om the right
wind blows, we can start without a bitch. It is not
One of these especially, a gentleman who had
quarter. I must have a chance of decent weather, so
come up from Trondhjen to see Herr Andrée that we may be able to see something. . . . There is
and his balloon, added much to the general joy. always plenty of wind early in the season. Three days
“ His costume was most picturesque — long boots, a
of a moderate wind, blowing approximately from the
south, is all we need. After that the wind may blow
long ulster, a great fur cap, a revolver slung round his
how it pleases, it cannot help taking us toward some of
waist, a horn over one shoulder, and a camera over the
the land that encircles the polar ocean.
We can re-
other. The horn, he explained, would be valuable if
he were to be lost on the mountains whose gentlest
main afloat for three weeks, and in that time, with any
sloping foot he never approached. He walked up and
luck, we ought to be carried down to some habitable
down the beach with dramatic gait, then turned towards
country.'
the bay and solemnly fired off all the chambers of his It seems clear that good luck, no less than good
revolver, after which he blew a blast on the horn.
management, is relied upon by Herr Andrée to
Then he fired off his camera in all directions, and so re-
turned to the ship and vanished.”
bring his venture to a successful issue.
While Sir William's adventures in the frozen
Most of the tourists brought rifles with them, north were not, comparatively speaking, of a
under the impression that “ bears, or at least specially thrilling or novel order, the story of
shore.” Many were the narrow escapes from
them is pleasantly told and affords a clear
the stray shots of these « Nathaniel Winkles." impression of a considerable specimen tract in
“ ”
the hitherto unknown interior of Spitsbergen.
“ A bullet came close over the tent of one of my
The descriptions of Arctic scenery are notably
companions. Others whizzed near the heads of the sal-
vage men working at the winterers' wreck. One fool- graphic, supplemented as they are by a ofu-
ish creature is said to have mistaken a photographer with
sion of excellent pictures, comprising eight
his head under the cloth of his camera for a reindeer, large colored plates reproduced in facsimile
and put a bullet through his bat. Another, when we from Mr. H. E. Conway's drawings, and about
were away in the little steamer on the north coast,
stalked, and I believe fired, upon our inoffensive ponies.”
one hundred full-page and text illustrations
from photographs and sketches. There are
In August, while circumnavigating Spits- two maps (engraved originally for the Royal
bergen in the “ Expres,” Sir William touched Geographical Society), one a sketch map of
at Danes Island, the scene of Herr Andrée's
the mountains along the shores of Wijde Bay,
preparations for his proposed aerial voyage to
the other a sketch map of the interior tract
the Pole. The invitation of this intrepid (some traversed by the author. The volume is a
say rash) aeronaut to go over his balloon-house notable specimen of sound and elegant English
-
with him was eagerly accepted.
book-making, and forms a handsome addition
“. . . We were shown how the gas was made, and to Messrs. Scribner's Sons' creditable list of
the long silk pipe meandering among the stones to con-
recent importations.
vey it into the balloon. The great distended sphere
9
E. G. J.


1897.]
67
THE DIAL
their unalterable opposition to the changes pro-
THE EVOLUTION OF A CONSTITUTION.*
posed by the parliamentary party, and their
The American concept of a Constitution adherence to the constitutional principles under
differs radically and fundamentally from the which they had built
which they had built up their colonial govern-
British concept. The difference is so great ments, that brought upon the colonists the mil-
that the ordinary student of his own system is itary power of England, resulting in the war of
constantly embarrassed in his efforts to under- the Revolution and the withdrawal from the
stand the corresponding features of the trans- empire. The Atlantic-wide isolation of the
Atlantic system. The American constitution colonies, and the extent of their reliance on the
is established, surrounded by a protective en- provisions of their charters, naturally developed
vironment, made independent of legislative a disposition toward written constitutions.
changes, and has an appearance of fixity. The Given this disposition, joined to a conservatism
British constitution seems, to an American which adhered to the principles of the old con-
versed in the principles of his own system, to
stitution of the empire, given, on the other
be so variable, so transitory, and so illusive, as hand, the laissez-faire disposition in the islands
to scarcely deserve the name of “constitution." to allow the constitution to be changed by leg-
Yet the Briton prefers his own system, believes islation, as occasion might arise, — and we have
it a true “constitution," and deems the Amer- two distinctive theories of government, which
ican plan to be straight-laced, repressive, and in a little more than a century have developed
tyrannical, and therefore less fitted than his into the two types of constitution, so radically
own to the genius of a free people. So variant diverse that each has its own vernacular, which
from each other are these two systems of gov- must be studied by itself, and for a thorough
ernment, that the provisions of the one are comparison of the two there must be transla-
scarcely “ thinkable” to those immersed in the tion of the terms of the one into the language
ideas and concepts which distinguish the other. appropriate to the other. Mr. Macy furnishes
It is the object of Professor Macy's treatise the key for such a translation of the principles
on “ The English Constitution” to make its of the unwritten British constitution into the
peculiar principles “thinkable" to the average American vernacular.
American. By this means, he seeks to enable The first part of his treatise sets forth the
students in our colleges more fully to contrast powers of the several governmental agencies of
the British institutions with our own, and thus the British system,- namely, the two houses of
to understand more clearly the features which Parliament, the Crown, the Ministry, and the
distinguish the American constitution. Such a Courts, — and explains the “checks and bal-
treatise naturally takes a popular form, which ances ”of that system. The essentials of these
will commend it to the attention of a wide circle several agencies, in the constitution as now
of readers. Very properly, the author presents operative, are tersely stated, and their points of
it, not as a substitute for the treatises of English difference from their American correlatives are
jurists on their own constitution, but as an sharply accentuated. The “checks and bal-
introduction to those treatises for American ” which in America inhere in the written
students.
constitution are in England found, not in the
The period of the estrangement and separa- | law, but in what Mr. Dicey happily calls “ the
tion of the American colonies from the mother-conventions of the constitution.” Says Mr.
country was one of protracted discussion con- Macy:
cerning the nature and character of the British
“The constitution, viewed simply as a combination of
constitution. The plan of artificial alterations the forces which centre in the House of Commons, con-
of that constitution, to conform to modern sists of certain babits, customs, and understandings, in
views, had been proposed, only to be rejected, accordance with which the separate parts are harmonized
and prevented from mutual encroachments."
in England. With the exception of the changes
introduced by the Bill of Rights and the Suc- And how are these understandings enforced
cession Act, the development of the constitution and these encroachments prevented ? Not by
of the empire was allowed to “drift." That appeal to the courts. Following Mr. Dicey in
changes in that constitution were imminent, his “Law of the Constitution,” Mr. Macy
was apparent to the colonists ; indeed, it was explains in more condensed form the mode in
which the English “ conventions" check and
* THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION. A Commentary on its
Nature and Growth. By Jesse Macy, M.A. New York:
balance. The conservatism of old political
The Macmillan Co.
habits has as full sway in government as the
ances


68
[Aug. 1,
THE DIAL
conservatism of old fashions has in the cus- ties, in the work of government; the general
tomary dress of the people. He says: tendency toward democracy, and the increase
“I once tried to point out to a Birmingham Radical of that tendency under the Reform Act, — all
the perils of the English Constitution. He replied that these are illustrated in running commentary by
every Englishman was at heart conservative; that this
Mr. Macy. The present English idea of a
was as true of the laboring man as of the nobility. The
checks which the American expects to enforce by judi-
“ Constitution ” as a something fundamental in
cial process, the Englishman expects to maintain by the the government of the empire, is of modern
state of mind of the citizen.”
origin; and its genesis and evolution are traced
And what is the office of the English courts ? by our author. The puzzle, the mystery, as
Do they not enforce the principles of Magna that constitution appears to be to numerous
Charta, and protect the liberty and rights of Americans, is analysed and explained : it is
the free man? Yes; but not against the legis- shown to inhere largely in the conservative re-
lature. It is against encroachments by the tention of old forms and doctrines of govern-
ministerial officers that the courts set them- ment put to new uses. The powers once exer-
selves. The judiciary do not undertake to check cised by tyrants are harnessed to the plough of
the legislative department, as under the Amer- modern democracy, and are made to prepare
ican system. Hence there is no such vast the fallow fields for the growth of progressive
growth or development of constitutional juris- ideas. A stubborn conservatism adheres to old
prudence as in this country.
forms, while it fills them full of radical ideas.
How the present governmental agencies have “The Queen, the Lords, and the Commons”
been evolved out of those which distinguished profess to unite in enacting measures that work
the earlier constitution of England, is enter- the will of the Commons only; and the Com-
tainingly shown by Mr. Macy. The old prin- mons find it easier to work their own absolute
ciples which were thought to be essential to that will by the employment of what seem to Amer.
constitution, have been ostensibly preserved ; icans to be merely effete fictions in government.
but how transformed! The prerogative of the If, after all, the system still appears to us to be
Crown, that relic of despotism, that ready an anomaly, Professor Macy helps us to see
weapon of the tyrant, that bulwark of the how it happens that the anomalous can bave a
divine right to rule,” has not been abolished, normal and useful operation.
but has been perpetuated as a power of the
JAMES OSCAR PIERCE.
cabinet, and transmuted in their hands into the
active agent of modern democracy. To illus-
trate in these columns the details of the evolu-
tion, in this and other features of the British THE DECORATIVE ILLUSTRATION
constitutional system, would be to reprint here
OF BOOKS.*
page after page of Mr. Macy's treatise.
.
The history of the fine arts is everywhere,
The second part of his work is a commentary
among civilized peoples, a record of the influ-
upon the constitutional history of England. ence of a succession of ideas, each in turn dom-
Here the processes of political evolution, which inating for a longer or shorter period the char-
have given to the majority of the House of Com-
acter of what is produced. As soon as an idea
mons the extensive powers of government which
becomes commonplace it ceases to yield full
were once exercised by Tudors and Stuarts, are æsthetic satisfaction to cultivated minds. In
traced with sufficient detail to make them clear the search for novelty some one among the
to non-British readers. The revolution is shown
many seekers happens upon a conception that
to have been more evolutionary than revolu- captivates popular fancy; other artists lay hold
tionary, the principal change effected thereby of it also, work it over, develope and extend it,
having been the final rooting up and destruc- until it too becomes commonplace, and some
tion of the old pretense of a divine right to rule, new notion, or an old one resurrected, attracts
while the Tudor and Stuart idea of a unified
attention instead. Time was when these move-
and concentrated government has been retained
ments were of sufficient duration for the forma-
as a distinguishing feature of rule by the House
tion of schools and of styles. But with the
of Commons. The genesis and the develop-increased knowledge of past achievement placed
ment of the Cabinet; the rise of political par-
before us through the invention of numerous
ties ; the continuing antithesis of the conserv-
*OF THE DECORATIVE ILLUSTRATION OF BOOKS, OLD AND
ative” and “liberal” party principles ; the
NEW. By Walter Crane. Illustrated. New York: The
respective offices of cabinet, ministry, and par- Macmillan Co.


1897.]
69
THE DIAL
cheap reproductive processes, and the restless spite of superficial resemblance, the difference
craving for constant change which is so con- is not merely one of degree or of process : it is
spicuous a feature in modern life, they tend a difference in kind. Imitation being much
to become shorter and shorter and to degen- easier than invention, with but few exceptions
erate into mere passing fads; nor is it unusual the general tendency of graphic art in all coun-
for more than one to be in progress at the same tries and in all times has been toward as much
time.
realism as the artists were able to represent.
The closing decades of the nineteenth cen- The earlier designers of book illustrations,
tury have witnessed many such movements. although dominated by conventional ideas in
Among them none is more noteworthy than regard to treatment, achieved decorative effect
the development of what bids fair to reach the less through conscious aim in that direction
dignity of a distinct school of decorative book than from inability to compass greater realism.
illustration. The pioneer in this movement, Concurrently, with increased command of the
and for many years almost its sole exponent, resources of expression came a decline in per-
was Walter Crane. It seems, therefore, pecu- ception of the higher qualities of harmonic rela-
liarly fitting that a book treating “Of the Dec- tion of line, mass, and light-and-dark, which are
orative Illustration of Books, Old and New" distinguishing characteristics of all enduring
should come from his hand; it is all the more achievement. The reopening of our eyes to
disappointing that the result should be meagre these fundamental qualities is directly attribu-
and unsatisfying. Mr. Crane takes pains to table to the influence of the art of Japan - the
state that his book, which owes its origin to one country in the world where they have never
three Cantor Lectures delivered by him before been lost sight of, but on the contrary have
the Society of Arts in 1889, was written “in ever been insisted upon as prime essentials.
the intervals snatched from the absorbing work Perhaps the most interesting item of informa-
of designing.”
While this in a measure ac- tion which Mr. Crane gives is the statement
counts for its deficiencies, it hardly explains made in speaking of his early designs for chil-
why so much should be left unsaid. Instead dren's books which have made his name a
of carefully tracing out the causes of the move- household word on both sides of the Atlantic:
ment and following its development from year “ It was, however, the influence of some Japanese
to year and from hand to hand, as we should printed pictures given to me by a lieutenant in the navy,
naturally expect, he has given us merely a con-
who had brought them from there [sic] as curiosities,
which I believe, though I drew inspiration from many
siderable number of pictures, accompanied by
sources, gave the real impulse to that treatment in
a collection of rather disconnected remarks
strong outlines, and flat tints and solid blacks, which I
upon illuminated manuscripts and the illustra- adopted with variations in books of this kind from that
tion of early printed books; some appreciative,
time (about 1870) onwards."
if not always discriminating, comment on the In spite of this admission, it is apparent from
work of contemporary artists; and here and what he says a few pages further on that Mr.
there a few words upon decorative principles. Crane has never really learned to understand
What he says is for the most part sound and Japanese art nor to appreciate its higher qual-
well-considered, but it falls far short of consti- ities. Why this should be so, considering his
tuting a comprehensive survey of his subject. accomplishments as a designer, it is difficult to
It may be noted, also, that the English is occa comprehend. When he says that “ They may
sionally slipshod, as in the following sentence : be able to throw a spray of leaves or a bird or
“ Although the designs have no Persian char- fish across a blank panel or sheet of paper,
acter about them which one would have thought drawing them with such consummate skill and
the poem and its imagery would naturally have certainty that it may delude us into the belief
suggested, yet they are a fine series."
that it is decorative design ; but if an artist of
The movement now in progress Mr. Crane less skill essays to do the like the mistake be-
calls a "revival," but this is true in a limited comes obvious,” it is plain that he does not
sense only. There is a world of difference perceive that the controlling idea in the mind
between the purely adventitious qualities, the of the Japanese artist is composition - compo-
crude simplicity and naivete resulting from sition of line in which each leaf or branch or
inability to overcome technical difficulties, smallest detail must be right in its harmonic
which the works of the early designers exhibit, relation to every other detail without violating
and the deliberate self-restraint that distin- truth of form or of structure, and composition
guishes the designs of the modern men. In of mass in which the shape and proportion of


70
[Aug. 1,
THE DIAL
the blank spaces and the value of the contrast
THE ETERNAL PROBLEM OF THE
afforded by them is as much a matter for
BALKANS.*
thoughtful consideration as any other element
that enters into the result. If this is not deco-
A book that throws light on the Eastern
rative design, then what is it? Surely it is Question is always timely, for the question is
widely removed from what Mr. Crane aptly eternal; but the present complications in the
denominates the art of pictorial statement."
peninsula give special interest and value to
As if further to emphasize his misunderstand-
Mr. William Miller's work on Roumania, Bul-
ing, be reproduces as examples of Japanese garia, Servia, and Montenegro. Each of the
decorative illustration a drawing (divided into petty divisions is a sensitive spot, and the
two) by Hokusai, from the “ Mangwa," a book interests of no one of them can be touched
of miscellaneous sketches entirely pictorial in
without an instant disturbance in the others.
their intention. It is true, as Mr. Crane says,
There are the conflicting race feelings, first of
that Japanese books do not furnish fine ex: Turk and Christian, then of Slav and Greek ;
amples of page decoration as a rule.” But, on
there are the mighty plans and jealousies, racial
the other hand, neither do English, French,
and commercial, of Russia and Austria, and the
German, or American books; in Japan, as
petty race and national animosities of Bulgaria
elsewhere, we must turn to the works of par-
and Servia and Greece. Anything that ex-
ticular men for that. Were Mr. Crane familiar plains the historical origins of these animosities,
with the range of Japanese book-illustration,
and lays bare their roots, has interest for the
he would have had no difficulty in finding ex-
reading public in its inquiries into present con-
amples in which the design is arranged so as to
ditions and its forecasts of the future.
Mr. Miller's book is a collection of four brief
fill the space completely—a point he lays much
outline histories of about a hundred pages each,
stress upon, but which is far easier to accom-
plish than the subtle balancing of form and
written in a straightforward way without pre-
blank space that he does not seem to appre- ing the whole period in each from the times of
tense and without special literary skill, cover-
ciate.
The real value of the book lies in the pictures,
the Roman sway to the present day. It is not
which fill nearly two-thirds of its 335 pages.
easy to find pleasure in the long series of brawls,
For the most part they have been selected with
assassinations, raids, and treacheries that make
excellent judgment, but are distributed through- up most of the annals of these countries. But
out the text in such a manner as to make the
for the present interest in the relations of these
book a troublesome one to read ; while their con-
states, few would read them whose patriotism
nection with the author's remarks is so slight
did not glorify them. But the book explains
that they cannot in any exact sense of the word
so much in which we have an interest that it
be said to illustrate them. With scarcely an
commends itself to students of current politics
exception, however, each one is interesting for for its matter as well as for its impartiality.
itself, and while some of them suffer from too
It is the author's belief that “the only true
great reduction and others from inharmonious settlement of the mutually conflicting claims of
setting, they are on the whole very well repro-
these historic states, which periodically endan-
duced. Taken together, they form a service-
ger the peace of Europe, is a Balkan Confed- .
able collection for students of decorative illus. eration, such as
eration, such as was sketched by the late
tration. While it cannot be said of the examples M. Tricoupis.” Yet he lets the facts speak
given of works by contemporary artists that
for themselves, and hints at no method of
they furnish an adequate representation of the bringing about this hoped for settlement. And
aims and tendencies of the school, it is perhaps the facts, one must admit
, offer little promise
inevitable that a collection made up from the
of a settlement based on any compromise of
works of a considerable number of men of
national claims, or of any firm union of the hos-
vary-
ing merit should reveal the weakness inherent
tile races. There is not yet developed enough
in the movement rather than its strength, to
of political self-control or of practical political
show which it should be limited to the best sense among these new nations to permit such
works of the leading men. And this is
a settlement or such a union for a long time to
espe-
cially true of a movement which as yet has
And yet, increasing familiarity with
been more fruitful of promise than of matured * THE BALKANS: Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and Mon-
performance.
tenegro. By William Miller. (“Story of the Nations"
FREDERICK W. GOOKIN.
Series.) New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
come.


1897.)
71
THE DIAL
modern political methods and increasing pres- peninsula was a few months ago hardly stronger
sure of financial and political conditions may than at the beginning of the century; while
bring about the subordination of sentimental broader statesmanship would have put her at
considerations and the compromise of opposing the head of a group of loyal dependent states,
claims sooner than might be expected.
and thus in virtual control of the whole pen.
The individuality of these several peoples is insula.
CHARLES H. COOPER.
brought out by Mr. Miller in an interesting way.
“ It has been truly said that the Montenegrin is the
exact opposite of the Bulgarian. Put both in a drawing-
room, and the Montenegrin, who has never bowed his
FAITH AND PHILOSOPHY,*
neck to a foreign master, will look and behave like a Some time since, in commenting on a group of
gentleman, while the Bulgarian, but lately set free from
religious books, we drew attention to the increasing
the Turkish bondage, will look and behave like a boor.
Put the two upon a waste plot of ground, and the Bul-
force of the historical element in the interpretation
garian will convert it into a garden of roses, while the
of religion. We have occasion to renew the obser-
Montenegrin will look on. This is the result of the vation in connection with the books now before us.
national history.”
A thorough study of doctrine, in its historical de-
This history is Homeric, as are the political of its value and its relation to human life. It is in
velopment, is sure to carry with it a new estimate
institutions of the people. The author quotes
The author quotes the record of events that the potency and the impo-
with approval Mr. Gladstone's extravagant tency of beliefs finally declare themselves.
utterance: “In my deliberate opinion, the To this statement we add, as an associated truth,
traditions of Montenegro, now committed to the ultimate identity of faith and philosophy. A
His Highness (Prince Nicholas) as a sacred sound philosophy gives us the basis of faith; and
trust, exceed in glory those of Marathon and faith, in pushing its inquiries, encounters constantly
Thermopylæ, and all the war-traditions of the the reasons for and against its conclusions found in
world.” But this Homeric glory gives less
the underlying philosophy. Whatever objections
promise of prosperity under twentieth-century
or confirmations science may offer to faith, the ulti-
mate tribunal is that higher reason which we desig-
conditions than the common plodding virtues of
nate as philosophy. Philosophy is sure to renew
their plebeian neighbors. Yet even the Mon-
itself with every generation. It is the unfailing
tenegrins are abandoning the patriarchal and
effort of the mind to understand itself — of the
predatory life for a constitution and trade.
reason to complete itself, returning to its own centre
Full justice is done in this work to the states- with all its stores of knowledge. This fellowship
manship of M. Stambuloff, but his serious of faith and philosophy has always been apparent,
faults are not covered. Prince Alexander is and is the more apparent as the capricious elements
portrayed with enthusiastic admiration. His
His involved in the supernatural are eliminated. The
military prowess, his organization of the army thought of faith is the strength of reason in the
- the conjoint edu-
of Bulgaria, and his social charms, made him highest range of our experience
“the best possible ruler of a country like Bul-
cation of the mind and heart in apprehending and
comprehending the spiritual world in which we are.
garia in time of war; but he was lamentably Science deals with the world as physical ; philosophy
deficient in the arts of a statesman.” And this deals with it as spiritual; and religion works the
was the cause of his undoing at the hands of results of both into the most comprehensive and
Russia, whose plans for the absolute control of vital experience.
Bulgaria his patriotism had brought to naught. “ The Cure of Souls is a volume containing a
This story of Alexander's reign and fall is the *THE CURE OF Souls. Lyman Beecher Lectures at Yale
most spirited portion of the book.
As to
University. By John Watson, M.A., D.D. (Ian Maclaren).
Alexander's Machiavellean successor, Mr.
New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
THE GOSPEL FOR AN AGE OF DOUBT. Yale Lectures. By
Miller is non-committal, giving a negative Henry Van Dyke, D.D. New York: The Macmillan Co.
description that is much more favorable to him ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NICENE THEOLOGY.
than is the current opinion. Prince Nicholas
Lectures, by Hugh M. Scott, D.D. Chicago: Theological
Seminary Press.
of Montenegro is evidently a favorite with the
GOD THE CREATOR and Lord of All. By Samuel Harris,
author, and King Charles of Roumania receives D.D., LL.D. Volumes I. and II. New York: Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons.
high praise for his civic and military virtues.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. By Prof. George Park
The way in which Russia has wrested one
Fisher, D.D., LL.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Balkan state after another from the Turks, only EVIL AND EVOLUTION. By the Author of “The Social
Horizon." New York: The Macmillan Co.
to turn gratitude to hostility by her domineer-
THE PHILOSOPHY OF BELIEF; or, Law in Christian The-
ing and grasping policy, is one of the interesting ology. By the Duke of Argyll, K.G., H.G. New York:
points of the book. Russia's position in the Imported by Charles Scribner's Song.
-
a
>


74
[Aug. 1,
THE DIAL
Buddhism
be so sure of that, when we consider how rare a
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
thing" original thought” must always be? Strictly
English literature Professor Edward Dowden's Prince- speaking, is there so very much of it in Wordsworth
as affected by the ton lectures upon "The French Revo- and Coleridge? And is it fair to say that Shelley
French Revolution. lution and English Literature” have does not produce the impression of a forceful
been published in a neat volume (Scribner), and thinker (setting aside as practically insoluble the
make interesting reading, although they traverse question of originality) in almost as marked a de-
exceedingly familiar ground, and bring to their sub- gree as either of the others? He was less than
ject in the way of illumination little that is new. thirty when he died, to be sure, while the others
In this respect they are something of a disappoint- lived on into the time of ripeness, and this fact alone
ment; for we have a right to expect much of Pro- makes the comparison a trifle unfair; but the real
fessor Dowden in the way of interpretative comment difficulty seems to be that some people find exact
and philosophical treatment. We get, however, thought incompatible with melodious utterance.
little of these things, but instead a straightforward | One gift should be enough for a poet, and the poet
history of revolutionary thought in England, begin- who presumes to think should remain rugged in his
ning with the precursors and theorists of the move- utterance. The same preconception has, in our own
ment, with Cowper and the author of “Sandford day, discredited the intellectual force of Mr. Swin-
and Merton,” with Godwin and Mary Wollstone burne, and given rise to the curious notion that
craft, going on with the conservative reaction 80 Browning was a more profound and exact thinker
eloquently championed by Burke, and finally dis- than Tennyson.
cussing the effect of the new ideas upon Burns,
A voluntary association of gentlemen
Southey, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Shelley, and
sympathetically interested in the study of religions
Landor. The subject is of so intense an inherent expounded.
invited Professor Rhys Davids to
interest that a dull book could hardly be made of it,
deliver a series of lectures upon Buddhism, which
and nothing akin to dulness may be predicated of
have been printed in a neat volume of 230 pages,
the book before us. It is simply sober rather than
under the title, “Buddhism, Its History and Liter-
brilliant, although it now and then, in some epi- ature” (Putnam). The keynote of the exposition
grammatic sentence, almost partakes of the latter
is a thorough sympathy with the Buddhistic explana-
quality. It is pleasant to be told of eighteenth tion of the universe and Buddha's panacea for all
century sentimentalism that “the first of duties was
its woes. This fact, coupled with Professor Davids's
no longer to act aright, but to be touched by a deli- ample and exact knowledge of his field, makes the
cate distress.” Likewise there is point in saying contents of the book interesting and profitable read-
that “the gospel of Rousseau is translated by Cow- ing. The treatment is somewhat too brief to be
per into the gospel according to St. Paul," and in
altogether satisfactory - who could present Chris-
the statement that “whether Burke help us to under- tianity adequately in two hundred pages? But the
stand the Revolution or not, assuredly the Revolu-
writer has succeeded in putting forth with clearness
tion should help us to understand Burke.” Here is
and force his own conception of the salient features
a very judicial estimate of Byron : "To acquire a
of this fascinating religious system.
He is an
right feeling for Byron and his poetry is a discipline advocate of the originality of Buddha in his psy-
in equity. It is easy to yield to a sense of his power, chological and ethical positions, and contrasts the
to the force and sweep of his genius ; it is easy to be
traditionalism of the rest of the world, which is still
repelled by his superficial insincerity, his license, his
bound in the fetters of the primitive “soul” theory.
cynicism, his poverty of thought, his looseness of
Of course, one does not look for criticism of Bud-
construction, his carelessness in execution.” And dhism in these lectures, though they are, so far, it
there is food for ample reflection in such a passage would seem, defective. How anyone can trace the
as the following, which contrasts the Eastern heroes
history of Buddhism without a critical estimate of
and heroines of Byron once so very much alive
its defects is hard to understand. But Professor
and now so completely dead — with certain popular
Davids successfully accomplishes even this. He is
figures in recent works of fiction, such as Robert
an optimist with respect to both the past and the
Elsmere and Dodo. • Perhaps Nora Helmer and
future of Buddhism.
Hedda Gabler may by and by repose in the old
marionette box, and the wires by which their limbs
Revival of a
Cooper is at his best in out-of-door
are convulsed may have grown rusty ; perhaps the forgotten work stories. When, in an ill-advised hour,
sawdust already escapes from a clerical garb that by Cooper. he set himself to berating the Amer-
was so fresh a few years since ; perhaps a sprightly ican people for their imperfections as judged by
heroine of two or three seasons ago is no longer so European standards, he was repaid with the outcry
atrociously sprightly." There is little in the main of disturbed complacency, an outcry which might be
line of Professor Dowden's thought that will not to-day translated, without losing force, into a crit-
find general critical acceptance, but we are some- ical dictum against these damnatory works as litera-
what surprised to find him saying that "Shelley, ture. Similar treatment has been accorded « Martin
unlike Wordsworth, and unlike Coleridge, was defi- Chuzzlewit," and might well be extended to Mr. Kip-
cient in the power of original thought.” Can one ling's “American Notes,” both of which sketches of
66
66


