backram.
to appreciate classics. This, however, is Mr. Lacon-
In a time when readers turn eagerly Watson's affair. He is willing to sit down calmly
Legends of the
to the strange romance of other lands to write essays on “ L'Allegro" and “Il Penseroso,"
Western Isles.
or other times, Miss Fiona Macleod's or “An Examination of the Commonplace,” or “ The
“The Washer of the Ford” (Stone & Kimball) will Waters of Castaly,” and a person must sit down
not lack a welcome. The book is well characterised calmly to enjoy them. As we have hinted delicately,
by its sub-title, “Legendary Moralities and Bar- there is in these essays
sedate and contemplative
baric Tales ”; it is a modern rendering of the ancient air, a leisurely amplitude of expression, to which we
Gaelic tradition, coming to us from the remote are reconciled in the writings of Bacon or Charles
Western Isles. So far we may have known of Welsh Lamb by the inward self-approval connected with a
and Irish legends. But this is a different matter; perusal of such great works. Mr. Lacon-Watson
whereas the Keltic literature already not unknown does not always compress the weight of thought into
is chiefly preserved in numberless manuscripts, we his sentences which we find in the philosophic Ver-
have here a rescuing of what must have come down ulam; he has, perhaps, about as much as Dr.
to us chiefly in popular tradition. It has, therefore,
Johnson.
Nor has he the really dilletante air of
its own very curious interest. It is independent and Lamb; he has more of the light-minded seriousness
individual, for one thing ; not myth, but history, for of Addison. But Mr. Lacon-Watson knows what
another. Some of the tales that make up the book he is about. He leads off with a paper on
« The
are pagan perversions of Christian stories ; some Essay,” which gives us an idea of what is to follow.
are echoes of that remote day when Colomba This paper pleased us so much that we went right
brought Christianity to Iona ; some arose from the on and read at once some of those following,- not
strife between the Gael and the Christian invader all (that would have been piggish), but still enough
from the South, and some from the clash between to show us that we had been justifiably interested.
the dwellers in the Western Isles and the Vikings | To our mind, there was much in the old-time man-
"
>
a
-


1897.]
289
THE DIAL
ner that is still almost as good as our smart mod- historical subjects are the best. The study of the
ernity. Of course the purple rioting and the electric Second Part of “Faust” admits frankly that Goethe
neology and the aromatic raffinescence are what is here involved and over-curious. Such being a
make the real thing, and it's a pity (for their sakes) very prevalent opinion, it is hardly worth writing
that the old fellows did n't attain to them ; still, on the point, unless one have something especial to
there was much that was really good about them, as say. In like manner it is commonly enough ander-
there is to Mr. Lacon-Watson.
stood that Carlyle's “French Revolution was not
The Rev. James M. Ludlow, D.D.,
the most unprejudiced statement of absolute fact;
The story of
that Taine had studied the sources more thoroughly.
L.H.D., has succeeded in infusing a
the Crusades.
The critical essays, then, except that on Goethe and
new interest in an oft-told tale by his
Carlyle, are rather commonplace. The historical
manner of telling it, in “ The Age of the Crusades
(Christian Literature Co.). Not to be hypercritical,
essays, however, are more interesting. In the study
of Bianca Capello, we think Mr. Schütz-Wilson has
however, it is provoking to the reviewer to find an
error upon the first page of the introductory. chap, heroine ; Italy in the sixteenth century is a con-
met his match: we get but a confused idea of his
ter of an otherwise admirable book. Speaking of
the enrichment of the Church's hymnody “ by the
fused matter at the very best. But the essay on
Wallenstein is good, and will be read with interest,
songs of those who caught their rhythm from the
especially by those familiar with Schiller's concep-
march of the crusading host," the author mentions
tion. The first essay in the book, however, is the
Bernard of Cluny as having caught the spirit of the
crusaders, and quotes :
best as well as the longest, a detailed and careful
study of the Conciergerie during the Terror. Here
“O happy band of pilgrims,
If onward ye will tread
the author has a good subject, and a good deal of
With Jesus as your fellow
material not commonly known ; and he produces a
To Jesus as your head!”
strong and effective piece of work, which is read
in connection with eight lines of John Mason Neale's with pleasure and not readily forgotten.
paraphrase of Bernard's world - renowned poem.
Now, as a matter of fact, the four lines above quoted Boswellian
• Ulysses S. Grant: Conversations
are from a Greek hymn by S. Joseph the Hymn- memories of and Unpublished Letters" (Curts &
nographer, written two centuries before the
General Grant.
of
age
Jennings) is a trim little volume, of
the Crusades. And it is well known to hymnolo- Boswellian flavor, that repays reading. Its author,
gists that Neale’s paraphrase is very far from repro-
the Rev. M. J. Cramer, was an intimate friend of
ducing the “dactylic hexameter verse, wherein each the General, saw much of him in a social and
line consists of three parts and two of these parts familiar way, and seems to have been unusually suc-
rhyme with each other, while the lines themselves cessful in judiciously " drawing out” the commonly
are in couplets of double rhymes,” of Bernard's ex- taciturn soldier. Of the General's most interesting
quisite hymn. In his preface to his long poem, the sayings — embodying his views on religion, on slav-
monk of Cluny, so far from recognizing his rhythm ery, on the characters of such contemporaries as
as caught from the tramp of crusading hosts, Lincoln, Seward, Stanton, Chase, Johnson, etc.,
avowed the belief that nothing but the special inspi- reminiscences of his early life, of the war, of his
ration of God had enabled him to employ this diffi- trip abroad,—Dr. Cramer made careful memoranda.
cult form of versification through a poem of three These jottings, together with a number of hitherto
thousand lines. The brilliant author's choice of unprinted letters by the General, form a volume
specimens of the treasures added to the Church's which those desiring an intimate view of the great
hymnody by the spirit of the Crusading age is un- soldier's personality cannot afford to neglect. The
fortunate for the adornment of what is evidently a author, it may be added, was United States Minis-
pet passage, in a most conspicuous part of his book. ter to Denmark in 1878, and entertained General
The volume is one of the series of “ Ten Epochs of Grant at Copenhagen while the latter was on his
Church History," of which several have already famous globe-girdling tour.
received notice in these pages.
Mr. Henry Edward Krehbiel's“How
In Mr. H. Schütz-Wilson's “ History
For the instruction
to Listen to Music” (Scribner) is a
The Conciergerio and Criticism”
of concert-goers.
and Criticism" (Fisher Unwin) we
book that we take unreserved pleas-
and other topics.
have, not anything on the inter-rela- ure in commending to concert-goers who are not
tion of criticism and history, but a collection of technical musicians. There are, indeed, certain ele-
essays, some historical and some critical. The Life ments in the appreciation and enjoyment of music
of Wallenstein, the Second Part of “Faust,” Cal- that are not to be got from this or any popular
deron and Goethe, Goethe and Carlyle, Carlyle and treatise of similar sort, but there are others — and
Taine as historians of the French Revolution, the more than one might casually suppose — to which
Conciergerie,the subjects dovetail into each other, such a book as this contributes, and which can do
and (excepting Bianca Cappello) are so connected much to deepen the pleasure of listening to a mu-
in a way that one may easily read the book with sical composition by helping to produce that happy
something of a feeling of continuity. The essays on blend of intellectual and emotional satisfaction which
9
a
-


290
[May 1,
THE DIAL
"
is the gift of music to those for whom music is really
LITERARY NOTES.
