o's theories to the fancy.” The topics here treated are the following:
needs of the twentieth century, he has essayed (1) imitation and curiosity, (2) judgment and rea-
) ,
a difficult undertaking, but in a large measure he son, (3) learning to speak, (4) walking and play,
has succeeded. The book lacks neither maturity, (5) development of the moral sense, (6) weak and
logical precision, nor suggestiveness. It is well strong points of character, (7) morbid tendencies,
adapted to serve as a basis for discussion in that and (8) sense of selfhood. Many of the chapters
(
well-nigh obsolete subject, — the philosophy of ed- are as essential to the student of ethics and sociology
ucation. Prof. Adamson does not attempt to trace as to the genetic psychologist. The clearness and
Plato's indebtedness, or compare his suggestions charm of the author's style and his use of literary
with the practice of the Athenians; he ignores as well as scientific sources for the study of children
Aristotle and all succeeding classical writers on ed- will tend to secure for him a wider circle of read-
.
3
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1908.)
275
THE DIAL
ers than similar books have gained. His present Bulwer's soldier phrased it, “ We always think more
book is without doubt the most complete treatment highly of a man after having fought with him.”
of the child during infancy accessible to the Amer- Two recent volumes of Civil War reminiscences,
can reader.
one presenting the Federal and the other the Con.
The most valuable feature of Dr. Charles federate side, illustrate this kindlier view that the
McMurry's “Special Method in the Reading of Com- retrospect of the present day furnishes of a contest
plete English Classics in the Grades of the Com- that once manifested only bitterness. Mr. Daniel
mon School” is a carefully-prepared bibliography Wait Howe, who was once an Indiana soldier and
of children's classics. For the period beginning with officer, presents under the title of “Civil War
the fourth grade and ending at the first year of the Times" (Bowen-Merrill), an entertaining and in-
high school, Dr. McMurry has arranged three par- structive recital, which combines his own personal
allel lists of books. In the first column he places experiences in camp, on the march, and on the field,
volumes suitable for class-room use. In the second with a running commentary covering the leading and
column are the supplementary reference books vala- prominent events of the entire war period. Though
able for children but not sufficiently finished in their this combination results in a sort of melange, criti.
literary form to justify their inclusion in the first col- cism of the oddity of this form of literary compo-
omn. The third column contains books for teachers, sition is disarmed by the fidelity and accuracy
chiefly history, biography, literature, and pedagogy; which distinguish the historical portions of the
this list needs further classification These three book, and the agreeable ingenuousness of the per-
lists have been submitted to a number of superin- sonal recollections. Mr. Howe is a fearless censor
tendents, and revised in the light of their criticism. of the incompetency and bungling and jealousy
Critical and descriptive notes are frequent, and an which too often marked the conduct of prominent
exhaustive enumeration of the various inexpensive Federal officers; but he is also the bold champion
editions, with the names of their publishers, is in- of the fame and honor of such generals as George
cluded. While the average teacher may take an H. Thomas, who won bis admiration, and in such
exception to some title here and there as too ad. cases he gives good reasons, found in his own ex-
vanced for the grade specified, in general Dr.perience and observation, for the praise he bestows.
McMurry has provided a highly satisfactory guide His accounts of the operations of the Army of the
for children's reading both at home and at school. Cumberland, during the battles of Stone River,
Pedagogical chapters full of excellent suggestions Chickamauga, and Chattanooga, and the East Ten-
and valuable quotations occupy the bulk of the vol- nessee and Atlanta campaigns, are so full and cir.
ume. It is unfortunate that so useful a book should
cumspect as to merit the name of fair military
be marred by an occasional touch of sentimentality.history. The author's personal reminiscences, includ.
Simultaneously with the volume just mentioned ing the extracts from his diaries of the time, serve
is published a new edition of “ The Method of Re- to present a living picture of camp life and field ex-
citation,” by Professors Charles A. and Frank M. periences in the Union army in the South.—A cor-
McMurry. In mecbanical setting, the new edition responding picture of the like experiences of the
is a great improvement on the old. Marginal notes Confederate officers and soldiers in the Eastern
in small type add greatly to the usefulness of the army (Virginia), as seen by the young and viva-
work as a text book. The majority of the chapters cious wife of a Southern officer, is presented under
remain substantially identical in the two editions, the title of " A Virginia Girl in the Civil War"
but a few of the later ones have been entirely remod (Appleton). The recollections of this lady – who
eled. The chapter on “Socratic Method " in the old is given, in their recital, the name of Mrs. Daniel
edition is here omitted, and a new section on model Grey are collected and edited for her by Mrs.
lessons is included. The changes have all been made Myrta Lockett Avary of New York.
Her story of
in the interests of greater clearness and compactness, the vicissitudes of her army life, her journeys with
but in no way do they alter the general character of or in the wake of the command in which her hus-
the book.
HENRY DAVIDSON SHELDON.
band was serving, her life in camp or barracks, her
services in hospital, her anxieties in the time of bat-
tle and the dangers from foes and the elements
which she encountered, her passing of the blockade
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
and her hardships as a prisoner, all are portrayed
Companion-
In quantity increasing annually, the with a vividness of recollection that brings the
pieces from the literature of the Civil War period reader of today into some appreciation of the stren-
Civil War.
grows upon the American reading uous character of the army life of that time.
public. The latest contributions to the stock of this Throughout the narrative, the zeal of devotion to
class of books are in one respect the most valuable. the “ bonnie blue flag" and the cause it represented
Distance of time has given a broader view of the pe- is tempered by a recognition of the manly and no-
culiar relations between the two parties to the inter- ble qualities exhibited in many of the officers and
necine strife, and asperity and distrust have on both soldiers of the Federal army whom the sparkling
sides given way to a more amiable and appreciative Southern lady encountered. It is out of such sketches
feeling respecting those who were once enemies. As of personal experience, prepared by the participants
a
9


276
(April 16,
THE DIAL
6
66
hels
6
6
6
-
themselves, when kept free from all harshness and Comedy, “A Journey to Bath'” (London: David
bitterness of feeling, and animated by appreciation Nutt). An Introduction by Sheridan's great-
of the real worth of the citizen-soldiers of the grandson, the Marquess of Dafferin and Ava, adde
,
American armies on both sides, that the true and interest to the work, which is increased by Mr.
faithful history of the Civil War is yet to be, in Rae's profuse" Prefatory Notes." From these last
large part, drawn.
it may be learned that “Sheridan's grandfather”
A summary of
A very acceptable résumé of the (evidently a misprint for "father," the grandfather
English constitu- history of England in its constitu- having died in 1738) “gave much time and care to
tional history.
tional aspects, and one that promises arranging the manuscripts of · The Rivals,' • The
to prove of great usefulness to students, is the work Duenna,' The School for Scandal,' and The
of Mrs. Lucy Dale, a student of Somerville College, Critic,' and he had them bound in handsome vol.
Oxford. It bears the title of “The Principles of umes.” It is from these that the present edition is
English Constitutional History" (Longmans); but prepared ; and it appears that not only are all the
& title more explanatory of the scope and objects editions now in print taken from the acting versions,
of the work would have been “A Summary of as distinguished from the author's, but the edition
English Constitutional History.” It is a rapid but published by Murray in 1821, and usually regarded
discriminating statement, in review, of the progress as definitive, was edited by Wilkie on the good old
and development of constitutionalism in England, simple plan of striking out the things he did not like
from the Roman period to the early part of the and saying nothing about them. “ The Rivals,"
nineteenth century.
The salient facts of each however, is not taken from the author's first manu-
recurring epoch, as gleaned from the standard hig- script, which is thought to have perished with the
tories, are set forth in the form of the author's con- burning of Covent Garden Theatre. What is stated
clusions, and with a brevity that seems dogmatic.
in several modern authorities to be a rumor, - that
Such would appear to be the author's chosen method, “ The Rivals ” was ill-received on its first produc-
as she has abstained from citing authorities to sup- tion, owing largely to the poor presentation made
port the averments of her text. We infer that her by Mr. Lee of the part of Sir Lucius O'Trigger,
aim is to furnish a treatise for students, to follow is finally confirmed by Mr. Rae, who makes copious
their reading in the general popular histories, and citations from the contemporary daily press in proof,
to serve them as a guide to the closer study of the and makes it all the more to be regretted that the
fundamentals of government, as disclosed in the original manuscript has not survived to tell the
works of the constitutional historians. We are of world what changes were made in the eleven days
opinion that the work will well serve to fill this that elapsed between the first and second presen-
place in the curriculum of students of these sub- tations, the success of the piece being thereby
jects. What were the inner meanings of the changes achieved. But Sheridan himself prepared a copy
which were experienced during the centuries by of “ The Rivals " for publication, which is followed
that anomalous system called the English Consti- here, and this differs in several respects from the
tution are here pointed out, briefly and succinctly, acting version with which modern play.goers are fa-
but always clearly. For instance, the devotion of miliar. Lord Dufferin's Introduction is interesting
the English people to both the institutions of the rather than important, and contains some sentences
kingship and the parliament is kept before the setting forth that nobleman's conceptions of his an-
student as a principle continuously asserting itself; cestor's principal characters. The critic will thank
and the Restoration of the Stuarts is shown to Mr. Rae for his inclusion of Sheridan's mother's
exhibit a new assertion of that principle, rather fragmentary composition, “A Journey to Bath,”
than an undue fondness for a particular family since the son made use of it, though the use is slight
of monarchs. This summary history of 440 pages
at best, and is not shown in “The Rivals," as some-
is followed by a condensed “ Analysis of Con- times alleged, but in “ The School for Scandal.”
tents,” in fifteen pages, which is in itself a brief con-
spectus of the entire body of the work, showing
In the latter part of the sixteenth
The Abbey
almost at a glance, and in the most convenient
century there lived, in a small tene-
Blue-book.
ment in Dean's Yard, Westminster,
form, the successive constitutional aspects which
William Camden, an old man who had been Head.
have been more copiously illustrated in the twelve
master of Westminster School, and was then Clar-
chapters of the work. If we mistake not, Mrs.
encieux King-at-Arms under Queen Elizabeth. He
Dale's treatise will prove quite acceptable to his-
torical study classes connected with clubs, as well as
was also an antiquary and annalist. To his fond-
to those in the higher schools.
ness for “diverting” himself among the tombs
and ancient monuments we owe the first attempt
Sheridan's plays,
Mr. W. Fraser Rae, already known at a guide-book of the Abbey,— a list, in Latin, of
printed as he
a careful student of Richard the chief monuments, with their inscriptions. It
wrote them.
Brinsley Sheridan's life and times, was published in 1600. Since then, writing books
as evinced in his biography of the playwright, has about Westminster Abbey has been an occupation
now given us “ Sheridan's Plays, Now Printed as especially attractive to those who have lived within
he Wrote Them, and his Mother's Unpublished the Abbey's precincts; and we have some deeply in.
as


1903.)
277
THE DIAL
teresting books in consequence,— Dean Stanley's in foot-notes. These are found just where they are
“ Memorials,” for example. The “Annals" and the needed; and in general the author evidently has the
“ Deanery Guide" were written by Miss E. T. Brad- notion that notes are intended for the reader's
ley, who is the daughter of Doan Stanley's successor. enlightenment, rather than as a display of erudition.
The last-named book was first published in 1885, They are unusually free from useless lamber. While
and its value to the visitor to the great Abbey is Aristotle cannot be recommended for light reading,
attested by the fact that it has passed through the book ought to meet with a welcome beyond the
twelve editions. Its writer (who has since become ranks of the specialist. The Psychology is less well
Mrs. A. Murray Smith), feeling that there was a known than it should be, especially in these days
call for a guide-book to the Abbey smaller than when everyone is supposed to have some interest in
Dean Stanley's “ Memorials” or her own “Annals," the subject which it treats. The modern quality
yet more comprehensive than the “ Deanery Guide," of Aristotle's mind appears not least in his Psy.
has provided such a book in “The Roll-Call of chology; and one wbo approaches it simply out of
Westminster Abbey" (Macmillan). This is an curiosity, or for its historical value, is likely to find
attempt to furnish some historical knowledge of the that he still has something to learn from a compar,
dead who are buried or commemorated in the Abbey; ison with modern psychological results of this ear-
and while such an idea may not seem to promise liest attempt to systematize the facts of the mental
very favorable results, Mrs. Murray Smith has life. .
succeeded in making a very readable book,-full
of interest to one who is fond of antiquarian lore.
A decade of
Ten years after his death, Phillips
the memory of
It is, in fact, a guide-book relieved of its systematic Phillips Brooks.
Brooks is still a living power in the
world. On the twenty-third of Jan-
dulne88. Elaborate ground-plans at the end of the
book add to its value as a guide, and the half-tone
uary, Trinity Church was crowded with bishops,
full-page illustrations, twenty-five in number, being clergy, and representative citizens, assembled to
pay tribute to his memory. The commemorative
from photographs recently taken, give more accur-
address, delivered by his successor in the bishopric,
ate ideas of the Abbey interior than those with
which we are more familiar. The colors of the
Dr. Lawrence, is now published under the title,
binding correspond with the blue-and-gold hangings ject is, of course, too vast for the limits of a short
Phillips Brooks, a Study” (Houghton). The sub-
tion of Edward VII.
oration ; but the speaker makes happy choice of a
few leading characteristics of the great preacher.
Now translation
The way of the translator of Aris- Three of his contributions to the religious thought
of Aristotle's totle is sufficiently hard to make it of the day are dwelt upon. First, he taught the
Psychology.
& matter of special congratulation essential unity of the universe, — God, man, and na-
when a competent scholar turns his attention to this ture, inextricably intervoven into a living organism
field. Professor W. A. Hammond, who holds the working out God's purpose. Secondly, be had con-
chair of Ancient and Medieval Philosophy at Cor- fidence in God as the God of truth, and apprehended
nell, has the training both of the philosopher and of no conflict between science and religion. Thirdly,
the classical scholar, and the translation of Aristotle's be preached the naturalnoss and healthiness of the
Psychology which represents the first fruits of his religious life, and the divine sonship of man. The
labors is likely to remain a standard for some time author is perhaps a little over-emphatic in making
to come (Macmillan). It includes the “ De Anima' Dr. Brooks the great inculcator and expounder of
and the “ Parva Naturalia." Of the latter there has the divinity that is in humanity, forgetting that this
hitherto been no satisfactory translation; and while was Channing's constant theme. Appropriate em-
Wallace's translation of the “De Anima” is in many phasis is placed upon Phillipe Brooks's entire free-
respects excellent, the success of this new attempt dom from narrowness, and his consequent influence
justifies it, apart from the desirability of baving all far beyond the limits of his sect. His printed works
of Aristotle's psychological writings in a single vol. bave obtained a wider circulation than one might
ume. A valuable introduction sums up Aristotle's suppose. More than two hundred thousand copies
psychological doctrines with a clearness and suc- of his sermons and other writings, we are told, are
cinctness which leaves little to be desired. The in the hands of the people.
Yet he was the very
final section, on Aristotle's conception of the crea- last man to be touched with any pride of authorship.
tive reason, is particularly successful in dispelling
the haze which has gathered about that disputed
A valuable addition to the literature
question. Professor Hammond is notably objective missionary in of missions comes from the press of
South Africa.
in his whole treatment, and avoids the tendency,
Messrs. A. C. Armstrong & Son, in
very noticeable in Wallace among others, to read a volume entitled “John Mackenzie, South African
Aristotle too much in the light of modern, and Missionary and Statesman," written by his son,
especially Hegelian, philosophy. The translation Prof. W. D. Mackenzie, of Chicago Theological
itself is easy and straightforward, and almost al. Seminary. It is the life-record of a sturdy, practi-
ways clear where the text will allow of clearness. cal, broad-minded Scotchman, who for more than
Expositions of the more difficult passages are given forty years, from 1858 to 1899, labored incessantly
4 strenuous
9


278
(April 16,
THE DIAL
9
for the welfare of South Africa and her people. At through old romances and modern poems, and finally
first in charge of a local station, he soon came to explain how it is treated by Mr. Abbey. Fifteen
see what an important bearing the politics of the short chapters follow, each narrating the incident
country had upon mission work, and did not hesi.
which is the subject of one frieze panel. All of
tate to take a hand in public affairs. South African the fifteen panels are reproduced in full-page tinted
politics is nothing if not strenuous, and he plunged illustrations; and there are, besides, eleven very
into it with characteristic earnestness.
He was an
interesting studies of detail. The book is finely
ardent Imperialist, and believed the British govern- printed on Ruisdale paper and artistically bound
ment should drop its vacillating policy and assume
in linen covers.
control of affairs with a firm hand. Naturally the
attention of the authorities was drawn to him, and
in course of time he was appointed Deputy Com-
BRIEFER MENTION.
missioner for South Africa. Here was the oppor.
We have received from Mr. Howard Wilford Bell,
tunity to put in practice his theories of political
London, a collection of interesting booklets. “ Uni-
reform, and he made a brave attempt to do it. He
versity Magazines and their Makers," by Mr. Harry
at once, however, encountered fierce opposition. Currie Marillier, is a paper read before a literary so-
The success of his plans would mean the failure of ciety, and has a valuable bibliographical appendix.
those of the land-grabbers and schemers of all kinds. “Some Impressions of Oxford " is a translation by Mr.
It was a battle-royal between honesty and right- M. C. Warrilow of an essay by M. Paul Bourget,
eousness on the one hand, and greed and selfishness and has some pretty illustrations. “ Quatrains from
on the other. The latter won, temporarily at least,
Omar Khayyam” are an even two dozen of the rubaiyat
and Mackenzie went back to his mission work. The
done into English, with an introductory essay, by Pro-
fessor F. York Powell. These verses were first printed
whole account is of much interest, especially in view
in « The Pageant" six years ago, and are now given a
of what has since taken place in South Africa.
more permanent form because “they have been im-
Those who know their London well, pudently misprinted by a pirate in the United States,
London haunts
where the laws as yet permit such dishonest and un-
and love it, will keenly enjoy Mrs.
and highways.
civil dealings." The last of these booklets, entitled
E. T. Cook's “ Highways and By. “ All's Well,” is a selection of “optimistic thoughts
ways in London" (Macmillan). A happy ming: from the writings of Robert Browning,” made by Mr.
ling of historical, literary, and descriptive matter,
Graham Hope.
all enlivened with excellent drawings by Messrs.
“ Macbeth " was the second volume in the “ Vari-
Hugh Thomson and F. L. Griggs, makes the book orum” Shakespeare of Dr. Furness, and was published
a most attractive one to the booklover and the
thirty years ago. It is now issued by the Messrs.
recluse, as well as to the tourist. Though London
Lippincott in a revised edition which has been mainly
was called by Cobbett “the great wen,” by Grant
prepared by the son of the veteran editor, Mr. H. H.
Furness, Jr. Concerning which apostolic succession,
Allen "& squalid village," by Madame de Staël
“a province in brick," and all agree in regarding
we may quote the words of the elder editor: “Surely,
the instances are not many where a literary task begun
it as an ugly city, its ugliness is picturesque and by a father is taken up and carried forward by a son;
even its grime is needed to tone down and harmon. still fewer are they where a father can retire within the
ize the whole. The author regrets, and with reason,
shadow with such conviction, as is now mine, that the
the spread of the big hotel and apartment house, younger bands are the better hands, and that the work
80 aggressively modern in their appearance. An
will be done more deftly in the future than in the past.”
amusing derivation of the word "cockney” is
Recent modern language texts include the following:
quoted from “ an old writer.” “A Cittizen's sonne
The Ame ican Book Co. publish the “Marianela" of
riding with his father into the Country, asked
Señor Galdos, edited by Mr. Edward Gray, Lessing's
“ Nathan der Weise," edited by Professor Tobias J. C.
when he heard a horse neigh, what the horse did ;
Diekhoff, and M. Pierre Foncin's "Le Pays de France,"
his father answered, the horse doth neigh ; riding
edited by M. Antoine Muzzarelli. Messrs. Henry Holt
further he heard a cocke crow, and said, doth the & Co. publish Racine's “ Andromaque,” “Britannicus,"
cocke neigh too? and therefore Cockney or Cock- and “ Athalie,” all in one volume edited by Professor
nie, by inversion thus: incock, q. incoctus, i., raw or F. M. Warren, and Herr Fulda's “ Der Talisman,"
unripe in Country-man's affaires."
edited by Professor Edward S. Meyer. Messrs. D. C.
Heath & Co. publish Corneille's “Cinna,” edited by
“ The Quest of the Holy Grail" is Professor John E. Matzke, and Herr von Liliencron's
More of the Quest the title of a beautifully illustrated
“ Anno 1870,” edited by Dr. Wilhelm Bernhardt.
of the Holy Grail.
monograph issued by Messrs. Curtis We have received from the Mississippi Historical
& Cameron, and treating the Grail legend with
Society the sixth annual volume of its valuable “Publica-
special reference to Mr. Edwin A. Abbey's wall.
tions,” edited by Secretary Franklin L. Riley. The con-
tents are too miscellaneous to be summarized in a para-
paintings in the Boston Public Library. Dr. Ferris
graph, but we can testify to the scholarly activity which
Greenslet, the author of the text, introduces his
they betoken and to the interest of many of the papers.
interpretations of Mr. Abbey's friezes with three
We note particularly a lengthy essay on “ Suffrage
chapters of wider scope.
These discuss the sym- and Reconstruction in Mississippi," by Mr. Frank
bolism of the Grail, trace the growth of the legend Johnston.
a
)
2


1908.)
THE DIAL
279
6
»
6
>
print of “ Everyman," with woodcuts reproduced from
the first illustrated mediæval edition, and « The Au-
tobiography of a Thief," a genuine human document
recorded by Mr. Hutchins Hapgood.
A happy thought in school reading books is em-
bodied in Messrs. Rand, McNally & Co.'s charming
pictorial edition of “A Child's Garden of Verses."
Here we have a text that can be used with absolute
satisfaction in the primary grades, and it is accompa-
nied by a series of illustrations (including ten colored
plates), by Miss E. Mars and Miss M. H. Squire, that
greatly enhance the attractiveness of the book.
It is not often that popular success is achieved by a
publication so presumably “heavy" in contents as a
quarterly review of religion, theology, and philosophy;
yet the new " Hibbert Journal" seems to have attained
this distinction. Not less than four editions of the
first number were required; the unexpected demand in-
volving the resetting of the entire number, as the type
had been distributed after the first impressions.
The three latest volumes in the Dent-Macmillan edi-
tion of Thackeray's prose works are occupied with the
miscellaneous writings, comprising the “ English Hu-
morists” and “Four Georges” in one volume, and the
Paris and Irish Sketch-books. Each volume has a front-
ispiece portrait in photogravure and a number of Mr.
Charles E. Brock's clever drawings. Mr. Walter Jer-
rold's bibliographical introductions are, as usual, both
interesting and to the point.
Hiram M. Stanley, for fifteen years associated with
Lake Forest University and a well-known writer on
philosophical and literary subjects, died at Bingham-
ton, N. Y., on the 3d of this inonth, after more than
two years of almost continual illness. He was born in
1857 at Jonesville, Mich., and graduated from Lake
Forest University in the class of 1881; later on he
took a course at Andover Theological Seminary and
engaged in post-graduate work at Lake Forest and
Harvard. From 1885 to 1900 he occupied the position
of librarian at Lake Forest. He was a frequent and
valued contributor to The DiAL and other periodicals
in this country and England, and the author of three
published volumes —“ A Handbook of Psychology,"
« Evolutionary Psychology of Feeling,” and “ Essays
in Literary Art."
9
a
99
NOTES.
W. Hepworth Dixon's “ History of William Penn
is reprinted in a neat volume by the New Amsterdam
Book Co., in their “Commonwealth Library."
“King Alfred's Old English Version of St. Augus-
tine's Soliloquies,” edited by Dr. Henry Lee Hargrove,
is published by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. as a vol.
ome of the “ Yale Studies in English.
A recent doctoral dissertation of Columbia Univer-
sity (Macmillan) is Mr. George L. Hamilton's mono-
graph on “ The Indebtedness of Chaucer's Troilus
and Criseyde' to Guido delle Colonne's Historia Tro-
jana.'”
A “Julia Marlowe" edition of Mr. G. W. Cable's
« The Cavalier” is published by the Messrs. Scribner.
This means that the novel is provided with pictures
representing Miss Marlowe in the character of the
heroine.
To the “Dowden Shakespeare," published by the
Bowen-Merrill Co., the “Othello” volume, edited by
Mr. H. C. Hart, has just been added. The play is
provided with an introduction of some length, and
abundant notes.
The book of the “ Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Si-
rach,” otherwise known as “ Ecclesiasticus, edited
by Professor N. Schmidt, is published by the Messrs.
Lippincott as the first volume of an " Apocrypha "uni-
form with the “ Temple Bible.”
Macaulay's “ Lays of Ancient Rome ” and Crabbe's
** The Borough" form the contents of two recent vol-
umes in the “ Temple Classics" series (Dent-Macmil-
lan). Mr. Oliphant Smeaton and Mr. Henry Williams
are the respective editors of the two editions.
Beaumont and Fletcher's “ Knight of the Burning
Pestle” has recently been produced in Elizabethan
style by the English Club of Stanford University, and
Messrs. Elder & Shepard of San Francisco have sent
as a booklet, “On Seeing an Elizabethan Play,” pre-
pared by way of explanation and comment.
“ Epoch-Making Papers in United States History,"
edited by Mr. Marshall Stewart Brown, is a “ Pocket
Classic" from the Macmillan Co. The selection of pa-
pers is excellent, including not only the fundamental
ones, but also a series illustrative of the slavery ques-
tion from the Missouri Compromise to the Emancipa-
tion Proclamation.
The American Book Co. send us « Barnes's School
History of the United States,” thoroughly revised by
Mr. Joel Dorman Steele and Miss Esther Baker Steele.
We also have a copy of “ Barnes's Elementary His-
tory of the United States," completely rewritten in the
form of a series of biographies by Mr. James Baldwin.
Both books are abundantly illustrated.
Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co., are the publishers
of a work on “ Practical Physiology," produced by the
collaboration of Messrs. A. P. Beddard, Leonard Hill,
J. S. Edkins, J. J. R. Macleod, and M. S. Pembray, all
practical teachers of the subject in the London hos-
pitals. It is essentially a laboratory treatise ; designed
for the use of both students and practitioners.
Messrs. Rector K. Fox and Pitts Duffield are the
heads of a firm lately incorporated to engage in a gen-
eral publishing business in New York City under the
name of Fox, Duffield & Company. The first books
to bear the imprint of the new concern will be a re-
9
a
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 114 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
GENERAL LITERATURE.
New Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle.
Annotated by Thomas Carlyle, and edited by Alexander,
Carlyle; with Introduction by Sir James Crichton-Browne
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284
(April 16, 1908.
THE DIAL
TWO INVALUABLE BOOKS
FOR STUDENTS OF LITERATURE
Edited by SHERWIN CODY
Ready May 9
A SELECTION
OF THE BEST
ENGLISH ESSAYS
A SELECTION
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WORLD'S GREATEST
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It will be found equally useful on account of Mr.
Cody's general introduction, and his historical and
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prose style. The ten writers whose essays are used are
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Lamb, Swift, Macaulay, and Ruskin.
Each of these volumes is printed on thin Bible paper, making a
very convenient book. Flexible cloth. 18mo, $1.00 net each.
A. C. MCCLURG & CO.,
& CO., PUBLISHERS, CHICAGO
The Path of Evolution
Through Ancient Thought and Modern
Science
By HENRY PEMBERTON
Member of American Philosophical Society, Academy of
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In many respects the most important book of many
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286
(May 1,
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THE TRAITORS
By E. PHILLIPS OPPENHEIM
WHAT OTHERS SAY
6
From a review by Harry of an English journalist, the fortunes
Thurston Peck:
of a soldier king, the jealousy of a high-
born woman, and the love of an Ameri-
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T the still cleverer counterplotting portunities in this line."
T
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WHAT IT IS
E
a
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T
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1903.)
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Two Significant Books
REFLECTIONS
OF A
LONELY MAN
By “A. C. M.”
Its every
A DELIGHTFUL little book of
fireside philosophy that is so
attractively written, and in such
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THE SOULS
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In a column review the Boston
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page is filled with vigor, spon-
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the University of Berlin.
12 mo, $1.20 net
be wrong
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A. C. McClurg & Co., Publishers, Chicago