1897.]
75
THE DIAL
Evolution
American life lack that essential part of truth which before yesterday. The examples of mental tele-
lies in observing facts in their due proportion. And pathy should be filed away for future reference and
80 some persons may question whether, after all, further information on the subject. Such are the
the reprinting of the “ Autobiography of a Pocket- separate parts of a book which is all by Mark Twain,
Handkerchief” (The Golden Booke Press, Evans- a matter far more important than the particular
ton, Ill.) is worth while. Certainly Mr. Walter Lee facts just communicated. We hope that the author
Brown has done his full duty in his laborious foot- will soon offer us a companion volume entitled “How
notes of the variant readings found in the three to Write an Essay, and other Stories.”
printed forms of 1843; and corrected by compari-
Under the title, “ Researches on the
son with the original manuscript, fortunately at
Evolution of Stellar Systems” (Nich-
hand. It is evident from these foot-notes that of the stars.
ols Press, Lynn, Mass.), Professor
Cooper was more painstaking in his revision than
he is usually given credit for. It appears, however,
T. J. J. See, of the Lowell Astronomical Observa-
that the first half of this volume was more carefully tory, presents a compilation of researches valuable
re-read than the somewhat slovenly and hurried
to the student of physical astronomy, but not to be
remainder. One asks if there was a "period of
recommended to the layman for seaside reading.
French influence” in American letters at this time, Prefacing with a general account of double-star
for the characters affect French terms in their con-
investigations “ from Herschel to Burnham,” and
an acute mathematical discussion of the methods by
versation, and even the descriptive passages are be-
which delicate observations are translated into de-
spattered with French phrases. Yet the story is
distinctly better than many amateur compositions observations, wherever made, upon forty binary
lineations or orbits, Professor See has collated the
or similar subjects, and, as the publishers say in
their advertisement, here is an opportunity to com.
stars, and presents the diagrams of their orbits. In
plete your set of Cooper — an opportunity never
each case, a star in the remote heavens, found to be
before offered by an American publisher. It is but separable into components only by telescopes of the
just to add that the book is made attractive enough perception, has been by various persons separately
finest definition when used by eyes of the acutest
in appearance, and handsome enough in its heavy
observed, and the relative distances of the com-
paper, to open the purse of any bibliophile suscep-
tible to such blandishment.
panion from its central sun have been determined,
as well as its corresponding angular positions.
The eight pieces in Mark Twain's These data, duly discussed and accurately platted,
All by
“ How to Tell a Story, and other show that the companion moves in a planetary orbit
Essays " (Harper) may be classified about a masterful central body, and that the laws
as follows: Two are professional recollections of a of gravitation, as discovered by Newton and form-
professional humorist; two are appropriations, by ulated by Kepler, are dominant at those remote
the same humorist, of material which the literary
distances in the celestial universe as certainly as
critic has commonly thought of as his own property ; where the moon cycles its monthly circuit about the
one is a seizing of that inestimable privilege of the earth, and the planets weave their annual tracery
humorist, the utterance of true wisdom; one is a upon the Zodiac. Conclusions of this sort produce
collection of material for the Society for the Pro- the profoundest impression upon the unprofessional
motion of Psychical Research ; two are subversions reader.
of the opinions of M. Paul Bourget and Mr. Max
Professor Harold W. Johnston, of
O’Rell. Of these, “ Travelling with a Reformer” in original the University of Indiana, has done
has long been sealed with the seal of universal ap-
manuscript.
a very timely service to the cause of
proval: the essay is a good thing, and a service to classical study by the preparation of a volume on
the American people. It is also very funny in “ Latin Manuscripts” (Scott, Foresman & Co.).
places, as, indeed, are the other essays, — though
though It is true that the pupils in our secondary schools,
why “essays " it would be hard to say. The two and even in our colleges, can come into contact
rambles of the professional humorist are of course with Latin literature only in printed editions, but
humorous, but they have so much professionalism many questions arise in the minds of such pupils as
about them as to be a trifle wearisome, at least to to the production and transmission of Latin books,
such as like to have a little spontaneity in life. The and it is well that the answers to such questions
two invasions of literary territory, “In Defence of should be put into accessible form. The subject is
Harriet Shelley” and an indictment of James Feni- treated under three beads, the History of the Man-
more Cooper, will suffer, we fear, from being found uscripts, the Science of Palæography, and the
in company with the “ Jumping Frog” and the Science of Criticism. The book is copiously illus-
“Golden Arm." They will not generally be regarded | trated by reproductions of pages from famous
as contributions to critical literature, although the manuscripts, among them the “Codex Romanus
first, we think, holds the right ground, and the of Catullus, which had lain hidden from the learned
second
very sensible things. The articles world under a mistaken classification in the Vatican
on Paul Bourget's book throw light on what is Library, and was brought to light during the past
already the most ancient of history, that of the day I year by Professor Hale of the University of Chi-
Mark Twain.
Latin classics
"
a
says some
a


76
[Aug. 1,
THE DIAL
Literature
:
which are of special interest
and up-to-date, as well urip
cago. Perhaps the book would have been im- a collection of newspaper sketches, Mr. Davis's book is
proved if a larger number of the critical processes graphic and interesting, and from it may be gained a
described had been illustrated by concrete ex-
very good idea of the present condition of affairs on the
amples; but it is sufficiently plain to serve a good
ill-fated island. Mr. Frederic Remington, who accom-
in the hands of Latin teachers, and no such
panied Mr. Davis on his trip to Cuba, contributes a
purpose
number of illustrations to the volume, which, with a
teacher should be without it unless he is provided
few exceptions, are sensational and poorly-drawn.
with something more extensive in the same line.
In “The Aurora Borealis” (Appleton), M. Alfred
Angot, of the Central Meteorological Office of France,
Although music was the first of the
gives a concise résumé of the bistory of these always
of music.
arts to possess a special dictionary
interesting and often strikingly beautiful phenomena,
of its own, no classification of the illusive and evanescent meteors of the upper air. Facts
works most useful to the student in the principal are stated and illustrated and explanatory theories are
departments of musical literature has been in ex- discussed. With most modern physicists, the author
istence. This want has now been supplied by Mr. prefers that which recognizes in the aurora a mani-
James E. Matthew in his work on “The Literature festation of electric energy, active in the upper atmos-
of Music” (Armstrong). The first five chapters
phere and most frequently in polar latitudes, but ad-
of this work trace the principal objects with which
mits that much remains in this field to be explained or
discovered. The volume closes with a list of all re-
musical literature occupied itself in the different
corded auroras since 1700.
countries of Europe down to the end of the eigh-
Mr. J. N. Larned, editor of the successful “ History
teenth century. The remaining six chapters con-
for Ready Reference" and Public Librarian of Buffalo,
sider some of the special branches into which it has has printed “ A Talk about Books” (Peter Paul Book
been directed, under the headings : Histories of Co.) originally addressed to a body of high school stu-
Music, Dictionaries of Music, The Literature of dents. It is pleasantly written and contains much sound
Sacred Music, The Literature of the Opera, The and sensible advice about reading. It may be warmly
Literature of Musical Instruments, The Literature
recommended to the attention of young persons and their
of Music as a Science. Thus an inquirer in any
parents, being the same sort of thing, in spirit if not in
one of these fields is furnished with an admirable
eloquence, as Mr. Frederic Harrison's “ The Choice of
Books" and Mr. Ruskin's lecture “On King's Treas-
guide showing how and where to go for the books
uries."
Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones, who some years ago pub-
as those which are notable either for their curiosity, lished a pamphlet entitled “Ten Great Novels,” the
their scarceness, or for the important influence they outcome of correspondence with a number of critical
have exercised in a past age.
readers, has now sought to obtain a similar consensus of
opinion in the field of poetry. “Ten Noble Poems” is
the title of the pamphlet now issued, and it contains
lists and explanatory letters from sixty-seven corre-
BRIEFER MENTION.
spondents. The poems were to be measured by “the
test of poetic form, ethical insight, and spiritual inspira-
The average buyer and reader of books, even when tion.” Wordsworth’s “ Intimations" gets the largest
he imagines himself an ardent “ book-lover,” is too apt vote, followed by “In Memoriam,” “Saul," and Gray's
to be ignorant of the proper methods of handling and “ Elegy.” No less than two hundred and thirty-eight
caring for his volumes. He will handle a book as he poems are named altogether. The pamphlet makes very
does his newspaper, and care for it as he might for a interesting reading.
brick or a block of wood. In an attempt to dispel some Professor Ralph S. Tarr publishes, through the
of this ignorance, Mr. Arthur L. Humphreys, a member Macmillan Co., a “ First Book of Physical Geography,"
of the great London bookselling firm of “ Hatchards,” a treatise for still younger students than those for whom
has written an excellent little volume entitled “The the author's “ Elementary Physical Geography
Private Library – What we Do Know, What we Don't designed. This is the third text-book produced recently
Know, Wbat we Ought to Know, about our Books by Professor Tarr, and has the admirable qualities of
(London: Strangeways & Sons). In addition to much clearness and strictly scientific method that characterize
sound practical advice on the care and treatment of its predecessors. The illustrations are numerous and
books, the arrangement of libraries, etc., Mr. Hum- attractive, helping out the text in a highly satisfactory
phreys writes pleasantly on many such subjects as “ Book
way.
Values,"
," « The Art of Reading,” “Old Country Libra-
“The Literary Year-Book” (Dodd), edited for 1897
ries," " Book Hobbies,” etc. In print, paper, and bind-
by Mr. F. G. Afalo, is a venture of a new sort, and
ing, the volume should please the most fastidious.
must be judged leniently. Its contents consist of liter-
In “Cuba in War Time” (R. H. Russell), Mr. Richard ary causeries, alternating with portraits and biographical
Harding Davis expresses his contempt for the numerous sketches of writers who have recently come to the fore.
“Cuban war-correspondents" so-called, who, while pop- This reading matter is distinctly readable, although any-
ularly supposed to be in the midst of the fray on the thing but profound. The reference features of the book
island, are in reality turning out their “copy" from the include a literary calendar for the year, lists of public
security of Florida hotel piazzas. There are rumors libraries and literary clubs in England, and very useful
afloat that Mr. Davis's own war sketches, contained in (although far from complete) directories of British
the present volume, were produced in this way; but we authors, publishers, and booksellers. Altogether it is a
think any impartial reader of his book will readily useful compendium and one to be recommended to
acquit him of the charge. Although nothing more than bookmen of all sorts.
"


1897.]
77
THE DIAL
66
9
"
old. Even such a Congress as that now in office found
LITERARY NOTES.
itself unable to ignore the unanimous protest made by
Mr. E. W. Porter, of St. Paul, publishes a pretty text
all who represent intelligent public opinion when the
of FitzGerald's “Omar," with the various readings of Dingley tax upon education was first bruited, and in this
the four editions.
matter, at least, the law has not taken a step backward.
Messrs. Ginn & Co. publish an “ Elementary Arith-
The shameful tax upon art, however, has been made a
metic," by Mr. William W. Speer, Assistant Superin-
part of the law, and refutes any idea that our latest
tariff-makers could have had the interests of civilization
tendent of the Chicago public schools.
really at heart.
Two new volumes in the“ Centenary” edition of Car-
lyle have just been published by Messrs. Charles Scrib-
“ The Century” for September will make the follow-
ner's Sons. They are two of the four which will contain
ing announcement:
the complete « Cromwell.”
With the aim of encouraging literary activity among col-
It is said that Professor W. I. Knapp's long-expected four successive years, three prizes of $250, open to persons
lege graduates, 'The Century Magazine 'offers to give, during
life of George Borrow will be ready for publication in
who receive the degree of Bachelor of Arts in any college or
the Autumn. Dr. Knapp is probably the most learned university in the United States during the commencement
of living Borrovians, and has traced the wanderings of seasons of 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900,
his scholar-gypsy all over Spain.
“1st, for the best metrical writing of not fewer than fifty
The doctoral dissertation of Miss Ellen C. Hinsdale,
lines. 2d, for the best essay in the field of biography, history,
daughter of Professor B. A. Hinsdale of Ann Arbor, is
or literary criticism, of not fewer than four thousand or more
entitled: “Ueber die Wiedergabe der Lateinischen
than eight thousand words. 3d, for the best story of not fewer
Futurums bei den Althochdeutschen Uebersetzern des
than four thousand or more than eight thousand words.
“On or before June 1st of the year succeeding graduation,
8.-10. Jabrhunderts.” It is printed at Göttingen, at
competitors must submit type-written manuscript to the editor
which university Miss Hinsdale took her degree. of 'The Century Magazine,' marked, outside and inside, 'For
The Macmillan Co. have sent us Volume III. of the College Competition,' signed by a pen-name, and accom-
Montaigne and Volume IV. of the “Morte d'Arthur” panied by the name and address of the author in a separate
in their “ Temple Classics,” Heywood's “A Woman
sealed envelope, which will not be opened until the decision
has been made. It is to be understood that the article sub-
Killed with Kindness” in their “ Temple Dramatists,"
« Lost Illusions” in their edition of Balzac, “Snarley-
mitted has not been previously published. The editor, at his
discretion, may withhold the award in any class in case no
yow” in their collection of standard English novels, and manuscript is thought worthy of the prize. The Century
« Dream Tales " in their edition of the novels of Tour-
Magazine' reserves the right to print the prize manuscripts
guénieff.
without further payments, the copyright to revert to the au-
The death of Mrs. Oliphant last month has been fol- thors three months after the date of publication."
lowed by the death, on July 20, of Miss Jean Ingelow,
a woman whose poetical reputation was once consider-
able, but seems to have declined of recent years, although TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
a few of her pieces are still among the most generally
August, 1897.
familiar in the English language. Her several novels
once had a considerable vogue but are now almost
Alaska Trip, The. John Muir. Century,
wholly forgotten.
Balkans, Problem of the. C. H. Cooper. Dial.
Several scholars in Japan are now making a special
Bird Artists. Frank H. Sweet. Lippincott.
Burroughs, John. H. W. Mabie. Century.
study of Dante. Among them is the Rev. Masahisa
Constitution, Evolution of a. James O. Pierce. Dial.
Uyemura, who is said to have under contemplation the Continental Literature, A Year of. Dial.
composition of an essay on the great Italian poet. A Criticism, The Pause in,- and After. W.R. Thayer. Atlan.
society under the title of “Danate Kenkyukwai,” an Delinquent, The, in Art and Literature. E. Ferri. Atlantic.
association for studying Dante's writings, is likely to be
Faith and Philosophy. John Bascom. Dial.
organized by the admirers of the poet. These interest-
Forests, American. John Muir. Atlantic.
Hudson River, The Clarence Cook. Century.
ing facts are furnished by the “Japan Times.”
Hungarian Millennium, The. F. Hopkinson Smith. Harper.
It is with great pleasure that we note the unanimity
Illustration, Decorative. Frederick W. Gookin. Dial.
with which all the periodicals that stand for an enlight- Inauguration, TL R. H. Davis. Harper.
ened civilization have expressed their condemnation of Inexact, Charm of the. Charles C. Abbott. Lippincott.
the President's appointment of a new Librarian of Con- Java. Eliza R. Scidmore. Century.
gress. Instead of selecting a professional librarian for Kansas Community, A Typical. W. A. White. Atlantic.
this important post (assuming that Mr. Spofford was to
Lind, Jenny, and America. Fanny M. Smith. Century.
be displaced) a politician with no qualification whatever
Lind, Jenny, Characteristics of. Henri Appy. Century.
Margate. Elizabeth R. Pennell. Century.
for the work is chosen, presumably at the dictation of
Marine Hospital Service, The. Joanna Nicholls. Lippincott.
some local « boss."
We did not expect that President
Massachusetts Shoe Town, A. A. F. Sanborn. Atlantic.
McKinley would deal civil service reform such a slap in
Negro People, Strivings of the. W. E. B. Du Bois. Atlantic.
the face as this, and his protestations of friendship for Norway. H. E. Scudder and H. H. Boyesen. Century.
the movement must hereafter be taken subject to a Physics, Century's Progress in. H. S. Williams. Harper.
considerable discount.
Rainier, Mount, Impressions of. I. C. Russell. Scribner.
We are glad to state that the new tariff law of the
Singing. Gertrude E. Wall. Lippincott.
United States, objectionable as it is in many of its fea-
Spitsbergen, Across and around. Dial.
Street Names, Our. William W. Crane. Lippincott.
tures, does not embody the crowning atrocity of a tax
Swift, Dean, Unpublished Letters of. G. B. Hill. Atlantic.
upon all kinds of books. The provisions of the old law
Thessaly, A Journey in. T. D. Goodell. Century.
are substantially retained, leaving untaxed all books for War Department, Controversies in. J. M. Schofield. Century.
public institutions, all books printed in foreign lan- Woman Collegian, The. Helen W. Moody. Scribner.
guages, and all English books more than twenty years Workers, The. Walter A. Wyckoff. Scribner.


72
[Aug. 1,
THE DIAL
a
every blessed
-
course of the Lyman Beecher Lectures at Yale. the doctrinal force and exact historical settings of
These lectures have usually been of a sprightly His words, as in going forward with Christ, appre-
character, growing directly out of the experience of hending and fulfilling His regenerative purpose.
some large-minded preacher, and delivered under the We are to arrive at the heart of His doctrine by
stimulus of being directed to those about to engage doing His will. A discussion which critically undoes
in the same form of service. They have been stim- past work in theology or critically does it over
ulating rather than instructive, and practical in a again is not going back to Christ as a spiritual
large rather than in a narrow way.
The nine lec- power, but is a fresh casting of lots over His vest-
tures before us are a favorable example of their ments. Christ becomes the plaything of philosophy,
kind. They are on such themes as “ The Genesis as a doll is the plaything of children who dress and
of a Sermon, “ Problems of Preaching,” “ The undress it in endless sequence. Professor Scott is
New Dogma,” “The Minister's Care of Himself.” | erudite, and full of material, but he does not show
They are full of the inner life of the speaker, are much analytic and condensing power in presenting
clear and pleasing in style, and are sustained by a his subject. The less learned pupil would be quite
constant and light play of the imagination. They sure to lose his way in this accumulation of state-
cannot fail to interest all who hold in high esteem ment and criticism. We are at a loss to understand
the work of the minister. They are the expression why the opinions of every German-
of successful service, and enter in a familiar man. one of them should be regarded as a new and
ner into the secrets of its power.
important fact to be dealt with in theology. A
“ The Gospel for an Age of Doubt" is also a generation so superheated by scholarship yields a
volume of Yale Lectures. It does not stand for good deal of very volatile matter.
quite as spontaneous, free, and varied a personal The two volumes entitled “God the Creator and
experience as the previous volume; but it flows none Lord of All” are made up of eleven hundred and
the less with a strong, full current, from the heart thirty compact pages. They discuss the nature of
of the man. It is an excellent representation of God, His creation, His government, physical and
what we are having manifold examples of — an moral. The attitude of the author is one of mild
effort to make the words and character of Christ orthodoxy. Reason, with him, underlies the entire
the centre of belief and persuasion. “The deep framework of thoughts and things. The basis of
question, the important question, the question of his philosophy is intuitional. The work is carefully
widest interest, is what to preach to the men and elaborated, and, without being brilliant or impres-
women of to-day, to cheer them, to uplift them, to sive, is full of sober thought. It neither goes astray
lead them back to faith and through faith to a brave, nor leads astray. The work is a philosophy of our
full, noble life” (page VI.). The volume has a higher spiritual conceptions. While one would not
finished form. The thought is quickened by a wide venture to say that these volumes are the last of
familiarity with stimulating religious literature, and this species, he cannot but feel that the species is
supported by a voluminous appendix of excerpts. one soon to disappear. It has already much fallen
The author has spared no pains to make the lectures off since the twenty sound volumes of Gerhard.
a suitable utterance of the overruling idea. They
They Like some noble form of life that frequented the
have a deep inspiration of faith which adapts them, mountains or abounded on the plains, and in its own
not merely to those who preach Christ, but to all era drew at once the attention, but is now hard to
who believe in him.
be found, the systems of systematic theology which
The volume on “The Nicene Theology” is com- have followed each other in prolific generation no
posed of lectures given in the Princeton Theological longer express the power nor claim the position that
Seminary by Professor Scott of Chicago Theological once fell to them. They are too much elaborated
Seminary. Their purpose is to establish the essen- from within ; they are too exact and rigid in their
tial soundness of that Christian development of doc- conclusions; they give more attention to the pro-
trine which issued in the Council of Nice and the cesses of thought than to the ever-growing data of
Nicene Creed. The discussion is especially influ- thought, and often overlook data because they have
enced by the distinctive criticism of Schultz and found no sufficient place for them. The practical
others, separating the words of Christ from the doc- empirical side of life is nearer to us than ever, mak-
trinal and historical facts associated with them. ing its own demand on our speculative processes.
“A recent critic of this position maintains that The “ History of Christian Doctrine" belongs to
Ritschl lands in only three fundamental doctrines, the “ International Theological Library.” This
namely, trust in God, faithfulness to duty, and uni- itself is a promise of careful and adequate work, a
versal love to man" (page 17). The cry in the promise the volume fulfils. A history of doctrine,
(
ology, Back to Christ, has much the same difficulty like a history of philosophy, though the doctrines
as the cry in philosophy, Back to Kant. Neither of and the systems may disappear, always remains an
them is profitable as an exact direction. Both of intensely interesting record of human life. Such a
them should mean a divesting of the mind of un- history calls for keen insight and wide sympathy.
profitable subtleties, and returning to more practical | The volume before us is comprehensive and com-
spiritual ideas. Our wisdom lies not so much in pact. It is exceedingly full, and at the same time
going back to Christ, trying once more to construct very concise. It is thus better fitted for referen,


1897.]
73
THE DIAL
and less fitted to make a single and forceful impres- this assertion, but he has not felt its full force. Nor
sion. It treats of ancient, mediæval, and modern does the writer feel, as fully as he ought, the present
theology. The last division is especially complete entire coherence of the spiritual world, rendering
and interesting. The author enters into his narra- any intervention of Satan, any conflict between the
tive as one of living experiences, and gives it a two Principles of Evil and Good, inadmissible. The
• biographical cast. The personal side attracts him world is being rid of evil, but by exactly the same
quite as much as the speculative side. Professor processes as those which include it. The author
Fisher makes a distinction between theology and makes too much of happiness as happiness. He is
philosophy which is hardly satisfactory, and which in the empirical slough on that subject. Selfishness
affects somewhat his own presentation. The- and love extend down to the vegetable kingdom.
ology discusses the facts of Christianity. Philos- His new adjustments would primarily make the
ophy begins with the data of consciousness, and world more pleasurable, not more spiritually power-
builds them into a system by a process in which ful; would give it an instinctive and organic cast,
historical events have no place." We should hold, not a free and holy one. The dramatic power of
rather, that the explanatory process is essentially the spiritual world is not adequately rendered by
the same in theology and in philosophy. The facts him.
of Christianity must be rendered on their rational “ The Philosophy of Belief” is the most imposing
side as the basis of doctrine, and the data of con- volume of our present series. It stands associated
sciousness must be interpreted as the experiences of with and in completion of “The Reign of Law"
mind in contact with the world, or they can give no and “The Unity of Nature" by the same author.
safe footing to thought. Neither set of data can be The characteristic of all three books is their vigorous
separated from their historic evolution.
hold of the physical world on the one hand, and of
* Evil and Evolution" is a noteworthy book. It the spiritual world on the other. Very few authors
is a piece of well-reasoned philosophy on the origin pursue so unswerving a path between science and
of evil. The presentation is clear, comprehensive, faith ; few so well apprehend the unity of the world as
and penetrating. The author justly feels that the a physical and spiritual product. The present vol-
central idea—the idea most of all to be watched over ume lays emphasis on the spiritual side of life, dis-
in a rational construction of the spiritual world — is closes it as thoroughly interwoven in the framework
the conception of the character of God, the good of things, and as immutable in its leading principles
ness of God. If we lose or obscure this, all is doubt, as are the physical laws with which it is associated.
confusion, fear. The writer returns to the concep- The spiritual world is as much a part of the entire
tion which has been so prevalent in faith, that of a world as are the atmosphere and sunlight and clouds
perverse principle— a Satanic Personality — as the of the earth they enclose. The topics of the volume
source of evil; thus relieving the character of God are intuitive theology — in which the interlock of
from a burden not otherwise to be escaped. The perceptive and intuitive truths is traced,- the the-
point is argued with much fulness and large re- ology of the Hebrews and Christian theology - in
sources of physical knowledge. It is not made to which spiritual principles find fullest expression,
rest on Christian faith or any phase of faith. The and Christian belief in its relation to philosophy.
volume is one fitted to deeply interest those whose The style of the author is voluminous and discur-
minds linger about such inquiries. It is in many sive, but the thought is easily intelligible, and gains
ways suggestive, and is a good antidote to a dog- great cumulative power. To those who at all share
matic and flippant temper. Its conclusions are, the convictions of the writer, the unmistakable and
however, so directly against the entire drift of eternal foundations of truth seem to be disclosed.
speculative thought at present, that it will hardly He thus defines the purpose of philosophy:
do more than make a ripple. While there are many “ But we must never forget that the original meaning
points of which one would desire to speak, we must of the word denotes no less than the love and desire of
satisfy ourselves with referring to two or three. knowledge in that largest sense which is identified with
The author, in common with a good many others,
the pursuit of Wisdom. It represents the constant
seems to us to misrender the omnipotence of God.
struggle and desire of men to bring their own thoughts
and conceptions more and more into conscious corre-
Omnipotence can only mean the power to do what
spondence with the system of the universe in which they
is capable of being done. It looks to physical re-
live. There can be no higher aim than this. It affords
sources. Omnipotence cannot make one scheme of
room for the exercise of all the most powerful faculties
action to include the advantages of all schemes, nor we possess. It is an aim which not only must include
er ble it to escape the evils incident to it. A scheme theology, but must regard it as the central and ultimate
is to be judged by its entire makeup of tendencies. object of attainment. If there be a universe at all, the
These are not capable of every combination, but great endeavor of philosophy must be to conceive how
only of certain combinations. The question con-
its unity can be made intelligible, and on the other
hand to understand how it is that, in some aspects, it so
cerning the Spiritual Universe is not whether it
includes evil, but whether, taken as one whole, it is
often appears as if it were divided.”
an inadmissible combination of good and evil. The Philosophy and religion both rest on the intelligi-
evil must in every case be weighed with the good with bility - pervasive and complete ---of the world in
which we are.
which it is associated. The author would not deny
JOHN BASCOM.