written. “It is not an exaggeration to say,” writes
Mr. Krehbiel, “that one might listen for a lifetime The Spring meeting of the Illinois State Library As-
to the polite conversation of our drawing-rooms with-
sociation will be held in Peoria, May 13. An interesting
out hearing a symphony talked about in terms indi- programme has been prepared, and a large attendance
cative of more than the most superficial knowledge
is expected
Messrs. H. S. Stone & Co. are soon to publish
of the outward form, that is, the dimensions and
“Maude," a story written by Christina Rossetti when a
apparatus of such a composition." It is because of
this curious ignorance of an art seemingly appre- largely autobiographical in character.
young girl. The story is said to be partly in verse and
ciated by the general public, that Mr. Krehbiel has
Messrs. Copeland & Day have just published a new
prepared the little book before us ; and he has done
edition of the “ Lyrics” of Father John B. Tabb. It is
the work in so tactful and illuminating a fashion a pretty book and the contents are even prettier. Such
that the instinctive but untrained music-lover will simple, heartfelt, and exquisite song deserves a large
find it helpful in a very high degree. A few of the audience.
subjects treated are the elements, the content, and The Caxton Club of Chicago, most of whose 117 mem-
the kinds of music, the make-up of the modern or- bers are book-collectors, has issued a stirring protest
chestra, the oratorio, opera, symphony, sonata, and
against the proposed restrictive tariff on books, which
concerto. An instructive feature of the book is the
the club justly declares would be " a step backward and
series of plates which show the chief orchestral
a disgrace to our civilization.”
instruments in position for playing, and, incidentally,
“The Romance of Isabel, Lady Burton," the life-
the portraits of several well-known performers.
story of the wife of the famous orientalist and explorer,
is announced for immediate publication by Messrs. Dodd,
Mead & Co. The same firm will issue shortly a new
volume by M. Maeterlinck entitled “The Treasure of
the Humble."
BRIEFER MENTION.
The Dent-Macmillan Balzac now includes « La Femme
The Rev. Philip H. Wicksteed is the editor, and Miss de Trente Ans,” translated by Miss Ellen Marriage.
Rose E. Selfe the translator, of a volume of « Selections The Macmillan Co. also send us Peacock's “ The Mis-
from the First Nine Books of the Croniche Fiorentine' fortunes of Elphin " and the poem “Rhododaphne,” the
of Giovanni Villani” (Macmillan). The selection has two works in a single volume of the well-known library
been made with special reference to students of Dante, of standard English fiction.
and marginal notes indicate the passages in the works
An exhaustive “Encyclopædia of Sport," edited by
of the poet that deal with matters mentioned by the
the Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, Mr. Hedley Peek,
chronicler. There is also a special “ Index to Dante
and Mr. F. G. Aflalo, will be published in this country
References,” besides the general index to the “ Chron-
by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. The work will be
icle.” The work is carefully done, and will be found
issued in twenty monthly parts, and will contain numer-
useful by students who do not read Italian.
ous photogravure and other illustrations.
“ The Statesman's Year-Book” for 1897 (Macmillan),
“ Hazell's Annual ” for the current year has made its
still issued under the editorship of Mr. J. Scott Keltie,
is the thirty-fourth annual publication of that indispens-
appearance, and is imported by Messrs. Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons for the American market. Nansen, Röntgen,
able reference volume. It is more bulky than ever this
Armenia, Crete, Venezuela, and Li Hung Chang are a
year, made so in part by new matter in the text, and in
few of the new subjects treated, and the work is brought
part by a series of folding maps which exhibit, side by
well up to date on all matters of recent interest.
side, the contrasted political geography of the world in
Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co. will shortly begin, in
the two years 1837 and 1897 which now mark the limits
of the reign of Queen Victoria. These maps are ex-
conjunction with Messrs. Sampson Low, Marston & Co.,
tremely interesting, especially those of Africa and of the
of London, the publication of a history of the Royal
Colonial possessions of European powers.
Navy, commencing with the earliest times and coming
down to 1898. It will be in five volumes, fully illus-
The new “Gadshill ” edition of Dickens, of which the
trated. Captain Alfred T. Mahan and Mr. Theodore
Messrs. Scribner are the American publishers, has been
Roosevelt are among the contributors.
inaugurated with “Pickwick” in two volumes, and
« Oliver Twist” in one. The form is a square crown
About one hundred and fifty of the best drawings
octavo, and the number of volumes will extend to thirty-
that have appeared in the well-known humorous weekly,
two. The special feature of this edition is provided
Life,” during the last year are now published in a
by the introductions to the several works, which Mr.
handsome quarto volume entitled “Life's Comedy" by
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. Messrs. Gibson, Wer
Andrew Lang has undertaken to write, and which are as
vivacious as might be expected. A general essay on
zell, Hyde, and Hy. Mayer are among the more prom-
Dickens, also by Mr. Lang, will appear in one of the
inent artists represented in the collection.
later volumes. The illustrations are reproductions of
The handsome and inexpensive “ Centenary” edition
the old and familiar etchings of Cruikshank, Seymour,
of Carlyle, imported by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons,
and Browne, as well as a series of other drawings by is making rapid progress. We note the receipt of five
such men as Maclise, Landseer, and Marcus Stone. A new volumes, three containing “The French Revolu-
good deal of matter hitherto unincluded in any of the tion," one containing “ Heroes and Hero-Worship," and
“complete" editions of Dickens is also promised by the one giving the first section of “ Cromwell.” Occasional
publishers, who are altogether to be warmly congratu-
portraits add to the attractiveness of these volumes.
lated upon their venture.
Professor B. L. Gildersleeve is to give a course of six
en-
"
9


1897.]
291
THE DIAL
lectures on “The Language, Literature, and Life of in the broad sense laid down in Paul's Grundriss, and
Greece " before the Northwestern University, at Evans- through the influence of the journal much of the narrow
ton, Illinois, during the week of May 10. The subjects prejudice too often existing between the more linguist
are: “A Grammarian's Spectacles,” “ An Evening with and the student of belles lettres ought to diminish.
Odysseus,” “An Hour with Sappho,” “ A Talk with
Aristophanes,” « Poet and Potter,” and “Hellas and
Hesperia.”
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
Mr. George P. Humphrey, of Rochester, N. Y., has
May, 1897.
begun the publication of a series of “American Colonial
Tracts,” to be issued monthly. The work is designed
America, Early Man in. H. B. Bashore. Lippincott.
to offer in convenient form and at a reasonable price
American History Rewritten. G. W. Julian. Dial.
Art in Public Schools. Mrs. Sarah Whitman, Atlantic.
some of the more valuable pamphlets relating to the
Bank, Working of a. C. D. Lanier. Scribner.
early history of America, which, although of much im-
Bird-Songs. Henry Oldys. Lippincott.
portance to the historical student, have hitherto been Booth, J. Wilkes, Capture of. R. S. Baker. McClure.
inaccessible to the general public.
Bubonic Plague, The. V. C. Vaughan. Popular Science.
Captain Maban's “The Influence of Sea-Power on
Chicago Orchestra, The. Dial.
History" and Dr. Griffis's life of Commodore Perry
Cleveland's Second Administration. Carl Shurz. McClure.
have recently been translated into Japanese. The Rev.
College English, Deterioration of. W. H. Johnson. Dial.
