is beyond a in two pages of " addenda et corrigenda.” Be-
doubt, but the name of that line we can no more deter- sides these, we may call attention to the sen-
mine than we can tell those of the families which fash-
ioned the great domes (the bee-hive tombs, the treas-
tence (on page 145), “ At either hand lay two
ury of Atreus,' etc.). Whatever hypothesis be put for-
more cups, one of silver and one of gold; the
ward, it must always remain pure conjecture. . . . But
latter are the now famous Vaphio cups," etc.,
we do know that many centuries later there was current where the word “pair” would seem necessary
at Mycenæ a tradition, certainly mistaken, that the lar- after “one."
gest and the finest of the domed tombs were the treas-
Josiah RENICK SMITH.
uries of Atreus and his sons, and that within the Acrop-
olis were buried Atreus and Electra, with Agamemnon
and his followers, foully done to death by Ægisthus and
“ THE Fern-Collectors' Handbook and Herbarium"
Clytemnestra."
(Holt), prepared by Miss Sadie F. Price, is a quarto
The chapter devoted to Tiryns is an excellent
volume containing full-page drawings, very accurately
made, of about seventy species of our native ferns. The
piece of topographical description, and leaves
blank pages opposite the drawings are to be utilized for
the careful reader in complete possession of the the reception of the herbarium specimens prepared by
latest and best-considered opinions as to the
the amateur collector. With the help of a few ex-
position and probable use of every wall, cham- changes, it would not be a difficult matter for anyone
interested in ferns to fill all of these blank
pages,
while
ber, and gallery on that ancient ridge of lime-
identification of the species offers no difficulty in the
stone. The distinction between “Cyclopean,' presence of these drawings.


306
[May 16,
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-
ence in the structure of certain units, the deter-
THE BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM OF TO-DAY.*
minants, the similarity of the new and old doc-
The translation of Prof. Oscar Hertwig's trines is apparent. “It would be impossible,
essay,
“Preformation oder Epigenese ? ” which says Weismann, " for any small portion of the
“
has been published under the title “ The Bio- human skin to undergo a hereditary and inde-
logical Problem of To.day,” may perhaps serve pendent change from the germ onwards, unless
a useful purpose. One of the most remarkable a small vital element corresponding to this par-
features of certain writings which have ap- ticular part of the skin existed in the germ
peared in the last few years has been their un- substance, a variation in this element causing a
hesitating acceptance of Weismann's captivat corresponding variation in the part concerned.
ing speculations. Weismannism in its crudest Were this not the case, birthmarks would not
and most uncompromising form has run riot exist."
in the pages of reviews and even of text-books. Hertwig attacks this position, which he re-
Some of the votaries of sociology — that sci- gards as the position of the preformationists of
ence which Mr. Leslie Stephens characterizes as the last century "slightly altered.” Two of
“a very vague body of approximate truths"- - Weismann's interesting assumptions — first,
,
have built up imposing structures on the sup- the distinction between an Erbgleiche Theilung
posedly established facts of biology. The ingen. (translated doubling division) and an Erbun-
iously simple hypotheses of the prophet are gleiche Theilung (differentiating division), and
taken as the very flower and fruit of biological second, the sharp contrast which Weismann
wisdom. If one takes as foundation (pace claims to exist between body-plasm and germ-
Mr. Kidd) “this conclusion which biology is plasm
plasm - are brushed aside by Hertwig. An
now approaching,” a very pretty edifice may adult organism arises from a single cell, the
doubtless be erected. Should Hertwig's notable egg or germ, by a process of repeated division
essay lead some of these authors, dutifully am- and subdivision of the protoplasm of the egg-
bitious to embody in their writings the “ latest cell. On Weismann's hypothesis the division
biological thought," to realize that Weismann's is at first “doubling," afterwards“ differentiat-
notions of development and heredity, stimulat- ing.” The germ protoplasm remains passive,
ing though they have been, are yet based largely undeveloped, undifferentiated, and is handed on
on a foundation of unverified and unverifiable – by doubling division — unchanged from
-
hypotheses, it will not have been in vain. parent to offspring; the somatic protoplasm
The question of the development of the indi- undergoes active differentiation and develop-
vidual from the egg may well be regarded not ment, and the elements composing it (deter-
only as the problem of to-day, but as the prob- minants) are sorted out, by differentiating
lem of the past and the future. The particular division, into appropriate groups of cells, each
phase of the question considered in Hertwig's with its predetermined destination in the adult
essay was also the subject of the life-long labors soma. To this Hertwig replies : “Cells mul- .
of the Genevan naturalist Bonnet, more than a tiply only by doubling division. Between so-
bundred years ago. Does the adult organism. matic cells and reproductive cells there is no
exist ready made in the egg or “ germ,” or does strong contrast, no gulf that cannot be bridged
it develope by a process of new formation (epi- (page 84).
genesis)? Bonnet, as is well known, was the Against the specific doctrine of determinants,
untiring advocate of the preformation theory. Hertwig argues strenuously. He neatly turns
The consequences arising from thus picturing the tables on the sociologists by inserting the
the adult as already formed in miniature in the famous social organism comparison.
germ, and as developing by means of a simple
eta
“ The human state may be conceived as a high and
swelling-up” of parts, were unflinchingly met compound organism that, by the union of many individ-
by Bonnet and carried to their logical conclu-
uals, and by their division into classes with different
functions, has developed into a form always becoming
sion. Hertwig sees in the Weismannian doc-
trine of determinants a return to the preform- and district communities, unions for husbandry and man-
more complicated. . . . As the state develops, urban
ationist standpoint of Bonnet. If it be true that ufactures, colleges of physicians, parliaments, ministries,
the difference in the various cells of the body, armies, and so forth, appear. All this visible complexity
muscle-cells, nerve-cells, etc., is due to differ- depends upon individuals associated for definite pur-
poses and specialized in different directions. It would
* THE BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM OF TO-DAY: Preformation certainly not occur to anyone to explain the growth of
or Epigenesis? By Prof. Dr. Oscar Hertwig; translated by this complexity in the developing state by the assump-
P. Chalmers Mitchell, M.A. New York: The Macmillan Co. tion that this secondary complexity was preformed as
-


1897.]
307
THE DIAL
>
nary
:
definite material particles present in the first pair,
although the first pair is the rudiment of the whole.
RECENT FICTION.*
... But what applies to the causal relations between Mr. Hardy's new novel is not strictly new, for it
the state organism and men applies also, ceteris paribus,
was published serially several years ago. It seems,
to the explanation of the causal relations between the
rudiments in the egg and the organism to which the
however, to have made little impression at the time,
and there is no doubt that before the
egg gives rise” (pp. 91, 92).
of
appearance
« Tess” and “Jude” the author had much less vogue
Hertwig's own view, which he regards as or-
than has since been given him by those extraordi-
thodox epigenesis, is stated in similar terms.
books. We could wish, indeed, that “The Well-
“Culture and civilization are the wonderfully com- Beloved” were a recently written book, for it would
plicated results of the coöperation of many individuals
represent a reaction from the mood of cynical bit-
united in society. By the manifolding of their relations
terness that has been upon Mr. Hardy of late, and
and their combinations, men in society have brought
all lovers of good literature would rejoice to learn
about a higher complexity than man, left by himself,
that the “blue devils" had been exorcised, and to
ever would have been able to develop from his own
individual properties — a complexity that has arisen by
find the novelist of “Far from the Madding Crowd ”
the interaction of the same characters of many men in
and “A Pair of Blue Eyes” restored to them. Such
coöperation. Similarly, the activity of the egg in growth
a “return of the native” to his old-time scenes and
and cell-formation is an inexhaustible source of new
*THE WELL-BELOVED. A Sketch of a Temperament. By
complexity; for the self-multiplying systems of units
Thomas Hardy. New York: Harper & Brothers.
always binding themselves into higher complexes, con-
FLAMES. By Robert Hichens. Chicago : Herbert S. Stone
tinually enter into new interrelations, and afford the & Co.
opportunity for new combinations of forces — in fact,
PHROBO. A Romance. By Anthony Hope. New York:
of new characters."
Frederick A. Stokes Co.
And again :
THE MASTER-BEGGARS. By L. Cope Cornford. Phila-
delphia : J. B. Lippinc Co.
“ Thus, during the course of development, they are
A PEARL OF THE REALM. By Anna L. Glyn. New York ;
forces external to the cells that bid them assume the
Dodd, Mead & Co.
individual characters appropriate to their individual re- A WOMAN'S COURIER. By William Joseph Yeoman. New
lations to the whole; the determining forces are not York: Stone & Kimball.
within the cells, as the doctrine of determinants sup- FOR THE WHITE ROSE OF ARNO. By Owen Rhoscomyl.
poses. The cells develop those characters that are sug- New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
gested by their relation to the external world and their THE LAST RECRUIT OF CLARE's. By S. R. Keightley.
places in the whole organism. . . . In my theory two New York: Harper & Brothers.
assumptions of totally contrasting nature are made: I TROOPER PETER HALKET OF MASHONALAND. By Olive
assume a germ-plasm of high and specific organization,
Schreiner. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
and I assume that this is transformed into the adult A PINCHBECK GODDESS. By Mrs. J. M. Fleming (Alice M.
product by epigenetic agencies” (pp. 136, 138).
Kipling). New York: D. Appleton & Co.
EN ROUTE. By J.-K. Huysmans. Translated from the
This last remark plays directly into the hands French by C. Kegan Paul. New York: New Amsterdam
of the enemy. Mr. Herbert Spencer, although Book Co.
THE GREEN BOOK. By Maurus Jokai. Translated by
equally with Hertwig an opponent of Weis-
Mrs. Waugh. New York: Harper & Brothers.
mannism, has noticed the incongruity :
THE CHOIR INVISIBLE. By James Lane Allen. New York:
“To this it may be replied that the ability to form The Macmillan Co.
the appropriate cell-complexes, itself depends upon the THE LANDLORD AT LION's HEAD. A Novel. By W. D.
constitutional units contained in the cells."
Howells. New York: Harper & Brothers.
THE DESCENDANT. A Novel. New York: Harper &
It may well be questioned whether Hertwig
Brothers.
in this essay does not show to better advantage THE MAN WHO WINs. By Robert Herrick. New York:
as critic of Weismann's hypotheses than as
Charles Scribner's Sons.
ON MANY SEAS. The Life and Exploits of a Yankee Sailor.
architect of his own. It has been found easier
By Frederick Benton Williams. New York: The Macmillan
to point out the faulty architectonics of Weis-
Co.
mann's unsteady structure than to figure a sat-
THE GREAT K. & A. TRAIN ROBBERY. By Paul Leicester
Ford. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
isfactory façade to his own conception.
THE SPOILS OF POYNTON. By Henry James. Boston:
The translation, as might be gathered from Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
the examples given, is not mellifluous, but that WHEN THE CENTURY Was New. A Novel. By Charles
Conrad Abbott, M.D. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
perhaps should not be demanded. It is accu-
AN INHERITANCE. By Harriet Prescott Spofford. New
rate and fairly smooth, though with too many York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
inversions. The troublesome word Anlage is FRANCES WALDEAUX. A Novel. By Rebecca Harding
“ rudiment" for this translator, which is at
Davis. New York: Harper & Brothers.
A QUESTIONABLE MARRIAGE. By A. Shackelford Sullivan.
least better than fundament."
On page 12
Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co.
the translator leaves undisturbed a beautiful IN THE CRUCIBLE. By Grace Denio Litchfield. New York:
juxtaposition of metaphorical pillows, bricks,
G. P. Putnam's Song.
A TRANSATLANTIC CHATELAINE, By Helen Choate Prince.
and cobwebs.
EDWIN O. JORDAN. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


308
[May 16,
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pages. It
66
themes would be welcome indeed, as we feel over for the impressive treatment of weird or horrible
and over again in reading this old book that we themes. That the author took himself seriously is
should be glad to think a new one. Mr. Hardy is now made evident by the publication of “Flames,”
well-advised to describe the book as a sketch of a a novel that extends to over five hundred
temperament,” for it is distinctly a temperament is clear that the ability of Mr. Hichens not com-
and
not a character that is presented under the name mensurate with his ambition. He has sought after
of Jocelyn Pierston. He is a man who all his life the kind of triumph that Bulwer's “A Strange
long is in love with love rather than with any partic- Story" exemplifies; he has attained a triumph that
ular woman, and “the well-beloved ” is his name would be about worthy of Miss Corelli. In con-
for a sort of Platonic idea that assumes one embodi- tent, this novel tells of a mysterious transfer of souls
ment after another, for an elusive ideal which is the from body to body; in form, it is a dreary waste of
permanent element in many fleeting forms.“ Each pretentious verbiage; in spirit and conception, it
individuality known as Lucy, Jane, Flora, Evange- represents the most corrupt type of decadent litera-
line, or what-not, had been merely a transient con- ture. It is impossible to have any patience with
dition of her. He did not recognize this as an excuse its flaunting indecencies, or any sort of sympathy
or as a defence, but as a fact simply. Essentially with the neurotic individuals who figure in its pages.
she was perhaps of no tangible substance; a spirit, Its whole view of life is morbid, its sentiment mand-
a dream, a frenzy, a conception, an aroma, an epi- lin, its fundamental idea impossible, and its tone
tomized sex, a light of the eye, a parting of the lips. disgusting.
God only know what she really was; Pierston did We are inclined to think “ Phroso" the best
not. She was indescribable.” To the hard-headed novel, considered simply as a story of adventure,
reader, this may seem nothing more than a fine-spun that “ Anthony Hope” has published since “ The
theory, a sophistical way of describing the natural Prisoner of Ženda” took the reading public by
fickleness of the homme sensuel moyen. But there storm. There is perhaps better literature in some
is a difference, and this difference is 80 entirely of of his other books, more analysis, delicate comedy,
the essence of Mr. Hardy's story that a failure to and the like; but for romantic and adventurous
comprehend it is a failure to get the author's point | interest, this latest novel must take high rank. The
of view, a failure to see anything at all worth seeing very suggestion of the isles of Greece is fascinating,
in his book. To begin with, Pierston is not a sen- and when we learn that the English hero is about
sual man; we are told distinctly that he had never to take possession of one of them, our hopes rise
wronged one of the many women in whose forms high. Nor are they disappointed by the outcome;
the migratory well-beloved had taken up a tempo- for the isle in question turns out to be, as someone
rary abode. To call him a nympholept, as one critic suggests early in the narrative, “
a very conserva-
has done, is to exaggerate unduly the sensual ele- tive part of the world,” and our hero and his com-
ment in a passion that is presented to us as almost panions seem to have reached a complete impasse
purely a matter of the intellect, and that should when they find themselves in their new castle, sur-
rather be taken as akin to the rapture of artistic rounded by a mob of islanders howling for their
contemplation. The real key to the problem of this lives. But the inventions of the romantic novelist
temperament is to be sought elsewhere, and is sug- are many, and seeming defeat is at the end trans-
gested by the author himself in an apt quotation formed into victory. The heroine, whose name is
from Tennyson's “ Tithonus.” To project the fresh- short for Euphrosyne, is a very engaging product
ness of youthful feeling into the years of ripeness of an unsophisticated race,-80 charming, in fact,
is given to but few, and the possibility of such a that the point of honor seems a little strained that
consummation has much that is alluring. But the so long prevents the hero from renouncing the En-
tragic aspect of the matter is not wanting, as we glish girl to whom he is betrothed, and in whom we
are taught by the example of “this gray shadow are evidently not expected to take the least interest,
once a man," enamored at the age of sixty with the even at the outset. The book illustrates the pecu-
grandchild of the woman whom he had loved when liar exigencies of serial publication, and is, in that
he was twenty. The bare outline of Pierston's story | respect, defective when taken as a whole.
is that he loves successively, at intervals of twenty A stirring romance of the seventeenth century
years, three girls who represent three generations of Netherlands is “The Master-Beggars,” by Mr.
the family with which his own fate seems to be L. Cope Cornford. Its theme is found, as the title
linked. One might think that there was stuff for indicates, in those guerrilla bands that made so much
comedy in this situation; but Mr. Hardy will not trouble for Alva, and that accepted as a badge of
have it so, and it is a signal triumph of his art that honor the title derisively bestowed upon them by
the reader is not moved to mirth as the tale unfolds. their enemies. Mr. Cornford himself happily de-
A year or two ago the author of " The Green Carna- scribes his book as “ a tale of old time; wherein the
tion” seemed to be distinctly a man of promise. The scenes are laid, and the persons of the legend pursue
short stories and the half-grown novel that followed their affairs, in that foreign country of rich plains
that amusing skit bore out the promise to a certain and shining water, usurped from the waste kingdom
extent, revealing descriptive and imaginative powers of the sea and sown with monumental cities, which
somewhat out of the common, and a marked talent you
know: a land so eloquent of calamitous genera-
>
-


1897.]
309
THE DIAL
tions, and ancient, bloody wars long since composed, literature of South African affairs has the form of
that, were no histories extant, written (according to fiction, but is in reality a tract undisguised. The
the vaunt of the knightly chronicler) for princes greater part of it is a dialogue between a young
and
persons of quality, a man could surely trace the English trooper in the service of the Chartered
footprints of the dead, and go to and fro, and sleep, Company and a mysterious stranger who appears
and wake to find their story in his heart.” The by his camp-fire one night when the trooper has lost
reader will surely find this story in his heart long his way on the veld. It is a little startling to realize
after he has laid it aside, for it is vivid, dramatic, that the stranger is no other than the Founder of the
and forceful, full of the stuff of genuine romance, Christian religion ; but there is no touch of irrever-
and made tender by the golden thread of a love- ence in the author's design, and the conversation
story. The hero, a monk turned soldier, and the that ensues brings into striking contrast the two
heroine, a lady of high degree, are singularly engag- points of view of modern colonial enterprise and of
ing characters; and the rugged figure of the Wild fundamental ethics. Were it not for the prophetic
Cat, the “beggar" chieftain, evokes sympathy and earnestness of the stranger's discourse, we might
admiration up to the very
hour of his heroic death, take him to be the Altrurian discovered by our
which somehow recalls the death of Hereward in friend Mr. Howells, and made to point, although in
Kingsley's magnificent romance.
other social spheres, absolute morals of much the
The tide of English historical fiction continues as same sort. Of the entire sincerity of Miss Schrein-
swollen as ever, and several recent productions in er's attitude there can be no doubt; but the book is
this field deserve to be mentioned here. “A Pearl too surcharged with emotion to prove very convinc-
of the Realm” is by a new writer, Miss Anna L. ing to a logical mind, and her abhorrence of both
Glyn, and dates from the period of the Civil War Mr. Rhodes and the methods of the British South
in England. It is not a strong or vivid piece of African Company has led her to a one-sided pre-
work, but it has a very winsome heroine, and the sentment of the situation. That the book has a cer-
narrative flows smoothly and pleasantly along to its tain power is not to be denied; it might almost have
happy conclusion. It is, moreover, exceptionally been written by Count Tolstoy, so simply confident
accurate in its history and topography, and alto- and uncompromising is its stand on the side of what
gether a satisfactory piece of work.
its author conceives to be the purest essence of
“A Woman's Courier,” also by a new writer, has Christian teaching. Yet it seems to us on the whole
for its subject the conspiracy of 1696 against the ineffectual, because its protest is not so much against
life of the King. It is told in reminiscent vein the perversities of men as against the forces of
by an old man whose youth was passed among the natare herself.
stirring scenes that filled the years just following “A Pinchbeck Goddess" will attract readers be-
the Revolution. It is mainly a story of adventure cause it is written by a sister of Mr. Rudyard Kip-
and intrigue, with enough love-interest to give the ling; were it not for this adventitious commendation,
needed infusion of sentiment. The narrative is a story so feebly conventional would hardly call for
clean-cut, and the interest is never allowed to flag. mention. It is a narrative of Anglo-Indian society,
“ For the White Rose of Arno,” Mr. Owen Rhos- and the characters chatter interminably without de-
comyl's new romance, is anything but clean-cut, and veloping into anything interesting. The metamor-
we follow its course with considerable difficulty. We phosis of the shy and morbid girl who figures in the
have previously spoken of the dense quality which opening chapters into the dashing heroine of the
serves to obscure the undoubted merits of this nov. rest of the book is so untrue to the possibilities of
elist; and the defect is still as noteworthy as ever. human nature that we can have little patience with
This story of “the Forty-five " has dramatic vigor, the writer who relies upon so cheap a trick for the
romantic atmosphere, and a fine Welsh flavor. Its main interest of her story.
sympathies are distinctly with the cause of the Pre- It is only fair to the novel-reader to inform him,
tender, and it is evident that the author would gladly before saying anything further about “En Route, "
have chronicled,
did history permit, a success of the just translated from the French of M. J.-K. Huys-
Stuart arms at Culloden.
mans, that the claim of the book to be classed among
The story of “The Last Recruit of Clare's” is works of fiction is of the most tenuous sort. It is
described as “ being passages from the memoirs of really a religious tract undisguised, being the second
Anthony Dillon, Chevalier of St. Louis, and late part of the trilogy begun with “ Là-bas” and ended
Colonel of Clare's Regiment in the service of with “ La Cathédrale." The
purpose
of the entire
France.” The time is that of Fontenoy; and the work is to analyze the soul of a sensualist, and to
author is Mr. S. R. Keightley, two of whose histor- describe the process of his conversion from the life
ical novels were recently reviewed in these columns. of corruption to the life (or living death) of spiritual
The book presents a series of detached episodes contemplation. Mr. C. Kegan Paul, who has trans-
rather than a continuous narrative, but is highly lated this book, takes it very seriously indeed, as his
interesting for all that, and helps to strengthen our preface indicates ; and there is no doubt that it is a
earlier conclusion that the author is quite the equal powerful piece of analysis, however morbid and
of Mr. Weyman as a master of historical romance. perverse in both conception and method. Bat the
Miss Olive Schreiner's recent contribution to the artificial, almost mechanical, ministry that it brings
a
a


310
[May 16,
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>
to
the mind diseased, is, to our thinking, about as far laid in Kentucky, the year is 1795. We read of a
removed as anything well can be from a truly re- man who loves a gay and shallow village beauty, is
generative discipline. Church architecture, and separated from her by a series of petty misunder-
sacred music, and the ritual of worship, and the rege standings, and afterwards learns the real meaning
imen of the monastic life, are all vastly interesting of love from the companionship of a noble-hearted
subjects of study, but they are, after all, the trap- woman several years his senior. The passion is
pings of religion, and not, as M. Huysmans would hopeless, for she is already bound by the ties of a
have us think, of its very essence. Upon all these loveless marriage, and the inborn strength of the
subjects, the book displays much curious erudition, man comes out in the struggle of renunciation. A
besides portraying a temperament that is an inter- word must be said of the book - - Malory's “ Morte
esting object of study, but that is not, we feel bound d'Arthure "— which helps the hero in his deep
to say, a normal type in any civilized community. trouble, or rather a word of the part played by that
The latest novel of Mr. Jokai to be translated noble chronicle of heroic deeds born of high ideals
into English is called “The Green Book," and is in bringing him to a realization of his better self
based upon the Russian revolutionary movement of and in teaching him how men are made strong
1825. Like all of this versatile author's books, this through suffering. No finer tribute has ever been
novel is extremely animated, and crammed with paid to this “old Bible of manhood” than is
picturesque incidents that throw probability to the afforded by this study of its restraining and ennob-
winds ; like most of them, also, it is shapeless and ling power. There are many other things in Mr.
incoherent, bewildering the reader by its unexpected Allen's novel that deserve mention ; such, for ex-
windings, and dazing him with its harshly-contrasted ample, as its deep feeling for the epic of the pio-
colors. It gives us full-length portraits of Alexan. neer, the historical vistas that it opens to the view,
der I. and the poet Pushkin, and outline sketches of the tenderness and the grace of its reflective pas-
other historical figures. The translation, we regret sages, the fine idealism that is never missing from
say,
is
very badly done.
It seems to have been its pages. It might, indeed,
its pages. It might, indeed, be urged that many of
made from some other language than the original the pages belong to essay-writing rather than to
(probably from the German), and the Russian creative art, and one must reluctantly allow that the
proper names, after their triple metamorphosis, interests of the individual characters concerned are
emerge in singular shapes — so singular that they
so singular that they at times so merged in the larger interests of an ab-
are difficult of identification.
stract humanity that we forget about the story. But
Turning now to the latest productions of Amer- this defect in the book, considered merely as fiction,
ican fiction, it seems in every way proper that “The makes it all the better literature, for literature it is
Choir Invisible” should be given the place of honor. in a sense that lifts it far above the level of stories
Looking about among our younger men of letters that entertain for the hour and are then forgotten.
for the promise of some new and vital impulse, it “ The Landlord at Lion's Head,” the latest novel
has for several years seemed to us that such an im- by Mr. Howells, must be reckoned among his com-
pulse might be expected to come from the work of parative failures. It is inordinately long for the
Mr. James Lane Allen. He has published few modicum of interest attaching to its plot and to the
books as yet, but the number is sufficient to reveal characters with whose fortunes it deals. The study
a steadily increasing mastery of his art, and the of the principal figure, although faithfully pursued
quality such as to warrant readers of discernment through a maze of incident and delineative de-
in predicting for him a brilliant career and an as- tail, is on the whole indeterminate and unconvinc-
sured place in the front rank of American writers. ing; it comes out in a certain way, but the reader
“The Choir Invisible” does not disappoint these feels that it might just about as easily have been
expectations. It is not only the most ambitious of made to come out in an an entirely different
Mr. Allen's books, considered merely as to its scale, way. The other characters are as nearly lay fig-
but it is also the one in which he has carried to the ures as it is possible for Mr. Howells to draw, for
highest pitch that fineness of perception and that his poorest sketches cannot help having a certain
distinction of manner that have from the first set sharpness of outline, resulting from his trick of
his work apart from the work of nearly all of his shrewd minute observation. Of course there are
contemporaries. Hardly since Hawthorne have we pages, and whole episodes, in this book that reveal
had such pages as the best of these ; hardly since the work of a master-hand, and of course the book
“ The Scarlet Letter” and “ The Marble Faun" as a whole is a “document" wherein the future
have we had fictive work so spiritual in essence and historian of New England society may delve with
adorned with such delicate and lovely embroiderings the certainty of reward. But it is not altogether
of the imagination. There are descriptive passages worthy of its author, from whom we have a right to
so exquisitely wrought that the reader lingers over expect as much as from any other American novelist
them to make them a possession forever; there are now living.
inner experiences so intensely realized that they be- The anonymous
author of “ The Descendant” is
come a part of the life of his own soul. The mere story unduly oppressed with the doctrine of heredity. His
of “The Choir Invisible” is no great thing, but we thesis seems to be that the invidious bar of birth
do not read such a book for its plot. The scene is lies athwart the best intentions and the most reso-


1897.)
311
THE DIAL
lute character, shaping the life in spite of itself. beyond Dana's classic narrative in the scope and
This thesis is worked out in the character of a man variety of the experiences recorded. The chief
whose childhood has been hopelessly embittered by charm of the book lies in its unpretentious language;
the slurs cast upon it on account of illegitimacy, things are described exactly as they are recalled,
who leaves his country home for the city, who and there is not the slightest effort to veneer them
throws his whole energy into journalism of a radi- with any kind of “style." Although the period
cally socialistic and destructive type, who wins only concerned is more than a generation later than that
to scorn the love of the woman who might have dealt with by Dana, the life described is one of at
saved him, and whose maturer realization of the least equal hardship and perhaps even more sicken-
folly of his course results only in a fit of passion ing brutality. Only the hall-mark of truth saves
-
that makes him a murderer and lands him in a many of the chapters from sheer repulsiveness. But
felon's cell. The book is undeniably strong, and it is pleasant to think that America can produce
rises to the height of genuine passion in its climac- men with constitutions capable of surviving such
teric scenes ; but it is crude in the working-out of conditions as are here relentlessly depicted, and
many of its episodes, and is rather suggestive of with sufficient optimism to write about them in so
future possibilities than the earnest of achieved unvariably cheerful a strain.
mastery.
“ The Great K. & A. Train Robbery” is, as the
Mr. Robert Herrick, in “ The Man Who Wins,” author calls it, nothing more than a “skit," and it
also sounds the note of heredity in a somewhat would not be fair to base
upon
it
any
estimate of
insistent fashion, rapidly sketching the history Mr. Ford's work. What he can do as a serious
through several generations of a New England novelist is shown by that remarkable book, “The
family of Puritan stock. The outline is truthful Honorable Peter Stirling,” as well as by the serial
enough, for many a New England race has gone into now running in the
pages
of « The Atlantic
just such a decline as is here held up for our edifi- Monthly.” But we may say of his story of the
cation, and nothing is more common than to find train robbery that it is good literature of its kind,
the austere self-repression of the ancestor counter- with skilful construction, exciting incident, pleasing
vailed by the reckless excesses of the descendant. It dialogue, and the expectedly happy outcome.
is simply a way that Nature has of making up her “ The Spoils of Poynton ” consist of the objects
balances. And this moral and physical degenera- of bigotry and virtue" with which Mrs. Gereth, an
tion brings down not only the family type, but also ardent collector, has in the course of many years
drags into its current, through the agency of pas- brought together for the adornment of her English
sion, the representatives of stronger strains. The home. Upon the sad event that leaves Mrs. Gereth
principal character in Mr. Herrick's little book is a a widow, the house and its belongings revert to her
man of great capabilities, who marries into a failing son, who knows nothing about bric-a-brac. Pres-
family of the sort indicated, and renounces for the ently this son becomes enamoured of a very vulgar
sake of love the career that he has marked out for young woman, as incapable as he is of realizing
himself. He is successful as the world views success, what a dream of beauty Poynton has been made by
but the world sees nothing of the inner tragedy of his its furnishings, but nevertheless determined to have
In the closing pages a new generation ap- them all, and to dispossess their collector. The
pears upon the scene, and the man who feels that heart-broken Mrs. Gereth thereupon resorts to the
the better part of his own life has been arrested in desperate measure of conveying the things surrep-
its development saves from a similar fate the youth titiously away to the cottage provided for her future
who is a suitor for his daughter's hand. 6. The
residence. Threatened with legal process, she still
man who wins does not devote his life to an exact- refuses to give them up, but at last restores them in
ing passion for a neurotic woman.” This is the the belief that her son will renounce the young
key-note of the story, which has a certain sombre woman in question, and marry another who has the
strength, which is told in terse straightforward En- virtue of artistic appreciation, to say nothing of
glish, and which exbibits both finish and restraint. many others. In a well-regulated novel, this is ex-
Probably no such vivid and realistic description actly what would have happened; bat both the
of the life of the sailor has been given to the public young man and the desirable young woman carry
since “ Two Years before the Mast” than is to be their notions of honor to the extreme of quixotism,
found in the recently-published book called “On and in the end the mother is left destitute of all
Many Seas." It is essentially autobiography rather that she most prizes, the son is mated to the woman
than fiction, and is mentioned here only because it whom he does not love, and the other woman, whom
has all the entertaining qualities of an invented he has at last learned to love, has only the bitter
story, although supplemented by touches such as satisfaction that her excess of scrupulosity has set-
must always be beyond the reach of mere invention. tled everything awry. This is the substance of the
“Frederick Benton Williams ” is the name given latest novel by Mr. Henry James, which is, of
upon the title-page, but we understand that Mr. course, written with the most delicate literary art,
Herbert Hamblen is the real name of the author. but which remains about as cold blooded and unat-
The ten years or more of voyages described are quite tractive as it is possible for a work of fiction to be.
literally “on many seas," and the work goes far Dr. Abbott is a charming naturalist, but his gifts
career.
a
a
.
a