288
(May 1,
THE DIAL
FOUR HARPER
HARPER BOOKS
The Bishop
Wee Macgreegor
By CYRUS TOWNSEND BRADY.
By JAMES JOY BELL
Stories of a militant, lovable bishop, whose
work among the rough-and-ready men of
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He
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Mr. Bell has admirably told the humorous
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literature, and comes as a real surprise to the
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book has taken England by storm, and has
made the fortune of its young author.
.
Illustrated by W. T. Smedley, E. M. Ashe,
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16mo, ornamented cloth, $1.00
The Triumph of Life
Marjorie
(Imprint of R. H. Russell)
By WILLIAM FARQUHAR PAYSON
Author of “ John Vytal”
*By JUSTIN HUNTLY MCCARTHY
Author of “If I Were King"
A story of modern American life. It tells
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Ornamented cloth, $1.50
This story, by the author of that popular
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A frontispiece in colors, by C. Allan
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to look at as to read.
Illustrated, ornamented cloth, $1.50
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK


1903.)
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Some of Little, Brown & Co's Spring Books
A Detached Pirate
By HELEN MILECETE
Gay Vandeleur, the heroine, frankly tells an
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The Siege of Youth
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Barbara A Woman of the West
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A Rose of Normandy
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A fascinating romance of France and Canada in the reign of Louis XIV., written in a new vein.
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The Spoils of
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A romance of the conquest
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The Wars of
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An absorbing industrial
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with abundant love interest.
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Love Thrives in War
By
MARY CATHERINE CROWLEY
A stirring romance of the
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of “ The Heroine of the
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The Dominant Strain
By AnnA CHAPIN RAY
The heroine marries a man to reform him. The hero is a Puritan with a musical temperament,
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Sarah Tuldon
By ORME AGNUS
A remarkable study of an English peasant
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A Prince of Sinners
By E. PHILLIPS OPPENHEIM
An engrossing story containing a baffling
mystery.
Illustrated, 12mo, $1.50
Little, Brown & Company, Publishers, Boston


290
(May 1,
THE DIAL
" This new book has a fasci-
nating plot and a motive strong
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'There is much in it to re-
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ters in ' Eben Holden.''
DARREL
OF THE BLESSED ISLES
By IRVING BACHELLER, author of "Eben Holden'
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Postpaid, $1.50.
LOT HROP PUBLISHING COMPANY, BOSTON
JUST PUBLISHED
NEW LETTERS AND MEMORIALS OF
JANE WELSH CARLYLE
A collection of Hitherto Unpublished Letters, Edited, with an Introduction, by
SIR JAMES CRICHTON BROWNE
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liant gifts of mind. Accept my congratulations upon your giving to the book-world such a treasure."
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HEAD
JOHN
LANE THE BODLEXVEENE NEW YORK
FIFTH


1908.)
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Studies in Contemporary
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292
(May 1, 1903.
THE DIAL
IMPORTANT NEW PUBLICATIONS
66
Just Published
Musical Education
By A. LAVIGNAC. Translated by Esther Singleton, author of “Social New York Under the Georges."
12mo. Cloth, $2.00 net; postage additional.
M. Lavignac's book is written in a scholarly as well as a simple style, that makes it at once convinc-
ing, authoritative, and useful to the student and the accomplished musician. This book is an inquiry into
" the best means to pursue a musical education under its most healthful conditions a matter which is
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amateur and professional musicians, teachers, and students, and is “the fruit of forty years' experience in
teaching nearly every degree of talent and every condition of life.” The real object of the work, to quote
from M. Lavignac again, is to set forth “the best manner to pursue any study in order to reach the end
that one desires to attain.”
Trust Finance
By Dr. E. S. MEADE, of the University of Pennsylvania. (Appletons' Business Series.) 12mo. Cloth,
$1.25 net; postage 12 cents additional.
Recognizing the trust as an actuality, Dr. Meade explains its origin and development, shows the
motives animating its promoters and underwriters, and their effect upon the subsequent organization and
management; and, finally, the question is considered of the desirability and possibility of imposing some
check or restraint upon financial activity of this character.
Notable Publications
More Letters of Charles Darwin
Personal Reminiscences of
Edited by FRANCIS DARWIN. Two vols., 500 pages each.
Prince Bismarck
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of an autobiography."- Des Moines Register f. Leader. ing side lights on a remarkably interesting personality.”-
The Interior.
Millionaire Households and their
A Virginia Girl in the Civil War
Domestic Economy
Being the Authentic Experiences of a Confederate Major's
With Hints upon Fine Living. By MARY ELIZABETH
Wife who followed her Husband into Camp at the Out-
CARTER. Cover design by Margaret Armstrong 12mo.
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NOV ELETTES DE LUXE
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A Semis Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
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PAGE
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THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
A MASTER OF MAXIMS.
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, poslage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries It is often difficult to fix the genre of a mas-
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
ter of the human spirit who uses words as his
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or
tools of work. Edmund Burke, comparing him-
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and self with his friends of the Literary Club, mod.
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ;
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
estly disclaimed the title of “man of letters.”
on application. All communications should be addressed to
And in the main he was right. All his vast
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. knowledge, and world-sweeping thought, and
processional train of rich-apparelled words,
No. 405.
MAY 1, 1903. Vol XXXIV. were set to the service of politics, — given up
to expounding the art of governing mankind.
The ethical writer is as sadly to seek in pure
CONTENTS.
literature as the political one. Literature of
itself is disinterested. It has no axe to grind.
A MASTER OF MAXIMS. Charles Leonard Moore 293 It proposes no material, or even spiritual, end.
It is simply a report of the universe and man-
THE MORALITY PLAY IN THE DEVELOPMENT
kind as they are, or a vision of them as they
OF ENGLISH DRAMA. Florence H. Harvey 296
are dreamed to be. It is a second creation,
COMMUNICATION
297 hardly less real than the first. Compared with
The “Everlasting Pyramids." Samuel Willard. the poet and philosopher, the ethical and di-
dactic writer is as a sign-post which gives the
FRANCIS BRET HARTE. Percy F. Bicknell
298
direction, to the landscape about it.
THE CASE OF THE NEGRO. W. H. Johnson . . 299 It may be a more important thing to rule or
reform men than to reproduce them in art, -
A GREAT GERMAN PUBLISHER. W. H. Carruth 302
to give birth, that is, not to beings, of brief
THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY. E. D. date, but to images of immortality. But it is
Adams
306 certainly a different thing; and when the writer
on conduct or affairs seeks to take his place in
PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRY AND SOCIETY.
Frank L. McVey.
literature, he must be content to rank as second-
. 307
rate. In the muster-rolls of Greek and Latin
Peters's Capital and Labor. —- Industrial Concilia-
tion. - Wright's Some Ethical Phases of the Labor literature, what place has Epictetus or Marcus
Question. -- Potter's The Citizen in his Relations Aurelius? The great discs of Homer and Plato,
to the Industrial Situation. — Spalding's Socialism Virgil and Lucretius, occult their tiny lamps
and Labor.
or dim them in a day of glory. In the end, a
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
309
writer of books must be judged by the canons
A sheaf of poetic dramas.-Emerson viewed at close of literature. This is becoming true even of
range. — A new study of Tolstoi's life and art. the great religious documents of the world
The story of Major André again re-told. - Faces
its Bibles. How much more must it be
and places in many lands. Ten goodly volumes
the case with books which make no claim to be
of travels o'er the earth. — Completion of a note-
worthy translation. - A tale of unappreciated ge-
inspired!
nius. - Stoicism and its disciples.--Correspondence It is an honorable feature in human charac-
of colonial governors of Rhode Island.
ter that it craves to be led and guided toward
BRIEFER MENTION
the right. The didactic writer always has his
work cut out for him, and is assured of power
NOTES
313
and influence. But prophet succeeds prophet;
and, once past, oblivion yawns for most of them.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
314
For one thing, axioms, as Keats said, are not
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
315
axioms until they have been proved upon our
.
312
.
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a
pulses. They have a way of turning out half- maxim-maker to condense all experience into
truths, or no truths at all, as circumstances alter. a phrase.
They are mutually contradictory. If all the There are two traditional incidents in the
maxims and proverbial sayings of the world history of philosophy, which come to mind in
were brought together, they would destroy each thinking of Emerson : one, the meeting of the
other like a roomful of Kilkenny cats. Human young Socrates with Parmenides; the other,
nature is too profound and mysterious to be the interview between the equally youthful
bound
up in a code of short sayings. The great Confucius and the ancient master of mystery
philosophies and poems of the world exist on and mysticism Lao Tsze. In both cases the re-
an entirely different plane. The first may be
The first may be sult was apparently the same. The old men
upprovable, and the second untrue: the first listened with an ironic smile to the clear, con-
may merely illuminate the walls of our prison- fident, everyday wisdom of the new teachers of
house, and the second may deal with impossible conduct and morals. Something like this may
creations, — gods, and demons, and superhu- well have happened at the first meeting of
man men. But what matters that? They are Carlyle and Emerson. Emerson is our village
great imaginations, to which we must return Socrates. He has a wise word for all men's
again and again for exaltation and refreshment. daily needs. He admonishes and helps. But
Side by side with the world of reality exists this compared with the cloudy, lightning-fulgent
phantom world ; and the man who succeeds in Carlyle, he is trivial and shallow and prosaic.
extending it, or adding to its population, takes, Emerson's essays are full of allusions to
humanly speaking, the highest place. Lit. philosophy. Plato and Zoroaster and the Rig
erature teaches also - but it teaches not by Veda do business at the old stand on almost
the cold, inert method of precept, but by the every other page. Yet one doubts whether he
vivid and vital force of example. Achilles was really capable of forming a metaphysical
moulded all antiquity to his own image and concept. He could never concentrate his
Hamlet has cast his shadow on the whole of thoughts long enough on one subject to do so.
.
modern life.
He scorns logic and cohesion. His sentences
Critics are often accused of ingratitude in are a heap of glittering particles that run
dealing with great men. If these bring us through one's fingers. Hence his baffling
good gifts, it is said, let us humbly accept quality. There is no founding anything on
,
them, and not stop to investigate their value him. He is a veritable quicksand of an author.
or cost. But always with criticism there are Nearly every great thinker has some central
present the questions of precedence and perma- thought fixed firm against all shifting tides
Who is entitled to the crown ? and and winds. The central thought of Plato is
which wreath is of unfading amaranth? In the theory of Ideas, - the assertion of the
-
the case of Emerson, there is much to confuse apparitional character of the seemingly real
American criticism. Respect for his lofty world. The central thought of Pascal is that
character, local loyalty, gratitude for guidance of Human Intelligence confronting the Uni-
in a great National crisis, — all these things verse and strangled by it like Laocoon in the
make him loom large in our eyes. He did inexorable coils of the snake. The central
many things, but essentially he is a teacher - thought of Schopenhauer is the absurdity of
a preacher. His works are the sublimed es- life. We know where to have these writers,
sence of a myriad of New England sermons. but Emerson we never know. He chops and
He was a maker of moral maxims; a teacher changes with every book he has been reading,
of conduct. In some moods, he said, the verse or with every reader he desires to mould. Like
of Shakespeare would sound like the tinkling Polonius, he is willing to agree that the cloud
He said also that his own effort
may be a camel, or a whale, or a weasel. And
was always to discard the wrappings of things he is never thorough, in Strafford's sense of
and to get at their innermost secret.
the word. He writes you about the scholar or
ferred to put his hand on the seed of the tree,
and the strain rises like a stream
rather than to enjoy its full growth and efflor- of rich distilled perfume ; but then it occurs
In this, his instinct was the opposite to him that the butcher, the baker, and the can-
of the true poet, who desires to multiply phe. dlestick-maker are also vertebrate animals, and
nomena and to envisage the whole mass of have a certain reason for being, and he gives
life. His effort was always the effort of the you their Apotheosis. What he was after, all
a
nence.
-
-
of tin pans.
He pre-
the poet,
escence.


1903.)
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>
his life, was practicable idealism. But prac- two.
If he has no sentences with the arrowy
ticable idealism is a contradiction in terms, keenness of Emerson, and no passages with the
and sacrifices both the ideal and the practical. sunset splendor of Carlyle, he has pages and
It seems like flying in the face of Providence, chapters of more perfect and even excellence
to repine at our luck in having a writer who than either, and when all were fighting over
is filled with a sense of the brightness of things, . questions of ethics and morals, his message to
- who believes only in the best in human na- mankind, — that it should believe in a Church
ture. But there is a lack of reality in the op- in which so many and such mighty minds have
timistic view. Emerson reminds one of the believed, - has immense practical utility.
artist who was commissioned to paint a picture Ruskin is the least original of this group of
of the crossing of the Red Sea. When he ex- latter-day prophets. But his pictured style out-
bibited his canvas it was merely one expanse glows any prose the others have wrought; and
of red paint. “Why,” said his patron, “where the ardor with which he championed every
are the Israelites and Egyptians ?” “Oh," spiritual cause, the earnestness with which he
answered the artist, the Israelites have crossed descended into every arena, the self-sacrifice
over, and the Egyptians are all drowned.” In which drove him into the back-alleys of the
Emerson's books, human nature has passed on, world, these make him the most missionary
or is hidden in a field of tenuous light.
spirit of them all.
Three, at least, of Emerson's English con- There remains for me to say something of
temporaries must dispute with him the primacy Emerson's poetry. As in Arnold's case, the
in spiritual and ethical thought. They are Muse can defend her son. In the last analysis,
Carlyle, Newman, and Ruskin. Carlyle is out when we have driven off the thin vapors of his
of all measure the largest of the group. He eclectic borrowings and withdrawn the fluid
was half artist, half moralist. If in his capacity gold of his prose maxims, there is left a res-
of moralist his heart was full of angry dis- iduum of indestructible crystals of verse. They
dain of the pernicious race of mortals mostly are the tiniest and most fragmentary crystals
fools," as an artist he could take delight in ever produced by a considerable poet; but they
their weakness and waywardness. He had the flash with the white light of the diamond. Im-
artist's love of deep shadows; and the darkness agination failed him, the plastic gift failed him,
,
of the gloomy masses of mankind was all the in pieces of any length ; but there are a score
more welcome to him in that it served to set or two of phrases, lines, quatrains, fragments,
off the splendor of the few great heroic figures which have a verbal felicity hardly equaled
whom he wholly loved. Emerson was Carlyle's elsewhere in American poetry.
pupil. He reproduced him, but he reproduced
.
"Oh, tenderly the haughty day
him as a photographic negative does — revers-
Fills its blue urn with fire,”_
ing all the lights and shades. Like a good That is style, new, unique, and as good as the
witch, he reads the spell backwards; and a lovely best. .
fairy appears where before was an hideous hob.
Emerson, on the whole, seems to me an odd
goblin. He turns all Carlyle's roughness to combination of the natures of St. Francis
favor and to prettiness, and out of his welter- and Benjamin Franklin, - which type appears
—
ing chaos made a really charming world where somehow suited to our American ideals. His
nice people can walk up and down. But when spirituality is a corrective to our materialism,
one of Homer's heroes, hard pressed, calls for and his canniness a compliment to it. But he
superhuman aid, the god comes to him in a
can never be satisfactory to the imaginative or
cloud, and with the cloud withdraws the god. the logical mind. He has not the energy, or
Cardinal Newman, bottomed on faith and
the richness, or the profundity, to appeal to
authority, is a sure refuge to many who tire of those who have fed upon the great poets and
Carlyle's stormy frowns, and who find no
philosophers. He was a purveyor of first-lessons
strength in Emerson's smiling cheerfulness. in philosophy, and of proverbial rules of life for
Like Carlyle he is melancholy; but his mel. intellectual children. He may keep an audience
ancholy is full of beauty, —
of these to the end; or they may seek other
“Elysian beauty, melancholy grace,
masters. But great men will pass him by with
Brought from a pensive tho' a happy place." but a slight salute.
Even Newman's style is midway between the
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.
.
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66
town and showed in their proper order to the spec-
THE MORALITY PLAY IN THE DEVEL- tators. Heaven, Earth, and Hell were set forth on
OPMENT OF ENGLISH DRAMA.
three different elevations of the stage, with naïve
simplicity, but, in the case of Hell especially, with
In very many senses, this time in which we are awful realism. The grotesquely-clad imps and
living is a period of looking backward. All through devils who ran in and out of Hell's mouth, and
the latter half of the nineteenth century, interest teased the other actors and the spectators, repre-
has been increasing in the things of long ago. As sented a comedy element; and humorous episodes
the people of the fifteenth century found Antiquity, having to do with the lesser Scriptural characters,
80 we moderns have been discovering the Middle such as Pilate's wife and the torturers of Jesus,
Ages. Our passion for the Gothic, our interest in further relieved the strain of the more intense parts
handicraft, our love of folk-song, our admiration for of the drama.
Pre-Raphaelite art, all attest this revival. No won- In some such form as this the miracles continued
der, then, that the presentation of the fifteenth to be played till the early part of the seventeenth
century play "Everyman" has aroused, first in
century. Alongside them for more than a century
London, then in New York, Boston, and Chicago, existed plays which, instead of telling simply the
the greatest enthusiasm.
Biblical story in dramatic form, aimed to enforce
“Everyman" belongs to that class of pseudo a moral truth directly by means of personified ab-
dramas, called Moralities, that developed when the stractions of the virtues and vices. These dramas
popular religious plays, known as Mysteries or Mir- were called Moralities. Such dramatis persone as
acles, were approaching their decadence. Imported Envy, Charity, Good Deeds, Intemperance, woven
from French monasteries by the Normans who came into an imaginary tale or popular legend, made op
into England with the Conquest, they soon took firm the Morality. Though traces of personification of
hold upon English life. At first they were a part abstract ideas are found in some of the old Mir-
of the liturgical ceremony of the church. On great acles, and two plays not now extant, written in the
feast days, and especially at Christmas and Easter, fourteenth century, were supposed to be of the na-
a simple dramatic representation was introduced ture of Moralities, there is no positive evidence of
into the service, priests and choristers taking the a Morality proper before the fifteenth century.
parts. Gradually these strictly liturgical Mysteries) Probably they grew out of the Miracles, and sup.
gave place to more elaborate productions, which plemented them. Certainly they followed the older
were detached from the office, though still per- drama closely in manner and method of presenta-
formed in the churches; the vernacular was sub- | tion, using the same pageants, the same three ele.
stituted for Latin ; whole series of Mysteries were vations of the stage, the same style of costuming,
joined together into a single work. Then, needing, and the same comedy effects.
of course more room for presentation, they were Something in the English mind and disposition
taken outside of the churches to the steps and grave- seems particularly favorable to Allegory; hence the
yards, and finally away from them altogether. Moralities flourished with the greatest luxuriance
During this process of secularization, the laity, on English soil. A large number of them are still
serving first for chorus, as for instance, the rab. extant, of which “ The Castell of Perseverance,"
ble before the court of Pontius Pilate,
composed in Henry the Sixth's time, is the earliest,
to take the principal rôles, and at last to produce and Everyman,” thought to have been written by
the entire play. While in Chaucer's lifetime both a Dutch priest in the latter half of the fifteenth
clergy and laity were actors, it was not long after his century, is “the flower and crown." Unlike the
death (1400) that the participation of the clergy was Miracle plays, the Moralities were in touch with the
forbidden. Through the fourteenth and fifteenth age that produced them. Thinkers found in them
centuries, the Miracles were performed chiefly by a splendid opportunity for direct treatment of
the Gilds of the towns at their out-of-door Corpus moral, social, and political problems. It was in the
Christi festivals. Vn the hands of the Gilds they Reformation age under the Tudors that the Mor-
developed into great cycles of plays, of which those ality attained its greatest influence and popularity.
of York, Townly, Chester, and Coventry are the « Nature” and “ The World and the Child” are
most famous. These cycles told the Scripture story early Tudor plays. “The Lusty Juventus," written
from the Creation to the Day of Judgment, and re- in Edward the Sixth's time, shows the influence of
quired usually three days for their presentation. To the Reformation, while “ The Interlude of Youth”
each Gild was entrusted permanently the perform- | indicates the Catholic reaction under Mary. Two
ance of one part of the series, for instance, to non-religious Moralities, “ The Nature of the Four
the shipbuilders the episode of Noah and the Ark, Elements” and “Wyt and Science," written in
to the goldsmiths the Adoration of the Three Kings, praise of learning, point to the emergence of the
to the smiths the Crucifixion; and of course the renaissance spirit.
societies vied with each other in the splendor of the 'Although the Morality was in the main abstract
production. Movable platforms called pageants, in character, dealing with pure personifications, it
upon each of which one act in the drama was pre- was not without concrete and comic elements, which,
sented, were dragged from point to point about the as they developed, brought it to the very threshold
had come
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1903.)
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of comedy. The chief of these was the Vice, after- whom the Renaissance, coming tardily into En-
wards transformed into the Jester or Fool of Eliza- gland, had introduced to the scholars. Then at last
bethan plays. The Vice, originally an attendant of the seed which had been planted in good ground
the Devil, gradually became an independent char- burst into flower and brought forth the Shakes-
acter upon whom the author exercised his originality pearian harvest.
.
FLORENCE H. HARVEY.
and wit. It is the fun and mad pranks of the Vice
that sugared the pill of the moral lesson to the au-
dience and saved many of these allegories from
COMMUNICATION.
hopeless dulness. The authors of Moralities gave
a coloring of reality also by alluding to the actual
THE “EVERLASTING PYRAMIDS."
world around the audience, placing the action in
( To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
the streets and places they knew. Sometimes, too, Much has been written about the Pyramids of
in place of abstract appellations, such as Idleness, Gizeh; abundance of description, statistics, and of the
Folly, Enmity, specific names were given to the wonder and admiration excited by them. But during
characters, who thus became more human. In a recent visit, I came to a thought about them that had
“Like wil to Like quod the Devel to the Colier,” not been in my mind before. I think I shall never again
a Morality full of boisterous fun and of moral- use the comparison, “ As everlasting as the Pyramids."
izings upon the pernicious results of riotous living,
The piles of debris on every side of the Great Pyramid,
the persons are called Nichol Newfangle, Ralph
called "of Cheops," suggested the question, “Whence
Roister, Tom Togspot, and Hankin Hangman. If
came those heaps ?” There they rested against the huge
slopes, forty or fifty feet higher than the general level
not individuals, at least social types were evolved.
on which we walked or rode around; and that level is
While the Morality through the sixteenth century above the original foundation as discovered and settled
was developing in the direction of concreteness and by Vyse and others.
-humor, another dramatic form destined to influence Evidently the answer to the question is, “From the
its future, was taking shape beside it. Since Plan- pyramid itself.” It is made of a friable limestone, and
tagenet times, kings had employed troops of pro- is perpetually losing some substance. Numerous blocks
fessional actors, or mimes, who composed for the en-
lie around that have fallen because the stones under
tertainment of the court various sorts of mummeries
them have been so soft as to give way under pressure
and humorous dramatized anecdotes or farces.
and weathering, and to allow the superincumbent one
to roll down. I did not try climbing the pyramid; but a
These one-act plays were called Interludes, from
field-glass detected easily many of these rotting stones.
the fact that they were played in the intervals be- At the southeast corner I stepped up to a stone to
tween courses at public banquets. Now it remained measure it; I saw that the one under it was so soft that
for some genius to combine these airy nothings with I could easily with my cane have detached from it
the more highly-developed and serious moralities. four or five pounds of the rock. I did not do it: a light
To John Heywood, one of the “singers ” in the
touch showed what could be done. There are at Sakkara
household of Henry the Eighth, belongs the credit
and elsewhere piles of debris that once were pyramids.
of having accomplished this. It is to plays of the
I do not advise any one to hurry to Egypt to see the
pyramid before it goes to pieces ; there is enough to
type of bis,
a cross between the early Interlude
and the Morality proper,
last many thousand years more : I do but record the
that the name Interlude
feeling of ruin of the monument in accordance with all
is usually applied in the history of literature. His
else in Egypt. I found it easy to step upon the back of
little skits, “ The Mery Play between the Par- the Sphinx ; but as I walked toward the head I came
doner and the Frere,” “ The Four P's, or Mery upon a transverse fissure three feet wide and equally
Interlude between the Palmer, the Pardoner, the deep, extending down the sides, I did not see how far.
Potycary, and the Pedlar,” “The Dialogue of Wit In the neck of the image I noticed that some strata are
and Folly," and the rest, are full of freshness, of
softer than others, and are more rapidly cut away by
vigor, and of animation. They show an undeniable
the wind-hurled sands.
sense of humor, and, above all, power of drawing
The same aspect of progressive ruin struck me in the
grand Hall of Columns at Karnak. I learn that eleven
successfully individual characters taken from actual
columns of that vast colonnade fell at once in 1899. To
life. They are more than mere entertainments, for
me it looked as if those gigantic blocks ought to stand
with the liveliest wit they attack the abuses of the forever. He must be more of a physicist than I am who
time. Though Heywood cannot be called the creator can explain their fall. The grand hall met all my ex-
of English comedy, the type of play he developed pectations of its magnitude and sol mo, wondrous
exhibited many of its essential qualities.
grandeur; yet when I had gone through the great
In the form of Interlude, the Morality survived
temple of Karnak and seen how much of it lay pros-
into the seventeenth century, and became “one of
trate in inextricable confusion amid piles of debris, so
the threads which went to make up the wondrous web
that no skill of fitting can reconstruct wall, pylon,
of the Elizabethan drama.” It would seem an easy
obelisk, and column, the feeling of ruin, ruin, over-
powered my recollection of the real grandeur and
step from Interlude to Comedy proper; yet another beauty of what I had seen; greater than the brute
element must needs be added before this still form- magnitude of piled blocks in the pyramids, for here
less dramatic species could be converted into legit- was a grander conception, more of intellect and taste;
imate drama. This was supplied by the study of beauty as well as size.
SAMUEL WILLARD.
Plautus and Terence, and of the Italian dramatists Luxor, Egypt, March 18, 1903.