Congress, The Autocrat of. H. L. West. Forum.
Mr. Allen, an American missionary in China, has writ-
Congressional Library, The New. Cosmopolitan.
ten a twelve-volume history of the war between Japan Cotton Belt, Life in the. F. A. Doughty. Lippincott.
and China, a work which required 90,000 characters for Crete. Demetrius Kalopothakes. Century.
the printing, and which has been so successful as to be- Cuba To-Day, Condition of. Stephen Bonsal. Rev. of Rev.
come the prey of the Chinese pirate-publisher.
Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences. F. Starr. Pop. Sci.
The first volume of the new illustrated edition of
Diary, The Deathless. Agnes Repplier. Atlantic.
Francis Parkman's Histories will be published by Messrs.
Education, Modern. D. C. Gilman. Cosmopolitan.
Educational Conditions and Problems. Educational Review.
Little, Brown, & Co. this month. The edition is a
English Country-House Life. G. W. Smalley. Harper.
limited one, and will be printed from entirely new type. Europe, The Ignominy of. Thomas Davidson. Forum.
It will be in twenty volumes, and will be illustrated with Export Trade, Our. Charles R. Flint. Forum.
one hundred and twenty photogravure plates, consisting France as Field for American Students. S. Newcomb. Forum.
chiefly of authentic portraits and contemporary prints,
French Pioneers in America. Alva Fitzpatrick. Lippincott.
with a number of original illustrations by noted artists.
Geological Progress of Century. H. S. Williams. Harper,
Golf. H. J. Whigham. Scribner.
Since the publication of the article on “The Preser-
vation of Historical Material in the Middle West," in
Greece, The Royal Family of. B. I. Wheeler. Century.
Harvard College in the Seventies. Robert Grant. Scribner.
the last issue of THE DIAL, we have received from Mr.
Harvard, Undergraduate Life at. E. S. Martin. Scribner.
Reuben Gold Thwaites, Secretary of the Historical Hundred Years' Campaign, Tho. F. N. Thorpe. Harper.
Society of Wisconsin, a timely pamphlet on the duty of Hanotaux, Gabriel. Pierre de Coubertin. Review of Reviews.
public librarians in collecting for preservation the his-
Heroines and Hard Times. Eva A. Madden. Lippincott.
torical materials of their respective localities. The
Highway Construction in Mass. C. L. Whittle. Pop. Science
Industrial Combinations. G. T. Oliver. Forum.
pamphlet truly says that no exact list can be made of
such material, but suggests especially complete news-
Inheritance Tax, The Progressive. J. A. Roberts. Forum.
Izumo, A Trip to. Lafcadio Hearn. Atlantic.
paper files, printed reports of all public bodies, cata-
Kites, Experiments with. Hugh D. Wise. Century.
logues and programmes of institutions, published ad- Kite-Flying, Scientific. J. B. Millet. Century.
dresses, local church literature, and programmes of local Kites, Photographing from. W. A. Eddy. Century.
entertainments. Mr. Thwaites makes an urgent plea Korean Interviews. E. S. Morso. Popular Science.
for the present generation becoming missionaries for the Mexico, Withdrawal of French from. J. M. Schofield. Century.
next in the collection of this valuable driftwood.
Nansen's Heroic Journey. N. S. Shaler. Atlantic.
Nations of the Ancient East. J. H. Breasted. Dial.
The first number of the new “ Journal of Germanic
New England Influences in French Canada. E. Farrer. Forum.
Philology" contains several articles of a strictly linguis-
New England, Rural, Problems of. Atlantic.
tic nature, and also two of a more purely literary type. News, The Collection of. T. B. Connery. Cosmopolitan.
The journal is based on a firm foundation, and ought to New York, Beginnings of Liberty in. Lippincott.
meet with success at once. Professor G. E. Karsten of Orchids, A Few Native. W. H. Gibson. Harper.
the University of Indiana is editor-in-chief, and his Personifications, Strange. M. Th. Flournoy. Pop. Science.
associates are Professor Georg Holz of Leipzig, who
Poe, Was he a Plagiarist? Joel Benton. Forum.
will look after the European interests (some sixty Ger-
Positivism and History of Philosophy. W. A. Hammond. Dial.
manists of Europe have promised contributions), Pro-
Prayer, Fallacies Concerning. J. M. Whiton. Forum.
fessor A. S. Cook of Yale for the English department,
Psychology, The New, Sources of. E. W. Scripture. Pop. Sci.
Riding, 'Cross Country. Caspar Whitney. Harper.
Professor H. S. White of Cornell for the department of School and College, Secondary. C. W. Eliot. Educational Rev.
German literature, and Mr. G. A. Hench of Michigan Science in the Schools. W. M. Davis. Educational Review.
for the Germanic grammar. Financial support has Soods, Latent Vitality of. M. C. de Candolle. Pop. Science,
been provided by the patronage of seven publio-spirited Senate, Degeneration of the. C. R. Miller. Forum.
gentlemen of Indianapolis, and the journal is published Shakspere, Two Undescribed Portraits of. Harper.
by Messrs. Ginn & Co. Only articles by specialists will
Social Question, Phases of the. C. R. Henderson. Dial.
be admitted, but the journal is intended for teachers of
Socialism in France. Georges Clemenceau. Forum.
Suburban Country Place, A. Mrs. Van Rensselaer. Century.
all grades and for students of Germanics, and through
Ten Brink's Last Volume. J. R. Hayes. Dial.
the medium of teachers in academies, colleges, and high Tennessee and its Centennial. M. W. Handly. Century.
schools, it ought to establish a close relation between Travel, Recent Books of. H. M. Stanley. Dial.
pare and applied philology, between the study and the West, the Arid, Utopias in. W. E. Smythe Atlantic.
class-room. The term “Germanic philology” is accepted William II. of Germany. Paul Lindenberg. Forum.


292
[May 1,
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 60 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Landscape in Poetry from Homer to Tennyson. With
many illustrative examples. By Francis T. Palgrave.
12mo, uncut, pp. 302. Macmillan Co. $2.
American Lands and Letters: The Mayflower to Rip-Van-
Winkle. By Donald G. Mitchell. Ilus., 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 402. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50.
A History of Ancient Greek Literature. By Gilbert
Murray, M.A. 12mo, pp. 420. “Literatures of the World."
D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Seventeenth Century Studies: A Contribution to the
History of English Poetry. By Edmund Gosse. 12mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 350. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50.
How to Tell a Story, and Other Essays. By Mark Twain.
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 233. Harper's Contemporary
Essayists." Harper & Bros. $1.50.
Selections from the Oroniche Florentine of Villani.
Trans. for the use of students of Dante and others by Rose
E. Selfe; edited by Philip H. Wicksteed, M.A. 12mo,
uncut, pp. 461. Macmillan Co. $2.
Bibliographica: A Magazine of Bibliography. Part XII.,
concluding the work ; illus., 4to, uncut. Charles Scribner's
Sons.
FICTION.
Flames. By Robert Hichens. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 523.
H. S. Stone & Co. $1.50.
The Landlord at Lion's Head. By W. D. Howells. Illas.,
12mo, pp. 461. Harper & Bros. $1.75.
Prisoners of Conscience: A Story of Shetland. By Amelia
E. Barr. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 240. Century Co. $1.50.
The Merry Maid of Arcady, His Lordship, and Other
Stories. By Mrs. Burton Harrison. Illus., 16mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 348. Lamson, Wolffe, & Co. $1.50.