312
[May 16,
THE DIAL
as a story-teller are more questionable. There is to heart (as who familiar with the facts has not?),
excellent stuff in his unpretentious tale of the days but her attitude toward the whole question of divorce
“When the Century Was New," but the hand that seems to be one of hesitancy between the civil and
deals with it is not enough practised in romance to
the sacramental views of marriage.
make the most of his opportunities, or to keep his There is a marked similarity between the two
threads from getting tangled in the weaving. The novels that have been left to close this review. It
situation set forth is as puzzling as a problem in is not merely that both are the work of women, and
chess; and when the final clearing-up comes, one replete with a peculiarly feminine form of sentiment,
still has to think out a good many things for him- but that their plots, barring accidents of time and
self, which is annoying.
place, are essentially the same. In each there is a
It is pleasant to be reminded that such writers of high-minded heroine, sought after by two men, and
accomplished achievement as Mrs. Harriet Prescott in each is the worthy lover cast aside through the
Spofford and Mrs. Rebecca Harding Davis are still treachery of the unworthy one, learning the truth
in the active ranks, and have lost nothing of their only after an unfortunate marriage has made it
early powers. Each of these women has recently impossible to set matters right. In each, also, the
given us a new story, and embodied anew some of wife has an hour of passionate self-abandonment, fol.
the older and better ideals of American fiction. lowed by a revulsion of feeling when duty once more
“An Inheritance," by Mrs. Spofford, has both sweet- resumes her sway. Miss Litchfield's " In the Cru-
ness and strength, and shows that an island home cible" is a novel of Washington society, which is
in the Merrimac is still as good a vantage-ground evidently to her a very familiar subject. The book
as any for the observation of life. The story has,
has many charming episodes, and is informed
indeed, the fault of being half-completed before it throughout by a spirit of fine idealism that stands
begins; that is, more than half of the pages are em- in grateful contrast to the spirit in which most con-
ployed to bring the lives of the characters concerned temporary novels are conceived. “ A Transatlantic
down to the date at which they appear upon the Chatelaine" is the second novel that Miss Prince
actual scene.
has written, and, like its predecessor, the scene is
“Frances Waldeaux,” by Mrs. Davis, is the story laid in provincial France. It is always refreshing
of a woman and her son. Incidentally, it is also the to get such glimpses of the real life of the French
story of two other women, one a foreign adventuress, people, and they are not to be got by the most assidu-
the other an American girl. The hero meets the ad- ous student of the French novelists chiefly in vogue.
venturess on a transatlantic steamer, and marries The author of the present work knows her subject
her, in brutal disregard of the wishes of his mother, au fond, and writes of it with such
grace
to whom he has more than ordinary reasons for being pathy as to win the affections as well as the interest
grateful. The son and the mother separate ; and of her readers.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
a year or so later, the mother, half-frenzied by her
sufferings, makes an attempt, happily unsuccessful,
upon the life of the woman who has wronged her.
The latter dies soon thereafter, and the husband
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
returns to America with his mother, having lost a
good many of the illusions of youth. In the end he
The scope and argument of Mrs.
marries the American girl who has loved him all
Eliza Burt Gamble's work entitled
in religion.
the time. This brief outline can give but a slight
6 The God Idea of the Ancients”
idea of what is an exceptionally strong piece of lit- (Putnam) are better defined by its alternate title,
erary work. There are some unnatural things about “Sex in Religion.” Mrs. Gamble has brought to-
it, but the reader is carried over them by the rapid gether a great amount of material, drawn chiefly
sweep of the narrative. Among the minor figures, from Furlong's “Rivers of Life,” Faber's “ Pagan
”
that of the fortune-hunting German princeling is Idolatry,” Inman's “ Ancient Faiths,” “Isis Ūn-
Un-
particularly successful; and the moral of interna- veiled,” etc. For those acquainted with these works,
tional marriages is very explicitly set forth. little comment is needed ; to others it may be stated
Mrs. Sullivan's story of "A Questionable Mar- that the work before us deals largely with the wor-
riage” is told with more of didactic purpose than of ship of trees, fire, water, and the phallus. The au-
literary art. Its aim is to call attention, by means thor's views regarding the “Evolution of Woman"
of a concrete and very painful instance, to the are fundamental to this work. Just as Mrs. Gamble
chaotic condition of American divorce legislation. believes that woman in primitive times was socially
The instance is supplied by a decree of the Okla- and intellectually man's superior, so she also believes
homa courts, dated 1894, which nullified all divorces that in early religion the female idea in deity was
granted within that territory during the preceding supreme. It was only when, in his selfish might,
year. The heroine of the story is a woman who has man encroached socially, upon woman's domain,
freed herself from a brutal husband by means of that the old and beautiful religion of adoration of
such a divorce, and who has married again before the universal mother gave way. In tree, phallic,
its annullment by the decision in question. It is evi- and water worship, we have fragments pointing back
dent that the author has taken her subject deeply to the olden happier condition. Mrs. Gamble hates
and sym-
The ser idea
>


1897.]
313
THE DIAL
pame.
:
-
the Jews, with their male presumption ; she deals self, was a “cool, good-humoured, smiling, unscru-
ungently with Christianity, which to her is a decep- pulous villain," a "scoundrel happily unconscious of
“
tion of the priests, while Christ himself is Crishna, his own unspeakable infamy, proud and sensitive
a sun-god. Both Christ and Crishna are male upon the point of honour," a "picturesque hypocrite
supplanters of an early feminine solar deity. That in religion.” Although Mr. Lang does not thus
our author is in earnest, no one can doubt. She is summarize the character of Prince Charles, the pic-
not altogether happy, however, in her selection of ture given by that unworthy's own correspondence
authorities, and not at all critical in her use of ma- is not much more flattering, and removes most of the
terial. What she presents may be worth examina- little idealistic romance that still lingered about the
tion, but it does not carry conviction. There are
The author says, very fairly: “Our history
still some peoples who, if not really in the matriar- is of next to no political value, but it revives as in
chote, are not far removed from it. Among them a magic mirror certain scenes of actual human life.
are most of our American Indians. Their religion Now and again the mist breaks and real passionate
is the nature-worship which Mrs. Gamble so much faces are beheld in the clear-obscure. We mark
admires. Yet in it the female is not supreme. That Pickle furtively scribbling after midnight in French
the fundamental idea in it is reproduction, that the inns. We note Charles hiding in the alcove of a
symbolism is sexual,- all this is true. But the ideas lady's chamber in a convent. The old histories
are all bisexual. The male sun and the mother emerge into light, like the writing in sympathetic
earth combine to produce. Similarly, where other ink on the secret despatches of King James.” Young
nature forces are the agents in creation, reciprocal Glengarry would be a disgrace to a band of Jameses
a
principles are found. Nowhere is the idea of the or Youngers ; and the chief pathos to the fortunes
female producing alone conspicuous. The virgin of the Stuart claimants is that honest loyal-hearted
mother is an after-thought, not primitive. Every Scots should have spilled their good red blood for
illustration the author gives comes from adult re- such selfish varlets. The book is provided with
ligions, among civilized populations, and not from very thorough table of contents and index, with six
primitive religious thought. In connection with fine portraits, and is luxurious typographically.
native American religions one other point may be
mentioned : While in society the woman prevails, in
The “ Introduction to Geology
Geology and
religion the female is distinctly subordinate. In
(Macmillan), by Professor William
kindred subjects.
many ceremonials she is absent; in others, though
B. Scott of Princeton University,
present, she takes an inferior position. Yet all this
illustrates an important change in the drift of geo-
is against Mrs. Gamble's contention. According to
logical science, as to both investigation and instruc-
her view, the feminine divinity is dethroned or re-
tion, which has occurred within the last few years.
placed by a male, because in society the man is
Not long since, the bulk of a geological text-book
encroaching. The social slavery precedes the relig-
was filled with palæontology, the records of crea-
ious revolt. The facts point in another direction.
tion and development entombed in the stratified
Mrs. Gamble's book is interesting as an example of
rocks. Dynamical geology was treated as an ad-
curious reasoning ; but it has little other value.
dendum, filled with speculations and probabilities.
Its hypotheses were presented as guesses at truths
After all, there is a great difference
rather than as theories substantially grounded upon
Pickle the Spy
between the raw materials for a novel physical and chemical verities. In Professor Scott's
and Prince Charlie.
and the finished product as turned manual these conditions are reversed. He attacks
over to us by a master workman. Mr. Lang tells at once the problems of the building of mountains,
us in the preface to “ Pickle the Spy” (Longmans) the carving of their uplifted masses by air and
that what he here publishes was to have been used water, in streams, fluid and frozen, the covering of
by Mr. Stevenson as the basis of a novel; and one of vast areas with alluvium, and the spreading of the
the sources of interest in the volume will be the con- débris of eroded continents over the wide floors of
jecture of what he would have done with it. From oceanic basins, afterward to be again lifted into the
hitherto unpublished papers in the British Museum air and to be subjected to the renewed processes of
and in the Stuart Collection at Windsor, Mr. Lang physical change. And this field he treads not un-
solves two riddles in the minor annals of the eigh- certainly, but with a confidence based upon a wealth
teenth century: the whereabouts of Prince Charles of observation and deduction well sifted and sys-
Edward from 1749 to 1751, and the identity of a temised. After his earth has been fashioned, he
special agent of the Pelham government hitherto proceeds to show how it has been filled with living
known as Pickle. To frame these revelations he gives things. His illustrations are numerous and perti-
a tolerable complete account of the Young Pretender nent, but some have suffered in the printing, while
down to the death of his father, James III., and a that of Vesuvius, on page 55, has been reversed.
sketch of Alexander (Alastair) Ruadh MacDonnell As a text-book this work appears to be admirably
of Glengarry, especially his later years, during adapted to the needs of the class-room. — A fitting
-
which, according to Mr. Lang, he was playing the supplement to Professor Scott's “ Introduction " ap-
”
double rôle of devoted Jacobite and of Pickle the pears “Treatise upon Rocks, Rock-weathering,
British spy. “Young Glengarry,” as he called him- and Soils” (Macmillan), by Professor George P.
a
)
in a


314
[May 16,
THE DIAL
9)
Merrill of the United States National Museum. The ganism and Symonds Sensuality” was, we believe,
study of geologic formations leads naturally to an the term he found for the one tendency, while to
investigation of the materials of the rocks, the phy. the other he was openly and earnestly attached. Yet
sical and chemical forces which unite them, and the those who believe that paganism and sensuality are
methods of their disintegration and decomposition. not a necessary development of what has been called
Thus comes the evidence that within the rocks are “Æstheticism” will not be surprised that it should
stored essential elements of food, which, under the have been the appreciative essay of Symonds him-
solvent action of air and moisture, become available self that has given many their sole acquaintance
for the nourishment of plants, which in turn support with Lefroy. Now, however, Lefroy's sonnets and
.
out of a stone. The work evidences the study of a a volume prefaced by a short memoir by Wilfrid A.
wide range of authorities and great industry of pre-Gill, and followed by the essay by Symonds just
paration. Such of the illustrations as have been mentioned. It is a book which many will wish to
printed carefully upon separate pages are very effec- have, not merely, however, for an interest in the
tive.— Professor Israel C. Russell, of the University author's ideas. The sonnets are not precisely in the
of Michigan, modestly offers as a "reading book tone of our day, but they have a cool touch that is
for students of geography and geology” his well-refreshing.
written work upon “The Glaciers of North America”
Character-studies
The homely life of the French peas-
(Ginn). In past geologic ages the glacier has been
from French ant has been cleverly delineated with
an agent of tremendous power for carving and peasant life.
both pen and pencil in a series of
smoothing the rocky ribs of the earth, and for trans- short sketches bearing the collective name of “ My
porting and distributing the débris which itself has
Village ” (Scribner). The author, Mr. E. Boyd
made. From most of the scenes of its continental ac- Smith, is an American artist, a native of Boston,
tivity it has retired, but it still lives in places of high who has for years plied his art in Paris during the
latitude or altitude. On the lofty peaks distributed winters, and in the summers found a congenial
along the Pacific slope, from the heights above the change in the small community inhabiting Valombre,
Yosemite to the unconquered summits of Mount St. a hamlet lying a few miles to the northward. He
Elias, grim sentinels watching over Alaskan wastes, has dwelt among these simple villagers as one of
are many living glaciers of magnificent proportions, them, entering into their life with friendly sympa-
and, for glaciers, easily accessible. Every phase of gla- thy, and by such close contact gaining an intimate
cial action is thus offered to the study of the American knowledge of their individual characteristics along
geologist on a scale surpassed, if at all, only in the w
,
with their general habits and customs. His sketches,
fastnesses of the Himalayas or of the polar zones. apparently careless of a formal connection, succeed
Professor Russell presents a graphic account of in presenting a continuous history of persons and
these frozen rivers as observed by himself and de- families, and in .exciting a greater interest than
scribed by others, with some very effective illustra- might be supposed from the quiet incidents which
tions. He adds lucid explanations of the phenomena make up the narrative. But it is human nature
as interpreted by the most advanced hypotheses which they depict, and its vicissitudes of joy and
.
His book is instructive and stimulating, and after sorrow, trial and tragedy, are the same in every
reading it the student or the tourist who will not rank and condition, and move us inevitably with
with his own eyes see the wonders of the Illecel- their heroism and pathos. The author's illustrations
lewaet and the Muir Glaciers will be restrained by are full of spirit and suggestiveness, a bare un-
circumstances clearly beyond his control.
studied outline sufficing, through the artist's skilful
management, to set a vivid situation in detail before
The name of Edward Cracroft Le-
The monotint plates are the result of a singu-
of muscular froy will be remembered by some,
Christianity.
lar process, being drawn in a thin layer of moist
perhaps, as the writer of a number
black paint on a porcelain plate, and the impression
of sonnets distinguished by their pure and classic
thought, and by others for the somewhat singular
taken off upon paper by pressure with the hand. It
position which he may claim in the development of
is a process requiring swift and dextrous execution.
English ideas in our own time. Two lines of thought,
The latest volume which the Messrs.
- or, more exactly, two theories of life,— are
Roberts Brothers have issued in their
marked for us by the names of Charles Kingsley
country life.
excellent edition of Philip Gilbert
and Thomas Hughes on the one hand, and of Walter Hamerton's works bears the title “ The Mount and
Pater and John Addington Symonds on the other. Autun," and consists of sketches of the French
“Muscular Christianity” is the name by which we country-side and city where he spent the last years
think of the first; “Æsthetic Hedonism" is a nick- of his busy life. The first and longer sketch is a
name which has been given the latter. Lefroy, a very pleasant description of Mount Beuvray and
brilliant Oxford man and afterward a curate in sey- the Gaulish remains found there, and of his camp-
eral charges, was really trying to find a via media life. In a charmingly desultory way he makes
between the two. He would not himself have ac- many suggestive reflections and acute remarks on
knowledged that this was his effort. “ Pater Pa. scenery, architecture, landscape gardening, antiqui-
The sonnets
us.
Hamerton's sketches
of French
a


1897.]
315
THE DIAL
or
the Far East.
ties, history, legends, manners, all in his peculiarly descriptions of “the mediæval existence of the
delicate, sensitive, finished style, and with that large Boers are given. The account of a
“ trek
appreciativeness and thoughtful urbanity which cross-country ride with oxen and cart in Bechuana-
were so characteristic of the man. The second and
land is quite graphic. The work may be recom-
slighter sketch is concerned with the wn of Autun; mended as a plain straightforward summary of the
and while this is hardly as interesting as the first present state of affairs in Cape Colony and adjoin-
paper, it is yet very agreeable reading. For the ing territory.
visitor to Autun and its vicinity, this book will be
indispensable; and although it is one of Hamerton's
less important works, it will serve to please and
instruct cultivated readers everywhere. The volume
BRIEFER MENTION.
is prefaced by a good portrait of the author.
Mr. R. A. Streatfield's “ The Opera” (Lippincott) is
Away to the east of Réunion, in the
an interestingly written history of the most popular
The Dutch in
form of musical art. Its aim is to sketch the develop-
Indian Ocean, lies the island of Lom-
bock, of which a full account is given
ment of the opera from its beginnings with Monteverde,
Purcell, and Scarlatti down to its culmination in the
by Captain Cool in “ With the Dutch in the East
gigantic work of Wagner. It provides the reader also
(Luzac & Co., London). Lombock is one of the
with fairly full summaries of all the important works
Sunda Islands to the east of Java, is about the size in the modern repertory. It is written in a pleasing,
of our Long Island, and has a population variously although not a brilliant, style, and its judgments are well
estimated at from 100,000 to 1,000,000—the latter and soberly expressed. We cannot always agree with
figures evidently a gross inaccuracy. The volume them, but the divergence of our opinion concerns rather
is largely a compilation from Dutch sources, with
the nuance than the fundamental characterization. For
“ Tristan" is not the “ Romeo and Juliet,” but
example,
some quotations from Wallace's “Malay Archi-
rather the “ Antony and Cleopatra” of music. Mr. J. A.
pelago.” The historical sketch of the island includes
Fuller-Maitland provides the work with a well-consid-
a full report of the recent operations of the Dutch
ered introduction.
army against the Balinese. Several chapters are
It is a lean year that does not bring at least one new
also given to an account of the country and of its
edition of “ The Compleat Angler,” and Mr. John Lane
people, both the Balinese and the Sassaks. While has determined that 1897 shall not be such a year. It
the work contains some good material, it is not very bids fair, rather, to be distinguished among Waltonians
skilfully put together, and the impression is further as the year of their favorite modern edition of the “ An-
marred by the absurdly short paragraphs. The illus- gler," for it would be difficult to improve upon the good
trations are in the main well drawn and interesting,
taste and the careful workmanship that have gone to the
but the printing and binding of the book are hardly making of the edition that Mr. Lane has just published.
to be commended.
It is in form a large and squarish octavo, sumptuously
printed on choice paper, bound in buckram with a simple
Mr. Reginald B. Brett's “The Yoke and appropriate cover-design, provided with a lengthy
Queen Victoria's
of Empire" (Macmillan), outwardly introduction by Mr. Richard Le Gallienne, and illustra-
a most attractive little volume, con-
ted with great profusion by Mr. Edmund H. New. The
tains brief sketches of Victoria's Prime Ministers,
illustrations are largely topographical, the drawings hav-
including her “Permanent Minister" Prince Albert.
ing in most cases been made on the spot, and the text
followed is that of the fifth edition, which was the last
The chapters, except the last two, are reprinted from
to receive Walton's own supervision.
the “Nineteenth Century" magazine. The author
endeavors throughout, as he says, “ to illustrate a
For three years now, the quarterly parts of “Biblio-
graphica,” imported by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons,
single point—the human relation between a Consti-
have found the way to our shelves, and it is with regret
tutional Sovereign and her Ministers." For the that we note the receipt of the twelfth (and concluding)
behoof of American readers, especially, the point instalment of this superb periodical. Projected to con-
seems well worth illustrating, and Mr. Brett does it tinue for three years only, the work has now run its
in an interesting way. Much may be gathered from course, and all who have been concerned in its produc-
the book touching the personal weight and influence tion are to be warmly congratulated upon the result of
of Victoria as a political entity in national affairs ;
their labors. The eight hundred and fifty fortunate
and the characters of the several ministers are
possessors of this noble work will find upon their shelves
shrewdly and graphically outlined. The portraits
few tomes as stately, as beautiful, and as intrinsically
valuable as the three volumes in which the twelve
are notably good.
parts of “ Bibliographica” are grouped for binding.
Miss Frances Macnab's work entitled The contents of Part XII. include “On a Manuscript
A handbook on
the Cape country.
“On Veldt and Farm” (Edward
of the Biblia Pauperum,” by Sir E. Maunde Thompson;
Arnold) is a handbook on the Cape
“ Late Jacobite Tracts,” by Mr. Andrew Lang; “The
Isham Books,” by Mr. R. E. Graves; and “ The Illus-
country, and, being based on direct observation,
trations in French Books of Hours, 1486–1500," by Mr.
appears to be trustworthy. As paying special atten-
A. W. Pollard. Since “Bibliographica” was ushered
tion to farming interests, the volume will be useful
into the world without a preface, the graceful valedic-
to investors and emigrants. The sentiment of the tory “ Epilogue” which closes this final number fitly
book is distinctly anti-Boer, and some interesting | brings the work as a whole to its close.
>
Prime Ministers.


316
[May 16,
THE DIAL
a
and gratefully remembered. Mr. Runnion was born at
Lafayette, Indiana, in 1842, came to Chicago in boy-
hood, graduated from the old Chicago University, and
after a few years of foreign travel entered the field of
journalism, occupying positions as literary and dramatic
critic, editorial writer, and managing editor, upon the
“ Times," the “ Post," and the “Tribune"; while for
the last ten years of his life he was one of the editors of
the Kansas City“Star.” Although thus busily engaged,
he found time and inclination for much creditable work
of a more distinctively literary kind.' He wrote short
stories and essays, which appeared in the “Lakeside,"
the “ Atlantic," and other magazines; and in the first
decade of The Dial he wrote for it many excellent
reviews, chiefly of dramatic literature. He was a skilful
and successful playwright, and was for many years
employed by Mr. McVicker in translating and adapting
pieces for his theatre. “Mignon,” “Miss Manning,"
and “Hearts and Diamonds "are examples of Mr. Run-
nion's original plays. His warm sympathy and delicate
literary touch made him a superior translator, and he
accomplished with signal success the difficult task of
rendering into adequate English Lamartine's beautiful
and poetic romance of “Graziella." His knowledge of
the stage, and of its history and literature, was very
great; and he enjoyed the personal friendship of Booth,
Barrett, Jefferson, and other leading actors of his time.
»
66
")
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 82 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
LITERARY NOTES.
Dr. George M. Harper has edited the “ Pierre de
Touche ” of Augier and Sandeau for the series of mod-
ern language texts published by Messrs. Ginn & Co.
An “Introductory Course in Differential Equations,”
by Dr. D. A. Murray, is published by Messrs. Longmans,
Green, & Co. It is designed for “students in classical
and engineering colleges."
Messrs. Ginn & Co. are the publishers of Professor
A. E. Dolbear's “ First Principles of Natural Philoso-
phy," and of the more advanced “Experimental Phys-
ics,” by Mr. William A. Stone.
Two new numbers in the “Half Moon " series of pa-
pers on historic New York (Putnam) are “The Early
History of Wall Street," by Mr. Oswald G. Villard, and
“Governor's Island," by Mrs. Blanche Wilder Bellamy.
We have received from Brentano's (Paris) a pamphlet
containing Sir Edmund Monson's address on “Washing-
ton and the Mother Country,” given before the American
University Dinner Club, of Paris, on February 22 of this
year.
Mr. Andrew Lang purposes replying to the Right
Hon. F. Max Müller's recent “ Contributions to the Sci-
ence of Mythology,” in a volume which is to be called
“ Modern Mythology,” and brought out by Messrs.
Longmans.
Two new volumes in Professor Knight's edition of
Wordsworth, published by the Macmillan Co., give us
a chronological arrangement of the “Prose Works,"
which have never before been brought together in so
satisfactory an arrangement.
Under the title “From a Cloud of Witnesses," Mr.
David Wasgatt Clark has compiled an interesting col-
lection of over three hundred tributes to the Bible, from
the pens of the world's greatest thinkers. The volume
is neatly printed in two colors, and is published by
Messrs. Curts & Jennings.
Dr. William A. Setchell's “Laboratory Practice for
Beginners in Botany," published by the Macmillan Co.,
is an excellent book for those secondary schools in which
the subject of botany is taken to mean something more
than the study of a text and the identification of a few
phænogamous species of plants.
We take pleasure in noting the completion, by the
publication of a third volume upon “Light and Sound,"
of the admirable « Elements of Physics” (Macmillan),
upon which Professors E. L. Nichols and W. S. Franklin
have been for so long engaged. The “Theory of Physics "
(Harper), by Dr. Joseph S. Ames, is another college
text-book of the subject, this time in a single volume.
Mr. George P. Humphrey of Rochester begins a series
of “American Colonial Tracts” with the publication of
"A Discourse Concerning the Design'd Establishment
of a New Colony to the South of Carolina in the Most
Delightful Country of the Universe.” This tract, by
Sir Robert Mountgomry, was printed in London, in the
year 1717. These “tracts" are to appear monthly, and
he subscription is three dollars a year.
The death, at Kansas City, May 6, of James B. Run-
nion, formerly of Chicago, closed the career of an esti-
mable and well-known journalist, playwright, and man
of letters. For the two decades following the war he
bore an active and prominent part in the best literary
and journalistic life of Chicago, a life of which the
Chicago of to-day knows but little; and by the surviving
members of that earlier circle he will be pleasantly
66
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Life and Letters of Benjamin Jowett. By Louis Campbell
and Evelyn Abbott. În 2 vols., illus., 8vo. E. P. Dutton
& Co. $10.
Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. By William Milligan Sloane,
Ph.D. Vol. III.; illus. in colors, etc., 4to, gilt top, pp. 270.
Century Co. $8. (Sold only by subscription.)
Martha Washington. By Anne Hollingsworth Wharton.
With portrait, 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 306. "Women of
Colonial and Revolutionary Times.” Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.25.
HISTORY.
New Light on the Early History of the Greater North-
west: Being the Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry
and David Thompson, Members of the Northwest Com-
pany, 1799–1814. Edited by Prof. Elliott Coues, A.M. In
3 vols., large 8vo. New York: Francis P. Harper. $10 net.
A Short History of Mediæval Europe. By Oliver J.
Thatcher, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 325. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.25 net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Marriage Questions in Modern Fiction, and Other Essays
on Kindred Subjects. By Elizabeth Rachel Chapman.
12mo, uncut, pp. 230. John Lane. $1.50.
Modern Poet Prophets: Essays, Critical and Interpretative.
By William Norman Guthrie. 8vo, pp. 349. Robert Clarke
Co. $2.
Francesca da Rimini: A Tragedy. By Silvio Pellico; trans.
and edited by Rev. J. F. Bingham, D.D. Illus., 12mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 150. "Italian Gems." Cambridge: Charles
W. Sever. $2.
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Collected and edited
by Paul Leicester Ford. Vol. VIII., 1801-1806. 8vo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 504. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5.
In the Pale: Stories and Legends of the Russian Jews. By
Henry Iliowizi. 12mo, pp. 367. Philadelphia: Jewish
Pub'n Society of Am. $1.25.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Two Noble Kinsmen. Edited by C. H. Herford, Litt.D.
With portrait, 24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 149. "Temple
Dramatists." Macmillan Co. 45 cts.
9
>
:


1897.]
317
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Echoes. By Josephine Curtis Woodbury; decorated by Eric
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Boxed, $2.50.
Cap and Gown, Second Series. Selected by Frederic Law-
rence Knowles. _With frontispiece, 16mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 368. L. C. Page & Co. $1.25.
FICTION.
Lads' Love. By S. R. Crockett. Illus., 12mo, pp. 320.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Hilda Strafford: A California Story. By Beatrice Harraden,
Illus., 16mo, gilt top, unout, pp. 218. Dodd, Mead & Co.
$1.25.
A Story-teller's Pack. By Frank R. Stockton. Illus.,
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 380. Charles Scribners Sons.
$1.50.
The Great K. & A. Train Robbery. By Paul Leicester
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Devil's Dice. By William Le Queux. 12mo, uncut, pp. 290.
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Christine of the Hills. By Max Pemberton. With portrait,
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In the Tideway. By Flora Annie Steel. 16mo, gilt top,
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Thirty Strange Stories. By H. G. Wells. 12mo, gilt top,
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Middle Greyness. By A. J. Dawson. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 458. John Lane. $1.50.
The Mutable Many. By Robert Barr. 12mo, pp. 372.
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The Wisdom of Fools. By Margaret Deland. 12mo, pp. 248.
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Gods and their Makers. By Laurence Housman. 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 213. John Lane. $1.25.
Kakemonos: Tales of the Far East. By W. Carlton Dawe.
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Miss Archer Archer. By Clara Louise Burnham. 12mo,
pp. 312. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
Chronicles of a Kentucky Settlement. By William
Courtney Watts. 12mo, uncut, pp. 490. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $2.
Mere Sentiment. By A. J. Dawson. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 220. John Lane. $1.25.
The Mill of Silence. By B. E. J. Capes. 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 348. Rand, McNally & Co. $1.25.
In Plain Air. By Elizabeth Lyman Cabot. 12mo, pp. 296.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.25.
His Fortunate Grace. By Gertrude Atherton. 16mo, gilt
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A Singer's Heart. By Anna Farquhar. 12mo, uncut, pp. 159.
Roberts Bros. $1.25.
The Beautiful White Devil. By Guy Boothby. 12mo,
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In Golden Shackles. By “ Alien." 12mo, pp. 323. Dodd,
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A Galahad of the Creeks, and The
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A Fiancé on Trial. By Francis Tillou Buck. 16mo, gilt
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An Inheritance. By Harriet Prescott Spofford. 18mo, gilt
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Kitty the Rag. By “Rita." 12mo, pp. 349. R. F. Fenno
& Co. $1.25.
A Questionable Marriage. By A. Shackelford Sullivan.
12mo, pp. 189. Rand, McNally & Co. $1.
The White Hecatomb, and Other Stories. By William
Charles Scully. With frontispiece, 18mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 252. Henry Holt & Co. 75 cts.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Oriental Library. The Little Lady of Lagunitas. By
Richard Henry Savage. 12mo, pp. 482.-Prince Schamyl's
Wooing. By Richard Henry Savage, 12mo, pp. 346.
Rand, McNally & Co. Per vol., 25 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Naples in the Nineties: A Sequel to "Naples in 1888." By
Ē. Neville-Rolfe, B.A. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 322.
Macmillan Co. $2.50.
Thackeray's Haunts and Homes. By Eyre Crowe, A.R.A.
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Boxed, $1.50 net.
Sketches Awheel in Modern Iberia. By Fanny Bullock
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ART.
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The Connoisseur: Essays on the Romantic and Picturesque
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RELIGION.
The Open Mystery: A Reading of the Mosaic Story. By
A.D.T. Whitney. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 410. Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC
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The Evolution of the Constitution of the United States.
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Industry in England: Historical Outlines. By H. de B.
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The Street Railway System of Philadelphia: Its History
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The Saloon Question in Chicago. By John E. George,
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The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain. By Sir Archi-
bald Geikie, F.R.S. In 2 vols., illus., large 8vo, uncut.
Macmillan Co. $11.25 net.
The Theory of Electricity and Magnetism: Being Lec-
tures on Mathematical Physics. Illus., 8vo, pp. 576.
Macmillan Co. $3,50 net.
PHILOSOPHY.
Aristotle and the Earlier Peripatetics: Being a Transla-
tion from Zeller's “Philosophy of the Greeks." By B. F.C.
Costelloe, M.A., and J. H. Muirhead, M.A. In 2 vols.,
8vo, uncut. Longmans, Green, & Co. $7.
REFERENCE.
The Literary Year-Book, 1897. Edited by F. G. Aflalo.
With portraits, 12mo, pp. 300. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25.
The Oxford English Dictionary. Edited by Dr. James
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An Experiment in Education. Also the ideas which in-
spired it and were inspired by it. By Mary R. Alling-Aber.
12mo, pp. 244. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Latin Manuscripts: An Elementary Introduction to the Use
of Critical Editions for High School and College Classes.
By Harold W. Johnston, Ph.D. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 135.
Inter-Collegiate Latin Series." Scott, Foresman & Co.
$2.25 net.
Introductory Course in Differential Equations. For
students in classical and engineering colleges. By D. A.
Murray, B.A. 12mo, pp. 234. Longmans, Green, & Co.
$1.90 net.
The Elements of Physics: A College Text-Book. By Ed-
ward L. Nichols and William S. Franklin. In three vols.;
Vol. III., Light and Sound. Illus., 8vo, pp. 201. Mac-
millan Co. $1.50 net.
65


318
[May 16,
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
No. 263.
JUNE 1, 1897.
Vol. XXII.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
DANTE. (Sonnet.) W. M. P.
325
DANTE IN AMERICA
325
.
COMMUNICATIONS
327
The Preservation of Historical Material. Frederick
J. Turner.
Historical Collections in the Middle West.-An Illus-
tration from Kansas. W. H. Carruth.
The Romantic Drama. Edward E. Hale, Jr.
SOCIAL ENGLAND BEFORE WATERLOO.
Arthur Burnham Woodford
329
THE LIFE OF A GOOD PHYSICIAN. Percy F.
Bicknell
:
. 331
INDIVIDUAL ACQUIREMENT OR INHERIT-
ANCE? Charles A. Kofoid .
333
MAX MÜLLER'S STUDIES IN MYTHOLOGY.
Frederick Starr
335
-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
335
Philip and Alexander of Macedon. M. Saint-
Amand's new series on the Second Empire. — Maria
Theresa and Joseph II. — Es on book-plates.-
A handbook for the study of epics.--- Child study.-
Cruikshank's portraits of himself. — The beginnings
of art.
DANTE IN AMERICA.
Herr Scartazzini, the industrious German-
Italian commentator upon Dante, has spoken
of America as "the new Ravenna of the great
poet." The comparison is a little forced, for
the spiritual-abiding place of the deepest and
tenderest of singers is now the whole civilized
world, rather than any circumscribed area
thereof, but our own country may at least claim
a considerable share in his heritage, and no
modern students have done him greater honor
or paid him more true allegiance than our Long-
fellow, Lowell, and Parsons, among the dead,
and our Charles Eliot Norton, among the living.
These names occur to everyone who gives a
moment's thought to the history of Dante
studies in America, but there are few who real.
ize how many other nineteenth-century Amer-
icans have from time to time paid the sincere
tribute of their praise to the poet who, beyond
any other that ever lived, binds with “ hooks
of steel ” the souls of his followers to his own.
We are more than ever before impressed with
this fact after reading Mr. Theodore W. Koch's
excellent study of “ Dante in America,” just
published as the chief feature of the Fifteenth
Annual Report of the Dante Society, and also
issued by the author as an independent volume.
The work is the outcome of a suggestion made
by Professor Norton, who, as early as 1865, when
the sixth centenary of Dante's birth was cele-
brated, sent to the authorities at Florence a list
of the important American contributions that
had then been made to Dantesque literature.
The first chapters of Mr. Koch's monograph
are devoted to the work of the pioneers, among
whom Lorenzo da Ponte, George Ticknor, and
Richard Henry Wilde are the most noteworthy.
The first of these three was a Venetian who,
after a picturesquely varied career in several
lands, came to America at the age of fifty-six.
It is interesting to note that he was the libret-
tist of Mozart's “Don Giovanni” and “Le
Nozze di Figaro," and that when he began the
book of the former opera," he started by read-
ing a few lines from Dante's Inferno,' in order,
as he says, to put himself into good tune." He
lived in America about thirty years, and died
in New York in 1838. His occupation in New
York was that of a bookseller. He also taught
.
BRIEFER MENTION .
338
.
.
LITERARY NOTES
338
.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
339
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
339
.
.
DANTE.
9
>
Poet! who in thy vision journeyed through
Hell's deep, and up the purifying hill,
Through fires both temporal and eternal, till
The rose of God's elect entranced thy view,-
To thee had life revealed as to but few
Among the sons of men, what terrors fill
The world's wild thicket, what the joyous thrill
That knows alone the steadfast soul and true.
This great New World lay far beyond thy ken
When thou didst conquer life, and win release
From all its heavy load; yet now as then,
And here as there, thy words may never cease
To breathe into the inmost souls of men
Thy strength, thy tenderness, thy perfect peace.
W. M. P.
66
a


326
(June 1,
THE DIAL
his native language, and was an unsalaried tutor and established several points that had escaped
at Columbia College for a term of years. There his predecessors. “I examined everything be-
.
is evidence that he lectured and wrote a great longing to my era in the archives, line by line,”
deal upon the subject of Dante, and his contri- are the words in which he describes his Dantean
butions to the short-lived “ New York Review labors. The fact of chief interest in this con-
and Athenæum Magazine " constitute the first nection is that he was one of the three men to
American textual criticism of “The Divine whom we owe the discovery of the Giotto por-
Comedy.” Not very much is known of his life, trait in the Bargello. The credit for this dis-
and his closing years are wrapped in obscurity.covery belongs to Wilde, Kirkup, and Bezzi.
In the pathetic preface of one of his later pub. The search was set on foot by Wilde, and car-
lications, he says: “ During twenty-eight years ried on with the aid of the Englishman and the
I have instructed in my language, which I, and Italian, the former of whom afterwards “ took
no other, introduced into America, two thousand to himself credit for everything." Irving's
five hundred people, of whom two thousand four account of the matter is perhaps as fair as any,
hundred and ninety-four have forgotten me." giving Wilde his due, and closing as follows:
At the time when Da Ponte was engaged in “ It is not easy to appreciate the delight of
awakening our interest in Dante, a scholar of Mr. Wilde and his coadjutors at this triumphant
American birth was at work at the same task. result of their researches ; nor the sensation
What we may call the Harvard tradition con- produced, not merely in Florence but through-
cerning Dante began with George Ticknor, who out Italy, by this discovery of a veritable por-
had learned in Germany to know the poet, and trait of Dante, in the prime of his days. It
who, in 1831, was lecturing upon him three was some such sensation as would be produced
times a week at Harvard. Ticknor's second in England by the sudden discovery of a per-
sojourn in Europe made him acquainted with fectly well-authenticated likeness of Shake-
“ Philalethes,” otherwise Prince John of Sax speare, with a difference in intensity propor-
ony, who was then at work upon his well-known tioned to the superior sensitiveness of the
translation, and a number of evenings were Italians." Simms was another American writer
spent at the Prince's residence. The meetings who wrote appreciatively of Wilde's work for
of this “ Accademia Dantesca were devoted Dante, and it may be mentioned that Simms
to discussion of the translation then in hand, himself knew the poet and translated a fragment
Tieck being one of the participants. They were of the Inferno” into English triple rhyme.
of much help to Ticknor, and the notes made Upon the Dantean labors of Longfellow,
by him at this time served as the basis of his Lowell, Parsons, and Professor Norton it is
subsequent class-room work at Cambridge. The hardly necessary to dilate, so familiar are they
historian Prescott was also interested in Dante to our readers. Two of these men have given
at about this time, and a letter written to us complete translations of The Divine Com-
Ticknor, and dated 1824, is interesting as one edy”- the one in verse, the other in prose
of the earliest American estimates of the great while a third has given us a verse translation
Florentine,” as well as for the critical insight of about two-thirds of the work. Professor
which it displays. Prescott was never a close Norton has given us, in addition, a translation
student of Dante, but his reading went far of “The New Life.” Lowell, who may not be
enough to show him the many ways in which reckoned among the translators, has enriched
the second and third cantiche are superior to our literature with an essay on Dante which, in
the first, which some later and closer students the words of a friend, “ makes other writing
have failed to perceive.
about the poet and the poem seem ineffectual
Richard Henry Wilde, of Georgia, an Irish- and superfluous.” The sixth centenary of the
man by birth, but an American by adoption, is poet's birth was signalized in America by Pro-
not very well known among Dante scholars for fessor Norton's monograph “On the Original
the reason that little of his work was ever pub- Portraits of Dante," and by the private issue of
lished. He spent, however, several years in parts of the translations made by Longfellow
Italy, and devoted himself largely to the study and Parsons. Longfellow began to lecture
of Italian poetry. His “Life and Times of upon Dante in 1836 at Harvard College, and
Dante,” which he left uncompleted, exists only continued this class-room work for some twenty
in manuscript, and the last of the written sheets years. His completed translation was published
bears the date of 1842. During his stay in in 1867, with the notes and illustrations that
Florence, he made extensive original researches, I have helped so many students during the past


1897.]
327
THE DIAL
ance.
thirty years, to say nothing of the six noble
COMMUNICATIONS.
sonnets that are known to all lovers of poetry.
As early as 1843, Parsons gave to the public THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL MATERIAL.
ten cantos of his translation, and prefaced
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
them by the memorable “Lines on a Bust of
Apropos of the communications in THE DIAL called
Dante." He worked upon his translation at
out by the important letter of Dr. E. E. Sparks in your
issue for April 16, respecting the collection of materials
intervals for nearly half a century more, but for Western history, I desire to mention the work of the
died with the second canticle unfinished, and Historical Manuscripts Commission of the American
the third hardly attempted. The class-room
Historical Association. This Commission was created
work at Harvard, begun by Ticknor and car-
in December, 1895, to perform functions similar to those
ried on for so many years by Longfellow, was
of its English prototype, and the following circular has
been issued and distributed by it to describe its plan
continued with even more of inspirational effect and to interest individuals:
by Lowell, and has of recent years been con- DEAR SIR:- Historical students, it is believed, will concur
ducted by Professor Norton in a spirit worthy scholarship in America can in no way be better promoted
than
in the opinion that the general advancement of historical
of the tradition handed down to him. The by the extensive publication of original materials hitherto
Dante Society, founded in 1881 by Professor unprinted. Of such papers a large number are in the posses-
Norton and others, has just issued its fifteenth
sion of the United States Government, and have been printed
or will be printed by it; others have been or will be similarly
annual report, and is said to be the oldest cared for by the governments of the Dominion of Canada and
organization of its kind in existence. Finally,
the individual States of the Union, or by local historical socie-
ties which print extensive series. But much manuscript
it must be added that the American student of
material of great importance to American history is not thus
Dante may now have access to collections of provided for, being in private hands or in the possession of
material that are hardly to be equalled in any
institutions which do not print such papers. The interests of
American historical scholarship have seemed to demand the
other country. The Harvard collection has
creation of an agency, representing all sections of the country
been enriched by accretions from many sources,
and affiliated to our largest historical organization, which shall
while the generosity of Professor Willard systematically endeavor to bring these materials to the knowl-
edge of students, and to print those which are of most import-
Fiske has provided Cornell University with
“ what is in some respects the most remarkable In this conviction, the American Historical Association, at
Dante collection in the world."
its annual meeting in December, 1895, appointed the under-
signed a Historical Manuscripts Commission, to deal in the
These are the facts of major importance con- manner above described with such manuscript materials as
cerning the history of Dante studies in Ameri- seemed to be of importance to American history. In this
ca. For the minor facts, we must refer to Mr.
work, the members of the Commission hope to secure the
coöperation of such private individuals and families as may
Koch's admirable bibliography, which fills possess or have knowledge of documents of historical import-
nearly seventy pages, and which includes not ance. They feel sure that in all parts of the country there are
collections of family correspondence which contain not only
only editions and commentaries, but poems, unpublished letters of our distinguished public men, but also
magazine articles, and notes on the more im- many of a private character which would throw light upon
portant critical reviews of the works mentioned.
our social and political history and might be published without
breach of propriety. Private diaries also exist, and narratives
For a first attempt at a bibliography of this of important movements and events by participants and eye-
sort, the work has been done with unusual thor- witnesses, as well as memoranda, account-books, and other
instruments which would throw light on oar economic history
oughness, and deserves high commendation.
and especially upon those institutions and customs that have
Year by year the entries increase in number, passed away forever. Should you own or know of such his-
and testify to a rapidly growing interest in the
torical materials and be interested in their exploitation, you
are respectfully invited to aid the Commission in accordance
subject. The catalogues of many of our leading with the following methods :
universities now offer special courses in Dante, 1. By communicating to the Chairman, or such member of
and the leaven of this study is at work in our
the Commission as you may prefer, a list of documents in your
possession, with brief notes as to their contents, state of pre-
national life. It is possibly true, as Mr. Koch servation, and accessibility to students. 2. By stating whether
says, that “there is no hope of Dante ever tak- you are willing to have your documents published should the
Commission desire to print them, and, if so, whether you
ing the place of a popular author with us, of
could have them copied for the press. 3. By stating whether
becoming one of our intimates,” but it is also
you would be willing, barring publication entire, to allow a
true that there are other ways than that of direct
list or calendar of your documents to be made and published,
and under what conditions, in this contingency, the docu-
contact for the ideals of a great poet and thinker
ments would afterward be accessible to general and special
to influence the minds of the masses. A better students. 4. By informing the Commission of the existence
acquaintance with Dante would undoubtedly
of private collections of historical materials in other hands,
and by using your influence to induce the holders to put them-
“ leave us a sense of the emptiness of much of selves in communication with the Commission or with some
that which we make our boast, and would teach local historical society.
The Commission promise that the matter printed by them
us the instability of national position and the
shall be edited with care and accurately printed, and that
permanence of moral worth alone."
whatever is chosen for publication shall be first submitted to


328
(June 1,
THE DIAL
the owner for his approval. They hope for your assistance in ical record for Kansas -- and I doubt whether it has a
inaugurating a movement which they believe likely to prove of parallel in the West - is Mr. D. W. Wilder's “ Annals
real and permanent utility to the cause of history in America. of Kansas,” a volume of over a thousand pages, giving
Your reply may be addressed to the Chairman, or to any of
in strict chronological order the details of the life of
the Commission, at the addresses given below.
Very respectfully yours,
the State as gathered from the compilation and con-
J. FRANKLIN JAMESON, Chairman,
sensus of this vast mass of newspaper files. Mr. Wilder
196 Bowen Street, Providence, R. I.
was himself one of the earliest editors of the State, and
DOUGLAS BRYMNER,
was reputed to be one of the best informed and fairest.
Archives of the Dominion of Canada, Ottawa. His “Annals" give the unadorned facts in the utmost
Talcott WILLIAMS,
possible condensation, made practicable by an extensive
331 South Sixteenth Street, Philadelphia. subject-index.
WILLIAM P. TRENT,
In connection with the University of Kansas there is
University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn.
a quiet little body called the Memorabilia Club, which
FREDERICK J. TURNER,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
makes a business of collecting every sort of record of
the institution and of those associated with it.
The Commission has already placed the first volume Professor Sparks's note of Kansas-Nebraska material
of its Reports in the hands of the Secretary of the Amer- in the library at Keokuk (THE DIAL, April 16) tempts
ican Historical Association, and the material is now in
me to ask: Why should not a system of exchanges of
the
process of advancement to the public printer's office. original material be adopted ? For instance, this collec-
Among the documents contained in this report is tion at Keokuk seems to belong rather in the records of
large mass of manuscripts illustrative of the efforts of
the Kansas Historical Society, while I am sure the
the French minister, Genet, to secure the Province of Society has valuable material which it would be willing
Louisiana for France, with the aid of George Rogers to trade for it.
W. H. CARRUTH,
Clark of Kentucky. These papers are chiefly from the
Lawrence, Kansas, May 23, 1897.
Draper Collection of the State Historical Society of
Wisconsin, including correspondence between Clark and
the agents of Genet. The archives of the Spanish and
THE ROMANTIC DRAMA,
the French governments have also contributed important
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
material to explain the views of these courts upon the Frau Agnes Sorma, at the end of her recent engage-
project, and the whole relation of France to the acqui- ment in New York, produced the latest play of Gerhardt
sition of Louisiana is placed in a new light.
Hauptmann, “ Die versunhene Glocke.” The play is a
The Commission has also received, in response to its singular one and worth noting by those who watch with
circulars, information of substantial attempts at the interest the contemporary drama. It is a fairy play
collection of manuscript materials in the West. It is to
(Märchen drama), and yet a play which deals seriously
be regretted that these are largely devoted to material with serious ideas. “ There is nothing for the stage in
prior to this century. Many Western collectors have
all this,” remarks the New York “Evening Post,” but
been more concerned to add to the material for Eastern notes, also, that the audience was intensely interested.
history than to collect the documents needed to explain The play has been in favor in Berlin since it was first
the development of their own region. The report of the produced last fall at the Schauspielhaus.
Commission will include an index to such collections as
The success on the stage of such a play is an indica-
were reported in time for its use. To stimulate and to
tion of one of the directions of the drama. Ibsen's
make known Western collections is one of the things in “ Brand” and “ Peer Gynt were dramatic poems,
which the Commission is most interested, and in which dramas to be read. Maeterlinck's romantic plays, let
it earnestly desires assistance.
us say “The Seven Princesses," would hardly make an
FREDERICK J. TURNER.
appeal to an audience. The same impulse is seen in
University of Wisconsin, May 17, 1897.
Mr. Sharp's “ Vistas," and in one or two of Mr. Fuller's
“ The Puppet Booth.” None of these really attempt
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS IN THE MIDDLE the stage. They are frankly meant as poetry and noth-
WEST.-AN ILLUSTRATION FROM KANSAS. ing more. But Hauptmann is a successful dramatist
(To the Editor of TAE DIAL.)
and he must put his ideas in form for public presenta-
Although Mr. Hinton has already called the attention tion. Leaving the realistic topics which his vagrant
of your readers to the excellent work done by the Kansas modernity has recently handled, he puts serious thought
State Historical Society, I question whether his note in the romantic guise of a fairy tale. He would put
has given a realizing sense of the extent of that work or
allegory on the stage.
of the value of the collections. The builders of Kansas
This, I take it, is a Northern idea. The Northern
were conscious from the beginning that they were mak-
nations love these obscure, mysterious forms, their
ing history. In this respect probably no other com- imagination fluctuates and expands in these uncon-
munity offers a full parallel. The result is that the strained analogies, in these emotional infinitudes. It
material collected to illustrate local bistory is greater
has its charm. “ The light which breaks through the
in proportion to the age of the State and the importance cloud,” says Henry Bordeaux in “ Ames Modernes,”
of its fortunes than in any other State in the Union. At
“increases its enchantment, and I would rather have
the beginning of this year, there were in the Society's
these indefinite lines of mountain form which mingle
rooms 12,188 bound volumes of Kansas newspapers,
confusedly in emotional magnificence than the uniform
and 6,035 volumes of newspapers from outside the State. splendor of this serene and tranquil lake.” In his last
The Society has published five considerable volumes of words he thinks of the Latin races, who still love the
reports, including the official documents and correspond- classic outline, at least at the theatre.
ence of all the territorial governors.
EDWARD E. HALE, JR.
But the most remarkable work in the line of histor- Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., May 22, 1897.
.
>


1897.]
329
THE DIAL
>
The New Books.
portraiture which was destined to the highest
distinction in the persons of Reynolds, Gains-
borough, and Romney, and which, indeed,
SOCIAL ENGLAND BEFORE WATERLOO.* “ made the eighteenth century the golden age
The fifth volume of Mr. Traill's - Social
of English art” (p. 280). It is the century of
England” will perhaps prove the least satis-Gray, Goldsmith, and Sheridan; of Richardson, ,
factory of the series. This is due in no small Fielding, Smollett, and Sterne; of Hume, Gib-
measure to the character of the period covered,
bon, Robertson, Bishop Butler, and Dugald
and to the increasing difficulty that has con-
Stewart. The social life of a nation is indeed
fronted the editor and his co-laborers as they complex which will produce such men as these,
advanced the story of England's progress into alongside of Marlborough, Wolfe, and Clive,
the field of recent history. Even the portions
Nelson and Wellington, the Earl of Chatham,
which Mr. Traill himself contributes to this Pitt, and Fox, together with the long list of
volume on the subject of progress in litera-
discoverers and inventors who completely revo-
ture in the period from 1784 to 1815,- are
lutionized English industry in the latter half of
very far from being “ a history of influences
the century. Yet, in spite of these imposing
and tendencies” (p. 445), and have almost figures in army and navy, in parliament and
nothing to do with the people.” They have
“
the civil administration, in church and state, in
much more of literary criticism and of discus- literature, art, politics, science, and theology,
,
sion of poetic theory than they have of public the age remains one of transition and prepara-
education and the literary habits and learning
tion rather than one of distinctive completeness.
of the four or five millions of people that were
The work of the Revolution was in process of
added to England's population after the middle consolidation, but the work of reform which was
of the eighteenth century. Did these people attempted in vain in Walpole's time was begun
read ? and if so, what did they read? Were again by the younger Pitt, only to be inter-
they educated ? and if so, by what means, in
rupted by “the panic engendered by the French
what schools, along what lines, and on what earthquake,” and was not completed until well
pedagogical principles ? Such are some of the
into the present century. So, too, of the many
questions for which one seeks an answer in
social and economic movements begun in con-
“ A Record of the Progress of the People”; nection, with the use of machinery and the
"
but one seeks them in vain in this volume.
establishment of the factory system. These were
The volume opens with the age of Walp
held in check not only by the peculiar inertia
and closes with the downfall of Napoleon. The
of English habits and institutions, but by the
period is one in which the history of England
war and its burden of taxation, by the fear of
certainly cannot be summed up under any one
a Napoleonic invasion, by the terror of French
descriptive formula. The political revolution
doctrines of democracy and republicanism.
of the preceding century was being completed
Fiscal reform, factory legislation, extension of
and the way prepared for the industrial and
the suffrage, Catholic emancipation, — these
material advance of the present century; not
and other steps in human progress were not
only had the Augustan age of English litera-
made until after the close of the Napoleonic era.
ture long since passed into history, but the wits
The two changes of greatest significance were
of Queen Anne's time were dead or dying, and
in the development of cabinet government, and
poetry was dominated by the classic but dead in the method of manufacture, particularly of
ening methods of Pope. Neither of the four
textiles. George I. had practically no knowl-
Georges could be called patrons of art or letters. edge of the English Constitution, and he dis-
But the eighteenth century has been made played little disposition to acquire any. The
famous in art and literature as well as in poli- chief direction of affairs therefore fell into the
tics and industry. It is the century of Hogarth hands of his ministers. Moreover, he was a
and of Boswell's Sam Johnson, of the school of prudent man, and not inclined to try the experi-
ment of a mixed ministry. The ascendency of
* SOCIAL ENGLAND, A Record of the Progress of the People,
in Religion, Laws, Learning, Arts, Industry, Commerce, Sci-
the Whigs therefore continued without serious
ence, Literature, and Manners, from the Earliest Times to the interruption until the reign of George III.
Present Day. By Various Writers. Edited by H. D. Traill, That monarch prided himself on being an En-
D.C.L. Volume V., from the Accession of George I. to the
glishman, and determined to resume the power
Battle of Waterloo. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
+ See THE DIAL, Vol. XVIII., No. 205, pp. 15–17; Vol.
which his predecessors had abdicated to Wal-
XIX., No. 220, pp. 87-88; Vol. XX., No. 235, pp. 203-205. pole and his successors. But the victory of
)