74
[Aug. 1,
THE DIAL
be so sure of that, when we consider how rare a
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
thing“ original thought” must always be? Strictly
English literature
Professor Edward Dowden's Prince-speaking, is there so very much of it in Wordsworth
as affected by the ton lectures
upon
« The French Revo- and Coleridge? And is it fair to say that Shelley
French Revolution. lution and English Literature” have does not produce the impression of a forceful
been published in a neat volume (Scribner), and thinker (setting aside as practically insoluble the •
make interesting reading, although they traverse question of originality) in almost as marked a de-
exceedingly familiar ground, and bring to their sub- gree as either of the others? He was less than
ject in the way of illumination little that is new. thirty when he died, to be sure, while the others
In this respect they are something of a disappoint- lived on into the time of ripeness, and this fact alone
ment; for we have a right to expect much of Pro- makes the comparison a trifle unfair; but the real
fessor Dowden in the way of interpretative comment difficulty seems to be that some people find exact
and philosophical treatment. We get, however,
We get, however, thought incompatible with melodious utterance.
little of these things, but instead a straightforward One gift should be enough for a poet, and the poet
history of revolutionary thought in England, begin- who presumes to think should remain rugged in his
ning with the precursors and theorists of the move- utterance. The same preconception has, in our own
ment, with Cowper and the author of “Sandford day, discredited the intellectual force of Mr. Swin-
and Merton,” with Godwin and Mary Wollstone burne, and given rise to the curious notion that
craft, going on with the conservative reaction so Browning was a more profound and exact thinker
eloquently championed by Burke, and finally dis- than Tennyson.
cussing the effect of the new ideas upon Burns,
Buddhism
A voluntary association of gentlemen
Southey, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Shelley, and
sympathetically interested in the study of religions
Landor. The subject is of so intense an inherent expounded.
invited Professor Rhys Davids to
interest that a dull book could hardly be made of it,
deliver a series of lectures upon Buddhism, which
and nothing akin to dalness may be predicated of
have been printed in a neat volume of 230 pages,
the book before us. It is simply sober rather than
under the title, “ Buddhism, Its History and Liter-
brilliant, although it now and then, in some epi-
ature" (Putnam). The keynote of the exposition
grammatic sentence, almost partakes of the latter
is a thorough sympathy with the Buddhistic explana-
quality. It is pleasant to be told of eighteenth
tion of the universe and Buddha's panacea for all
century sentimentalism that “the first of duties was
its woes. This fact, coupled with Professor Davids's
no longer to act aright, but to be touched by a deli-
cate distress.” Likewise there is point in saying
ample and exact knowledge of his field, makes the
contents of the book interesting and profitable read-
that “the gospel of Rousseau is translated by Cow-
ing. The treatment is somewhat too brief to be
per into the gospel according to St. Paul,” and in
altogether satisfactory — who could present Chris-
the statement that “whether Burke help us to under-
tianity adequately in two hundred pages? But the
stand the Revolution or not, assuredly the Revolu-
writer has succeeded in putting forth with clearness
tion should help us to understand Burke.” Here is
and force his own conception of the salient features
a very judicial estimate of Byron : “To acquire a
of this fascinating religious system.
He is an
right feeling for Byron and his poetry is a discipline advocate of the originality of Buddha in his psy-
in equity. It is easy to yield to a sense of his power,
chological and ethical positions, and contrasts the
to the force and sweep of his genius ; it is easy to be
traditionalism of the rest of the world, which is still
repelled by his superficial insincerity, his license, his
bound in the fetters of the primitive “soul” theory.
cynicism, his poverty of thought, his looseness of
Of course, one does not look for criticism of Bud-
construction, his carelessness in execution." And
dhism in these lectures, though they are, so far, it
there is food for ample reflection in such a passage
would seem, defective. How anyone can trace the
as the following, which contrasts the Eastern heroes
history of Buddhism without a critical estimate of
and heroines of Byron once so very much alive
its defects is hard to understand. But Professor
and now so completely dead -- with certain popular
Davids successfully accomplishes even this. He is
figures in recent works of fiction, such as Robert
an optimist with respect to both the past and the
Elsmere and Dodo. “Perhaps Nora Helmer and
future of Buddhism.
Hedda Gabler may by and by repose in the old
marionette box, and the wires by which their limbs
Revival of a
Cooper is at his best in out-of-door
are convulsed may have grown rusty ; perhaps the forgotten work stories. When, in an ill-advised hour,
sawdust already escapes from a clerical garb that
by Cooper.
he set himself to berating the Amer-
was so fresh a few years since; perhaps a sprightly ican people for their imperfections as judged by
heroine of two or three seasons ago is no longer so European standards, he was repaid with the outcry
atrociously sprightly.” There is little in the main of disturbed complacency, an outcry which might be
line of Professor Dowden's thought that will not to-day translated, without losing force, into a crit-
find general critical acceptance, but we are some- ical dictum against these damnatory works as litera-
what surprised to find him saying that “Shelley, ture. Similar treatment has been accorded “Martin
unlike Wordsworth, and unlike Coleridge, was defi- Chuzzlewit,” and might well be extended to Mr. Kip-
cient in the power of original thought.” Can one ling's “American Notes,” both of which sketches of
-


1897.]
75
THE DIAL
Evolution
American life lack that essential part of truth which before yesterday. The examples of mental tele-
lies in observing facts in their due proportion. And pathy should be filed away for future reference and
80 some persons may question whether, after all, further information on the subject. Such are the
the reprinting of the "Autobiography of a Pocket- separate parts of a book which is all by Mark Twain,
Handkerchief” (The Golden Booke Press, Evans- a matter far more important than the particular
ton, Ill.) is worth while. Certainly Mr. Walter Lee facts just communicated. We hope that the author
Brown has done his full duty in his laborious foot will soon offer us a companion volume entitled “How
notes of the variant readings found in the three to Write an Essay, and other Stories."
printed forms of 1843; and corrected by compari-
son with the original manuscript, fortunately at
Under the title, “ Researches on the
Evolution of Stellar Systems” (Nich-
hand. It is evident from these foot-notes that of the stars.
Cooper was more painstaking in his revision than
ols Press, Lynn, Mass.), Professor
he is usually given credit for. It appears, however,
T. J. J. See, of the Lowell Astronomical Observa-
that the first half of this volume was more carefully
tory, presents a compilation of researches valuable
to the student of physical astronomy, but not to be
re-read than the somewhat slovenly and hurried
remainder. One asks if there was a “period of
recommended to the layman for seaside reading.
French influence” in American letters at this time, Prefacing with a general account of double-star
investigations “from Herschel to Burnham," and
for the characters affect French terms in their con-
versation, and even the descriptive passages are be-
an acute mathematical discussion of the methods by
which delicate observations are translated into de
spattered with French phrases. Yet the story is
distinctly better than many amateur compositions observations, wherever made, upon forty binary
lineations or orbits, Professor See has collated the
or similar subjects, and, as the publishers say in
their advertisement, here is an opportunity to com-
stars, and presents the diagrams of their orbits. In
each case, a star in the remote heavens, found to be
plete your set of Cooper — an opportunity never
before offered by an American
publisher. It is but separable into components only by telescopes of the
just to add that the book is made attractive enough perception, has been by various persons separately
finest definition when used by eyes of the acutest
in appearance, and handsome enough in its heavy observed, and the relative distances of the com-
paper, to open the purse of any bibliophile suscep-
panion from its central sun have been determined,
tible to such blandishment.
as well as its corresponding angular positions.
The eight pieces in Mark Twain's These data, duly discussed and accurately platted,
Au by
“ How to Tell a Story, and other show that the companion moves in a planetary orbit
Essays" (Harper) may be classified about a masterful central body, and that the laws
as follows: Two are professional recollections of a of gravitation, as discovered by Newton and form-
professional humorist; two are appropriations, by ulated by Kepler, are dominant at those remote
the same humorist, of material which the literary distances in the celestial universe as certainly as
critic bas commonly thought of as his own property ; where the moon cycles its monthly circuit about the
one is a seizing of that inestimable privilege of the earth, and the planets weave their annual tracery
humorist, the utterance of true wisdom; one is a upon the Zodiac. Conclusions of this sort produce
collection of material for the Society for the Pro- the profoundest impression upon the unprofessional
motion of Psychical Research ; two are subversions reader.
of the opinions of M. Paul Bourget and Mr. Max
Professor Harold W. Johnston, of
O'Rell. Of these, “ Travelling with a Reformer" in original the University of Indiana, has done
has long been sealed with the seal of universal ap-
manuscript.
a very timely service to the cause of
proval: the essay is a good thing, and a service to classical study by the preparation of a volume on
the American people. It is also very funny in “ Latin Manuscripts” (Scott, Foresman & Co.).
places, as, indeed, are the other essays, - though
though It is true that the pupils in our secondary schools,
why “ essays
" it would be hard to say. The two and even in our colleges, can come into contact
rambles of the professional humorist are of course with Latin literature only in printed editions, but
humorous, but they have so much professionalism many questions arise in the minds of such pupils as
about them as to be a trifle wearisome, at least to to the production and transmission of Latin books,
such as like to have a little spontaneity in life. The and it is well that the answers to such questions
two invasions of literary territory, “In Defence of should be put into accessible form. The subject is
Harriet Shelley” and an indictment of James Feni- treated under three beads, the History of the Man-
more Cooper, will suffer, we fear, from being found uscripts, the Science of Palæography, and the
in company with the “ Jumping Frog” and the Science of Criticism. The book is copiously illus-
“Golden Arm." They will not generally be regarded trated by reproductions of pages from famous
as contributions to critical literature, although the manuscripts, among them the “Codex Romanus"
first, we think, holds the right ground, and the of Catullus, which had lain hidden from the learned
second says some very sensible things. The articles world under a mistaken classification in the Vatican
on Paul Bourget’s book throw light on what is Library, and was brought to light during the past
already the most ancient of history, that of the day year by Professor Hale of the University of Chi-
Mark Twain.
Latin classics


76
[Aug. 1,
THE DIAL
cago. Perhaps the book would have been im- a collection of newspaper sketches, Mr. Davis's book is
proved if a larger number of the critical processes graphic and interesting, and from it may be gained a
described had been illustrated by concrete ex-
very good idea of the present condition of affairs on the
amples; but it is sufficiently plain to serve a good panied Mr. Davis on his trip to Cuba, contributes a
ill-fated island. Mr. Frederic Remington, who accom-
purpose in the hands of Latin teachers, and no such
number of illustrations to the volume, wbich, with a
teacher should be without it unless he is provided
few exceptions, are sensational and poorly-drawn.
with something more extensive in the same line.
In “The Aurora Borealis” (Appleton), M. Alfred
Although music was the first of the
Angot, of the Central Meteorological Office of France,
Literature
gives a concise résumé of the history of these always
arts to possess a special dictionary interesting and often strikingly beautiful phenomena,
of music.
of its own, no classification of the
illusive and evanescent meteors of the upper air. Facts
works most useful to the student in the principal are stated and illustrated and explanatory theories are
departments of musical literature has been in ex- discussed. With most modern physicists, the author
istence. This want has now been supplied by Mr. prefers that which recognizes in the aurora a mani-
James E. Matthew in his work on “The Literature
festation of electric energy, active in the upper atmos-
of Music” (Armstrong). The first five chapters phere and most frequently in polar latitudes, but ad-
mits that much remains in this field to be explained or
of this work trace the principal objects with which
discovered. The volume closes with a list of all re-
musical literature occupied itself in the different
corded auroras since 1700.
countries of Europe down to the end of the eigh-
Mr. J. N. Larned, editor of the successful “ History
teenth century. The remaining six chapters con-
for Ready Reference" and Public Librarian of Buffalo,
sider some of the special branches into which it has has printed “A Talk about Books” (Peter Paul Book
been directed, under the headings : Histories of Co.) originally addressed to a body of high school stu-
Music, Dictionaries of Music, The Literature of dents. It is pleasantly written and contains much sound
Sacred Music, The Literature of the Opera, The
and sensible advice about reading. It may be warmly
Literature of Musical Instruments, The Literature
recommended the attention of young persons and their
of Music as a Science. Thus an inquirer in any
parents, being the same sort of thing, in spirit if not in
one of these fields is furnished with an admirable
eloquence, as Mr. Frederic Harrison's “ The Choice of
Books" and Mr. Ruskin's lecture “On King's Treas-
guide showing how and where to go for the books
uries."
which are of special interest and up-to-date, as well Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones, who some years ago pub-
as those which are notable either for their curiosity,
lished a pamphlet entitled “Ten Great Novels," the
their scarceness, or for the important influence they
outcome of correspondence with a number of critical
have exercised in a past age.
readers, has now sought to obtain a similar consensus of
opinion in the field of poetry. “Ten Noble Poems" is
the title of the pamphlet now issued, and it contains
lists and explanatory letters from sixty-seven corre-
BRIEFER MENTION.
spondents. The poems were to be measured by “the
test of poetic form, ethical insight, and spiritual inspira-
The average buyer and reader of books, even when tion." Wordsworth’s “ Intimations " gets the largest
he imagines himself an ardent “ book-lover,” is too apt vote, followed by “In Memoriam,” “Saul," and Gray's
to be ignorant of the proper methods of handling and Elegy.” No less than two hundred and thirty-eight
caring for his volumes. He will handle a book as he poems are named altogether. The pamphlet makes very
does his newspaper, and care for it as he might for a interesting reading.
brick or a block of wood. In an attempt to dispel some Professor Ralph S. Tarr publishes, through the
of this ignorance, Mr. Arthur L. Humphreys, a member Macmillan Co., a “ First Book of Physical Geography,"
of the great London bookselling firm of “ Hatchards," a treatise for still younger students than those for whom
has written an excellent little volume entitled « The the author's “ Elementary Physical Geography” was
Private Library - What we Do Know, What we Don't designed. This is the third text-book produced recently
Know, What we ought to Know, about our Books " by Professor Tarr, and has the admirable qualities of
(London: Strangeways & Sons). In addition to much clearness and strictly scientific method that characterize
sound practical advice on the care and treatment of its predecessors. The illustrations are numerous and
books, the arrangement of libraries, etc., Mr. Hum- attractive, helping out the text in a highly satisfactory
phreys writes pleasantly on many such subjects as “ Book
way.
Values,” “The Art of Reading,” “Old Country Libra-
“ The Literary Year-Book” (Dodd), edited for 1897
ries," “ Book Hobbies,” etc. In print, paper, and bind-
by Mr. F. G. Aflalo, is a venture of a new sort, and
ing, the volume should please the most fastidious.
must be judged leniently. Its contents consist of liter-
In “Cuba in War Time" (R. H. Russell), Mr. Richard ary causeries, alternating with portraits and biographical
Harding Davis expresses his contempt for the numerous sketches of writers who have recently come to the fore.
“Cuban war-correspondents” so-called, who, while pop- This reading-matter is distinctly readable, although any-
ularly supposed to be in the midst of the fray on the thing but profound. The reference features of the book
island, are in reality turning out their “copy” from the include a literary calendar for the year, lists of public
security of Florida hotel piazzas. There are rumors libraries and literary clubs in England, and very useful
afloat that Mr. Davis's own war sketches, contained in (although far from complete) directories of British
the present volume, were produced in this way; but we authors, publishers, and booksellers. Altogether it is a
think any impartial reader of his book will readily useful compendium and one to be recommended to
acquit him of the charge. Although nothing more than bookmen of all sorts.


1897.]
77
THE DIAL
old. Even such a Congress as that now in office found
LITERARY NOTES.
itself unable to ignore the unanimous protest made by
Mr. E. W. Porter, of St. Paul, publishes a pretty text
all who represent intelligent public opinion when the
of FitzGerald's “Omar," with the various readings of
Dingley tax upon education was first bruited, and in this
the four editions.
matter, at least, the law has not taken a step backward.
Messrs. Ginn & Co. publish an “ Elementary Arith-
The shameful tax upon art, however, has been made a
metic,” by Mr. William W. Speer, Assistant Superin- part of the law, and refutes any idea that our latest
tariff-makers could have had the interests of civilization
tendent of the Chicago publio schools.
really at heart.
Two new volumes in the“ Centenary "edition of Car-
lyle have just been published by Messrs. Charles Scrib-
“The Century” for September will make the follow-
ner's Sons. They are two of the four which will contain
ing announcement:
the complete Cromwell.”
“With the aim of encouraging literary activity among col-
It is said that Professor W. I. Knapp's long-expected lego graduates, 'The Century Magazine ' offers to give, during
four successive years, three prizes of $250, open to persons
life of George Borrow will be ready for publication in
who receive the degree of Bachelor of Arts in any college or
the Autumn. Dr. Knapp is probably the most learned un rsity in the United States during the commencement
of living Borrovians, and has traced the wanderings of seasons of 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900.
his scholar-gypsy all over Spain.
"1st, for the best metrical writing of not fewer than fifty
The doctoral dissertation of Miss Ellen C. Hinsdale,
lines. 2d, for the best essay in the field of biography, history,
daughter of Professor B. A. Hinsdale of Ann Arbor, is
or literary criticism, of not fewer than four thousand or more
entitled: “Ueber die Wiedergabe der Lateinischen
than eight thousand words. 3d, for the best story of not fewer
Futurums bei den Althochdeutschen Uebersetzern des
than four thousand or more than eight thousand words.
"On or before June 1st of the year succeeding graduation,
8.-10. Jahrhunderts." It is printed at Göttingen, at
competitors must submit type-written manuscript to the editor
which university Miss Hinsdale took her degree. of The Century Magazine,' marked, outside and inside, 'For
The Macmillan Co. have sent us Volume III. of the College Competition,' signed by a pen-name, and accom-
Montaigne and Volume IV. of the “Morte d'Arthur' panied by the name and address of the author in a separate
in their “Temple Classics,” Heywood's “A Woman
sealed envelope, which will not be opened until the decision
Killed with Kindness” in their “Temple Dramatists,"
has been made. It is to be understood that the article sub-
“Lost Illusions” in their edition of Balzac, “Snarley-
mitted has not been previously published. The editor, at his
discretion, may withhold the award in any class in case no
yow” in their collection of standard English novels, and
manuscript is thought worthy of the prize. "The Century
« Dream Tales" in their edition of the novels of Tour-
Magazine' reserves the right to print the prize manuscripts
guénieff.
without further payments, the copyright to revert to the au-
The death of Mrs. Oliphant last month has been fol- thors three months after the date of publication."
lowed by the death, on July 20, of Miss Jean Ingelow,
a woman whose poetical reputation was once consider-
able, but seems to have declined of recent years, although TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
a few of her pieces are still among the most generally
August, 1897.
familiar in the English language. Her several novels
once had a considerable vogue but are now almost
Alaska Trip, The. John Muir. Century,
wholly forgotten.
Balkans, Problem of the. C. H. Cooper. Dial.
Several scholars in Japan are now making a special
Bird Artists. Frank H. Sweet. Lippincott.
Burroughs, John. H. W. Mabie. Century.
study of Dante. Among them is the Rev. Masahisa
Constitution, Evolution of a. James 0. Pierce. Dial.
Uyemura, who is said to have under contemplation the Continental Literature, A Year of. Dial.
composition of an essay on the great Italian poet. A Criticism, The Pause in, - and After. W. R. Thayer. Atlan.
society under the title of “Danate Kenkyuk wai,” an Delinquent, The, in Art and Literature. E. Ferri. Atlantic.
association for studying Dante's writings, is likely to be
Faith and Philosophy. John Bascom. Dial.
organized by the admirers of the poet. These interest-
Forests, American John Muir. Atlantic.
ing facts are furnished by the “Japan Times."
Hudson River, The. Clarence Cook. Century.
Hungarian Millennium, The. F. Hopkinson Smith. Harper.
It is with great pleasure that we note the unanimity
Illustration, Decorative. Frederick W. Gookin. Dial.
with which all the periodicals that stand for an enlight- Inauguration, The. R. H. Davis. Harper.
ened civilization have expressed their condemnation of Inexact, Charm of the. Charles C. Abbott. Lippincott.
the President's appointment of a new Librarian of Con- Java. Eliza R. Soidmore. Century.
gress. Instead of selecting a professional librarian for Kansas Community, A Typical. W. A. White. Allantic.
this important post (assuming that Mr. Spofford was to
Lind, Jenny, and America. Fanny M. Smith. Century.
be displaced) a politician with no qualification whatever
Lind, Jenny, Characteristics of. Henri Appy. Century.
Margate. Elizabeth R. Pennell. Century.
for the work is chosen, presumably at the dictation of
Marine Hospital Service, The. Joanna Nicholls. Lippincott.
some local “boss." We did not expect that President
Massachusetts Shoe Town, A. A. F. Sanborn. Atlantic.
McKinley would deal civil service reform such a slap in
Negro People, Strivings of the. W. E. B. Du Bois. Atlantic.
the face as this, and his protestations of friendship for Norway. H. E. Scudder and H. H. Boyesen. Century.
the movement must hereafter be taken subject to a Physios, Century's Progress in. H. S. Williams. Harper.
considerable discount.
Rainier, Mount, Impressions of. I. C. Russell. Scribner.
We are glad to state that the new tariff law of the
Singing. Gertrude E. Wall. Lippincott.
United States, objectionable as it is in many of its fea-
Spitsbergen, Across and around. Dial.
Street Names, Our. William W. Crane. Lippincott.
tures, does not embody the crowning atrocity of a tax
Swift, Dean, Unpublished Letters of. G. B. Hill. Atlantic.
upon all kinds of books. The provisions of the old law Thessaly, A Journey in. T. D. Goodell. Century.
are substantially retained, leaving untaxed all books for War Department, Controversies in. J. M. Schofield. Century.
public institutions, all books printed in foreign lan- Woman Collegian, The. Helen W. Moody. Scribner.
guages, and all English books more than twenty years Workers, The. Walter A. Wyckoff. Scribner,


78
[Aug. 1,
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 47 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
>
pp.
350.
HISTORY.
Social England: A Record of the Progress of the People. By
various writers; edited by H. D. Traill, D.C.L. Vol. VI.,
From the Battle of Waterloo to the General Election of
1885. 8vo, uncut, pp. 700. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50.
A Short History of Medieval Europe. By Oliver J.
Thatcher, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 309. “Chautauqua Reading
Circle Literature.” Flood & Vincent. $1.
Roman Life in Pliny's Time. By Maurice Pellison; trans.
from the French by Maud Wilkinson ; with Introduction
by Frank Justus Miller. Illus., 12mo, pp. 315. “Chau-
tauqua Reading Circle Literature.” Flood & Vincent. $1.
Journals of John Lincklaen, Agent of the Holland Land
Company, 1791–1792. With biographical Sketch and Notes.
8vo, uncut, pp. 162. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.
The Gladwin Manuscripts. With Introduction and Sketch
of the Conspiracy of Pontiac. By Charles Moore. Large
8vo, pp. 90. Lansing, Mich.: Robt. Smith Ptg. Co. Paper.
BIOGRAPHY.
Peter the Great. By ķ. Waliszewski; trans. from the
French by Lady Mary Loyd. With portrait, 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 562. D. Appleton & Co. $2.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The People
for whom Shakespeare Wrote. By Charles
Dudley Warner. Illus., 16mo, pp. 187. Harper & Bros.
$1.25.
Tho Novels of Charles Dickens : A Bibliography and
Sketch. By Frederic G. Kitton. With portrait, 16mo,
uncut, pp. 245. “Book-Lover's Library." A. C. Arm-
strong & Son. $1.25.
Authors and Publishers: A Manual of Suggestions for
Beginners in Literature. By G. H. P. and J. B. B.
Seventh edition, rewritten, with_additional material.
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CONTENTS.
which the reading public largely consists, revels
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A YEAR OF CONTINENTAL LITERATURE-II. 83
mended by its agreeable form.” He instances
THE STUDY OF MAN AND CIVILIZATION.
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Frederick Starr
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Adema's “Wormstekigen,” Miss Lohman's
AMERICAN LITERATURE. Anna B. McMahan 87
“ Vragensmolde,” Mr. van Doorne's “Twij-
THE FIRST ANNOTATION OF CARLYLE'S
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MOST CHARACTERISTIC WORK. D. L.
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Maulsby
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Martin L. D'Ooge
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MONOGRAPHS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. Edward chronicle two novels and one dramatic poem
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Harding's The Contest over the Ratification of the
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Samuell Gorton.
Middle Ages is treated with singular dramatic
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne
91
power.” The poem referred to is “Lioba,” by
Du Maurier's The Martian. - Snaith's Fierceheart
in Eeden. The author “has with this
the Soldier.-Doyle's Uncle Bernac.-Dawson's Mid-
dle Greyness.- Dawson's Mere Sentiment.- Mason's work captivated once more the hearts of his
The Philanderors.-Stephens's Mr. Peters.-Parker's
countrymen. It marks a considerable advance
The Pomp of the Lavilettes. — Parker's Romany
of the Snows. — Tracy's An American Emperor.
in his artistic development, being much more
McDonald's A Princess and a Woman. - Stockton's truly poetical and less philosophical than his
A Story-Teller's Pack.
recent works. The influence of the great mas-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
93 ters, of Swinburne and Shakespeare, is unmis-
Historical sketches of the “dark and bloody ground.” takable; the descriptions of nature are equal
- A Yankee skipper in the Crimean war.- - Marriage
to those of our best modern poets, and in many
questions in literature. - The original materials of
American history.- Early critical work of Mr. Gosse. parts the writer surpasses our great seventeenth
- A converted pagan of the third century. - Memo
century poet Vondel, of whom he often reminds
ries of Hawthorne.- Monographs on French history.
- The history of British India.
us." On the whole, Dutch poetry keeps rather
ahead of Flemish, and the literary regenera-
BRIEFER MENTION .
97
tion in the north has been followed by no equal
LITERARY NOTES
97
movement on the part of our southern neigh-
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
98 bors.” Other works of fiction are “Jeanne Col-
6
66
Mr.
a
-
.
.
.


84
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
а
lette," described as "a big anti-Semitic novel Contessa Lara. A very recent small volume
in two volumes," by Mr. Willem Paap; and of verse entitled “Madre," by Signor Cena,
“Metamorfose,” a “dissection of a modern nov- impels the writer to hail a new poet, and to say:
elist,” by Mr. Couperus, “ whose delicate writ- “ For some years past I have read no verses of
ing is one of the features of to-day.” The most such pure and continuous inspiration.”
important of learned works are Dr. van Deven- “The novel is developing in two different directions
ter's “Hellenic Studies," and Professor Mul- under the influence of two powerful minds. D'Annun-
ler's “ Onze Gouden Eeuw” of Dutch
history. disciples, but followers. The formal qualities of the
; ,
Herr Leopold Katscher's article on Hungary first are, in part at least, of a kind easily acquired, while
begins with a long list of publications called the intense inward fevour of the second attracts to him
forth by the millennial celebration. These none but spirits already kindled. Both are idealists :
include Mr. Szilágyi's “ Millennial History of Fogazzaro through his passion for the ideal, d'Annun-
Hungary,” Mr. Beöthy's histories of Hungarian plates life in its reality and complexity; there is no
zio through the habit of idealization. Fogazzaro contem-
literature, Mr. Laurencic's “ The Mellennium
person too insignificant, no action too trifling for him to
of Hungary and the National Exhibition,” and regard it as material for art ; yet there breathes through-
Mr. Ferencczi's life of Petöfi. In fiction, Mr. out every one of his writings a vivid transcendentalism,
Jokai has been silent, but Mr. Herczeg has pub indicating that he yearns and strives after an unseen
lished two volumes, “ Szabolcs' Marriage,” and thinks nothing worthy of artistic treatment but himself,
world — after some supersensual good, D'Annunzio
“The First Swallow.” There are also the “Sep- and himself not in as far as he resembles the rest of
tember” of Mr. Ambrus, “our bitterest scep- humanity, but in those points wherein he differs from
tic," and books by Mr. Szomaházy, “one of the
them. By dint of collecting and refining with wonderful
best among our lighter storytellers,” Mr. Brody,
mastery his own sensations, and making of them, as it
were, the pivot of the universe, he has attained to an
our leading realist,” and Mr. Timár, “a
idealized sensuality, a wantonness of the intellect, in
young and able writer.” As for poetry, Mr. which he places the quintessence of life and the nobility
Endrödi's “ Kurucz Songs" come first. «None of human nature, as shown by his recognizing in those
of our poetry since Petöfi's has appealed to our
80 endowed the right of ruling over other men. D'An-
nunzio will take a permanent place in our literary his-
patriotism with such force and perfection as this
tory, but his literary influence will have benefited those
splendid production.” There are young poets only who admire him without wishing to take him as a
in Hungary as elsewhere, and among them are model. It is a good thing to have noted in his verse and
mentioned Baron Nikolics de Rudna, Mr. Fer- in his prose the capacity of the Italian language for
encz Martos, and Mr. Emil Makai. The most
renewed and genuine freshness and for the most inti-
mate actuality, but only so far as it encourages every
popular play of the year has been a translation
one to carry on for himself the task of linguistic puri-
of Trilby”! Scholarly publications include a fication, seeking for himself at first hand, guided by his
history of Italian Literature by Mr. Antal own inclinations and his own aims."
Rado, a collection of essays by Mr. Diner. The new works of fiction chiefly noted are “ La
Dènes, and an “Old Hungarian Library” of Morte di Orfeo” and “Roberta,” by Signor
critical annotated texts, started under the edi- Zuccoli; “L'Incantesimo," by Signor Butti;
torship of Professor Gustav Heinrich.
“ La Signorina X. di X,” a philosophical novel
Signor Giuseppe Giacosa, writing of Italy, published anonymously;
published anonymously; “ La Prova,” by Sig.
says that during the year“ most of our greatest nora di Luanto; and “L'Amuleto,” by the
writers have either produced little or nothing, writer who signs herself “ Neera.” The “most
or published works not of a purely literary char- interesting book of the year” is stated to be
acter.” Despite this fact, however, the article “L’Europa Giovane,” by Signor Ferrero, the
proves to be of considerable interest, and tempts sociologist. In this book “he collects the im-
to fuller illustration than we have space here pressions and observations gathered on a jour-
to give. “In poetry, the influence of Carducci ney through Europe, and especially during his
and d'Annunzio is less marked than formerly. stay at Berlin, London, and Moscow. Though
Nor, notwithstanding the vogue of the French not fond of diffuse word-painting, which, on
and Belgium symbolists, has the lily of mystical the contrary, he avoids as far as possible, his
aspiration hitherto flourished among us. Faith delineation of things, actions, and people is clear
ful in this respect to its traditions, the lyric and definite. Ferrero possesses in an eminent
poetry of Italy has no affinity for the occult.” degree the artistic faculty of seizing on salient
Among volumes of new poetry may be men- points, of marshalling them in brief and effec-
tioned Signor Vitali's sonnets on the “ Epopea tive sentences, and of embodying them in vivid
del Risorgimento,” Signor Rossi's “ Ore Cam-images.” Other works of a serious character
pestri," and the “Nuovi Versi” of the late are a continuation of the facsimile reproduc-


1897.]
85
THE DIAL
of the paper:
tion of Leonardo da Vinci's “ Codex Atlanti- readers have ever heard. Most contemporary
cus”; Dr. Ridella's “Una Sventura Postuma literature in Russia sees the light in the monthly
di Giacomo Leopardi,” clearing the poet's reviews, on account of the special conditions of
memory from the calumnies of Ranieri ; the the book-market and the risks involved in any
two volumes of the work entitled “Per Antonio more permanent form of publication. Among
Rosmini nel Primo Centenario dalla Sua Nas- the few actual books described are the follow-
cita”; and Signor Negri's “ Meditazioni Vaga ing: “The Russian Novel and Russian So-
bonde," a volume of religio-philosophical es ciety,” by Mr. K. Golovin ; some extremely
says, which “ treat metaphysics pretty much as pessimistic “ Thoughts on the Essential Points
Renan treated the character of Christ.' of Public Activity,” by Professor Karéieff ;
The Norwegian “ books of the year” have, and the “splendid” biography of A. S. Kho-
of course, been Dr. Nansen's account of his miakoff, the theologian, by Mr. V. N. Lias-
Arctic expedition and Dr. Ibsen's “ John kovsky. Various novels, published as serials
Gabriel Borkman." Herr C. Brinchmann, who in the reviews, are discussed in the closing half
is our annalist, takes these two books as too
well known to need any description. Herr Spain is the last country in the “Athenæum'
Björnson has published nothing, but Herr Lie list, since Sweden is for some unexplained rea-
has produced “Dyre Rein,” and Herr Garborg son ignored, and works in history and other
“Læraren,” both of these works being dis- departments of serious scholarship form, as in
tinctly problem-novels. Other fiction includes
past years, the substance of the report. Don
Herr Obstfelder's “ Korset,” Herr Krag's Rafael Altamira writes the article, and singles
“ Ada Wilde,” Herr Kinck’s “ Sus," and Herr out the following three historical works as being
Tryggve Andersen's “I Kancelliraaden's of the greatest importance : The “ History of
Dage,” “a grand historical novel.” The re- the Social Institutions of Gothic Spain,” by
mainder of this article is devoted chiefly to D. Eduardo Pérez Pujol; “ The Despatches of
Dr. Bing's “ Tider og Idealer,” a treatise on the Pontificial Diplomatists in Spain,” by D.
French ideals in painting and literature; a new Ricardo de Hinojosa ; and the second volume
edition of Wergeland, edited by his latest of the Spanish Navy from the Union of the
champion, Herr Nærup; a new translation of Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon,” by Señor
Snorre Storlasson, the work of Professor Storm; Fernandez Duro. Two works of great interest
Helge-Digtene i den to the student of literature are thus described :
“ Señor Perez Pastor's Documentos Cervantinos
“Following his revolutionary, and hence much- hasta ahora Inéditos' contains more than fifty docu-
impugned, opinions on the origin of the Norse ments, notes, various facsimiles, and an index of proper
myths, he has also in this instance employed life of Cervantes and his family, in particular his
Some of the documents refer to the private
his vast learning to place the very core and daughter, and others to the writings of the immortal
centre of Northern heroic myths among the author, from Don Quixote' to Persiles and Sigis-
settlements of the Norsemen, surrounded by munda.'. All of them throw fresh light upon the biog-
Kelts and Anglo-Saxons, in the British Isles.” raphy of Cervantes and the bibliography of his writings,
and although the critics may perhaps find matter for
Contemporary Polish literature, for most
dispute in the significance and interpretation of some of
readers outside of Poland, is summed up in the the documents, there can be no doubt, generally speak-
one name of Henryk Sienkiewicz. This name, ing, of their historical value. . . . Quite as important
however, does not occur in Professor Adam as the volume of Señor Pastor is that of Don Ramón
Belcikowski's summary of the year, but we have
Menéndez Pidal, . La Leyenda de los Infantes de Lara.'
The writer studies this famous legend in the chansons de
instead the unfamiliar names of Mr. Boleslaw
geste, in the ancient chronicles, in histories and ballads,
Prus, author of “The Pharaoh,” Mr. Przy, in the drama, in modern poetry, finally in the folk-lore
borowski, author of “The Knight Mora,” Mr. of to-day, paying special attention to the philological
Choinski, author of “The Last Romans," Mr.
and critical examination of ancient documents."
Gawalewicz, author of “ Belonging to Nobody," Señor Cotarelo's “ D. Enrique de Villena : du
and a long list of other writers with other works Vida y Obras” and Señor Yxart's “El Arte
of fiction. The remainder of the paper is little Escenico en España” are two critical works of
more than a catalogue of the more noteworthy value. In fiction, the chief items chronicled
books of poetry, drama, history, and biography. are D. Juan Valera's “Genio y Figura," Señor
The annals of literary Russia are told at Galdós's “Misericordia,” and Señor Una-
great length by Mr. L. A. de Bogdanovitch, muno’s “ Paz en la Guerra,” a story of the
who mentions few names of which English | Carlist struggle in the north of Spain.
Ældre Edda," by Professor Sophus Bugge..
names.