The Port of Missing Ships, and Other Stories of the Sea.
By John R. Spears. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 183. Mac-
millan Co. $1.25.
The Dominant Note, and Other Stories. By Mrs. W.
K. Clifford. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 239, Dodd, Mead & Co.
$1.25.
Lovice. By Mrs. Hungerford ("The Duchess"). 12mo,
pp. 315. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
One Man Who Was Content, and Other Stories. By Mrs.
Schuyler Van Rensselaer. 16mo, pp. 127. Century Co. $1.
A Tale of the Thames. By J. Ashby-Sterry. Illus., 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 259. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.75.
Saint Eva. By Amelia Pain (Mrs. Barry Pain). With fron-
tispiece, 12mo, pp. 301. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Paul: A Herald of the Cross. By Florence Morse Kingsley.
12mo, pp. 450. Philadelphia : Henry Altemus. $1.50.
Pine Valley. By Lewis B. France. Illus., 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 138. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.25.
When the Century Was Now. By Charles Conrad Abbott,
M.D. 12mo, uncut, pp. 275. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.
The Stand-By. By Edmund P. Dole. 12mo, pp. 228. Cen-
tury Co. $1.25.
The Day of his Youth. By Alice Brown. 12mo, pp. 143.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.
The Master-Beggars. By L. Cope Cornford. Ilus., 12mo,
pp. 298. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.50.
Chun Ti-kung: His Life and Adventures. By Claude A.
Rees. 12mo, pp. 254. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25.
The Sign of the Spider. By Bertram Mitford. Illas., 12mo,
pp. 353. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25.
A Spotless Reputation. By Dorothea Gerard (Madame
Longard de Longgarde). 12mo, pp. 328. D. Appleton
& Co. $1.
Doctor Luttrell's First Patient. By Rosa Nouchette
Carey. Illus., 12mo, pp. 322. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
Daughter of the Philistines. By Leonard Merrick. With
frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 300. R. F. Fenno & Co. $1.25.
LO-To-Kah. By Verner Z. Reed. Illus., 16mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 229. Continental Pub'g Co. $1.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Siam on the Meinam from the Gulf to Ayuthia. Together
with three romances illustrative of Siamese Life and Cus-
toms. By Maxwell Sommerville. Illus., large 8vo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 237. J. B. Lippincott Co.' $3.
Cuba in War Time. By Richard Harding Davis ; illus. by
Frederic Remington. i2mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 143. R. H.
Russell. $1.25.
SCIENCE.
The Beginnings of Art. By Ernst Grosse, Ph.D. 12mo,
pp. 327. “Anthropological Series." D. Appleton & Co.
$1.75.
Pioneers of Evolution from Thales to Huxley. With an
intermediate chapter on the causes of arrest of the move-
ment. By Edward Clodd. With portraits, 12mo, pp. 274.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Works of Charles Dickens, Gadshill ”, edition.
Edited by Andrew Lang. First vols.: The Pickwick
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gilt top, uncut. Charles Scribner's Sons. Per vol., $1,50.
“Centenary" Edition of Carlyle's Works. New vols.: The
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Each with portraits, 8vo, uncut. Charles Scribner's Sons.
Per vol., $1.25.
Prose Works of William Wordsworth. Edited by Will-
iam Knight. In two vols., with portraits and engraved
title-pages, 12mo, uncut. Eversley Series." Macmillan
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“ Outward Bound" Edition of Rudyard Kipling's
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Part II. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 275. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $2.
The Misfortunes of Elphin, and Rhododaphne. By Thomas
Love Peacock;
with Introduction by George Saintsbury;
illus. by F. H. Townsend. 12mo, uncut, pp. 262.
Illus-
trated Standard Novels." Macmillan Co. $1.50.
A Woman of Thirty (La Femme de Trente Ans). By H. de
Balzac ; trans. by Ellen Marriage; with Preface by George
Saintsbury. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 375. Mac-
millan Co. $1.50.
The Temple_Classics. Edited by Israel Gollancz, M.A.
New vols.: Florio's
Translation of the Essayes of Montaigne,
Vol. I.; and Sir Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur, Part
Second. Each with frontispiece, 24mo, gilt tops, uncut.
Macmillan Co. Per vol., 50 cts.
60
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Philip and Alexander of Macedon: Two Essays in Biog-
raphy. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, unout, pp. 312. Charles Scrib-
Der's Sons. $2.50.
"Famous Scots" Series. New vols.: James Boswell, by W.
Keith Leask; and Tobias Smollett, by Oliphant Smeaton.
Each 16mo. Charles Scribner's Sons. Per vol., 75 cts.
A Young Scholar's Letters: Being a Memoir of Byron
Caldwell Smith. Edited by D. 0. Kellogg. With portrait,
12mo, gilt top, pp. 370. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75.
Joseph II. By Rev. J. Franck Bright, D.D. 12mo, pp. 222.
Foreign Statesmen." Macmillan Co. 75 cts.
NATURE STUDIES.
Nature in a City Yard: Some Rambling Dissertations There
upon. By Charles M. Skinner. 16mo, pp. 169. Century
Co. $1.
The Plant World, its Romances and Realities: A Reading-
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M.A. Illus., 16mo, pp. 228. “Home Reading Books."
D. Appleton & Co. 60 cts.
POETRY.
“For the Country.” By Richard Watson Gilder. 16mo,
uncut, pp. 69. Century Co. $1.
The Builders, and Other Poems. By Henry Van Dyke.
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 87. Charles Scribner's Song.
$1.50.
Lyrics. By John B. Tabb. 18mo, uncut, pp. 187. Copeland
& Day. $1.
REFERENCE.
The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical
Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1897. Ed.
ited by J. Scott Keltie, with the assistance of I.P. A. Ren-
wick, M.A. 12mo, pp. 1167. Maomillan Co. $3 net.


1897.]
293
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294
(May 1,
THE DIAL
1897 EDWARD ARNOLD'S MAY LIST 1897
THROUGH UNKNOWN AFRICAN COUNTRIES. By A. SOLDIERING AND SURVEYING IN BRITISH EAST
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for M. Brunetière is as distinctly the first of
No. 262. MAY 16, 1897. Vol. XXII. living French critics as Arnold was of English
critics then living. This does not in either case
mean—it never means—that any one man can
CONTENTS.
be an absolute ruler in the critical domain, or
M. BRUNETIÈRE'S PEDAGOGICAL PRESCRIP-
that all of his judgments must be taken as
TION ..
finally authoritative. But it does mean, with
299
both the Englishman and the Frenchman, that
COMMUNICATION
301 an unusually successful effort to eliminate the
In Defense of the Magazines. William C. Lawton,
personal equation, and to see things as they
A NAPOLEONIC MARSHAL AND HIS AIDE. absolutely are, has invested the judgments of
E. G. J..
302 these two men with a degree of authority hardly
Stiegler's Memoirs of Marshal Oudinot.- Mrs. Bell's to be claimed for any others of their genera-
Memoirs of Baron Lejeune.
tion.
MYCENÆAN EXPLORATION SINCE SCHLIE
In one of his New York lectures last month,
MANN. Josiah Renick Smith
304 M. Brunetière said that no one had followed
THE BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM OF TO-DAY. Edwin more anxiously or more disinterestedly than
0. Jordan
306
himself the French literary movement of the
past score of
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne
years.