298
[May 1,
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" The offers he now received to take his stand-
The New Books.
ing in Western America became too tempting
to be refused."
A few little-known but significant facts and
FRANCIS BRET HARTE.*
anecdotes about Bret Harte's life and writings
Readers of Mr. Pemberton's anecdotal biog-
are worthy of note here. The extent of his
raphies of Edward A. Sothern, John Hare, and literary product has probably inclined most
the Kendals, will not be disappointed in their people to think of him as a rapid if not a care-
expectation of entertainment when they open less writer. He has often been accused of
his latest work. His association with Bret
His association with Bret harping on the same string to the point of
Harte in play-writing, and the long and inti- weariness, and of infusing no new life into his
mate friendship of the two, render him a fit
later works. A study of his biography shows
person to pay this tribute to the deceased story. him to have been as painstaking, as reluctant
writer. For the part of Bret Harte's life that
to go to press, and (if we are to credit Mr.
was spent in England perhaps no better choice Pemberton) as unhackneyed, at the end as in
of a biographer could have been made; but
the beginning. He knew how to take infinite
the preceding forty years of American life are
pains, and was his own severest critic. We
less fully and satisfactorily treated. To this are told that he never knew the humiliation of
portion of Harte's eventful career better justice having a contribution rejected ; but the story
could have been done by one of his old Cali- that first made him known to the world had a
fornia friends, - Mr. Noah Brooks, for in-
narrow escape. “The Luck of Roaring Camp”
stance, or Mr. Joaquin Miller, or Mr. Charles
came near being returned by himself as editor
Warren Stoddard. Indeed, the last-named
of the “Overland Monthly” to himself as a
writer has left on record some pleasing rem- contributor to its columns. Publisher, printer,
iniscences of his departed friend, - to whom
-
and proof-reader were united in their unfavor.
he avowed himself indebted for all that he had
able criticism of the morality and general tone
become and all that he had accomplished, - of the sketch, the alarm first starting with the
and from these reminiscences Mr. Pemberton girl who read the proof and who was scandal-
quotes at some length. He gives these extracts ized when she encountered a big, big D. But
as having been personally communicated to
after consulting with friends, the author made
him for the purpose of his book ; but, except the publication of the tale the condition of his
ing a few lines, they are to be found, word for retaining the editorship of the magazine. The
word, in Mr. Stoddard's recently-published rest is well known. Mr. Fields asked him
• Exits and Entrances." We can readily be- for similar contributions for the “ Atlantic,"
lieve, however, that Mr. Pemberton had the
and the Eastern press was unanimous in his
first right to use this material, and that its
praise.
publication by Mr. Stoddard was an after-
Some of his most strikingly original and
thought.
touching narratives, in both prose and verse, -
Like many another English writer before
little tales that brought tears to the reader's
him, Mr. Pemberton betrays an imperfect eyes, but were held to be impossible of actual oc-
knowledge of American history. He even goes
currence, — received subsequent confirmation
out of his way to make a small contribution to
of a remarkable sort. o In the Tunnel " de-
the sum of human ignorance ; for after giving scribes Tom Flynn's heroism in forcing his
the place and date (Albany, 1839) of Bret “ pardner” to flee before him from a collaps-
Harte's birth, he is not content to let well
ing mine.
enough alone, but adds that this city “was
“Run for your life, Jake !
founded by the Dutch in 1623, and was thus
Run for your wife's sake!
the oldest European settlement in the United
Don't wait for me."
States, with the exception of Jamestown in Years afterward the newspapers reported an
Virginia," — both of which assertions are er- almost identical instance of self-sacrifice in the
By the side of this may be put a case of two men engaged in cleaning the in-
careless blunder in American geography. side of an eight-foot upright boiler. Suddenly
Speaking of Bret Harte's leaving California a workman outside turned on the steam, know-
for the East in 1871, Mr. Pemberton says, ing that the cock was closed and assuming that
* THE LIFE OF BRET HARTE. By T. Edgar Pemberton.
it was tight. But it leaked badly, scalding steam
Illustrated. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
poured in upon the two men, and they rushed
roneous.


1903.)
299
THE DIAL
:
to the ladder to make their escape through the lins, one of his theatre-loving friends, he dashes
manhole at the top. The one who reached it off the following:
first took one step, then stopped, drew back, “ Yes. Saturday'suits’and looks auspicious. I have
and shouted, “ You go first, Jim; you are
had the cook examine the entrails of a fowl, and find
married !” Like Flynn of Virginia, this humble
the omens propitious! Let it be Saturday, then. You
will give me bread and pulse' at Brookes', and I will
hero paid for his generosity with his life.
lead you to Arcadian stalls at the Alhambra or Empire.
Bret Harte's love for his friends was beauti- For heaven's sake let us go somewhere where we can
ful, and it was heartily returned. For James laugh in the right place! I have not yet dared to face
Anthony Froude he cherished the warmest ad.
my Christmas shopping, but I'll pick up your offering
miration and affection. Perhaps the fact that something sufficiently idiotic and useless, to keep up our
at the Club and send you mine. It is so difficult to find
both were romancers, the one professedly, the fond, foolish custom with."
other under the guise of historian, made them
While Mr. Pemberton's work can claim to be
80 peculiarly congenial. As we have lately neither a full account of Bret Harte’s life nor
taken occasion to present the historian in not
a critical study of him as a writer, it is perhaps
exactly the most
flattering light, perhaps it will as satisfactory a memorial as could be expected
be well to try to balance the account by quot-
so soon (less than a year) after the novelist's
ing Bret Harte's opinion of him. He writes untimely death, and will be hailed with satis-
to his wife :
faction wherever the “ Heathen Chinee" has
« But Froude- dear old noble fellow - is splendid. become a familiar character, and by all who
I love him more than I ever did in America. He is
great, broad, manly – Democratic in the best sense of enjoy the chatty and anecdotal in biography.
the word, scorning all sycophancy and meanness, ac-
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
cepting all that is around him, yet more proud of his lit-
erary profession than of bis
kinship with these people
whom he quietly controls. There are only a few liter-
ary men like him here, but they are kings. I could
not bave had a better introduction to them than through
THE CASE OF THE NEGRO.*
Froude, who knows them all, who is Tennyson's best
friend, and who is apxions to make my entrée among
No thinking man any longer contemplates
them a success.'
the possibility of an offhand settlement of the
The biographer takes pains to assure the Negro problem. With a Negro population ap-
reader again and again that Bret Harte's genius both the white and the black race permeated
proaching ten millions, and with the masses of
was not so narrowly circumscribed as is com-
by the prejudices growing out of slavery and
monly believed, that he could and did write on
the Civil War and enhanced by the blunders
other themes than those Californian. Yet the
and crimes of the early years of emancipa-
appended Bibliography, which fills nine pages tion, the best that can reasonably be hoped for
and seems to have been carefully prepared,
makes a very small showing of any other than
now is a slow and steady progress in the right
California stories and poems.
direction, that is, in the direction of the
As the inimi.
table painter of these far-western scenes he highest possible freedom of opportunity for
will always be remembered, and that is glory legislation or administration, or by the no less
both white and black, unhampered by unfair
enough.
Of the consulate at Glasgow, which was pre-
galling methods of social oppression in walks
of life where the law does not and should not
ceded by a briefer one at Crefeld on the Rhine,
enter.
we read much that is interesting. That the
In the countless attempts toward settlement,
Glasgow consul's office was the one place where
by far the most prominent at the present time
the erratic consul was sure not to be found,
is the work of Mr. Booker T. Washington,
passed into a proverb. The attractions of Lon-
which has grown from its very humble be-
don and Paris were too strong, for him, al- | ginning of twenty-two years ago until to-day
though there is no reason to believe that the
the names of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton
routine work of his office suffered by his ab-
With the outgoing of the Arthur ad-
* THE Souls oF BLACK Folk. Essays and Sketches. By
W. E. Burghardt Du Bois. Chicago : A. C. McClurg & Co.
ministration the genial incumbent was set free
THE LEOPARD's SPOTS. A Romance of the White Man's
from “the desk's dead wood," and thereafter Burden. By Thomas Dixon, Jr. New York : Doubleday,
he passed most of his time in London. His Page & Co.
VARIOUS ADDRESSES AND PAPERs by Booker T. Washing-
letters and notes to English friends are always
ton, Principal of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Insti-
bright and amusing. To Colonel Arthur Col- tute. 1895-1902. Tuskegee Institute Steam Print.
sence.


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6
.
are scarcely more familiar than that of the
gramme, so rigidly industrial. And we are not
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. The sure that there is not reason for his fear. To
message which Mr. Washington feels it his rely too solely upon worldly thrift is the great
duty to bear to bis race is, “Make yourselves in- temptation of the age. It may be true, as Mr.
dustrially necessary, each man anil woman Washington says, that the Negro who will pay
of you, to the community in which you live. $10,000 a year in freights will not have to ride
Let the pursuit of art, literature, and politics in a “ Jim Crow” car; but there are a great
wait, for the present, and train the mind di- many white people who would rather ride in a
rectly to the guidance of the skilled hand. “Jim Crow" with a Burghardt Du Bois or
When
you
shall have learned to raise two or a Booker T. Washington on the other end of
three bushels of corn or potatoes, two or three the seat than in a Pullman with either Negroes
bales of cotton, on the ground where but one or white men whose consideration at the hands
grows today, when you begin to pay heavy of the railway officials should grow only out of
freights into the coffers of the railroads which the amount paid to the road in freights. It is
now force you into · Jim Crow' cars, when you certainly possible to go too far in adjuring the
figure as stockholders in the enterprises which Negroes to put away their ambition to enter the
now discriminate against you, then you will be higher fields of literature and learning, and to
rated simply as men and women, and neither forego their legitimate desire to avail themselves
hated nor pitied on the ground of color.” at will of the rights and privileges conferred
Around this idea the work of the Tuskegee In- upon them by the Constitution. Suppose that
.
stitute has been built up, with careful attention our colored millions should become industrious
to moral training, of course, hand in hand with and prosperous, and fairly up with the average
the industrial. The idea has gained an im- in personal morals
, too, but entirely apathetic
mense popularity. It has seemed to justify it- as to political rights and duties, and devoid of
self by its results, and Mr. Washington has be- ambition toward the highest mental and spirit-
come, as Professor Du Bois well says, a leader ual development, — the present Negro problem
,
both of the black race and the white.
would then be practically solved, but would it
No doubt the feature in Professor W. E. B. be an acceptable solution to anyone with a con-
Du Bois's “The Souls of Black Folk” which sistent belief in freedom and equality as the
will draw the most immediate attention is the best basis for progress and permanence in hu-
fact that the writer takes determined and em- man government and society?
phatic issue with Mr. Booker Washington's Let no one assume, however, that Professor
policy, and that too in its most salient point, Du Bois and Principal Washington are hope-
the insistence upon the industrial, and the ele-lessly at variance. The divergence, at most,
mentary, in negro education. Professor Du
bears only upon present methods. Their ulti-
Bois is perhaps the most scholarly man of his mate aim is one,—the uplifting of their people
race in America today, a man of high schol-physically and materially, mentally, morally,
arship and culture in that broader republic of and spiritually. All that the latter can do to
human attainment which knows no limitation improve the material condition of their common
of race, color, or clime. In his acquaintance people the former will gladly welcome.
with the art and literature of various lands and far as Mr. Washington preaches Thrift, Pa-
ages he finds the best solace for the peculiar tience, and Industrial Training for the masses,
troubles entailed upon him and his by race
we must hold
up his hands and strive with him,
prejudice in this land and age. “I sit with rejoicing in his honors and glorying in the
Shakespeare and he winces not. Across the strength of this Joshua, called of God and of
color line I move arm in arm with Balzac man to lead the headless host.” And we are
and Dumas, where smiling men and welcom- very seriously mistaken in Mr. Washington if
ing women glide in gilded halls. From out the he would knowingly put any obstacle in the
caves of evening that swing between the strong. path of any one of his race who has the am-
limbed earth and the tracery of the stars, I bition to climb to a place on the higher seats
summon Aristotle and Aurelius and what soul of mental culture by the side of Professor Du
I will, and they come all graciously, with no Bois, at any rate when that ambition is coupled
scorn nor condescension. So, wed with Truth, with evidence of sufficient mental ability to
I dwell above the Veil.” One can readily see give a reasonable hope of results commensurate
that such a spirit would scent the danger of with the effort. Many of the white race are be-
low, materialistic ideals in the Tuskegee pro- ginning to doubt whether we have not gone too
. So
در کے
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1903.)
301
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war.
far in pressing into the higher studies a class ing relation of a fatal assault by a brutal Negro
of youths who might readily make skilful and upon an innocent white girl, and an equally un-
useful followers of some industrial pursuit, sparing description of the punishment swiftly
but have not the mental makeup for successful visited upon the ravisher, - burning at the
assimilation of the higher learning. We have stake. Plainly the design is that the reader
not the statistics at hand by which to test Pro- shall exclaim in his indignation, “ I too would
fessor Du Bois's claim that Mr. Washington's have helped to do the same, under the same
work is drying up the fountains of support for circumstances !” And crude as the book is in
the higher education of colored youths in other most respects, it must be admitted that this
than industrial lines, but we feel quite confi- portion of it is quite skilfully adapted to the
dent that such a result would be contrary to end in view. And Mr. Dixon selected his time
his desire. We are not sure that Mr. Wash. well, too, -- the time when our unfortunate ex-
ington realizes the possible value of this higher periment in the Philippines has so generally
learning to the very industrial training in which deadened the public conscience toward any ap-
he is so deeply interested, - in fact but very peal to that finer regard for the rights of man
few, white or colored, have realized it. It is simply as man, which was such an inspiration
true, however, that agriculture and the me- to the masses of the North in the initial years
chanical pursuits offer a fair field for the very of our experiment with Negro freedom ; when
highest type of trained intellect which the more the eloquent Curtis could sway audiences at his
distinctively cultural studies, Greek, logic, phil- will with the thought that now at length our
osophy, etc., can produce. As the college grad. | government had been placed squarely upon its
uate multiplies in the land, more and more will only consistent basis, the right of every citizen
he be driven from sheer overcrowding else to a full participation in the government under
where to devote his powers to these more fun- which he is obliged to live. Mr. Washington
damental means of livelihood, and the Negro thought that he saw great reason for hope in
will need his own trained leaders here as else- the fact that white and black fought bravely
where. On the other hand we are not sure together in the battles of the Spanish-American
that Professor Du Bois, on more careful con-
Professor Du Bois shows far truer in.
sideration, would feel himself justified in add- sight into the tendencies resulting from that
ing to the passage quoted above, the words : conflict when he speaks of “the silently grow-
“ But so far as Mr. Washington apologizes for ing assumption of this age that the probation
injustice, North or South, does not rightly value of races is past, and that the backward races
the privilege and duty of voting, belittles the of today are of proven inefficiency and not
emasculating effects of caste distinctions, and worth the saving.” But to go back to Mr.
opposes the higher training and ambition of Dixon, it is only the unthinking man that can
our brighter minds, — so far as he, the South, draw from his baleful picture the final conclu-
or the Nation, does this, we must unceas- sion which the writer desires. The Southern
ingly and firmly oppose them.” Frank and full courts themselves, as Mr. Dixon would hardly
confidence between these two leaders of their have the hardihood to deny, can be depended
race will surely enable them each warmly to aid upon absolutely to ipflict the extreme penalty
the other in his chosen field, to the great advan. of the law upon any Negro identified as the
tage of their common aim.
perpetrator of such crime as he describes ;
We have placed among the material for this and the Southern legislatures can as surely be
notice a work of a type far different from the depended upon to strengthen its laws for the
writings of Professor Du Bois and Principal suppression of such crime if in any case they
Washington, — “The Leopard's Spots,” by are not sufficiently strong already. Under such
Mr. Thomas Dixon, Jr. Though Mr. Dixon's circumstances no moral man in his right mind
book is thrown into the form of a novel, so far should allow his prejudices to lead him into the
as it can be said to possess form at all, its aim support, directly or indirectly, of lynching.
is to justify to Northern readers the attitude We commend to Mr. Dixon the intelligent
of political and social suppression assumed to- reasoning of Professor Du Bois and Mr. Wash-
ward the Negro by the dominant white senti- ington on this subject. He has much to learn
ment of the South. As to the writer's method, from either one of them. He will find, for
he has chosen to set forth as vividly as possible instance, that the faults of their race which he
the faults and crimes current among the Ne- has passionately asserted are by them dispas-
groes of the South, culminating in an unflinch- / sionately admitted, - on the whole, a rather


302
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a
-
a
more effective mode of presentation, if the end tent fiction, tells of the tragic end of a Negro
of presentation be the eradication of the faults youth who went away to college and educated
in question.
himself beyond the possibility of contentment
Of course every body reads more or less of with his old environment (just as thousands of
Mr. Booker Washington, either from his books white boys are always doing, to the best inter-
or from the frequent addresses occasioned by ests of themselves and all concerned), and
the prominence of his educational work. Pro failed, upon returning, to accommodate him-
fessor Du Bois is known to a less extensive cir- self adequately to the powers of prejudice
cle. We believe that a wide reading of the around him. But it is not our intention to give
latter's new book will do much to promote a a detailed exposition of the book's contents.
correct understanding of the problems of Enough has been indicated to show that all
Negro education and citizenship. In style, it who are, or ought to be, interested in the gen-
must be pronounced somewhat uneven, - al-
-al- eral subject should read it: to go further might
ways readily intelligible, rising now and then tempt some such person into the belief that he
to a genuine eloquence, sometimes perhaps a had the drift of it sufficiently to excuse him
little more flowery or figurative than the occa- from this duty.
W. H. JOHNSON.
sion demands, rather crude in certain instances
in dealing with the great mysteries of human
life; but all in all quite above the style of many
who would be slow to admit that anything good A GREAT GERMAN PUBLISHER.*
in a literary way could come out of the African
The personality alone of the author and the
Nazareth. As to the tone of the book, we be subject of the volumes under review would
lieve that the author would do well to imbibe
arouse extended interest in their contents.
a little more of the hopeful spirit of Principal | Georg Joachim Goeschen I., the subject, was
Washington. He is distinctly right in the
the foremost German publisher of the last quar-
opinion that the cause of the Negro has for the
ter of the eighteenth century (the great period
present suffered a serious backset in many im-
of German literature), the publisher of the
portant particulars ; but he does not accept the complete works of Klopstock and Wieland, of
pessimistic conclusion that this lost ground is
the first edition of Goethe's collected works,
irrecoverable. This being so, perhaps he might and of most of Schiller's prose works as well
find good working capital in a little more of
as “Don Carlos." George Joachim III., Vis-
the cheerful attitude. And yet one who stops count Goschen, the author, was the foremost
to consider the essential bitterness of beating financier of England during the last quarter
against closed doors which ought to be open
en of the nineteenth century, author of "The
will not condemn too severely the heart that Theory of Foreign Exchange," a member of
cannot always show cheer under such circum- Gladstone's first cabinet, Chancellor of the Ex-
stances. And it may be, too, that the most of chequer in Salisbury's cabinet, and the mana-
us need this demonstration that the Negro is
ger of the most important government financial
actually capable of intense mental suffering operation of the century,—the conversion of
under unjust treatment. The recognition of
the public debt. Viscount Goschen lives bale
human brotherhood is not a strong point with
and hearty, devoting his well-earned leisure to
us at present.
authorship
Composed at different times and for different
From Goeschen to Goschen, from German
immediate purposes, the various chapters of Pro-
fessor Du Bois’s volume do not present a formal publisher to British Chancellor in two genera-
tions, is a transformation that might of itself
unity, and yet they all bear in one way or an- fascinate the student of history and ethnology.
other upon the thought suggested by the col.
The facts, supported by the portraits which in-
lective title, “ The Souls of Black Folk.” On
troduce the present volumes, show how near
the historical side we find a very valuable sketch
akin after all are continental Saxon and insu-
of the aims and failures, as well as the actual
lar Saxon, how few the touches needed to trans-
achievements, of the Freedmen's Bureau. Else.
*THE LIFE AND TIMES OF GEORG JOACHIM GOSCHEN,
where the author's own experience as a country
Publisher and Printer of Leipzig, 1752-1829. With Extracts
school teacher is related in an extremely inter- from his Correspondence with Goethe, Schiller, Klopstock,
esting manner. Another chapter, essentially
Wieland, Körner, and many other Leading Authors and
historical fact, to all appearances, though min-
Men of Letters of the Time. By his grandson, Viscount
Goschen. In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: G. P.
gled with a certain amount of entirely consis- Putnam's Sons.


1903.)
303
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form the amiable, smooth-faced, frill-bosomed sight given into the conditions of the book-
German of Volume I. into the grave and kindly trade for this period ; in the side-lights upon
mutton-chopped British gentleman who intrep. the character of the heroes of German litera- .
idly faces the task of Volume II., the task of ture; and, finally, in its contribution to the pic-
writing, we would say, not that of reading, for ture of Germany during the Napoleonic wars.
this latter is far from a task.
Left homeless at the age of thirteen, by en-
Still another interesting personal feature of ergy and integrity and devotion to a purpose
the biography is the revelation of the character Goeschen became at thirty-four the publisher
of the author, afforded by his attitude toward of Schiller's “ Don Carlos " and Goethe's col.
his subject. It is a delicate task to write the lected works, and at forty probably the most
life of one's grandfather. It is so difficult to sought and most successful publisher in Ger-
avoid the standpoint of family pride, to keep many.
many. His young manhood was passed in that
the biography from becoming a mere “crib- literary dawn in Germany when it was “ bliss
ute." And if one succeeds in this, he incurs to be alive, and to be young was very Heaven.”
the risk of seeming heartless and of being ac- He was intimate with Schiller, Koerner, and
cused of want of filial respect. Here Viscount Wieland, and with many lesser lights. While
Goschen's naturally judicial temperament has he developed a fairly shrewd and practical
been happily supported by favoring circum- head, he was soulful all his life. His soul was
stances. Not only the two generations of life, filled with sentiment, and not merely with sen-
but also the space of the North Sea and the timentality. His heart was in his profession.
transferred national allegiance, have served to He wanted to make the best book possible in
give the distance necessary for objectivity. Germany. He was proud of the high literary
“I may frankly say that I scarcely knew him till I be- connections of his press, and jealous of this
gan my preparations for this book. I have made the pride no less than of his business honor. Sen-
publisher's intimate acquaintance as I progressed with sitiveness and pride, with some quick temper
my task, reading countless letters to him and from him,
and learning how he was judged by his contemporaries,
and stubbornness, sometimes disturbed his
but in large measure allowing him to gain my affection friendly relations with great writers, while they
by what he wrote, did and suffered himself. It will be thwarted some of his most cherished business
my fault and not his, if he fails to win my reader's re-
plans. He was a good citizen in the best sense
gard."
of the term, a kind neighbor, a responsible em-
Thus a son, who from wont and usage has ployer, a real patriot. In religion and poli-
perhaps taken his father as so much a matter tics he was a man of the middle path ; not be-
of course as to have no warm feelings toward cause he compromised with his conscience, but
him, comes in later life, sometimes, to appre- because he was well balanced.
ciate and love him almost as though he had
“Truth, justice, benevolence. Such was the ideal
never been related to him.
of life, such the view of Christian teaching, which the
It is the life of Goeschen the publisher that
publisher, whose years had been spent amidst violent
we have. The reader is not unpleasantly
revolutions of belief and in the storm-swept days of
the Aufklaerung, retained up to the last, and preached
aware of the fact that it is the life of the grand- to his fellow-men. The dignity of Christianity came
father of Viscount Goschen. The author's pur- home to him with special force, and he believed in the
pose to adopt “a contemporary attitude toward dignity, the holiness, the ennobling influence, the price-
the men with whom my grandfather was asso-
less blessing, of true prayer.'”
ciated” was supported by the possession of The Aufklaerung was no spectre to Goeschen.
the old publisher's books and correspondence,
He interpreted it as
although a considerable number of letters from
“ The voice of the founder of our religion, the voice
of all nature, the voice of our own hearts, - voices
the most important period of his life were lost
which no one can understand who is not aufgeklaert
or stolen in the transfer of his business to the
[illumined]. And what do these voices tell us ? They
Cotta firm. It is to be desired that the Goeschen call to us, • Trust to the guidance of the Heavenly
correspondence might be printed entire, or at Father; all the rest is subtilty and fraud.''
least so far as the correspondents were figures Thus it will be seen that Goeschen was some-
in German history and literature.
thing of a preacher. Not only in such publica-
The essential value of this Goeschen biog. tions as Zacharias Becker's “ Help-in-Need”
raphy is to be found in the picture of the busi- and the various “Frauen.Journale,” but in
ness and family life of Goeschen, a typical, or his own “ Jobanns Reise” (for Goeschen took
rather, perhaps, an ideal-typical German citi. to authorship in a modest way), and in the
zen of the period from 1775 to 1828 ; in the in- Grimma Wochenblatt, did Goeschen labor
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steadily for the improvement of the manners campaigns and devices against piracy. But
and morals of his countrymen.
Goeschen seems in his day to have been the
“ And will the question be asked, • Did Goeschen most devoted and vehement warrior in the
strive in his own life to act up to the creed he preached
cause. His advertisements and denunciations
the creed in which benevolence, the same courtesy
and manifestoes are as entertaining as they
toward the poor as to the rich, the constant remem-
brance of the oneness of human nature, were so con-
are numerous. Self-piracy, as it may be called,
spicuous ?' The record of his dealings with his was a curious practice which was sometimes
neighbors, his life as a citizen, an employer, and a resorted to by Goeschen as well as by others.
friend of the poor, prove that he can stand the test.”
Along with the various editions on fine paper
“On the whole, he was a man belonging to the type
of an earlier and almost expiring generation of German
and with royal margins bearing the imprint of
publishers, full of a firm honorableness, holding fast to
the publisher, he would issue an edition from
good old traditions, in contrast to a rising generation, the same types but on the cheapest paper and
who were anxious to impart an entirely new form and without imprint. This he would put upon the
spirit to the book-trade."
market through a dealer at some other point,
When Goeschen came upon the business and, having the precedence in time, would hope
stage the contest over the “division of the thus to forestall a really pirated edition. This
spoils” between authors and publishers had proceeding did not always meet the approval
but just begun. Klopstock had put forth his of the author, though it was clearly in bis in.
“Deutsche Gelehrtenrepublik,” one feature of terest, and it has also added to the difficulties
which was to be coöperative publishing. The of the bibliographer. Among the subscribers to
idealistic Germans were quick to put the plan the complete edition of Goethe's works, in the
into operation in the twin institutions, Die list prefixed to the fourth volume, appeared the
Buchhandlung der Gelehrten and Die Ver- following:
lagscasse. The first was to manage the issue
“ A Pirate Publisher in
of books, the second to finance the individual “ This person, who is outside the pale, and whom the
authors. In the second of these institutions
following Dedication [i.e.: Goethe's introductory poem]
Goeschen was employed, after a long appren-
does not concern, is warned by the publisher that he has
taken carefully considered measures against him."
ticeship to the publishing business in the
Goethe, who had severe ideals of the dignity
Leipzig house of Crusius. It is needless to say
that the “ Authors' Publishing Company "did
of authorship, requested that this “drive" be
not last long. But Goeschen acquired through would call direct attention to the offender, as
omitted from future editions. Again Goeschen
this connection an invaluable acquaintance in the following, from the “Litteratur-Zeitung'
:
among the ambitious young writers of Ger-
“Notice.-C. G. Schmieder in Karlsruhe has com-
many.
mitted the unparalleled villainy of pirating six of my
However, the vital contest was not between
new publications all at once. I hereby publicly accuse
authors and publishers, but between the legit this man of an unheard-of robbery, and warn every one
imate publishers and their clients, on the who has the misfortune to have dealings with this fel-
one hand, and the “pirate publishers,” on the
low, to beware of the rascal."
other. The rights of the author in his output Other and more effective methods of getting
were taken very lightly everywhere, which, ahead of the pirates were serial publication
with the minutely sub-divided condition of and the issue of frequent revisions which sought
Germany politically, made life indeed a strug- to displace previous ones. Novels, dramas, and
gle for existence, with very few chances in histories issued serially aroused the public ap-
favor of even the fittest author. When a book petite so that it hungered for the earliest pos-
was about to be born, its god-father, the pub- sible continuations of the subjects, and these
lisher, was obliged to write or travel from could be had only from the legitimate pub-
court to court and beg the protection of this lisher. This accounts for the large number of
Grace or that Serene Highness for this or that journalistic ventures in the classical period of
particular territory, with no prospect in the German literature. They were prompted more
world of securing a copyright good for all Ger-by the interests of the publisher than by the
many. In addition to the uncertainty of ob- demands of the public. The “ Thalia,” the
taining a copyright was the probability that the “ Deutscher Mercur," the “Litteratur- und
censor would prune the book or exclude it en- Voelkerkunde," the “ Frauen-Journal,” the
tirely.
“ Deutsches Museum,” were some of the jour-
The letters and memoirs of Cotta and nals published by Goeschen.
Perthes and Goeschen are full of their variou Goeschen was not only a patron of literature