330
(June 1,
THE DIAL
a
a
Pitt in the election of 1784, which seemed at material condition and industrial progress of
first sight to be the decisive event in the long the people. The change in agricultural condi-
struggle which the king had been carrying on tions and method is set forth with wonderful
against Parliament, was in fact a victory for the effect by Mr. Prothero, in his account of the
people.
aspect of the country in the middle of the last
“ The king undoubtedly regarded Pitt as the minister century, his explanation of the open-field sys-
of his choice, and one who would carry out the royal tem, and his picture of the rural life of the
views. But that statesman entirely appreciated the
times. There are few things better calculated
necessity of a close alliance between the king and the
mass of his subjects, and by dint of consummate tact
to give one a clear idea of how recent has been
he obtained such an influence over George III. that the
the real advance of the English nation.
constitution was in no wise impaired by the apparent “ Vast tracts of country, which are now cultivated,
triumph of the royal power" (p. 366).
then lay waste and unenclosed. Cambridgeshire and
Indeed, the essential features of cabinet gov- would have found bis forest of Sherwood still covering
Huntingdonshire were still undrained. Robin Hood
ernment were more strongly established during the greater part of Nottinghamshire. Derbyshire was
Pitt's ministry than ever before, in spite of the a black region of ling, and from the northern point of
fact that what is known as liberal legislation
the county to the extremity of Northumberland
distance of 150 miles
was stopped and all schemes for reform sus-
the traveller would, like Jeanie
Deans, encounter nothing but wastes. . Of the cul-
pended as soon as war was declared against the tivated land of England, more than three-fifths was
French, and although the reaction against a tilled on the open-field system - in village farms which
progressive policy continued until long after were practically isolated and self-supporting. The
the defeat of Napoleon - until 1822, and later.
inbabitants had little need of communication with their
What George III. in vain attempted to estab-
immediate neighbors, still less with the outside world.
.. The average size of a single holding was eighteen
lish in England in the last century is practi- acres of arable land, two acres of meadow, and common
cally the system in vogue to-day in the United rights, over the common field and other commonable
States, and is properly styled the "departmental places, for forty sheep and as many
cattle as the holder
could fodder in the winter months. But each holding not
system,” in accordance with which each minis-
only varied in size, but was cut up into minute, scattered,
ter is responsible for his own department and intermixed strips. One man might hold his portion of
answerable to the president (or king) for his the soil as freehold, another as copyhold, another as
actions. The opposing (English) principle leaseholder for life, another as a tenant for a certain
makes the cabinet consist of a body of states-
length of time, from year to year, or at will. But what-
men who are in thorough political agreement,
ever the tenure by which the land was held, the whole
was farmed in common upon a system which, originat-
and are jointly responsible for all the measures ing at a date before the Norman Conquest, in 1689,
they propose, and practically responsible to governed the tillage of at least three-fifths of the culti-
Parliament. It is a principle which is not at
vated soil of the country, and though it gradually dis-
all likely to be introduced into national politics century and the first half of the present century, yet
appeared in the last three decades of the eighteenth
in America, although we may find in it a solu- survived in 1879" (pp. 100-102).
tion of some of the problems of city govern- It was not until near the end of the last cen-
ment; but it became incorporated into the En-
that the sudden devolopment of manufac-
glish national policy during the last century, as
turing industries gave a wide market for agri-
the most important outcome of the Revolution
cultural produce, and the primitive self-sufficing
of 1688.
farms were turned into manufactories of bread
“ It virtually deprived the sovereign of his right to
and beef.
reject bills which had passed both Houses. This right
“ Under the pressure of necessity, enclosures (both of
was indeed exercised several times by William [III.]
with reference to measures of grave consequence, but it
uncultivated land and of open-field farms), reclamation
of wastes, partition of commons, large farms, long
was only once exercised by Anne, and has never been
leases, capitalist landlords and farmers, and scientific
exercised since her death. Since the Revolution, Par-
liament has met every year, and has sat for a consider-
husbandry convulsed rural society, and absolutely revo-
lutionized its general aspect. The extinction of the
able time. Ample opportunity has thus been afforded
commoner, the small freeholder, the small farmer, and
for all the legislation demanded by public opinion, and
direct legislation has thus become the normal means of
even the yeoman was the price which the nation paid
for food for its manufacturing population" (p. 107).
altering the law. Judicial decision continues, indeed,
to be a potent agency of improvement, but it is used Toward the end of the century there came
rather to define and apply principles already acknowl- revolutions in manners and dress, and in pop-
edged than to introduce principles altogether novel” ular sentiment, as well as in agriculture, indus-
(p. 35).
try, and politics. When the income tax fell at
But this political development is in a sense the rate of £20 on an income of £200, it was
superficial, resting on the deeper change in not possible to indulge in expensive amuse-
tury


1897.]
331
THE DIAL
a
>
son-
a
a
ments. The rise in the price of wheat from
THE LIFE OF A GOOD PHYSICIAN.*
318. the quarter to 116s., and the consequent
scarcity of flour, necessitated some change of
Reviewers of books, we are told by Bacon,
diet; while the added tax on powder (1795)
are brushers of noblemen's clothes. Perhaps
actually caused a total change in the personal
no book ever made its reviewer more willing to
appearance of both sexes, for men ceased to acknowledge the aptness of this illustration than
wear powdered wigs, and women had no more
the work before us, which contains some posthu-
powdered “heads." Both sexes allowed the mous autobiographical chapters from the life of
natural hair to grow. In July, 1795, the Privy a good physician, a noted reformer and philan-
Council implored all families to abjure pud thropist, and an eminent scientist. They are
dings and pies, and declared their own inten- written modestly and without the slightest pre-
tion to have only fish, meat, vegetables, and
tention to literary style, but they make us agree
household bread, made partly of rye, — and
with Emerson in his definition of autobiogra-
the loaf should be put on the table for each to phy—“what a biography ought to be.”
help himself, that none be wasted. An idea of Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, M.D.,
the cost of living is given in the following list LL.D., F.R.S., was born in 1828 and died in
of prices : At a shop for ready-made clothes, a
1896. He was educated at the Andersonian
great-coat was 138.; a waistcoat, 6s. 6d.; stout University, Glasgow, and at the University of
breeches, 38. 9d.; stockings, 18. 9d.; dowlas Saint Andrews. He was a prolific writer on
shirt, 48. 6d.; strong shoes, 78.; a bat “ to last public health, alcoholism, poisons, education,
three years," 28. 6d. Linens and cambrics were
”
and other topics, his best-known books being
still comparatively high in price. A woman's
“Diseases of Modern Life," “Results of Re-
shift was 38. 8d., when a stuff gown was only searches on Alcohol,” and “Temperance Les-
68. 6d. A linsey-woolsel petticoat was 4s. 6d.;
n-Book.” So much for a skeleton on which
pair of shoes, 38. 9d.; stays" to last six years,'
to hang a few comments and extracts.
68.; and "a hat of the cheaper sort," 18. 6d.
Consecrated at his mother's death-bed to the
(p. 496).
life of a healer of the sick, the youthful Rich-
“Swords being no longer worn in Parliament, they ardson never swerved from the course which lay
ceased to be worn at social gatherings. The plebian before him. Every part of his education, even
umbrella displaced the clouded cane, and gentlemen from the first, seemed to contribute to the one
could walk in the streets protected from the weather
without calling immediately for a chair or a coach.
end in view. He says of his dame-school:
It was a serious, self-conscious time, a time when seri- “For my part, I was fortunately well-favored in re-
ousness of purpose told to the full. Finish of manner gard to school-days. The practice of teaching boys to
was at a discount. At a time when so many stir- sew, not uncommon sixty years ago, and a part of my
ring events were happening, conversation was more dame's plan of education, was a good practice, and to me
interesting than cards. Political excitement began to proved uncommonly useful, rendering me, in the profes-
take the place of pleasure' and diversion' in the so- sion of a doctor, more than usually quick, not merely in
cial world. There were military, naval, parliamentary, stitching up wounds, but in connecting bandages and
financial, and literary careers to be made, and made making them fit with neatness of adaptation."
quickly. It was a time to rouse ambition in young men,
From the account of his school days he
who now found themselves compelled to act, not to
passes
travel with a tutor, educating themselves to gain dis-
to the description of his “entrance into physic."
tinction as professional idlers. It was a time of great After coming near to yielding to a boyish freak
inventions, a time when genius in whatever class it was to run away to sea, he followed the custom of
found quickly gained its reward."
would-be doctors of the early part of the cen-
A detailed consideration of these inventions tury, and entered the office of Mr. Henry
and the features of the industrial revolution Hudson, a practitioner in Somerby, Leicester-
will be reserved until the appearance of the shire, his own early home. Hudson was not
succeeding volume.
only a good doctor, but he was also a general
ARTHUR BURNHAM WOODFORD. scholar, and humane and broad in his views.
His influence on his young pupil may well have
been important. The writer tells us how his
Two quarterly parts of the “New English Diction- master so hated the sight of the public stocks
ary” have been published thus far in the present year. that he one night dug them up and cast them
The first of these parts, prepared by Dr. Murray, car-
ries the letter D from Disobstetricate to Distrustful;
into the fish-pond. Regret is expressed that
the second of them edited by Mr. Henry Bradley, pur- * VITA MEDICA: Chapters of Medical Life and Work. By
sues the letter F from Flexuosity to Foister. The Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. New
Macmillan Co. are the American agents for the work. York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
6
9


332
(June 1,
THE DIAL
a
a
»
6
Glasgow the news of Dr. Morton's success in It is interesting to note the contention of the
the custom no longer obtains of binding boys that he had passed through anything more than a curi-
for a number of years to practising physicians, just a mee bit fon," and in no degree ashamed of his
ous dream, feeling, as he affirmed with a broad grin,
“'
as a necessary training for a medical career.
acquaintance with that condition.”
“I have often said, and again say it, that this method
of introduction to our profession, now practically aban-
During his early practice - much of it gra-
doned, was the best that could be, and ought to have
tuitous, in a gypsy camp – Dr. Richardson
remained untouched. It was a fruitful source of income devoted considerable time to the study of pre-
to every respectable practitioner; it kept such practition- natal disease, and won the Fothergillian gold
ers well up to the mark; it made good openings for intro-
ductions and practice; it was warmly appreciated by
medal for an essay in this field. His abhorrence
the public at large; it cultivated well a common field,
of animal suffering caused him to invent the
and effected a sound and general good. The chief lethal chamber for the painless destruction of
benefit was to the student himself, for be learned early dogs and other small animals. His active
in life all the practical branches he afterwards most
interest in public health led to his being chosen
needed; he soon acquired as "the young doctor' the
style and manners of the medical man; he learned the
the first chairman of the Sanitary Institute.
mode of entering the sick-room, and of conversing with
Annual sanitary congresses were held at dif-
the sick; he practised naturally the true etiquette of ferent towns in the kingdom, with exhibitions
physic; he became a good rider on horseback, and a of sanitary appliances. A meeting at Leam-
good driver of gig or phaeton; he was familiarized with
the night-bell
; he gained ripe experience as a dispenser ington in 1877 was noteworthy. An exhibition
of drugs, and knew by sight, touch, and odour every
was made of bicycles and the first tricycle; they
drug he was called upon to dispense.”
were shown as health-promoting devices, and
Dr. Richardson rode one " in the presence of
Truly a quaint and interesting picture of the
doctor of the old school!
a large concourse of people.” In a note, the
writer describes the first or parent velocipede,
After leaving Dr. Hudson, Richardson en-
tered the Andersonian University in Glasgow, made of wood, in the town of Leicester, in 1837
and there and at Saint Andrews -his medical
or 1838. French claims to the credit of this
While
invention are argued to be without foundation.
producing anæsthesia was brought to London
writer that “by cycling, the sanitation of this
and thence to Scotland, and caused the liveliest country, to say nothing of other countries that
excitement in medical circles. Richardson and have adopted it generally, has been advanced a
He further
his class were waiting in the lecture-theatre hundred years."
“ All the
says :
when their lecturer, Dr. Moses Buchanan, en-
world is for cycling now, as if a new pair of legs
tered, five minutes late, and announced that he
had been invented, and the advance in health
could not address the class on that day, as he
and strength has been unparalleled."
was on his way to the Royal Infirmary to take
It were hopeless to attempt here any enu-
part in the first trial of the new discovery.
meration of Richardson's reforms and discov-
eries. For his researches in the effects of
“ As a matter of course, this news created the utmost
excitement. We trooped off to the Royal Infirmary as
alcohol he perhaps deserves the most credit.
fast as our legs would carry us, and in due time were At the cost of friends and practice, he stood for
crowding into the operating-theatre. .. The room what seemed to him the right both on scientific
formed a chapel on a Sunday, and in the rush for seats
and on moral grounds. So late as 1869 it was
the best places were speedily secured. I and one or two
other students got into the pulpit, which formed an
considered fanatical to object to a moderate
excellent place for observation. ... The patient was
indulgence in alcoholic drinks, while their use
then sent for, and came in with quite a smiling face, as medicines was universal. The chapter on
delighted with the idea of being cut without pain, and “ The Breath of Life” is full of suggestion, and
rather proud, I fancy, at being the first man in Scotland
selected to enjoy the honour as well as the pleasure. ..
shows the “scientific imagination” at its best ;
Dr. Fleming, with the house-surgeon of the day for
while that on “ Revolutions in Physic” gives
Buchanan's ward, commenced to administer the ether a comprehensive survey of the vast strides made
vapour from a sponge surrounded by a towel. In a in medicine and surgery within the memory of
short time the patient whose name, I think, was
men still living. Noteworthy is the author's
Macleod — began to talk and sing in a loud voice in the
style not uncommon to the second stage
attitude toward the modern germ-theory of
as we after-
wards designated it — of the ether narcotism, giving us disease, on which he acknowledges himself a
a line or two at least from · Bobby '— the poet Burns skeptic.
and communicating one or two secrets which he might
We close this record of an unselfish and use-
just as well have kept to himself. He then lapsed into
perfect quietude, and soon afterwards was allowed to
ful life with feelings of gratitude that the life
wake up with the operation completed, without knowing was so nobly lived and that a permanent record
а
>
is
-
9
6


1897.]
333
THE DIAL
of it has been left for the emulation of later chick pecks at small particles, not because of
generations. The closing words of the book his individuality but because he is a representa-
were written on the 18th of November, 1896, tive of his kind. It is difficult to draw the line
only two hours before the writer was seized between reflex and instinctive action ; Mr.
with the illness which ended fatally not three Herbert Spencer has defined the latter as com-
days later.
PERCY F. BICKNELL. pound reflex action. A reflex act is a restricted,
localized response to an external stimulus
involving a particular organ or group of mus-
cles. An instinctive act is a response of the
INDIVIDUAL ACQUIREMENT OR organism as a whole, involving, it may be,
INHERITANCE?*
many organs; and the stimulus seems, in some
Of late years biological controversy has cen- instances at least, to be of internal origin, as in
tred about the contention of Weismann that the case of the spinning of a cocoon by the silk-
modifications of structure or activity acquired worm. The constancy of behavior in instinctive
during the lifetime of an organism are not activities is not absolute, but, as in the case of
transmitted by heredity to its descendants. structural characters, is probably subject to
The Neo-Darwinian school maintains that the slight individual variations. These activities
effects of use and disuse, and the still more are usually performed under special circum-
subtle influences of environment, do not pass stances of supreme importance to the race, and
from the body of the parent to the germ-cells are often of frequent occurrence. They may
or to the offspring developing therefrom. The have a protective value, as in the coiling up of
whole burden of advance in the scale of life the hedgehog; or they may be mimetic, as in
is thus thrown upon natural selection operat the case of hunting spiders which rub their
ing upon congenital variations. The Neo- heads very much as do the flies which they
Larnarckians, on the contrary, insist that the stalk. Some instinctive acts are performed but
modifications acquired after birth by the parent once, and often in a serial order of remarkable
are in some way, as yet unexplained, handed on complexity. This is well illustrated, as the
to descendants to be checked or accentuated, as late Dr. Riley has so admirably shown, in the
may be, by natural selection. The inheritance instinctive acts of the Yucca moth, which,
of acquired modifications would thus become emerging while the Yucca is in bloom, collects
an important factor in the evolution of lower the pollen from the anthers, kneads it into a
animals and of man himself. The final appeal pellet, and carries it to another flower. Here
must be made to the evidence of such inherit- the moth first deposits her eggs in the ovary of
ance displayed in the organic world; and by this the flower, and then rubs the mass of pollen
test the conflicting theories must stand or fall. upon the stigma. By this act the development
Professor Morgan, in his work on “Habit of the ovules of the Yucca is insured, and at
and Instinct,” has transferred the discussion the same time the growing larvæ of the moth
from the field of anatomical structure to the no are provided with food. The number of ovules
less interesting and important realm of the is, however, in excess of their needs, and the
mental activities of animals. Conciseness of surplus reaches maturity. This remarkable
definition and clearness of treatment make it a series of adaptive activities is performed but
pleasure to follow the argument to its culmina- once in life, and unerringly. There is no pre-
tion in the chapter on “ Heredity in Man.” The vious instruction, no opportunity to learn by
book is based on the author's minute and pains- imitation, no prevision of the outcome of the act.
taking studies of the habits and instincts of Instinctive acts are thus hereditary, and are per-
young birds, especially of those activities exhib- formed with a definiteness which is congenital.
ited in the first few days of life when the distinc- Habit, on the other hand, implies individual
tion between that which is congenital and that acquisition, and is the result of repetition in
which is acquired stands out in sharpest relief. individual experience. If, for example, nice
Instinctive activities are common to, and are and nasty caterpillars are placed before young
similarly performed by, all like members of a chicks, both are at first seized upon with eager-
more or less restricted group of animals. They After a few trials, the chicks learn to
are essentially lacking in individuality. The distinguish, and the nasty caterpillars are re-
bear hibernates ; the swallow migrates ; the jected. This definiteness of response is in every
By C. Lloyd Morgan, F.G.S.
case a matter of individual acquisition, and is
New York : Edward Arnold.
not ancestral ; it is acquired, and not congenital.
9
ness.
HABIT AND INSTINCT.


334
(June 1,
THE DIAL
This formation of habits rests, however, upon Are habits acquired by parents inherited by
an innate capacity for such habits, which may their offspring, or do they arise de novo in each
be likened to a legacy for general purposes, as generation, or are they handed on by imitation
need arises, while instincts are specific bequests. and tradition? In his earlier work on “Animal
There are a large number of activities, the so- Life and Intelligence," Professor Morgan held
called instinct-habits, which in their perfection a view favoring somewhat the inheritance of
are of mixed origin; as, for example, the flight individually acquired faculty. In the book
of birds. The first performance is automatic, before us he entirely abandons this position,
“involving the inherited coördination of motor owing, it seems, to a lack of decisive and abun-
activities due to outgoing nerve currents, and dant evidence in its favor. “ There is,” he says,
initiated by an external stimulus under organic “no conclusive evidence that the secondary
conditions of internal origin.” This instinctive automatism of habit is transferred by heredity
activity furnishes data to consciousness, and so as to give rise to the primary automatism of
basis for modification and improvement in sub-
instinct."
Cases of instinctive behavior, such
sequent performance. The perfected flight of as “ feigning wounded " by birds, which closely
the adult bird is an instinct-habit, founded upon resemble intelligently acquired habits, are to
a congenital basis but modified by acquired be explained by natural selection acting upon
experience. In this sharp limitation of the congenital variations. This instinctive behavior
term“ instinct,” which from a biological point is preceded by a habit — an intelligently ac-
of view is most desirable, to those forms of quired modification to meet some new condition
activity of purely congenital origin, our author of environment. This habit, acquired by suc-
is at variance with Wundt, who includes the cessive generations, is not, however, inherited
acquired elements with the congenital under the as such; but under its protection congenital
designation of instinct.
variations in the direction of the modification
As a result of the chick's first experience in question are no longer suppressed by natural
with the unpalatable larva, there is formed an selection, and in time reach the full adaptive
association between the sight of the larva and level of the original habit. The acquired mod-
its taste. Profiting by his past experience, the ification thus paves the way for the congenital
chick exercises thereafter an intelligent selec- variation, which culminates in instinct.
tion in the choice of caterpillars for food. This Accepting Professor Morgan's limitations of
selection rests
upon
the innate power of asso-
the term “ instinct," we find that man's con-
ciation, and is developed under the quickening genital endowment presents but a meagre array
touch of individual experience. On this con-
of activities. Sucking, grasping with the hand,
scious selection depends the development of creeping, walking, a tendency to use the right
those activities which are acquired—i. e., habits hand, the sexual instincts, the expression of the
— ,
,
- as opposed to those which are congenital. coarser emotions, and the utterance of articu-
This conscious selection by the individual of late syllables, well-nigh exhaust the list. The
that which is desirable is the method of mental major part of his endowment consists of an
evolution, as contrasted with the elimination of innate capacity for acquisition and application,
the unfit by natural selection in organic evolu-
which enables him, under the guidance of par-
tion. In the formation of habits,-
ents and teachers, to cope with an environment
“ The role of intelligence, therefore, is not to furnish of greatest complexity. Is this innate capacity
a new activity which shall be adapted to what we, the increased from generation to generation by
onlookers, call the end in view, but to select from a inheritance ? Here again Professor Morgan
number of relatively indeterminate activities that one
turns to the evidence, and finds it quite inade-
which experience proves to be effectual. . . . Herein,
then, lies the utility of the restlessness, the exuberant
quate to sustain a belief in the transmission by
activity, the varied playfulness, the prying curiosity, the heredity of individual acquisitions. Owing to
inquisitiveness, the meddlesome mischievousness, the man's intelligence, natural selection no longer
vigorous and healthy experimentalism of the young plays an important part in his progress. The
.
These afford the raw material upon which intelligence
unfit are not eliminated, and in consequence
exercises its power of selection. Observers of human
life have not failed to contrast this useful expansiveness, there may even have been a diminution in, a
ready to try all, dare all, and do all, with the narrower lowering in the general level of, human faculty.
and more restricted, if more concentrated, efforts of
The developmental process has been trans-
those in whom the stern lessons of experience have
ferred from man to his environment. The
checked so much that is picturesquely impossible. And
this exuberant expansiveness of youth is a biological and
increment is to be found in history, in social
psychological fact of profound significance."
institutions, in the products of art and of skill,


1897.)
335
THE DIAL
and in the record of noble lives ; these consti- demands profound linguistic knowledge as a
tute the ever-progressing social environment in prerequisite for profitable study of any given
which each new generation finds its place and mythology. As profound linguistic knowledge
to which it makes its contribution. In this can hardly be claimed for students outside of
fact, rather than in the inheritance of acquired Aryan and Semitic languages, he would natur-
faculty, lies the explanation of man's achieve ally see little value in present study of myth-
ments in the past and the hope for race progress ologies outside of the Aryan and Semitic. He
in the future.
CHARLES A. KOFOID.
devotes his own attention to the Vedic Myth-
ology and the related mythologies of the old
Greeks, Romans, and other ancient Aryan-
speaking peoples. He presents a long and
MAX MÜLLER'S STUDIES IN MYTHOLOGY.* detailed study of the laws of phonetic variation
now generally recognized; he shows that these
Many years ago, Mr. Max Müller planned
are not of invariable application, and that in
an exposition of the four sciences of Language, proper names and the names of deities in par-
Mythology, Religion, and Thought. Three of
ticular much latitude must be allowed. He
these he has heretofore developed; the fourth
then takes up, one after another, the god-names
is considered in the volumes before us. That
the work is important, need hardly be stated.
in the Aryan tongues, tracing the history of
these names and referring them back to orig-
Its standpoint will be well known by everyone inal nature manifestations. He still finds
who has followed the learned author's work in
the past. That there is somewhat of a polem- everywhere solar gods, dawn maidens, and the
ical spirit in the discussion, is to be expected. the ridicule heaped upon him by critics in
Some quotations will enable us to gain an idea identifying the sun and the dawn so constantly,
of the author's position.
he throws the blame from his shoulders onto
“The really important outcome of Comparative My- the ancients themselves. While the book is
thology, namely, the recognition - (1) That the differ-
ent branches of the Aryan family of speech possessed somewhat polemical, it is intended to be kindly
before their separation not only common words but also and just, even to Mr. Herbert Spencer with
common myths ; (2) That what we call the gods of My: his ghost theories, and to Mr. Andrew Lang.
thology were chiefly the agents supposed to exist behind It is hard for an old man to be open to new
the great phenomena of nature; (3) That the names of
some of these gods and heroes, common to some or to all
views, but Mr. Müller makes a mighty effort
the branches of the Aryan family of speech, and therefore here to be judicial and candid. The work is
much older than the Vedic or Homeric periods, constitute most useful. There is value in Vedic Myth-
the most ancient and the most important material on
which students of mythology have to work; and (4) That ology, and in the linguistic method, and these
the best solution of the old riddles of Mythology are to
contributions are practically exhaustive in these
be found in an etymological analysis of the names of
directions.
FREDERICK STARR.
gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines.”
There are three schools of Comparative
Mythology—the Etymological, the Analogical,
the Ethno-psychical. The author, of course,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
belongs to the first, which he considers firmly
Mr. David G. Hogarth's biograph-
founded; he tolerates the second, as he con-
Philip and
ical essay on Philip of Macedon
siders polyonymy active, holding that one
(Scribners) gives a splendid example
agent in nature may figure under many differ- of what such writing should be. The essay gives
ent descriptive names, which appear totally both a clear view of the chief events in Philip's life,
unconnected after their original transparency
and an interesting analysis of the manner in which
those events affected his character. After noting
of meaning disappears; for the third he has
little use.
the period during which Philip, as a youthful hos-
tage in Thebes, learned wisdom in government from
“ While these two modes of treatment are guided by his intercourse with Epaminondas, the author ex-
well-established principles, the Ethno - psychological
method is still in its purely tentative stage, and
depend- pands upon the difficulty of governing the diverse
ant chiefly on taste and judgment."
peoples of Macedonia, a difficulty overcome by
the fusing of distinct nationalities into a compact
These quotations show the general plan and
military force. Next, Philip is shown in the midst
scope of these “ Contributions.” Mr. Müller
of his conquests, freeing the people of the conquered
* CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCIENCE OF MYTHOLOGY. By F. territory from their feudal burdens that they may
Max Müller. New York : Longmans, Green, & Co.
welcome his government and resist the attempts at
Alexander of
Macedon.
He says:


336
(June 1,
THE DIAL
&
reconquest by their feudal lords. The story is well embraces such striking episodes as his fiascos of
and accurately told, but the chief merit of the essay Strasburg and Boulogne, his long imprisonment in
lies in the picture given of Philip, shrewd in diplo- and escape from the fortress of Ham, his election to
macy, bold and fearless in battle, rough and bois- the Chamber of Deputies, to the Presidency, the
terous in victory, yet always reverent of the culture coup d'état, and the proclamation of the Empire. The
of Athens, and always hoping that Athens may yet picture M. Saint-Amand draws in his Introduction
accept him as her champion. For although Philip, of the Empress Eugénie is most dramatic; and it is
by creating the greatness of Macedonia, destroyed strikingly at variance with certain recent portraits
Athens' last hope of continued power, he never, not of that somewhat enigmatic woman, which we are
even after Cbæronea, violated Attic territory. The inclined to believe have done her, to say the least,
accusation, usually made against him, of having scant justice. The view Frenchmen not unnaturally
, ,
checked the development of Athenian civilization, is take of their late Empress is tinged and warped by
refuted by the author, with the argument that the their resentment at what they believe to be her cal-
best elements of that civilization were already in pable share in the great national disaster of 1871.
process of decay, and that Macedonian supremacy The sound of her name is coupled, like an echo,
gave a renewed vitality to Greek culture, by “forc- with that of Sedan. Had France conquered in that
ing it out into the open sea,” where by practical struggle, how widely different must have been the
activity it influenced the whole eastern world. The place in the national esteem of her who now –
essay upon Alexander is more difficult to follow, mater dolorosa, a fallen queen, widowed, exiled,
and less interesting as a study of character, the re- and decried—mourns over the ashes of extinguished
sult, apparently, of an attempt to treat at similar splendor and vanished hopes. It may be that her
length two personages of very dissimilar historical prestige with posterity will, like Marie Antoinette's
importance. There are few original sources of and Josephine's, be heightened by her fall, by her
knowledge concerning Philip, as compared with triple crown of sorrows worn with dignity. There
what is known of Alexander. The essay upon is a characteristic touch of chivalrous sentiment in
Alexander leaves the impression of too great con- M. Saint-Amand's treatment of Eugénie. She is,
densation, although at points, motives are treated at he thinks, of all the women who have played a part
length and with an excellent analysis, as in the case in the second half of the nineteenth century, the
of the founding of Alexandria. The book is excel- one with whom posterity will be most occupied.
lently made in every way, yet should be criticised M. Saint-Amand's peculiar merits have been so
for its lack of maps with which to follow the text. often pointed out by us that we need not further
There is a map of Alexander's eastern empire, but specify them now. The present volume—exhibiting
80 much is put upon it that nothing can be found. in a marked degree the qualities which serve to
It seems to us that historical works of whatever make its author one of the most attractive and stim-
character, and particularly those intended for the ulating historical writers of the day—is by no means
general reader, should be provided with maps made the least delightful he has given us. It is richly
to explain the text. To read the name of a place bound in crimson and gold, and contains portraits
and not to know its geographical position, is of little of Napoleon and Eugénie in their younger days.
value. The book is suited both to the general reader,
and, from its wealth of references, to the student as
“ Diplomatic chess in the eighteenth
well. Probably Mr. Hogarth's own knowledge, as and Joseph II.
century: the Austrian game," would
an exploring scholar, of the geography of his sub-
be a more expressive title for the
ject, made him overlook the possible ignorance of
two new numbers in the “Foreign Statesmen " series
his readers.
(Macmillan) on Maria Theresa and Joseph II.
Two volumes to these two Austrian monarchs, and
The
many
readers of M. Imbert de one each to Richelieu, Charlemagne, and Mirabeau,
Saint-Amand's brilliant historical is a distribution which must rouse some wonder in
Second Empire. studies of “Famous Women of the those who regard the programme of the series. And
French Court” will be glad to learn that a new series it is an interesting phenomenon of distorted per-
of similar works, treating of the Second Empire, is spective that the important though Machiavellian
now issuing from the pen of the talented author. An labors of Kaunitz must here hide behind the names
excellent translation, by Elizabeth Gilbert Martin, of his royal masters, while it permits Richelieu and,
of the initial volume of the new series, which is in the parallel series “ Twelve English Statesman,
entitled “ Louis Napoleon and Mademoiselle de Pitt to eclipse the monarchs whom they served.
Montijo” (Scribners), is now before us. With this As an account of the diplomatic movements of the
volume M. de Saint-Amand begins what he proposes Austrian court these volumes furnish at least a use-
shall be an elaborate study of the history of France ful skeleton for the formal history of the time. One
during the reign of Napoleon III. Beginning with who should read them expecting to find a sympa-
an eloquently written general Introduction, the thetic account of Maria Theresa and her interesting
opening volume tells the remarkable story of Louis son, or an adequate picture of their period in Aus-
Napoleon's career from early childhood down to his tria, would be disappointed. In a word, the two
marriage with Mademoiselle de Montijo. It thus volumes should have been condensed into one and
Maria Theresa
M. Saint-Amand's
new series on the