He then added, in a pas-
307
Hardy's The Well-Beloved. - Hichens's Flames.-
sage which may be taken as the keynote of his
"Anthony Hope's” Phroso.-Cornford's The Master- entire critical career:
Beggars.-Miss Glyn's A Pearl of the Realm.-Yeo-
“ The first condition of disinterestedness is never to
man's A Woman's Courier. - Rhoscomyl's For the
White Rose of Arno.-Keightley's The Last Recruit
follow one's tastes, and to begin by distrusting the
of Clare's. — Miss Schreiner's Trooper Peter Halket
things which give us pleasure. The most delicious
of Mashonaland. Mrs. Fleming's A Pinchbeck God-
dishes are not the most wholesome; we never fail to
dess.- Huysmans's En Route.- Jokai's The Green distinguish between our cooks and our doctors. In the
Book.-Allen's The Choir Invisible.-Howell's The moral world the beginning of virtue is to distrust what
Landlord at Lion's Head.- The Descendant.-Her- is most natural to us, and the same is true in the intel-
rick's The Man Who Wins. — Hamblen's On Many lectual world. To distrust what we like is the begin-
Seas.-Ford's The Great K. & A. Train Robbery -
ning of wisdom in art and literature.”
James's The Spoils of Poynton.-Abbott's When the
Century Was New.-Mrs. Spofford's An Inheritance. These words represent so accurately what has
- Mrs. Davis's Frances Waldeaux.-Mrs. Sullivan's
A Questionable Marriage. - Miss Litchfield's In the
always been the attitude of THE DIAL toward
Crucible.-Miss Prince's A Transatlantic Chatelaine.
the fundamental doctrine of criticism that we
hardly need, in so many words, to express our
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
312
The sex idea in religion.- Pickle the Spy and Prince
concurrence with M. Brunetiére in this all-
Charlie, - Geology and kindred subjects. The son- important matter. That the value of literary
nets of muscular Christianity. - Character-studies work must be determined with reference to law
from French peasant life.- Hamerton's sketches of
French country life.- The Dutch in the Far East.-
and not to caprice, that the only valid critical
Queen Victoria's Prime Ministers. - A handbook on judgments are those which are free from the
the Cape country.
taint of subjectivity, and that personal opinion
BRIEFER MENTION
315 represents only a rudimentary stage in the de-
velopment of criticism, are propositions that
LITERARY NOTES
316
mean substantially the same thing, and that it
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
316 is the first duty of the critic to recognize and
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.


300
[May 16,
THE DIAL
6
to justify. What is commonly called “subjec have another. Good, that makes two. Perhaps there
.
tive criticism " may be, and frequently is, read-
is another; that makes three. There may be an infinity
of them. Why should one submit to another?_It is
ing of the most delightful sort, but it is not
much more amusing to have three opinions of Racine
criticism in
any
real
sense, for its aim is the
than one, still more amusing to have an infinite num-
illumination of the recesses of the writer's own ber. I answered M. Lemaître that no doubt there were
mind, rather than of the work held up for ex-
several opinions about Racine, but that he, the master,
amination. It is always pleasant to follow the
with his elegant, ' malicious,' and subtle spirit, exagger-
ated the differences of human opinions. It is certainly
play of a finely sensitive intellect about some
agreed that Racine is a great man, that he is a higher
production of literary art, but it does not help dramatic genius than Voltaire, for instance, and a lower
us, except in a very roundabout way, to under- one than Corneille, and such general agreements are all
stand that production in its essence.
we need for our kind of criticism."
The function of opinion in criticism is pre- Here the discussion ends, as far as Racine is
cisely what it is in any other branch of science. concerned; but the speaker might easily have
It assists in the framing of hypotheses, which gone on to show that the position of Racine is
may, in their turn, lead us by tentative paths not thus fixed merely because of a practically
to the truth. But to make of opinion an end unanimous consensus of opinion, but that this
in itself is a procedure as grotesquely inade- consensus itself is the resultant of forces by
quate in æsthetics as it would be in physics. which the judgment of every serious critic is
What would be the present position of natural more or less consciously determined, that it
science if its masters had remained content with follows from the very laws of literary art.
their neat bypotheses, and had spared them- A writer in the New York “Nation” has
selves the arduous tasks of modification by ex. recently undertaken to traverse this funda-
periment and of ultimate verification? Grav-mental doctrine of M. Brunetière's creed. Tak-
itation and evolution and the conservation of ing for his text the very paragraph that we
energy were once matters of opinion, with no quoted at the beginning of the present article,
binding force whatever. If Newton and Dar- he says that the “analogy of the delicious but
win and Helmholtz had been content to put unwholesome dishes is a little misleading." He
these things forward as opinions, the world then goes on as follows:
would soon have forgotten their names. But “ The primary object of eating is to nourish the body,
the opinions became unquestionable truths not to please the palate. ... With the work of art, on
when they were enforced by the application of
the other hand, pleasingness, in the broad sense of the
word, is the final test of excellence. Its usefulness is to
a rigorous scientific method, and we honor the
please. There is no higher court of appeal, no doctor
men who established them for the very reason with exact scientific tests who has a right to pronounce
that those men knew the assertion of opinion it good though disagreeable, or bad though acceptable
to be but the beginning of knowledge.
to the taste. It is true that the moralist often arrogates
It is doubtless true that the science of æs-
to himself this right, but he is only a fallible brother
expressing an opinion. One is a moralist one's self.”
thetics offers a peculiarly difficult field for
The shallowness of this reasoning is so apparent
investigation, and that critical opinion often
that it need not be taken very seriously. It is the
requires a long time to ripen into knowledge old plea for hedonism transferred to the plane
But we must not for that reason imagine that
there is any finality in opinion, that its char-
of æsthetics, and is defended by the old familiar
acter is other than transitory or provisional. logomachies. We are quite content to admit
The subject may be illustrated by the history of authority than moral law, and should even have
that æsthetic law can have no higher claim to
the reputation of every great writer who has
,
been long enough before the public to acquire the better defined and the more firmly grounded
been willing to allow that the moral law was
recognition among the fixed stars of literature.
M. Brunetière took Racine for the special illus-
of the two. “One” may
be s
a moralist one's
tration of this thesis.
self,” if he please, but the consequences of this
sort of individualism, if put into practice, are
“M. France said: “We know only ourselves. What-
ever you are trying to explain, you are only expounding likely to be distressing. So, in æsthetical mat-
yourself. Shakespeare alone has known Shakespeare. ters, one may be a critic one's self, to his heart's
a
I answered M. France that his argument that we cannot content, but his position, if he set up his pri-
go outside of ourselves proves too much, as it applies to
vate judgment against the collective judgment
our knowledge of the physical world as well as to our
of the best informed in a succession of genera-
knowledge of other minds, and I added that one of the
men who knew Victor Hugo least was Victor Hugo. tions, will not prove exactly comfortable.
M. Lemaître says: • I have an opinion of Racine. You But our individualist critic practically aban-
>
6


1897.]