86
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
its position as a guide book to the study of Ratzel's position is always one of happy optin-
-
of them; there never will be 100,000,000.
The New Books.
They are not being hopefully affected by our
civilization, and it looks as if their last state
THE STUDY OF MAN AND OF
might be worse than their first. As for the
CIVILIZATION.*
distant future — what is their outlook? Is it
“When the first edition of Ratzel's Völker- not extinction ? And why? Because they are
kunde was published in 1885-8, it at once took negroes, and race traits are terribly strong.
Man and Civilization.” So says Mr. Tylor in
ism, curiously blind to the reality and pro-
his introduction to the translation of that work, fundity of race unlikeness. Of course all men
which appears in English under the name “The
are human ; of course human brains everywhere
History of Mankind.” This translation is made
and always are capable of great achievement.
by Mr. A. J. Butler, from the second German
We believe that the apparently simple inven-
edition. The later edition differs somewhat in
tions of early man were as great victories of the
arrangement from the earlier, and is more con-
intellect as are our complex inventions of to-day.
densed, being in two volumes instead of three.
But to give a white man's civilization to the negro,
Mr. Tylor's commendation is none too high ; Many generations of time and constant action of
and to have him assimilate it, is no easy task.
every student is under real obligation to Pro-
fessor Ratzel for his work.
many influences changing the whole man-phy-
“ The History of Mankind " is really a man-
sical, mental, moral—are necessary. And dur-
ual of general ethnography. It is a descrip-ing the experiment the lower race is like to die.
tion of peoples : a study not only of their phys- printed and illustrated. The illustrations are
Ratzel's work as it now appears is handsomely
ical characters, but also - and even more fully
of their life and institutions. In many of chiefly portraits of peoples made from direct
his positions the author is a conservative. He photographs and pictures of museum speci-
emphasizes somewhat strongly the common
mens; while not always exactly fitting the text,
humanity of all races, and minimizes racial dif. they are interesting and instructive. There are
ferences. He appears to attribute much of phys-
nine colored plates, which show groups of na-
ical racial difference to difference in form of tives, habitations, or carefully arranged masses
culture. He seems to consider all races capable of their art products. The work is divided into
of easily acquiring civilization if they are placed second are contained in the first volume.
“ books," of which the first and part of the
within reach of civilized life. In fact, he says:
“ The introduction of the so-called lower races into
Book I. in 144 pages, presents the “Principles
the circle of the higher civilization, and the overthrow
of Ethnography.” In thirteen chapters it
of the barriers which once were raised high against such
sketches the field and makes a comparative
introduction, is not only a brilliant feat of humanity but study of human achievements and institutions.
at the same time an event of the deepest scientific inter- How civilization rises and spreads, and some of
est. For the first time, millions of what was considered the
lowest race—the blacks—have had all the advantages, all
the elements of culture, are discussed. This
the rights and duties, of the highest civilization thrown book issued separately would make a good text
open to them; nothing prevents them from employing in ethnography for class use. It shows, as no
all the means of self-formation which - and herein lies
other book in our language, the value of ethno-
the anthropological interest of the process — will neces-
sarily be transformation. If we could say to-day with
graphic specimens and the mode of using them
approximate certainty what will become in the course of in study. The author believes in migration of
generations of the 12,000,000 of negro slaves who have arts and borrowing between tribes. Two sets
within the last thirty years been freed in America, and of opinions are urged at present in this matter.
who will, in the enjoyment of freedom and the most
The one claims that the finding of a given art
modern acquisitions of culture, have multiplied to
100,000,000, we could with certainty answer the ques-
or object, just the same among widely separated
tion as to the effect of culture upon race distinctions.
peoples, proves contact and mutual influence
And before the ink is dry on the page, Hoff-
between these in the past, or community of
.
man's book appears, giving a searching analy- descent. The other asserts that mankind is
,
sis — the first adequate study so far of the psychically a unit, and that everywhere, given
—
race traits and tendencies of the American
a certain need or certain conditions, men widely
negro. There are not to-day even 12,000,000 sundered will independently invent the same
things and think the same thoughts. As a con-
* THE HISTORY OF MANKIND. By Friedrich Ratzel.
Translated by A.J. Butler, with Introduction by E. B. Tylor.
crete illustration, some authors find the begin-
In two volumes. New York: The Macmillan Co.
nings at least of native American art in some


1897.]
87
THE DIAL
а
a
-
other district, and look upon it as an importa- who does not love to listen? Indeed, no one
tion ; others find nothing here that suggests a with less gifts as a raconteur could hope to take
foreign origin, and assert that North American a period seemingly so barren for letters as that
art has grown up here from the beginning. which began with the arrival of the “ May-
Our author is one of the former class. He
He flower” and ended with Irving's “Rip Van
believes that the geographical distribution of Winkle," and make a book of four hundred
an art, of a decorative style, of a peculiar belief pages without a dull line in it. What he says
or custom, is often a means of tracing relation- of Benjamin Franklin and his “ Poor Richard
ships and contact between peoples and of fol. sayings may with truth be applied to himself :
lowing lines of migration. Just at the present “Whoever can put new force and new beauty into an
in our country the contrary view is carried to old truth by his method of re-stating it, is doing good
an astonishing extreme; the principle is a good work--doing indeed what most of the good sermonizers
are bent upon. No matter what old metal you may use,
one, but may be easily carried too far. Ratzel's
if you can put enough of your own powder behind it
book is then particularly important here at this 't will reach the mark."
time. While a whole culture may not be readily Only those authors whose birth-date falls
assimilated by a race far below those to whom
before the beginning of the present century are
it belongs, elements of arts and industries may included in this survey, the three names of
easily be borrowed and are sure to be carried to principal importance being Cooper, Irving, and
new homes by tribes in migration.
Bryant. Of all these, Mr. Mitchell can speak
The second part of this volume is devoted to
from personal friendship, or at least acquain-
the American Pacific Group of Races. Three
tance, and the touches of personal reminiscence
clusters of peoples are studied — the races of
are very happy. It makes us realize how near
Oceania, the Australians, the Malays and
our past really is when we read our author's
Malagasies. In the study of these, the same
personal recollections of the memorial meeting
course practically is pursued for each. The
at the death of James Fenimore Cooper, a meet-
physical geography of the area occupied is ex-
ing which was called to order by Washington
amined, the flora and fauna are described in Irving and presided over by Daniel Webster,
their human relationships, and the races them-
selves characterized. Then follow descriptions Bancroft and Bryant.
and where eulogistic speeches were made by
of the houses, dress, weapons, and other belong- Mr. Mitchell's characterization of Cooper's
ings, the mode of life, the social structure, the
powers
and limitations
may
be cited as an ex-
government, the religion. The mass of ma-
ample of the happy art with which he can put
terial presented is enormous, and it is extremely a bit of sound criticism in a taking form.
condensed. It is not easy reading, but is care- « There are writers to whom the details are every-
fully put and of great importance. The work
thing; and to whom elaborate finish, happy turns of
deserves a great success in America, both among expression, illustrative streaks of humor, give largest
special students and more general readers. value and most consequence. With Cooper 't is far
FREDERICK STARR.
otherwise; there's little finish, there's no humor; no
ingenious turn of a sentence or a thought brings you to
pause - either to weigh it or enjoy it. He is making
his way to some dramatic end by bold, broad dashes of
descriptive color, which he may multiply or vary with
AMERICAN LITERATURE.*
tedious divergencies, without spoiling his main chance.
Two books about American literature, quite author, who loses so little by translation. The charm
Hence there is no American author, scarce any popular
different but each very good in its way, are evi- that lies in light, graceful play of language about trifles
dence that America has produced a literature is unknown to him."
that is more than an echo of English literature,
As the guest of Washington Irving at Sunny-
since it is filled with American scenery, Amer side, Mr. Mitchell has visited Sleepy Hollow,
ican thought, American character, and that this
the creator of “Rip” and “ Ichabod Crane"
literature is well worthy of consideration.
pointing out the exact route of the memorable
Our old friend Donald G. Mitchell talks night-ride of a certain headless horseman, and
about this literature in his book entitled “Amer- dwelling with roguish delight on his own boyish
ican Lands and Letters "; and when he talks, escapades in the region afterwards made famous
* AMERICAN LANDS AND LETTERS. By Donald G. Mitchell. by his pen. Irving was doubtless the best loved
New York: Charles Scribner's Song.
by his contemporaries of any of this early group.
INTRODUCTION TO AMERICAN LITERATURE. Part I. By
F. T. N. Painter, A.M., D.D. Boston: Loach, Shewell &
He was not one of those strenuous souls who
Sanborn.
delve new channels for thought; but his charac-
-


88
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
ter was so clean, his language so full of grace, his Resartus” has appeared, and Professor Mac-
sympathies so true and noble, his humor so genu- Mechan, the editor, is to be congratulated upon
ine and abiding, that his books beam with a kind- the industry, sympathy, and erudition with
liness that should not and will not be forgotten. which his task has been accomplished. Of the
The illustrations in Mr. Mitchell's book are four sources of the original work, copious ex-
of great value, including pictures taken from tracts from Carlyle's journal are here given in
rare portraits or engravings, facsimiles of old the notes, revealing a surprising fidelity of
manuscripts or fragments of scarce books, maps, transcription in the process by which the au-
and a chronological chart showing the sequence thor thus turned the product of his private
of events having relation to development of meditation to account. The use made, too, of
American lands and letters. Like the three his unfinished novel, “ Wotton Reinfred,” is
volumes of “English Lands, Letters, and striking in its ready adaptation, sometimes with
Kings” previously published, this book and its very slight changes, to the new purpose in hand.
probable successor bringing the story into the As to the parallelism discovered between “Sar-
present time, may be commended especially for tor" and on the one hand the earlier essays, as
young persons as a stimulus to further study. well as on the other the translations from the
Professor Painter's “ Introduction to Amer. German, there is doubtless room for some
ican Literature” begins with John Smith and
begins with John Smith and further work to be done, although the editor
includes the present day. The classification is
has also tilled this field faithfully. The inter-
into five periods : First Colonial, Second Colo-esting query, “Who was Blumine?” is an-
,
nial, Revolutionary, First National, and Second
swered with a triple reference to Margaret
National. Quite properly, the First National” Gordon, Catherine Fitzpatrick, and Jane
period occupies the principal space, including Welsh, with convincing data in each case, leav-
as it does all of our greatest names — Emerson, ing the reader in agreement with the editor that
Hawthorne, Longfellow, Lowell, Whittier, the “flower goddess ” is a composite portrait.
Holmes. It would be difficult to better, in an But why should not the same liberal view
equal number of pages, the characterizations of prevail touching Carlyle's style ? In general,
these men, and their respective parts in the life the editorial analysis at this point is distinctly
of the times are well differentiated. The Tran.
a service ; yet there is an apparent jealousy for
scendental movement, the founding of the the author's originality that will not suffer ad-
“ Atlantic Monthly," the formation of the mission of any palpable degree of indebtedness
Saturday Club, the publication of “The Dial,” to the Germans, and in particular to Richter.
It is declared that Carlylese is the product of
place, but no more than their due place, as fac- early years at home, showing itself in letters
tors in the evolution of American thought and antedating German influence. There is not
letters. The book, though primarily designed space for an extended argument upon this dis-
for the use of schools, has a critical value and puted question, but a few facts may be stated
a largeness of treatment entitling it to a wider and left to show their own bearing. Professor
audience.
ANNA B. MCMAHAN.
MacMechan regards the use of Germanisms as
artfully designed to give the book an atmos-
phere. But the earlier essays also are dotted
THE FIRST ANNOTATION OF CARLYLE'S
with capitalized nouns, and show a gradual
Most CHARACTERISTIC WORK.*
approach from an ordinary style to that with
which later readers are familiar. Also, when
In the sixty-three years that have passed
the translation of “ Wilhelm Meister” ap-
since Carlyle's most characteristic book was
reluctantly admitted in instalments to the pages manisms, a fault that received censure again on
peared, it was blamed for its too frequent Ger-
of “Fraser's Magazine," this "prose poem
has steadily grown in importance, until now it
the appearance of the specimens of German Ro-
marks, perhaps better than any other single in “Sartor” to write in two different styles,
mance. Moreover, there is at least an attempt
work, the transition in English thought from
the sense-philosophy of Locke to the faith in
that of the professor and that of the editor.
spiritual realities that followed in due time.
That of the former, by a singular coincidence,
At last a worthy annotated edition of “Sartor language as he had formerly employed in de-
is characterized by Carlyle in almost the same
“
*SARTOR RESArtus. Edited by Archibald Mac Mechan; scribing the eccentricity of Richter's literary
Professor in Dalhousie College. (Athenæum Press Series.)
Boston : Ginn & Co.
manner. Which of the two styles is Carlyle's
a
a


1897.]
89
THE DIAL
>
own ? Both are his, in so far as he is unsuc- tory of Greek literature. The writer has mani-
cessful in differentiating the two. He confesses festly a close and large acquaintance with his
such failure by repeatedly using the device of subject, and a just appreciation of many ele-
apology, because the editorial style has been ments of Greek life and thought. But some-
contaminated by contact with the professional how he fails to give that account of the litera-
metaphor and crabbedness. Is not the truth, ture of the ancient Hellenes, and that insight
in this instance as in the case of Blumine, that into the forces and ideas that made it what it
Carlylese is a composite product, the result of was and still is, that we have a right to expect
a tendency plus an influence ?
from an historian.
The Notes contain many grateful rays of After reading the first chapter, which treats
light, from a variety of sources. It is here, if
It is here, if of Homer, one must still ask what are the char-
anywhere, that the results of collaboration are acteristic features of the Greek epic, and what
manifest. Many recondite allusions are satis- is Homer as literature ? A good deal that is
factorily traced to the fountain-head, while instructive is said about the Homeric Question,
many other quotations are given that are chiefly but one not familiar with the discussion would
illustrative of the similar products that the hardly get a distinct idea of the chief theories
time-spirit may evoke from different men. and points at issue.
About a dozen hard nuts are left uncracked, to With Professor Murray's characterization of
tempt the teeth of future editors. The indebt- Pindar, the admirers of the “ Theban Eagle
edness of Carlyle to the Bible and to Shake are likely to find fault, and the opinion of the
speare appears, to the degree of the assimilation rest is not worth considering.
of these two books into the very flesh and bone The chapter on Herodotus, while giving a just
of his diction. The long passage, afterward estimate of the scope and credibility of the his-
suppressed, from the first edition of Pelham," tory, fails to do justice to the style and diction
shows on how firm a basis of fact rests the pro- of this delightful story-teller.
fessorial satire against the luckless dandiacal In the chapter on Æschylus, the author
body. But was there any need, one asks, for speaks of Thespis' own deme Icaria as being
striving to identify the alleged defect in the near to Eleusis, evidently in ignorance of the
Latinity of the famous Swiftian epitaph, a de- brilliant discovery of the true location of this
fect alleged as excuse for not carving these deme by the late Professor Merriam. It is
muddy sentences upon the Zähdarm tombstone? rather a novel view to hold that Æschylus is in
The only serious omission from the body of religious thought generally the precursor of
editorial contribution is an apt discussion of the Euripides. The chapters on Sophocles and
place held historically by "Sartor” in the devel- Euripides are perhaps the most satisfactory of
opment of English thought. There are hints the book, though both writers are not closely
of such relations, here and there ; but it would enough related to the trend and tendencies of
seem that a work of so great significance should their own times.
be accompanied by some formal account of the In spite of the caveat in the Preface, Aris-
larger causes and conditions out of which it totle's rank and influence as a writer entitle
grew. The fact still remains that the first anno- him to more space than is allowed.
tated edition of Carlyle's most original work is There is plenty of fine writing in the book ;
a valuable aid to the study of nineteenth-century occasionally, indeed, there is an attempt at
literature.
D. L. MAULSBY. smartness.” No one will find it dull reading.
But, as was said at the outset, the layman still
needs a clear, objective, reasonably complete
MURRAY'S HISTORY OF GREEK
outline of the history of Greek literature within
LITERATURE.*
the compass of a single octavo volume.
A history of Greek literature, well written,
MARTIN L. D'OOGE.
concise yet full enough to give the reader an
appreciative sense of its spirit and form, would
be a real boon. Of this not too high ideal, the
a
The October number of “The Atlantic Monthly" will
volume before us falls short. The
book might complete forty years of publication of that most distinc-
more properly be called a critique than a his-
tively literary and characteristically American of all our
magazines. The occasion will be fitly and brilliantly
*A HISTORY OF ANCIENT GREEK LITERATURE. By Gilbert celebrated in the pages of the number, which will con-
Murray, Professor of Greek in the University of Glasgow. tain contributions by Henry M. Stanley, M. Brunetière,
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
John Fiske, and many other well-known writers.


90
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
ture judgment, and as frequently clearing the ground
MONOGRAPHS IN AMERICAN HISTORY.*
for subsequent work, they are worthy of a promi-
The facility and economy of modern printing nent place in the literature of their respective sub-
have made possible the preservation of all worthy jects.
results of investigation in every field of human ac- The field of American History, with the adjacent
tivity. Formerly, the fruit of perhaps years of study grounds of Political Science, has been occupied
and patient inquiry was embodied in a "thesis," with publications which compare favorably with
which, after presentation and as careful reading as other subjects both in number and quality. The
the penmanship would allow, was carefully filed materials are to be found on every hand, the sub-
away in some dusty drawer as a counterweight in ject is inviting, and in probably no people of the
the balance against the diploma which was issued
world will the history of its growth and develop-
upon its authority. At the present day, the thesis” ment be so fully described as in our own.
is presented ready for the printer, and, indeed, fre- Harvard University, under the skilled direction
quently comes to the examiner in the desirable form of Professor Albert Bushnell Hart, began several
of print. Thus issued, it is ready for exchange and years since a series of studies in History and Polit-
for general distribution, carrying its information or
ical Science which were described at the time in
message to the bounds of the reading world. Nor, THE DIAL. He has recently revived the plan under
indeed, such publication confined to the student the certainty of the Henry Warren Torrey fund.
body. The modern teacher feels the pressure from
The four numbers issued, bearing the title “ Har-
a class larger than the one within his classroom ; he vard Historical Studies,” are the largest and most
responds to the demand for the utilization of his scholarly set of monographs given out by any insti-
time, aside from teaching, in investigation and sum-
tution. The first is from the pen of a negro, Mr.
ming of results. In addition to these classes of William E. Burghardt DuBois, of Massachusetts,
contributors, professional men who find the ardor of now conducting a special investigation into the con-
student days returning to them give the benefits of dition of the negro people of Philadelphia, under the
their trained powers of examination to some subject, direction of the University of Pennsylvania. He
often in close touch with the teacher, and finally presents a history of the “Suppression of the African
entrusting to the medium of the university the pub- Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638–
lication of the results.
1870," with copious references, an exhaustive chron-
In this way has grown up the present extensive ological conspectus of slave-trade legislation, and a
system of monograph publication through regularly very full bibliography.
established channels. No university can now afford The second volume of the series, “ The Contest
to be without its “Studies” or “Annals.” So rapidly
over the Ratification of the Federal Constitution in
these accumulate and so far they extend that one
the State of Massachusetts,” by Professor Samuel
may picture the future investigator buried, like the B. Harding of the Indiana University, is in line
maiden of old, beneath a mass of treasure, or imagine with the many recent investigations into the birth-
him lamenting the preëmption of the last bit of un- years of American political parties. The frequently
occupied ground. Many of these efforts show the discussed attitude of Hancock toward the Constita-
cramped hand of the student; many of the conclu- tion is here shown to be that of a politician who
sions reached exhibit the callowness of youthful lends his influence for the sake of being supported
minds; the larger number of them would be much as a possible candidate for the presidency or the
improved by being allowed to ripen in the sun of a vice-presidency. Samuel Adams is described as also
few post-doctorate years. But as "contributions to wishing to make some political popularity out of the
knowledge," as sometimes being the fruit of ma- struggle. Such revelations, together with the de-
scription of the haste of these patriots to be favor-
* HARVARD HISTORICAL STUDIES. The Sappression of the
able to the new instrument when the Boston
Slave Trade, by W. E. Burghardt DuBois, Ph.D., Professor
in Wilberforce University. The Contest over the Ratification
mechanics had declared for it, must prove an icono-
of the Federal Constitution in Massachusetts, by Samuel
clastic shock to the old style eulogistic conception of
Bannister Harding, A.M., Assistant Professor of History in our political fathers and bring nearer the day when
Indiana University. A Study of Nullification in South Caro-
we shall study our men of affairs as they were.
lina, by David Franklin Houston, A.M., Adjunct Professor of
Political Science in the University of Texas. Nominations
The third volume, “A Study of Nullification in
for Elective Office in the United States, by Frederick W. South Carolina,” by Professor David F. Houston of
Dallinger. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
the University of Texas, is devoted largely to refut-
THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN PRESIDENT JOHNSON AND CON-
ing the statement in Draper's “Civil War” that
GRESS OVER RECONSTRUCTION. By Charles Ernest Chadsey,
Calhoun fostered and led the Nullification movement
Ph.D. (Columbia University Studies.) New York: The
Macmillan Co.
of 1828-32. The economic and political changes
HISTORY OF THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN VIRGINIA, from occurring soon after 1820, and the consciousness of
1860 to 1894. By B. W. Arnold, Jr., Ph.D., McCabe's Uni- the coming danger to slavery, produced a revulsion
versity School, Richmond. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Uni- and a discontent in the people which Calhoun simply
versity.
followed. The author finds no direct, and but two
SAMUELL GORTON, the First Settler of Warwick, Rhode
Island. By Lewis G. Janes. Providence : The Preston &
indirect, results of the Nullification agitation : a
Rounds Co.
deepened conviction of the conflict of interest be-


1897.]
91
THE DIAL
tween the North and the South, and a hastening to War, owing to the necessary diversion of labor to
the belief that secession was the only remedy left food-producing crops, the loss of slave labor, the rise
for the state against the Federal government. The of competing manufactures and the growth of urban
investigation has been broad, the results are clearly population, yet in 1894 the state added over two
stated, but the collocation is rather desultory.
and a half millions of dollars to the internal revenue,
The fourth volume of the series, on “Nominations and “the finest residences, hotels, chambers of com-
for Elective Office in the United States," departs merce, educational institutions and public buildings
from the purely historical ground which the preced- have, for the most part, been built by profits from
ing numbers assume. It comes from the hand of tobacco.” The conclusion reached in the paper is
a scholar who has had later training in the practical that only fine tobacco will repay the cultivator, that
aspect of the subject under consideration. Mr. Dal- the farmer must be educated to more skilful pro-
linger has served as a member of the Massachusetts duction, and that the evils of unrestricted competi-
Senate, and his opinion upon the growth of nomina- tion seem quite as pernicious as those of trusts.
ting machinery in the United States, its present Rather remote from the intensive studies of the
status, its defects, and especially upon the remedies universities is a set of monographs most daintily
to be applied to existing evils, will be worthy of a gotten up by the Preston & Rounds Co., of Provi.
hearing even from those who complain that the ordi- dence, R. I. This Rhode Island series treats of the
nary “ studies” of the seminar are remote from the early colonial history of that state, the last number
bounds of practicability. “Three reforms ” says being the life of the pious Samuell Gorton, the first
Mr. Dallinger, "are urgently needed: a diminution settler of Warwick, who rejoiced in bestowing upon
in the number of elective offices; the absolute sep- his daughter the remarkable Scriptural name of
aration of national and State politics from local Mahershallalhashbaz, and contested all his life for
affairs; and above all, the radication of the spoils the privilege of independent thought.
system in the public service, and the consequent de-
EDWARD E. SPARKS.
struction of the class of professional politicians." In
connection with the sketch of the growth of the nom-
inating system, Mr. Dallinger gives a number of re-
RECENT FICTION.*
productions of ballots, blanks, etc., which are most
interesting and commonly inaccessible.
Mr. Du Maurier is a writer who must be taken
A recent number of the “Columbia University apon his own terms. Judged by any of the tests
Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law" ordinarily applied to works of fiction, his three
deals with “The Struggle between President John- novels are everything that they should not be. They
son and Congress over Reconstruction.” In follow- have no organic structure, and lack even coherency.
ing the well-known lines of “The Congressional Their style exhibits a garrulous disregard of the
Globe,” this monograph furnishes a fresh illustra- rules. To expect from them delineation of character
tion of the difficulty in making a broad estimate of in any true sense is like expecting figs of thistles.
an event so recent as Reconstruction. When occur. And yet their charm is undeniable, whatever their
rences fresh from the mould of time shall be allowed technical shortcomings, and we cannot help wonder-
to cool, and additional evidence be brought from ing what the author's talent might have accom-
reserved papers and material added from private plished for him had he taken it seriously, and set
resources, a clearer crystallization of facts may re- about writing early enough to allow it to develope
sult. The author finds it “a fortunate thing for the
THE MARTIAN. A Novel. By George Du Maurier. New
country that the attemptſ to convict Johnson) failed. York: Harper & Brothers.
Lincoln had been sustained in his assumption of FIERCEHEART THE SOLDIER. A Romance of 1745. By
powers; but, with Johnson in the chair, Congress J. C. Snaith. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
determined to resume its powers. In the violence
UNCLE BERNAC. A Memory of the Empire. By A. Conan
of the reaction with which the country responded,
Doyle. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
MIDDLE GREYNESS. By A. J. Dawson. New York: John
the pendulum went too far and “our institutions
Lane.
were in greater danger than they were before. But MERE SENTIMENT. By A. J. Dawson. New York: John
just as the Civil War had settled the question as Lane.
to the indissolubility of the Union, so no less em- THE PHILANDERERS. By A. E. W. Mason. New York:
phatically did the failure of the impeachment trial
The Macmillan Co.
confirm the equality of the three departments of our
MR. PETERS. A Novel. By Riccardo Stephens, M.B., C.M.
New York: Harper & Brothers.
government.”
THE POMP OF THE LAVILETTES. By Gilbert Parker.
The tobacco industry of Virginia was so intimately Boston: Lamson, Wolffe, & Co.
connected with the slavery question before 1860 that A ROMANY OF THE SNOWS. By Gilbert Parker. New
it was an object of frequent and comprehensive
York: Stone & Kimball.
study. Its later development and present conditions
AN AMERICAN EMPEROR. A Story of the Fourth Empire
of France. By Louis Tracy. New York: G.P. Putnam's Song.
form the subject of a monograph by Professor
A PRINCESS AND A WOMAN. A Romance of Carpathia.
B. W. Arnold, Jr., published in the series of “Johns
By Robert McDonald. New York: Frank A. Munsey.
Hopkins Studies." Although the tobacco industry A STORY-TELLER'S PACK. By Frank R. Stockton. Now
declined immediately after the close of the Civil York: Charles Scribner's Sons.