1897.]
337
THE DIAL
its
entitled “ Kaunitz." Then it could have been said Ariosto, Camoens, Tasso, and Milton. In each case
of the work that the style is clear and the grasp of a short account of the poem is given, an abstract of
the complicated threads good. And yet it would be its action, a bibliography and some extracts from
a very unrefreshing and little edifying historical the translations. It will be obvious that such a
font. The author, Rev. J. Franck Bright, is inclined book will have its value. Perhaps it would not have
to think it “not necessary to pass moral judgments been impossible that it should also have been made
upon the conduct of personages who fill the scene interesting, like Leigh Hunt's “Stories from the
of history, and perhaps unusually superfluous in the Italian Poets ” or Bulfinch’s “ Age of Fable.” We
present instance,” yet he can scarcely suppress a suspect the exigencies of space are here important;
feeling that the Austrian renunciation of the alliance where one squeezes a thing into very
small
compass
with Great Britain was dishonorable. But the re- it is apt to get dry. Even as a book of reference or
sponsibility for this must fall on Kaunitz, whose a text book it is not perfect. It is not quite up to
theory that "self-interest alone was the guiding date we should say, nor does it always take a good
principle in politics” the author seems to represent
"
point of view. As to the first point, it will be noted
as exceptional. Could Mr. Bright find an instance that the publications of the last few years are some-
in eighteenth-century diplomacy where the guiding times omitted. In the case of Milton, where recent
-
principle on the part of Great Britain was not self- work is of value, we have Cleveland's Concordance
interest? The volumes are excellent typographi- given in place of Bradshaw's, we have no mention
cally.
of Verity's edition, with its important appendices
and introductions, nor of Bridge's book on Prosody.
Somewhere between the collecting of
Essays on
These things (with the omission of Lowell's and
Book-plates.
stamps or of coins and the collecting
Dowden's essays) show a lack of thorough informa-
of books or of engravings comes the
tion wbere one would have thought it could have
collecting of book-plates. All collecting is in its
been most easily obtained. Nor do we think that
nature inartistic: the collector invariably developes
the author can fully appreciate the poetry of uncivil-
canons that have no relation to intrinsic value and
ized peoples. Because the Finnish lays “are simply
are hence arbitrary or conventional. In some re-
runes · loosely stitched together,' [she] can regard
spects the collector of things delightful in them.
them only with interest and curiosity, not with ad-
selves is the worst kind of collector that there is,
miration.” Of Beowulf she remarks that "the
for in so far as he is a collector he cares not for the
unknown writer ... cannot be praised for his skill
particular delightfulness of this or that. In the case
of books and engravings, however, it must be con-
in composition; the verse is rude, as was the lan-
fessed the collector often forgets his collecting and
guage in which it was written.” The book is not
the best that could be imagined, but in spite of its
enjoys for its own sake one thing or other that he
drawbacks it will undoubtedly be useful to a large
has collected. So he is often a very good fellow.
circle of readers.
It is the same, to a somewhat lesser degree, with
the collectors of book-plates. The things they col-
The eighteenth century, “an age
lect are often charming, and they often appreciate Child Sludy.
touched with the spirit of hope,"
their charm, entirely aside from their value as “ex-
turned its attention to children and
amples.” Hence we can read Mr. Charles Dexter speculated with a sort of romantic glow as to how
Allen's “ Ex Libris” (Lamson, Wolffe, & Co.) with they could best be made good men. Hence Rous-
a great deal of pleasure, for he has an appreciation seau and Pestalozzi and Froebel and Toepffer. The
of the artistic possibilities of the book-plate and, being nineteenth century has regarded its children from
rather the authority on the subject in this country, different points of view: between Little Nell and
he has, of course, great knowledge of the development Paul Dombey on the one hand, and the Psychology
of its different styles and forms. His book is some- of the Child on the other, is a long swing of the
what “ desultory and rambling,” as he himself re- pendulum, which is at each end, by the way, in the
marks, but it presents in easily written essays a sketch position of greatest instability. The child as a child
of the history of the book-plate in different countries, is one thing, the child as an object of study is an-
and gives also in its illustrations a number of exam- other. We have lately had in literature not a little
ples of older as well as of more recent work. The concerning children. Nothing has yet reached the
book should serve to many as an introduction to a “ Child's Garden of Verses ” in presenting the child
pleasant line of contemporary artistic activity. as a child. Mrs. Meynell in “The Children" (John
Lane) rather avoids the comparison ; she considers
Miss K. M. Rabb's book on “ Na- the child as an object of study. A mother herself,
A handbook
for the study tional Epics ” (McClarg) will prob- and a woman of refined delicacy of perception, she
of epics.
ably be most useful as a book of cannot be without sympathy, yet she can rarely re-
reference or instruction. In one volume the author gard the child as other than a very interesting cir-
has given some account of the great epics of India cumstance. These essays have much the same charm
and Finland, of Old English and Old High German, of style as the rest of her work, but we do not feel
of Old French literature and Old Spanish, of Homer warmed on reading them. Her children are pathetic
and of Virgil, and of the great modern poets, Dante, little bundles of possibility moving about in worlds
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paper, each
they cannot realize. Doubtless they have their own to plan their series of “Stories of the States” is dis-
life, but Mrs. Meynell gives no glimpse of it. Allur-
tinctly commendable. Such books make admirable
ing, secretive, bafiling, children are to her a constant
reading-matter for supplementary school use. Mr. John
R. Musick's “ Stories of Missouri " is the latest volume
source of interest.
of this series, having been preceded by Mr. Stockton's
A rather choice little book that should
Cruikshank's
“ Stories of New Jersey." We note with satisfaction
portraits
prove attractive to fanciers of the that forthcoming volumes are to give us “ Stories of
of himself.
curious is “ George Cruikshank's Georgia,” by Mr. J. C. Harris; “Stories of Ohio," by
Portraits of Himself” (London: W. T. Spencer), by
Mr. W. D. Howells; and “Stories of Kentucky," by
Mr. James Lane Allen.
Mr. George Somes Layard. The book is a thin
royal octavo of ninety odd pages, and the edition is
The latest additions to the series of " Longmans' En-
glish Classics are Cooper's “ The Last of the Mohi-
limited to one thousand copies. It contains between
cans,” edited by Dr. Charles F. Richardson, and Dry-
thirty and forty plates after Cruikshank, in each
den's “ Palamon and Arcite," edited by Mr. William T.
one of which may be recognized, sometimes readily Brewster. Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. publish a pretty
and sometimes after close inspection, the portrait of volume of “ Lyrical and Dramatic Poems,” by Robert
the artist himself. Several of the drawings have Browning, selected and edited for school use by Mr.
never before been published, and others are rare Edward T. Mason. Mr. A. J. George has edited Car-
examples in the possession of a well-known collector. lyle's essay on Burns for Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co.
Mr. Layard's comments on the plates and on the
We may finally mention in this connection a treatise on
artist are ingenious and sympathetic, and altogether
“ The Forms of Discourse” (Ginn), by Mr. W. B.
the book will readily commend itself to Cruikshank Cairns, and " The English Language and its Grammar”
(Silver, Burdett & Co.), by Miss Irene M. Mead.
collectors. There is also an édition de luxe (limited
to fifty numbered copies) of the work, on large
hand-made
copy
of which will be accom-
panied by a photogravure plate after Sir W. Box-
LITERARY NOTES.
all's hitherto unpublished portrait of the famous
A new edition, with an additional chapter, of Joseph
caricaturist.
Jefferson's popular autobiography is in preparation by
Mr. Ernst Grosse's “The Beginnings
the Century Co.
The beginnings
« From the Five Rivers " is the title of a new book
of Art” is perhaps the best so far in
of art.
of Indian fiction by Mrs. F. A. Steel, to be published
the “ Anthropological Series” (Ap-
shortly by Messrs. D. Appleton & Co.
pleton). It is by a popular German teacher. Dr.
The American Book Co. publish “Asia," by Mr. Frank
Grosse begins by claiming that the true science of
G. Carpenter, an illustrated volume of descriptive
art has never been investigated. Having shown sketches intended for use as a school reader.
what needs to be done, he studies the rude begin-
The third part of Malory's “Le Morte Darthur" and
nings of art among the savage peoples of to-day. the second volume of Montaigne's Essays have just been
He refuses to look for beginnings except among issued in the dainty series of “Temple Classics."
true savages. Such populations are really very few. A new book by Jerome K. Jerome, with the title
Those upon whom he draws for material for study “Sketches in Lavender, Blue and Green,” will be pub-
are the Australians, Mincopies, Bushmen, Fuegians, lished immediately by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.
Botocudo, and Eskimo. Art as applied to personal
M. Brunetière's New York lectures, five in number,
decoration is first studied ; then in succession, orna-
are to be written out by the author in their definitive
mentation, representative art, the dance, poetry and
form, and sent to the New York “Critic" for publica-
tion.
music. Each is illustrated by examples drawn from
Mr. A. E. Keet, who has been the editor of “ The
the peoples mentioned. Not only is the early his-
Forum” since August, 1895, has resigned the editorship
tory of each art traced but its social influence is
of that periodical. He will be succeeded by Dr. J. M.
carefully studied. Herein lies the chief value and Rice.
originality of the work.
“ The Story of Oliver Twist,” condensed for home and
school reading by Miss Ella Boyce Kirk, with an intro-
duction by Dr. W. T. Harris, is published by Messrs.
D. Appleton & Co.
BRIEFER MENTION.
An attractive edition of “John Halifax, Gentleman,"
In bis “ Outlines of Physics ” (Macmillan), Professor
with illustrations by Mr. Hugh Riviere, is published by
Edward L. Nichols has prepared an elementary text-
Messrs. Harper & Brothers. It will make a very accept-
book to be offered as “a fair equivalent for the year of
able gift-book for the young.
advanced mathematics now required for entrance to We have received from “Saint Katharine's Hall,"
many colleges.” Such an alternative as this in entrance Davenport, Iowa, a pretty brochure entitled “Saint
requirements is, in our opinion, extremely desirable, and Katharine’s Echoes,” containing some creditable verses
this text by Professor Nichols, both authoritative and and drawings by the pupils of the Hall.
up-to-date, is well fitted for its purpose. Experimental We have received from Mr. J. W. Bouton, the Amer-
work occupies a large place, as it rightly should, in the erican agent, the first number of “The Genealogical
work, and the laboratory equipment necessary for its Magazine," a new monthly periodical. It is handsomely
use is not beyond the reach of any good secondary school. printed, and presents an interesting programme.
The enterprise which has led the American Book Co. Messrs. G. H. Richmond & Co. are the publishers of
6


1897.]
339
THE DIAL
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a pretty new edition of “ The Devotions of Bishop
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
Andrewes," as “ translated from the Greek and arranged
anew by John Henry Newman.” The Rev. Morgan Dix
June, 1897.
contributes an introduction.
Alcohol, History of. C. E. Pellew. Popular Science.
Publication of the English version of the Polychrome
Athletics, College. Albert Tyler. Lippincott.
Bible, edited by Prof. Paul Haupt of Johus Hopkins
Bourget, Paul. Yetta Blaze de Bury. Forum.
University, which has been so long announced, is to be
Brunetière. Irving Babbitt. Atlantic.
begun in October next. Messrs. Dodd, Mead, & Com-
Butterflies, A Year of. F. H. Sweet. Lippincott.
Cabot's Discovery of North America, Date of. Forum.
pany are to be the American publishers.
Cliff-Dwellers, An Elder Brother to the. Harper.
A novel venture into the periodical field is “ Birds," College Admission Requirements, Reform of. Educa'l Rev.
issued by the Nature-Study Publishing Co. of Chicago.
Dante in America. Dial.
The principal feature of this new monthly is a series of
Dispensary, The, a Propagator of Pauperism. Forum.
full-page bird portraits, made from stuffed specimens
Domremy, Around. Mary H. Catherwood. Atlantic.
and reproduced in colors by a photographic process.
Dutch Feeling towards England. Poultney Bigelow. Harper.
Educational Method, Study of. J. A. Reinhart. Ed. Rev.
These plates are of great beauty and value.
England, Social, before Waterloo. A. B. Woodford. Dial.
The last bound volume of “ The Century " magazine, Essayists, Contemporary American. B. W. Wells. Forum.
ending with April, 1897, bas for its most noteworthy Fireplaces of Snow. John Murdoch. Lippincott.
features the beginnings of General Porter's “Campaign-
Food, Use of, in the Body. W. 0. Atwater. Century.
ing with Grant" and of Dr. Mitchell's “ Hugh Wynne."
Geologists of the World at St. Petersburg. Popular Science.
There are also three papers on Nelson, by Captain
Gladwin, Henry, and Siege of Pontiac. Chas. Moore. Harper.
Government. A New Form of. J. B. Bishop. Forum.
Mahan, and many other interesting articles.
Greece, American Excavations in: Plataia, Eretria. Forum.
Messrs. A. C. Armstrong & Son announce a new vol- Greece and Turkey. Benjamin Ide Wheeler. Atlantic.
ume in their “ Book Lovers' Library” entitled “The Gun, the Modern Heavy, Evolution of. Popular Science.
Novels of Charles Dickens A Bibliography and Harvard's Astronomical Work. Mabel L. Todd. Century.
Sketch," by Mr. F. G. Kitton, author of “ Dickensiana,”
Honorary Degrees in the U.S. H. T. Lukens. Ed. Rev.
and “Charles Dickens by Pen and Pencil.” The volume
House of Commons, Celebrities of. T. P. O'Connor. Harper.
Indians, Home Life of. Alice C. Fletcher. Century.
will contain a portrait never before published.
Individual Acquirement or Inheritance ? C. A. Kofoid. Dial.
The Macmillan Co. send us Balzac's “ The Lily of the Library of Congress, The New. M. Schuyler. Scribner.
Valley,” translated by Mr. James Waring; “ Ezekiel,” Lighthouse Service, Heroism in the. Gustav Kobbé. Century.
in “The Modern Reader's Bible," edited by Professor Lightning, Globe. M. Hagenau. Popular Science.
R. G. Moulton; “ The Two Noble Kinsmen,” edited by
Lock-Step in the Public Schools. W. J. Shearer. Atlantic.
Professor C. H. Herford, and “ Dr. Faustus,” edited by
London Salons. C. D. Gibson. Scribner.
Mr. Israel Gollancz, both in the “ Temple Dramatists”;
Meteorological Progress of Century. H. S. Williams. Harper.
Muir Glacier, Silent City of the. D.S. Jordan. Pop. Science.
and “The Lyrical Poems of Robert Herrick," edited by Municipal Problem, The, and Greater New York. Atlantic.
Mr. Ernest Rhys for the series of “ The Lyric Poets." New York's First Poet. E. S. Van Zile. Lippincott.
Mr. Thomas B. Mosher has published a new edition Parthenon, Unraveling a Riddle of the. Century.
of Mr. Charles Johnston's “ From the Upanishads."
Princeton, Undergraduate Life at. J. W. Alexander. Scribner,
This exquisite little book was obtained by Mr. Mosher
Public, The, and its Public Library. J. C. Dana. Pop. Science.
a year ago as a "remainder” from the English pub-
Richardson, Sir Benjamin Ward. P. F. Bicknell. Dial.
lisher, and was noticed by us in that form. The new
Rural School Problem, The. D. L. Kieble. Educa'l Rev.
Science as an Instrument of Education. Popular Science.
edition is like the old, except for the addition of a “Fore-
Shaw Memorial, The, and the Sculptor St. Gaudens. Century.
word” by the translator. It is now printed in the taste- South, Higher Life in the. W. P. Trent. Atlantic.
ful style made so familiar to book-lovers by Mr. Mosher's Spanish Plains and Sierras. Fanny B. Workman. Lippincott.
other publications.
Suicide and the Environment. R. N. Reeves. Pop. Science.
The following lines were recently addressed by Prof.
Switzerland, A New. Edwin Lord Weeks. Harper.
Teacup Times. Frances M. Butler. Lippincott.
essor Skeat to Dr. Murray, upon learning that the latter
Trans-Missouri Decision, The. G. R. Blanchard. Forum.
had started on the letter H in the “ New English Dict-
Victoria, Queen. Thomas F. Bayard. Century.
ionary."
Victoria's " Coronation Roll.” Florence Hayward. Century.
“I'm glad that you've done --80 I hear you say
Walker, Francis A., Educational Work of. Educa'l Rev.
With words that begin with D,
West, Grievance of the. J. H. Hyslop. Forum.
And have left H. B. to be Glad and Gay
Woman Suffrage and Education. Helen Johnson, Pop. Sci.
With the Glory that waits on G;
And you laugh Ha! Ha! defying fate,
As you tackle the terrible aspirato,
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
The H that appals the Cockney crew,
Lancashire, Essex, and Shropshire too.
[The following list, containing 65 titles, includes books
For they cannot abide the Hunter's Horn,
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
And hold e'en Heavenly Hosts in scorn;
And I fear there are some that can scarcely say
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Why you did n't give Hat when you worked at A, Cicero and his Friends: A Study of Roman Society in the
Whose utterance leaves some doubt between
Time of Cæsar. By Gaston Boissier; trans. from the
The human Hair and an Air serene,
French by Adnah David Jones. 12mo, uncut, pp. 399.
The Harrow that creeps and the Arrow that flies,
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75.
The Heels where chilblains are wont to rise
Life of Abby Hopper Gibbons. Told chiefly through her
And the nice fat Eels that are baked in pies !
correspondence. Edited by her daughter, Sarah Hopper
Emerson. In 2 vols., with portraits, 12mo, gilt tops, uncut.
We all rejoice on this New Year's Day
G. P. Putnam's Sons. Boxed, $3.
To hear you are fairly upon your way
General Grant. By James Grant Wilson. Illus., 12mo, gilt
To Honour and Happiness, Hope and Health -
top, uncut, pp. 390. “Great Commanders." D. Appleton
I would you were nearer to Worldly Wealth.”
& Co. $1.50.
9


340
(June 1,
THE DIAL
HISTORY.
The Fall of the Congo Arabs. By Sidney Langford Hinde.
With portrait and plans, large 8vo, uncut, pp. 308. Thomas
Whittaker. $2.50.
The Voyage of the Mayflower. Penned and pictured by
Blanche McManus. 8vo, uncut, pp. 72. "Colonial Mono-
graphs." New York: E. R. Herrick & Co. $1.25.
A Woman's Part in a Revolution. By Mrs. John Hays
Hammond. 12mo, pp. 144. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
A History of American Literature during the Colonial
Time. By Moses Coit Tyler. In 2 vols.: Vol. I., 1607-
1676; Vol. II., 1676–1765. Large 8vo, gilt tops, uncut.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. Per vol., *2.50.
The French Revolution and English Literature: Lec-
tures Delivered in Connection with the Princeton Sesqui-
centennial. By Edward Dowden. 12mo, pp. 285. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
Some Questions of Good English Examined in Contro-
versies with Dr. Fitzedward Hall. By Ralph Olmsted
Williams. 12mo, uncut, pp. 233. Henry Holt & Co. $1.75.
The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine. Vol. LIII.,
November, 1896, to April, 1897. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top,
pp. 960. Century Co. $3.
The Lyric Poems of Robert Herrick. Edited by Ernest
Rhys. With portrait, 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 181. " The
Lyric Poets.' Macmillan Co. $1.
From the Upanishads. By Charles Johnston. 18mo, uncut,
pp. 60. Portland, Me.: Thomas B. Mosher. Boxed, 750. net.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
John Halifax, Gentleman. By Mrs. Craik; illus. by Hugh
Riviere. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 517. Harper & Bros. $1.75.
The Lily of the Valley. By H. de Balzac ; trans. by James
Waring; with Preface by George Saintsbury. Illus.,
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 312. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
The Temple Classics. Edited by Israel_Gollancz, M.A.
New vols.: Malory's Le Morte Darthur, Part 3, and Mon-
taigne's Essays, Vol. 2. Each with frontispiece, 18mo, gilt
top, uncut. Macmillan Co. Per vol., 50 cts.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Globe Library. My Uncle Barbassou. By Mario Uchard ;
trang. by A. D. Hall. 12mo, pp. 263.- A Man's Privilege.
By Dora Russell. 12mo, pp. 288. Rand, McNally & Co.
Per vol., 25 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Sketches of Travel in Normandy and Maine. By Edward
A. Freeman; with frontispiece by W. H. Hutton, B.D.
Illus. by the author, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 243. Mac-
millan Co. $2,50.
Wild Norway. With chapters on Spitsbergen, Denmark,
etc. By Abel Chapman. Illus., large 8vo, uncut, pp. 358.
Edward Arnold. $5.
In Joyful Russia. By John A. Logan, Jr. Illus. in colors,
etc., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 275. D. Appleton & Co. $3.50.
Notes on the Nicaragua Canal. By Henry I. Sheldon.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 214. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.25.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
The Bible: Its Meaning and Supremacy. By F. W. Farrar,
Dean of Canterbury. 8vo, pp. 359. Longmans, Green, &
Co. $2.
Religion of the Ancient Egyptians. By Alfred Wiede-
mann, Ph.D. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 324. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $3.75.
The Devotions of Bishop Andrewes. Trang. from the
Greek and arranged anew by John Henry Newman. 8vo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 146. George H. Richmond & Co. $2.
In this Present World. By George Hodges. 12mo, pp. 223.
Thomas Whittaker. $1.
Some Aspects of the Religious Life of New England,
with Special Reference to Congregationalists. By George
Leon Walker, D.D. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 208. Silver, Bur-
dett & Co.
Ezekial. Edited by Richard G. Moulton, M.A. 24mo, gilt
top, pp. 203. “Modern Reader's Bible." Macmillan Co.
50 cts.
Thoughts on Religion. By the late George John Romanes ;
edited by Charles Gore. M.A. 12mo, pp. 196. “Religion
of Science Library.” Open Court Pub'g Co. Paper, 50c.
The Church Army. By Montague Chamberlain. 18mo,
pp. 89. Boston: Damrell & Upham. Paper.
SCIENCE.
The Development of the Frog's Egg: An Introduction to
Experimental Embryology. By Thomas Hunt Morgan,
Ph.D. Illus., 8vo, pp. 192. Macmillan Co. $1.60 net.
BOOKS ON NATURE.
Lawns and Gardens: How to Plant and Beautify the Home
Lot, the Pleasure Ground, and Garden. By N. Jönsson-
Rose. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 414. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. Boxed, $3.50.
Flowers of Field, Hill, and Swamp. By Caroline A.
Creevey. Illus., 8vo, pp. 564. Harper & Bros. $2.50.
Bird-Life: A Guide to the Study of our Common Birds. By
Frank M. Chapman ; illus. by E. S. Thompson. 12mo,
pp. 269. D. Appleton & Co. $1.75.
GAMES AND SPORTS.
The Encyclopædia of Sport. Edited by the Earl of Suf-
folk and Berkshire, Hedley Peek, and F. G. Afalo. (To
be completed in 20 parts.) Part 1; illus. in photogravure,
etc., large 8vo, uncut. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Per part, $1.
“Out of Door Library.” By various writers. New vols.:
Mountain-Climbing, and Athletic Sports. Each illus.,
12mo. Charles Scribner's Sons. Per vol., $1.50.
POETRY.
Fugitive Lines. By Henry Jerome Stockard. 16mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 93. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.
The Heart of Life. By James Buckham. 24mo, uncut,
"Oaten Stop Series." Copeland & Day. 75 cts.
pp. 70.
2
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FICTION.
The Missionary Sheriff: Being Incidents in the Life of a
Plain Man Who Tried to Do his Daty. By Octave Thanet.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 248. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
The Third Violet. By Stephen Crane. 12mo, uncut, pp. 203.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.
The Fool and his Heart: Being the Plainly Told Story of
Basil Thimm. By F. Morreys Connell. 12mo, uncut,
pp. 294. George H. Richmond & Co. $1.50.
Leonora of_the Yawmish. By Francis Dapa. 12mo,
pp. 310. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
The Eye of the Sun. By Edward S. Ellis. 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 299. Rand, McNally & Co. $1.25.
The Massarenes. By "Ouida.” 12mo, pp. 583. R. F. Fenno
& Co. $1.25.
A Bit of a Fool. By Sir Robert Peel, Bart. 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 345. R. F. Fenno & Co. $1.25.
Beyond the City Gates: A Romance of Old New York.
By Augusta Campbell Watson. With frontispiece, 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 324. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
The Pilgrimage of the Ben Beriah. By Charlotte M.
Yonge. 12mo, uncut, pp. 321, Macmillan Co. $1.25.
Yellow Pine Basin: The Story of a Prospector. By Henry
G. Catlin. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 214. George H. Rich-
mond & Co. $1.25.
The Burglar Who Moved Paradise. By Herbert D. Ward.
With frontispiece, 16mo, pp. 226. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
$1.25.
Captain Molly: A Love Story. By Mary A. Denison. ,12mo,
pp. 251. Lee & Shepard. $1.
Spanish Castles by the Rhine: A Triptychal Yarn. By
David Skaats Foster. Illus., 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 245.
Henry Holt & Co. 75 cts.
66
9
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
A Loyal Traitor: A Story of the War of 1812. By James
Barnes. Illus., 12mo, pp. 306. Harper & Bros. $1.50.
The Story of Oliver Twist. By Charles Dickens,
con-
densed for home and school reading by Ella Boyce Kirk.
Illus., 12mo, pp.
348.
Home-Reading Books." D. Apple-
ton & Co. 60 cts.
BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
La Pierre de Touche: A Comedy. By Emile Augier and
Jules Sandean; edited by George McLean Harper, Ph.D.
12mo, pp. 149. Ginn & Co. 70 cts.
Lord Chesterfield's Letters to his Son and Godson, Selected.
Edited by Henry H. Belfield, Ph.D. 18mo, pp. 159.
English Classic Series." Maynard, Merrill & Co. 24c.
9


1897.]
341
THE DIAL
Asiatic Geographical Reader. By Frank G. Carpenter.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 304. American Book Co. 60 cts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Navaho Legends. Collected and trans. by Washington
Matthews, LL.D. Illus., in colors, etc., large 8vo, gilt top;
pp. 299,
"Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society.'
Houghton, Miffin & Co. $6 net.
Life's Comedy, First Series. Illus., 4to. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.50.
The Place of Death in Evolution. By Newman Smythe.
12mo, pp. 227. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
The House of Dreams. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 207.
Dodd, Mead Co. $1.25.
After her Death: The Story of a Summer. By the author
of “The World Beautiful." With portrait, 16mo, pp. 137.
Roberts Bros. $1.
Re-Open Sesame: Rhymed Acrostics Answering Bellamy's
"Second Century" and Involving in Each Answer a New
Charade. By Harlan H. Ballard. 18mo, pp. 100. L. C.
Page & Co. $1.
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Dante Society (Cam-
bridge, Mass.). 8vo, pp. 149. Ginn & Co. Paper.
Between Two Worlds. By Mrs. Calvin Kryder Reif-
snider. Illus., 12mo, pp. 292. St. Louis : Anna C. Reif-
snider Book Co. $1.25.
HENRY HOLT & CO.,
NEW YORK,
Have opened a BRANCH, from which they will
supply their EDUCATIONAL BOOKS after
August 1st, at
No. 378 WABASH AVENUE,
CHICAGO.
A NEW BOOK SENT FREE.
A
NEW BOOK OF VERSE issued by a well known
publishing house at one dollar will be sent free to
any address upon receipt of a postal-card request. If
you wish to keep the book, sixty cents in stamps or money
order will make it yours. If you do not wish to keep it,
return by mail, and the postage (four cents) is the price
you will have paid for the privilege of reading a new
book. Address
F. A. L., Box 84, EVANSTON, ILL.
FOR
SEND FOR CATALOGUE
Of an extraordinary collection of Autograph Letters, Docu-
ments, etc., of American Presidents, Generals, Actors, Liter-
ary Celebrities, Revolutionary Muster Rolls, Broadsides, etc.,
formerly belonging to William R. Dorlon and Dr. Sprague.
Also List of rare old Books of Emblems, early Imprints, curi-
ous old Almanacks, Voyages and Travels, etc., now ready and
sent post free on application to
J. W. CADBY, 131 Eagle St., Albany, N. Y.
DEALER IN
NOTICE.
D'AL SUBSCRIBERS changing their addresses for the summer may
have their papers promptly forwarded by notifying the publishers,
THE DIAL CO., 315 Wabash Avenue, CHICAGO.
OBTAINING 100 QUESTIONS upon any play of Shakespeare,
with or without answers, address Úrs. ANNA RANDALL-DIEHL,
251 Fifth Avenue, New York City.
H. WILLIAMS, No. 25 Last Tenth Street, New York.
MAGAZINES, and other Periodicals. Sets, volumes, or single numbers.
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THE DIAL
JUST PUBLISHED.
BY
BY THE
A MANUAL FOR
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RULING ELDERS. Its History and Standards.
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byterian Church in the U.S.A., in Relation
REV. ALEXANDER F. MITCHELL, D.D., LL.D.,
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to Ruling Elders and other Church Officers,
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[From the President of Princeton University.]
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THE
pertaining to the duties of the Ruling Elder has
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ORDINATION.
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CHURCH PAPERS. No. 1.
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Octavo, 28 pages. Price, 10 cents net.
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ever, come when such silence is capable of being
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hensive, but not diffuse.
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hands is essential to a valid ministry. He shows
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the one claim to be without any historical founda-
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each other and with the congregation.
within the Church of England itself.
BY THE
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346
(June 16,
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348
(June 16, 1897.
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL, 315 Ave., Chicago.
No. 264.
JUNE 16, 1897.
Vol. XXII.
CONTENTS.
PAOL
.
.
CHAUCER. (Sonnet.) Edith C. Banfield
349
THE TRIUMPH OF THE MIDDLEMAN.
349
THE METRE OF “IN MEMORIAM.” C. Alphonso
Smith
. 351
COMMUNICATIONS
353
Files of Chicago Daily Papers. Paul Selby.
Documentary Study of Western History, Benj. F.
Shambaugh.
Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature. Arthur
W. Hodgman.
LADY ISABEL BURTON. E. G. J..
354
A PHILOSOPHER DECADENT. Camillo von Klenze 356
A HISTORY OF ANCIENT CULTURE. George S.
Goodspeed
359
DEAN CHURCH'S OCCASIONAL PAPERS. Percy
F. Bicknell. .
360
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
362
A valuable new work on the Constitution. — Two
Victorian books. - Robert the Bruce. - Lectures on
French literature. — Faith and social service. - The
Lion of the Covenant. - Places and people in Rome.
BRIEFER MENTION .
364
LITERARY NOTES
THE TRIUMPH OF THE MIDDLEMAN.
The editor of The Bookman " has recently
made some remarks, as suggestive as they are
true, about the way in which most men get their
opinions at second or third hand. While the
real scholars of the world are busily engaged in
their single-hearted search after truth, there
swarm about them the middlemen of thought.
“Whatever stream of knowledge flows forth
from the little sanctuary where the giants of
learning smite the rocks of difficulty, these
brilliant persons rapidly scoop it up into their
own shallow vessels, and diluting it with the
water of the first roadside puddle, run abroad
throughout the world, selling the draught to any-
one who may seek to buy.
seek to buy. ... Take almost
any field of science, using that term in its
broadest sense, and ask the average man to tell
you the great contemporary names suggested
by it, and he will always give you the names of
middlemen, of men who sit in the outer gates
of learning, and not within the penetralia.'
One does not have to look far for illustrations
of this thesis. The late Professor Drummond
was an excellent example. A mere dabbler
in natural science, he was in all simplicity be-
lieved to be one of its foremost exponents by
the large audience that he attracted by the
earnestness of his manner and the charm of
his style. His lamented death evoked a chorus
of eulogistic utterances, while the death, occur-
ring at almost the same time, of Professor Syl-
vester, who was one of the greatest creative
intellects of the century, by way of ironic con-
trast called forth only a meagre paragraph here
and there.
If we ask where the average intelligent
reader, seeking to keep abreast of the swiftly-
flowing stream of scientific progress, gets his
knowledge of the problems that are being
worked out from year to year, we shall find in
almost every case that the middleman is his
guide and prophet. Of this fact alone there
could be no cause for complaint; it is of the
nature of things that “the stream of knowl-
edge” should find its way to the public from
“ the little sanctuary ” of its origin by devious
channels and carefully-planned systems of irri-
gation. Broadly considered, our entire educa-
tional “ plant” is nothing more than such a
.
-
.
.
.
364
.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
365
.
а
CHAUCER.
Thy words are like a sweet refreshing shower
To one who travels on a dusty way:
Thou breathest of the bawthorn boughs of May,
And leadest one as to a pleasant bower
Where, hidden in the tangled leaf and flower,
Some little bird pours forth his roundelay;
Then out again to meet the golden day
In open meadows with their starry dower.
Ah, Chaucer! thou art like a little child
Who prattles all the day for very glee,
And forces old and grave to be beguiled
With woven tales and winsome imagery;
Nor more than any child dost thou surmise
How in simplicity thy heart is wise!
EDITH C. BANFIELD.