301
THE DIAL
а
dons his own position in a passage that soon between articles with the rhymes of the editors and of
follows :
their cronies. That is what Whicher and I say to each
“Of course this reasoning does not apply to the young,
other, at least, when our good sonnets and chants are
whose tastes are in the formative stage, or to the men-
“in process of being rejected by all the principal mag-
tally indolent who have never reflected on their own
azines.” Still, I believe, and hope, there is always a
tastes. In the interest of education such persons may
wide niche for the real thing, whenever Miss Edith
very well take to heart the maxim to distrust their own
Thomas, for instance, is inspired to sing. And T. W. H.,
a writer both delicately artistic and prolific, says in
taste. But it is hardly to be supposed that M. Brune-
tière meant to offer a pedagogical prescription."
public that he never got but one thing back. O Colonel !
How can a man so spoiled by prosperity retain such
Is it not? In our opinion, that is precisely tender sympathy for failure and crudeness in others ?
what M. Brunetière did mean to offer. Most Mr. Chapman has himself had a very full and fair
people are either young or mentally indolent hearing, in our most conservative literary monthly, this
as far as the appreciation of literature is con-
very year, for the express purpose of traversing sharply
the vague veneration felt for our most venerable (Amer-
cerned. To like a book is one thing, and to ican) classic author. If his briefer paper goes a-begging
know whether or not it is a good book, and why, for a hearing, there is a large general reason that may
is quite another thing. It is the natural man
explain it. There is a deplorable lack of interest,
whom M. Brunetière seeks to warn, not the
among our people, in literary criticism.
Since the experience-meeting example is already set,
man of trained perceptions and sympathies. I may perhaps continue it. Mr. Chapman took the
We presume that M. Brunetière has a great trouble to applaud my paper on “ Nausicaa,” and asked
deal of confidence in his own likes and dislikes, for more. But the publishers knew they had given me
the reason being that a strenuous process of
an over-generous hearing on such themes. They were
analysis has transferred them from the plane | the public should not be fed with what it certainly
quite right to shut the door at last. In the long run,
of prejudice to the plane of deliberate and rea- does n't want. When my first collection of Greek papers,
soned judgment. And it is just because he
with « The Atlantic” (and much generous reviewing)
knows so amply from his own experience how
behind it, failed to sell seven hundred copies in seven
great is the difference between a prejudice and
years, it was high time to accept the broad hint, and to
devote all the limited space of the magazine to fresher
a judgment, between the likes and dislikes of
themes.
the natural man and those
of the critic whose But, speaking for the barred-out, I still say heartily,
historical sense has been developed by the wid- the great magazines are well up among the best elements
est reading and who has learned to substitute
in our national life. Abuse the daily papers as much
scientific method for empiricism, it is just be-
as you please, and I for one cry Amen! I wish I had
the courage and firmness to refrain from reading them,
cause of these facts that he offers us the “ped- - and to save the time for the immortals whom Mr.
agogical prescription so much needed in this Mabie mentions in every sermon. Does he really read
country, which has as yet produced but little
his Dante yearly? The dust is undisturbed on mine,
critical writing in the high and true sense of
from one house-cleaning to the next; but I know the
record of league base-ball games up to yesterday. We
that term.
are what we are, very near the end of the century. The
magazines give us the best we will tolerate, and far
better than we deserve. Mr. Chapman himself confesses
they are the young author's one chance for a hearing
and an income. Why complain of them, that they will
COMMUNICATION.
not print what we cannot, or dare not, offer the dear
public in separate book form?
IN DEFENSE OF THE MAGAZINES.
There should be an ideal audience for ideally good
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
work? Yes: that is true. There should be a literary
Mr. Chapman's frankly subjective letter raises a
organ so liberally endowed that it should be absolutely
question - a series of them — on which light is most
independent of its readers or its buyers. It should have
desirable. The case seems to me too gloomily put.
a goodly corps of editors, as eminent, as fearless, as
“Prevailing flatness and sameness" is not the present
critical, as can anywhere be found. Admittance into
condition of fiction, at any rate. Any and every sort of
its pages should be as much a matter of pure literary
originality, especially in the short story, is eagerly caught
merit as twenty Charles Eliot Nortons could make it.
at. The market seems enormous, production is entirely
Personally, I think a million dollars could not be
too much encouraged — and certainly nothing like so
better laid out. I even believe the ideal publication
many different publications were ever afloat at one time.
would pay very fair dividends, and have a very large
Biography (to take a fair instance) is generously treated,
circulation — provided always it remained clearly
and much creditable work is being done. Certainly
indifferent to both! But such a thing never existed,
Mr. Woodrow Wilson does not seem like a product of
doubtless, anywhere. Meantime, why complain that
deforming conditions. Consider, again, Mr. John Fiske's legitimate and beneficent enterprises, which minister
delightfully to widely-felt needs, are partially influenced
As to magazine poetry, it is harder to be optimistic. by necessary business principles ?
Probably there is no real demand for it anyway, good
WILLIAM C. LAWTON.
or bad, and so each magazine fills those little chinks Brooklyn, N. Y., May 5, 1897.
success.


302
[May 16,
THE DIAL
The New Books.
sense of loyalty, remained faithful to Louis
XVIII., though his command went over en
masse to the Emperor. He refused to serve
A NAPOLEONIC MARSHAL AND HIS AIDE.* during the Hundred Days. “Well, M. le Duc
Of additions to the stock of memoirs of Rev. de Reggio!” said Bonaparte ironically to the
olutionary and Napoleonic times there seems no
inflexible soldier, “and what have the Bourbons
end. Talleyrand once assigned vanity as the
done more for
you
than I, to make you want to
leading motive force of the French Revolution ;
defend them so finely against my approach ?”
and one who reads attentively the annals of that For once the speaker had failed to read and
era can scarcely fail to note in the bearing of appreciate his man. After Waterloo, Oudinot
its worthies a tinge of the histrionic, a tendency
was made Commander-in-Chief of the National
to pose and perorate, even when the boards Guard ; and he made a determined effort to
they trod were the ensanguined planks of the
save his old companion in arms, Marshal Ney.
guillotine. It was natural that men so con-
He finished his career as Governor of the
vinced of the importance of their individual Invalides, under Louis Philippe.
rôles in the drama of their time should be solic-
On Oudinot's death, letters of condolence
itous lest history should obscure or belittle were received by his family from sovereigns of
those rôles in the eyes of posterity. There countries against which he had fought and
were few of them who did not at least place it
whose local affairs he had administered under
in the power of someone they implicitly trusted
the great foe of all. One of these letters espe-
to amply record what they had been and done. cially, from Frederick William of Prussia,
Such seems to have been the case with Marshal breathes the warmest regard for the dead sol-
Oudinot, Duc de Reggio - a brilliant soldierdier of the Empire, and attests that he was a
and steadfast man, whose name is an often re-
magnanimous, as well as a formidable, foe.
curring one in the story of the Napoleonic wars,
The Duchesse de Reggio's narrative is flu-
and whose memoirs, compiled from the souve- ently and simply written - a frank and unpre-
nirs of his wife, are now for the first time done
tentious tale wherein a mother retraces for her
into English by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, children the different phases of her own and
forming a volume of some 460 pages.
their father's chequered existence. Much of
Nicolas Charles Oudinot (1767-1847) was
the value of the book is due to the painstaking
one of the many men of talent and energy for work of the compiler, M. Gaston Stiegler.
whom the Revolution opened a path to distinc There are interesting portraits of the Marshal
tion that must in all likelihood have been closed
and his wife.