1903.)
305
THE DIAL
But in every
>
and a friend of authors, but he was an enthu- umes of the collected works, including the first
siastic and artistic printer. It was his constant appearance of “Iphigenie "in verse, “Tasso,' ”
ambition to equal in Germany the work of and “Faust”! Then as now, great obscurities
Bodoni in Italy and Didot in France. When he often eclipsed the great luminaries.
had succeeded in having fine and attractive type The last third of Volume II., occupied with
designed and cast for his own work he felt that the years from 1806 until Goeschen's death,
be had really accomplished something. He
He adds its contribution to the picture of decline
took more pride in his editions of Griesbach's and distress under the invasions of Napoleon :
New Testament and Wolf's Homer than in any the execution of the book-seller Palm, the per-
other achievement of his life.
secution of Zacharias Becker, the treacherous
undertaking he had a genuine concern for his assault upon Luetzow's Corps (in which were
reputation as a printer, as well as for that of Ger-Georg Joachim Goeschen II. and
young
Theo-
many. It is interesting to note that Goeschen dor Koerner), the humiliation of the Saxon
rejected the plans and proposals of Koenig, princes, and the horrors of the battles in and
the inventor of the power press ; but in this about Leipzig. Throughout all Goeschen kept
he was no more conservative and incredulous his integrity.
than many other publishers.
Both as a publisher and a man he could look back
Goeschen's biography casts no entirely new
on an honorable and useful life. No corrupting books
had issued from his presses, no struggling author had
lights upon the great authors with whom he
ever been exploited by him. No activities had more
dealt. We are indeed brought more “humanly strongly appealed to him than such as were directed to
near” to them, but Wieland remains the kind
the improvement of the masses or to the higher cul-
and conscientious and fussy favorite of the
ture of women. Never had he forgotten the eloquent
masses ; Goethe's self-sufficient care for “Num.
appeal of the youthful Schiller to his Gohlis friends,
that all of them should so bear themselves, each in
ber One" is intensified a shade ; and Schiller
his own vocation, that the world should miss them
is still the fiery friend, the impulsive idealist, when they died.'”
the right-meaning democrat. With all three
It is probable that the typography and the
of his great clients Goeschen's relations were rich illustrations of these volumes would have
sometimes strained, and it is here that Viscount given pleasure to George Joachim Goeschen.
Goschen manifests his most charming dis-
Whether he would have approved the sacrifice
crimination. More than once he admits that of the “0-umlaut” in his name to the inability
his grandfather was hasty and indiscreet. Yet of the English to pronounce it, may fairly be
if he points out Goethe's ungenerous and sus.
questioned. Viscount Goschen might properly
picious habit of demanding the last penny in do as he pleased with his own name, but it
advance before delivering his manuscripts, it
seems odd to find side by side the German
is not for the purpose of belittling the poet, contemporaries Goethe and Goschen. Of typo-
though he may love the man less. Despite the graphical errors we find less than half a dozen.
fact that Schiller grieved the generous friend The correction of Lewes, Vol. I., p. 261, re-
of his obscure and struggling youth by seeking garding the first publication of Faust I., is due
another publisher in Cotta, the grandson is no
to a misunderstanding ; Lewes is speaking of
less devoted to the “Singer of Liberty,” and the complete Part I. of Faust. Of course he
points out how Goeschen was at fault in the
knew of the Fragment of 1790.
misunderstanding.
On the whole Goschen's biography of Goe-
Among the interesting facts here given are
schen is an important contribution to the hig-
the figures of the slow sale of Goethe's col-
tory of German literature, as well as to the
lected works, the edition of 1786-90, in which history of general culture and of the book-
appeared “Tasso ” and “Faust” for the first
trade.
W. H. CARRUTH.
time. The subscription to the set went limp-
ing, and the sales of the individual volumes were
counted by hundreds only. It was many years
In the preparation of the “Centenary
” edition of
before the first edition of 3000 copies was
Emerson's works, soon to be issued by Messrs. Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co., no pains have been spared to secure
sold out. On the other hand, authors appear as absolute accuracy of text. It will be that of the “ River-
receiving large honorariums whose very names side" edition, which presents, in the case of the prose
are scarcely known today, such as Muell. works published during Emerson's lifetime, the read-
ner and Houwald. Goeschen paid the latter ings finally decided upon by Emerson himself. The
for “ The Pirates” 2000 Thaler, a sum equal lected and revised by the late Mr. J. Elliot Cabot, Em-
prose volumes issued after the author's death were col-
to what he had paid Goethe for the eight vol. erson's biographer and life-long friend.


306
(May 1,
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W
a
.
each volume topic, and the essential merit of
THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY.*
separate articles from the point of view of spe-
That general histories have not often found
cialized knowledge. Naturally the first of these
favor with the historian is an undeniable,
must wait for the appearance of several volumes
though probably not a surprising, fact. The
at least, while the third requires an expert.
very comprehensiveness of an undertaking familiarity with many subjects, which no one
which attempts to cover successive periods in
person is likely to claim. In the second par-
a score or more of nationalities would seem to
ticular only, is any fair judgment possible
prohibit that exactness which proclaims scien-
upon the merit of the work. Meanwhile it is
tific history. And yet the idea of producing a
to be noted that the use of this plan in a gen-
successful general history has always had an
eral history is not only distinctly novel, but is
attraction for historians, partly no doubt be-
also both attractive and inspiring, and, if suc-
cause of the obstacles to be overcome, but more
cessfully executed, will result in establish-
largely because of the recognition that general ing a higher standard for general historical
histories may provide a necessary fund of gen-
writing
eral information for men who cannot hope to
Examined for an estimate of successful com-
know all things on all subjects and periods. bination and due proportion, the only fair basis .
One such historian was the late Lord Acton,
at present, the first volume largely realizes
and the result of his faith in this phase of his-
Lord Acton's hopes. This volume has been
torical achievement is the production of the first made to perform a double duty in that while it
volume of the “Cambridge Modern History.
covers the period, or rather the subject, of the
According to the editorial preface to this Renaissance movements, noting their incep-
volume, the plan of the work, its division into tion, characteristics, and influence, it also lays
volumes and chapters, and the selection of con-
that foundation in purely institutional history
tributors for specific parts, were all conceived
necessary to the proper understanding of later
and mapped out by Lord Acton, and his gen-
volumes. In selecting from among the numer-
eral plan has been followed practically, in pre-
ous manifestations of activity pertaining to the
paring the material of the twelve volumes that Renaissance, politics, economics, and social
are to constitute the work. The conception of
life as of primary interest in a historical sur-
a carefully compiled general history, to be un-
vey, it has been necessary to leave somewhat
dertaken by men trained in scholarly selection
in the background the development and in-
and condensation from the writings of special fluence of art, of science, and of kindred topics.
ists, is not new. Such work has already been
A like discrimination exists in the space de-
performed creditably in both Germany and
voted to the various states of Europe. Italy
France. But Lord Acton's scheme differed
is given five chapters, where Germany, Hun-
from this in that he proposed to have the va-
gary, Spain, France, the Netherlands, and En-
rious topics in each chapter of each volume gland have but one chapter each. In both
written by the specialist himself, to require of
these instances the choice of topics is wholly
the specialist a clear presentation of the most logical and in accord with the general principle
recent investigation and knowledge in his
of proportional importance adopted by the
editors.
particular field, and to assign to editorial su-
In some cases a balance of forces is
pervision the duty of such combination and brought out by editorial divisions, as in the
arrangement as would result in a history con-
assignment of Chapter V. to “ Florence : Sa-
sisting not in “a mere string of episodes, but
vonarola" by Mr. E. Armstrong ; while Cbap-
displaying a continuous development.” This
ter VI. is entitled “Florence: Machiavelli," by
plan the editors have sought to execute. Any
Mr. L. Arthur Burd. Thus spiritual and po-
judgment upon the skill with which they have
litical characteristics are emphasized and con-
accomplished their task must be based upon
trasted in arrangement as well as in context.
three primary grounds, namely, the ability The two contributions just mentioned are
shown in combining the general topics or pe among the most attractive in the volume.
riods treated in the different volumes, the im-
Other notable chapters are “The Netherlands”
portance given to the more limited phases of by Mr. A. W. Ward, “ Economic Change” by
Mr. William Cunningham, “ Catholic Europe
* THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY. Planned by the
by Dr. William Barry, a conservative critical
late Lord Acton, LL.D.; edited by A. W. Ward, Litt.D.,
G. W. Prothero, Litt.D., and Stanley Leathes, M.A.
narrative written from the Catholic point of
Vol. I., The Renaissance. New York: The Macmillan Co. view, and “The Eve of the Reformation” by
a
6


1903.)
307
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Mr. Henry Charles Lea, the latter writer being to all the contributors to this volume, that dis-
the only American among the seventeen con- tinctly deserves notice. It is the attempt to
tributors to this first volume. It is, however, present to the reader, movements and events
unfair to select chapters as noteworthy where from the contemporary point of view, and to
all contributors have so evidently sought to give just such proportion of emphasis and im-
fulfill first of all the one great purpose of the portance to events as these events held for
original plan, — to present a consecutive bis- the men who witnessed them. The ability to
tory, embodying specialist knowledge, but for- do this is in itself so peculiarly the property
saking the specialist's methods. Every man of the thorough student, and is so elusive and
has honestly sought the point of contact, the uncontrollable when assumed by one who does
junction point, with his neighbors, and in doing not know absolutely, that its existence in this
so has unquestionably sacrificed at times his volume is sufficient evidence of scientific his-
own favorite field and methods. Evidence that torical work. A true appreciation of the con-
the contributors have felt a genuine interest in temporary historical importance of men and
the undertaking, as well as in the particular events is the first requisite of the scholar, and
monograph to be presented, is one of the most the ability to interpret this clearly for the
striking characteristics of the volume.
benefit of others is one of the first tests of his-
The form of presentation does not differ torical writing. In this respect at least, then,
greatly from that customarily followed in mod. the “Cambridge Modern History," as illus-
ern historical works. There is no index, this trated in its first volume, is unquestionably
being reserved until the publication of the more than a compilation or a work of general
last volume, but its place is well supplied for reference, and is in fact, as Lord Acton hoped
the time being by comprehensive tables of con- it would prove to be, a contribution to histori.
tents for each chapter. At the end of the cal knowledge possessing real historical merit.
volume there is given for each general field or
E. D. ADAMS.
topic discussed, a bibliography, which, while not
purporting to be complete in any sense, can
not fail to prove of great practical use to the
teacher of history who wishes to purchase the
PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRY AND SOCIETY,*
available books on some special subject, or to The
group
of books before us, on various phases
the student who desires to know where mate- of the modern problems of industry and society,
rial is to be found. Thus the bibliography may, from their form and matter, be divided into
given for Mr. Ward's chapter on “ The Nether-
two classes, - those which
may
be called books of
lands” first presents lists of special bibliog- record, and those which are made up of addresses
raphies and of completed inventories of origi-
and essays. Those in the former category consist
of a volume entitled " Labor and Capital," being
nal documents with their location. Then
a discussion of the relations of employer and em-
follow about three hundred titles classified
ployed, and a volume entitled “Industrial Con-
thus : (1) Collections, (2) Chronicles treating ciliation.” The other three books, comprising the
of the General History of the Netherlands,
essay and address
group, are Mr. Carroll D.
(3) Provincial and Local Chronicles, (4)Gen. Wright's “Some Ethical Phases of the Labor
eral History, Geography, and Institutions, (5) Question,” Bishop Potter's “The Citizen in his
Histories of Successive Periods, (6) Histories
Relations to the Industrial Situation,” and Bishop
of the Several Provinces, (7) Trade and In-Spalding's "Socialism and Labor, and Other Argu-
ments.”
dustry, (8) Religion, (9) Manners, Letters,
and Art; and this is still further supplemented
Early in August of 1901, Bishop Potter wrote
to Mr. W. R. Hearst, suggesting a "symposium of
by cross references to the bibliographies of
other chapters. For teachers and students * CAPITAL AND LABOR. Edited by Rev. J. P. Peters.
who have not a sufficiently specialized knowl-
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION. Papers and Addresses de-
edge to discriminate in the choice of books
livered at New York and Chicago Conferences of the Na-
from larger bibliographies, these lists will be tional Civic Federation. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
of much real assistance.
SOME ETHICAL PHASES OF THE LABOR QUESTIONS.
By Carroll D. Wright. Boston: The Unitarian Publication
No attempt has been made to judge the merits
Association,
of the present volume on other ground than THE CITIZEN IN HIS RELATIONS TO THE INDUSTRIAL
that of usefulness and that of realizing the
SITUATION. By Henry C. Potter. New York: Charles Scrib-
ners' Sons.
primary idea of Lord Acton and the editors.
SOCIALISM AND LABOR, AND OTHER ARGUMENTS. By
There is one characteristic however, common Rt. Rev. John L. Spalding. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
66


308
[May 1,
THE DIAL
)
a
clever men discussing the question of wages, com- in Relation to Sociology,” and “The Relation of
mon ownership of plants, land, - anything to make
-
Political Economy to the Labor Question.” There
the people think.” The symposium began August is also an essay on the Factory system, which ap-
25, and continued into November, covering, in peared in part in the articles on "Factory System
the words of the editor of the volume in which its in Johnson's Cyclopædia and the Tenth Census of
proceedings are now reprinted, the Rev. John P. the United States ; and with it a paper on prison-
Peters, more than fifty large newspaper pages. The labor, which appeared in part in an official report
topics discussed are such as Combinations of Em- upon the same subject. The author's note presents
ployers and Employed, Trusts and the Labor- the point of view that actuated the publishing of
unions from a legal aspect, Conciliation and Ar- the book. He says: "The four essays forming the
bitration, Model Industries, Socialism and the contents of this little volume have no particular
Single Tax, and the Unemployed; and to their dis- correlation, except in the fact that the subjects
cussion Mr. Hearst brought the pens of such men treated are brought under the principle of ethics.
as Prof. J. B. Clark, Mr. Jacob Riis, Mr. Samuel M. There is no pretension of discussing broadly the
Jones, the Rev. Josiah Strong, Mr. James B. Dill, labor question or general economic principles. While
Mr. H. D. Lloyd, Mr. John Mitchell, Bishop Potter, each essay is separate in its treatment, nevertheless
Cardinal Gibbons, President Hadley, and many the collection constitutes a concrete illustration of
others. The symposium emphasized what was al- the application of moral elements to some of the
ready pretty well known, namely, “that the oppo- important sociological questions of the day.”
sition is not to trusts as large corporations, but “ The Citizen in his Relations to the Industrial
rather to monopolies; that trade-unions are and Situation,” by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Potter, is a book
have been, highly beneficial, although overstepping made up of matter originally delivered as lectures
at times the bounds of the law; that arbitration is at Yale University on the William E. Dodge foun-
a wise method of settling disputes, but that we are dation. The author seems to have missed the newer
not ready for compulsory settlement of labor diffi- phases of the subject, and particularly in the chap-
culties; and, finally, that the single tax is not a ter on “ The Industrial Situation,” to have taken a
panacea, but a promised step to better things. The few scattered results as the actual problem. The
book is a book of opinions, and useful in show- book is marred by constant side-plays diverting
ing what certain men think, rather than in india from the main theme of the chapter, or by long and
cating the actual problem or the conditions of its laborious approaches to the principal point, weak-
solution.
ening the effect, particularly in the chapter on
Closely allied to this volume is the one on “In- Corporations. It is rather curious to note that the
dustrial Conciliation," containing the proceedings post-office, which the author uses as an argument
of the Chicago and New York meetings of the against socialism, is regarded by eminent authority
National Civic Federation, an organization too well as strongly favoring the extension of government
known, with its long list of influential members, to functions. In fact, the argument of the book
need any description here. This book has the ad against that creed may be termed "stock argument.”
vantage of having its pages filled with the first-hand The last chapter is by all odds the best, and the
statements of men who employ and are employed. strong words on individualism are well deserving
Although much that was said at the New York meet- of wide circulation.
ing was general, and oftentimes trivial, yet the In the last book of the group we have the essays
reader is impressed with the good-feeling and frank- and addresses of an eminent prelate of the Catholic
ness of speech that prevailed. In strength of view Church. It is the book of a sober-minded, thought-
and clearness of statement, the papers of the Chicago ful man, who is opposed to socialism, yet is hard
meeting are decidedly above those which, according pushed by the evils of the time. He sees dangers
to the table of contents, were given at the New York not so much in the economic or political difficulties
meeting. There seems to have been at the latter as in the departure of the people from religion and
no particular plan in the relation of the addresses in the pitfalls of a moral decline. To him, a state-
to each other, each speaker being allowed to talk on controlled education is likely to weaken “one of the
the general topic, or on what was suggested by the most essential and vital social forces, the sense of
previous speaker. In the Chicago meeting, however, responsibility in parents," – a statement which may
definite topics were discussed, and on the whole be regarded as at least a partial non sequitur. Our
with better results for the reader. The outcome of essayist has however, confused socialism with social-
the meetings, in the organization of an Industrial ism of the State. In a Marxian system of socialism,
Committee and its practical work, have somewhat the government and state as we know them, are not
overshadowed the importance of the papers read at to exist. Ricardo is made to bear the burden of
the Chicago meeting.
originating the doctrine, — a popular error which
In Colonel Wright's volume on “Ethical Phases the reading of the introduction to Gonner's edition
of the Labor Question” we have a collection of of Ricardo's works would largely dispel. The style
addresses and previously published articles dealing of the essays is delightful and at times brilliant.
with a few present-day questions, such as “ Religion
FRANK L. McVEY.
а
a


1903.)
809
THE DIAL
a
a
9)
are
at close range.
manner are more than interesting; they are digni-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
fied productions that have a high degree of literary
Four volumes of dramatic verse value. Mr. Maurice Baring's “ The Black Prince"
A sheaf of
upon Biblical subjects have recently published by Mr. John Lane, is a four-act play in
poetic dramas.
come to our table. The Knicker- verse that is respectable and at times impassioned.
bocker Press (New York) publishes “ David and Mistress Alice Ferrers acts a conspicuous and sin-
Bathshua,” a drama in five acts by Mr. Charles gular part. A few short poems are gathered into
Whitworth Wynne. The relation has been found the volume which contains this play. Mrs. Margaret
attractive to dramatists from Peele to Mr. Phillips, L. Woods has found in the early history and rela-
and the heroine is our old friend, the wife of Uriab, tions of George I. of England an excellent subject
although the spelling of the name is a novelty. for her five-act drama “ The Princess of Hanover,"
Mr. Wynne's blank verse is not distinguished. Mr. issued by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. There is much
Thomas Ewing, Jr., is the author of a tragedy prose mingled with the blank verse, besides some
entitled “Jonathan," and published by the Funk & exceptionally beautiful lyrics, and the whole is done
Wagnalls Co. This is the familiar story from the in a fair imitation of the Elizabethan manner.
Book of Samuel I., and is elaborated in five acts of The last play on our list is “ Maximilian," by Mr.
mingled verse and proge. The author, we Edgar Lee Masters, published by Mr. Richard G.
informed, is a patent lawyer. He writes rather Badger. It is a well-planned production, and the
better verse than Mr. Wypne, but it is not far five acts of verse contain many passages that ar-
removed from prose. Mr. Laurence Housman's rest the attention, but the subject - which is that of
.
“ Bethlehem,” published by the Macmillan Co., the ill-starred Mexican Empire — is too modern to
comes nearer to being literature. It is a nativity lend itself to a thoroughly poetic treatment.
play, and naïveté is its note. There are two acts,
and many lyrical passages lend variety to the verse.
Mr. F. B. Sanborn has chosen this
The play has been performed, and we should think Emerson viewed
Spring as an opportune time for giv-
it might prove effective in a simple way. Mr.
ing to the public the second vol-
Henry Copley Greene's volume, published by the ume in his series of reminiscences of the Concord
Scott-Thaw Co., gives us not one play but three. philosophers, —“The Personality of Emerson.”
Their titles are “ Pontius Pilate," “ Saint Ronan of Similar in intention to “The Personality of
Brittany," and " Théophile.” The first is a mystery Thoreau,” it is published by Mr. Charles E. Good-
in three acts; the other two are miracle plays of a speed in a handsomely-printed limited edition,
single act each. Mr. Greene does little more than uniform with the earlier volume. The portrait is
play with mediævalism, but he gives us many etched from that painted by David Scott at Edin-
touches of true poetry. Plays in verse have been burgh in 1848, and there are two facsimile letters.
multiplying of late, for besides the four just The book is a brief and somewhat desultory record
mentioned we have several others.
Mr. Percy
of conversations, anecdotes, and impressions gath-
Mackaye’s comedy of "The Canterbury Pilgrims,” ered during Mr. Sanborn's long acquaintance with
published by the Macmillan Co., gives us as char- Emerson, which dates back to 1852.
acters the whole twenty-nine of the Tabard Inn, liarity of the memoir is that, in spite of its intimacy,
besides a dozen or more others, including the King, it gives no hint of faults or failings in its subject.
the Archbishop of Canterbury, John of Gaunt, and Henry James, Senior, and Alcott, called Emerson
Wycliffe. There are four acts, and the play is in- “the unfallen man,” and Mr. Sanborn accepts
tended for stage representation. Sentimental rela- the judgment. Other friends, to be sure, Ellery
tions between the Poet and the Prioress form the Channing among them, complained of finding him
basis of the argument, but there is much variety of capriciously cold and distant at times; but this, Mr.
scene, and the author shows himself a loving stu- Sanborn thinks, was “ a part of his fate rather than
dent of Chaucer. The work has a most engaging an element in his disposition.” It was quite insep-
mien, and we are much taken with the best parts arable from his deeply poetic, spiritual way of life,
of the author's verse. Professor Barrett Wendell and was more than offset by his wide sympathy for
gives us a volume of serious poetic art in the form struggling causes and unfortunate individuals and
of three plays published by the Messrs. Scribner. his gentle tolerance for the eccentricities of genius
Ralegh in Guiana” is a two-part drama in the exhibited by some of his transcendentalist friends.
Elizabethan manner, which presents in fine blank Mr. Sanborn began to read Emerson before he was
verse an episode in the later career of the explorer, sixteen. While still an undergraduate at Harvard
besides embodying after a fashion the author's phi- College he knew the great man intimately, and his
a
losophy of history as far as it is concerned with the account of the little group of Emersonians at Har-
subject in hand.
“ Rosamond” is a single scene vard and of Emerson's kindly response to their
versifying Percy's ballad. “A Christmas Masque,” youthful enthusiasm is most interesting. Towards
for which Mr. Winthrop Ames provided the plot, the end of his senior year Mr. Sanborn received
is a club pageant based upon the period of the an offer from Emerson to become the teacher of a
crusades. These experiments in the Elizabethan small school in Concord. He boarded with Ellery
a
One pecu-
66
9
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310
[May 1,
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or
Channing, met Thoreau, walked, and swam tentative, knowledge of God; that is to say, he de-
skated on Walden, with Alcott and Emerson, took mands a revelation of the divine name ample to
part in the famous “conversations,” — in short, be conciliate not merely the spiritual but the rational,
had an unrivaled opportunity to see Concord, “land and even the sensuous, homage of mankind. And
of Hyperbole and Humor," as he calls it, at close by attempting to aid his imagination by any spec- .
range. Then and later - for he continued to live iousness of ratiocination, you simply encourage fur-
in Concord — he saw Emerson in companionship ther intellectual doubt. Mr. Merejkowski, in por-
-
with his great contemporaries, and he reproduces, traying bis subject's life, has endeavored to show
as they fell from Emerson's lips, his estimates of where intellectual power fails, and where lies the
each. He tells of Emerson's habits of thought and peculiar greatness of the man. His analysis is
of life, and repeats his table-talk and forgotten bits thrown into relief throughout by bringing it into
of his lectures. He does all this very informally, comparison with the extraordinary contrast of the
with little effort to systematize his material or to career and work of Dostoievski, whose birth, cir-
summarize his conclusions, and with no attempt at cumstances, art, ideals, and character were nearly
all to startle with novel views or epigramatic state- antithetic to those of Tolstoi. The author has per-
ments. As he says in his final paragraph, he has formed his work conscientiously; there has been
simply written down a little first-hand information no improper discrimination, such as selections from
about Emerson, leaving the facts “to bear their own private correspondence, yet nothing is omitted
testimony to his character,” and hoping, since no which would tend to develop the real character of
wholly adequate memoir of Emerson has yet been
the man.
In fact, the book is commendable be.
written, to add something of value to the composite cause of its lucidity and directness of argument, as
"colossal portraiture" of a great and good man.
well as for its comprehensiveness of scope.
Notwithstanding the many years that
A new study
The story of
In “ The Life and Career of Major
of Tolstoi's Tolstoi has been in the eyes of the Major André John André," Mr. Winthrop Sar-
life and art.
public, a fellow countryman, Dmitri
again re-told.
gent, too soon carried away from
Merejkowski, has given us the first complete study his labors in the fields of historical research, has
of the great Russian. In his book, which now ap- pictured one of the most interesting episodes in the
pears in an English translation with the title War of the Revolution. The record of André's
“ Tolstoi as Man and Artist” (Putnam), he has youth, with its many friendships and its one passion,
treated the subject from a new psychological point has brought many to the conclusion that the coun-
of view; he has analyzed the various traits of the try's cause would have been better served had Ar-
man, traced the growth of his character with detail nold's neck been slipped into André's noose. The
and precision, and described the events and meth- story of the unfortunate victim of military necessity
ods of a long career. The author points out that begins with love that resulted in disappointment.
in Russian society, and to some extent among critics, We are given glimpses of noted people with whom
the opinion has taken root that about 1878 there he was in friendly relation, whose characters are
took place in Tolstoi a moral and religious change, painted with clever strokes, the light and shade of
- a change which radically transformed not only each being well preserved : Miss Anna Seward
the whole of his own life, but aleo bis intellectual (“Julia,” as she called herself in her lively letters);
and literary activity. In the first period he was the Corinna of Lichfield, a few of whose stilted
looked upon only as a great writer ; in the second, heroic lines have picked their way down to poster-
he shook off the trammels of historical life and ity in virtue of the events and characters with which
culture. Today some say he is a Christian cham- they dealt; Richard Lovell Edgeworth, who carried
pion; others, an atheist; others a fanatic; others off the object of André's attachment, the fair Honora
still that he is a sage who has attained the highest Sneyd; the fascinating Honora herself, who made
moral illumination, and, like Socrates, Buddha, and everybody in love with her, and, as she could not
Confucius, become the founder of a new religion. love everybody, by her refusal sent poor “cher
It is to the second period of his life that the present Jean " (André) to the wars, to become a convicted
author has devoted particular attention. From our spy and die a felon's death - a death which was
own reading of Tolstoi we believe that at heart he commemorated by a stately monument in West-
concedes that the principle of authority (whether it minster Abbey, and by the removal of the remains
be the Catholic principle of Church authority, or the to that sepulchre of kings. The author touches
Protestant principle of Scriptural authority) is no upon the events of history with scrupulous fidelity.
longer competent to subjugate the sceptical temper The incidents which led to the situation where
of the age; and he insists, not altogether unreason- Arnold's treason brought him into relation with
ably, that if we are to continue regarding Christian-André, — the intrigues, the indiscretions, the blun-
ity as a veritable divine institution, we must bestir ders that ended so disastrously,
are so recorded
ourselves to find an enduring basis for it in the ac- as to make the work at once “a romance, a tragedy,
knowledged truths of human nature and human and a passage of history." Mr. Sargent's style is
science. What the follower of Tolstoi demands of not marked by brilliancy, but he was an industrious
the Church is some assured, not any probable or and painstaking writer; he possessed candor and
:
2