350
(June 16,
THE DIAL
>
It
system of irrigation ; it muddies the waters and is intended for the popularizer who fulfils his
makes their flow sluggish, to be sure, but it proper function as an educator, and frankly
does accomplish its purpose of bringing them stands as a medium for the propagation of sci-
to the places where they are needed. The just entific ways of thinking. Arrogating to himself
complaint is not, then, that the middleman ex- no credit for the work of the original investi-
ists, but that in the performance of his useful gator, and freely admitting the secondary nature
function he looms so large in the view of those of his own work, he is one of the most important
to whom he ministers. It is doubtless better educational forces of the time, for he translates
than having no ideas at all upon such subjects into a speech understanded of the people the
to get our electricity from Mr. Edison, and our technically-expressed conclusions of the men
Buddhism from Sir Edwin Arnold, and our who are primarily responsible for the advance-
comparative philology from Professor Max ment of knowledge. This is a work of great
Müller. But it is unfortunate, at least, that, usefulness, and our discussion would be de-
having got our ideas from these copious sources, prived of point were the work not so frequently
we should be wholly unaware that such men as made a means of self-advertisement or self-
Clerk Maxwell and Professor Rhys-Davids and glorification, and were it performed only by
Professor Brugmann stand in the background. men incapable of posing in false positions. But
It seems, however, an almost unbroken law of the allurements of vanity are not easily to be
human nature that the really great thinkers of resisted, and the ease with which almost any
the world do not come to their own as far as acute mind of the secondary order may, by a
a reputation commensurate with their achieve- certain glibness of speech and a certain affec-
ments is concerned — until it becomes possible tation of omniscience, acquire a sort of popular
to view them in the time-perspective of lapsed | fame, offer temptations that such minds find it
generations, and pronounce the definitive judg- difficult to resist, although they know in their
ment upon their work.
hearts how cheap this fame must seem in the
may be urged that the wide diffusion of estimation of “them that know.” It is the
knowledge which we owe to the unprecedented prevalence of this spirit, of this willingness of
activity of our latter-day press makes it impos- men to assume a virtue that they do not have,
sible for the modern world to remain ignorant which calls for our protest, and which makes it
of its great men until long after they are dead. desirable that we should learn to distinguish the
There is a measure of truth in this plea, and it middlemen of thought from the producers at
is pleasant to contrast the fortunes of Darwin, first hand.
for example, with those of Copernicus, the for- If our debt be considerable to the popularizers
tunes of Schopenhauer with those of Spinoza, who do their work with no thought of personal
the fortunes of Wagner with those of Bach. vanity, making it quite clear that they stand
But it must also be admitted that the popular only as the interpreters of better men, our debt
press of to-day, with its unholy alertness for the is still greater to the few who with their own
new thing, does nearly as much to darken coun- hands bring down the result of their labors
sel as to illuminate it. When Job spoke of
When Job spoke of from the inaccessible heights where their work
“words without knowledge,” even his prophetic is done, and make it the possession of the mul-
vision could hardly have foreseen such an illus- titude. The investigators who are their own
tration of the phrase as is offered by nineteenth- middlemen, so to speak, are indeed benefactors
century journalism. Our popular periodicals, of their fellows, but they are few in number,
daily or monthly, do occasionally hear of the for the faculty of popular exposition and the
existence of some distinguished investigator, gift of graceful style are not often bestowed
and help to make the public familiar with his upon the men who do the pioneer work of knowl-
work, but they are far more likely to exploit edge. This happy conjunction of powers is
the sciolist and the charlatan, and every intel- found in but few men of any generation as it
lectual quackery that lifts its head requires only was found, for example, to a certain degree in
a little diplomacy to gain their encouragement. Faraday, Huxley, and Tyndall, and preëmi-
As for the middleman, his fortunes are built nently in Helmholtz and Renan. But when
upon their ignorance, and their support so am- such men appear, they are deserving of all
plifies his dimensions as to make him seem, to honor, for they give dignity to the term “pop-
undiscerning eyes, a far more important figure ular science,” which else would suffer under
than he really is.
much reproach. It is theirs, on the one hand,
In all these reflections no word of reproach I to see things as they are, and on the other, so


1897.]
351
THE DIAL
>
to purge the eyes of duller mortals as to impart
“So they loved, as love in twain
Had the essence but in one;
a like clearness of vision. It is theirs, in a
Two distincts, division none :
word, to seize upon new ideas and to give them
Number there in love was slain,"
dynamic effectiveness, not only to discover new
The stanzas cited are trochaic; but Ben Jonson, in
regions of thought, but also to annex them to his “Elegy” (“Underwoods,” XXXIX.), prefers
the world already known, and make all men the iambic foot, and thus employs the exact metre
free of access to their stores.
of “In Memoriam ":
Though beauty be the mark of praise,
And yours of whom I sing be such
As not the world can praise too much,
Yet 't is your virtue now I raise."
THE METRE OF “ IN MEMORIAM." Thomas Carew (1598-1639), like Sidney and
The editors of Tennyson's great poem, and the
Shakespeare, prefers the trochaic movement. The
critics and commentators as well, seem to me to
third of his “ Four Songs by way of Chorus to a
have laid too great stress on the novelty of the met-
Play” is entitled “Separation of Lovers." The
first of its six stanzas is as follows:
rical form that the poet has chosen to employ. I
cannot for a moment believe that Mr. Jennings is
"Stop the chasèd boar, or play
With the lion's paw, yet fear
right when he says (“Lord Tennyson," p. 125),
From the lover's side to tear
“We have excellent authority for saying that, as
The idol of his soul away."
far as Tennyson knew then, he thought he had
Edward Herbert (1581-1648), elder brother of
invented the metre.” The poet was surely too well
the more famous George Herbert, used to be re-
versed in the lore of versification to consider him-
ferred to as Tennyson's only predecessor in the
self the inventor of so simple a metrical combina-
meter of “In Memoriam.” Of his poetry, Mr. J.
tion as he makes use of in his immortal elegy.
Churton Collins says (Ward's “ English Poets,”
The metre is iambic tetrameter, each stanza con-
Vol. II., p. 188): “It is uniformly musical, and his
sisting of four lines. The claim of originality is based
music is often at once delicate and subtle." But I
on the rime-sequence (abba). This sequence, in four- have never been able to detect the music of these
lined stanzas, has, it is true, always been compara- stanzas (cited by Mr. Collins) :
tively rare in English verse, but less rare in German
"When with a love none can express
poetry and still less in that of France. Schipper
That mutually happy pair,
("Neuenglische Metrik," $ 311) thinks that its non-
Melander and Celinda fair,
appearance in Middle English is merely accidental
The season with their loves did bless.
(zufällig) inasmuch as the alliterative sequence, “Long their fix'd eyes to Heaven bent
abba, is common enough in Old English verse, and
Unchanged, they did never move;
As if so great and pure a love
the rime-sequence itself not infrequent in the foreign
No glass but it could represent.
Romance verse of the Middle English period. But
“When with a sweet though troubled look
is not Lydgate's “Roundel on the Coronation of
She first brake silence, saying, 'Dear friend,
Henry VI.” a Middle English example?
O that our love might take no end,
“Rejoice ye reames of England and of Fraunce !
Or never had beginning took.'"
A braunche that sprang oute of the floure de lys, Nor can I see anything but hopeless cacophony in
Blode of seint Edward and seint Lowys,
this stanza from Herbert's lines “Upon Combing
God hath this day sent in governaunce.
her Hair,” lines which preserve, however, the same
“God of nature hath yoven him suffisaunce
rime-sequence :
Likly to atteyne to grote honure and pris.
“While gracious unto me, thon both dost sunder
“O hevenly blossome, o budde of all plesaunce,
Those glories which, if they united were,
God graunt the grace for to ben als wise
Might have amazed sense, and shew'st each hair
As was thi fader, by circumspect advise,
Which if alone had been too great a wonder."
Stable in vertue withoute variaunce."
But it is at least an interesting coincidence that
There were not many rime combinations unknown the name of Herbert's poem from which the three
to the Elizabethans, and the sequence abba forms stanzas were cited - a poem differing widely from
no exception. Sir Philip Sidney interspersed eleven “ In Memoriam” in melody but not at all in formal
songs among his famous sonnet series known as
meter — should embody precisely the problem that
“Astrophel and Stella.” The “Second Song” (first the great Laureate wrestled with two hundred years
stanza) runs as follows (see also his “ Translation of later. Herbert headed his stanzas “ An Ode upon
Psalm XXXVIII."):
a Question Moved whether Love Should Continue
“Have I caught my heav'nly jewel,
for Ever"; and these three stanzas, barring a
Teaching sleep most fair to be?
slightly archaic note in the form of expression, might
Now will I teach her that she
When she wakes, is too, too cruel."
almost pass for a selection from “ In Memoriam”:
“Not here on earth then, nor above,
Shakespeare himself tried
his hand at this sequence
One good affection can impair ;
in “ The Phenix and the Turtle.” The best stanza
For where God doth admit the fair,
is the seventh :
Think you that He excludeth Love?


352
(June 16,
THE DIAL
.
“These eyes again thine eyes shall see,
ence of the Italian sonnet, introduced into England
These hands again thy hand enfold,
in the first half of the sixteenth century by Wyatt
And all chaste blessings can be told
Shall with us everlasting be.
and Surrey. It will be remembered that each qua-
train of the Italian sonnet does reproduce the rime-
"For if no use of sense remain
When bodies once this life forsake,
sequence abba, the metre being iambic pentameter.
Or they could no delight partake,
The infrequency of this sequence in English verse
Why should they ever rise again ?"
before the reign of Henry VIII. would seem to lend
Note especially the Tennysonian touch in the re-
some show of probability to Schipper's conjecture;
peated sounds of the first two lines in the second but, after all, is it necessary to postulate borrowing
stanza (“ eyes
eyes,”
” « hands”
or foreign influence of any sort for so simple a
“hand”). Tennyson makes frequent use of this
stanza ? If an English poet has read and written
device:
hundreds of stanzas of the type abab and a abb,
"I cannot love thee as I ought,
must he wait for the fine Italian hand to point out
For love reflects the thing beloved ;
to him the possibility of abba?
My words are only words, and moved
Besides, if we must break a stanza to get at the
Upon the topmost froth of thought."
origin of our rime-sequence (and the quatrain is
William Somerville (1677–1742), in “The Oyster” but a fragment of the stanzaic unit embodied in the
(“ Fable” viii.), has also left an exact metrical pro- sonnet), why go to the sonnet at all? There are
totype of Tennyson's elegiac stanza, but the mood
hundreds even of Middle English poems that illus-
is so different that the metrical similarity is hardly
trate somewhere in the stanza (usually toward the
suggested to the reader:
close, rarely at the beginning) the abba series of
“Two comrades, as grave authors say,
rimes. These must at least have thoroughly accus-
(But in what chapter, page, or line,
Ye critics, if ye please, define)
tomed the English ear to this sequence three cen-
Had found an oyster in their way."
turies before the introduction of the Italian sonnet.
And John Langhorne (1735-1779) repeats the
Note the following stanza from “ A Plea for Pity,”
same stanza in his “ Ode to the Genius of West-
written at least fifty years before the birth of
moreland” (six stanzas):
Chaucer :
“With longyng y am lad,
“Hail, hidden power of these wild groves,
On molde y waxe mad,
These uncouth rocks, and mountains grey!
A maide marreth me;
Where oft, as fades the closing day,
Y grede, y grone, unglad,
The family of Fancy roves."
For selden y am sad
That semely forte se;
In his lines “On Seeing a Wounded Hare Limp by
Leuedi, thou rowe me!
Me," Burns adopts the metre exemplified in Her-
To routhe thou hanest me rad;
bert's stanzas “Upon Combing her Hair,” except
Be bote of that bad,
that Burns's cleft rimes are masculine, not feminine :
My lyf is long on the."
“Inhuman man! curse on thy barb'rous art,
In the rimes here employed (a aba abba ab), the
And blasted be thy murder-aiming eye ;
rime-sequence of “In Memoriam " is twice im-
May never pity soothe thee with a sigh,
bedded, just as it is in the Italian sonnet; except
Nor ever pleasure glad thy cruel heart!"
that the Middle English poet ends his stanza with
Coleridge uses this metre (iambic pentameter) in
the rimes in question, whereas the Italian sonneteer
his lines “To a Friend, in Answer to a Melancholy
and his imitators place the same rimes at the begin-
Letter,” and mingles the same rime-sequence in
many of the five-lined stanzas of « The Ancient ning; but one position is not a whit more potent than
the other in its influence upon succeeding poets.
Mariner":
In other words, the stanza which Tennyson has
“I closed my lids, and kept them close,
now made familiar to all readers of poetry was
And the balls like pulses beat;
For the sky and the sea, and the sea and the sky,
once a part of a larger stanzaic unit: it was only a
Lay like a load on my weary eye,
segment of a larger rime-circle. In the Eliza-
And the dead were at my feet."
bethan age, this stanzaic fragment became a stanzaic
But the normal stanza of “ The Ancient Mariner unit and assumed a stanzaic individuality of its own.
has only four lines and these never employ the abba The Italian sonnet may have had an accelerating
sequence.
influence in this development, but it by no means
As soon as “ In Memoriam" appeared (1850), created the development.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti desired it to be known that The stanza has always seemed to me preeminently
he himself, in “My Sister's Sleep," had used the elegiac; and no American poet has shown so subtle
same stanza three years before (see Joseph Knight's an appreciation of its possibilities in this respect as
“Life of Rossetti,” p. 56); but neither Rossetti nor has Whittier. The most exquisite passages of “Snow
his biographer seemed aware of the fact that Ten- Bound” (which was published sixteen years after
nyson had made use of this metre in “ You ask me “In Memoriam") are the elegiac strains which,
why” and “Love thou thy land,” both written in
unlike the rest of the poem, are expressed in the
1833, though not published until 1842.
rime-sequences of the great English elegy.
Schipper thinks it not improbable that the rime-
C. ALPHONSO SMITH.
sequence abba in English verse is due to the influ- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.
a
8
a


1897.]
353
THE DIAL
COMMUNICATIONS.
same time be made accessible to students generally. An
effort should be made in every Western State to edit
and publish all the important papers, documents, manu-
scripts, etc., which contain historical material. Indeed,
it seems to me that the publication of historical material
is as essential as the initial step of collection. The
publication of the documentary materials of State his-
tory in the West would greatly facilitate the study of the
West in American History. BENJ. F. SHAMBAUGA.
State University of Iowa, June 5, 1897.
3
)
FILES OF CHICAGO DAILY PAPERS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In the timely article of Professor Edwin E. Sparks,
published in THE DIAL of April 16 last, on “ The Pres-
ervation of Historical Material in the Middle West,”
I notice the statement “ that to-day there is not open to
the student in the city of Chicago a complete file of a
Chicago daily paper back of the destructive year of
1871." While this is, no doubt, true as to Chicago
papers under their present names, it may be of interest
to students of history to know that there is, in the
library of the Chicago Historical Society, a file of the
daily and weekly issues of the “Chicago Democratic
Press,” beginning with the date of its establishment
in September, 1852, up to its consolidation with “ The
Tribune ” in July, 1858. From the latter date the file
is continuous — for more than two years under the
name of “The Press and Tribune," and afterward as
“The Tribune ”- up to the present time. So that,
regarding « The Democratic Press” and its imme-
diate successor as the same paper, the file may be
said to be complete and continuous for a period of
nearly forty-five years. There are partial files of other
Chicago papers as of the “Chicago Democrat,” the
“Chicago American ” and its successors, “The Ex-
press” and “Evening Journal,” and other Chicago pub-
lications - of an earlier date in the Chicago Historical
and Newberry Libraries, but nothing approaching com-
pleteness to the extent furnished by the files of " The
Democratic Press” and its successors, “ The Press and
Tribune” and “ The Tribune."
PAUL SELBY.
Chicago, June 8, 1897.
"
"
HARPER'S DICTIONARY OF CLASSICAL
LITERATURE.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and
Antiquities” has been extensively reviewed, and the
reviewers have generally agreed that the book is a val-
uable one. Doubtless those who are using the dictionary
will wish to correct in their copies such errors as the
work contains. Those in the following list have not, I
believe, been mentioned by any of the reviewers.
Page 39, s. v. Afer, for Cnæus read Gnæus.
Page 608, 8. v. Epigraphy, for Lebas read Le Bas.
Page 725, s. v. Geographia, for Cosmus read Cosmas.
Page 787, 8. v. Hemsterhuys, for Kuster read Küster.
Page 1198, 8. v. Pentelicus, for Pentelicus read Pentelicus.
Page 210, for Bituriges we should probably read Bituriges,
and for Diviti/cus (p. 529) Diviciācus.
Page 1277, 8. v. Plethrum, for "101 English feet” read
“97 feet 0.96 inches." The figures are given correctly in the
Appendix (p. 1696). The same mistake is made, 8. v. Sta-
dium (p. 1488), where the old erroneous value of 606 feet
9 inches should have given way to 582 feet 5.76 inches. On
page 1032, 8. v. Mengura, we miss some mention of the “Dörp-
feld foot."
Page 1578, s. v. Thule, for Pythius (bis) read Pytheas.
Page 1620, 8. v. Twelve Tables, for “Horatius and Valerius,
the consuls of the year 499," read "... of the year 449.”
Page 1218, 8. v. Persius, the Conington-Nettleship edition of
1874 should be replaced by the third edition, 1892.
Page 1276, s. v. Plautus, Brix's fourth edition of the Tri-
nummus appeared in 1888.
Page 1564, 8. v. Theocritus, the old etymology of the word
Idyl is certainly open to doubt. The bibliography of this
article should have mentioned the edition of Ahrens, and that
of Fritzsche-Hiller.
Pages 374, 923, 1177, 1371, the words Clytemnestra, Larissa,
Parnassus, Rhegium, had better have appeared as Clytemes-
tra, Larisa, Parnasus, Regium. On page 1289, in the descrip-
tion of the illustration, for Hexedra read Exedra.
Page 165, 8. v. Attius, vootum is an unfortunate choice of
an instance of doubled vowels. Vootam is a Faliscan word;
no instance of a doubled o occurs in a Latin inscription.
Page 513, s. v. Digamma, the editor says the word digamma
“is not found earlier than the first century A, D., when it oc-
curs in the grammarians." Yet Cicero uses it in his letter to
Atticus, IX., 4, 4.
Page 617, s. v. Equus Tuticus, "The term Tuticus is Oscan,
equivalent to the Latin magnus." Tuticus is really the equiv-
alent of the Latin publicus.
Page 409, s. v. Corcyra, the statements about the earlier
and the later form of the name do not agree with the facts as
given by Meisterhans.
Page 1122, why is the name of the town Odyss a differen-
tiated in spelling from that of the poem, if the two names are
alike in the Greek?
Pages 1016, 1177, the accentuation of the quotation from
Matron is not correct.
Page 1519, 8. v. Tacitus, the editor speaks as if there were
still some doubt as to the prænomen Publius. Publius is es-
tablished by a Greek inscription found at Melassa.
ARTHUR W. HODGMAN.
Ohio State University, Columbus, June 3, 1897.
DOCUMENTARY STUDY OF WESTERN HISTORY.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Permit me to add a word to what has already ap-
peared in The DIAL (April 16, May 1, and June 1) on
the preservation of historical material in the West.
Along with an appreciation of the real significance of
the West in American History, there comes from stu-
dents of history a demand for the better preservation
of historical data relative to the growth of the Western
States. But this material does not concern the historian
alone. The West is a great laboratory for the observa-
tion and study of social phenomena. Here students of
Economics
may
witness economic phenomena presented
on a scale which has but few if any parallels in history.
In the course of a single generation a vast objective
environment has been settled by individuals or groups
of individuals; there has been a rapid growth in popu-
lation by additions from without and from within;
there has been an economic integration of agricultural
and urban communities; industries have been located;
transportation developed; great markets established.
It is, however, to the study of American Government
that the materials of Western history are, in my opin-
ion, likely to make the most valuable contributions. Be-
fore there can be developed a complete and satisfactory
science of American Government more and better data
must be brought together in the several States on terri-
torial, commonwealth, and local government. None
appreciates more fully the value of collecting and pre-
serving the materials of Western history than students
of American Government.
But the materials of State history in the West should
not only be collected and preserved: they should at the
a