to them under the old order. The son of a
brewer of Bar-le-Duc, he began life a common Among the military memoirs of Napoleonic
foot-soldier, and ended it a Peer and Marshal times those of the soldier-painter Baron Louis
of France - one of the most notable figures of François Lejeune possess a charm and charac-
an era prolific of notable men. He owed his ter distinctive enough to entitle them to rank
advance, or at least his repute in high places,
as a book apart. Lejeune was a soldier through
scarcely less to his integrity and steadfastness stress of circumstances, an artist by choice and
as an administrator than to his capacity as a temperament. His military career was long
soldier. He won laurels in the first Austrian and distinguished; but it is plain to the reader
and the Russian campaigns, and at Bautzen
of his memoirs that he mentally signed himself
and Leipzig. In 1812 he led the second corps painter, not soldier, throughout. In the lull of
in the invasion of Russia, and so skilfully pro- a campaign we find him studying such collec-
tected the crossing of the Beresina that he was
tions of art as offered themselves ; and where
hailed as the “preserver of the army.” On the
“
the interval of peace was long enough he re-
return from Elba, Oudinot, who had a high turned to Paris and his easel as to an occupa-
tion interrupted. The artist's temperament
* MEMOIRS OF MARSHAL OUDINOT, DUC DE REGGIO.
Compiled from the hitherto unpublished souvenirs of the everywhere lends color and character to his
Duchesse de Reggio, by Gaston Stiegler; now first translated narrative. In the main, Lejeune depicts for
into English by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. With portraits.
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
us a scene or an incident, not because it was
MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE, Aide-de-Camp to Marshals historically important, but because it appealed
Berthier, Davout, and Oudinot. Translated and edited from to his artistic sense-formed, in fact, an attrac-
the original French by Mrs. Arthur Bell (N. D'Anvers); with
Introduction by Major-General Maurice, C.B. In two vol-
tive or a striking motif for a picture. He inter-
umes. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
rupts the account of an advance of his division


1897.]
303
THE DIAL
a
a
to on
>
on the eve of Austerlitz, to paint the charms of which the French took by assault after a most
a wintry landscape; the grim details of a siege determined resistance.
determined resistance. More than four hun-
are relieved by bits of genre and sentiment dred Spanish workmen and a whole corps of
touched in by a master-hand. In portraying grenadiers had been destroyed at a blow by the
the moving incidents and ghastly minor accom- explosion of a mine under the convent walls.
paniments of war, in making the reader see and “ Not a step could be taken without stumbling over
feel what war means to people who directly torn limbs, often still palpitating, hands or fragments of
share in it and suffer by it, Lejeune has few
arms torn from the bodies to which they had belonged,
rivals in literature. Nothing in Tolstoi or Zola, revealing to us bow fearful and widespread had been
the catastrophe."
no canvas of Verestchagin, excels in lurid real-
ism his description of the siege of Saragossa. The vestiges of carnage were strewn even to
the roof of the shattered church. A grenadier
We have heard something in this country of
late as to the " educative value” of war, as to
who had pursued the few surviving Spaniards
its saving efficacy as a national regenerator and
thither, drew back in horror, exclaiming :
“ Look at that stream of blood! Look at the
tonic for patriotism grown languid. War, so
far from being, as commonly supposed, a thing
lamentable results of obstinacy and rage!”
“ We looked and saw the blood of a number of Ara-
essentially brutalizing and demoralizing to
those waging it, is held by the philosophy of
roofs, whence it poured through the prominent Gothic
chauvinism to be the grand conserver of the gargoyles, representing dragons, vultures, and winged
national bond and fountain of the civic virtues. monsters. For some eight centuries nothing but rain-
In Lejeune's narrative there is little that tends
water had flowed from these gutters and spouts; but
now, by a horrible contrast, they vomited forth upon
to support this paradoxical theory of the tonic
the assailants below torrents of human gore."
effect upon national morals of recurring periods The French, after the outer walls were breached,
of wholesale havoc and bloodshed. On the con-
trary, we can point to no more cogent peace
forced their way into the city with the aid of the
tract, no more shocking picture of the satanic sapper and the miner literally foot by foot.
moral and physical results of the frenzy of
“ As soon as a house was taken, a miner was sent
battle, than Lejeune's account of the siege
down to the lowest part of the cellars, where he set to
work to open a mine beneath the street or under the
and storm of Saragossa. The awful straits next house so as to reach the one we wanted to attack.
to which the inhabitants of the town were re- This mine was then charged in the most profound silence,
duced, and the fanatic fury of their resistance,
and with such skill that the line of least resistance was
is familiar matter of song and history. In the
beneath the condemned house. Directly after the ex-
plosion the soldiers, who were held in readiness, flung
train of slaughter and famine came pestilence. plosion the soldiers, who were
themselves through the clouds of dust which arose, and
The famishing wretches, herded in fetid vaults took possession of the ruins of the house just thrown
and cellars to escape the hail of bombs that down, where to secure possession they quickly barri-
crashed through the roofs of their houses, died
caded themselves and awaited the night. .. One
in droves, stricken as by an unseen hand.
day it so happened that two parties of miners
besieged, the other besiegers — debouched at the same
Many were no longer strong enough to remove their moment from their rival galleries in the same cellar;
dead, and those corpses which were carried into the and there, in the gloom, scarcely relieved by the light
streets or to the doors of the churches remained there of their lanterns, they flung themselves upon each other
without burial. Often bombs would burst and shatter with their tools, their knives, and their sabres, without
the dead to pieces, tearing them from their tattered waiting for any other weapons. It was indeed war to
shrouds, so that at every turn the most horrible sights the knife promised us by Palafox. The furious blows
met the eye. . . . I can still see one room in the second exchanged knocked down around the combatants the
story of a house which had been broken into and par- great stone jars used by the Spanish for storing wine
tially destroyed from the bottom to the top. An ex- and oil, and those who were struck down by pick or
plosion had surprised a father and a daughter just as matlock were drowned in a mixed flood of wine, oil, and
they were taking their siesta after their meal by a little blood.”
round table, on which a few drinking vessels still re-
A dramatic picture is drawn by Lejeune of
mained. The old man, who was pretty well dressed
and partly wrapped in his cloak, was seated in a big
the storming of the Convent of the Nuns of
black wooden arm-chair, and his daughter was stretched Jerusalem. The plight of the pious inmates,
on a rush mat at his feet. There was nothing in their who saw their once peaceful haven wrapped in
features to betray what they had suffered, and during flames and defiled by carnage, was pathetic
the few minutes I spent near the motionless group
enough.
really wondered whether the bodies were real or made
of wax.”