92
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
for a score of years. “The Martian " is a rather not unlike the Nelson of history and the Volodyovski
more harum-scarum performance than either of its of fiction, a brave soldier and an exceeding fop,
predecessors. The hypnotic nonsense of " Trilby"
•
equally concerned with love of country and the curl-
was bad enough, in all conscience, but the astral ing of his wig, and inexorable when some point of
influence nonsense of the new novel is even more honor is in question. And he is only one of the
pitifully puerile. The story is made up of tags, several strong and vital figures by which this book
reminiscent and reflective, and only the fact that is made something distinctly out of the common.
they come from a genial mind and a warm heart, In Dr. Doyle's recent novels we look in vain for
and that somehow they produce in their scrappy the qualities that won for “Micah Clarke" and
way the impression of superabundant life, do they “ The White Company” such deserved admiration.
save the book from inanity and encourage the reader In “Uncle Bernac,” the latest of these productions,
to persevere to the end. The first chapters of the there is a fair degree of interest and a certain vigor
book are much the best, and, taken by themselves as of handling, but one would never think of reading
a picture of French schoolboy life half a century the book a second time. The story is of Napoleon
ago, they are a fitting pendant to the story of Tom at Boulogne, about to get out for the conquest of
Brown at Rugby. The famous construction of England, and is concerned chiefly with the adven-
"triste lupus," for example, is at least equalled by tures of the son of a French refugee royalist, who
the achievement of the youth who makes “ J'estime returns to France to offer his sword to the Emperor.
les Danois et leurs dents de fer” out of “ Timeo The figure of Napoleon is sketched in a theatrical,
Danaos.” We are sorry when Barty leaves school, “Madame Rejane" sort of fashion, and one gets
for he becomes far less interesting, and the people from it no impression of vitality. It portrays a few
with whom he associates bore us not a little. Of of the man's humors, but not the man himself. The
course the book is attractive in spots throughout, whole narrative, in fact, is sketchy, written currente
made bright by sparkling bubbles of humor and calamo, and hurried to a tame conclusion.
serious by touches of poignant pathos, but in spite “Middle Greyness ” is a novel whose scenes are
of these things it drags undeniably—especially from laid alternately in Australia and in England. It
the time when Martia begins to get in her uncanny
tells of a man who has make a wreck of his own
work — just as " Trilby " drags after the ill-advised life (although we are not told just how), and who
introduction of the hypnotic motive. “ The Mar- relinquishes his two sons to a wealthy relative, who
tian” will doubtless have many readers, just as agrees to provide for them on condition that the
“Trilby” had them, but we cannot predict for it father shall disappear completely. So the father
any measure of enduring fame, however brilliantly takes to the Bush and the sons are sent to the Uni.
the author's talent flashes out here and there. versity. How the father, despite his agreement,
When a writer starts out to cultivate a Mere- does come into the lives of his sons, unknown to
dithian style he should at least be equipped with an them, and how the latter go their several ways
elementary knowledge of English syntax. Mr. J. C. the one to degradation and the other to fame — is
Snaith, to whom this observation refers, mars what set forth with much prolixity. The father, con-
would otherwise be a good piece of work by the scious of “the black streak” in his own character,
grossest of solecisms. He repeatedly uses “like” hopes to find it subdued to "middle greyness" in
as a conjunction, and is so enamored of split infini- the characters of his sons. This is the explanation
tives that he seems to go out of his way to make of the title, and it must be said that the author harps
them. As for the Meredithian quality of his style, upon these and some other favorite phrases with
an extract may serve as illustration. “Softly, softly! undue persistence. The book is not very well writ-
she twisted the knob within her cunning palm, she ten, and its best passages are those which relate to
made no sound, she let no faint creak arise, but Australia. Here we have pages of description which
there it was unlatched with a secrecy excelling fairly glow with color, and which are filled with
feline. Now she jammed one taut finger-tip against what may be called the passion of the Bush. On
the panels face, applied the most expert nicety of the whole, the book is not a strong one, although it
pressure, and the door opened one-eighth of an inch, has flashes of genuine power. Similar characteristics
nor made no sound. A thread of lamplight curled must be ascribed to the collection of a dozen sketches
out and made love to her sparkling face. It ad- that the author of “Middle Greyness” has brought
mired her nostrils most, it saw the throb of battle into a volume entitled “Mere Sentiment.” Some of
in them. Success was now piping to her blood ; it these, also, are Australian in theme, and all of them
swelled on the martial song and incited her eyes to lie rather without the usual rut of the teller of
flash rebellion.” Not a bad imitation, surely, and stories. They are not very carefully worked out,
“Fiercebeart the Soldier” is written throughout in and are brought to somewhat abrupt conclusions.
this sort of English. It purports to be a romance Mr. A. E. W. Mason's thrilling story of “The
of the Forty-five, and it really is concerned in a way Courtship of Morrice Buckler” gave us a taste for
with the events from Prestoupans to Culloden. But its author which is hardly satisfied by his new book,
its chief interest is domestic, and lies in its extremely “ The Philanderers." He is better at intrigue and
strong and subtle characterization of some half- adventure than in the analysis of character which he
dozen persons.
Fierceheart himself is a character I attempts in the present work, and the reader feels
-
»


1897.]
93
THE DIAL
a
but a languid interest in his London society figures blood in the attempt, is what unconventional youth
-the fickle maiden who adds conquest to conquest, would call “ a rattling good book," and what sober
the vain and petty littérateur, and even the late reflection is bound to admit to be animated and
leader of an African expedition, now turned pro- exciting in a very marked degree. It is a sort of
moter and busied with the floating of a new enter- compound of the daring of Dumas, Sue, and Jules
prise. We should have liked him better had he Verne, with no style to speak of, and with nothing
remained in Africa where the beginning of the story that could be called delineation of character, but
finds him.
with inventive and narrative qualities that do some-
“Mr. Peters
is a novel that begins with a thing to make up for the lack of more serious ones.
lynching-bee in Western America, and ends by drop- “A Princess and a Woman” is a romance of the
ping the hero into the sea at Leith. This hero is a “ Zenda” type, and tells how a dashing young
gentleman of Swiss-Italian extraction, the son of the American officer won the heart and the hand of a
innocent victim of the lynchers, and a child at the princess, in spite of the determination of the Rus-
time of the fatal occurrence. When he grows up,
sian court to force her marriage with the ill-favored
his one object in life is to track the two men who Prince of Carpathia. It is a fairly clever and well-
were chiefly responsible for the tragedy, and to managed book, written by Mr. Robert McDonald,
avenge upon them his father's death. The scene is and published as the first of a new copyright series
mostly laid in Edinburgh, to which the two men find of cloth-bound volumes to be sold at the very low
their way, and the tedium of the motive above out- price of twenty-five cents each. The projector of
lined is relieved by the introduction of a number of this commendable enterprise is Mr. Frank Munsey,
minor characters none of whom turn out very inter- the proprietor of a well-known monthly magazine.
esting. The book has some touches of grim humor When one of Mr. Stockton's books has been de-
and a few fairly animated scenes, but it undoubt- scribed, the epithets needed for the rest of them are
edly drags in many places, and the general effect is exhausted. «A Story-Teller's Pack," containing
one of incoherency. Nearly every one of the char- eleven tales, exhibits the whimsical humor with
acters is blurred in the delineation, and we search which we are so familiar, the ingenuity of invention,
in vain for some clean-cut and vividly-conceived and the cheery outlook upon
life. The stories are
figure with an unmistakable personality of its own. certainly amusing, particularly those called “The
On the whole, one is glad when the victims of Mr. Staying Power of Sir Rohan," “ As One Woman to
Peters are out of the way and he himself is drowned,Another,” and “The Widow's Cruise.” Perhaps it
for he might have gone on fumbling indefinitely with is because this latter title was already preëmpted
his ineffectual plans for revenge.
that the author did not give it to the story of “ Mrs.
Mr. Gilbert Parker's work is always carefully Cliff's Yacht,” which it would have fitted so admir-
conceived and elaborated with much artistic finish.ably.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
He has recently added two books to his lengthening
list. One of them, “ The Pomp of the Lavilettes,"
is the story of a French Canadian village at the time
of Papineau's abortive rebellion (1837-8). It is a
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
strong piece of work, dramatic and stirring, per-
haps not quite as good as “Valmond," but holding
Reuben T. Durrett, LL.D., President
the attention absorbed in the fortunes of its leading of the “dark and of the Filson Club of Kentucky, has
characters, and brought to a finely tragic ending.
bloody ground."
prepared for publication Number
“A Romany of the Snows,” Mr. Parker's other Twelve of the Publications that bear the name of this
new book, is a volume of nine short stories, in many organization. It is entitled “Bryant's Station and
of which our old friend Pierre figures. It has the the Memorial Proceedings held on its Site under the
crisp atmosphere of the Northern wilderness, the Auspices of the Lexington Chapter D.A.R. August
mystery and the romance of life among a simple the 18th, 1896, in Honor of its Heroic Mothers."
people who live close to nature, and are none the The contents, which are contributed by different
worse for being without the trappings of a sophis- authors, are entitled “The Lexington Chapter,
ticated civilization.
D.A.R.," "The First Act in the Siege of Bryant's
Some months ago our readers were informed of Station,” “The Women of the Station,” an original
the fund of entertainment awaiting them in Mr. poem, “The Story of the Station,” “The Battle of
Louis Tracy's “ The Final War.” No less auda- the Blue Licks," and an “ Historical Sketch of the
cious in conception, and fully as beguiling for an
Filson Club."' The “dark and bloody ground,"
idle day, is Mr. Tracy's new romance of “ An Amer- strange to say, was not inhabited by Indians at the
ican Emperor.” Just why the book should be fur- time when the men from Virginia and the Carolinas
ther styled “A Story of the Fourth Empire of began to enter in and take possession; it was the
France” is not altogether clear, and we fear that bone of contention between the tribes lying to the
the author bas got the two historical empires mixed south and the north, and the familiar name was
up with the three republice. Be that as it may, this given to it for this very reason; still, the northern
story of an American multimillionaire, who makes savages held the region in a firm grasp, and it was
himself Emperor of France, without shedding any rescued from them only by bloody and desperate
Historical sketches
&


94
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
on the
contests like those of Bryant's Station and the Blue cargo
of stores and ammunition and a detach-
Licks. It is difficult to make students of old-world ment of troops. The author's account of this trip,
history believe that these conflicts in the western and of the “ Penn's” subsequent adventures as a
wilderness rank in importance with the battles that transport plying between the scene of hostilities
brought the countries of central and northern in the Crimea and the various bases of supplies,
Europe under the dominion of civilized man; but is decidedly readable. After the expiration of his
time is showing that such is the fact. The Kentucky contract with the French, he took service with the
stories are the more important because they fro-Turks, the runs being mostly between Constanti-
quently show British officers from Canada leading nople and Varna or Eupatoria. His experiences
the Indians on their forays. It was at Bryant's with the Turks were on the whole agreeable. In
Station, the reader will remember, that the women their service, he says, “we had an exceedingly easy
and girls, twenty-eight in number, when the garrison time. The French idea of putting off nothing for
was on the point of perishing for water, issued from the morrow that could be done to-day was exactly
the gate, covered as it was by the rifles of the war- reversed. ... I honestly think there was a great
riors in hiding, proceeded to the spring, filled their deal of pay for very little work." Captain Cod-
pails and piggins, and returned in safety to their hus- man's account of Turkish officials and their ways is
bands, fathers, and brothers who were standing to amusing and not unfavorable. His first encounter
their guns behind the stockade, the savages refrain- with the Turk, officially, was at Nagara Point in
ing from firing upon them or seizing them because the Dardanelles, where the “ Penn ” went aground
their white commander had ordered them to wait
very spot where Leander landed when he
until guns were heard on the other side of the station. swam the Hellespont." The reigning official of
A Kentucky orator has compared the act to the deed the place, Suleyman Pasha, was most kind and
of David's three mighty men of war who broke attentive to the stranded “Giaours," and it was
through the ranks of the Philistines and brought mainly through his aid that the “ Penn " was finally
water for their chieftain from the well at Bethlehem. floated. When the question of remuneration was
The act was in fact a more daring one. “The basin delicately broached to this good Samaritan, he
of the spring was not deep enough to plunge the seized Captain Codman's hand, and placing it upon
vessels and thus fill them at once. They had to dip his heart, replied: “God pays me, my brother."
the water with gourds, and thus tediously and slowly Could (or would) a Christian have said more?
fill their vessels. During this slow process, which Suleyman Pasha was a strict (if literal) observer
lengthened moments into hours, a glance to the right of the forms described by the Prophet. When he
or left might have met the glittering black eyes of dined on board the “ Penn," Captain Codman, on
bloodthirsty savages peeping from behind trees or the principle of not tempting one's brother to offend,
from among the undergrowth which concealed them. carefully excluded wine from the table. “ Think,
The girls were not probably fully aware of the then,” he says, “ of my astonishment at a gentle
danger incurred, but the women comprehended the hint from the Pasha as to champagne! It was of
situation fully," says one of the writers, “and by an course immediately produced. Upon my remark-
act of cool and deliberate courage won for them- | ing that it had not been offered before on account
selves a name which should never pass from the of what I supposed to be his religious scruples, he
memorial page of our history.” The present num- replied with an air of perfect sincerity, Wine was
ber is one of the largest of the Filson Club Publica- forbidden by the prophet; not champagne. Cham-
tions, and appears, in the same sumptuous style as pagne did not exist in his day; how then could he
its predecessors, from the press of Messrs. John P. have forbidden it? Marshallah! God is great,'con-
Morton & Co., of Louisville.
tinued Suleyman, smoothing his beard and soothing
his conscienco. •Pass the bottle.'” Captain Cod-
An entertaining little book that comes
man's little book is well worth reading.
skipper in the with a certain timeliness, after recent
events in the East, is Captain John
The essay which gives title to Mrs.
Codman's “ An American Transport in the Crimean
Marriage questions E. R. Chapman's “ Marriage Ques-
War" (Bonnell, Silver & Co.). Mr. John Codman
tions in Modern Fiction, and other
Ropes, the author's cousin, has supplied a brief Essays” (John Lane) is recent; the others belong
commendatory introduction. The book forms at to different years in the past decade, although all
once a capital sailor's yarn and an instructive foot- have been carefully revised for publication. The
note to the history of the Crimean war. Captain
Captain book is therefore interesting, if only as giving some
Codman sailed for Marseilles, May 20, 1854, in idea of the increase of a tendency which most of us
command of the “ William Penn," a small steam have got so used to that we hardly appreciate it.
freighter with accommodations for twenty odd Yet it certainly is remarkable that the chief novels
passengers. The “Penn” was a pioneer vessel of of the last few years should so often deal in one way
her class, and her experimental venture proved a or another with what may be vaguely called "mar-
failure. After lying idle at Marseilles for a time, riage questions.” And this larger sphere — the
she was chartered by the French government for sphere of " Tess of the d'Urbervilles," of " Trilby,"
transport service, and sent to the Crimea with a of “ Lord Ormont,” of “The Manxman”- is only
6
> >
A Yankee
Crimean war.
in literature.
-


1897.]
95
THE DIAL
scure.
6 new
the nebula (so far as this matter is concerned) of this question cannot be answered in term; sources
the more intense core furnished by such books as will be so gradually introduced in good history teach-
“The Story of an African Farm,” “ The Heavenly ing, and text-books so progressively laid aside, that
Twins,” “ The Woman who Did,” “ Jude the Ob- there is no abrupt passage from the one method to
Books like these latter are more or less the other. Carried to an extreme, the new method
propogandist ; but even books like the former show will do much harm; used judiciously, it is capable
the workings of the thought of our time. In view of accomplishing great good. In fact, it is not so
of all this, Mrs. Chapman argues, simply enough,
as it seems to be; to read the Declaration
and sensibly, for indissoluble marriage and no of Independence, the Constitution of the United
divorce at all. The conclusion is a difficult one to States, Washington's Farewell Address, or Lincoln's
avoid, if one accepts the idea of a life-union of one Inaugural Addresses, is to study history in its
man and one woman as being the ideal to be ulti- sources; so that what is really new is the enhanced
mately attained. We need not, however, give Mrs. emphasis and the new methods of providing and
Chapman's arguments nor our own commentary; it handling material. Professor Hart holds to the
is enough here to mention her rational tone and her source method in its more conservative form, and
success in avoiding the absurdity and tediousness has undertaken to prepare a series of volumes of
one sometimes finds in discussions on the subject. sources to promote its use. Volume I. (“Era of
Beside the title-essay, and four others on marriage Colonization, 1492–1689”), now before us, is the
and divorce, there are two on literary topics : one first of the series. The selections are well made,
on “The Disparagement of Women in Literature," well arranged, and well printed; and the volume,
and one on “St. Paul and the Woman Movement,” like those that are to follow, cannot fail to receive
both interesting. The first amazes us (trained as & warm welcome from all teachers and students of
we were to an opposite view by Mr. Ruskin in his American history. We have heard a very competent
monograph on "Queen's Gardens ") by the devel- professor of American history express regret that
opment of the thesis that Shakespeare arrogantly, the apparatus of annotation and criticism is not more
and in a domineering way, regarded women as abundant; and the point seems to be well taken.
inferior to men. The second essay shows that St. Still, considerable assistance of this kind is afforded
Paul emphasized the inferior position of women,- the reader. The book takes its place at once on the
a matter of very slight importance, since there are shelf as indispensable.
few wives who, however sound on the question of
verbal inspiration, regard the word “obey " as other Early critical
The “Quarterly Review” was once
much vexed at Mr. Edmund Gosse
than an empty conventionality. This matter of the
because, while Clark Professor of
inferiority of woman does not appear to us to be one
to be settled by present argument. There can be Poetry at the University of Cambridge, he prefaced
little doubt that woman was the inferior sex, phys- his learned work “From Shakespeare to Pope" with
ically and mentally. Without inquiry into the rea-
a poem in which he represented himself as a spar-
son, such was the fact, and on that fact arose tradi-
row sitting on a clothes-line in Mr. W. D. Howells's
tion and convention. Now, we understand, the fact back-yard. We think that this was a harmless fancy
is otherwise, or at least ought to be. New traditions
on the part of the amiable critic, and we regret that
and new conventions will doubtless accommodate
he has not prefaced the revised edition of his
themselves to the new fact. Meanwhile, why not
“Seventeenth Century Studies” (Dodd, Mead &
let St. Paul and Shakespeare rest in peace?
Co.) with a little poem representing himself as a
lark, disdaining the earth in the roseate dawn and
The original
Professor Hart's "American History blithely singing of divine things while lost in the
Told by Contemporaries” (Macmil- empyrean. Such a conception would, we think,
American history. lan) is a contribution to the source,
attune the mind of the reader to the “ criticism” in
or laboratory, method of teaching history. Stated the book, which is called “a contribution to the his-
in its extreme form, this method puts the pupil, as tory of English Poetry." Mr. Gosse himself has
”
soon as he is furnished with any, even the slender- elsewhere expressed his idea of the advantage to the
est, thread of historical narrative, at the sources, or writer of literary history of “a rare combination of
documents, and leaves him, with more or less help, exact knowledge with the power of graceful com-
to elaborate his own history from the materials. position.” The fact that he does not mention sound
Stated in a more conservative manner, it introduces judgment as another useful possession will not sur-
the student, when he has made a certain rather indef. prise those familiar with his work. This book cer-
inite degree of progress in the study of historical tainly shows graceful composition: Mr. Gosse bas
text-books, to original material, and leaves him, the gift, or art, of writing, in a way that interests
under competent direction, to check and work out But as for exact knowledge and sound judg-
results for himself, and, what is more important, ment, these are things that no one need expect from
to master the method of historical investigation. At him. This book has been before the public fourteen
.
the core, the two forms of statement do not disagree; years, in part more. In that time it has been criti-
the only open question is, How soon the pupil shall cised for absurdities of judgment and statement,-
be introduced to the source method ? The truth is, not so much as some of the works of Mr. Gosse,
work of
Mr. Gosse.
9
materials of
>
one.


96
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
a
it is true, but still enough to be noticed. In the more of him than we might now. Hawthorne would
present edition, some additions have been made, seem to have been more or less like the man in
but not a single correction; nor is there any allu- “Wakefield": he habitually lived in the next street
sion to any criticism, except a letter from Mr. Lowell from his family. Still, they sometimes saw him, and
in regard to one of his poems, concerning which these little snatches make Mrs. Rose Hawthorne
Mr. Gosse appeared to have a false idea. The book Lathrop's “Memories of Hawthorne ” (Houghton)
is the same charming composition which has attracted an exceedingly interesting book, as indeed every-
80 many to various half-forgotten poets of the seven- one would imagine. It is, as Mrs. Lathrop says,
teenth century that its sins of omission and com- really written by her mother, being largely made up
mission are doubtless often forgiven it.
from Sophia Hawthorne's letters. The interest in
the book is partly domestic: it is the picture of
A converted Thirty years of recreative study fill
Hawthorne playing blindman's buff with the Old
pagan of the the fat volume containing Archbishop People” (as he called his children), or of Hawthorne
third century.
Benson’s “ Cyprian, bis Life, his cultivating incomparable vegetables in the garden of
Time, his Work” (Appleton). The author found the Manse, or harvesting water-lilies on the Assahet;
peculiar fascination in the story of this converted
and it is partly historical: as with the skating-party,
pagan. As a sort of mental athletics, and retreat
for instance, of Hawthorne wrapped in a cloak,
from the duties of his church, be has pursued for skating like a Greek statue, Thoreau figuring dithy-
thirty years a very minute investigation of the lit-
rambic dances and Bacchic leaps, and Emerson all
erature on this ancient church father, and his book
tired out coming to rest by Mrs. Hawthorne. Lit-
represents monumental and scholarly and loving erary the book is not, in the sense, that is, that we
sympathetic industry. The period of history whose
do not learn from it much of Hawthorne the man
story is told here covers fifteen years (246–260 of letters. It is as well that we do not: Hawthorne
B. C.) in the third century. The charming city of the genius is to be found sufficiently in what he
Carthage, the queen of Northern Africa, is the
wrote. In this volume Hawthorne the man, amid
principal scene of the Cyprianic trials, triumphs, his surroundings, comes to view cordially and even
and tragedy. Cyprian's heathen education, his con-
intimately. He was a man rather different from
version to Christianity, his promotion in the Church, what any reader of his books would imagine, and
his sacrifices, his sufferings, his theological beliefs, although in this book he is always in the background,
his persecutions, and his martyrdom, are all fol- yet even though he be not clearly presented, we get
lowed out with such nicety of detail and keepness of probably a truer idea of his personality than we
discrimination as to leave nothing further to be de- could from a more definite presentation.
sired. The persecutions of Roman emperors, the
Church councils, the dogmas of leaders, are analyzed
Mr. J. E. Farmer's “ Essays on
and set forth with scholarly exactness. Though he
Monographs on
French History" (Putnam) are two
French history.
was a close imitator and admirer of Tertullian, we
in number, and they make bat a
are led to see that Cyprian occupies a unique place slender volume. The author has not burrowed
in the African Church. It is refreshing to see that very deeply into the sources of history, and his style
the author has utilized the best and latest literature is somewhat crude ; yet he has got together many
on the subject; the Index gives the titles of ninety- details in the history of two important periods that
four works, in Latin, German, and French, quoted even careful readers could find only with some dif-
and referred to in the body of the book. Foot-notes ficulty. The opening essay is on “The Rise of the
abound, as they should, in confirmation of the views Reformation in France and its Relation to Martin
advanced by the author. Ten appendices deal with Luther; " the other, which is a stronger piece of
special themes touching the times of Cyprian. A work, is a sketch of the history of “The Club of
few woodcuts and three elegant maps add to the the Jacobins." The description of the methods
attractiveness of the volume. Though not easy read- used in controlling the Assembly and directing the
ing for other than Church historians and similar current of affairs by organized mob violence is of
specialists, this sumptuous volume will not for long special interest.
years cease to be the standard life of the great
African churchman.
The history of British India, as told
The history of
by R. W. Frazer in his recent addi-
No American author has achieved a
tion to the “Story of the Nations”
Memories of
Hawthorno.
reputation more secure than that of series (Putnam), is a most interesting narrative and
Hawthorne. Hence, perhaps, it will a good piece of popular history-writing. Beginning
be with many that of no American author would with the early history of Indian commerce, Mr.
they more gladly see a volume of Memories. It is Frazer traces the rise of English influence through
pretty certain, however, that the real interest in
the founding and growth of the East India Company;
Hawthorne concerns itself more with his work than England's bitter struggles with the Portuguese,
with his personal character, and it is very probable, Dutch, and French; the gradual conquest of the
too, that no matter how many volumes of reminis- vast country; and the later history of the organiza-
cence might appear, we should never know much tion and strengthening of the government. In the
British India.


1897.]
97
THE DIAL
"
final chapter the author discusses the moral and McLellan and A. F. Ames, based on Messrs. McLellan
material progress under British rule. The thrilling and Dewey's “ Psychology of Number," is issued by the
events associated with the names of Dupleix, Clive,
Macmillan Co.
Hastings, Havelock, and Lawrence, are described
Mr. Hall Caine's new novel, “ The Christian,” has just
briefly but with spirit. England's policy in seizing
been published by Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. The
the principalities and appropriating the wealth of the
first London edition, published by Mr. William Heine-
mann, consisted of 50,000 copies.
princes is not upheld from the strictly moral point
Carlyle's “ French Revolution,” in three volumes, has
of view, but the author significantly likens it to her
been added to the Dent-Macmillan series of “ Temple
present policy in South Africa and Russia's policy
Classics." A welcome feature of this beautiful little
in the Northern Pacific — which he regards as justi- edition is the special biographical index prepared by the
fiable aggressions for the sake of trade
and imperial editor, Mr. G. Lowes Dickinson.
influence.
“ The Merry Devil of Edmonton," edited by Mr.
Hugh Walker, is the latest addition to the series of
« Temple Dramatists," published in this country by the
Macmillan Co. The same publisbers send us “ A Distin-
BRIEFER MENTION.
guished Provincial at Paris,” in their handsome edition
of Balzac.
The fifth volume of Henry Craik’s “ Selections from
English Prose” (Macmillan) concludes an important
Biographical dictionaries seem to be a feature of the
work, which was reviewed at length in The Dial of
closing years of the century. The latest one announced
Sept. 1, 1893. The volume includes passages from
is “ Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United
forty-six different writers, beginning with Scott and
States," in six large volumes, edited by Mr. John
ending with Stevenson. The original plan for four vol-
Howard Brown and published by the Cyclopædia Pub-
umes only has been enlarged to include a fifth, owing to
lishing Co. of Boston.
the riches of our prose literature, so that the number
We are glad to note such excellent appointments,
and variety of the examples chosen have been corre-
under the new Librarian of Congress, as those of Mr.
spondingly increased. The selections have been well
Spofford, Mr. Solberg, and Mr. Hutcheson, to leading
made, the introductions are by the same well-known
and responsible positions in the library. While it must
critics and men of letters, and, owing to its nearness to
be a matter of regret that the selection of a chief for
ourselves, the last volume of the set surpasses in interest
our national library was not made from among profes-
and value any that have preceded. The complete work
sional library managers, rather than made on political
is now published in a handsome library edition, in the
grounds, yet it is to Mr. Young's credit that he under-
same number of volumes.
stands so well the kind of men needed for the successful
The Chautauqua books for the coming year, five in
working of the great institution under his charge.
number as usual, have just been published by Messrs.
Baron Pierre de Coubertin is a young French writer
Flood & Vincent, and are as usual well-chosen and
who is rapidly making his mark in serious literature.
attractive. “Roman Life in Pliny's Time," by M. Mau-
We received some time ago his valuable work on
rice Pellison, is translated from the French by Miss
« L'Evolution Française sous la Froisième République,”
Maud Wilkinson. “ A Short History of Medieval
which is now soon to appear in an English translation.
Europe," by Dr. Oliver J. Thatcher, is an abridgment Still more recently, his “ Souvenirs d'Amérique et de
of the larger « Europe in the Middle Age," by the au-
Grèce” has been published, and we have found the
thor and Dr. Schwill. This work is also published by
sketches of travel which it contains interesting without
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons.“ • Imperial Germany,'
being frothy. The author is a keen observer of men
by Mr. Sidney Whitman, is a new edition of a work
and manners, and his style has an agreeable animation.
nearly ten years old. Mr. W. H. Goodyear's “ Roman
The London “Review of Reviews” announces that
and Medieval Art” is also the revision of an earlier the seventh volume of the valuable and exhaustive
publication. Last of all, we have a volume upon “ The
" Annual Index to Periodicals,” covering the year 1896,
Social Spirit in America,” by Prof. C. R. Henderson, is now ready. The indexing and compilation of the
whose name is very familiar to our readers, and whose
volume is the work of Miss E. Hetherington.— In this
work forms an admirable introduction to the subject of connection we may repeat our commendation of the
social science.
“ Cumulative Index” to a selected list of periodicals, a
publication which is searchingly thorough for the ground
it covers, and has the distinctive feature of embodying
in each monthly issue all the matter printed in previous
LITERARY NOTES.
issues since the beginning of the year. It is published
by the Cleveland Public Library.
“ The Story of the Atmosphere,” by Mr. Douglas
An important movement for the higher education of
Archibald, has been issued by Messrs. D. Appleton &
Catholic young women in this country has been under-
Co. in their “Library of Useful Stories.”
taken under the direction and control of the Sisters of
Madame Sarah Grand's new novel, the first that she Notre Dame, who announce the purchase of twenty
has published since “The Heavenly Twins," will be acres of land in Washington, adjoining the site of the
issued in November by Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. Catholic University, on which they will establish an
A new one-volume edition of the perennial “ Boswell's institution to be known as Trinity College for Catholic
Life of Johnson," edited by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald, will Women. It will be devoted to post-graduate work
be published early in September by Mr. Thomas Whit-
exclusively, and will offer three regular courses, extend-
taker.
ing through four years. The requirements for admis-
“ The Public School Arithmetic,” by Messrs. J. A. sion are already issued.
>