1903.)
311
THE DIAL
A tale of unap-
-
fearlessness, and supported his position by a strong their potential efficiency as works of reference. The
array of authorities. As a work of reference, his plan of the initial volumes is preserved throughout,
volume is valuable; in fact, it embodies all that each containing three lectures. Of the volumes un-
can be required by one who is desirous of having a der consideration, the eighth deals with St. Peter-
clear notion of one of the most painfully interest- burg, Moscow, and the Trans-Siberian Railway as
ing parts of American history, and of forming just far as Stryetensk; the ninth with the voyage down
conclusions concerning the motives of the actors in the Amur and the arrival at Vladivostok, the city
the doleful tragedy. The present handsome new of Peking as known to strangers, and the secret or
edition of Mr. Sargent's work is well edited by forbidden city; and the tenth with Seoul, the capi-
Mr. William Abbatt, who is also its publisher; and tal of Corea, the country-side in Japan, and the
it contains portraits of André and Sargent.
Japanese cities of Tokyo and Kyoto. Each lecture
is preceded by a colored frontispiece of artistic
It is an atmosphere of breezy geni- worth, and the number of reproduced photographs
Faces and places
ality that we enter in opening Mr.
in many lands.
is nothing less than astonishing, their quality and
Charles Warren Stoddard's “ Exits
interest considered. It is but right to mention, in
and Entrances” (Lothrop). He takes life heartily, closing an account of this admirable series of books,
and delights to reproduce, in lively colors, the more
significant bits of his varied experience in many the
that they show the latest developments in the vari-
ous processes of book manufacture, and most ade-
lands. His opening chapter, and his best one, treats
quately clothe the well-told narratives of engrossing
of Robert Louis Stevenson, with whom he was inti-
mate in San Francisco. Mr. Stoddard's den in that
journeys over the earth.
city is immortalized in “ The Wrecker.” In fact,
The “Journal of Arthur Stirling”
the story of their friendship is given in detail in
(Appleton) is in some respects a re-
that novel, in the chapter called “ Faces on the City preciated genius.
markable performance, but vexatious
Front.” Some of Stevenson's clever and amusing withal. The newspaper death-notice copied in the
impromptu verses enliven Mr. Stoddard's pages. preface,
preface, - “Stirling : By suicide in the Hudson
•
Other interesting personal items relate to Bret
River, poet and man of genius, in the twenty-second
Harte, Mark Twain, Charles Kingsley, Joaquin year of his age," — gives a suspicion of clap-trap to
Miller, — and George Eliot; for, as a young Amer- the whole. Nevertheless the story has power. The
ican visiting London, he enjoyed the rare privilege berating which this “poet and man of genius” gives
of being admitted to one of the Sunday afternoons
the publishers because they will not publish his
at the Priory. Travel sketches, from Jerusalem to
poem “ The Captive," which he has brought forth
Hawaii, help to swell this pleasant volume. In
with such agony of soul, is hysterical and some-
fact, rather too many of its pages are pen-pictures, times ill-tempered. “A publisher is not in the busi-
delightful to the writer, no doubt, and recalling ness for the furtherance of Art, or for the uplifting
delicious memories of dear departed days, but less
of humanity, or for the worship of God.” That is
enthralling to the cold blooded reader. The chief
his final quarrel with the world.
He is too great a
fault, indeed, of Mr. Stoddard's style lies in his
man, it seems, to compromise with life, or even with
constant striving for the picturesque, at the expense religion. “ The sublime duty of being damned is
of terseness and restraint. Shunning the common-
ever my reply to theological impertinences." Alto-
place, he occasionally leaves common-sense also be-
gether this journal intime is youthful, egotistic,
hind, and achieves the nonsensical, as when he perfervid, one inclines to say impossible ; yet its
speaks of “the tart dews of dusk” and “the im- intensity has the air of genuineness, and it is pro-
possible Southern moon.” His syntax is not im-
foundly in earnest in its devotion to art.
peccable. He indulges in the dangling participle. good -- or it might easily have been so good -- that
A more heart-rending instance of a lonesome par- the clap-trap is unbearable, because unnecessary.
ticiple with no protecting noun or pronoun in sight, The story might have been told truly, and a little
to which to attach itself, could hardly be imagined
more calmly, and it would have earned a place
than the following, referring to Mr. Stoddard's
among the well-read tales of unappreciated genius.
first meeting with Joaquin Miller: “Having warned
me of his approach, I was on the lookout.” This,
Completion of
Mr. Alexander Teixera de Mattos
from a university professor of English literature, a noteworthy has reason to congratulate himself
is a bit startling.
upon the successful issue of his mon-
The last three of the promised ten umental labor of translation. With the recent pub-
Ten goodly vol-
umes of Travels volumes of “The Burton Holmes Lec- lication of Volumes V. and VI., the first adequate
tures”(Little-Preston Co.) have come English version of Chateaubriand's “Mémoires
to hand, and the impression made at the beginning d'outre Tombe" is completed (Patnam). Neither
of the publication of this fine series is strengthened Chateaubriand's personality nor his style changed
by their examination. But the recommendation to appreciably in the thirty years during which he pre-
accompany the work and conclude it with a complete pared his Memoirs, and there is consequently little
and thorough index has not been taken, and the to say of these volumes that has not already been
failure deprives the entire ten volumes of much of said of the other four (see The Dial for June
It is go
66
translation
o'er the earth.


312
(May 1,
THE DIAL
.
Stoicism and
16, 1902). The last few books are like the first few, from the written archives of the state ; hence their
- less crowded than the middle portions with refer- appearance in print confers a public benefit. For-
ences to obscure contemporaries, full of picturesque tunately, the manuscripts have not been edited,
description of long journeys taken in behalf of the but retain their original wording and spelling. The
exiled Bourbons, of literary and historical associa- annotation, by Mrs. Gertrude Selwyn Kimball is
tions connected with the cities visited, of dubious laudably brief and apparently correct. A number
reflections upon the decline of monarchy in Europe, of portraits of early Governors lends a pleasant
and ardent expressions of attachment to the old
aspect to the work.
régime. It is to the old régime that Chateaubriand
belongs, whether as statesman, writer, or philoso-
pher; and his vogue is past. But his charm is
BRIEFER MENTION.
enduring. Vain, and a poseur, he may be ; but he
is admirable even in his affectations. It is typical
Messrs. Philip Schuyler Allen and James Taft Hat.
of him that his cat, Micelto, was brought up in
field have edited, and the University of Chicago Press
the folds of a papal robe. And his kings, even to
bas published, a diary kept by the German poet Wilhelm
Müller, and discovered by the late Max Müller among
poor Charles X., are re-crowned with a halo of
his father's papers. The text as here given is described
romance before he is done with them. A great man,
as a “diplomatic” reproduction of the manuscript,
truly; and his great book furnishes us with the clue
which we take to mean that personalities have been
to his fascinating personality. No one will ever omitted, and perhaps other changes made. There are
attempt to write Chateaubriand's biography; Mr. also printed a series of the poet's letters, written be-
de Mattos has therefore done English literature a tween 1816 and 1827, and the entire matter is carefully
great service by his painstaking and thoroughly ex-
annotated and indexed. There is also a portrait. The
cellent translation of the Memoirs.
diary is only a fragment, covering about a year, but it
is of considerable literary and historical interest, and its
In his little volume on “ Greek and
publication is creditable alike to editors and publishers.
Professor James Harvey Robinson is the author of
its disciples.
Roman Stoicism, and Some of Its
“ An Introduction to the History of Western Europe,"
Disciples" (H. B. Turner & Co.)
prepared for secondary schools, and published by Messrs.
Dr. Charles H. Stanley Davis can hardly be said to Ginn & Co. It extends from the barbarian invasions and
have done full credit to his various degrees and the breaking-up of the Western Empire to the close of
the manifold learned societies to which he belongs. the nineteenth century. Its chief aims are thus stated:
The book is not an adequate exposition of Stoicism “ Institutions under which Europe has lived for cen-
as such, nor does it present a sufficient portrayal
turies, above all the Church, have been discussed with a
of the individual Stoics who are considered. The
good deal more fulness than is usual in similar manuals.
book is careless in its grammatical structure, and
The life and work of a few men of indubitably first-rate
still worse in its rhetoric. Freemen for freedmen,
importance have been treated with care proportionate
to their significance for the world. Not only the po-
and presentiments for presentments, may be passed
litical, but also the economic, intellectual, and artistic
as errors of the type-setter; Laertius for Laelius
achievements of the past form an integral part of the
can hardly be let off so easily. But what shall we narrative.” In spite of the omission of much of the tra-
say when the noted embassy of philosophers who ditional matter, this programme requires a larger book
came to Rome in the year 155 B. C. are made to than usual, and there are upwards of seven hundred
associate with the poet Lucretius, born some fifty pages, including many pictures and an extensive series
years later? Dr. Davis seems somewhat at sea
too, a8 to the make-up and purpose of this fa-
“Representative Art of Our Time" is the subject of
mous embassy. The Latinist will groan over a ref-
the latest and most ambitious of the popular art publi-
erence to the “ De Officia ” of Cicero. On the
cations emanating from the office of “The Studio”
whole, the book impresses one as indicating that
(John Lane). The work is issued in eight monthly
parts, three of which are now ready. Each part con-
its author has had quite too many irons in the fire
tains half a dozen plates, separately printed and mounted
for successful work.
on heavy paper, and by way of text an authoritative
Correspondence of
In accord with the line of activity
short essay on some phase of modern art activity. The il-
lustrations, many of them made especially for this work,
colonial governors chosen by many of the patriotic 80-
are representative of nearly every medium used in the
of Rhode Island.
cieties of America, the Rhode Island modern graphic arts. In the case of etchings, lithographs,
Society of Colonial Dames has undertaken the woodcuts, etc., the print is made directly from the artist's
publication of the correspondence of the Colonial block. The collection thus brought together, while some-
Governors of that colony from 1723 to 1775 what uneven in quality, is of great interest, and contains
(Houghton, Mifflin & Co.). The first volume is now
a few really fine plates as for instance Mr. Max
published, covering the years between 1723 and
Pietschmann's mezzotint, " The Bather.” With the final
1746. A second volume is to complete the work.
part the editor, Mr. Charles Holme, will supply an in-
troduction, giving among other matter an account of the
The preface announces that the correspondence of
various processes employed in the production of the il-
the sixty-four years prior to 1729 has "completely lustrations. Published at the moderate price of a dollar
disappeared.” The sources of Colonial history here a part, the work should make a strong appeal to every-
disclosed have been inaccessible to students remote one interested in current art.
a
of maps.
9


1903.)
313
THE DIAL
»
"
"
NOTES.
A new edition of “In and Around the Grand Canyon,"
by Mr. George Wharton James, is published by Messrs.
Little, Brown, & Co.
“Epideictic Literature," by Mr. Theodore Chalon
Burgess, is a University of Chicago publication in the
series of “Studies in Classical Philology."
The Baker & Taylor Co. send us a new paper-
covered edition of Mr. William Miller Collier's work
on “The Trusts," first published nearly three years ago.
Matthew Arnold's two essays on “ The Study of
Poetry" and "A Guide to English Literature " are re-
printed by the Macmillan Co. in a neat volume of vest
pocket size.
A new edition of Mr. W. E. H. Lecky's “Leaders of
Public Opinion in Ireland,” in large measure rewritten,
is published in two volumes by Messrs. Longmans,
Green, & Co.
Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. will issue in the Fall a
new volume of Mrs. Carter H. Harrison's fairy tales,
uniform in all respects with the same author's “ Prince
Silverwings."
“ Loves Labour's Lost” has just been added to the
“ First Folio" edition of Shakespeare, which is being
edited by the Misses Porter and Clarke for Messrs.
T. Y. Crowell & Co.
The now edition of “The Spanish Conquest in Amer-
ica,” by Sir Arthur Helps, has reached its third volume.
Mr. M. Oppenheim edits, and Mr. John Lane publishes,
this important reprint.
Dr. Ernest Cohen's “ Physical Chemistry for Phy-
sicians and Biologists” is translated under the authority
of the author by Dr. Martin H. Fischer, and published
by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.
“ The Captain's Tollgate," a novel by the late Frank
R. Stockton, will be published this month by Messrs.
D. Appleton & Co. A memoir of the novelist, prepared
by his widow, will appear in the volume.
Two recent “University of Missouri Studies" are
“ The Right of Sanctuary in England” by Dr. Norman
Maclaren Trenbolme, and “Ithaca or Leucas ? ” by
Professor William Gwathmey Manly. The last-named
study has some interesting maps and plates.
“ Mechanics, Molecular Physics, and Heat,” by Dr.
Robert A. Milliken, and “ Manual of Advanced Optics,"
by Professor C. Riborg Mann, are two college text-
books which hail from the University of Chicago, and
are published by Messrs. Scott, Foresman & Co.
It is announced that a new series of ten additional
volumes will be added to the “ American Sportsman's
Library,” edited by Mr. Caspar Whitney and published
by the Macmillan Co. The new volumes will be devoted
mainly to athletic sports and outdoor recreations.
“ Home Building and Furnishing," published by
Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co., combines in a single
volume two useful recent works: “ Model Houses for
Little Money" by Mr. William L. Price, and “Inside
of One Hundred Homes" by Mr. W. M. Johnson.
Mr. George H. Ellwanger is one of the many antho-
logists who have chosen love for their theme, and has
gathered together out of the treasure house of English
poetry a volume of songs in praise of the master pas-
sion of human life. “ Love's Old Sweet Song" is the
title of this collection, which is published by Messrs.
Dodd, Mead & Co. It is based upon an earlier col-
lection of the same character, also edited by Mr. Ell-
wanger, and entitled “Love's Demesne." The selec-
tions are mostly modern, and the majority of them are
from living poets.
Professor A. S. Hill's “ Beginnings of Rhetoric and
Composition,” published by the American Book Co.,
belongs to this author's well-known series of text-books,
and follows their general method. It is a larger book
than the “ Foundations," and is designed for the use of
secondary schools.
“ The Gay Gordons,” published by Mr. Albert Shultz,
Staunton, Va., is a booklet containing sundry ballads of
the Gordon Clan, edited by Mr. Armistead C. Gordon.
There are examples both ancient and modern, the latter
category including ballads by Mr. Andrew Lang and
Mr. Henry Newbolt.
“The Posy Ring” is a book of verse for children,
selected, mostly from the good English poets, by Miss
Kate Douglas Wiggin and Miss Nora Archibald Smith.
It is a companion volume to the “Golden Numbers” of
the same editors, but is designed for a younger class of
readers. McClure, Phillips & Co. are the publishers.
Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. are the American pub-
lishers of a “ Home and School Library,” consisting of
small volumes of an instructive sort. An essay on
“ Plato's Republic" by Professor Lewis Campbell, and
a book on the « First Makers of England” (Cæsar,
Arthur, and Alfred) by Lady Magnus, are the opening
volumes of this series.
•Crypts of the Heart" is the title finally selected for
Mr. James Lane Allen's new novel which the Macmil.
lan Co. will publish in June. During the following
month this firm will issue Mr. Winston Churchill's new
novel, the title of which is not yet announced; and a
book to which the readers of “Oldfield” will look for-
ward with pleasure, -
- “Round Anvil Rock” by Mrs.
Nancy Huston Banks.
Professor Gilbert Murray is the editor of the “Eu-
ripides” volume in Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co.'s
series called “The Athenian Drama."
The plays
translated are
Hippolytus” and “ The Baccbæ," and
“The Frogs” of Aristophanes is added by way of illus-
tration. Rhyming verse is the form chosen for the trans-
lation, which is unusually felicitious. The critical
introduction is noteworthy, and the volume has many
notes and pictures.
A volume of “English Poems from Chaucer to Kip-
ling," edited for school use by Messrs. Thomas Marc
Parrott and Augustus White Long, is published by
Messrs. Ginn & Co. The book is aimed at the needs of
secondary schools, and the selection has kept in mind the
interests of young students, providing for them the best
poetry that they are likely to appreciate. There are
three hundred pages of text and a hundred of notes,
besides an introduction.
Professor William Henry Goodyear has for several
years been collecting evidence in proof of the proposition
that many mediæval Italian churches have walls that
were intentionally made to lean outwards. This evi-
dence, with many illustrative plans and photographs, is
now collected into a pamphlet called “ The Architectural
Refinements of St. Mark's at Venice," and published by
the Macmillan Co. for the Brooklyn Institute of Arts
and Sciences. The result is an extremely interesting
architectural study, in which the author seems to make
out a clear case for his proposition. In other words, the
same artistic instinct which led the Greek temple build-
66
"
"


314
[May 1,
THE DIAL
7
ers to introduce the entasis into their vertical lines led the A. Eliot, “ Emerson and Harvard”; Charles Malloy,
Italian builders of Venice and other cities to construct “ The Sphinx "; William Lloyd Garrison, “Emerson
their walls out of plumb in order to secure a subtle and the Anti-Slavery Movement"; Moorfield Storey,
effect of perspective that would be missed were the walls “ Emerson and the vil War"; ev. B. F. True-
strictly vertical.
blood, “ Emerson and the Inner Light”; Rev. John W.
Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. publish a “Young Chadwick, " The Simpler Emerson "; Henry D. Lloyd,
.
People's History of Holland " by Mr. William E. “ Emerson's Wit and Humor"; Percival Chubb, “ Em-
Griffis. Professor Freeman used to say that the way
to erson's Spiritual Leadership in England ”; Prof. Kuno
write a small history was to write a large one first, and Francke, “Emerson's Debt to Germany and Germany's
Mr. Griffis, who has written much about Holland on Debt to Emerson "; George Willis Cooke, “ Emerson
previous occasions, now exemplifies this saying by bring- and the Transcendental Movement”; William R. Thayer,
ing his wide acquaintance with the subject to bear upon “ Emerson's Gospel of Individualism"; Prof. Charles
this simple and elementary work, which is pleasantly F. Richardson, « Emerson's Place in American Litera-
written and interestingly illustrated from old prints. ture”; Rabbi Charles Fleischer, “ Emerson, the Seer
“ A Descriptive Guide to the Best Fiction, British of Democracy "; Rev. Chas E. Jefferson, “ Emerson and
and American " (Macmillan) compiled by Mr. Ernest
Carlyle "; Rev. R. Heber Newton, “ Emerson the Man."
A. Baker, is a volume containing nearly five thousand
references, classified according to countries and periods,
briefly but helpfully annotated, and elaborately indexed. TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
The usefulness of such a work needs no exposition, and
May, 1903.
Mr. Baker deserves the hearty thanks of librarians,
teachers, and general readers for having given them
Arnold, Thomas, the Younger. W. T. Arnold. Century.
this inclusive and conscientious bibliography. Although
Athletics for College Girls. Alice K. Fallows. Century.
Blanc, Madame. Mrs. Fields. Century.
of English origin, the work by no means neglects
Book and the Place. Martha Baker Dunn. Atlantic.
American fiction, and, while we might supply many Brain, Mechanism of the. Carl Snyder. Harper.
missing titles of importance, we are on the whole sur- Business “ Engineer,” The. Raymond Stevens. World's W'k.
prisod by the completeness and modernity of the Amer- Castro. Stephen Bonsal. North American.
ican list.
China, American Opportunities in. F. Hirth. World's Work.
There have been so many recent editions of Carlyle's Command, My First. Gen. John B. Gordon. Scribner.
“ French Revolution" that we have completely lost
Constantinople. Arthur Symons. Harper.
Electricity for Railroads. C. L. de Muralt. No. American.
track of them. The three-volume edition, edited by
Emerson. W. Robertson Nicoll, North American.
Mr. John Holland Rose and published by the Macmillan
Emerson as a Religious Ipfluence. G. A. Gordon. Atlantic.
Co., is, however, so much more than a mere reprint that Emerson in 1903. Hamilton W. Mabie Harper.
it deserves a word of special mention. It has an intro- English, Recent Impressions of the. H.C. Merwin. Harper.
duction, extensive annotations, and a series of illustra- Executive, The Hampered. Henry L. Nelson. Century.
tions, all of which greatly enhance its value, and make Farmer's Children, Teaching. George Iles. World's Work.
of it a oritical edition that is of real use for the study
Farmers, Five Hundred. W. S. Harwood. Century.
of the subject. The illustrations are portraits, plans,
Fiction, Chicago School of. W. D. Howells. No. American.
Forest, Conquest of the. Ray S. Baker. Century.
and reproductions of old prints, many of them of the
German Municipal Exposition. G. E. Hooker. Rev. of Revs.
highest interest. Mr. Rose is a competent scholar,
German Navy, Strengthening of. Karl Blind. No. American.
and this edition may be confidently recommended to
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. F. M. Crunden. Rev. of Revs.
students of French history.
Louisiana Purchase, Significance of. F.J. Turner. Rev of Revs
The plans and programme for the Emerson Memorial Louisiana Purchase, The. Charles M. Harvey. World's Work.
School which is to be held in Boston and Concord in Magic, Strangest Feat of. Brander Matthews. Scribner.
July are nearly perfected. The school will open on
Monroe Doctrine, from British Standpoint. North American.
Mulatto Factor in Race Problem. A. H. Stone. Atlantic.
Monday, July 13, immediately after the close of the
National Educational Convention in Boston, and con-
Nature-Study, Modern School of. W.J. Long. No. American.
Naval Strength of Powers. Albert Gleaves. World's Work,
tinue three weeks. There will be thirty lectures, cov-
Navy Department, The. A. T. Mahan. Scribner.
ering the various aspects of Emerson's life and work.
Navy Leagues. J. H. Gibbons. North American.
The morning lectures will be given in Concord and Nebulæ, Photographing the. G. W. Ritchie. Harper.
the evening lectures in Boston. Two afternoons will Negro Problem, The. A. R. Colquhoun. North American.
be devoted to Memories of Emerson by men and New York's Millions, Transporting. World's Work.
women who were personal friends of the great thinker;
North, Lord, Prime Minister. Lord North, North American.
and there will be throughout the period of the school
North, Strange People of the. W. Bogoras. Harper.
Painter-Lithography in the United States. Scribner.
special Sunday services, with sermons or addresses
Parsons,
William Barclay. Arthur Goodrich. World's Work.
by eminent lovers of Emerson. Detailed informa-
Patti, Adelina. Hermann Klein Century.
tion concerning tickets and other points will be fur- Russian Policy, Present. Charles Johnston. No. American.
nished by the secretary of the committee, Mr. David Salt Meadows, A Day in the. Sadakicbi Hartmann. Harper.
Greene Haskins, Jr., 5 Tremont Street, Boston. The Sargent's “Redemption." Sylvester Baxter Century.
following partial list of the lectures and lecturers will Scholarly Men in America, Careers of. Century.
give an idea of the broad character and scope of the
Ships, Giant, for our Oriental Trade. Review of Reviews.
school: President J. G. Schurman, “The Philosophy
Sorbonne, The. Edmund R. Spearman. Scribner.
of Emerson "; Frank B. Sanborn, “ Emerson and the
St. Louis. W. F. Saunders. Review of Reviews.
St. Louis Congress of Arts and Sciences. Atlantic.
Concord School of Philosophy"; Rev. S. M. Crothers,
Sultan of Morocco, With the. Arthur Schneider, Century.
“ The Poetry of Emerson "; William M. Salter, “Em-
Towns to Order, Building. H. H. Lewis. World's World.
erson's Aim and Method in Social Reform"; Rev. Trained Nurse, Evolution of the. Mary Moss. Allantic.
Charles F. Dole, “ Emerson the Puritan "; Dr. Edward Tropics, Future of the. P. Chalmers Mitchell, No. American.
W. Emerson, “ The Religion of Emerson "; Samuel Woman of the People, The. Mrs. John Van Vorst. Harper.