“ As we approached we saw them tearing down from
the altars the objects of their chaste devotion, in the hope
Lejeune draws a grewsome picture of the
of saving them from destruction. The devoted women,
scenes in and about the Convent of St. Francis, with no thought for themselves and inspired only with
one
66
a


304
[May 16,
THE DIAL
-
-
religious zeal, took nothing with them but crucifixes and and artistic civilization prevailed at Mycenæ,
images of the Infant Savior, which they held closely in
their arms as they abandoned, with heartrending cries
, ond, that the “ bloom-time ” of this civilization
Tiryns, Troy, Orchomenus, and Amyclae; sec-
the only homes they had, strewn with tokens of their
piety and loving kindness. In all the chapels were nu-
was from the seventeenth or sixteenth century
merous pretty little figures in colored wax representing B. C. down to the twelfth ; third, that the
the Infant Jesus, with snow-white lambs decked with Homeric poems, produced after the Mycenæan
ribbons and various ornaments invented by the childlike period, yet describe its aftermath of art and
imaginations of the guileless nuns.
fell across mangers decked with flowers, evergreens, and
life.
moss, or overturned cradles of the Infant Savior; and The reader is first of all impressed with the
the blood of the dying trickled over bunches of immor- celerity of archæological progress since the
telles, crowns of roses, and azure-blue ribbons."
pioneer Schliemann, in 1870, turned the first
Saragossa fell at last; and on the appointed sod on the hill of Hissarlik and opened a new
day the Spanish column filed out in marching and wondrous era for “the science of the
order, carrying their flags and arms, according spade.” For twelve years he strove to win the
to the terms of capitulation. Says Lejeune: world of scholars away from Bunar-bashi to
« Never, perhaps, had any of us gazed on a sadder or Hissarlik as the site of Homer's Troy; but
more touching spectacle. Thirteen thousand sickly-critical scholarship, proverbially shy, shrank
looking men, bearing in their bodies the seeds of disease,
all frightfully emaciated, with long black matted beards,
from his superb enthusiasm, and only took
and scarcely able to hold their weapons, dragged thein-
snuff” when he announced that in the sec-
selves slowly along to the sound of the drum. Their ond stratum from the native rock he had dis-
clothes were dirty and disordered ; in a word, every- covered the treasure of Priam. The treasure
thing about them bore witness to their terrible misery ;
was indubitable enough ; but - Priam ? In
-
but in spite of their livid faces, blackened with the smoke
of powder, and scarred with the deep traces of rage and
1882, however, with the invaluable help of
grief, their whole bearing still radiated forth an inde- Dr. Dörpfeld, the Second City was proved to
scribable dignity and pride. ... When the moment have had an imposing acropolis, and to have
came for these gallant troops to pile their arms and de-
perished in a great conflagration; and its
liver up their flags to us, many of them gave violent ex-
pression to their despair. Their eyes gleamed with rage,
identity with the Homeric Troy - to say noth-
and their savage looks seemed to say that they had | ing of Priam
ing of Priam — was regarded as fairly estab-
counted our troops, and deeply regretted having yielded lished. But in 1890, Schliemann and Dörp-
to such a small number of enemies. They started for
feld returned to the attack, and shifted their
France, and Saragossa was conquered !"
excavations to the southwest of the burnt city;
As a compiler of historical anecdotes and and here they discovered no less than seven
purveyor of memories of the Emperor, Lejeune distinct layers of buildings above this second
is naturally inferior to writers like Marbot, De city. In the fourth layer counting from above,
Menéval, and Barras. In narrative freshness
or the sixth from the bed-rock, were found the
and charm he is the equal of Thiebault; while remains of a mighty fortress of the Mycenæan
in purely pictorial quality he has no peer among age, which answered, even better than the Sec-
Napoleonic memoirists.
E. G. J. ond City, to the description of the Homeric
Pergamos. The untimely death of Dr. Schlie-
mann in 1890 left the problem to be worked
out by Dr. Dörpfeld, whose decision, published
MYCEN ÆAN EXPLORATION SINCE
in 1893, now commands general assent. And
SCHLIEMANN.*
so the matter stands to-day, as regards Troy :
In a sumptuous and fascinating volume, namely, that in the Sixth City we have the
creditable alike to American scholarship and remains of a citadel of the Mycenæan era, and
American publishing enterprise, we are pre- that this citadel is, to date, the best claimant to
sented with a record of the remarkable recent Homeric standing.
discoveries, and the latest conclusions based The book before us is a collaboration. Dr.
upon those discoveries, at the sites of Mycenæ, Chrestos Tsountas, a young Greek archæolo-
Tiryns, and Troy. These conclusions may gist, was commissioned by the Greek govern-
be briefly announced thus : first, that a rich ment in 1886 to continue the excavations at
* THE MYCENEAN AGE: A Study of the Monuments and
Mycenæ which Dr. Schliemann had so bril-
Culture of Pre-Homeric Greece. By Dr. Chrestos Tsountas, liantly begun ten years before; and his “ My-
Ephor of Antiquities and Director of Excavations at Mycenæ; cenæ and the Mycenæan Civilization” (written
and J. Irving Manatt, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Greek
Literature and History at Brown University. With an Intro-
in Greek and published in 1893) was almost
duction by Dr. Dörpfeld. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. I epoch-making in its systematic treatment of


1897.]
305
THE DIAL
“the whole subject of Greek culture in the light “polygonal," and rectangular masonry is well
of the monuments.” Professor J. Irving Manatt, brought out and made clear to the layman, who
of Brown University, one of our most enthusi- may have confused the first two of these with
astic American Hellenists, undertook the ardu- each other. Cyclopean structure means "huge
ous but grateful task of making a book which masses of rock, either unwrought or roughly
should embody all of Tsountas’s results with dressed with the hammer and piled one upon
all that has been added to Mycenæology by another, not quite irregularly, as has been held,
the last three fruitful years, and should spread but with an effort at horizontal jointing and
the whole rich record before the eyes of the with the use of clay mortar (now mostly washed
English-speaking world. Probably no better
Probably no better out) as a bedding material. . . . Polygonal
interpreter could have been found. Professor
masonry employs stones carefully hewn into
Manatt has scholarship, experience, and a polygons with unequal sides, and so closely
glowing style well held in hand. He has com- joined together that there are no gaps and con-
pletely recast the materials before him; and has sequently no bonding with small stones or mor-
certainly given Dr. Tsountas an introduction to tar.” The rectangular order is too familiar to
American and English readers which will place need description, having persisted in all subse-
him and his work in line with Schliemann and quent architecture. Curiously enough, however,
Dörpfeld.
our authors affirm, apparently with reason, that
The two great sites of Mycenæan civilization this form of structure at Tiryns and Mycena
are Mycenæ itself and its neighbor Tiryns. was earlier than the polygonal, and assign to
Our authors devote the bulk of their work to the famous “ polygonal tower” a date not long
an elaborate discussion of the discoveries at before the destruction of Mycenæ by the Ar-
Tiryns and Mycenæ, many of which had been gives in 468 B.C.
made familiar to English readers in Schlie- The book is lavishly illustrated with maps,
mann's “ Mycenæ” and “Tiryns,” and especi- plans, and pictures ; the covers being peculiarly
ally in the admirable summary of Schliemann's enriched with gilt embossed bands reproducing
excavations prepared by Schuchhardt, and pub- the superb goldsmith's work on the Vaphio cups
lished, in translation, in 1891. Schliemann's found by Dr. Tsountas in 1889. The illustra-
thrilling announcement, in 1876, that he had tions, as a whole, do not reach the standard of
found the “royal graves in the circle at My-clear-cut precision set by Schuchhardt's book
cenæ, with their heroic tenants still masked in mentioned above, comparison with which is
gold and their heroic equipage around them ” inevitable. A notable exception must be made
(as Manatt puts it), is still fresh in our mem- in the case of the five fine plates from photo-
ory. He at once believed and proclaimed that graphs by Professor Colwell, of Denison Uni-
these were the graves of Agamemnon and his versity.
followers, butchered by Ægisthus and Clytem- A number of slips in the proof-reading, and
nestra. With almost equal positiveness, Tsoun- some items of latest information prepared after
tas and Mannatt now say:
the rest of the book had been printed, are noted
“That they are the tombs of a royal line