98
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 48 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Montaigne, and Other Essays, chiefly Biographical. Now
first collected. By Thomas Carlyle ; with Foreword by
S. R. Crockett. With frontispiece, svo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 297. J. B. Lippincott Co. $3.
The Genesis of Shakespeare's Art: A Study of his Son-
nets and Poems. By Edwin James Dunning. 8vo, gilt top,
unout, pp. 336. Lee & Shepard. $2.
Speech of Jobn Hay at the Unveiling of the Bust of Sir
Walter Scott in Westminster Abbey, May 21, 1897. With
frontispiece, 12mo, uncut, pp. 14. John Lane. 35 cts.
The Quest of the Gilt-Edged Girl. By Richard de Ly-
rienne. 16mo, uncut, pp. 98. “Bodley Booklets." John
Lane. Paper, 35 cts.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Rand, McNally & Co.'s Globe Library: For Another's Sin.
By Bertha M. Clay. 12mo, pp. 352. — Prince Charlie's
Daughter. By Bertha M. Clay. 12mo, pp. 354. — The
Deemster. By Hall Caine. 12mo, pp. 361. Per vol., 250.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Impressions of Turkey during Twelve Years' Wanderings.
By W. M. Ramsay, D.C.L. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 296.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75.
RELIGION.
Sayings of our Lord. From an early Greek Papyrus.
Discovered and edited by Bernard P. Grenfell, M.A., and
Arthur S. Hunt, M.A. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 20. Henry
Frowde. Paper, 15 cts. net.
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND FINANCIAL
STUDIES.
Crime and Criminals. By J. Sanderson Christison, M.D.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 117. Chicago: W. T. Keener Co. $1 net.
Essays on Social Subjects. By Lady Cook. With portraits,
12mo, pp. 126. London: Roxburghe Press ; Chicago (7419
Euclid Ave.): Mr. Hebern. 50 cts.
The Economic History of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-
road, 1827–1853. By Milton Reizenstein, Ph.D. Large
8vo, uncut, pp. 89. "Johns Hopkins University Studies."
Paper, 50 cts.
Gold and silver: An Elementary Treatise on Bimetalism.
By James Henry Hallard, M.A. 12mo, uncut, pp. 122.
London: Rivington, Percival & Co.
SCIENCE AND NATURE.
Some Unrecognized Laws of Nature: An Inquiry into
the
Causes of Physical Phenomena, with Special Reference
to Gravitation. By Ignatius Singer and Lewis H. Berens.
Illus., 8vo, pp. 511. D. Appleton & Co. $2.50.
Familiar Features of the Roadside: The Flowers, Shrubs,
Birds, and Insects. By F. Schuyler Mathews. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 269. D. Appleton & Co. $1.75.
The Principles of Fruit-Growing. By L. H. Bailey. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 508. “Rural Science Series." Macmillan Co.
$1.25.
The Story of the Earth's Atmosphere. By Douglas Archi-
bald, M.A. Illus., 18mo, pp. 194. Library of Useful
Stories." D. Appleton & Co. 40 cts.
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology
to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-'94.
By J. W. Powell, Director. Hus., 4to, pp. 366. Govern-
mont Printing Office.
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smith-
sonian Institution for 1895. Ilus., large 8vo, pp. 837.
Government Printing Office.
:
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
A Distinguished Provincial at Paris. By H. de Balzac ;
trans. by Ellen Marriage; with Preface by George Saints-
bury. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 368. Macmillan Co.
$1.50.
The French Revolution. By Thomas Carlyle. Vol. III.;
with portrait, 24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 464. “Temple
Classics." Macmillan Co. 50 cts.
The Merry Devil of Edmonton: A Comedy. Edited by
Hugh Walker, M.A. With frontispiece, 24mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 79. Temple Dramatists." Macmillan Co.
45 cts.
HISTORY.
Cabot's Discovery of North America. By G. E. Weare.
Illas., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 343. J. B. Lippincott Co.
$3.50.
The Victorian Era. By P. Anderson Graham. Illus., 12mo,
gilt edges, pp. 245. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.
Report and accompaning Papers of the Venezuela
Commission. Vol. 2, Extracts from Archives. Large
8vo, ancut, pp. 723. Government Printing Office. Paper.
POETRY.
Jubilee Greeting at Spithead to the Men of Greater Britain.
By Theodore Watts-Dunton. 12mo, uncut, pp. 32. John
Lane. Paper, 50 cts.
At the Gates of Song: Sonnets. By Lloyd Mifflin ; illus.
by Thomas Moran, M.A. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 162.
Estes & Lauriat. $1.50.
The Island Lily: An Idyl of the Isles of Shoals. By Blanche
Fearing. Illus., 12mo, pp. 50. Donohue & Henneberry.
FICTION.
Old Times in Middle Georgia. By Richard Malcolm John-
ston. 12mo, pp. 249. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
The Chevalier d'Auriac. By S. Levett Yeats. 12mo,
pp. 323. Longmans, Groen, & Co. $1.25.
Wayside Courtships. By Hamlin Garland. 12mo, pp. 281.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.25.
New Uniform Edition of Books by Hamlin Garland.
Including: A Spoil of Office, Jason Edwards, and A Mom-
ber of the Third House. 12mo. D. Appleton & Co. Per
vol., $1.25.
Wolfville. By Alfred Henry Lewis (Dan Quin); illus. by
Frederic Remington. 12mo, pp. 337. F. A. Stokes Co.
$1.50.
The Stepmother: A Tale of Modern Athens. By Gregory
Xenopoulos; done into English by Mrs. Edmonds. 12mo,
uncut, pp. 143. John Lane. $1.
Clever Tales. By foreign authors ; selected and edited by
Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke. 16mo, uncut,
pp. 242. Copeland & Day. $1.25.
The Ways of Life: Two Stories. By Mrs. Oliphant. 12mo,
pp. 330. G. P. Putnam's Song. $1.
The Folly of Pen Harrington. By Julian Sturgis. 12mo,
pp. 269. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
Mrs. Crichton's Creditor. By Mrs. Alexander. Illus.,
18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 181. J. B. Lippincott Co. 750.
The Mills of God. By Helen Davies. 12mo, pp. 274.
F. Tennyson Neely. $1.
The Touchstone of Life. By Ella MacMahon. Illus., 18mo,
uncut, pp. 286. F. A. Stokes Co. 75 cts.
A Noble Haul. By W. Clark Russell. With frontispiece,
18mo, uncut, pp. 158. New Amsterdam Book Co. 50 cts.
66
BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
An Outline of Method in History. By Ellwood W. Kemp.
12mo, pp. 300. Terre Haute, Ind.: Inland Pub'g Co. $i.
Fra le Corde di un Contrabasso. By Salvatore Farina ; with
English Notes by Prof. T. E. Comba. 18mo, pp. 98.
Novelle Italiane." William R. Jenkins. Paper, 35 cts.
L'Abbé Constantin: Comédie en Trois Actes. By Hector
Crémieux and Pierre Decourcelle; edited by Victor E.
François. 12mo, pp. 111. American Book Co. 35 cts.
Graduate Courses, 1897-98: A Handbook for Graduate
Students. 12mo, pp. 156. Macmillan Co. 25 cts. net.
L'Oncle et le Neveu, et Les Jumeaux de l'Hôtel Corneille.
Par Edmond About; with Notes by G. Castegnier, B.S.
18mo, pp. 120. “Contes Choisis." William R. Jenkins.
Paper, 25 cts.
A PACIFIC COAST. Po anyone of the right qualifications,
BUSINESS
wishing, on account of health or for other reasons, to remove
to the Pacific Coast, an opportunity is offered to become ident-
ified with one of the best and most substantial publications on
the Coast. The editor of The DIAL has knowledge of the terms
and other particulars, which he will be glad to make known to
anyone seriously interested in the matter who will apply to him.


1897.]
· 99
THE DIAL
1
-
FRENCH BOOKS.
Readers of French desiring good literature will take pleas-
ure in reading our ROMANS CHOISIS SERIES, 60 ots. per
vol. in paper and 85 cts. in cloth ; and CONTES CHOISIS
SERIES, 25 cts. per vol. Each a masterpiece and by a well-
known author. List sent on application. Also complete cata-
logue of all French and other Foreign books when desired.
WILLIAM R. JENKINS,
Nos. 851 and 853 Sixth Ave. (48th St.), NEW YORK.
SEND FOR CATALOGUE
Of an extraordinary collection of Autograph Letters, Docu-
ments, etc., of American Presidents, Generals, Actors, Liter-
ary Celebrities, Revolutionary Muster Rolls, Broadsides, etc.,
formerly belonging to William R. Dorlon and Dr. Sprague.
Also List of rare old Books of Emblems, early Imprints, curi-
ons old Almanacks, Voyages and Travels, etc., now ready and
sent post free on application to
J. W. CADBY, 131 Eagle St., Albany, N. Y.
Alle
gency.
LIBRARIES.
We solicit correspondence with book-buyers for private and
other Libraries, and desire to submit figures on proposed lists.
Our recently revised topically arranged Library List (mailed
gratis on application) will be found useful by those selecting
titles.
THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO.,
Wholesale Books, 5 & 7 East 16th St., New York.
FOR OBTAINING 100 QUESTIONS upon any play of Shakespeare,
251 Mifth Avenue, New York City.
THE PATHFINDER- the national news review for BUSY PEOPLE.
Condensed, classified, comprehensive, non-partisan, clean. Gives
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104
(Sept. 1, 1897.
THE DIAL
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are determined most largely by the character
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
of its heroes. No amount of precept, religious
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; or ethical, will have one tithe of the influence
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
in forming the ideals of our youth that hero-
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
worship possesses. If there is, then, one mo-
ment more solemn than another in the life of
No. 269. SEPTEMBER 1, 1897. Vol. XXIII. the historian, one when he should seek more
earnestly than at another to be delivered from
CONTENTS.
all prejudice, error, and weakness, it is when
HERO-WORSHIP
he essays the role of the hero-maker. If he
fails in this, he may well question if all the
A MODERN TYPE OF UNIVERSITY INSTRUC-
TOR AT BERLIN. James Taft Hatfield
other good he may have accomplished has not
107
been over-balanced. There is a mawkish notion
COMMUNICATIONS
110
Dante as a Tonic for To-day. Oscar Kuhns.
prevalent among the members of a certain very
A Dante Society among Fishermen. Katharine
advanced class of people in almost all parts of
Merrill Graydon.
the world, that if you add cant to crime you
A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH NAVY. E. G. J. 111
lessen the crime. Some of them think that the
AN ENGLISH BARD AND HIS SCOTCH EDITOR.
outcome of such a combination is the most
Melville B. Anderson
113 heroic virtue. All of us judge crime more
THE CORRESPONDENCE OF TWO KINGS OF
leniently when committed by persons who have
EGYPT, 1500 B. C. James Henry Breasted 116 views in common with us upon some important
FOCALIZED ON THE BIBLE. Ira M. Price 117
subject, and against persons whom we regard
Farrar's The Bible: Its Meaning and its Supremacy.
with feelings of hostility. But the moralist, the
- Hommel's The Ancient Hebrew Tradition.
historian, and the inventor of epics are under
Fiske's The Myths of Israel.-— Moulton and Geden's
A Concordance to the Greek Testament.
bonds to civilization to rise above such weak.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
ness.
. 118
A doubtful French critic of America. – Hypnotism
The false kind of sentiment that is here con-
as a curative agent.— Nature and the Poets.- Man's demned in such impressive terms has done
antiquity in the Eastern United States. — Introduc-
tion to modern Idealism.
much mischief in perverting the ethical judg-
ments passed by mankind upon the conspicuous
BRIEFER MENTION
121
figures of history. In ancient times, it deified
LITERARY NOTES
121 Alexander the Great and Julius Cæsar, to say
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
122 nothing of a long line of lesser conquerors
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
122
and leaders of victorious hosts. In our own
century, it has made of Napoleon a subject for
eulogy rather than for execration, it has in a
HERO-WORSHIP.
measure justified the career of the man of
Two or three years ago, Professor John W. “ blood and iron ” who looms so large in the
Burgess made some suggestive remarks, which history of modern Germany, and it is now en-
we are about to quote, upon the ethics of hero-gaged in glossing over the unscrupulous methods
worship. Their immediate application was to of the ambitious adventurer who has come to
the American anti-slavery agitation and the regard South Africa as his own personal ap-
John Brown cult, but they convey a lesson and panage. It would seem, indeed, when we con-
a warning that should be taken to heart in con- sider these and the many similar cases which
nection with many other subjects, not only in history presents to our view, that success, by
the department of political history, but in all whatever means achieved, is too often taken by
the fields of human endeavor. “I consider," the public as the adequate test of greatness,
he said, “ that the highest responsibility resting and that a man's career passes for heroic if
.
.
.
.
.
.


106
(Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
only it be sufficiently brilliant to attract wide- In literature, as in other departments of hu-
spread attention, and sufficiently daring to man activity, there are sham heroes as well as
impose upon the imagination of men. The genuine ones.
This statement is not meant to
ethical philosopher, of course, bases his judg- imply that a writer whose private life will not
ment upon other criteria than these, for he bear the closest scrutiny is for that reason un-
knows that failure is often more heroic than heroic as a literary figure, for the weakness of
success, and that many a mute inglorious ca- will by which personal conduct is so often mis-
reer, with which only the few are acquainted, shapen may coëxist with an intellectual life of
may offer a finer example for the emulation of the rarest distinction. And since the essential
mankind than is offered by the lives of those thing about a writer is his work, he has a right
who shine in the fierce light that beats upon to be judged by that work, almost irrespective
the seats of the mighty.
of the life that lies behind it. The figure of
Carlyle has done much to glorify the type Schopenhauer, for example, is one of the most
of man who succeeds by sheer strength of will, heroic in literature, although the character of
and the gospel of brute force has collected a the man, as apart from the writer, left much
singular company in his gallery of heroic to be desired. But the noble sincerity of his
figures. Yet it is from Carlyle himself that we work, and its exaltation of fine ideals in both
have chosen a passage which emphasizes, better thought and conduct, are qualities so marked
than it has often been emphasized, the eternal that we are quite justified in ignoring the un-
distinction between the strength that should lovely aspects of the personal biography. On
command our admiration and the strength that the other hand, the most conspicuous of literary
is perversely employed. “A certain strong
“A certain strong figures may fail to assume heroic proportions
man, of former time, fought stoutly at Lepanto; if the work for which it stands bave any sug-
worked stoutly as Algerine slave ; stoutly de- gestion of pose or insincerity. We may be very
livered himself from such working ; with stout indulgent to the infirmities of the flesh, pro-
;
cheerfulness endured famine and nakedness vided only they do not fetter or drag down the
and the world's ingratitude; and, sitting in jail, spirit. There is a false ring, which no sound-
with the one arm left him, wrote our joyfullest, ing rhetoric can altogether deaden to the dis-
and all but our deepest, modern book, and cerning ear, in the work of many masterful
named it · Don Quijote ': this was a genuine writers, and when that ring is once detected,
strong man. A strong man, of recent time, the power of the voice to shape our intellectual
fights little for any good cause anywhere ; works ideals becomes sadly weakened. This false
weakly as an English lord ; weakly delivers note may be caught over and over again in
himself from such working ; with weak despon- Byron ; it makes the Whitman cult seem a
dency endures the cackling of plucked geese at strange phenomenon to minds entirely well-
St. James's ; and, sitting in sunny Italy, in his balanced and sane, and it lessens the effect-
coach-and-four, at a distance of two thousand ive appeal of even such giants as Hugo and
miles from them, writes, over many reams of Carlyle.
paper, the following sentence, with variations : When we think of certain figures in litera-
Saw ever the world one greater or unhappier?' ture as peculiarly heroic, we do not usually stop
This was a sham strong man.
for analysis, but are content to rest the judg-
While this comparison, in its straining for ment upon a mixture of impressions, in part
antithetical effects, is not altogether fair to derived from the life, and in part from the work.
Byron, whose life was at least closed by a piece Scott and Balzac are good examples of this, for
of genuine heroism, yet in the main it enforces both are heroic figures in a very genuine sense,
a lesson that should be taken to heart. The and we hardly know whether to admire them the
Byronic cult was undoubtedly in its day respon- more for their courageous struggle against ad-
sible for a great deal of sickly sentimentalism, verse material conditions or for their resolute
and its influence still lingers in English litera- pursuit of a great creative purpose. Instead
ture. As contrasted with Shelley's ardent and of taking these men for our illustration, let us
high-souled devotion to great causes and fine take instead a man who was a hero of litera.
ideals, the passion of Byron at its best seems ture pure and simple, a man whose career has
theatrical and insincere, and the gospel of for the literary worker the same sort of lessons
“Childe Harold” is but a poor thing when that the career of Spinoza bas for the philoso-
viewed in the glowing light of the “ Prometheuspher, of Gordon for the soldier, or of Mazzini
Unbound.”
for the statesman. The man is Gustave Flau.
Choose ye."


1897.]
107
THE DIAL
bert, and our task is made easy by borrowing the character and the temper of the writer.
from the eloquent address made at Oxford last It may be only a streak, so blended with others
June by M. Paul Bourget. « No man was ever as to be almost undiscernible to observers of
more richly endowed with the higher virtues of the man apart from his books, yet it is the
a great literary artist,” says M. Bourget. “His deepest and truest part of him, and a noble
whole existence was one long struggle against book of any sort may well give pause to the
circumstances and against himself, to live up judgment that too hastily condemns a man's
to that ideal standard as a writer which he had life because it is visibly flawed. But those men
set before himself from his earliest years. are the fittest subjects for hero-worship in whom
He remains ever present among us, in spite of
the life and the word are the most fully conso-
the new developments assumed by contempo- nant, whose lives are poems, and whose words
rary French literature, for he gave to all writ- are acts. Such a hero was Goethe, with his
ers the most splendid example of passionate, life-long devotion to the ideal that held the
exclusive love of literature. With his long whole of life to be even more important than
years of patient and scrupulous toil, his noble its separate elements of the good and the beau-
contempt of wealth, honours, and popularity, tiful; such was Milton, whose “ soul was like
with his courage in pursuing to the end the a star, and dwelt apart,” and yet whose heart
realization of his dream, he looms upon us an “the lowliest duties on herself did lay"; such
intellectual hero."
was Dante, whose exiled soul still possessed
And yet, with all his passion for the imper- the sun and stars," and whose divine poem was
sonal, with all his striving to view life from the wrought not as a poem merely, but
outside, 'holding, or at least expressing, “ DO
“With close heed
form of creed, but contemplating all,” the final
Lest, having spent for the work's gake
Six days, the man be left to make."
lesson of Flaubert's life is, as his eulogist ad-
mits, that no man may wholly exclude himself
from his writings. Had the author of “ Madame
Bovary” really done so," they would not have
A MODERN TYPE OF UNIVERSITY
reached us all imbued with that melancholy
INSTRUCTOR AT BERLIN.
savour, that subdued pathos which makes them
so dear to us. . . This gift of expressing in
The treatment of German literature in universi-
ties has been as varied as the philosophical, political,
their writings more than they themselves sus-
pect, and of achieving results exceeding their
wsthetic, philological, and psychological ideals of
those who have represented it. During recent years,
ambition, is only granted to those courageous
the “Young Grammarian" school, to which the
and sincere geniuses whose past trials have
monuments of literature have served chiefly as a
gained for them the priceless treasure of wide medium for the exhibition of organic processes in
experience. Thus did Cervantes write · Don language, has exercised great influence in America.
Quijote,' and Defoe · Robinson Crusoe,' little The attractiveness of this school is not hard to ex-
dreaming that they infused into their writings, plain: it had, while still “young,” the freshness of
the former all the glowing heroism of Spain,
all beginnings, and it was a field in which a given
the latter the dogged self-reliance of the Anglo-
amount of specialized research was rewarded by a
Saxon. If they had not themselves for many
maximum quantity of material and new results.
Whether the school has already reaped its best
years practised these virtues of chivalrous enter-
fruits, is a fair question, though one which does not
prise in the one case, of indomitable endurance properly belong here. Certain it is that its methods
in the other, their books would have been what
of research have intruded entirely too much into the
they intended them to be—mere tales of adven- field of literary history; and the inquiry cannot be
ture. But their souls were greater than their avoided, especially in the United States, whether the
art, and imbued it throughout with that sym- great widening of the scope of Germanic courses
bolic power which is the efficient vitality of has been accompanied by a corresponding deepening
books. In the same way Flaubert's soul was
of their contents.
The most successful and popular among
the
eater than his art, and it is that soul which,
pro-
in spite of his own will, he breathed into his
fessors of the humanities in the University of Berlin
is one who deals with the broadest realities, and
writings, gaining for them a place apart in the
who lays the chief accent upon the æsthetic element.
history of the contemporary French novel.”
I have not been able to get figures as to the attend-
Thus we come back, after all, to the position
ance upon the three courses given by Professor
that heroism in literary production is somehow Erich Schmidt during the winter semester, but they
the outcome or reflex of something heroic in were all crowded ; the “private" course on Faust


108
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
must have included five hundred enthusiastic the national literary stock. In the discussion of an
hearers. The underlying conception of Professor individual work, there is the consideration of its
Schmidt's influential position in this central uni- relation to the times in which it was written, of its
versity is that he stands as a guardian of the na- structural technique, style, movement, and psycho-
tional literary treasure, and has the duty of being logical workings ; of its nearer and remoter sources,
fully acquainted with it himself, of preserving it especially the history, as far as it can be traced, of
unimpaired, and of demonstrating it to others. His its chief motif. The influence of the work upon its
ideal of criticism aims at arriving at the sum-total own and later times is weighed. In matters relating
of all those factors which have united to produce to form and metrical values, Professor Schmidt
literature : on the one hand, the historical and philo- shows, what all professors do not possess, the finest
logical treatment of national culture, of the "spirit feeling for rhythm and delicate internal harmo-
of the times,” and of general intellectual move- nies. Not less admirable than these positive critical
ments; and, on the other hand, the sharpest possible deliverances are the wise omissions: the throwing
characterization of the individual author. His chief overboard of merely microscopic details in linguis-
virtuosity lies in tracing the historical genesis of a tics, biography, and bibliography. The last matter
given work after the method of natural science, is usually disposed of by naming the best edition of
following the sources, with much elegance of demon- the text, and perhaps the titles of one or two new
stration, back to their earliest germs, and controlling books; and then come the words, “ for the rest, see
for this purpose an immense store of information, Goedeke.” Professor Schmidt, as was also the case
embracing the ancient classics and the literature of with Scherer, has made Goethe-studies the crown of
France, England, Spain, and Italy.
his work; and it is particularly in the presentation
The most convincing impression which Professor of the results of his detailed researches in this field
Schmidt's lectures have made upon me has been that one notices a favorable contrast with that phi-
that of the absolute interdependence of the peoples lology which of late years has lavished such elabo-
of cultare, the emphasis of the fact that no author rate pains upon the publication of Unedited Scraps
or period can be conceived of as standing alone, from Goethe's Waste-basket.
unconnected with a long chain of preëxisting influ- I cannot speak too highly in praise of Professor
ences ; that a pedantic conception of “plagiarism ” Schmidt's own literary style: it is clear, direct, and
is most irrational. Particularly has he placed in penetrating ; not a word is to be spared, and yet it
the light of a new revelation the enormous influence is wrought out to a finished perfection of form not
of the great and noble English national literature unworthy of one who in literary criticism stands in
upon Germany. In the treatment of this matter, direct succession to Lessing and Herder, Goethe
as in many other ways, he shows absolute candor, and Schiller. This praise must often be withheld
fearlessness of results, and disregard of popular from eminent critics : one needs only to mention
prejudices in dealing with scientific truths. The the choppy, English-Channel style of the admirable
treatment is throughout objective rather than dog. Herman Grimm, which, over here, is usually as-
matically philosophical. He is equally masterful in cribed to the influence of our own Emerson, but
estimating the total tendency of a period, in an which, in my opinion, stands about as near to that
appreciation of the entire personality of an author of Walt Whitman. There is lively movement,
or of a single work; as a rule, such concrete judg- trenchant diction, brilliant wit, and unreserved hu-
ments disclose the larger points of view. Every mor, but no cheap embellishment; though occasion-
product is scrupulously tested and stamped with its ally metaphorical, the style is always chaste. At
exact value,- a very different thing from a reca- the same time, Professor Schmidt by no means
pitulation of its contents. These estimates are the abhors the crisp, forcible, idiomatic phrases, bor-
perfection of condensed expression ; each word is dering on the very colloquial, in which the German
weighed on the gold-balance, and produces its full language is so rich, and which often hit the mark
effect. One lively epithet sometimes fixes for good squarely in the centre. I note with less enthusiasm
the final worth of an elaborate work. In these occasional touches of the distinctively national Ger-
judgments, with all their directness and finality, man flavor of Derbheit, a term which Anglo-Saxons
there is to be noticed the self-restraint and reserve are prone to translate by the
very
rude word "coarse-
of a large nature, and an abstinence from arbitrary
ness." Now that co-education has become estab-
personal bias. In treating of a period, while much lished in Germany, this feature is at times trying.
attention is paid to the workings of international I partly sympathize with the standpoint, and prefer
influence, there is also a consideration of the force it to that of another professor, who excluded all
of political life upon literature. In dealing with women from his courses this term because he felt
an author, an estimate is made of the various sides that their presence would lay some restraint upon
of his personality, his growth and development, his his freedom of treatment. In the academic field,
methods, his merits and limitations,— how far he is if anywhere, plain facts must be handled without
the child of his age, and how far he reaches beyond circumlocution, and Professor Schmidt resolutely
it; his biography is considered as far as it is con- asserts “das gute Recht der Kritik" in this direc-
nected with his literary activity, and, especially, an tion. Good. This is quite different, however, from
estimate is given of his permanent contribution to a gratuitous amplification of Aristophanic features,


1897.]
109
THE DIAL
7
-
66
a
which has more than once been accompanied by Scherer, in 1886, Professor Schmidt was called to
hilarious merriment and rapturous applause on the Berlin to succeed that unequaled master in the field
part of the gentlemen of the audience, who looked of the history of German literature. He is one of
around gleefully to see how the young women the youngest members of the Royal Academy of
present were “taking it,” in an unchivalrous way Sciences. His great work on Lessing, and his fre-
which made one's blood boil, but then, chivalry is quent essays in the field of literary investigation
perhaps not the most strongly emphasized trait in and criticism, show his fertility in production as
Bismarck's Germany. The delivery is in a power- well as in exposition. Personally, he is very hand-
ful, resonant, dramatic voice, and the lecturer looks some: in the prime of life, with a commanding
his audience squarely in the face, although he fol. presence, a superb physique, and overflowing vigor
lows his manuscript closely.
and energy. I fancy that I recognize in him vari-
Among the select
group
of
young
scholars who ous points of resemblance to Goethe. A rapid,
make up the Seminar, one has a freer opportunity intense worker in the study, he allows himself to
of coming to know the resources which are at the throw off its constraints completely and to enjoy the
disposal of its leader, to become more and more rich and varied social life which Berlin affords; and
impressed with his broad grasp of general relations, he is a much-sought guest in that apper world which
joined to an immense mass of detailed information, unites the leaders of society, the statesmen, thinkers,
and to see what demands of actual work the great artists, musicians, and men of letters, and especially
scholar lays upon himself and his students. Woe to where that large group of brilliant and cultured
the youth who attempts by brilliancy” to cover up women is to be encountered who lend a fineness and
any negligence in scientific research! Still more elegance to social life which are missed in regions
intimate is the circle of the “Germanistic Kneipe," where the Kneipe of the men is practically the only
which comes together every Monday night at the form of intercourse, but which have been a distin-
“Great Elector. The group
includes some of the guishing ornament of Berlin for generations. For
most brilliant men in Berlin literary circles, as well music and the drama, especially, he has the liveliest
as a small number of advanced students. Professor appreciation. Like Helmholtz, he has broken com-
Schmidt is always there, even when he has to come pletely with the traditions of the pedantic, distraught,
late after lectures or receptions, and dominates the slipshod" typical” German professor, and offers an
conversation, which is lively and free and darts with instance of that particularly modern type - a uni-
most unexpected bounds into new paths. The whole versity instructor of highest rank who is at the same
tone of the gatherings is that of harmless, entirely time a finished man of the world in all that con-
informal good-fellowship, and the talk is less on cerns outward appearance, sense of form, social
professional questions than on those of general facility, and address. In this may perhaps be traced
interest in a highly-cultured society. Now and then some influence of his Vienna period.
the evening is given over to pure fun on the part of Probably no Germanic scholar would question
the students, which the Professor enters into and the value and legitimacy of any of the points of
enjoys more heartily than anyone else. At Christ- view from which Professor Schmidt approaches the
mas-time there was a tree, with presents, poems, treatment of literature: the difficult question, as in
music, and a Bierzeitung; at the close of the most of the practical philosophy of life, is one of
semester there was resurrected and presented an proportions. It is in his successful harmony of com-
ancient comedy of Holberg's, with all its archaic bination that I find most to admire. An adequate
accessories. Professor Schmidt's influence on the discussion of the whole theme would require an ex-
students is a goodly thing to witness : a free asso- act estimate of the relative treatment of the different
ciation, free imparting, and the great stimulus of factors involved. To dismiss the subject with a
personal contact.
word, I would say that there is perhaps at times
A few words as to Professor Schmidt's career too much dwelling upon that which must be sub-
may not be unwelcome. He was born in Jena, tracted from an author before the essence of his own
where his father was a well-known professor of zo- personality is to be considered. In following the
ology. From his early days in the gymnasium, his elaborate demonstration of external sources, I have
chief interest has lain in modern German literature. sometimes thought of Goethe's sharp criticism of
In Strassburg he became an intimate disciple of Herder for venturing to mention, in a discussion of
Scherer. He began teaching in Würzburg, was for “ The Diver," the old chronicle in which Schiller
three years docent in Strassburg, and later became had found the tale. The lines laid down by Pro-
professor in Vienna. In 1885, when the Goethe fessor Wetz of Giessen in his interesting and sug-
archives were made public, the Grand Duchess of gestive tract on the study of the history of litera-
Weimar invited him, along with Loeper and Scherer, ture, in which he maintains that the chief emphasis
to take charge of them, and he has had a responsi- must always be laid upon the psychology of the
ble share in the Weimar edition of Goethe's Works. author, seem to me correct.
It was during this period, about ten years ago, that At a time when militarism and industrialism have
his discovery of Fräulein Gochhausen's copy of the more than ever before drawn men's thoughts away
“original” text of Faust opened up a new era in from the intellectual inheritance of the past, it is
the criticism of that work. After the death of most encouraging that the perennial mission of lit-