354
(June 16,
THE DIAL
a
6
“... They have at last something to talk about now.
The New Books.
I rode out about a league and a half, where I met four
fine geese. I must tell you I have never seen a goose
before; they do not eat them here, but only use them as
LADY ISABEL BURTON.*
an ornamental bird. Well, Chico [her black boy) and
Mr. Wilkins has justly styled his sympathetic and one at each side of his, and rode with them cackling
I caught them, and slung one at each side of my saddle,
and workmanlike Life of Lady Burton a "Ro- and squawking through the town; and whenever I met
mance.” Other than romantic the career of the any woman I thought would be ashamed of me, I stopped
wife of such a man as Richard Burton could
and was ever so civil to her. When I got up to our
scarcely have been, even had that
wife been by house, Richard, hearing the noise, ran out on the bal-
cony; and seeing what was the matter, he laughed and
nature a humdrum and compliant creature of shook bis fist, and said, “Oh, you delightful blackguard
the “ Amelia Sedley ” type
type — which Lady - how like you!'"
Burton decidedly was not. Foibles enough and “ Arcades ambo," the reader may naturally
to spare have been justly or otherwise imputed add. Lady Burton is by no means shy of a
to Lady Burton ; but no one, not even Miss joke at her own expense. Commenting on the
Stisted, her ladyship's latest and harshest as- oddity of her own appearance, in foreign eyes
sailant, has ventured to call her commonplace. at least, she goes on :
She was at least as uncommon, one might almost “ When I first came to Damascus, fond though I was
say as bizarre, a character as her learned, if of animals, I found that most of them shied at me. I
somewhat erratic and intractable, husband; and
do not think that they had been accustomed to an
English woman at close quarters. For instance, I went
the pair were curiously alike even in their
for a walk one day, and met a small boy leading a don-
eccentricities. Their doings abroad, during key laden with radishes, as high as a small tree. I
Burton's several consulships, would alone make suppose that I was strange-looking, for at the sight of
an amusing volume.
With all his learning,
me the donkey kicked up his heels and threw all the
the great Orientalist was of all Englishmen
radishes about for a hundred yards around. The poor
little boy set up a howl. I ran to help him, but the more
perhaps the one best fitted by nature to keep
I tried the more the donkey ran away, and at last I un-
his official chiefs in Downing Street in perpet- derstood by signs that the donkey was sbying at me, so
ual hot water with any government he might be I threw the boy a coin and retreated, and sent another
accredited to. He and his wife could generally shabby-looking horse, but the moment the horse saw me
to
We called to an old man riding a
be relied upon at any given crisis to do pre-
it did exactly the same thing, and nearly flung the old
cisely the unexpected and unaccountable thing. man off. My sides ached with laughing. Fancy being
Socially, their career at Damascus, Santos, etc., so queer that the animals take fright at one!"
may be described as a series of shocks (whole- The following description of one of Lady Bur-
some ones often) to the local sense of propriety. ton's Damascus costumes (she was always mas-
As a mild instance, it is related that when they querading in one shape or another) may serve
arrived at Trieste, whither Burton was sent to explain the conduct of these animals :
after his abrupt and to our thinking very proper “My dress was very picturesque. It consisted of
recall from Damascus, the new consul startled large yellow button boots and gaiters, an English riding-
the people of that town by ostentatiously march-
habit with the long ends of the skirt tucked in to look
ing coram populo down its high street to the
like their Eastern baggy trousers, an Eastern belt with
revolver, dagger, and cartridges. My hair was all
consulate with a game-cock under his arm, tucked up under the tarbash, and I wore one of the
while his wife followed him with a bull-dog Bedowin veils to the waist, only showing a bit of face.
.
under hers. This seems to have been their The veil was of all colours, chiefly gold braid, bound
notion of suitable consular pomp. Or perhaps
by a chocolate and gold circlet near the forehead.
Richard slung over my back and round my neck a
the animals were thus conspicuously borne in
whistle and compass, in case of my being lost.”
procession as emblems of the spirit of the com-
Mr. Wilkins's book is made up partly of an
ing consular régime. Lady Burton is delight-
fully frank as to these little exhibitions of
unfinished autobiography begun by Lady Bur-
ton a few months before she died, and partly
independence; and she never fails to dilate
of extracts from a mass of letters, journals and
complacently on their effect upon the natives.
Of a like tenor with the Trieste exploit was one
so on bearing mainly on her travels and adven-
tures. It has been his aim to let his heroine,
in Brazil. Says Lady Burton in a letter to a
friend at home :
wherever possible, tell the story of her life in
her own words, and to keep his own narrative
* THE ROMANCE OF LADY ISABEL BURTON. The Story of in the background. He has, in fine, endeav-
her Life, told in part by Herself and in part by W. H. Wilkins.
In two volumes, with portraits and illustrations. New York:
ored to give a faithful portrait of Lady Burton
Dodd, Mead & Co.
as revealed by herself. The opening volume
а
:
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1897.]
355
THE DIAL
cus.
>
deals with her ladyship's early life up to her lytizing was the true cause of her husband's re-
marriage in 1861, with her Continental tours call from Damascus. His review of the case,
and trips to Madeira, Teneriffe, Portugal, etc., based on the records of an official Blue Book,
and with the period of her residence with Bur- show plainly enough that Burton was recalled
ton in Brazil. Volume II. comprises the Da- simply because his conduct at Damascus
mascus period, the journeys to Palmyra, the stamped him as an unsafe man for a post
Holy Land, and India, the Trieste period, and where tact was the main requirement. His
.
the closing years of Lady Burton's life spent squabbles with the Jews, with the English
mainly in industrious retirement in England. missionaries, with the Turkish Wali, with the
Notably interesting are the chapters on Damas- Druzes, and with the Greek Bishop of Naz-
The following account of the Hammám areth, wore out the forbearance of his official
(Turkish Bath) at that place may serve as a chiefs — who, so far as we can see, were patient
fair sample of Lady Burton's descriptive style. and long-suffering. Lady Burton's reputation
“I first went to the Hammám out of curiosity, and
for eccentric and high-handed conduct cer-
was warmly welcomed by the native women; but I was tainly did not help matters. The Greek report
rather shocked. They squat naked on the floor, and, of the doings of the Burtons prior to the tre-
despoiled of their dress and hair and make-up, are,
mendous row at Nazareth, however exagger-
most of them, truly hideous. Their skins are like
parchment, and baggy; their heads as bald as billiard- ated, indicates pretty plainly that her ladyship’s
balls. What little hair they have is dyed an orange-red behavior was not exactly in keeping with the
with henna. They look like the witches in Macbeth, or precepts of the gentle Nazarene. Of this re-
at least as if they had been called up from out of the
port she says:
lower regions. They sit chatting with little bundles of
sweets and narghilehs before them.
“ The Greeks said, in their report, that we began the
An average En-
glishwoman would look like an houri amongst them; quarrel, and many other things absolutely false. For
and their customs were beastly, to use the mildest
instance, they stated that Richard fired upon them
term. The Hammám was entered by a large hall, lit
several times when they were playing at games; that he
by a skylight, with a huge marble tank in the centre ent
entered the church armed to profane it, tore down the
and four little fountains, and all around raised divans
pictures, broke the lamps, and shot a priest; and that I
covered with cushions. Here one wraps oneself in silk
also went forth in my nightgown, and, sword in hand,
and woolen sheets, and after that proceeds to pass
tore everything down, and jumped and shrieked upon
through the six marble rooms. The first is the cold
the débris, and did many other unwomanly things. This
room, the next warmer, the third warmer still, until you
report was actually signed and sealed by the Bishop and
come to the sudarium, the hottest room of all. First
by the Wali, and forwarded, unknown to us, to Constan-
they lather you, then they wash you with a lif and soap,
tinople and London. Naturally Richard's few enemies
then they douche you with tubs of hot water, then they
at home tried to make capital out of the incident."
shampoo you with fresh layers of soap, and then douche As to Lady Burton's course in burning (at a
again. They give you iced sherbet, and tie towels
great pecuniary sacrifice to herself) her hus-
dipped in cold water round your head, which prevent band's translation of the notorious “ Scented
you fainting and make you perspire. They scrub your
feet with pumice-stone, and move you back through all
Garden," Mr. Wilkins says, in our opinion, all
the rooms gradually, doucbe you with water, and sham- that needs be said. The book was anything
poo you with towels. You now return to the large hall but virginibus puerisque. Burton himself had
where you first undressed, wrap in woolen shawls, and said of it: “I am afraid it will make a great
recline on a divan. The place is all strewn with flow-
row in England, because the • Arabian Nights'
ers, incense is burned around, and a cup of hot coffee
is handed and a nargbíleh placed in your mouth. A
”
is a baby tale in comparison ” with it. Lady
woman advances and kneads you as though you were Burton reflected, “Out of fifteen hundred men,
bread, until you fall asleep under the process, as though fifteen will probably read it in the spirit of
mesmerized. When you wake up, you find music and
science in which it was written ; the other four-
dancing, the girls chasing one another, eating sweet-
meats, and enjoying all sorts of fun. Moslem women
teen hundred and eighty-five will read it for
go through a good deal more of the performance tban filth's sake, and pass it to their friends, and the
I have described. For instance, they have their hair harm done may be incalculable.” To the stock
hennaed and their eyebrows plucked. You can also plea, “ Puris omnia pura,” she might have
have your hands and feet hennaed, and, if you like it, replied, “ But purity of that degree is rare
be tatooed. The whole operation takes about four
hours. It is often said by the ignorant that people can
indeed.” A consideration which perhaps out-
get as good a Hammám in London or Paris as in the weighed all others with her was that the book
East. I have tried all, and they bear about as much was of a character to revive and strengthen cer-
relation to one another as a puddle of dirty water does
tain ugly rumors touching her husband's early
to a pellucid lake. And the pellucid lake is in the East.”
life which she had long combated. Whether or
Mr. Wilkins successfully defends Lady Bur- no Lady Burton was, all in all, justified in
ton from the charge that her passion for prose- / burning the “Scented Garden” is at least an


356
(June 16,
THE DIAL
open question ; but the charge that in so doing that the tamed, the domestic animals,” the
she showed “ the bigotry of a Torquemada and diseased, who people our modern cities, are
the vandalism of a John Knox" is overstrained. very largely due to a weakening code of morals,
Miss Stisted's characterization of the act as and that a complete “transvaluation of all val-
" theatrical” is unfair. Mr. Wilkins goes into should be aimed at. In order better to un-
the question of Burton's ultimate religious opin- derstand this remarkable man, we must cast a
ions, and of the sincerity of his alleged final glance at his intellectual evolution as mirrored
conversion to Romanism, at some length - a in his important works.
>
ues
rather barren field of inquiry
into which we In his early writings Nietzsche betrayed a
>
E. G. J.
shall not follow him. We may say, however,
.
rare mixture of artistic and scientific instincts.
that he shows Miss Stisted's sensational account His treatise on “ The Birth of Tragedy from
of Lady Burton's conduct at her husband's the Spirit of Music," written under the influ-
death-bed to be as exaggerated in fact as it is ence of Schopenhauer and Wagner, shows how
illiberal in tone. As a zealous Catholic and a highly the artist was developed in him. This
devoted wife, Lady Burton could not well have pamphlet he afterward rejected, though it con-
acted otherwise than she did.
tained much that is suggestive, and we find that
Mr. Wilkins's book is extremely entertain- in the works following upon the composition of
ing — a piquant compound of travels, adven- this essay he begins to express new, and in some
ture, and biography; and the publishers have respects original, views. He abandons Schopen-
issued it in handsome shape. The illustrations hauer and Wagner, and aims at what seems to
comprise some interesting
portraits of the Bur- him a correct definition of our moral code and
tons, photographic views, and so on.
at the establishment of new ideals which shall
be " beyond good and evil.” He tries to grow
from an artistic into a scientific frame of mind.
“Human, All-too-Human" (1878,1879), “The
Wanderer and his Shadow” (1880), “ Dawn
A PHILOSOPHER DECADENT.*
(1881), “ Joyful Science" (1882), record his
No country in the world, not even America, new convictions. Then in 1883 and 1884 ap-
is more sensitive to new ideas than modern peared his most striking work, a sort of philo-
Germany. The critical sense and a sort of sophical epic, “ Thus Spake Zarathustra" (the
divine discontent are so universal here that last part in 1892); in 1886, “ Beyond Good
every innovator who speaks loud enough to and Evil”; a year later, “On the Genealogy
make himself heard is sure of an audience. The of Morals "; and in 1888, “ The Case of Wag-
fervor and intensity characteristic of this nation ner.” In the latter year he also finished “The
enable him immediately to gather about him a Twilight of the Idols," " The Anti-Christ," and
group of admiring disciples. At the same time, a compilation of some of his former utterances
strong antagonists, so necessary for a man's on Wagner entitled “Nietzsche contra Wag-
fame, powerfully lift up their voices; and soon ner.” But while these works were in the press,
the new prophet, deservedly or undeservedly, and while he was planning another philosoph-
becomes an object of intense discussion. Such ical work of which the “ Anti-Christ " is the
was the case with Richard Wagner, and such first part, he succumbed to a nervous trouble
is the case now with that strangest of contem- under which his mind still remains clouded.
poraneous individualities, bold and perplexing, In some of the works of Nietzsche's last stage,
the will-of-the-wisp of modern philosophers,
as in “ Zarathustra " and his essays on Wagner,
Friedrich Nietzsche.
the irrepressible artistic instincts which so
The most salient feature in Nietzsche's sys. largely determine his individuality come to the
tem, if indeed he may be said to have a system, front; in all of them the views and convictions
is admiration for power. All through his works he had formulated in previous years find ex-
runs the profound conviction that every form pression so bold, often so felicitous, always so
of salvation and happiness can come only from striking and so original, and his new thoughts
healthy, powerful, and untamed individualities; are so extreme, that these works may be said
to have started a sort of prairie-fire in the
*THE WORKS OF FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE. Edited by Alex-
ander Tille. Volume VIII., Thus Spake Zarathustra, a Book domain of thought, setting heaven and earth
for All and None. Translated by Alexander Tille. Volume aflame and dazzling especially the immature.
IX., The Case of Wagner; Nietzsche contra Wagner; The
Twilight of the Idols; The Anti - Christ. Translated by
He tries to prove, especially in “Beyond Good
Thomas Common. New York : The Macmillan Co.
and Evil” and in “Genealogy of Morals,” that
a
c
f
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1897.]
357
THE DIAL
a calm
-
our ideas of good and evil were formulated by 128 of the translation before us): “Anti-
the weak, the suppressed, the “slaves.” “Good,” natural morality . . . (i. e., almost every mo-
”
in other words, is tantamount to harmless,“ bad” rality which has hitherto been taught, rever-
"
to strong, powerful. The views of the conquer-enced, and preached) directs itself straight
ors, the strong, the admirable, the “glorious against the instincts of life,-it condemns those
blonde beasts” who would call every exhibition instincts, sometimes secretly, sometimes loudly
of strength and of power “good," have been
“
and insolently." His ideas of æsthetics are
superseded by the views of those whom thou- closely connected with those of morality. In
sands of years ago the strong overcame,- i.e., “ Joyful Science” he distinguishes between
of the weak who call “good” the traits char- two kinds of art, one the expression of exuber-
acteristic of themselves, such as meekness, for- ance of health, the utterance of people suffering
giveness, pity, etc. These revolutionary views from an overplus of vitality, the other the expo-
Nietzsche does not base on a careful compara- nent of stinted health and strength, the utter-
tive study of morality, but on the etymology of ance of people suffering from lack of vitality.
a few words. The subject of morality, cer- The latter yearn for self-oblivion through art,
tainly very complex, this extraordinary man
for
peace
and
sea,” or they wish to be
tries to settle by a few dazzling intuitions. The intoxicated. We must be grateful to Nietzsche
rest of his “system” follows as a corollary for this suggestive distinction. The true na-
.
The contemptible morbidity, weakness, and ture of that melodious wail in art which went
lameness of modern society can be changed up from all parts of Europe during the su-
only by a return to the original view of things, premacy of Romantic ideals is better under-
to the belief that strength, power, health are stood when viewed from that standpoint. Yet
good, even when destructive,-a peculiar re- we must not forget that the disease may be
turn to nature.
exquisitely artistic - as, for example, with
Everything in the history of politics, of Lenau, the most poetical exponent of hopeless
morals, and of art, which is the expression of morbidity in Europe.
power or which fosters power, Nietzsche ad-
A man so fond of exceptional individualities,
mires ; everything which tames, he attacks with so fond of born rulers, one who defines a
intense fierceness. Hence his profound hatred truly noble (vornehm) person as “selfish, i. e.,
of Christianity. It came into being when the sure that others must be his subjects," -- could
-
world was in a condition of decadence, and
not help being fiercely hostile to democratic
mirrors the views and longings, not of the institutions. Hence Dr. Brandes has cleverly
strong, but of those craving pity; it nurses the
called Nietzsche's system " aristocratic radical-
instincts, not of the strong and exuberantly ism," and Nietzsche himself regarded that view
healthy, but of the “slaves,” the inferior, those
as excellent. In all his works he preaches
possessing meekness, humility, patience, etc. theories directly opposed to the spread of de-
It has systematically corrupted mankind. “Un-
mocracy. The whole idea running through his
Christian,” consistently powerful personalities great and unique epic “ Zarathustra” (namely,
and governments, powerful to brutality, call the breeding of “ Beyond - Man") is anti-
out his admiration. Cæsar, Borgia, Napoleon, democratic. Mankind in its present condition
the Roman and the Russian governments, are seems so unsatisfactory to him that he longs for
his delight. In “ Beyond Good and Evil,” | beings as much above man as man is above the
$201, he goes so far as to say: “The history ape. This “ Beyond-Man" (in German Ueber-
of Napoleon's effect is nearly equivalent to the mensch, the term is taken from Goethe and is
history of the nobler form of happiness [des found in “ Faust” and elsewhere) is to be bred
höheren Glücks] of which this whole century as horses are, or as Frederick William I. of
has been capable in its most valuable men and Prussia is said to have planned breeding large
moments." In 66 Genealogy of Morals,” $10, soldiers. The whole plan shows the deep influ-
we read : “Not to be able to take seriously for
: 66
ence of Darwinism.* Nietzsche utters some of
more than a short time one's enemies, one's
disasters, even one's crimes is a sign of strong, Mr. Tille, in the introduction to his translation, mentions
exuberant [voller] individualities. Napoleon prevail. The list is not complete. In 1810 Achim von Arnim
several works in German literature in which similar principles
certainly belongs to that category. Hence his introduced a character in his novel, “ Die Gräfin Dolores"
foible for criminals, as being untamed persons,
(Vol. I., pp. 173–4) who selects superior men for fathers of her
children. Her principle is "Nicht dass sich das Gleiche vom
and therefore generally superior to their judges. Gleichen entwickele, das wäre unseres Lebens unwürdig, aber
He
says in the “Twilight of the Idols” (page das Höhere soll erreicht werden.” (This in 1810 !)
*


358
(June 16,
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G
his profoundest and happiest thoughts in con- thers, and Manfreds, but “ laughing lions ";
nection with this breeding-plan, and at every but we must reject a thinker who so frightfully
turn makes evident his deep contempt for the exaggerates his best thoughts. His admiration
masses and his admiration for the superior few. for health and strength is not the expression of
Woman, for whom Nietzsche has inherited a a healthy mind (he himself confesses to being
puerile antipathy from his teacher, Schopen- a “decadent,” and every page of his works
hauer, plays a very inferior part in his scheme. proves the correctness of that confession); they
She is merely to be a breeder of heroes. In are probably a form of secret longing, like a
different places Nietzsche attacks modern mar- hunchback's admiration for physical beauty.
riage as tending to cause the race to degenerate. He was perhaps incapable of coping with the
.
It irritates him to see excellent men wasting brutality of the world. It is certainly true that
themselves on inferior women. In one of his he was delicate and sensitive. Hence his whole
fits of fury he goes the length of saying, “Even system may be designated as pathological long-
concubinage has been ruined — by marriage”! | ing for health and hysterical yearning for seren-
If he means to insist on every person's making ity. We must regard it as sadly characteristic
of himself or herself, by self-training and selec- of our age that so powerful a plea for health
tion, the substratum of a superior generation, should come from a diseased man.
he would have formulated a most valuable With all his admiration for brutal strength,
principle ; but as it now appears, his scheme is Nietzsche is artist enough to appreciate refine-
a dream, though a most interesting one. It is ment as few have ever done. He painfully
as much a proof of a pessimistic frame of mind feels the lack of exquisiteness in modern Ger-
as any of Rousseau's or Schopenhauer's ideas man life; he genuinely admires French deli-
which he so violently attacks. As for his anti- cacy. What is more, few contemporaries, with
,
democratic principles, they are simply a proof the exception of men from certain circles in
of his lack of historical sense. For ever since England, are capable of such profound vener-
the Renaissance individuality has been devel- ation for the healthy refinement of Greek life
oping, and with it democratic institutions; and and art as he exhibited in a series of lectures,
they will so continue.
delivered in Basel in 1872, on German higher
What Nietzsche totally lacks is balance and institutions of learning.
institutions of learning. Here, as elsewhere,
a sense of completeness. The very form in he lacks precisely that balance which more than
which he moulds most of his thoughts-namely, anything else characterized his beloved Greeks ;
—
the aphorism — is apt to lead to one-sidedness but to few modern writers, especially in Ger-
and exaggeration for the sake of effect. An many, have the Greeks been a stronger active
aphorism is supposed to be the succinct formu- force in the direction of refinement than to the
lation of a law, of a truth. As a matter of fact, author of those lectures. Let anyone doubting ,
like a proverb, it rarely tells more than a part that German prose can be a lucid and artistic
of the truth. People with esprit are apt at coin- medium of expression read and re-read them.
ing them, and people with esprit are bound to Nietzsche had a sense of language denied most
enjoy them. Yet they cannot satisfy us. What moderns. Some of his most stimulating apo-
does our whole careful modern scientific work thegms deal with language, and excepting Mr.
imply but a desire for completeness of knowl- Walter Pater's essay on style, I know of noth-
edge, and how can anybody now hope to make ing so delightful as Nietzsche's views on that
a lasting impression whose thoughts do not bear subject expressed in the lectures mentioned
the imprint of maturity and completeness ? above. Unfortunately, in his later works his
Wherever we turn in Nietzsche's work, we find prose, at one time compact, lucid, calm, and
brilliant half-truths. His whole “system” is
His whole “system” is refined, grew rhetorical, bombastic, tortured.
one-sided. Many of his most brilliant sayings The disciple of the Greeks became capable of
look for all the world like improvised convic- astonishing aberrations. In his “ Genealogy
tions. He is a journalist among philosophers, of Morals,” for example, he once calls cer-
and, like many journalists, he prefers his glit- tain modern historians “ coquettish bed-bugs”
tering utterances to the truth. Some of his (Kokette Wanzen)!
I should like to see
sayings are like flashes that pain the retina. Kokette Wanzen, merely from biological curi-
We cannot belp being stimulated by a man who osity.
insists on strength and health as elements of Nietzsche's keen sense of refinement clashes
supreme importance; by one who loves life and with his love for brute strength, and makes
hates pessimism, who admires not Renés, Wer- him guilty of a great piece of inconsistency.


1897.]
359
THE DIAL
.
66
For is refinement possible where people are not modern literature to the English - speaking
made 6 weak,” or “meek” to a certain extent ? world. His translation of “ Zarathustra” is
What is a refined civilization but the happy very satisfactory on the whole. It was no small
blending of exuberance and control ?
matter to render into telling English Nietzsche's
Whatever we may urge against Nietzsche, extraordinary language. Unfortunately, we
we must admit that he has the gift of stimu- cannot praise Mr. Common's translation of
lating beyond most other authors. We
may
be “ The Case of Wagner,” etc. It is bad through-
offended by his opinions, but we cannot help out, and in parts ignominious. On page 9 we
remembering them. He lacks the historical read, “ In his art there is mixed the
sense altogether, and many of his views on things at present most necessary for every-
eminent characters of the past (notably his body.” On page 43, “The Germans, how-
hatred of Luther) are determined by this lack. ever, have had enough of reason in their in-
Yet who would not be pleased with an author stincts to prohibit themselves every •if' and
who so felicitously attacks the hysterically his- • for' in this matter." On page 55 we find
torical tendencies in modern intellectual life? “the romances of Dostoiewsky," meaning, of
His style, we saw, became disagreeable in the course, the novels. On page 236, “I know not
course of time, but he never lost his
power
of out or in " (the original is Ich weiss nicht wo
fascinating. In all stages of his development aus noch ein, i. e., I am perplexed in the ex-
he was capable of utterances so happy
that one
treme), etc. Such things ought never to be
experiences almost physical pain at the thought printed.
CAMILLO VON KLENZE.
that health and maturity were denied so rich a
mind. What could more perfectly characterize
the Greeks than his saying that “they were
superficial from depth i. e., that they neg- A HISTORY OF ANCIENT CULTURE.*
lected the unimportant from an unfailing sense
of tact? What could be more suggestive than
In this age of specialism it is interesting to
his remark, “ Il faut méditerraniser la musi-
meet with an author who gives himself the
widest range
in the treatment of a very large
que,” in other words, infuse into it more of the
and intricate subject. It is no easy task to
gayety and sunshine of the South ? (I should
discuss the intellectual and religious history of
like to extend the idea contained in those words
and
the separate peoples of antiquity, and to esti-
say, “ Il faut méditerraniser la vie," espe-
cially in America.) Nietzsche's culture is phe- the great whole.
mate the position and contribution of each to
the great whole. Such an undertaking bas
nomenal. When talented Germans aim at hu-
been assumed by Mr. Henry Osborn Taylor in
'manism (it is a rare occurrence) they do it with
two recent volumes entitled “Ancient Ideals."
marked success. I may
remind
my
readers of
Herder, Goethe, and in these latter days of Everything has been done on the part of the
Victor Helm. Like many people with an excep-
publisher to make the discussion intelligible
and attractive. The paper is clear, the type
tional intellectual range, Nietzsche arrogates
to himself opinions on subjects of which he is large, side-heads in black type analyze the con-
incompetent to judge. But his side-knowledge beginning summarizes each chapter, and an
tents of the chapters, a table of contents at the
gives him an insight into recondite, though index at the end is sufficiently full to facilitate
important, laws of which others know naught. reference to special topics.
He is bound to continue appealing to a genera-
tion which suffers largely from lack of vitality, is the order of treatment: Egypt, Chaldæa,
After an Introductory chapter the following
and hence wishes, to use his own words, to be
China, India, Iran, Greece, Rome, Israel,
intoxicated. Coming generations will see in
Christianity. A summary of the whole forms
him only the brilliant exponent of a tortured
age. When shall we get again a great writer
a concluding chapter. The fulness of treat-
ment may be seen by enumerating the topics
who, like Goethe or like Wordsworth, knows
in the discussion of Greek ideals. The author
how to cull from life what is great and healthy begins with the earliest Greek civilization and
,
follows with chapters on Homer, Greek prin-
sche these words from “ Faust":
ciples of life, Greek art and poetry, Greek
“O Hoheit, Hoheit, wirst da nie
Vernünftig wie allmächtig wirken ?"
* ANCIENT IDEALS. A Study of Intellectual and Spiritual
Mr. Alexander Tille deserves our gratitude tianity. By Henry Osborn Taylor. In two volumes. New
Growth from Early Times to the Establishment of Chris-
for introducing so important a phenomenon in York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
>
9


360
(June 16,
THE DIAL
ars.
philosophy, and later Hellenism — over 350 does not lie in the subject, which is one of the
pages in all,— in which there are many special most fascinating conceivable, and lends an in-
studies of historical, religious, poetical, and terest from itself to the most prosaic interpre-
philosophical questions. It is notable that a tation, though its immense sweep involves
book dealing with ancient things, even the difficulties of arrangement and presentation.
highest elements of the life of antiquity, at so The author's failure to produce a really great
great length, and with so evident enthusiasm, book is due primarily to his literary style,
should be written and published in America, which is diffuse, obscure, choppy, often unin-
,
and by one who apparently holds no academic telligibly ornate, careless in construction of
position. The culture of the republic is dis- sentences, tempted to the use of archaic and
tinctly enriched. One is encouraged to believe strange words, like the verbs “fare” (for
that the spirit of democracy is not entirely “go") and “greaten” (the latter a favorite
materialistic.
word). A second defect lies in the failure to
The book illustrates also the courageous op- make any great central principles stand out
timism of the writer. Few men would dare and impress themselves. The author has been
attempt so comprehensive a work, requiring overborne by his materials. He has elaborated
special knowledge at so many points, demand details to the obscuring of the main currents
ing the highest kind of attainment, as well as of thought. We are led on and on, from one
original genius, for its successful accomplish topic to another, until we have lost the thread,
ment. The author has used admirable discrim- and the impression left is a vague and unsatis-
ination in his choice of authorities for guidance factory one. Perhaps the real difficulty is that
in fields where he is not altogether at home. the author has no definite philosophical system
The translations employed are in most cases in harmony with which he orders his whole
the most trustworthy, the views advanced upon presentation. GEORGE S. GOODSPEED.
general as well as upon special questions are
for the most part those held by the best schol-
The amount of sound information and
DEAN CHURCH'S OCCASIONAL PAPERS.*
admirable discussion contained in these pages
is worthy of particular mention.
The attention of the literary world cannot
The author's standards are judicious and ap- fail to be attracted by the publication, in a
preciative. He insists upon the recognition of handy form, of the “occasional papers ” of so
human freedom. The movement of progress
noted a man as the author of « The Oxford
he regards as from society to the individual, Movement” and “ The Beginnings of the
and finally to a merging of both into the social- Middle Ages” a man who refused the prim-
individual life. He recognizes at the same acy of the Church of England and, earlier, the
time the influence of environment, but insists arch-deaconry of Wells, and only reluctantly
that humanity brings something of itself into accepted the appointment of dean of St. Paul's,
the environment, and is not altogether moulded
half inclining to continue his work as parson of
thereby. Some things are by the author inter- the little village of Whatley in Somersetshire.
preted by philosophical generalization which Of the fifty-four essays contained in these
could be much more simply explained histor- two volumes, all but one —“A Fragment on
ically. Too much emphasis is laid upon that Elizabeth," the opening chapter of an intended
very indefinite and unsatisfactory category,
life of Queen Elizabeth for the “English
"race character.” This is especially to be Statesmen” series — appeared originally in
guarded against in the ancient world, where either “The Guardian,” “ The Saturday Re-
the mixture of races was so great and so con- view,” or “ The Times.” Forty-one of them
tinuous. Space can hardly be taken for pre- are book reviews and criticisms, and most of
senting the conclusions of the book. It may the remainder obituary notices.
Well versed
be enough to say that the writer finds in Chris- in theology, philosophy, and history, both eccle-
tianity the culmination of all ancient thinking ; siastical and secular, the author combined the
it comprises all positive and valid elements of power of looking at large questions largely with
previous life and thought, and offers a synthesis the critic's nice sense of detail. That he writes, ,
of all ideals. It is absolute and universal.
* OCCASIONAL PAPERS, selected from "The Guardian,"
Having said all this, one is bound also to add "The Times," and "The Saturday Review," 1846–1890. By
that the book is not attractive or interesting.
the late R. W. Church, M. A., D. C. L., sometime Rector of
Whatley, Dean of St. Paul's. In two volumes. New York :
It is hard reading. The cause of this dryness The Macmillan Co.
-
1
>
9
6


1897.]
361
THE DIAL
>
-
to a very
-
so.
an
however, from the orthodox and high-church terms as unscholarly and irreligious, was to be
standpoint is always apparent; and this could expected, and that “The North American Re-
hardly be otherwise, for the greater number of view,” in its thorough-going zeal for a liberal
the essays were contributed to “The Guar- and enlightened Christianity, should“ damn it
dian,” a professedly high-church journal. Such with faint praise,” was equally natural; but
being his point of view, anything like entirely here was “The Guardian,” of well-known high-
unprejudiced criticism, in most of the subjects church prejudices, commending the book in no
treated by him, is out of the question ; nor are half-way terms and pronouncing it“ a protest
we surprised by the writer's occasional slight against the stiffness of all cast-iron systems,
tendency to digress along certain familiar or and a warning against trusting in what is worn
favorite lines of thought and study. With out.” With these words the reviewer summar-
these few words on the essays as a whole, we izes his opinion – one of the earliest, if not the
will
pass
brief consideration of some very earliest, published of the work which
of the more important ones.
afterward drew forth an extended and com-
The first is an extended review of Carlyle's mendatory review from Mr. Gladstone and
“ Cromwell,” written on the occasion of the notices innumerable from other writers.
publication of the book. That it is decidedly The chapters on Cardinal Newman are well
adverse in its tone is no more than the reader worth reading, as being from the pen of one
expects ; but it is not harshly or dogmatically who formed a life-long intimacy with him dur-
The characterization of Carlyle's style as ing student days at Oxford and was his ardent
“interweaving of school-boy jargon and admirer and follower up to his conversion to
conversational familiarities with high-pitched the Romish Church. Essays on Robertson,
declamation of an antique cast,” is not alto- Maurice, Renan's writings, Lamennais, Fénelon,
gether unjust. He points out the mistake which and Bossuet can be no more than mentioned
the book makes in "forcing home-bred English here, while many other chapter headings which
Puritans into full-blown divine heroes," and he would still further whet the appetite, must be
contends that the writer's mind, as shown in all omitted altogether. An obituary notice on the
his works, “is not one of the deepest class. author's uncle, Sir Richard Church, a general
Breadth of painting not analysis, phenomena in the Greek army during the war for inde-
not their meaning, are his aim.”
pendence, will be read with interest at this time.
In his review of Colonel Higginson's trans-
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
lation of Epictetus, Dean Church, after pass-
ing some strictures on the translator's too wide
departure from a literal and accurate render-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
ing, undertakes to gauge the writings of the
pagan philosopher by a comparison with the
Mr. Sidney George Fisher's “The
New Testament — hardly a fair method of
Evolution of the Constitution of the
estimating their value. An unusually appre-
United States" (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
ciative and scholarly review of Guicciardini's is devoted to maintaining the thesis that our Con-
works forms one of the longer papers. The
stitution is “ a development of progressive history,
Dean's early life in Italy, where his first thir-
and not an isolated document struck off at a given
time, or an imitation of English or Dutch forms of
teen years were passed, partly accounts for that
familiarity with Italian literature which he
government.” More definitely, holding that the
Constitution “is neither an invention nor an imita-
shows here as well as in his book on Dante. A
tion, but almost exclusively a native product of slow
review of Lecky's “ European Morals” follows and gradual growth,” Mr. Fisher has “undertaken
the above, and shows considerable critical and to trace back through previous American documents
philosophical insight.
to Colonial times every material clause of it.” These
The chapter on “Ecce Homo !” is some- documents he finds to be twenty-nine Colonial Char-
what of a surprise, or was, we imagine, when ters and Constitutions, seventeen Revolutionary Con-
it first appeared thirty-one years ago. This stitutions, and twenty-three plans of Union, « in all
book has met with more censure, as well as
sixty-nine different forms of government, which were
commendation, from all sects and parties, in
either in actual or in attempted operation in Amer-
ica during the period of about two hundred years,
the church and out of it, than any other work
from 1584-1787.” These documents “constituted
of its kind. That “ The Quarterly Review," the school of thought, the experiments, and the train-
with its orthodox and conservative predilec- ing which in the end produced the National govern-
tions, should criticise the book in the harshest ment under which we now live.” Without attempt-
A valuable
nero work on
the Constitution.