1903.)
315
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 104 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
GENERAL LITERATURE.
More Letters of Charles Darwin: A Record of his Work
in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters. Edited by
Francis Darwin and A. C. Soward. In two vols., illus.jin
photogravure, etc., 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. D. Appleton &
Co. $5. net.
Der Timotheo8-Papyrus Gefunden bei Abusir am 1. Feb-
ruar 1902. Lichtdruck-ausgabe; large 4to, pp. 16. New
York: Lemcke & Buechner. $4.
Timotheos die Persor: Aus einem Papyrus von Abusir im
Auftrage der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft Herausgege-
ben. Von Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff. 8vo, un-
cut, pp. 126. New York: Lemcke & Buechner. Paper,
$1.20.
The souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches. By W.
E. Burghardt DuBois. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 265.
A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. net.
Wordsworth. By Walter Raleigh, 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 232. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.
The Correspondence of the Colonial Governors of
Rhode Island, 1723-1775. Edited by Gertrude Selwyn
Kimball. Vol. II., completing the work; illus., large 8vo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 498. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $5, net.
Diary and Letters of Wilhelm Müller. With explanatory
Notes and biographical Index. Edited by Philip Schuyler
Allen and James Taft Hatfield. With portrait, 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 202. University of Chicago Press.
A New Portrait of Shakespeare: The Case of the Ely
Palace Painting as against that of the So-Called Droeshout
Original. By John Corbin. Illus. in photogravure, etc.,
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 95. John Lane. $1.25 net.
Discourses of Keidansky. By Bernard G. Richards.
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 228. New York: Scott-Thaw
Co. $1.25 net.
Everyman: A Moral Play. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 43.
Now York: Fox, Duffield & Co. $1.
The Constitutional Ethics of Secession, and “War is
Hell”: Two Speeches of Charles Francis Adams. 12mo,
uncut, pp. 41. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Paper, 25 cts. net.
The Reflections of a Lonely Man. By A. C. M. 16mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 271. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. net.
Real Life Sketches from Devon and Cornwall: Historical
and Personal Reminiscences. By Frank L. Vosper. 12mo,
uncut, pp. 327. Jennings & Pye. $1.25.
Plato's Republic. By Lewis Campbell, M. A. Illus., 16mo,
pp. 184. * Home and School Library." E. P. Dutton & Co.
60 ots. net.
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Christopher Columbus: His Life, his Work, his Remains,
as Revealed by Original Printed and Manuscript Records;
together with an Essay on Peter Martyr of Ainghera and
Bartolomé de las Casas, the
First Historians of America.
By John Boyd Thacher. Vol. I., illus. in photogravare,
eto., 4to, gilt top, pp. 670. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $9. net.
(Sold only in sets of 3 vols.)
Life and Letters of Edgar Allan Poe. By James A.
Harrison. In 2 vols., illus. in photogravure, etc., 12mo,
gilt tops, uncut. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $2.50 net.
The Real Benedict Arnold. By Charles Burr Todd. Illus.,
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 235. A. S. Barnes & Co. $1.20 net.
First Makers of England. By Lady Magnus. Illus., 16mo,
pp. 136. “Home and School Library.” E. P. Dutton & Co.
60 cts. net.
HISTORY.
The Destruction of the Greek Empire and the Story of
the Capture of Constantinople by the Turks. By Edwin
Pears, LL.B. Illus., large 8vo, uncut, pp. 476. Long-
mans, Groon, & Co. $7.
The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Jackson,
Seventeenth President of the United States : A History.
By David Miller Dewitt. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 646.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Elizabethan Shakspere: A New Edition of Shaks-
pere's Works, with Critical Text in Elizabethan English
and Brief Notes Illustrative of Elizabethan Life, Thought,
and Idiom. By Mark Harvey Liddell. Vol. I., The
Tragedie of Macbeth. 4to, uncut, pp. 247. Doubleday,
Page & Co. $12.50.
Letters and Literary Remains of Edward FitzGerald.
Vols. IV. and V.; each with photogravure frontispiece,
large 8vo, uncut. Macmillan Co. Per vol., $3. net. (Sold
only in sets of 7 vols.)
Works of Charles Dickens, “Fireside" edition. First vols.:
Sketches by Boz, Pickwick Papers, and Oliver Twist.
Each illus., 12mo. Oxford University Press.
Memories and Portraits. By Robert Louis Stevenson.
Illus. in photogravure, eto., 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 271.
Boston: Herbert B. Turner & Co. $1.25.
The Yellowplush Papers. By W. M. Thackeray ; edited
by Walter Jerrold; illus. by Charles E. Brock. 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 456. Macmillan Co. $1.
Shakespeare's Loves Labour's Lost. “First Folio" edi-
tion; edited by Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke.
With photogravure frontispiece, 24mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 265. T. Y. Crowell & Co. 50 cts. net.
The Bee, and Other Essays. By Oliver Goldsmith. With
photogravure portrait, 24mo, gilt top, pp. 281. "Temple
Classics." Macmillan Co. 50 cts.
The Republic of Plato, Book III. Trans. by Alexander
Kerr. 12mo, pp. 66. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co.
Paper, 15 cts.
POETRY.
Message and Melody: A Book of Verse. By Richard
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official life during this period.
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CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK


322
[May 16,
THE DIAL
Longmans, Green & Co.'s New Books
Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland
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By the Right Hon. W. E. H. LECKY. New Edition. 2 Vols., Crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00 net.
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Longmans, Green & Co., 91 and 93 fifth avenue, New York


1903.)
323
THE DIAL
AN IMPORTANT LITERARY ENTERPRISE
)
Vol. I. “MACBETH”
OF
The Elizabethan Shakspere
A NEW EDITION OF SHAKSPERE'S WORKS WITH CRITICAL
TEXT IN ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH AND BRIEF NOTES
ILLUSTRATIVE OF ELIZABETHAN LIFE
THOUGHT AND IDIOM
Edition de Luxe
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limited to 250
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MARK HARVEY LIDDELL
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3. A style of composition in which the notes form a complementary frame to the page - used by early printers for
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4. The proportions of type to a page and the series of facing pages have been studied and adapted from the best
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5. The text is in 14 point, instantly legible and restful to the eye, while the notes are much larger than is usual
in Shakspere editions.
6. The notes read continuously, and are on the same page as the text. All citations are also given on the
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7. Each volume has a brief introduction containing the essential facts relative to the date of composition,
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8. Each scene has an introductory note outlining the action, and each act is followed by a summary
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9. An elaborate index, in itself a dictionary, enables the student to group together the various
peculiar features or to find meanings or idioms that interest him. The sixty columns of
index in MACBETH are a storehouse of inestimable value, If one wishes, for instance,
to known what words in this play have been amended by different editors, he merely
turns to page 235, where, under “Emendations,” is a list with full references.
There has never been any similar feature of a Shakspere so ingeniously devised
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10. In a word this is the perfect Shakspere thus far remarkable in beauty and
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324
[May 16, 1903.
THE DIAL
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People of the Whirlpool
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
No. 406.
MAY 16, 1903.
Vol. XXXIV.
CONTENTS.
а
PAGE
THE CHICAGO ORCHESTRA.
. 325
Annie
EMERSON AS A PUBLIC SPEAKER.
Russell Marble
327
MORE DARWIN LETTERS. T. D. A. Cockerell
329
FRENCH ENGRAVERS OF THE EIGHTEENTH
CENTURY. Frederick W. Gookin
332
THE CHICAGO ORCHESTRA.
Upon several occasions during the past
twelve years we have spoken of the work done
by the Chicago Orchestra under the scholarly
and exacting leadership of Mr. Theodore
Thomas, and of the self-sacrificing devotion of
the small group of public-spirited men and
women whose generous contributions have
made possible the continued existence of this
organization for the higher musical education
of the public. The American city which above
most others is given up to the spirit of com-
mercialism would be in evil case before the bar
of judgment were it not for a few such agencies
as this Orchestra, which advertise to the world
that we are not altogether given up to the pur-
suit of gain. Time was when Chicago had for
exhibition to its visitors from abroad nothing
more inspiring than its Board of Trade and its
Stock Yards; having seen these, our visitors
had seen what was most typical of the city, and
were suffered to depart, not exactly in peace,
but with the recollection of a startling and
unique experience. We have changed all this
during the last ten years. The new era began
with the World's Fair of 1893, for we then
made the discovery that there might be matter
of greater interest to visitors than the slaughter
of cattle and the antics of frenzied speculators
in wheat and corn. Strangers were still politely
curious about these things, but somehow they
seemed to receive deeper impressions from the
exhibit of modern paintings and the Congress
of Religions. Our grain elevators and our
operations in beef and pork became less inter-
esting for the nonce than our strivings after
beauty and truth.
It was an interesting crisis in our civic life,
and its lessons were taken to heart. The ten
years that have passed since Chicago invited
the world to an exhibit in which, for the first
time in her history, the ideal was made more
prominent than the material, have witnessed
a constant broadening of our horizon, and a
steadily increasing interest in those things that
make for the higher life of mankind. The ma-
terial basis remains — it always must remain,-
but there is now a creditable ideal superstruc-
.
THE NEW CIVIC SPIRIT. Garrett P. Wyckoff
QO
505
THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF MAX MÜLLER.
James Taft Hatfield
331
.
A NEW MONTAIGNE. H. W. Boynton
337
SOME DARKER PHASES OF THE AMERICAN
REVOLUTION. Francis Wayland Shepardson 338
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .
339
The life of a “minister of religion.” -Soliloquies,
humorous and satirical. — College life at Princeton
in Colonial times. - Oxford and its literary associ-
ations. — A new Life of Madison. — A history of
the Papal Monarchy. - The lights of afternoon.
Horace Greeley studied in his newspaper.
BRIEFER MENTION
313
NOTES
343
.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
344


326
(May 16,
THE DIAL
a
ture, and it shares in the pride with which we guiding principle in the distinguished career of
view the sum total of our achievements. The Mr. Thomas, and he has put this principle into
claims of education, and of art, and of litera- practice more uncompromisingly than ever be-
ture, are now freely allowed in quarters where fore during these twelve years of his Chicago
they were but grudgingly admitted a few years leadership. The Chicago Orchestra must not
ago, and along with this quickening of our civic for a moment be classed with institutions or-
consciousness in the direction of aspiration and ganized for the purpose of entertainment. If
æsthetic endeavors there has come into the it were that, one might reasonably demand
grosser atmosphere of our political life a puri- that it justify_its existence by becoming self-
fying influence that has already accomplished supporting. But we must rank it with such
wonders of reform, and is full of promise for institutions as universities and libraries and
the future.
art museums, that no one expects to be self-
Among the civilizing agencies that have supporting, and that would lose something of
,
been working this gradual but very real change their dignity were they wholly dependent upon
none has stood higher than the Chicago Or- the returns for the services which they render.
chestra, and it was a severe shock to the culti- Thus viewed, the fact that the Orchestra calls
vated public to be told, as we were about two for no larger endowment than will provide for
months ago, that the continued existence of the one-fourth of its running expenses brings a
organization was doubtful. For twelve years highly significant tribute to the educational
now Chicago has been accustomed to its regu- value of the work that it has accomplished.
lar annual season of twenty or more concerts, Two months ago, it was proclaimed that un-
,
each given twice, and it is not easy to contem- less the necessary sum were subscribed within
plate the possibility of getting along without a few weeks, the organization would be dis-
their uplifting influence. The announcement banded, and the men who had so generously
made by the trustees of the organization was supported it would give up their thankless task.
to the effect that the yearly deficit continued to It was for the public to show its appreciation
be large, that the number of men willing to of their work by coming forward and relieving
assume it was growing smaller all the time, them of the burden. To this appeal the public
and that unless the public should step in and has responded generously, and in the space of
take this burden from their shoulders, they about two months considerably more than half
would be compelled to give up the undertak- of the needed sum has been pledged by several
ing as hopeless. An appeal was made for an en- thousand subscribers. The expression of pop-
dowment of three-quarters of a million dollars, ular interest thus given has proved so grati-
which amount would suffice to purchase a lot fying that the trustees have been persuaded to
and erect a building that should be the per modify their original resolution, to make con-
a
manent home of the Orchestra. With the owner- tracts for another season of concerts under the
ship of such a piece of property, the Orchestra old conditions, and to trust that a year of fur-
could safely count upon making both ends meet ther effort will complete the required endow-
in the future, besides having greatly enlarged ment, and place the Orchestra beyond the need
opportunities for the furtherance of its work. of further help. They have announced as their
The situation, as developed by twelve years ultimatum that unless the endowment is thus
of experience, appears to be that the public completed during the coming year they will
may be counted upon to pay three-fourths of make no further effort to continue the work of
the cost of the concerts each year, but that the the organization. In that case, the thirteenth
other fourth must come from an endowment or season will prove the last, and those who put
from some form of annual subsidy. This is their faith in omens will wag
really a remarkable showing, for it means an ciously at this new confirmation of a pet super-
average attendance of nearly twenty-five hun- stition.
dred paying listeners, twice every week, at a We cannot bring ourselves to believe that
series of concerts strictly educational and cul such will be the outcome of an enterprise in
tural in purpose, under the leadership of a man every way so praiseworthy. While the issue
whose standards are of the highest, and who will remain in doubt as long as any considerable
will not make the slightest concession to an fraction of the required amount is unpledged,
unthinking popular demand. To give the pub- the situation may certainly be described as en-
lic the music that it needs, instead of the music couraging. The success of the undertaking will
that it thinks it wants, has always been the mean much to the higher interests of Chicago.
>
their heads saga-


1903.)
327
THE DIAL
a
ing in
It will secure us in the possession of a body of The successful sale of bis later volumes resulted, to
musicians whose training has now reached so a large extent, from his lectures in his own country
high a degree of excellence that it may safely and in England. Without any hint of disparage-
challenge comparison with any similar body in
ment of their literary quality, it must be granted that
the world. It will secure to us also the closing voice largely increased the popularity of his published
the noble benignity of Emerson's personality and
years - and may they be many — of a con-
works. From earliest manhood he recognized that
ductor whose single-minded devotion to his art
he was “a man with a message.” While teaching,
bas been beyond all praise, and has made him
true selfhood was, by his confession, " already writ-
one of the greatest benefactors of our age. It
my
chamber
my first thoughts on morals and
will give dignity to both band and leader by the beautiful laws of compensation and of individual
transferring them from rented quarters, with genius which to observe and illustrate have given
all the obvious inconveniences thereon attend- sweetness to many years of my life” (“Emerson in
ant, to a noble building consecrated in perpe-
Concord,” p. 31).
tuity to one of the noblest of the arts. And it
At first thought, especially in his day, the natural
will give to the Orchestral Association oppor-
medium for voicing this message was the pulpit.
tunities hitherto denied them for the extension
From the first, however, he questioned his fitness
for a typical New England ministry. He doubted if
of their work. This aspect of the case, perhaps he would have been ordained had he been examined,
the most important of all, bas not been given when called to the pulpit of “the Mather dynasty.”
its due prominence in the recent discussion of Even in his first sermon to his people, he warned
the subject. The Orchestra will then be able them that he should “insist on elbow-room in preach-
to supply the public with all the concerts for ing.” This freedom of thought and conscience,
which there shall be an effective demand. culminating in open challenge to formal prayers
Exceptionally attractive programmes may be and the symbolic eucharist, was never aggressive
repeated, additional series of concerts less se-
or sensational in expression. Emerson's breadth
and fearlessness of mind were no less characteristic
verely classical may be provided for, and the
than his humble sincerity and tolerance. These
old fashion of summer concerts, which we have
qualities, united with rare grace of manner, perva-
missed for many years, may be restored under
ded his scattered pulpit utterances, from the ordina-
almost ideal conditions. We now look forward
tion sermon in 1829 to the last sermon, on Worship,
with measurable confidence to the realization at Nantucket in 1847. Disappointed in the hope
of all these good things in the near future, for that his congregation would accept his radical views
we need fear only the apathy which sometimes on modes of religion, he nevertheless advocated
follows upon enthusiastic effort for a worthy individual decision and harmony of relationship.
end, and defeats the most promising plans in the
When he gave the Right Hand of Fellowship to the
hour of their seeming achievement. That this
Concord pastor, Mr. Goodwin, in 1830, he used the
words now found in the rare pamphlet containing
disaster may not overtake the foundation now
so nearly laid must be the prayer of every lover perfection of human nature, and eminently, there-
his brief charge : “Christianity aims to teach the
of music and every friend of the higher cult-
fore, does it teach the unity of the spirit. But it
ure in this country.
speaks first to its own disciples : be of one mind,
else with what countenance should the church say
to the world of men, love one another.'”
When the dissolution of his pastorate had been
EMERSON AS A PUBLIC SPEAKER.
completed, with absolute tenderness and regret to
both pastor and people, he never questioned their
To win fame by spoken as well as by written position nor his own. He took anew the vow of ded-
words has been the fortune of comparatively few ication to the love and service of the same eternal
men of letters. Distinguished scholars may be cause, - the advancement, namely, of the kingdom
,
stimulating in the college class-room, but on the of God in the hearts of men.” The musical voice
popular lecture-platform their manners are often and gracious manner of this “poet-preacher” re-
too academic, their terms too technical, to win en- mained an heritage in the memory of his parish.
thusiasm. An author of repute is always a guest ioners through life. His reading of hymns was often
of honor, but one is often disappointed in listening recalled, -that ability, which he urged on all, to
to his lectures or reading; while popular lectures “read sense and poetry "into ideals of life. From
in published form seldom deserve to rank as litera- the liberal attitude of present-day thought, it is
ture of a high grade.
difficult to realize the tense feeling aroused by his
Emerson had qualities of mind and temperament quiet non-conformity. While his repugnance to for-
which charmed both listeners and readers. Re. malism led him to a position where fow Christians
versing the usual sequence, he gained fame as a could follow him, in his day or ours, yet doubt and
lecturer before he addressed the public as an author. gloom were aliens to his mind; he was ever a
>
:


328
[May 16,
THE DIAL
consecrated preacher of righteousness. To sincere fifteen lectures on Geology. Emerson soon realized
preachers, of whatever denomination, he gave honor. two facts, first, that he was unfitted for treating
Though he was the victim of attack by a few bigoted scientific subjects; and second, that such ventures,
ministers and critics, his personal charm and toler- though temporarily enriching, were “attended by
ance, both in the pulpit and outside, won him many a degree of uncertainty.” With more zeal, he
enthusiastic friends who smiled in covert sympathy prepared his first course of biographical lectures on
at Father Taylor's response to hints of Emerson's Michael Angelo, Milton, Luther, Fox, and Burke.
future in perdition, that “emigration would surely The first two appeared later in the “North Amer-
tend that way.”
ican Review," but their author did not care to
After leaving his church, when a few months of preserve them, as he did the later series of 1845.
foreign travel had scattered the melancholy due to After desultory addresses on educational and
this experience and his wife's death, his thoughts historic themes, Emerson arranged, in November
turned toward another possible mode of expression 1835, for a course of lectures on English Literature,
for the messages of moral and spiritual elevation at Masonic Temple, Boston, before the Society for
which, he felt, demanded utterance. A new sense the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. These themes,
of freedom, of prospective contact with a wider au- 80 well analyzed in the Appendix to Mr. Cabot's
dience, came upon him. In his journal he wrote: Memoir, satisfied Emerson that this form of lecture
“I have sometimes thought that to be a good min. offered the best scope for his poetic and ethical sug-
ister it was necessary to leave the ministry.” And gestions. The enthusiasm of his audience, increas-
again, in attestation of bis sincerity of purpose : ing as the lectures continued, gave him greater
“ Henceforth I design not to utter any speech, poem, confidence. While at times he chafed under the
or book, that is not entirely and peculiarly my work. exactions of time, place, and the whims of a pro-
I will say, at public lectures, and the like, those things miscuous audience, and craved respite from the
which I have meditated for their own sake, and not fatigues of journeying, yet his attitude was quite
for the first time with a view to that occasion" unlike that of Carlyle. The latter confessed his
(November 15,1834; “Emerson in Concord,” p. 54). rebellion at the “bayonets of Necessity” which
In these simple words may be read the secret drove him into the lecture-room where his over-
of Emerson's success alike in his addresses and wrought nerves threatened "a flood of tears and
writings. He was no temporizer, no self-advertising blubbering.” Emerson, on the other hand, ac-
sensationalist. He had thoughts to share with his knowledged to his friend "a certain delight (base
audience, ideals gathered from reading and medi- also ?) in speaking to a multitude.” But he found
tation ; such had inspired him, and might become a joy in the friends, “ those sacred people” who
“divining-rod to their deeper natures."
were largely gathered through this means.
In a survey of Emerson's addresses, one finds Whatever Emerson's theme might be, in the
three distinct types, the oratorical, the scientific earlier studies of great men or the later thoughts
and biographical, and the literary and ethical. His on life's abstractions — Culture, Character, Exper-
earliest spoken discourses had marked oratorical ience, Self-Reliance, — he was uniformly popular
features, yet differed from the average occasional and stimulating. His melodious voice and natural
oration by depth of thought. Such were the “His- ease of manner gained for him his first hold upon
torical Address at Concord” in 1835, “ The Amer. his audience ; his intellectual and moral earnestness
ican Scholar” before the Phi Beta Kappa in 1837, tended to cement the kindly relationship thus estab-
and the “ Lecture on the Times" in 1841. While lished. One who recalls the charm of his lectures
this form of speech was less frequent in later years, has told me that his characteristic expression has
yet there were a few famous orations on record, been well caught by David Scott in his famous
the “ Seventh of March " oration at the New York painting, — the benign, penetrating eye, with its
Tabernacle in 1854, " The Fortune of the Republic" hazy depths, and the easy poise of the body,
in Boston in 1863, and the address at the Burns Cen- with one hand extended and loosely closed. Ac-
tenary dinner, described by Lowell with unwonted cording to Mr. Alexander Ireland, the English
enthusiasm as he recalled the magnetism of the auditors of Emerson, long expectant of his coming,
speaker, — "like an electric spark, thrilling as it were entranced by his winning personality. The
went
, and then exploding in a thunder of plaudits.” fire
first impression was of “a manner so singularly
After Emerson had chosen the Lyceum as his im- quiet and unimpassioned that you began to fear the
mediate field, his first themes were semi-scientific, beauty and force of his thoughts were about to be
dealing with fundamentals, and yet seeking to marred by what might be described as nionotony
inculcate spiritual ideas into technical subjects, as of expression. But very soon this apprehension
in the lecture on Water, at the Boston Mechanics dispelled. The mingled dignity, sweetness and
Institute (1834), or the contemporaneous addresses strength of his features, the earnestness of his man-
before the Society of Natural History. Popular lect- ner and voice, and the evident depth and si cerity
ures on scientific themes were remunerative at that of his convictions, gradually extorted your (eepest
time. He wrote Carlyle of the large sums paid, - attention, and made you feel that you were within
$3000 to Dr. Spurzheim for a course of Phrenology, the grip of no ordinary man, but of one sprang of
a
and a larger sum to Professor Silliman of Yale for earth's first blood,' with titles manifold.' With
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manuscript by his side, Emerson was yet so conver-
The New Books.
sant with his carefully studied theme and diction that
he was able to speak into the eyes as well as the ears
of his audience. A contemporary journal said :
MORE DARWIN LETTERS. *
“He has a horror of extempore speaking, ... and
a further horror of reporters, who seize and slaughter
Nearly twenty years ago the writer of these
his fresh utterances.
lines was one of a great crowd gathered in the
There was, however, more than grace of manner hall of the Natural History Museum in Lon-
to gain for Emerson the epithet of Lowell, “ the don, to witness the unveiling of the statue of
most steadily attractive lecturer in America.” The Darwin. Conspicuous among those who took
mental and moral strength of thought were illu. part in the ceremony were Professor Huxley,
mined by a literary form which was all his own.
the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Prince
The mingling of serenity and fearless force are
of Wales — now King Edward. In a worldly
readily noted in his best addresses. As an example,
let us recall the poetic tenderness, changing to swift
sense, the man who was once so reviled had
challenge, in the opening paragraphs of the Divinity completely triumphed; but Mr. Huxley touched
School Address : “In this refulgent summer, it
a deeper chord when he declared that the statue
bas been a luxury to draw the breath of life. The was not placed there merely to perpetuate
grass grows, the buds burst, the meadow is spotted
Darwin's memory,
that ran no risk of obli-
with fire and gold in the tint of flowers. The air vion; neither was it to indicate the official
is full of birds and sweet with the breath of the sanction of the authorities,- for science recog-
pine, the balm of Gilead, and the new hay. nised no such sanction. " No," he said, “ we
Whenever the pulpit is usurped by a formalist, then beg you to cherish. this memorial as a symbol
is the worshipper degraded and disconsolate. We
by which, as generation after generation of
shrink as soon as the prayers begin, which do not
aplift, but smite and offend us.”
students enter yonder door, they shall be re-
In revising his lectures for the published volume,
minded of the ideal according to which they
Emerson condensed and corrected with exhaustive must shape their lives, if they would turn to
patience. Yet in the preparation of these lectures best account the opportunities offered by the
he was never hasty or inconsiderate. Each thought, great institution under your charge.” No words
each sentence, was weighed with scrupulous exact- could be more fitting, and it is with exactly
Dess, that the listener might receive its full and the same feeling that we finish the reading of
direct force. Hence arose those terse epigrams the volumes now under review. We are not
which Sir Leslie Stephen has called, in apt analogy, concerned now to praise Darwin's intellect; we
“ the gnomic utterances which are to the cultivated
are not concerned to defend his theory ; we
what proverbs are to the vulgar.” Despite his
wonderful popularity, Emerson had his malcontents
think only with reverence and affection of the
and critics. There was the Western farmer who
man who lived the life we would fain live ; who
disconsolately walked out of the hall, shaking his
showed us, in the midst of a trivial world, what
head disapprovingly after listening to a few sen- our kind is capable of. When such men are
tences, while Emerson's eyes followed him in possible, it is worth while to be a human being!
questioning sadness. There were also a few who It is a Darwinian principle that when in a
denounced his lectures as illogical and incomplete. variable species some individuals are better
Such criticism, in large measure, was just; and to- fitted than others to live and propagate, these
day he would suffer yet more from attacks upon
will increase and gradually supplant those less
his arguments, or his lack of them. “Systems of
Logic” were uninteresting to him ; inconsistency
suited to the environment. Thus what was ex-
was often advocated as a matter of individual up-
ceptional, once having come into existence,
rightness. In the main, his auditors were content,
may become normal. So again under condi- .
as his readers are now, to find delight in the separ-
tions of cultivation, if the gardener can get one
ate particles of his brilliant and stimulating optim. blue rose, he may in time have all he wants.
ism, without seeking to weave a perfect tissue of Hence it is that in the lives of noble men we
logic or a complete philosophy of life. To common see the greatest promise for the human race.
minds, there has ever been a charm in the calm We cannot raise intellect like turnips, nor can
courage of this man, who
we mechanically cultivate the gentle flowers of
“in a plain, preternatural way,
Makes mysteries matters of mere every-day.”
modesty, integrity, and affection ; but we can,
The noble ideals and sincerity of the man, as
as a people, so far control our environment that
speaker or writer, surpassed any defects of sequence. * MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN. A Record of his
To his auditors of the past, as to his readers of the
Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters. Edited
by Francis Darwin, Fellow of Christ's College, and A. C.
present, Emerson was a vital inspiration for “the
Seward, Fellow of Emanuel College, Cambridge. In two
life of the spirit.” ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE. volumes. Illustrated. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
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the best shall come to their own. If all that is must not always be regarded as expressing a
noble in the human species is permitted to de- settled opinion, but the following sentences are
velop, and worth is the only cause of wealth, at least significant:
not only will the race be much bettered for the “I am one of the root and branch men, and would
time being, but on good Darwinian principles, it leave classics to be learnt by those alone who have suf-
will advance. Here is our opportunity: how
ficient zeal and the high taste requisite for their appre-
ciation. : . I was at school at Shrewsbury under a
are we using it ?
great scholar, Dr. Butler; I learnt absolutely nothing,
These remarks are suggested by the ob- except by amusing myself by reading and experimenting
vious reflection that but for the possession of
in chemistry. Dr. Butler somehow found this out, and
inherited wealth, Darwin would have been publicly sneered at me before the whole school for such
gross waste of time" (letter 774; 1867).
practically lost to the world. His continual
“I really think you cannot go on better, for edu.
ill-health would have made it difficult for him
cational purposes, than you are now doing — observing,
to have earned any sort of a living, and out of thinking and some reading beat, in my opinion, all sys-
the question to do in addition any scientific
tematic education" (letter 646, to J. Scott, 1863).
work. For twenty years he studied evolution, Closely connected with this topic are his views
before he was willing to publish ; and all this on English style, and the letter just quoted
while he would have been considered to be continues :
wasting his time, according to the opinion of “Do not despair about your style. . . . I never study
the day. His books were eventually a source of style; all that I do is to try to get the subject as clear as
revenue, but for many years bis conduct was
I can in my own head, and express it in the commonest
exactly the reverse of that necessary for
language which occurs to me. But I generally have to
think a good deal before the simplest arrangement and
“getting on.”
That one of the greatest men words occur to me."
the world has ever produced was not utterly Again (letter 151; 1862):
crushed and annihilated, is seen to be the re-
“ It is a golden rule always to use, if possible, a
sult of what may fairly be termed an accident. short old Saxon word. Such a sentence as “so purely
With the most favorable conditions, we cannot dependent is the incipient plant on the specific morpho-
expect to produce many like Darwin ; but it is logical tendency' does not sound to my ears like good
to be feared that we are criminally blind and
mother English — it wants translating.
extravagantly wasteful.
It seems remarkable to us, who readily ac-
Some idea of Darwin's continual ill-health
cept the familiar idea of evolution, that when
may be gathered from frequent passages in the
the “ Origin of Species” appeared, so many
letters; for example :
talented and competent men should have been
My health is better than it was a few years ago,
unable to see its value. Darwin came fully to
but I never pass a day without much discomfort and realize the difficulty of changing the trend of
the sense of extreme fatigue" (letter 286; 1878). a well.occupied mind ; in a letter to Wallace
“My health is considerably improved, so that I am (letter 442) concerning a difference of opinion
able to work nearly two hours a day” (letter 363; 1866). about protective resemblances he writes :
One could not help marvelling at the thought of « But we shall never convince each other. I some.
what Darwin would have done if he had enjoyed times marvel how truth progresses, so difficult is it for
robust health ; but then the question arose,
one man to convince another, unless his mind is vacant.
how could a man have done more than he did ?
Nevertheless, I myself to a certain extent contradict
my own remarks, for I believe far more in the impor-
Upon closer consideration, I believe that in a
tance of protection than I did before reading your
certain sense Darwin's great power was partly articles.”
the result of his ill-health, which so greatly re-
Writing to Alexander Agassiz (letter 498) he
duced his power of doing active work. Though
says:
he may nominally have worked only a few hours
“I do hope that you will re-urge your views about
each day, at other times his mind was not idle, the reappearance of old characters, for, as far as I can
and he had ample time for reflection. From judge, the most important views are often neglected
what we now know of the human mind, it is im-
unless they are urged and re-urged."
possible to doubt that even his moments of idle- No one was less “ cock sure” than Darwin,
ness and mere musing were often moments of though he could nearly always give good rea-
illumination. I believe we destroy as much sons for his opinions, and would not give them
talent by submerging it in the details of active up unless convinced by better ones. He writes
work, as by neglecting its existence.
to Wallace in 1868: “I grieve to differ from
Darwin's ideas upon education are of much you, and it actually terrifies me and makes me
interest to us. Of course a passage in a letter constantly distrust myself” (letter 449). He
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my wife.
had learned by hard experience the difficulty of patience my frequent complaints of ill-health or dis-
being accurate ; he writes to J. Scott (a gar-
comfort. I do not believe she has ever missed an oppor-
dener who was in a certain sense his pupil) :
tunity of doing a kind action to any one near her. I
marvel at my good fortune that she, so infinitely my
“ Accuracy is the soul of Natural History. It is hard
superior in every single moral quality, consented to be
to become accurate; he who modifies a hair's breadth
She has been my wise adviser and cheerful
will never be accurate. It is a golden rule, which I
comforter throughout life, which without her would
try to follow, to put every fact which is opposed to one's
have been during a very long period a miserable one
preconceived opinion in the strongest light. Absolute from ill-health. She has earned the love of every soul
accuracy is the hardest merit to attain, and the highest near her” (vol. 1, p. 30).
merit. Any deviation is ruin ” (letter 647).
The letters, like those in the earlier “Life grandchild, of whom he writes (letter 754):
His old age was cheered by the arrival of a
and Letters," reveal throughout the charming
“We all in this house bumbly adore our grand-
relations between Darwin and his friends, and
child, and think his little pimple of a nose quite
his unfailing courtesy to all. Often there is
beautiful." It must be another grandchild
playful sally thinly covering a deep and tender
feeling, as in a letter to Hooker (letter 612): monkey. It appears that the monkey
whose intelligence is compared with that of a
" Your letter is a mine of wealth, but first I must
scold you: I cannot abide to hear you abuse yourself,
“ was very fond of looking through her [Lady Hob-
even in joke, and call yourself a stupid dog. Yon, in house's] eyeglass at objects, and moved the glass
fact, thus abuse me, because for long years I have
nearer and further so as to vary the focus. This struck
looked up to you as the man whose opinion I bave valued
me, as Frank's son, nearly two years old (and we think
more on any scientific subject than any one else in the
much of his intellect!!) is very fond of looking through
world. I continually marvel at what you know, and at
my pocket lens, and I have quite in vain endeavoured to
what you do."
teach him not to put the glass close down on the object,
but he always will do so. Therefore I conclude that a
Again to Hooker in 1881 (letter 764): child under two years is inferior in intellect to a
“I cannot but think that you are too kind and civil monkey" (letter 417).
to visitors, and too conscientious about your officiai work.
Most of the letters deal with concrete things,
But a man cannot cure his virtues, any more than his
vices, after early youth; so you must bear your bur-
but here and there we find a bit of philosoph-
then. It is, however, a great misfortune for science ical suggestion or speculation. The following
that you have so very little spare time for the Genera written to Hooker is interesting :
[Plantarum]."
“I quite agree how humiliating the slow progress of
Writing to Huxley in 1868 (letter 208) le man is, but every one has his own pet horror, and this
says :
slow progress or even personal annihilation sinks in my
"I never received a note from you in my life with-
mind into insignificance compared with the idea or
out pleasure; but whether this will be so after you have
rather I presume certainty of the sun some day cooling
read pangenesis, I am very doubtful. Oh Lord, what and we all freezing. To think of the progress of mil-
a blowing up
I may receive! I write now partly to say
lions of years, with every continent swarming with good
that you must not think of looking at my book till the
and enlightened men, all ending in this, and with prob-
summer, when I hope you will read pangenesis, for I
ably no fresh start until this our planetary system has
care for your opinion on such a subject more than for
been again converted into red-hot gas. Sic transit
that of any other man in Europe. You are so terribly
gloria mundi, with a vengeance” (letter 185).
sharp-sighted and so confoundedly honest!”
However, at the rate at which mammalia ap-
Darwin's family life was almost ideal; he pear to change, when this happens Homo
had the happiness of seeing most of his chil- sapiens will presumably have either died out
dren grow up and occupy useful places in the or changed into an entirely different genus,
world, two of them — Francis and George — not to say species ! I suppose this is about as
attaining eminence in science. It is not wonder certain as the other event, and it is a little hard
.
ful that talent should have appeared among the to feel that superior beings may arise who will
Darwin children, for their mother was a Wedg. think of us as we regard our long-past mam-
wood, and here was a combination of superiormalian ancestors, - beings so different from
blood quite fulfilling Mr. Galton's ideal. We ourselves that if we could see them we should
are given an excellent portrait of Mrs. Darwin, only regard them with fear and hatred. Con-
and the following passage from Darwin's auto- siderations such as these constitute a strong
biography is printed for the first time : argument for human immortality in spiritual
“ You all know your mother, and what a good mother form, not because they afford the least particle
she has ever been to all of you. She has been my great-
of proof, but because they arouse in us a feeling
est blessing, and I can declare that in my whole life I
that immortality is necessary. Darwin seems
have never heard her utter one word I would rather
have been upsaid. She has never failed in kindest
not quite to have felt this, for he writes: “Many
sympathy towards me, and has borne with the utmost persons seem to make themselves quite easy
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about immortality, and the existence of a per- transition. The art of its earlier years was a
sonal God, by intuition; and I suppose that survival of the great movements of the pre-
I must differ from such persons, for I do not ceding century, a persistence of ideas whose
feel any innate conviction on any such points” initial force had been spent. Intellectual in-
(letter 571 ; 1874). However, “if we con- spiration declined ; technical skill remained to
sider the whole universe, the mind refuses to be exercised on more and more unworthy sub-
look at it as the outcome of chance - that is, jects, until it, too, gradually sank under the
,
without design or purpose" (letter 307 ; 1881). influences by which the artists of the day were
There are many more passages one is tempted surrounded. Toward the end of the century
to quote, but the above will suffice to show the there was an awakening, but the movements
absorbing interest of the book. Of course there then inaugurated did not culminate until the
is a great deal in the letters that is technical, first decades of the succeeding century, to
and it is not to be supposed that non-scientific which, therefore, they may more properly be
persons will read the whole of them. I think said to belong.
it is a little to be regretted that so much of the In France it was in many ways an age of
quarrel with Professor Owen is allowed to dilletanteism. The master works wrought by
appear; one does not in the least doubt that the great engravers, Edelinck, Nanteuil, and
Owen behaved badly, but that is now long Gérard Audran, in the days of the “Grand
ago, and probably Darwin himself would have Monarque,” and of their successors, Pierre
been unwilling to bring again to light the fail. Drevet and his even more highly gifted son
ings of the old anatomist. The editorial work Pierre-Imbert Drevet, awakened such wide-
has been admirably done; the footnotes sup- spread interest in the art of engraving on cop-
plied by the editors include brief biographical per that it became a fashionable fad. Cochin
notices of the principal persons mentioned in had for a pupil no less a personage than
the letters. I notice only two trifling editorial Madame de Pompadour. In the long list of
mistakes; in vol. 1, p. 331, Campodea is said to amateur engravers of the period we find such
be a beetle, whereas it is a thysanuran ; in vol. names as the Princess de Condé; the Marquis
2, p. 67, the name of the red-underwing moth d'Argenson; the Dukes of Chevreuse, of
.
is given incorrectly. The illustrations are quite Charost, and of Chaulnes; the Chevalier de
numerous, all portraits ; the photogravures are Valory; the Marquis d'Harcourt; the Count
extremely good, especially that representing d'Eu; Bertinazzi dit Carlin, the famous actor;
;
Darwin as a boy, with his sister Catherine. and even that of Philippe Egalité himself.
There is a very complete index.
Some of these left a considerable amount of
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
work, but for the most part they shed more
lustre on the art through their social prestige
than by their skill with the burin. Other
amateurs there were among people of wealth
FRENCH ENGRAVERS OF THE
and fashion, whose work by its respectable
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.*
quality places them in another and a higher
In “ French Engravers and Draughtsmen of class. Among these, the Comte de Caylus
the XVIIIth Century,” Lady Dilke brings to
and Claude-Henri Watelet are the most noted.
an end the series in which she has presented
The title of the latter to distinction rests,
the leading features of French Art in that however, quite as much upon his remarkable
rather barren period. The eighteenth century
attachment to Madame Le Comte, their life
was not marked by great achievement in the together at Le Moulin-Joli, and their famous
graphic arts, except in Japan, where the inven- journey to Italy in 1763, as upon the three
tion and development of chromo-xylography hundred plates that he engraved or etched.
led to the production of the marvellously beau-
The tie that bound these people together was
tiful color prints, from engraved blocks, which
their common love for art; Lady Dilke quotes
are at once the delight and the despair of those from Mme. Vigée Lebrun's "Memoirs” the
who seek to rival the attainments in this direc- following reference to it: “A friend, to whom
tion by the masters of the Ukiyo-ye school.
he had been attached for thirty years, lived in
In Europe it was preëminently an epoch of
his house. Time had sanctified, so to say, their
tie to such a point that they were everywhere re-
FRENCH ENGRAVERS AND DRAUGHTSMEN
XVIIITH CENTURY. By Lady Dilke. Illustrated. New
ceived in the best company, as well as the lady's
York: The Macmillan Co.
husband, who, drolly enough, never left her.”
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The place filled by the Comte de Caylus was gives, instead, a series of connected essays upon
unique. To his contemporaries he was always the more important men. Her pages are filled
“ce connoisseur profond,” and he exercised ex- with pleasant discourse and anecdotes, and a
traordinary influence over every branch of art, good deal of information in given, chiefly
and especially over that of engraving, to which | biographical. There is no attempt at a com-
his devotion was unwearied. With Pierre- prebensive survey of the art of engraving and
Jean Mariette, the famous print-seller, collec- its relation to otber branches of the art of the
tor, and publisher, he formed a close friendship, period. Such a survey would not only have
and together — to quote Lady Dilke's words - added much to the value of the book, but would
they “ exercised an authority with which, as have made it more readable, and given it the co-
long as they lived, every dealer, draughtsman herence which it now lacks. Of criticism there
and engraver had to reckon. ... Each found is very little. Such comment upon particular
in the other qualities in which he himself was works as is given is rather in a vein of indis-
more or less lacking. The varied acquirements criminate praise, with which it is not possible
of de Caylus, bis tendency to dogmatic system always to agree. It is difficult, for example,
and theoretic speculation, were a stimulus to to share the author's estimate of Choffard's de-
the intelligence of Mariette, who, inheriting signs, or to accept the adjective miraculously
narrower traditions and special training, was pretty as applied to Cochin's ticket of ad-
inclined toward the exhibition of pure connois- mission to the “Bal Paré, porte et gradins à
seurship, backed, it is true, by an amazing store gauche.” These, however, are but minor blem-
of exact learning. The influence which they ishes in a book which is a conscientious attempt
combined to exercise on their contemporaries to give in entertaining form a view of the
was of incalculable importance.'
engravers of the eighteenth century and of the
That this influence was stimulating, there can conditions under which their work was per-
be no doubt. At the same time, by its narrow- formed.
ing tendency it helped to make the surrounding The illustrations consist of fifty full-page
conditions unfavorable to the awakening of true reproductions of engravings and drawings.
artistic impulse, and thus it became a potent
FREDERICK W. GOOKIN.
factor in a period of decadence. The weakness
of the position taken by Mariette and de Caylus
is pertinently stated by Lady Dilke. “ It led,”
she says, “ to a doctrinaire assumption of the
THE NEW CIVIC SPIRIT.*
merit of all work no matter how poor in
quality - executed according to certain canons
Two important contributions to the literature
of taste; and to the condemnation of all
of the American civic movement - Professor
matter how graceful and brilliant-in which Ely on “The Coming City” and Professor
Zueblin on “American Municipal Progress
these canons were not respected.”
With the death of the younger Drevet, in emphasize strongly the newer and richer ideals
1739, what has been called the golden age of
that are becoming prominent. Professor Ely's
portrait-engraving in France came to an end.
volume does this directly, by way of exhorta-
Cochin, Daullé, and other engravers of dis-
tion; Professor Zueblin's, more by means of
tinction, remained; but their work does not,
illustration and criticism. Rarely do two books
on the whole, entitle them to be included among
so neatly supplement each other.
those of the front rank. And although in the
The substance of Professor Ely's book is an
latter part of the century there was a great in-
address that has been delivered in various places
crease in the number of engravers, a special
under the title “Neglected Aspects of Muni-
class of whom worked upon illustrations for cipal Reform.” The change of title is signi-
books, there were but few stars of the first mag-
ficant. Five years ago, the central demand was
nitude. Of these, Jean George Wille was the distinctly for reforms in administration. The
most eminent, and attained such extraordinary
“business man" was to be the saviour of the city,
vogue that the subsequent history of line-
and a good " business administration” was the
engraving in Europe is little more than an ac- highest ideal. The author states clearly his ap-
count of what was accomplished by him and his * THE COMING CITY. By Richard T. Ely, Ph.D. New
pupils.
York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
AMERICAN MUNICIPAL PROGRESS. Chapters in Municipal
Lady Dilke has not adopted the historical
Sociology. By Charles Zueblin. (Citizen's Library.) New
method in the treatment of her subject, but York: The Macmillan Co.
no


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preciation of the importance of this campaign of the newer civic movement, — something that
against mal-administration, but shows that the is like a revival of the ancient civic religions :
o business man” was himself to blame for many the passion to make our cities such that we
of these perversions of city government, and may glory in them as the fullest expressions of
still more for the narrow range of municipal our highest life.
GARRETT P. WYCKOFF.
activity. Municipal government is not “ busi-
ness," – it is a profession, and a most exacting
A class of professional office-holders is
inevitable, and even a necessity. We have,
THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF MAX MÜLLER.*
then, to determine whether it shall be the cor-
rupt class that now holds in most of our large
The various memoirs of Professor Müller's
cities — except during the spasms of reform, — life have by no means made the present intel-
or a class of specially trained experts. Pro- ligent and tasteful work a repetition, and we
fessor Ely demands the recognition of the find here, in gratifying continuity, the whole
university-trained expert as the natural agent story of this serene career, the only noticeable
-
of municipal government.
inaccuracy lying in the occasional confusion of
Professor Zueblin's book is a remarkable proper names and foreign phrases.
summary and judgment of the attainments and Max Müller was akin in nature to Lowell :
prospects of our American cities.
“Chapters
rich in his endowment of winsome charm,
in Municipal Sociology” is the sub-title, Mu- “ loving his fellow creatures and loved by
nicipal Sociology being defined as the science them," as he presents his own ideal to a young
that “investigates the means of satisfying com-
namesake. He may even be called the Last
munal wants through public activity.” Trans-
of the Romanticists, inheriting directly the in-
portation, Public Works, Sanitation, Public nermost traditions of Jena and Berlin. His
Recreation, are topics that appear among the
achievements in scholarship lay a large claim
chapter-headings. One is surprised at the omis- upon the gratitude of the modern world, but
sion of Police and Charities, but the author pre-
science alone could never fill his whole heart.
fers to leave some topics for political science. “ Deutsche Liebe" (better known under the
It is not, however, that something has been title of the American version, “ Memories")
omitted, but rather that so much has been is the most personally typical of his writings,
covered, that most impresses the reviewer. and was regarded by him with an especial af-
Upon most of the topics, descriptive studies fection. No little opposition to Max Müller
and statistics have been abundant of late. But came from stolid worshippers of fact who had
what has been lacking is some balanced judg- never learned that truth is raised to potency
ment of the relative value of the attainments only when touched by the imagination. “I
of different cities. Each has been accustomed admire those who try to purify the Thames,'
to seize upon some data that appear creditable to he wrote, “but I have no shoulders for that
itself, and to ascribe all criticism purely to envy.
kind of work. My favourites of course are
To consider simply one subject - Parks, - the the German Mystics, particularly Master
author goes back of the crude statistics of Eckart and Cardinal Cusanus"; his life-story
area and population to consider the distribu- strengthens our conviction that the values of
tion of parks, the small park, the playground, life cannot be realized save by those who are
street area, vacant-lot area, private parks, “ Refreshed from kegs not coopered in this our world."
woods near the city, and various other matters Müller's brilliant scholastic training in-
bearing directly upon the heart of the question. volved two chief factors, poverty and pluck,
And it is not simply the large city, but cities both in unstinted measure. A rigorous clas-
great and small, and of every section of the sical education in the Leipsic Gymnasium
country — Savannah and Los Angeles and sweetened his whole life with the Attic charm.
South Bend, as well as Boston and Chicago.
At the University of Leipsic (1841-1844) his
Professor Zueblin speaks with the authority interest was drawn to Sanskrit by Professor
of a more detailed acquaintance with American Brockhaus. Of great value at this time was
civic conditions than is possessed by almost a close intimacy with Theodor Fontane. Max
any other man. His judgment is sane, yet at Müller's fine elevation of personal character is
times his criticism is so sharp as to make the
*THE LIFE AND Letters of the Right HONOURABLE
book stimulating as well as instructive.
FRIEDRICH MAX MÜLLER. Edited by his Wife. In two
Through both of these books runs the spirit volumes. Illustrated. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.


1903.)
335
THE DIAL
'܂
manifest in these younger days, in which a Ward's “ Eleanor ”!), described by his young
chivalrous devotion to his widowed mother protege as one who is “always cheerful, and
foreshadowed that high-minded loyalty to all studies Egyptian and Chinese to drive politics
natural ties which so dignified his entire life. out of his head"; "the sort of diplomatist they
When but nineteen years old he obtained the all should be, a true man, simple and good,
degree of Doctor of Philosophy; in March, desiring and striving for what is right, and
1844, he brought out a translation of the leaving the rest to providence. For this the
Hitopadeça, and betook himself to Berlin to wise Metternich pronounces him to be no diplo-
carry out studies in Sanskrit and philosophy. matist.” Bunsen was at all times keenly on the
In Berlin be reconciles the straitest private lookout for handicapped talents, and smooth-
surroundings with social prestige in the best ing the path before them with equal delicacy
intellectual circles of the capital. From his and generosity. It was he who persuaded the
ill-appointed garret he writes, “I cannot give reluctant Board of Directors of the East India
“
up Sanskrit, though it holds out no prospect Company, all strictly practical men, to under-
for me," nor did he, even when the waters rose take the editing and publishing of the Rig
most threateningly. Toward the end of No- Veda; Müller was promised £200 a year on a
vember, 1844, came an invitation from a Baron contract which involved about eight years'
Hagedorn of Dessau (a type of that convenient time, and thus his complete financial inde-
deus ex machina for which European society pendence was assured.
pendence was assured. In 1848 he settled in
contrives to have room), to stay at his house Oxford, from which time his influence extended
in Paris while working at Sanskrit. To Paris rapidly and steadily. His fineness of mind and
he accordingly goes, and, although his deus ex character made a distinct impression upon the
machina leaves him very much in the lurch, best English society, and he had the tact and
he in some unexplained way contrives to keep good sense to adjust himself to whatever dif-
soul and body together while (through Bur- ferences arose, æsthetic or social. 66 When
nouf's influence) he attacks with supreme en- Beethoven's Septette was played as a finale,
thusiasm his life-work, the preparation of a they mostly went away; perfect barbarians !
monumental edition of the Rig Veda with And yet they are good honest people, with
Sāyana's commentary, — a task involving the whom it is easy to live when one understands
mastery of the whole illustrative literature them." His Oxford lectures in the little known
from appalling masses of corrupt Indian man- field of comparative philology immediately at-
uscripts. “If I had to wait ten years," he tracted wide interest. He was made an hon.
said (somewhat later), “ I would not translate orary Master of Arts, member of Christ Church
a single line till the whole Vedic antiquity College, and Deputy Professor of Modern Lan-
with its wealth of thought lay clearly before guages, bringing a vivacity and breadth into
me. In addition to the enormous work in- his lectures which were without precedent. In
volved, there loomed up the disheartening fact 1859 he married Georgina Grenfell, a niece of
that no publisher could be induced to under- Charles Kingsley ; her sterling qualities sup-
take the printing. “Life is difficult, and plemented most effectively his admirable gifts,
why ?” he discourses to his mother; “because and this partnership founded one of the hap-
of that cursed money, which so many throw piest of all English homes, a centre of far-
away, which makes thousands miserable, and
reaching influence which drew to itself the
very few happy.” The day began to break, choicest spirits from near and far. It is
however, in 1846, when Müller went to London hardly necessary to detail the further progress
to spend three weeks ; — it turned out a resi- . of labors which were particularly successful in
dence in England of more than fifty-four years. gaining the attention of the public for studies
In April, 1847, Müller wrote to his mother: of which it had never suspected the existence.
“All my time, money, and work, indeed my whole life The Rig Veda was completed after more than
perhaps, would have been sacrificed and lost, had not
twenty-five years' work, and achieved the high
Bunsen, who had once been in the same position, with-
ideal of its editor by dispersing the accretions
out my saying anything to him, stood by me, and in this
way made it possible for me to struggle on with joyful
with which milleniums of superstition had en-
confidence and firm faith towards the goal I had set crusted it. The later years of life were devoted
before me.”
chiefly to the comparative study of religions, a
It would be an attractive digression to pay a work which was reflected in the Parliament of
tribute to Baron Bunsen (surely he must be the Religions in Chicago (1893) — regarded by
original of that lovable ambassador in Mrs. Max Müller as the most significant event of


336
[May 16,
THE DIAL
a
the nineteenth century, - and which shows as courteous and tactful presentation of the En-
its imposing monument the stately row of glish side.
versions of the “Sacred Books of the East." Gentleness and kindness radiated from him
About a year before his death, which occurred by natural laws. There was a childlike sim-
on October 28, 1900, he contemplated passing plicity, joined to a delightfully magisterial air,
from the stage, in a spirit fully consistent with a sweet and refined countenance, and a schol.
his true and simple life.
arly manner, which gave a total impression of
“ What is more natural in life than death ? and hav. the irresistible attractiveness of culture. His
ing lived this long life, so full of light, having been priceless gift of humor never failed him, nor
led so kindly by a fatherly hand through all storms and
an indomitable playful fun, “which flowed like
struggles, why should I be afraid when I have to make
the last step? I have finished nearly all my work,
a purling brook, intertwining itself with con-
and what is more, I see that it will be carried on by versation,” as Canon Farrar records. He was
others, by stronger and younger men.
I have never
a poet, dowered with highest lyric sensibility
piped much in the market, I gladly left that to others, and responsiveness from boyhood, or, to speak
but I have laid a foundation that will last, and though
more correctly, for a generation before he was
people don't see the blocks buried in a river, it is on
those unseen blocks the bridges rest."
born. Oxford was captivated by his mastery
of the piano, and John Stainer dedicated to him
Müller's position in England was somewhat
invidious, for his residence there fell precisely Bunsen to believe that he ought to have chosen
his work on Harmony. Müller's address led
at the time when the person of the Prince Con-
a diplomatic career. The best abused man in
sort had served to arouse a jealous and un.
the British Empire on the part of certain nar-
reasonable dread of all German influence. On
row religionists, his unobstrusive faith shone
this account there were repeated instances of
like a star throughout his active life, and made
the withholding of public recognition which had
his declining hours serene.
His was that rare
been freely bestowed upon the eminent scholar balance of harmonious qualities which pro-
from all sources outside the British isles.
duces a rounded humanity, —
Müller's sweet spirit was not perturbed, and he
“I framed his tongue to music,
remained a discriminating student and admirer
I armed his hand with skill,
of British politics. “Though John Bull does
I moulded his face to beauty,
make a fool of himself now and then,” he
And his heart the throne of will.”
wrote, “ the world would soon go to wrack and The controversy between Max Müller and
ruin without him." His statesmanlike grasp Professor Whitney, like Goethe's quarrel with
of world-politics exerted a powerful influence Sir Isaac Newton, is a painful subject to those
in the stormy days of 1870 and 1871 by rea- who revere the memory of both contestants.
son of very intimate relations with Gladstone, Müller, in his aversion to pedantry, purposely
as well as through his communications with neglected all unnecessary cumbersome appa-
Bismarck; in all these expressions he acted as ratus of scholarship, — " he sweeps cleanest
the ardent friend of Germany, at a time when that makes the least dust." His temperament
the whole weight of British sympathy was had its very noticeable limitations : a free hand
being forced toward the French side. “ The drawing is doubtless a truer portrait than a
whole future of the world seems to me to de- photograph, but clarity of outline is indispens-
pend on the friendship of the three Teutonic able in the exact sciences. A sheltered life,
nations, Germany, England, and America”; with merely local and congenial duties, had
this sentence shows the temper in which he sundry unfortunate tendencies — among them
worked incessantly, both in public and private, a well-bred insularity,* an inability to grasp
- in much the same spirit as that with which certain unheard-of Titanic manifestations, and
Mr. Motley labored to sway the inert English various harmless smaller vanities, a love of
opinion toward the National cause during our approbation and a keen personal satisfaction
civil war. His last days were ennobled by his in well-earned gains, - which were a part of his
opposition to the abusive hostility of Germany unusually sensitive and responsive nature.
toward England at the time of the Boer con- Whitney, on the other hand, was of far more
Alict. The blind frenzy of Germany at this rugged Puritan conscience as regards the se-
time was especially hard to combat: even the vere responsibility of the scholar to facts, and
distinguished Deutsche Rundschau, his long- to him Müller's graceful fancies were a debase-
standing intimate medium of communication
*Cf. “The best people in America are ashamed of their
with his fellow-Germans, dared not print his president (Cleveland)." Vol. II., p. 359.
*


1903.]
337
THE DIAL
-
ment of the currency of scholarship, bringing once for all, that there is no page, no line, no word, no
confusion upon the “grand ideals of careful-
letter, no accent, in the whole of the Commentary for
ness and the love of truth, as Calvin Thomas
which I am not personally responsible. Nothing was
ordered for press that I had not myself carefully
briefly defines Science. If the first American
examined and revised, and though for certain portions
scholar occasionally tended in the direction of of my edition, as I stated in the Preface to each volume,
formalism, it is certain that Müller persistently I was relieved of much preliminary labour, the decision
clutched at theories of most nebulous tenuity.
in all critical passages, whether for good or evil, always
rested with me.”
It must, however, be taken into account that
in many cases the latter cheerfully recognized
“ Life is an art, and more difficult than
the provisional nature of his aperçus. His fail-
Sanskrit or anything else," wrote Max Müller,
ure to estimate the vigor of Whitney's mind
almost at the beginning of his successful ca.
is to be deplored, nor is there lacking a hu-
reer; certainly no man ever ordered his days
morously tragic irony in his apprehension lest
more loyally in this spirit. There is in this
the mind of his colossal adversary might be singularly happy and harmonious record some-
thing more than the charm which attaches to
wavering. Sufficient to say that these con-
trasting temperaments came into direct col-
“the scholar, beloved of earth and heaven,"
lision, although one cannot but believe that, in
it is the promise of a higher and better hu-
essence, the divergent natures were designed manity. To any gifted nature, isolated by
to supplement and honor each other. While
force of surroundings from the larger and se-
our intellect concedes the victory to Antonio,
rener air to which it rightfully aspires, this
our heart cannot keep from leaning toward
book will prove a destroyer of prison walls,
Tasso.
and will bring its reader into most intimate
Quite another matter is the degrading ac-
converse with choice spirits, making him part
of a social cosmos perhaps as perfect as any
cusation of scholastic dishonesty which has
been made against Max Müller, a charge which
yet achieved. The length and fulness of detail
in its essence recalls the sordid reproaches which
in the work only make this companionship
hastened to an embittered end the life of a man
more real and potent, and we should therefore
who was not only a naval hero, but one of the
be unwilling to abridge these large volumes
by a single page. JAMES TAFT HATFIELD.
most high-minded and distinguished of all
American public servants. In the case of
Müller, as of Admiral Sampson, the matter
turns upon the question whether an eminent
A NEW MONTAIGNE.*
authority, who has independently wrought out
a plan of campaign and has put it into success-
No new edition of the essays of Michel de
ful and vigorous operation, may intrust details
, Montaigne, noble, courtier, soldier, civil mag- .
even very important details, to other competent nate, and master of affairs, can fail to arouse
hands without abdicating his position as re-
interest in cultivated minds; for the name of
sponsible head. In 1852 Dr. Aufrecht, a Montaigne is not a mere literary name for critics
capable scholar, was employed by Müller to
to juggle with, — it is a power, perhaps a grow-
relieve him of much preliminary work in the ing power, in the active world we live in. Mr.
further preparation of the text of the Rig Veda
Hazlitt's edition, the work of an editor whose
edition, a kind of work which is as depressing father's name was for many years associated
as sewing carpets. It was Baron Bunsen who
with the study of Montaigne, has an especial
counselled and fully endorsed the arrangement
claim upon the expectation of the reviewer.
thus entered into, which was quite as much a
That expectation is not disappointed ; the edi-
favor to the assistant as to the principal. In
tion is in many respects the best which has yet
the Preface to the fifth volume of the Rig Veda
been published in English. The revision of Cot-
Müller puts the whole case frankly and honor-
ton's classic version is effected with the greatest
ably; every trait in his character demands that possible conservatism, and the notes, including
we should accept this statement:
occasional transcripts from Florio, are always
“There is not one doubtful or difficult passage in the
illuminating. The life (translated from the
whole of this work where I have not myself carefully
variorum Paris edition, 1854), and the thirty-
weighed the evidence of the MSS. ; not one where I
* ESSAYS OF MONTAIGNE. Translated by Charles Cotton.
have not myself verified the exact readings of the MSS., Revised, with a Life of Montaigne, Notes, a translation
even in those portions which were copied and collated of extant Letters, and an enlarged Index, by William Carew
for me by others, except where the originals were out Hazlitt. In four volumes. Illustrated. New York: Im-
of my reach. . . . I take this opportunity of stating, ported by Charles Scribner's Sons.