110
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
erature in its highest and deepest sense is being so voice, like that in Browning's “ Pippa Passes " singing
successfully demonstrated in the great centre of
the words,
German civilization. Nor is this fact without its
“God's in his heaven,
All's right with the world."
wholesome lesson of humility to those who have been
entrusted with the duty of representing and expound whining
despair, none of that melancholy
which brooded
There is no moral weakness in the Divine Comedy, no
ing literature, in view of the emphasis which it lays
over the early nineteenth century literature, and which
upon the demand for the fullest equipment on the
still lingers on in the form of a cynical pessimism.
part of those wbo attempt to carry out this respon- 4. But the greatest of all benefits to be derived from
sible task.
JAMES TAFT HATFIELD.
the study of Dante lies in his deep and all-pervading
spirituality. Endowed with marvellous intellectual
power, with an ardent interest in all kinds of science
and learning, a practical politician and man of affairs,
he yet saw all earthly things against the background of
COMMUNICATIONS.
eternity. No poem ever written bas left the reader so
impressed with the reality of the unseen world. Surely
DANTE AS A TONIC FOR TO-DAY.
never were such lessons needed more than in the present
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
materialistic age.
I have been unpleasantly surprised lately at some dis-
I believe, with Mr. Frederic Harrison, that the lover
paraging remarks on Dante made by well-known writers.
of books should first of all seek to become intimate with
One of your contributors, in a recent communication to the great poets in the world's literature; and I have
The Dial, speaks rather proudly of the fact that the
endeavored to carry out this theory in my own case.
dust on his copy of Dante is undisturbed from year to
I trust that I do not undervalue the genius and power
year; and a professor of English literature in one of of Homer, Shakespeare, Goethe, and Milton; but were
our largest universities, lecturing on the world's great
I to be asked “What one book outside of the Bible
poets, denies (according to the statement of one of his would you recommend as a life-long companion, not
students) to Dante the highest rank in poetry, — the
merely from an intellectual or literary standpoint, but
basis of his criticism being that the Divine Comedy is
as a moral and spiritual aid ?” I should unhesitatingly
too grotesque and too mediæval to appeal to the modern answer, “ The Divine Comedy of Dante.” It is a de-
reader.
lightful thing to yield to the charm of the sensuous
Without desiring to enter into a (surely unnecessary)
beauty of Keats, to drink in the elegant music of Ten-
discussion of Dante's claims to greatness, I should like nyson, to penetrate the spirit of Nature with Words-
to indicate briefly why,— contrary to the implications in
worth. The joy thus inspired may be compared to that
the above remarks, the Divine Comedy is of especial
inspired by moonlit summer nights; or by long golden
value to-day as an antidote to many morbid tendencies
afternoons spent beneath forest
trees or in sunny glades
in literature.
touched with the magic beauty of fairy-land; or by
1. The poem is a practical one,- it is the work of an those hours of quiet reflection when
ardent reformer. Many of his ideas on bartering and
“Even the motion of our human blood
corrupt politics remind us irresistibly of Dr. Parkhurst
Almost suspended, we are laid asleep
and the Lexow Commission. His remarks on the evils
In body, and become a living soul."
of indiscriminate and unrestricted immigration might
But how inferior are even such elevated joys as these to
furnish our own congressmen with arguments on this
the exultation felt by the mountain climber, when after
live question of the day. His contemptuous and indig- long hours of toil and hardship and escape from danger,
nant rebuke of the vanity of sensational preaching might
in which every faculty of mind and body has been called
be read, studied, and inwardly digested by many a pop-
into action, he reaches the summit and experiences what
ular preacher of the present time. His religious ideals
Mr. Whymper calls “one glorious hour of life.” Such
are high, and as sound as those of to-day (due allowance is the joy, deep, lasting, ennobling, that fills the soul of
being made for the difference of the times).
the patient student of Dante; this is the reward of him
respects they coincide with those of Luther himself. who reads the Divine Comedy “with the spirit and
2. There has been a great deal of discussion in recent
with the understanding also.” Oscar KUANS.
years on the conflict between realism and idealism. It
Wesleyan University, August 17, 1897.
is interesting to note how Dante illustrates and com-
bines both of these theories. Many of his pictures of
Hell are repulsive — almost disgusting — and photo-
DANTE SOCIETY AMONG FISHERMEN.
graphic in their minuteness. He never hesitates to call
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
a thing by its right name. He, as well as the modern In your issue for June 1, the article upon “ Dante in
novelists, saw the grossness of life — the sensuousness, America” suggests the publication of an interesting
the lust for power and wealth, and all the meanness of
fact.
the heart of man; yet he, unlike them, saw also the About San Francisco Bay is settlement of Italian
noble, the sweet, and the tender side of life. Balzac fishermen whose condition is apparently without an aspir-
and Zola have written only Infernos; Dante has given ation other than to have a supply of the black bread they
us a Purgatory and a Paradise.
eat and the sour wine they drink; yet these people sup-
3. One of the noblest qualities of Dante is his indom- port a society for the study of Dante.
itable optimism, in spite of sorrows, injustice, hardships; One wonders whether a similar organization could be
and his unfailing belief in the inherent goodness of man found among English miners, for a knowledge of their
and the final triumph of right. Throughout these great Shakespeare!
scenes of sin and vice, of violence and of spiritual wick-
KATHARINE MERRILL GRAYDOX.
edness in high places, we hear, as it were, a clear, sweet Berkeley, Cal., August 15, 1897.
In many


1897.]
111
THE DIAL
a
altern helpers, eminent writers especially qual-
The New Books.
ified for their respective tasks have aided Mr.
Clowes in the treatment of those periods into
A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH NAVY.* the records of which his own researches have
The initial volume of Mr. Laird Clowes's been confessedly relatively imperfect. Sir
History of the Royal Navy gives abundant
Clements Markham has contributed ten chap-
assurance that the completed work will satis-
ters on the history of voyages and discoveries
factorily supply what has been a long-felt want.
from 1485 to present times; the very important
The work is planned upon a sufficiently liberal chapter on the major naval campaigns of 1763–
and comprehensive scale. It is to be divided
1793 falls to the share of Captain A. T. Mahan
into fifteen historical sections (of which six are
to whom, we fancy, is mainly due the newly-
included in the opening volume), each corre-
awakened interest of our English friends in
sponding either with the duration of a dynasty of their country: Mr. H. W. Wilson (author
the comparatively neglected maritime history
or of a political period, or of a great war. The
first section covers the period previous to 1066, of “ Ironclads in Action ”) contributes chapters
beginning with the primitive and partly conjec-
on the history of voyages and discoveries up to
tural maritime activities of the early Britons ; 1485, and upon that of the minor naval opera-
the second covers the Norman Age - 1066 to
tions from 1763 to 1815 (except those of the
1154; the third, the Angevin Age — 1154 to
War of 1812); the story of the War of 1812
1399; the fourth, the Lancastrian and Yorkist is magnanimously entrusted to Mr. Theodore
Age - 1399 to 1485; the fifth, the Tudor Age Roosevelt ; Mr. Edward Fraser writes the two
- 1485 to 1603; the sixth, the first Stuart chapters on the military history of the Navy,
Age - 1603 to 1649; the seventh, the time of
from 1603 to 1660. It will be noticed that
the Commonwealth—1649 to 1660; the eighth, the delicate task (Mr. Clowes’s book being of
the age of the Restoration and the Revolution
course intended scarcely less for the use of
- 1660 to 1714 ; the ninth, the early Han.
American readers than of English ones) of
overian Age -- 1714 to 1763; the tenth, the treating of the periods of active hostilities be-
period of American Revolution—1763 to 1793;
tween this country and England has been
the eleventh, the wars of the French Revolu-
entrusted to two American writers. On this
tion — 1793 to 1802 ; the twelfth, the Napo. point Mr. Clowes feels constrained to add a
leonic and American wars - 1802 to 1815; the
word or so incidentally, though he does it “a
thirteenth, the period from 1815 to the build-
little unwillingly."
“ When it became known in the United States that
ing of the first ironclads in 1856; the four-
my friends Captain Maban and Mr. Theodore Roosevelt
teenth and last section, the period since 1856.
were to contribute to the book chapters dealing with
Each section is subdivided into chapters deal- our unhappy conflicts with America, a certain New York
ing respectively with the civil and the military literary journal, which generally displays better taste,
sides of British naval history and with the his- congratulated itself that at last English readers would
be told the whole truth about those wars. It went on
tory of voyages and maritime discovery during
to insinuate with gratuitous offensiveness that, although
the period under review. The work will be Captain Mahan, being perhaps spoilt by British appre-
completed in five royal octavo volumes, appear- ciation of his books, might hesitate to speak out, Mr.
ing at the rate of a volume every six months. Roosevelt might be trusted to reflect American opinion
The volumes are to be separately indexed.
in its most uncompromising form, and that I might live
Warned by the example of his too sanguine distinguished writer and administrator."
to be sorry for having secured the coöperation of that
predecessor, Sir Harris Nicolas (who undertook Trusting that the offending journal will, “ if
single-banded a work of considerably more than only for the sake of international and personal
Gibbonian proportions, and died at the outset comity,” refrain from repeating the observa-
of it), Mr. Clowes has planned his book upon
tions in question, the writer goes on to say:
a liberal yet feasible scale, and has availed
“ The point that struck me as being most ungenerous
himself to a judicious extent of the advantages in the attack of the New York paper was the sugges-
of coöperation. An ample corps of assistants tion directed, not against us Britons,
but against Captain
has aided him in the preparatory work of mak. Mahan and Mr. Roosevelt. To insinuate that one of
ing researches, copying documents, hunting up
these is capable of deliberately subtracting from the
truth in order to pander to English vanity and that the
portraits, plans, and so on. Besides these sub-
other is capable of deliberately adorning the truth in
• THE ROYAL NAVY: A History from the Earliest Times order to pander to American Chauvinism, is surely to
to the Present. By William Laird Clowes. In five volumes, outrage the honor of both and to besmirch the dignity
illustrated. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
of American history.”
-
a


112
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
Mr. Clowes takes this matter altogether too “good American " of the obstreperous type so
seriously; and it was certainly unwise to devote distressing to “ The Nation,” for example, or
an entire page or more of what is meant to be to insinuate that he is morally capable of re-
a durable and authoritative historical work to garding the task entrusted to him by the con-
a casual newspaper fling that would have other. fiding Mr. Clowes chiefly as a splendid oppor-
wise escaped general notice. The New York tunity to advance his political prospects at
allusion to Captain Mahan certainly seems ill- home by treating his countrymen to an ener-
advised, if not ill-natured ; and it may perhaps getic display of “tail-twisting.” Probably all
be construed as hinting an opinion that that that the New York writer meant to convey as
distinguished author has been guilty of grow- to Mr. Roosevelt was his conviction that that
ing suspiciously warm over the achievements of plain-spoken and somewhat positive gentleman
British valor and seamanship, in a book whose might safely be looked to for a more forcible
success was largely conditioned upon its fav. and explicit statement of the American side of
orable reception at the hands of the British the standing disputes arising out of the unlooked-
public. But it must be remembered that Captain for results of the naval engagements of 1812
Mahan is himself a seaman. He has written than our English friends have been accustomed
of his profession with professional enthusiasm. to find in the accounts of their own historians.
The annals of Trafalgar, Lepanto, and Mobile That the British Navy can be worsted, is a
Bay, of the exploits of Nelson, De Ruyter, and proposition the average Briton finds next to
Jean Bart, of Farragut and Decatur, are alike impossible to entertain ; that the British Navy
the muniments of his calling. Captain Mahan was worsted, disastrously and almost uniformly,
undertook the task of demonstrating the his- by the American in 1812, is the plainest of
torical glory and importance of that calling ; of historical facts, and is no more to be denied
making clear the potent influence of Sea Power than that the French were beaten at Trafalgar,
upon history. A moment's reflection ought to or, we may say (with some misgivings), than
show any American mentally above the “jingo” that the American land forces were pretty gen-
stage of patriotism that it would have been erally and rather ignominiously beaten by the
impossible for Captain Mahan to do justice to British at the outset of the war in question.
his thesis without dilating somewhat warmly The fact, then, of British naval defeat in 1812
upon the achievements of that nation whose being sun-clear and undeniable, it has obviously
annals afford him by far the most cogent proofs remained for British patriotism to solace and
of the soundness of it — that is to say, without reassure itself by accounting for that fact in a
producing a book that English readers would way that may not only save, but even redound
find especially palatable. No one conversant to, the credit of the vanquished. Essentially,
with Captain Maban's works, and capable of these explanations amount to the plea that in
appreciating their characteristically candid and nearly every one of the famous sea-duels of
philosophical spirit, will doubt for a moment that 1812 the British ship was at the outset so
his promised contribution to Mr. Clowes's book greatly overmatched in point of tonnage or
will be, whatever the international issues he is armament or general condition, that, even
called upon to discuss, as free from the appre- though defeated, she bore off the real honors
hended tendency to “pander to British vanity," of the day, while her antagonist was entitled
on the one hand, as from that to defer to Amer- only to that dubious sort of glory a big or a
ican “jingoism," on the other. If there be in strong man may claim as the victor in a phys-
England or America a writer upon whom intel- . ical encounter with a small or a weak one.
ligent and liberal people of both countries Such is the relatively comfortable view most
would be likely to cordially unite as a specially English authorities incline to of the actions
desirable expositor and judge of those issues, between the “ United States " and the “ Mace-
that writer is undoubtedly Captain Mahan. donian,” the “Constitution” and the “Guer-
Mr. Clowes's not unrighteous indignation rière," the “Constitution" and the “Java,"
over the innuendo at Captain Mahan's expense and so on. The view taken of them in England
leads him perhaps into some misconception of at the time they occurred was hardly so cheer-
his critic's comfortable prediction as to Mr. ful, judging from the tenor of some extracts
Roosevelt. To predict that in the forthcoming from the press given in Mr. Maclay's interest-
history the honeyed words of the former would ing work. Even the “ Times” seems to have
be duly offset by the plain truths of the latter, been wrought up into a state bordering on hys-
is not necessarily to brand Mr. Roosevelt as a teria, as the tidings of successive British defeats
a
>


1897.]
113
THE DIAL
-
came in. The loss of the first frigate is an- great voyages of exploration and discovery, it
nounced with grave surprise, as a passing will deal extensively with what may be called the
instance of the inscrutable ways of Providence, natural history of the Navy. The evolution of the
and is duly deplored in a tone of funereal de Navy as a national establishment will be traced
corum. But wben the news of the loss of the in reasonable detail, as will the development of
second frigate came in, the "Thunderer" was naval architecture, from the pinnace (picta),
moved to exclaim :
or great British war-canoe of Cæsar's day,
“ In the name of God, what was done with this im- down to the huge and complex constructions of
mense superiority of (British) force! Oh, what a charm
modern times. The later chapters of the work
is hereby dissolved! The land spell of the French is
broken (alluding to Napoleon's retreat from Moscow],
are to contain copious accounts of the evolution
and so is our sea spell ! ”
of modern ships and armament. The social
Still deeper and more genuine is the note of
life of the Navy, a rather promising topic, will
consternation in the “ Times's " comments on
not be neglected. Judging from the profusion
the loss of the “Java," the third frigate in suc-
of interesting specimens before us, the illustra-
cession beaten in single fight by the vessels of
tions are to be precisely what they should be
the young Republic that had dared question
real lights on the text, and not mere embellish-
the right of the Mistress of the Seas to rule
ments. They cannot be better or more com-
her empire with the irresponsible sway of a
plimentarily characterized than by likening
Turkish pasha :
them to the invaluable plates in Mrs. J. R.
“ This is an occurrence that calls for serious reflec-
Green's admirable edition of her late husband's
tion — this, and the fact stated in our paper of yester-
magnum opus. Mr. Clowes's undertaking is a
day, that Lloyd's list contains notices of upward of five very important one, largely and liberally con-
hundred British vessels captured in seven months by the ceived, and, thus far, carried out in a way upon
Americans. Five hundred merchantmen and three fri-
which he and his publishers are to be warmly
gates! Can these statements be true? And can the
Ěnglish people hear them unmoved? Anyone who had
congratulated. As the only complete history
predicted such a result of the American war this time of the British Navy, the work can scarcely fail
last year would have been treated as a madman or a of the substantial success it now bids fair to
traitor. He would have been told, if his opponents had deserve.
E. G. J.
condescended to argue with him, that long ere seven
months had elapsed the American flag would have been
swept from the seas, the contemptible navy of the United
States annihilated, and their marine arsenals rendered
AN ENGLISH BARD AND HIS SCOTCH
a heap of ruins. Yet down to this moment not a single
EDITOR.*
American frigate has struck her flag."
It would be ungenerous to grudge our En-
Mr. Henley's edition of the Letters of Lord
glish friends any reasonable lenitive to the Byron form the initial volume of what ought to
smarts of their admitted maritime reverses of prove a work of prime importance in its kind :
1812 ; but we fervently hope that Mr. Roose-
a definitive edition or at least an amply anno-
velt, in his forthcoming chapter on those events,
tated edition of the works in
prose
and verse
will, while doing full justice to British valor
of one of the greatest of English poets. Mr.
and seamanship (to belittle which would be to Henley's purpose in writing these very full and
belittle our own achievements), at least politely excursive notes may best be set forth in his own
but firmly insist, with due marshalling of admis-
words:
sible evidence, that the American victories were
“I have written on the theory that to know something
not on the whole, what some English writers in
of Byron, one should know something of the aims and
lives and personalities of contemporary men and
effect labor to show, rather discreditable than
women, with something of the social and political con-
otherwise to the victors. To recur to and widen ditions which made his triumph possible. I cannot
the application of our former Biblical illustra- believe that this first instalment, for all its bulk, will
tion, it was assuredly the navy of the infant go far towards the accomplishment of such an end. But
Republic, not that of Great Britain, that in
confess to cherishing a hope that, by the time I have
finished my task, I shall be found to have formed a col-
1812 paralleled the conduct of the Hebrew lection of facts and portraitures, which, by making for a
stripling who braved the might of Goliath of juster apprehension of the quality and temper of Byron's
Gath.
environment, will make for a more intimate understand-
Mr. Clowes's work is not, of course, to be,
ing of Byron's character and Byron's achievement. Both
these are extraordinary ; neither can be explained, or
what usually passes for naval history, a mere
*THE WORKS OF LORD BYRON. Edited by William Ernest
narrative of sea-fights. In addition to giving
Henley. Volume I., Letters, 1803-1813. New York: The
the more familiar story of military exploits and Macmillan Co.


114
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
shouted, or sniffed away; and it merely futile to
note which is probably as untrue as it is brutal,
attempt an estimate of either till one can do so with some
take this upon Byron's mother :
knowledge of revelant and significant circumstances,
and with a certain sympathy (or the reverse, if it must
“In person she was dumpy and plain, in disposition
be so), with the influences under which the character
passionate, in temper furious and tyrannical, in mind a
was developed and the achievement done."
superstitious dullard, and in manners a naturally awk-
ward and untrained provincial.”
From these prefatory remarks it is evident
that Mr. Henley has formed a clear and bold
The notes upon Byron's sporting proclivities
are full of curious information. In 1807, Byron
conception of his duty as an editor; and, from
this first completed volume, it is equally evident
mentions to Miss Pigot a swim of three miles
that he is competent to the energetic carrying-
" in the Thames from Lambeth through the two
out of this considerable enterprise. Indeed, bridges, Westminster and Blackfriars.”
,
Mr.
whatever editorial defects Mr. Henley may ex-
Henley notes :
hibit, deficiency in energy is certainly not one
“ This was Leigh Hunt's first glimpse of Byron. He
witnessed the performance in part, and he noticed a
of them. If sympathy with his author, and an respectable, manly-looking person, who was eying some-
energy and vivacity scarcely second to the en- thing in the distance' (Byron's head). The manly-
ergy and vivacity of his author, were the only looking' one was Gentleman Jackson."
.
qualifications of an editor, then might Mr. Upon this worthy there is a long and entertain-
Henley be pronounced an almost ideal editor ing note, from which we make an excerpt or two:
of Byron. In one respect these notes to Byron's “ Yet for over thirty years he was the most picture-
letters may be considered a greater achievement esque and commanding figure in the sporting world, and
than the letters themselves. Mr. Henley in his
exercised an influence unique in its annals. The truth
notes is as far from being dull as is Byron in
is, he was a vast deal more than an accomplished boxer
and teacher of boxing and a brilliant all-round athlete.
the letters. Considering how much rarer a lit- He was also a man of character and integrity — polite,
erary product than a body of interesting letters agreeable, reputable, a capital talker, a person of tact
is a body of interesting notes about equal in
and
energy and charm. Byron had always a great
bulk, Mr. Henley's performance is certainly
regard for Jackson ; walked with him at Cambridge,
and told an excited remonstrant that · Jackson's man-
remarkable, perhaps unprecedented. After
ners are infinitely superior to those of the fellows of
reading one of Byron's racy letters one learns my college whom I meet at the high table.'”
to turn with something like instinctive eagerness After a good deal more about Jackson, the
to the notes, which are seldom disappointing, annotator goes on to relate how Moore went
after the usual manner of notes, and which fre-
with him in 1818 to see the fight between Tur-
quently surprise by their fulness and apposite-
ner and “the Nonpareil ” at Crawley Downs :
ness of illustration. As might be expected from
“ It lasted two hours and twenty minutes, and Keats,
the programme laid down by Mr. Henley in his who saw it, tapped his fingers on the window pane,' to
Preface, a large portion of the notes is devoted give Cowden Clarke an idea of the rapidity of the Non-
to biographical comment upon Byron's friends pareil's hits.”
and acquaintances. The material for this por. Had Byron been in England at the time, there
tion of the notes is evidently selected for the
would have been three poets among the spec-
illustration it furnishes of those characteristics tators. In the still longer and not less inter-
in which Byron's times differ from our own, and esting note à propos of " . Bob Gregson, P.P.'
•
it is put together with great literary skill. ("Poet of Pugilism')," Mr. Henley reminds us
We shall look forward with unusual interest that Byron was “a member of the Pugilistic
to the volumes of this edition which are to fol-Club - one of the hundred and fifty Corin-
.
low. We would not say one word that might thians, that is, with whose countenance and
tend to do aught but encourage Mr. Henley in inside whose ropes and stakes all decent mills
his enterprise. But a Scotchman is not easily
were done.” This note - after a long digres-
.
discouraged ; and no barm is likely to come of sion containing a Scotch laird's account of a
;
a frank statement of the defects of an editor fight (at which Byron must have been present)
who has already scored so signal a success. In between Cribb, the renowned glutton," and
“
a word, then, Mr. Henley's defect is a defect of Jem Belcher, “the man of genius who had re-
temper. He annotates a passionate author
thor pas-inspired and renewed the art," - concludes as
sionately. His confident and minatory attitude follows :
excites suspicion or irritation. He fails to treat “A dreadful age, no doubt: for all its solid founda-
persons who in any way incurred Byron's dis-
tions, of faith and dogma in the Church, and of virtue
pleasure with anything of what the French keeping,' adulterous, high-living, hard-drinking, hard-
and solvency in the State, a fierce, drunken, gambling,
• ,
nicely term ménagement. As an example of a hitting, brutal age. But it was Byron's; and Don Juan


1897.]
115
THE DIAL
-
and The Giaour are as naturally its outcomes as Absalom any intention of portraying Leigh Hunt in the
and Achitophel is an expression of the Restoration, and
character of Harold Skimpole. “ He was in all
In Memoriam a product of Victorian England.”
public and private transactions the very soul of
It is in the note of five pages in small type truth and honor,” said Dickens. While not
upon Leigh Hunt that Mr. Henley gives the one of the masterful minds of his time, Leigh
freest play to his satirical vein. For Hunt's Hunt was one of the most educative writers.
book on "Lord Byron and his Contemporaries Few men have exhibited in the profession of
there can be no forgiveness : accordingly Mr.
letters more genuine heroism. Happy would it
Henley pursues Hunt with a ferocity which
be for the world if some men of more vivid
the good-natured Byron would himself have genius had set an example of equal magnan-
been the first, at least in his cooler moments, to
imity and equal purity in the exercise of the
deprecate. The reputation of Hunt is macer-
literary craft.
ated in a caldron containing all the most spiteful
Even Moore, the devoted friend of Byron,
things ever said about him, the whole steeped does not wholly escape Mr. Henley's lash. His
in the vitriol which is Mr. Henley's peculiar translation of the “Odes of Anacreon,” to
product. This “character” (as they used to which he owed the nickname of Anacreon
say in the seventeenth century) concludes as
Moore, is done “ as it were into scented soap.'
follows:
His “Loves of the Angels” is “ a mild Whig
“ It is fair to add that Hunt wrote with true piety of Paradise, done by a tame, suburban Byron.'
Shelley — (but if, as Trelawney says, he really did pre-
As to character, - For all the smirk in his
fer his own Muse before Shelley's, the density of his
conceit is not to be expressed in terms of words) — and
love-songs and the sting (as of nettles) in his
Keats; that he lived to a green old age; that he num- satire, he was a worthy and magnanimous little
bered Carlyle among his many friends; and that another man. (And such we trust, little or big, is
of them, Charles Dickens, was severely taken to task Mr. Henley!)
for presenting him as the Harold Skimpole of Bleak
House. A person of parts, no doubt — of parts, and a
In Francis Jeffrey, Mr. Henley has a fair
certain charm, and a facile amiable, liquorish tempera-mark, which he hits square in the bull's-eye :
,
ment. But there was no clearer, keener vision than “ At the time of Byron's writing, Jeffrey, a sound
Keats's; and I fear that Keats's word about Leigh Hunt enough critic according to his lights, had edited The
must be remembered as the last.”
Edinburgh Review (1802) for some ten years, and had
It is evident that the fear expressed by Mr.
made it the first periodical in the world. His chief faults
as an editor were (1) a trick of mixing politics with criti-
Henley in the last sentence is not very distress- cism, so that your Tory seldom, if ever, got fair play at
ing to him. Keats's remark that Hunt was his hands; and (2) a tendency to be high-sniffing' and
“ vain, egotistical, and disgusting in taste and
superior, which prevented him from considering any body,
morals ” was probably born of a passing mood
or anything, excepting from his own peculiar point of
view, which was that of a flippant (because divinely
of suspicious irritability. That it could not gifted) Whig. Hence some enormous blunders and an
have been his settled conviction seems to be influence which made on the whole for mischief, and was
shown by his friendly relations with Hunt be. not more bitterly resented than it deserved.”
fore and after. To quote such a remark as a If Mr. Henley carries out his undertaking
final judgment is something more than uncrit in the spirit and with the verve of the present
ical,- it is malicious. Keats's vision was un- volume, he is likely to produce the most vivid
doubtedly at times clear and keen, although apt and interesting body of notes with which the
to be colored by his moods; Carlyle's vision — life and works of any English author have been
especially his eye for a charlatan - was cer- illustrated. But Mr. Henley, like Byron him-
tainly “clearer and keener "; and Carlyle, after self, has the defect of his quality. He is either
the searching test of a house-to-house intimacy too kindred in spirit to Byron, or else he is too
with Hunt for many years, wrote of him and to opinionated a Scotchman, to be a critic of dis-
him with warm and reverent admiration. Our crimination. He is over-vigorous, over-confi-
own Lowell, whose fault was certainly not lack dent, over-much in sympathy with his author.
of clearness and keenness of vision, found it in All his portraits are sharply etched in black-
his heart to pronounce Leigh Hunt “as pure-and-white, — his penchant for black has been
minded a man as ever lived.” A good rule is
ver lived." A good rule is sufficiently exemplified. He pays court to
to distrust a critic of Mr. Henley's acerbity Clio in much the same cavalier way in which
when he begins with a profession of fairness John Byron paid court to Miss Gordon of
(“it is fair to add "): it means mischief. Had Gight. Having possessed bimself of her ma-
Mr. Henley really meant to be fair, he would terial treasures, he leaves her, little dreaming
have added that Dickens earnestly disclaimed that the Muse of History never yields her most
-
-
a