362
(June 16,
THE DIAL
66
a
him as
9
ing to certify to all the writer's conclusions, we have ton's application of the principle to dental surgery
no hesitancy in certifying to his method, and to the being made in the preceding year. Another Vic-
general character of his results. There is a general torian book is Mrs. Sarah C. Tooley's “ Personal
resemblance between certain features of the govern- Life of Queen Victoria," a not uninteresting com-
ment of the United States and the governments of pilation from various sources, published in this coun-
other countries, particularly that of England; but, so try by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. Unlike the book
far as the peculiar features of our government are just mentioned, it is gossipy and anecdotal to an
concerned, the sixty-nine documents studied by Mr. extreme, besides being even more unreservedly eulo
Fisher account for them, as he says, “ in a more gistic of her whom the writer does not hesitate to call
clear, complete, and satisfactory manner than any our greatest monarch.” But the account possesses
of the theories of sudden inspiration or imitation of a simple human interest which makes it worth read-
England or Holland that have been broached.” In ing. One little story, out of many, is too good not
our view, there is no theory that is now more seri- to give as illustrating the style of the book. The
ously overworked by historians and legal and social Queen was as strict in requiring from her children
philosophers than the resemblance or similarity respectful conduct toward their elders as is any
theory. A writer notices a similarity between two mother of humbler degree. Accordingly when Dr.
institutions found in different countries, and, it may Brown, of Windsor, entered Prince Albert's service,
be, in different times, and leaps to the conclusion and the little princesses, hearing their father address
that there is some special causal connection between
“ Brown,” used the same mode of address,
the two; whereas the truth may be, and no doubt their mother corrected them and told them to say
often is, that they are simply products of the human “Dr. Brown." All obeyed except little“ Vicky,"
mind working under similar conditions. The nature the princess royal, who was told that she would
of our Constitution has excited much study and be sent to bed upon a repetition of the offence.
some controversy since Mr. Gladstone said it was But on the following morning, when Dr. Brown
struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose presented himself to the royal family, the little lady
of man. The lamented Alexander Johnston led the saluted bim with, “Good morning, Brown," and
way
into the field where the truth is to be found in then meeting her mother's eyes fixed upon her, she
his celebrated article published in “The New Prince- rose and with a courtesy continued, “and good night,
ton Review," "A Century of the Constitution.” Brown, for I am going to bed.” With this she
The present volume is a valuable contribution to the walked resolutely away to her punishment. The
discussion sound in general method and rich in book is profuse in illustrations, good, bad, and indif-
matter. All persons who have been led astray by ferent, authentic and imaginative, all in half-tone.
the brilliant pages of Mr. Douglass Campbell's well-
known work on the Puritan should read Mr. Fisher's
If some of the military details and
last chapter, “Dutch Sources," which is a vigor-
some of the weighing of authorities
ous criticism of that writer's very taking but very
had been omitted in favor of more
unsubstantial theories.
background, a fuller picture of the general life of
the time, Sir Herbert Maxwell's account of Robert
On the 20th of June Queen Victoria Bruce, the Scotch national hero (Putnams) would
Two Victorian books. will complete the sixtieth year
of her have been instructive enough and more entertaining.
reign, and she has already exceeded For in spite of the careful arraying and examining
by several months the longest previous rule of any of the sources in the Introduction, in itself a very
British sovereign. The year has seen the publica- valuable chapter, the fact remains that a good part
tion of several books in commemoration of this fact. of the history is based on tradition. The chief ele-
Sir Edwin Arnold's “Victoria, Queen and Em- ment that a comparison of diplomatic records has
press,” which originally appeared in the “ Daily added to the character of Bruce is that of an unscru-
Telegraph” of Sept. 23, 1896, has been reprinted pulous perjurer. Yet as a criticism of the man this
by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. in a handy little Ioses most of its weight in view of the further reve-
book. It is professedly a panegyric, and is almost lation that in this respect he was neither worse nor
fulsome in its praises of the monarch for whose reign better than his contemporaries. The author well
History herself must find her tablets too narrow remarks: “Nothing is more remarkable in the po-
for any complete chronicle.” Yet the writer records litical history of this period than the freedom with
in a convenient and acceptable form many statistics which great men perjured themselves, except,
illustrating the progress, since 1837, of the empire indeed, the value which men continued to attach to
which now covers ten million square miles and the security of an oath." If the book had been
claims the allegiance of three hundred and twenty intended chiefly for Scots, the details of family pedi-
million subjects. In recording the discovery of grees and of the descendants of Bruce, natural and
anæsthetics, the writer seems to divide the honor otherwise, would have been more appropriate; but
between Sir Joseph Simpson, of Edinburgh, and to the general reader, or even to the Gael who has
Doctors Morton and Wells, of our own country, lost all track of his clan, there is rather too much of
while, as a matter of fact, Simpson's first use of this “ boast of heraldry.” Or, at least, we would
anæsthetics in obstetric practice was in 1847, Mor- have been satisfied with the interesting series of
Robert the Bruce.
a
66
a


1897.]
363
THE DIAL
Lectures
the Covenant,
shields which constitute the head-pieces to the chap- philosophers into the practical precepts of common
ters. The volume partly supplies the lack of back- life. Within the limits thus set, the book is fairly
ground in the text by twenty excellent half-tones successful. Two criticisms occur to one in following
from photographs of the scenes of the hero's native the argument. It is hardly accurate to say that
land. What we hunger for constantly in reading creed-making and church-making occupied a domi-
such a biography as this is to realize what the life nant place in the early church. Ratzinger's account
of the country was at the time, what filled the hearts of the philanthropies of the early and mediæval
and minds of the people, how they passed their days, church should correct such extreme views. The
and how this great leader influenced them and was charity of this century flows from an unbroken
influenced by them. Only with this knowledge can stream. There is the repetition of a current error
we really understand the hero himself. Yet it does on page 185: “It is reported by statisticians that
not require a whole additional volume to supply this. during the past forty years crime has increased five
A few such gleams as Froissart gives in his seven- times as much as population.” Will anyone show a
teenth chapter, of the commissary methods of the state or a settled country where this is true? The
Scotch soldiers, illi inate the vhole matter.
suggestion rests on a misinterpretation of the census.
A Chicagoan can forgive the hint (page 234) that
The “Lectures on French Litera-
Chicago would never be taken, like Jerusalem, for
on French ture" (Longmans, Green, & Co.), by
a symbol of heaven, after reading the delightful
literature.
Irma Dreyfus, were originally deliv- praise of the White City in an earlier page. It is
ered in French at Melbourne, Australia, where, as more than hinted that if we made up our minds to
the author informs us in an introductory note, they it we might have a White City here all the time.
“succeeded in popularizing French literature.” We The urgent plea for a sensible and practicable plan
hardly think it likely that the same success will of church coöperation deserves attention. Dean
attend this translation, as the author hopes, “in all Hodges speaks quite as much from direct experi-
English-speaking countries.” But the modesty of
ence in work for wage-earners and the destitute as
her pretensions disarms severe criticism. As we from books, and a sense of reality appears in every
are warned at the outset not to expect “pedantic chapter.
and wearisome dissertations,” nor even instruction,
and as the lectures profess to be only a “conscien-
The century between 1650 and 1750,
The Lion of
tious compilation," we cannot complain that they
roughly speaking, is the Romantic
are superficial and unscientific, or that they make
Age of Scottish history. The life of
no contribution to our knowledge of the subject. that time has two strong elements, passionate faith
They fulfil fairly their avowed aim of treating in and passionate loyalty ; the former is typefied in
a “ light and familiar spirit” the principal epochs
the Covenanter, the latter in the Jacobite. There
of French literature to the time of Molière. They
are other romantic periods in the history of Scotland,
draw upon a considerable fund of literary anec-
indeed, that history is rarely without romance,-
dote, and quote at length from the works discussed but none that has inspired so much as this one.
and from historical and critical authorities; wherein
“Old Mortality” and “Waverley," "The Men of
lies whatever value they possess.
But we suspect
the Mosshags” and “Kidnapped,” to mention but a
the critical competence of the author when she cites few out of many, these four alone cannot be equalled
with equal respect and confidence Villemain, Sainte- by any four historical novels of other periods of
Beuve, Taine, Hallam, Besant, and Buckle. We Scottish history from the days of Bruce to our own.
feel that we have a right to demand, even of books
Of the two currents of life, the religious and the
that aim only to popularize, clearness, accuracy,
political, we are probably more familiar with the
and reliability; and in these matters the lectures
latter. In Mr. John Herkless' life of Richard
leave much to be desired.
Cameron (“Famous Scots Series," imported by
Scribner), we may gather something of the man who,
Eight excellent lectures, delivered better than any other, sums up the former. The
Faith and
Social Service.
by Dr. George Hodges before the Cameronian was the extremist for the law of God,
Lowell Institute, discussing the social the forlorn hope for conscience, the martyr who
movements which are springing out of the new con- nourished the seed of the Church. Of Richard
science of the church, appear in book form with the Cameron's life, little is known; he really began to
appropriate title “Faith and Social Service" (Whit- live only after his death. His influence, and the
taker). Indifference, doubt, poverty, labor, moral wider influence of those who took his name, are
reforms, the city, the divided church, these are the matters which must be accounted for; and yet the
interesting themes. There is a good stock of epi- story of his life is hardly important. It is not until
grams in the book, and not a dull page. The the Sanquhar Declaration that he becomes a great
author's task is declared to be homilitical rather figure,— and that but a month before the day of his
than academic. The lectures are meant to be inter- death. Doubtless if biographic material were more
pretations of the thoughts of wise men out of the plentiful we should see the heroic mind throughout;
language of the schools into simpler speech; of the but the lack of material is here an indication of lack
researches of historians and of the arguments of of public impression. Mr. Herkless, though he could


364
(June 16,
THE DIAL
not give us a portrait, has so far rent the shadows
to use his own language- as to leave the
recog-
nizable figure of a man.
His book will be eagerly
read by those interested in the time; it gives a good
view of the Presbyterian rebellion, and as much as
could be gained of “The Lion of the Covenant."
States” (by Mr. Albert Shaw), and “ London.” The
book is both valuable for reference and interesting for
reading, and
may
be obtained from the New York office
of “The Review of Reviews."
“ The Vines of Northeastern America ” (Putnam),
by Mr. Charles S. Newhall, is a companion volume to
the “ Trees” and “Shrubs" of the same author. Nearly
a hundred species are figured and described, many of
them, however, being vines only in a very liberal sense
of that term. We do not commonly think of Lycopo-
dium clavatum or Galium aparine, for example, as vines.
But the author was bent upon making a sizable book,
and could not be exacting in his requirements. The
outline illustrations are not wholly satisfactory, but will
doubtless serve well enough for identification.
The two stout volumes of Professor Lester F. Ward's
“ Dynamic Sociology" (Appleton) appear in a new edi-
tion with an interesting preface. We learn from this
preface that a Russian translation of the work had the
signal distinction of being burned by the Council of
Ministers at the instance of the Censor. Mr. Ward
has tried to find out just why it gave offence to the
anthorities, but the reports are contradictory. The text
of the first edition (published in 1883) remains sub-
stantially unchanged in the present issue.
Mr. Laurence Hutton does himself
Places and people
in Rome.
an injustice when he gives the im-
pression that his “Literary Land-
marks of Rome ” (Harpers) is written to give
traditional sightseers “some idea of what the men
who made Rome did in Rome.” Mr. Hutton does
not really care about the traditional sightseers; he
has a genial contempt for them. The people he
writes of did not make Rome; in fact, taking a
batch as they come, Luther, Montaigne, Tasso,
Galileo, Milton, they did rather more to unmake
Rome. Nor does Mr. Hutton give much of an idea
of what these men did in Rome; he notes places
where they stayed, lodging-houses or graves. His
book may be of use to the traditional sightseer,
although its chronological arrangement does not
seem a help toward economy of time. But its real
title to notice is not as a good or a bad guide-book :
it is that it is amusingly written, a little vulgar in
places, it is true, but on the whole in a tone that is
light, graceful, and genial; the material is handled
with that easy skill for which Mr. Hutton is well-
known. The mysterious contemporary of Balbus,
Calpurnia regretting the opportunity denied to her,
the poet Pliny, the crowd on the Piazza di Spagna,
the Pope's Guards like "the Jack of Clubs in an
Ulster," these modest figures linger in the memory
and enliven the facts concerning literary people
who lived in Rome. The illustrations by Mr. Du
Mond are unequal, but the best have a good deal of
charm.
3
LITERARY NOTES.
Professor Giddings's “ Principles of Sociology" has
been translated into German, French, and Spanish.
Mr. Richard Mansfield's first book, “ Blown Away,”
will be published by Messrs. L. G. Page & Co., of
Boston.
The Caxton Club of Chicago will soon produce an
edition of Derby's “ Phænixiana," edited by Mr. John
Vance Cheney.
Mrs. Coventry Patmore is now preparing a memoir
of her late husband, with the assistance of Mr. Basil
Champneys and Mr. Frederick Greenwood.
Mr. Quiller-Couch has been commissioned to expand
the notes left for Stevenson's “St. Ives " into the half-
dozen chapters needed to complete the story.
The deuxième année of M. E. Aubert's “Littérature
Française,” containing selections from writers of the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, is published by
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.
The Macmillan Co, send us Part I. of « Handbook
to Christian and Ecclesiastical Rome,” by H. M. and
M. A. R. T. This section of the work is devoted to the
Christian monuments, and is sparingly illustrated.
The “Proceedings of the First Convention of the
National Council of Jewish Women are now issued in
a volume by the Jewish Publication Society of Amer-
ica.
The convention took place in New York last No-
vember.
“Mountain Climbing” and “Athletic Sports” are
two volumes of “ The Out-of-Door Library,” published
by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. Each volume con-
sists of a group of papers originally published in
“Scribner's Magazine."
Mr. W. A. Shaw's “ The History of Currency,” the
third edition of which was recently published by Messrs.
G. P. Putnam's Sons, has been translated into French by
M. Raffalovich, and is to be issued in Paris by Guillauman.
The work has also been translated into Japanese by
BRIEFER MENTION.
Of the new volume (the third) of Professor W. M.
Sloane's “Life of Napoleon Bonaparte,” just sent out
by the subscription department of the Century Co.,
there is little to be said beyond repeating our previous
comments upon the elaborate and sumptuous manner
in which this work is offered to the public. Meissonier's
“ Friedland” forms the frontispiece, and is but one of a
number of superb colored plates included within the vol-
ume. Other illustrations, in monotint or black and white,
are scattered profusely through the pages, and admir-
ably set off the dignified typography of the work.
Messrs. McDonnell Brothers are the Chicago agents
for this publication.
Mr. Grant Richards, a new English publisher, has
issued the first volume of a new year-book of politics.
The title is “ Politics in 1896," and the editor is Mr.
Frederick Whelen. The contents include reviews of
the English political year from the conservative, lib-
eral, and socialist stand points, written, respectively,
by Mr. H. D. Traill, Mr. H. W. Massingham, and Mr.
G. Bernard Shaw. Other sections are devoted to
“Foreign Affairs," "The Services,” « The United
»


1897.]
865
THE DIAL
66
Prof. J. Shinobu, Principal of the Kurume Commercial
College in Fuknoka-Ken (Kiu-Shiu).
An exhaustive life of Wagner, by Mr. Houston Stuart
Chamberlain, is announced by the J. B. Lippincott Co.
The same firm will also issue a work on “ Picturesque
Burma, Past and Present.” Both of these books will
be beautifully illustrated in photogravure.
Equality,” Mr. Edward Bellamy's new romance of
the future, will be published at once by Messrs. D.
Appleton & Co. Publication will be simultaneous in the
United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Switzer-
land, Belgium, Spain, Italy, and other countries.
A new weekly musical journal entitled “The Musi-
cian " has just made its appearance in London. The
first issue, dated May 12, contains articles by Philipp
Spitta and George Moore, and among those who have
promised to contribute to future numbers are MM.
Bruneau, Camille Bellaigue, Hugues Imbert, and Lady
Randolph Churchill.
“The Private Life of the Queen” is the title of a
new book by a member of the royal household, which
will be published immediately by Messrs. D. Appleton
& Co. The same house will issue shortly “ Peter the
Great," a new work by K. Waliszewski, author of the
remarkably successful “ Romance of an Empress, Cath-
arine II. of Russia.”
« Idle Hours in a Library," a volume of essays by
Prof. W. H. Hudson of Stanford University, will be
published shortly by Mr. William Doxey of San Fran-
cisco. Mr. Doxey has also in press a “Guide to San
Francisco and the Health and Pleasure Resorts of Cal-
ifornia,” and a work on “ The Missions of California,"
by Miss Laura Bride Powers.
The Public Libraries Division of the University of
the State of New York has recently published a very
interesting list entitled “The Best 50 Books of 1896."
It is not given as the opinion of any one man, but a list
of nearly 500 of the leading books of 1896 was re-
cently submitted to the “librarians of the State and
others to obtain an expression of opinion respecting the
best 50 books of 1896 to be added to a village library.”
From the 200 lists a final choice is indicated. The book
which received next to the highest number of votes is
Mrs. Humphry Ward's “Sir George Tressady."
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Literary Movement in France during the
Nineteenth
Century. By Georges Pellissier; authorized English ver-
sion by Anne Garrison Brinton, with general Introduction.
Large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 504. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$3.50.
A Handbook of English Literature. Originally compiled
by Austin Dobson ; new edition, with new chapters,
and
extended to the present time by W. Hall Griffin, B.A.
12mo, gilt top, unout, pp. 384. Longmans, Green, & Co.
$2.50.
Patrins. By Louise Imogen Guiney. 12mo, uncut, pp. 334.
Copeland & Day. $1.25.
The Treatment of Nature in Dante's “Divina Com-
media." By L. Oscar Kuhns. 12mo, uncut, pp. 208.
Edward Arnold. $1.50.
Autobiography of a Pocket-Handkerchief. By James
Fenimore Cooper; edited by Walter Lee Brown. 8vo,
uncut, pp. 257. Evanston, Ill.: Golden-Booke Press. $1.76.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The French Revolution. By Thomas Carlyle. In 3 vols.;
Vols. I. and II. Each with portrait, 18mo, gilt top, uncut.
"Temple Classics." Macmillan Co. Per vol., 50 cts.
Marlowe's
Doctor Faustus. Edited by Israel Gollancz,
M.A. With portrait, 24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 112.
"Temple Dramatists.' Macmillan Co. 45 cts.
POETRY
New Poems. By Francis Thompson. 12mo, uncut, pp. 139.
Copeland & Day. $1.50.
In Titian's Garden, and Other Poems. By Harriet Prescott
Spofford. 16mo, uncut, pp. 108. Copeland & Day. $1.25.
FICTION.
Soldiers of Fortune. By Richard Harding Davis. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 364. Charles Scribner's Song. $1.50.
Sketches in Lavender, Blue, and Green. By Jerome K.
Jerome. Illus., 12mo, pp. 337. Henry Holt & Co. $1.25.
Symphonies. By George Egerton. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 256. John Lane. $1.25.
Derelicts. By William J. Looke. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 414. John Lane. $1.50.
My Lord Duke. By E. W. Horung. 12mo, pp. 299. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
The
Pursuit of the House-Boat. By John Kendrick Bangs.
Illus., 16mo, pp. 204. Harper & Bros. $1.28.
The Beautiful Miss Brooke. By “Z. Z.” 16mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 153. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
The Romance of a Jesuit Mission: A Historical Novel.
By M. Bourchier Sanford. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 292.
Baker & Taylor Co. $1.25.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Globe Library. The Earl's Atonement. By Bertha M. Clay.
12mo, pp. 384.- Which Loved Him Best ? By Bertha M.
Clay. 12mo, pp. 342. Rand, McNally & Co. Per vol., 250.
Oriental Library. Storm Signals. By Richard Henry Sav-
age. 12mo, pp. 401.-For Life and Love. By Richard
Henry Savage. 12mo, pp. 448. Rand, MoNally & Co.
Per vol., 25 cts.
Eagle Library. The Gypsy's Daughter. By Bertha M.
Clay. 12mo, pp. 229. Street & Smith. 10 cts.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, containing 51 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
The Romance of Lady Isabel Burton. The Story of her
Life, told in part by Herself and in part by W. H. Wilkins.
In 2 vols., with portraits and illustrations, 8vo, gilt tops,
uncut. Dodd, Mead & Co. $7.50.
Cyprian: His Life, his Times, his Work. By Edward White
Benson, D.D.; with Introduction by the Right Rev. Henry
C. Potter, D.D. Large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 636.
D. Appleton & Co. $7.
The Personal Life of Queen Victoria. By Sarah A. Tooley,
author of " Lives Great and Simple." Illus., large 8vo,
pp. 276. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.
An Epistle to Posterity: Being Rambling Recollections of
Many Years of My Life. By M. E. W. Sherwood (Mrs.
John Sherwood). With portrait, 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 380. Harper & Bros. $2.50.
The House of Cromwell: A Genealogical History of the
Family and Descendants of the Protector. By James
Waylen. New edition, revised by John Gabriel Cromwell,
M.$. Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 286. London: Elliot Stock.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
The Ancient Hebrew Tradition as Illustrated by the Mon-
uments: A Protest against the Modern School of Old Tos-
tament Criticism. By Dr. Fritz Hommel; trans. from
the German by Edmund McClure, M. A., and Leonard
Crossle. With map, 12mo, pp. 350. E. & J. B. Young
& Co. $1.75.
The Myths of Israel: The Ancient Book of Genesis, with
Analysis and Explanation of its Composition. By Amos
Kidder Fiske. 12mo, uncut, pp. 355. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Two Lectures on Theism. By Andrew Seth, M. A. 12mo,
“Princeton Sesquicentennial Lectures." Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1 net.
The Claims of the Old Testament. By Stanley Leathes,
D.D. 12mo, pp. 73.
“ Princeton Sesquicentennial Lec-
tures." Charles Scribner's Sons. $1 net.
Sex Worship: An Exposition of the Phallic Origin of Re-
ligion. By Clifford Howard. 12mo, pp. 166. Washing-
ton: The Author $1.25 net.
pp. 64.


366
(June 16,
THE DIAL
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SOCIOLOGY- FINANCE- POLITICS.
Dynamic Sociology, or Applied Social Science : As Based
upon Statical Sociology and the Less Complex Sciences.
By Lester F. Ward. Second edition ; in 2 vols., 12mo.
D. Appleton & Co. $4.
Genesis of the Social Conscience. The Relation between
the Establishment of Christianity in Europe and the Social
Question. By H. S. Nash. 12mo, pp. 309. Macmillan Co.
$1.50.
Corporation Finance. By Thomas L. Greene. 12mo,
pp. 181. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25.
Politics in 1896: An Annual. Edited by Frederick Whelen.
16mo, pp. 255. New York: Review of Reviews Office. $1.
SCIENCE
The Vines of Northeastern America. By Charles S.
Newhall. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 207. G. Þ. Putnam's
Sons. $2.50.
The Descent of the Primates. By A. A. W. Hubrecht.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 41. “Princeton Sesquicentennial Lec-
tures.'
" Charles Scribner's Sons. $1 net.
PHILOSOPHY.
Philosophy of Knowledge: An Inquiry into
the Nature,
Limits, and Validity of Human Cognitive Faculty. By
George Trumbull Ladd. Large 8vo, pp. 609. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $4,
Theory of Thought and Knowledge. By Borden P.
Bowne. 8vo, pp. 389. Harper & Bros. $1.50.
EDUCATION.- BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND
COLLEGE.
College Training for Women. By Kate Holladay Clag-
horn, Ph.D. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 270. T. Y. Crowell
& Co. $1.25.
Alexander Pope. By Samuel Johnson; edited by Kate
Stepheng. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 197. Harper & Bros. 60c.
Cicero's Cato Maior de Senectute. With Notes by Charles
E. Bennett. 12mo, pp. 129. “Students' Series of Latin
Classics.” Leach, Showell, & Sanborn, 60 cts.
Selections from Pierre Loti. Edited by A. Guyot Cam-
eron, Ph.D. Authorized edition; with portrait, 16mo,
pp. 185. Henry Holt & Co.
Modern Language Series. New vols.: Baumbach's Die
Nonna. Edited by Dr. Wilhelm Bernhardt. With por-
trait, 12mo, pp. 97. 30 cts.- Materials for German Com-
position. By James Taft Hatfield. 12mo, pp. 27. 12 cts.
D. C. Heath & Co.
Die Journalisten. Von Gustav Freytag; edited by J.
Norton Johnson, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 171. American Book
Co. 35 cts.
The Finch Primer. By Adelaide V. Finch. Illus. in colors,
etc., 12mo, pp. 90. Ginn & Co. 35 cts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Handbook to Christian and Ecclesiastical Rome. By
H. M. and M. A. R. T. Part I., The Christian Monuments
of Rome. 12mo, pp. 547. Macmillan Co. $2,50.
Proceedings of the First Convention of the National
Council of Jewish Women, New York, November, 1896.
Large 8vo, pp. 426. Jewish Pub'n Society of America.
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1897.]
367
THE DIAL
AMERICAN
COLONIAL TRACTS
MONTHLY
NUMBER Two
JUNE 1897
A.
Tennessee Centennial Exposition.
Nashville, Tenn., May to October, 1897.
Celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of
the Admission of Tennessee
into the Union.
Beautifully situated in the historic Southern city,
covering two hundred acres, with many stately and im-
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esting Exposition yet held in the United States next to
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368
[June 16, 1897.
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Is the up-to-date authority in Par-
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B. REED. Cloth, 75 cents;
flexible leather, $1.25.
THE NOVEL OF THE YEAR.
WHEN YOU BUY 12MOS A NEW AND UP-TO-DATE SERIES,
FROM NEW PLATES, AS SOME OLD AND REHASHED LINE.
There are 12mos and 12mos, but there is only ONE 20TH CENTURY 12mo.
The ORIGINAL and ONLY 20TH CENTURY 12MOS are bound in GENUINE RED POLISHED BUCKRAM, with gold
tops, DECKLE EDGES, WITH SIDE AND BACK TITLES IN GOLD. They open flat. The new edition contains over ONE HUNDRED
AND FIFTY TITLES by the best authors. There is no name of the series on the books. Look at the Imprint. BUY ONLY
THE GENUINE —"they are bound to sell.” LIST PRICE, $1.00 PER VOLUME.
Have You Heard of the ALPHA LIBRARY of 12mos?
Bound in ELEGANT GREEN SILK CORDED CLOTH, with back and side titles in gold, gold top, silk book-mark, and
printed from new plates on extra white laid paper -- trimmed edges. One Hundred and Fifty Titles, standard and popular, by
the best authors. LIST PRICE, 75 CENTS. THE GREATEST LIBRARY BOOK EVER OFFERED AT THE PRICE. Send for
a list of titles and discounts.
The New Trade Atlas : THE PICTORIAL ATLAS OF THE WORLD.
CLOTH, Retail, $4.00. HALF LEATHER, Retail, $6.00.
Send for Descriptive Circular. Special Discounts to the Trade. The Most Popular and Up-to-Date Reference Work,
at a Popular Price.
For sale by all Booksellers, or will be sent postpaid, on receipt of price, by the Publishers,
RAND, MCNALLY & CO.,
CHICAGO: 160-174 Adams Street.
NEW YORK: 61 East Ninth Street,
THE DIAL PREBS, CHICAGO.


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U of Chicago
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Patron Name
g5
Transaction Number
3387599
Patron Number
Item Number
78013526
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0
Title
JAM
392
The Dial.
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UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
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