338
(May 16,
THE DIAL
-
five letters by Montaigne which are extant, con- almost more replete with quotations from other writers
stitute a valuable supplement to the text.
than any extant: in matter and thought purely personal
But, after all due credit is allowed for the
more exuberantly full."
apparatus of the edition, the main interest of
Montaigne really belongs, in a sense, with the
the reader must focus upon the text itself.
great diarists and letter-writers, rather than
The lay reader, if he owes his introduction to
with the great essayists. He wrote, like Pepys
Montaigne to old Florio, may be grieved to
or Evelyn or Miss Burney, for his own delight;
learn that his text “is grossly inaccurate and
and though he deliberately published his work,
illiterate"; or, if Cotton has been his master,
it was with no real expectation of lasting fame.
may be troubled by the occasional disturbance
“It is, at any rate,” says Mr. Hazlitt, “scarcely
(in the interest of accuracy) of rhythms probable that he foresaw how his renown was
which long ago took up their dwelling-place in
to become world-wide ; how he was to occupy
his memory, and now refuse to be dislodged.
an almost unique position as a man of letters
On the whole, however, it is a satisfaction to
and a moralist; how the Essays would be read,
have matters set straight; and there is no very
in all the principal languages of Europe, by
good excuse at this day for one's being satisfied
millions of intelligent human beings who never
to have Montaigne in any sort of translation at
heard of Perigord or the League, and who are
the
expense of the original
. There is no deny. | in doubt, if they are questioned, whether the
ing that the present version often- more often, author lived in the sixteenth or the eighteenth
perhaps, than that of Florio -- misses the grace century. This is true fame. A man of genius
and ease of the French text. Perfect verbal belongs to no period and no country. He
accuracy in translating must always entail cer-
speaks the language of nature, which is always
tain sacrifices; for the whole process of re-
everywhere the same. H. W. BOYNTON.
clothing a thought which has been expressed
finally must be in the nature of a compromise.
In this case, the work of the editor - who had
-
also to be translator - bas been done with SOME DARKER PHASES OF THE AMERICAN
greater success than might have been expected;
REVOLUTION.*
with only occasional awkwardnesses of manner,
The recently-published letters of Earl Percy
and with perfect fidelity to the meaning of the
contain some very interesting items regarding
original. In order to secure a pure text, it was the American Revolution, stated from the view-
necessary for the editor not only to restore
point of a British commander. For example,
many passages omitted by Cotton, but to trans-
the letter to Governor Gage which describes the
fer various interpolations to the foot-notes.
The task was rendered more embarrassing by about His Majesty's troops : “ Nor were they
retreat from Lexington ends with this sentence
the large number of emendations made by
a little exasperated at the cruelty and barbarity
Montaigne in successive editions published of the Rebels, who scalped and cut off the ears
during his life.
of some of the wounded men who fell into
The brief Preface contains an excellent, their hands."
though very compact, estimate of the character
Mr. Sydney George Fisher, in his account of
and genius of Montaigne.
“ The True American Revolution," does not
“ He was, without being aware of it, the leader of a portray the New England yeoman brandishing
new school in letters and morals. His book stood apart
from all others which were at that date in the world. It
a tomahawk or using a scalping-knife on those
diverted the ancient currents of thought into new chan-
famous days in the spring of 1775, — but just
nels. It told its readers with unexampled frankness as certainly he does not paint a picture of well-
what its writer's opinion was about men and things, dressed well-equipped heroes in glittering uni-
and threw what must have been a strange kind of new forms of Continental blue and buff.
light on many matters but darkly understood. ... Of
all egotists, Montaigne, if not the greatest, was the most
Rougb, ungainly, unassorted men, round-shouldered
fascinating, because, perhaps, he was the least affected
and stiff from labor; some of them, perbaps, in the old
and most truthful. What he did and what he had
ill-fitting militia uniform of blue turned back with red,
professed to do was to dissect his mind, and show us,
but most of them in smock-frocks, as they had worked
as best he could, how it was made, and what relation
in the fields, or with faded red or green coats, old yel-
it bore to external objects. He investigated his mental
low embroidered waistcoats, greasy and dirty; some
structure as a boy pulls his watch to pieces, to examine * The TRUE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. By Sydney George
the mechanism of the works ; and the result, accom- Fisher. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
panied by illustrations abounding in originality and THE LOYALISTS IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. By
force, he delivered to his fellow-men in a book one Claude Halstead Van Tyne. New York: The Macmillan Co.
the
66


1903.)
339
THE DIAL
with great wigs that had once been white, some in their Mr. Van Tyne's story of “The Loyalists in
own hair, with every imaginable kind of hat or fur
the American Revolution” is a concise study
cap, trailing every variety of old musket and shotgun;
of what the author calls “a tragedy but rarely
without order or discipline, joking with their leaders,
talking, excited, welcoming to their ranks students from paralleled in the history of the world.” The
New Haven and clerks from country stores, they hurried expulsion of the Moors from Spain or the
from the bleak hills of New Hampshire and the sunny Huguenots from France might be used as an-
valleys of Connecticut, until within four or five days alogies to some extent.
they had collected sixteen thousand strong at the little
The position of the
village of Cambridge, where they remained, half- Loyalists at the beginning of the struggle,
,
starved, shivering in the cold nights without blankets." their sufferings at the hands of the patriots,
In such words Mr. Fisher undertakes the dis- and their final banishment, are described with
illusionizing process, - to give the American
much detail of statement. The general impres-
reader a true account of the Revolution, to re- sion gained by the reader is that this element
move the halo from the heads of the men of of our population was much sinned against.
that war, and to show the harsher side of the At the same time it is clearly shown that there
struggle. Professor Sumner, a few years ago,
was a great deal of striking back, and the con-
discussed some of the features of American
viction is deepened that while many good peo-
public life before the Revolution, in four chap- ple, who would have added strength to the new
ters of his “Life of Alexander Hamilton.” | republic, were made to suffer very severely and
Mr. George Washington Greene, much earlier,
were driven into exile, there were also many
introduced some of the same sort of discussion mean people, who were guilty of all sorts of
into his essays on the initial war of the United detestable acts, and who therefore richly de-
States; and other writers have set forth in their
served all the punishment the patriots could
plain ugliness facts tending to show that there give them.
cannot be an overturning of social conditions Mr. Van Tyne's volume is a convenient hand-
and a violent severing of political connections book regarding this phase of the Revolution.
without some grating and grinding.
It is enriched with abundant footnotes and
Mr. Fisher charges the historians with a
references to original sources. It has thirty
failure to tell the whole truth, and a failure pages of supplementary matter containing in
with a definite purpose.
His main points are
abstract the principal measures taken by the
that the Revolution was not “a great sponta-
several States against the Loyalists.
neous, unanimous uprising, all righteousness,
FRANCIS WAYLAND SHEPARDSON.
perfection, and infallibility, a marvel of success
at every step, and incapable of failure," as
many writers make out; that, instead of being
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
cruel, tyrannical, and aggressive in its attitude
toward the revolted colonies, the British gov-
The life of
“Minister of Religion” was the
ernment was extremely lenient and conciliatory
profession chosen by the young stu-
in its methods, at least up to 1778,- this the-
of religion."
dent, William Ellery Channing. The
ory being the only one under which Howe's phrase well portrays the mission and influence of
conduct can be understood ; and that the Loy. his life, and forms a fitting sub-title for the Rev.
alists, or Tories, deserve far more consideration
John W. Chadwick's new biography (Houghton).
than they have ordinarily received from Amer-
The preface to Mr. Chadwick’s volume suggests
a note of comparison, inevitably recurring to the
ican historians. While he discusses these main
reader's mind, between the lives of Channing and
points, the author brings out a large number
Theodore Parker and the author's treatment of each,
of smaller considerations, all combining to show “as different as carying a statue from painting
that the " true American Revolution” has not a picture, so much warmth and color were there in
been well understood, and that the period was Parker's experience and personality, so little in the
a much more ugly and unlovely one than we older and greater man's." From the “ Memoir” of
have usually been taught to believe. The book 1848, the volumes of sermons, and other sources,
will have value as a corrective, and as a safe-
the biographer has constructed a book which is
guard against the tendency to over-emphasize
never brilliant or dramatic, but is well condensed
and interesting. Wisely, he purposed to emphasize
the heroic aspects of our Revolution — a tend.
" the social rather than the theological” in tracing
ency stimulated just now by the interest in
Channing's influence upon American religious life.
patriotic hereditary societies and the increas-
The paragraphs where his purpose lapsed are less
ing output of historical novels of the Revolu-
grasp and poise than the revelations of his
tionary days.
subject's mental and moral calibre. The develop-
a " minister
>
sure in


340
(May 16,
THE DIAL
)
ment of character is outlined in progressive chapters, command of French.
command of French. The best utterances in the
from the picture of the impulsive and meditative book are those on government and politicians. “If
child of early Newport days, to the active, often we should have any time,” says the author, illus-
ascetic, preacher and social reformer of Boston and trating the futility of much that is classed under
its bistoric Federal Street Church.
The strong,
the head of government, “to devote to politicians
broad nature of the man are cited alike in the in- and their laws, we might spend it in weeping at the
cidents of theological — or Unitarian - controversy, spectacle of a legislature trying, by laws of its own
— —
in his messages on anti-slavery, and in his vital enactment, to prevent itself from accepting bribes.”
efforts for educational and moral reform. The The following definitions are good : “ An agnostic
closing words of the volume are well-chosen, — the is a man who believes nothing that he cannot abso-
reiteration that Channing found the realization of lutely prove; a practical man is one who believes
his hopes far less in the spread of those particular anything that he can prove beyond a reasonable
opinions which received his intellectual assent than doubt; a hopeful man is one who believes anything
in the softening of sectarian animosities, the diminu- that he cannot disprove; and an idealist is one who
tion of sectarian zeal, the kinder mutual regards of believes what he knows is not true." Christian Sci-
different bodies of believers, the enlarging sympathy ence, it is shrewdly observed, “exploits a theory
of the world's great religions, and the labors of whereby not only medicine, but all other material
those men who are doing what they can to lessen things — except money -
are entirely eliminated
party spirit, to improve social conditions, and to from the treatment of disease . The Christian
uphold, in spite of proud contempt and rancorous Scientists are clever as well as cheerful people ...
opposition, the things that make for peace.” In and they have entertained some incarables and
effective contrast with the intense mental activities cured some people who were not sick, quite as well
of Channing is the revelation of his domestic hap- as any one else could have done it.” In discussing
piness, bis delight in children and friends, and his “ The Search for Satisfaction,” the author thinks
restful pleasurable hours in his “Oakland” garden. that a man may find what he seeks in woman's love,
The directness and force of Mr. Chadwick’s style is though he holds out little hope of its being a last-
occasionally marred by discursive paragraphs, and ing content. “It is well,” he says in conclusion,
by the intrusion of favorite but labored quotations ; " to think one's own thoughts occasionally, even
as, for example, on page 79, where, following a though they be wrong”; and he modestly and
citation from Channing's emphasis of daily duties wisely admits the probability of error in his own
as media for religious service, he writes: “If musings.
Channing had been one of the quoters, as be was
William Paterson is best known to
not, and he had had Keble's Christian Year' at College life
hand, which was not published till 1827, he would
history as the spokesman of “the
certainly have quoted here, -
New Jersey plan” in the Federal
• The trivial round, the common task, etc.
Convention, intended to preserve the rights of the
A more descriptive method, and less of analysis
smaller States against their larger sisters. Addi-
and argument, would have added effectiveness to
tional fame rests upon his administration as Gov-
the chapters dealing with Channing's personality,
ernor of New Jersey, and his thirteen years as
An
in private and public incidents alike.
a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
insight into his earlier years is now afforded by the
Soliloquies
“To feast upon the treasures of the publication of “Glimpses of Colonial Society and
past is one of the rewards of loneli- the Life at Princeton College, 1766 1773" (Lippin-
negg.” Thus soliloquizes “ A. C. M.,” cott). These glimpses are given in a series of let-
as be blows a cloud of smoke from his briar-wood ters written by Paterson to his college friends, and
pipe and enters upon “The Reflections of a Lonely by random letters written to him. Among these
Man” (McClurg). The range of contents of this friends are John Macpherson, who fell in the assault
attractive little volume is less wide than one might of Quebec; Luther Martin, of Anti-Federalist fame;
have expected from the writer's declaration that he and Aaron Burr, who was graduated from Prince-
has had “experience of nearly everything that a ton in the class of 1772. With these letters are
man can read about in books, and of some things included some verses, chiefly in the style of Pope,
that a
cannot read about.” Mild satire, intended for the Cliosophic Society of Princeton
touched with humor, is the prevailing note. But College, and a few scraps of old-time college songs.
the satirist occasionally betrays a forgetfulness of Abounding in classic allusion, passing readily upon
the fact that criticism is a two-edged sword, to be occasion into Latin, quoting from Swift, Pope, Mo-
wielded with caution. College education and col- lière, and Horace, the compositions of this young
lege professors receive from him the patronizing, law student, recently graduated from Princeton,
half-contemptuous treatment that argues not exactly illustrate the aristocracy of letters in that day. Al-
the broadest and highest education in the speaker though covering the years important in the political
himself.
The study of foreign languages to perfect revolution of the Colonies, there is scarcely a refer-
one's knowledge of English is held up to ridicule, ence to politics, or any prophecy of the public ca-
and incidentally the writer betrays an imperfect reer so soon to be opened to this verbose essayist.
at Princeton in
Colonial times.
humorous and
satirical.
>
man


1903.)
341
THE DIAL
of Madison.
Instead of such slangy matter as would fill the sary. We are equally interested to learn that Christ
pages of a modern college student, there are allu- Church, with which Royalty and Aristocracy have
sions to nymphs, enchanting Peggies, adored Pat- been associated and where such men as Sir Philip
ties, and fair Dulcineas. The searcher for local Sidney and John Ruskin and Gladstone have been
color, and the student of manners and customs prominent, was famous also for the pranks of its
of that pre-Revolutionary period, cannot fail to be students. That Walter Pater “could almost have
rewarded by a perusal of these effusions. The prac- swung a kitten if it were a small kitten between his
tice of sending law students to England for final bed, his window and his door” in his room at
study is exemplified, and the worry of a tutor over Brazenose is a bit of information worth having.
the pranks of unruly students at Christmas time And a description of Shelley's room at University
illustrated. Of these disturbers of early Prince- | College and a pen-sketch of his window seat are
ton days, the worst seems to have been one of precious glimpses to the reader. Anecdotes seri.
our suspended boys of the name of Hart from ous and humorous are scattered through the book,
Kentucky.” Several of the letters show a custom, together with odd bits of personal gossip, all of
evidently quite prevalent at the time, of graduates which lend a charm to what might have been, in
writing commencement essays for their neophyte other hands than Mr. Hutton's, a mere category of
brethren. Paterson seems to have been quite gifted obscure facts. The illustrations in pen and ink,
in this direction, and quite willing to accommodate done by Mr. Herbert Railton, are a very attractive
his friends. Nearly a quarter of a century after addition to the book.
taking his degree, he was importaned by a Senior
Mr. Gaillard Hunt's “Life of James
whose need of literary assistance is evidenced by
A new Life
the letter in which he says: “I have made a trial
Madison " (Doubleday, Page & Co.)
of my own abilities with a view to my own im-
is evidently an outgrowth of the au-
provement and avoid being troublesome to others ;
thor's labors as editor of “The Writings of James
but I distrust my being any way adequate to a
Madison." It is a solid work, written with pains-
suitable preparation and would be scrappy." The taking care, fortified with references and footnotes,
”
,
annotating of the present volume is well done by and altogether worthy of respect. As compared
Mr. W. Jay Mills, previously known in connection
with accounts of certain historic homes of New
Howard Gay, it may be called more valuable as an
Jersey.
original study, as it gives more fully the facts of
history that form the setting of Madison's life and
Ozford and
The opening words in the Introduc- of which he was himself a most important part.
its literary tion to Mr. Laurence Hutton's “ Lit- But while the student will rate this book higher,
associations.
erary Landmarks of Oxford” (Scrib- the ordinary reader will be likely to find it some-
ner) are characteristic of the easy and pleasant stylewhat dull. This is due in part to a lack of bright-
of the book throughout. They carry with them the ness in the author's style, but it is also due to the
impression of the author's real pleasure in his under- character of the distinguished subject of the biog-
taking and remind us of what Mr. Howells
says, raphy. Madison was a student, a statesman, a
that “to please one's self honestly and thoroughly man of the highest worth, but he was not an in-
is the only way to please others in matters of art. teresting person; he was to outward appearance
We can now comfort ourselves with the thought that cold, as he was insignificant in size. He did a
although we cannot, as did Hannah More in 1772, magnificent work for our nation in helping to bring
“gallant about ” Oxford with Dr. Johnson for a about the adoption of the Constitution; perhaps it
guide, we can at least participate very vividly in might not have come into being if it had not been
the memories of those old days by reading these for his wisdom, influence, and skill. He was a lead.
pages of Mr. Hutton's. The information he gives ing figure in the first Congress, where the prece-
is not that of the guide books, nor of the "intelligent dents were established that decided whether the
local guide” whose boast it was that he could do new government should be a success or a failure ;
the 'alls, collidges, and principal hedifices in a nour and his influence there was of immeasurable value.
and a naff”; but it is about the things which Mr. He was a successful Secretary of State under Jeffer-
Hutton himself wanted to know and could find in son, being in hearty sympathy with the democratic
no one place until he had searched many volumes revolution that had put that great apostle of theo-
and asked hundreds of questions of “ Dons, of retical democracy into the seat of the more aristo-
Graduates and Undergraduates, Scouts and Hall cratic Wasbington and Adams, though he could
porters, of Antiquaries and Topographists." It is not maintain the dignity of his country against the
very entertaining to know that Dean Stanley in attacks of all Europe. But he failed as President
writing to Mrs. Arnold of her distinguished husband because of the insurmountable difficulties of his
familiarly called him “Matt”; and to be shown the position when both England and France were de-
staircase at Pembroke where Johnson often came termined to prey upon us as the only neutral power,
“tumbling down,” and to know that his room is and to prevent our taking advantage of that posi-
still practically unaltered, that two of his desks are tion ; he could bardly have been a successful Presi.
preserved, and his tea-pot is in a cabinet in the Bub- dent in the quietest times, for be did not know how


342
[May 16,
THE DIAL
a
9
studied in his
to manage men, and his selections for his cabinet
to say on these subjects is wisdom, and much of it
were perhaps the poorest that any President has is wit besides. She sees the “eastern slope" in a
ever made. He was a man of books and of the serene but not unbrilliant light, — the light of
council, not man of action; and the Presi- afternoon sunshine; and though her presentment
dency should never have been put upon
him. is sometimes a little categorical, from crowding too
Though the author cannot make Madison interest- much into a limited space, it has in it both spirit
ing to us, be leads us to a hearty respect and even and truth. She finds that religion has become
admiration for him both in his public and in his sweeter because deed has replaced dogma, and our
private life.
social endeavors more sane because we realize that
A history of
In his account of “The Papal Mon. the needy ones of earth ask “not alms, but a
the Papal
archy” (Putnam), Dr. William Barry, friend." Her faith falters a little at the literary
Monarchy.
Professor of Ecclesiastical History outlook, because form has become so much to us ;
in St. Mary's College, Oscott, takes up the period she thinks “the art of saying things has about
succeeding the fall of Rome and coming down reached its zenith, but great things to be said still
nearly to the modern period,- to be exact, from await their spokesman." The strongest note of
590 to 1303, or from the time of Gregory the Great her philosophy is that which denies that the good
to Boniface VIII. In the introductory chapters the of the whole can be distinct from that of the indi.
author develops the growth of the idea of the Pope vidual. “ The social mechanism is no mechanism
as the head of Christendom, presiding over tem- at all ; it is a great, big, throbbing buman heart,
poral as well as spiritual affairs, and then takes up and every
time you or I suffer a new loss, perform
the main occurrences of the long years in which a mean or careless action, that great heart beats
Christian Rome was in conflict with Northern tribes. with one more throb of pain.” The little book
Presenting in detail the most noteworthy of these will awaken thoughtful interest among readers
events, and indicating by clever summaries the cur- who have attained the easy slope of life which she
rent of the general movements at work, he carries defines.
the story of the Popes through the Medieval period.
History records no more interesting events and
Horace Greeley
“The place to study Horace Greeley
episodes, no stories having more of the element of
is in his newspaper,” says Mr. Will-
newspaper. iam Alexander Linn, whose biog-
picturesqueness, than these of the followers of Chris-
tianity and the legions of the Roman army carry-
raphy of the great journalist has just been added
ing on their work among the barbarians from one
to the “ Historic Lives Series” of Messrs. D. Ap-
end of Western Europe to the other, -of Popes pleton & Co. Mr. Linn has adhered steadfastly
compelling Emperors to bow to them, of Crusaders
to this belief, departing from it only when taking
struggling heroically for possession of the Holy
some of the material for the early part of Greeley's
Sepulchre. It is “a tragedy and a romance; or,
career from his own “Recollections of a Busy Life.”
as the millions of the faithful believe, a prophecy
The result is a well-written newspaper sketch of the
founder of “The Tribune," taking up each national
and a fulfilment." The author's point of view is
not sectarian. He treats his subject broadly, and,
event during Greeley's editorship and showing his
concerning himself merely with the facts of history, Tribune” to give each statement due support, but
attitude toward it, offering quotations from “ The
in clear and graphic style pictures to us Rome as
“the mother of civilization, the source to Western
lacking sympathy with the personality of the sub-
peoples of religion, law, and order, of learning, art,
ject. In inverse ratio to Parton's life of Greeley,
and civic institutions," giving to the multitudes
which has stood the test of time, one here finds
which settled down within the boundaries of the Greeley the politician first, Greeley the reformer
West "a brain, a conscience, and an imagination,
next, and Horace Greeley last of all. Neither writer
which at length transformed them into the Chris-
has spared the foibles, the stubbornness, and the
tendom that Augustine had foreseen." Two maps
frequent tendency to be on the wrong side, which
and fifty-eight illustrations
- the latter represent-
characterized the well-meaning Greeley; but the
ing old mosaics, coins, frescoes, and paintings, –
recent biography is devoid of the con amore touch
add much to the interest and usefulness of the work.
which Parton possesses. Admirers of Greeley -
and there must be such, despite his political, social,
The title of Mrs. Celia Parker Wool- and religious heresies, - will regret that the present
The lights of
ley's new book, “The Western author, measuring the editor by the newspaper yard-
afternoon.
Slope” (William S. Lord), must stick, can find no motive for the reforms attempted
not be misunderstood. The author holds that we by him in Congress other than by advertising " The
enter upon the western slope of life at thirty, Tribune" and securing some notoriety for himself.
rather earlier than most of us would be ready to To the same selfish impulse is largely attributed
admit; and her book is not a glorification of old Greeley's acceptance of the Liberal nomination in
age. It is rather a view, from over the crest of 1872, with no credit for the warm-hearted, sym-
the bill, of “the way we have come.” It glimpses pathetic nature, which saw true Reconstruction of
the last forty years or so of progress in religion, so- the South only in kind treatment and the with-
cial effort, and literature. What Mrs. Woolley has drawal of force. To establish his point, the author
a
a


1903.)
343
THE DIAL
NOTES.
cites the increased receipts of “ The Tribune
counting-room after Greeley's one term at Wash-
ington. The volume will be used by those desiring
a clear summary of Greeley's attitude toward cur-
rent events, as well as of important occurrences in
his early life; but it is not likely to be read purely
from interest in the story as here told.
66
BRIEFER MENTION.
63
>
"Twenty Original Piano Compositions by Franz
Liszt,” edited by Mr. August Spanuth, and “Fifty
Songs by Robert Franz," edited by Mr. William Foster
Apthorp, are the latest additions to the Musician's
Library” published by Messrs. Oliver Ditson & Co.
When the opening volumes of this library appeared
last winter, we took occasion to commend the enter-
prise in the warmest terms, and we need only add upon
the present occasion that the editors of the new vol-
umes have done their work with marked intelligence,
and with a clear recognition of the educational nature
of this undertaking. The Liszt numbers are selected
entirely from the original works, mostly dating from
the comp