116
(Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
precious secrets either to the cajoler or to the were published on May 3, 1888, in the pro-
bully. It is not of the Kingdom of the Truth ceedings of the Royal Prussian Academy by
that it was said that men of violence take it by Erman. Then for the first time the world was
force. The Truth most frequently lies in the informed of the most remarkable archæological
nuance, the delicate distinction, the fleeting discovery of modern times, being the corre-
glimpse, the anxiously qualified phrase ; and spondence of two kings of Egypt, Amenhotep
in these your men of violence,—your Byrons, III. and IV., in the fifteenth century before
Macaulays, and Henleys,— deal not. To say Christ (nine hundred years before Nebuchad-
this is not to deny their usefulness, but to de- nezzar!), with various kings and officials of
termine their limitation. Writers of this class Western Asia. The names of the two Pharaohs
may be interesting in a thousand ways: they written in cuneiform were identified with their
may whip us into wholesome activity with their hieroglyphic forms by Erman ; and thus at once
passion, sting us with their satire, move us with it was clear why the letters were found at
their eloquence, melt us with their pathos, en- Tell-el-Amarna, the capital built by Amenho-
ergise us with their power. But one function, tep IV.
at least, is reserved for writers of a more con- Such a find as this has necessarily brought
templative cast, of a quieter style : and that is, out an extensive literature of the subject (see
to make us give ear to the “still small voice" Bezold-Budge, “ Tell-el-Amarna Tablets,” pp.
of Truth.
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON. lxxxvii. xcii.) ; but it is only in Dr. Winckler's
book on
« The Tell-el-Amarna Letters " that
all the texts have been collected and transla-
ted. It therefore forms the most convenient
THE CORRESPONDENCE OF Two KINGS source for this material which the historian
OF EGYPT, 1500 YEARS B. C.*
can find.
Ten years ago, on the shores of the Nile, at The letters, of which there are two hundred
Tell-el-Amarna, two hundred miles above Cairo, and ninety-six, fall into two main classes, ac-
the natives accidentally happened upon a large cording to Dr. Winckler: I., “Letters from
number of clay tablets, containing cuneiform Kings of Western Asia,” thirty-six in number ;
writing which had previously been found only and II., “Letters from Phænician and Canaan-
on the banks of the Tigris or Euphrates.f Late
ite Princes," two hundred and fifty-seven in
in 1887 many of these tablets were offered for number; the remaining three are catalogues of
sale in Cairo; and it was then discovered that presents. These letters are all transliterated
the natives had ruthlessly broken the larger carefully and accompanied by page-for-page
tablets in order to conceal and carry them more
translations, both occupying 404 pages. A
easily. Of their content, nothing was known. series of registers at the end include: a com-
In the London “ Academy” of February 18 plete vocabulary (34 pages); a complete list of
and March 24, 1888, Professor Sayce offered proper names (8 pages); and a special vocab-
an account of some of the tablets in the pos- ulary of the last three letters.
session of M. Bouriant in Cairo. He stated The work is very well done, and every Ori- .
that the tablets contained “despatches sent to
entalist will be grateful to Dr. Winckler for
the Babylonian King by his officers in Upper making this important material so conveniently
Egypt” (sic!); he dated these despatches in
accessible. Space will not permit any detailed
the time of Nebuchadnezzar; and added : “The criticism of the translations, or any account of
conquest of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar, so long the content of this remarkable correspondence.
doubted, is now, therefore, become a fact of The translation from the German very notice-
history.” Herr Graf had already secured from ably shows the influence of the German idiom,
the natives a large number of pieces of the tab especially in the preface; and a few misprints
lets for the Royal Museum of Berlin. Of course are also present, e.g., Rainapa for Rianapa
the Germans soon discerned the real character (p. 337), and “loin " for loan (on p. 413).
and correct date of the letters, and the facts
JAMES HENRY BREASTED.
* THE TELL-EL-AMARNA LETTERS. By Hugo Winckler,
New York: Lemcke & Buechner.
† With the trifling exception of three cylinders bought in
1883 by Maspero, and found by the natives near the Suez Canal.
Messrs. Harper & Brothers, who are the sole pub-
They were stereotyped documents of Nebuchadnezzar, refer- lishers in the United States of Dr. Nansen's “ Farthest
ring to his western campaigns. (Cf. Sayce, Proceedings of North,” caution the public against certain infringements
the Soc. of Biblical Arch., 1887-1888, p. 490.)
that have been made upon their rights.


1897.]
117
THE DIAL
Its pages
of Old Testament criticism is quickened to action by
FOCALIZED ON THE BIBLE.*
the accession of such recruits as Professor Hommel.
The versatile mind and pen of Dean Farrar have This protest, though uttered in sharp terms, is com-
brightened and lightened many a page within the paratively mild. The author does not sever his
past quarter-century. Biblical literature and Chris connection with the analyst school, for in the early
tian history have received rich bequests from the part of his book he says, in apparent sincerity, “At
fertility of his brain and the deftness of his hand. the present time, students of the Old Testament are
His latest volume contains a collection of some of almost unanimous in recognizing the existence of four
his choicest thoughts on the meaning and supremacy
different main sources ” of the Pentateuch, namely,
of the Bible. The book contains twenty-three chap- the Priestly code, the Jehovist, the Elohist, and the
ters on a wide scope of themes. But these may be Deuteronomist. Also in his treatment of the texts
classified as treating (1) of biblical introduction, (e.g., Gen. 14) is reconstructed on a purely subjective
(2) of methods of interpretation, (3) of the effects basis, with as much positiveness as would be done by
of the Bible on the lives and literature of great men.
any disciple of Wellhausen. On the basis of style and
To one already familiar with the books of the au- language, he conceives that we can separate chapters
thor, this volume contains nothing new.
and parts of chapters and assign them to their proper
abound with references to his earlier books, and sources. The only noteworthy difference between
exhibit the same breadth of learning and fullness of the radical school and Professor Hommel lies in the
culture. The style is strikingly Farrarian, and for value attached by the latter to Hebrew tradition.
the most wins the confidence of the reader by the Our author traverses in the main the field of per-
mere force of rhetoric. The views presented are in sonal names, and on the philological composition of
the front ranks of the most progressive churchmen; these attempts to trace the origin of the language,
in fact, they often overstep the bounds of the pro- the people, and the religion of old Babylonia and
gressive conservative school. Too much space is Palestine.
Palestine. The names in Babylonian, Egyptian, ,
wasted in showing the irrationality of positions long Arabian, and Palestinian documents are analyzed
ago left in the rear. Even “the allegorical method” with a distressing amount of detail, such as can be
of interpretation - now employed by no reputable followed out only by an expert in oriental learning.
interpreter — covers nearly twenty pages.
Then These tests precipitate for the author two important
farther on in his book :(p. 238), the author himself facts : (1) the Arabian origin of the Hammurabi
suggests that the allegorical interpretation of Lot's dynasty of Babylonia and the Hyksos dynasty in
actions in the mountain is the most reasonable. The Egypt, (2) the purely mionotheistic character of the
“verbal dictation" chapter (p. 104 sq.) is equally early religion of Arabia - there being no traces of
” -
a skeleton of past beliefs. “Plenary inspiration either Fetishism or Totemism. The identifications,
(p. 114 sq.) is merely a “general inspiration " such though often convincing, are now and then exceed-
as inspires Christians to-day. The chapter (XVIII.) ingly questionable. The palæographic methods of
on the “Supremacy of the Bible” is a collation of Professor Hommel in his earlier works have fore-
the opinions of sixty-five prominent litterateurs, warned scholars against his frequent phrases, "ab-
philosophers, scientists, statesmen, generals, and solutely proved,” “unquestioned,” etc., appended
philanthropists, as gathered from their writings on sometimes to purely hypothetical cases (e. g., p. 39
the value of the Bible as literature and as a guide and 129, 157 top, 199 bottom, etc.). The author,
to right living. The whole book is peculiarly mis- too, dashes ahead with conjectures where caution
cellaneous to be from the pen of Dean Farrar. It should suggest silence. The material is not new,
is full of good things, mingled with obsolete and except in a few cases, but has received large atten-
exploded views of other days. It adds nothing to tion from archæologists during the past score of
the wide reputation of the author, but may be the years. The endless wrangle over the order and date
means of arousing and stimulating the minds of new of dynasties whose discovered remains are as yet
readers of his works.
mere fragments is next to a waste of time. The
The apparent lethargy of the conservative school contested results are at best conjectures, and any
scheme based thereon is insecure. The position of
* THE BIBLE: Its MEANING AND ITS SUPREMACY. By
F.W. Farrar, D.D., F.R.S., Dean of Canterbury. New York:
the author, in antagonizing extremists, is this : the
Longmans, Green, & Co.
Priest's Code is preëxilic; Deuteronomy was known
THE ANCIENT HEBREW TRADITION, as illustrated by the to Hosea, and was not a pious fraud of Josiah’s day;
Monuments: A Protest against the Modern School of Old the law and the account of its origin arose in Moses's
Testament Criticism. By Dr. Fritz Hommel, Professor of
day; and the parables of Balaam and the Song of
Semitic Languages at the University of Munich, Translated
from the German by Edmund McClure and L. Crosslé. New
Deborah were contemporary documents. These
York: E. & J. B. Young & Co.
conclusions are reached chiefly through the use of
THE MYTHS OF ISRAEL: The Ancient Book of Genesis, with personal names. The book is almost wholly tech-
Analysis and Explanation of its Composition. By Amos Kidder nical; it is popularly uninteresting, and of value
Fiske. New York: The Macmillan Co.
only to Orientalists. It reads almost like a Hebrew
A CONCORDANCE TO THE GREEK TESTAMENT, according to
the Texts of Westcott
and Hort, Tischendorf, and the English lexicon, and will yield its best results in the fields of
Revisers. Edited by Rev. W. F. Moulton, M.A., D.D., and philology and ethnology. There was no gain in
Rev. A. S. Geden, M.A. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. translating it into English, for all who can follow
"
a


118
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
the author to profit are acquainted with the German writers. These variations are noted by asterisks
language.
and a dagger; and are based, regarding the Sep-
Mr. Amos Kidder Fiske, the author of “The tuagint, for the most part upon the new Oxford
Myths of Israel,” has made his début too late in Concordance. This, we do not hesitate to say, is
history. His mythical scheme for Genesis has re- the part of the work which must be tested before
ceived an archæological blow from which it can adoption. It opens a field that few scholars are
never recover. Even admitting a documentary ori- able to enter with any great familiarity, and one in
gin of the book, there is still enough of archæolog- which fewer can put forth decisions of real value.
ical evidence to drive him from the field. Does the Mr. Geden, however, has done his part cautiously
monumental testimony set before us within the past and carefully, and would no doubt claim slight credit
quarter-century pass for nothing? For example: he for originality in his announced opinions. Still one
sees simply a legend in the fourteenth chapter of more point adds to the efficiency of this Concord-
Genesis, " The picture of Melchisedek is a device ance as a tool for New Testament workmen. “Of
for giving an ancient sanctity to Salem,” etc. But all direct quotations from the Old Testament, the
Professors Sayce, Hommel, and others could point Hebrew text is given immediately beneath the
out on the monuments to Mr. Fiske the names of Greek ; occasionally also of passages in which only
the legendary kings here mentioned, as well as con- an indirect or disputed reference is present." The
firmation of some of the facts connected with the Hebrew text followed is that of Baer (as far as
description of Melchisedek. A disregard of the published) and Theile. But a question arises here
best and latest results of archæological research nul- which will not down, namely: Why cite the Hebrew
lifies the value of this beautifully printed book. text of the Old Testament, when the majority of
Since the appearance of the critical editions of the quotations in the New Testament are from the
the Greek text of the New Testament by Tischen- LXX.? Wby would it not have been better to give
dorf and Wescott and Hort, scholars have had no us the LXX. where it agrees with the quotation, or
up-to-date Greek Concordance. The great work of the Hebrew where the same result is apparent, or
Bruder has served its day with distinction. Neither both where neither exactly agrees ? Such a pre-
the original work nor the repaired edition of 1888 sentation would have materially aided the user of
has made it what scholars need and demand in order the book, and would have imposed no great burden
to do the most effective work in New Testament on the editor. The volume is beautifully printed,
lexicography and exegesis. The new Concordance, with but few Greek and Hebrew accents broken off
edited by Dr. W. F. Moulton and the Rev. A. S. in the presswork. Errors are rare compared with
Geden will therefore be welcomed. The real author the immense care necessary to secure correctness.
of the book, Mr. Geden, has done a work monu- The book is a boon for every biblical scholar who
mental in character and amount. He has embodied will use it.
IRA M. PRICE,
in this Concordance all the critical results of three
of the best critical editions of the New Testament,
namely, Tischendorf (8th edition), Westcott and
Hort, and the English Revisers. The Westcott and
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Hort Greek text has been assumed as the standard,
and with bave been compared the other two texts.
A doublful
“ America and the Americans from
Marginal readings also have in all cases been in-
French critic a French Point of View” (Scribner)
cluded. It is thus seen that this work includes all of America.
is not a very easy book to deal with,
the marginal critical material of three great editions for it is full of sharp criticism of Americans and of
of the Greek New Testament. These are each indi. American life. Now, where such criticism is well-
cated by appropriate abbreviations. Differences of founded, the thing to do is to get some good out of
reading are set forth in a line immediately beneath it; and where it is not well-founded, the thing to do
the text concerned, but to avoid unnecessary repeti- is to do nothing. But there is always a difficulty
tion or useless bulkiness only such variations are in determining whether adverse criticism is well-
noted as affect the form or construction of the word founded. It is always easy for a traveller to pick
under consideration. Care has been exercised to faults with the life he happens to observe, and
secure in the form of the quotation, as far as pos- travellers are very apt to do so. Our reception of
sible, grammatical completeness. Special usages a work on America is very apt to be influenced by
and constructions are indicated by small prefixed the spirit in which the author observes and the sin.
numerals, whose significance is noted at the head of cerity with which he writes, and, it may be added,
each article. Every attempt has been made to re- by the value of the positive suggestions he makes.
duce the element of personal preference in these In the present case there are no positive suggestions,
cases to a minimum. Abbreviations have been em- so that that matter may be passed over : the author
ployed in the text only in the case of indeclinable does not affect to be able to rearrange matters and
words and of the article. Another important fea- make them better than they are,— he merely points
ture of the Concordance is that in which the usage out where there are possibilities of improvement.
of words in the New Testament is compared with Unfortunately, however, it is obvious that the writer
the Greek of the Old Testament and of classical got together his material with a mind quite set on


1897.]
119
THE DIAL
:
Nature and
the Poets.
-
making the sharpest attack possible. It is true, he tism to asthma and heart disease, on the whole,
says a great deal about kindly feeling for America, an array of evidence which no unprejudiced reader
and about the kindly manner in which he was there can afford to ignore. It is, however, in nervous
received. We have no doubt that he may have been complaints of functional origin that hypnotic sug-
received with kindness, but there is no reason to gestion finds its most potent application, acting in
suppose that he has any kind feeling in return. The other troubles by influencing general conditions of
tone of the book is, from beginning to end, carping; recuperation rather than directly upon the parts
now and then it is malicious, now and then it is affected. Dr. Wetterstrand allows the facts to speak
hypocritically benevolent. So one cannot think the for themselves, and indulges in no theories or strained
book the work of an open-minded observer: it is explanations. He is an adherent of the Nancy
the work of a man on the lookout for flaws. Nor school of hypnotism, and thus regards the essential
is it a sincere book. Although said to be the diary nature of suggestion as a purely psychical process,
of a Frenchman which he wrote for the pleasure of which the physician should utilize advisedly and
his sister, but which he permits to be translated at judiciously, and not leave to the ill-considered and
the suggestion of two American friends, it seems pernicious manipulations of charlatans. The trans-
much more like the original work of an American. lator has added to the volume a few essays on kin-
Without going into particulars, there is a good deal dred topics, which detract from rather than add to
that seems to us inconsistent with the chosen char- the value of the work. His remarks on hypnotism
acter. It seems to us that the author would have and other topics are mere random observations,
done better had he pretended he was a Russian who furnishing the author an opportunity of gathering
knew the English language. Since it would seem, about them quasi-philosophical discussions in which
then, that the book is written by someone who has the scientific method is conspicuously absent.
adopted a silly mask for the pleasure of saying
To the art-student and the speculator
sharp things, it is hard to take just the right atti-
tude about it. It certainly does note many points
on art, the subject of Landscape in
about our national life which deserve adverse criti-
Poetry is a singularly interesting one.
cism, as, for example, that we are too confident
There are various ways of looking at the matter.
that machinery can do everything; that we are too
The most useful way is to consider how far poetry
devoted to seeming to be busy; that our politics are
can deal with landscape and how it does deal with
not worthy a great republic; that we have too great
it,- to attempt something of the task of Lessing in
admiration for money and material comfort, and so
the light of a hundred years' observation of Nature.
on. These criticisms, which we must acknowledge
The landscape of the last century, in poetry and in
to be well-founded, though not especially new, give painting, is worth all the landscape in the world, in
the book a sort of value. Probably, however, they something that would really count, one would revise
all preceding centuries. So if one wished to talk about
will not have much more effect on America and the
Americans than usually attends the efforts of an
the conclusions of the “Laokoon” in the light of Tur-
ner and Monet on the one hand, and of Wordsworth
anonymous fault-finder.
and Tennyson on the other. This Mr. Palgrave has
Dr. Otto Georg Wetterstrand is a not done in his “ Landscape in Poetry”(Macmillan).
Hypnotism as a
curative ageni.
Swedish physician who has intro- He remarks that “to trace landscape in colour
duced into the countries of the far through its parallel course to landscape in words
north the methods of treating disease by suggestion, would be a most interesting study"; but he has him-
which has been so completely and successfully de- self been content to trace historically the sense of
veloped in the south, notably in Paris and Nancy. nature in the poetry of the world from Homer down.
His experience with hypnotic suggestion as a thero- This treatment, we think, rather misconceives the
peutic agent he has recorded in a volume recently subject. Nature in Poetry is one thing ; Landscape
translated into English by Dr. H. G. Petersen, with in Poetry is another. One may conceive of Nature
the title “Hypnotism and its Application to Prac- in a philosophic way; the word Landscape connotes
tical Medicine" (Patnam). The volume is largely an artistic apprehension. And the study of an
.
composed of extracts from a physician's case-book, artistic apprehension necessitates the study of pos-
properly classified and annotated. The claims made sibilities and methods, and the comparison of dif-
for this agency are modestly urged, and with no ferent arts. Mr. Palgrave attempts to conceive of
straining to exhibit it as infallible, as supernatural, landscape philosophically; but when he says "land-
or as a panacea. Like all legitimate forms of treat- scape” he means what is commonly called “nature,”
ment, it has its successes and failures, is better though in a somewhat restricted sense. We cannot,
adapted in some cases than in others, and is based however, think it right to call Wordsworth a “poet-
upon well-recognized principles of physiological ac- landscapist,” when one really means to explain his
tion. Almost the entire gamut of ills that flesh is heir sense of the “pre-ordained secret harmony” be-
to is represented in the record of cases successfully tween Nature and the heart of man. Mr. Palgrave's
treated, from insomnia and neuralgia to paralysis view is probably of more general interest to the
and epilepsy; from stuttering and neurasthenia to student of human thought than our own, but our
hysteria and blindness ; from anæmia and rheuma- view is the one that is interesting to the artist and


120
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
in the Eastern
United States.
-
»
the lover of poetry as poetry. Taking his book for Philosophy of T. H. Green” (Macmillan). In a
what he meant it to be, however, and not despising comparatively short space he has given a clear, sys-
it for what it might better have been, it will be found tematic, and accurate presentation of Green's meta-
a very good work on the subject. It is a little too physical, ethical, and political theories. Some por-
much of a golden treasury of pictures in poetry, and tions of the work, indeed, will hardly be intelligible
too often leaves the reader to make his own general- except when read in the light of the text they are
izations. Still, the English reader has not anywhere intended to explain. But this cannot be urged as
else such a view as is here given, and Mr. Palgrave's an objection, since the aim of the book is distinctly
book must be valued accordingly.
stated to be “ to help the younger student to read
Green for himself.” This useful mission it is admir-
Man's antiquity
A series of papers, varying greatly in ably adapted to fulfil.
character and value, upon the Arch-
æology of the Eastern United States,
by Mr. Henry C. Mercer, appear in the publications
BRIEFER MENTION.
of the University of Pennsylvania, with the title
“ Researches upon the Antiquity of Man in the Both amateurs and artists interested in lithography
Delaware Valley and the Eastern United States ”
will admire the handsome quarto volume entitled “ Some
(Ginn & Co.). In the leading paper Mr. Mercer
Masters of Lithography" (Appleton), containing twenty-
investigates the question of the argillite “turtle-
two representative lithographs reproduced in photogra-
ure, with full descriptive text. The author, Mr. Atherton
back" and other rudely-chipped implements which
Curtis, has made such selections from the plates of the
Dr. Abbott claims to have found in undisturbed
greatest lithographic artists as would best set forth the
glacial gravels. He analyzes the material, showing
resources and the highest achievements of the art, from
that actual finding in situ is claimed for compara- Senefelder to Gavarni. The twelve artists whose careers
tively few specimens. Mr. Mercer's own investiga- and work are presented include Géricault, Bonington,
tions have yielded no truly glacial relics. On the Isabey, Delacroix, Daumier, and Raffet. These critical
other hand, they have brought to light a quarry
studies are the results of careful work, which has
where argillite was taken out, and a site where it
included the examination of over 15,000 prints at the
was worked up into form, — both plainly modern.
Bibliothèque Nationale; and the plates may be regarded
Mr. Mercer, while finding no evidence of Quater-
as successful reproductions of the original lithographs.
A revised and enlarged edition of Mr. W. J. Hardy's
nary man in the Delaware Valley gravels, does find
well-known work on “ Book-Plates” is imported by
evidence at one site of two periods of occupancy by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The number of per-
early peoples. During the older of these, argillite
sons interested in this subject has largely increased, says
was used almost to the exclusion of chert, jasper, Mr. Hardy, since the work first appeared, in 1893; and
etc., in the manufacture of implements ; during the these will welcome this improved edition, which con-
later, it is relatively an uncommon material. This, tains considerable additional matter and at least one
though an interesting fact, is not new. The other interesting new plate. We glean the curious bit of
papers in this volume deal with ossuariez, shell- information that in America the taste for book-plates
heaps, and cave exploration. The material has
seems to prevail chiefly among lawyers.
little general interest, but well deserves record. The
Messrs. Rand, McNally & Co. bave published a trans-
present interest of the University of Pennsylvania King of the Mountains.” We do not recollect any pre-
lation, made by Mrs. C. A. Kingsbury, of About's “The
in archæology is most fortunate, and may be ex-
vious translation, and, if this be indeed the first, it cer-
pected to yield important additions to the science.
tainly was high time for the work to be done, for in the
“ Roi des Montagnes ” About is at his best, and the story
The late Professor T. H. Green--the
Introduction 10
has a perennial interest, to say nothing of its timeliness
“Professor Gray” of Mrs. Humphry just now when the Greeks are getting so much attention.
Ward—was unquestionably the most The satire of the tale is somewhat extravagant, but
influential philosophical thinker of this generation events have justified a great deal of it, and there is at
in England. As an interpreter of certain of the least no doubt of the entertaining qualities of the ra
great masters of the past, he pointed out the real
nature and the bearing of the problems they were
dealing with, and the extent and the grounds alike
LITERARY NOTES.
of their successes and failures, with an insight and
skill such as we find in no professed historian of
Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. are to publish an English
philosophy; while as a constructive thinker he ranks translation of “The Pharaoh," a remarkable historical
among the leaders of the idealistic school. For
novel by Mr. Boleslaw Prus, a Polish writer.
these reasons, no student of the subject can afford
Volumes 2 and 3 of the report of the Venezuelan
Boundary Commission have been issued from the Gov-
to neglect his writings; but as these are by no means
ernment Printing Office, completing that very thorough,
easy reading, a connected statement of Professor
although hardly very valuable, work.
Green's views, with the grounds on which they are
The « Examination Bulletin" for June of the Univer-
based, will be of obvious value at least to the begin-sity of the State of New York is devoted to the subject
Such a service Mr. W. H. Fairbrother has of “ College-Entrance English," and is a document of
aimed to perform in his volume entitled “The great value to all engaged in that department of educa-
Modern Idealism.
mance.
ner.


1897.]
121
THE DIAL
а
>
tional work. It is edited by Dr. Richard Jones, and
contains articles by a number of competent specialists,
as well as a great variety of specimen examination
papers sent by colleges all over the country.
Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. have just published three
of Mr. Hamlin Garland's novels in a neat uniform edi.
tion. The titles are: “A Spoil of Office,” “ A Member
of the Third House,” and “ Wayside Courtships.”
The “Graduate Courses " for 1897–98, just issued by
the Macmillan Co., is the fifth annual publication of
that useful work. It is both concise and accurate, and
wisely conservative in its definition of “graduate" work.
The third volume of Mrs. Martha Foote Crow's
“ Elizabethan Sonnet-Cycles "contains Michael Dray-
ton's “ Idea," Bartholomew Griffin's “Fidessa,” and
William Smith's “Chloris.” The complete series will
consist of four volumes, and is published by Messrs.
A. C. McClurg & Co.
The first of six volumes to contain Boswell's “ Life
of Johnson,” edited by Mr. Arnold Glover, is published
by the Macmillan Co. in their “ Temple Classics.” The
same publishers have added Sheridan's “The School for
Scandal,” edited by Mr. G. A. Aitken, to their series of
Temple Dramatists."
“ The Victorian Era,” by Mr. P. Anderson Graham
(Longmans), is a well printed and richly illustrated
book, designed for the reading of young people. It
states briefly and clearly the history of England during
the past sixty years, and makes an admirable gift for
any intelligent boy or girl.
Messrs. Small, Maynard & Company is the style of a
new Boston publishing firm that will begin operations
this fall. The members composing the firm are Messrs.
Herbert Small, Laurens Maynard, and Bliss Carman,
and the first work to bear their imprint will be a new
edition of the works of Walt Whitman.
Number four of the “ American Colonial Tracts”
(Humphrey) is a reprint of the “ True and Historical
Narrative of the Colony of Georgia in America,” printed
in Charlestown in 1741, for the three land holders whose
names appear as those of the authors. It is a thick
pamphlet of nearly a hundred pages, sold at the mod-
erate price of twenty-five cents.
Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole's variorum edition of the
“Rubaiyat” will be published this fall in holiday form
by Messrs. L. C. Page & Co. of Boston. The new edi-
tion will be revised and somewhat enlarged, and will
contain some Danish and Italian versions, selections
from Mr. Le Gallienne's recent translations, and a num-
ber of drawings by Mr. E. H. Garrett.
The ever-lengthening list of periodicals sent forth
from the University of Chicago is now made to include
a “Zoological Bulletin," edited by Professors Whitman
and Wheeler. The new publication is a bi-monthly,
and intended as a companion serial to the “ Journal of
Morphology.” It will publish the shorter papers that
do not require to be illustrated by plates.
About twenty-five years ago Mr. Austin Dobson com-
piled a “ Handbook of English Literature” which, while
intended primarily to assist candidates in the English
Civil Service examinations, met with a good deal of
success in other fields than the one for which it wa
originally planned. With the author's consent, the work
bas now been carefully revised and extended to the
present time by Professor W. Hall Griffin of Queen's
College, London, and published in a handsome new edi-
tion by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
September, 1897.
Astronomical Experience in Japan. Mabel L. Todd. Atlantic.
Bible, Recent Books on the. Ira M. Price. Dial.
Books that Girls have Loved. Erin Graham. Lippincott.
Botany, The Scope of. George J. Pierce. Popular Science.
Browning's Summers in Britany. A. M. Mosher. Century.
Byron in the Greek Revolution. F. B. Sanborn. Scribner.
Byron, Henley's Edition of. M. B. Anderson. Dial.
Character, Forming of. M. V. O'Shea. Popular Science.
Chicago Drainage Canal, The. John L. Wright. Lippincott.
Coinage, Spanish Experiments in. H. C. Lea. Pop. Science.
Congo Free State, Cruelty in. E. J. Glave. Century.
Du Maurier, George. Henry James. Harper.
Electricity during Last Five Years. F. Bendt. Chautauquan.
Equality, American Notion of. H. C. Merwin. Atlantic.
European Housekeeping. Frances C. Baylor. Lippincott.
Gladstone, Glimpses of. Harry Furniss. Century.
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THE DIAL
1897
EDWARD ARNOLD'S SEPTEMBER LIST
1897
NOW READY
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA An attempt to give some account of a portion of the Territories under
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1897.]
131
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