ublic Interest
Newspaper comment on late academic apropos of the resignation of Professor
events at the University of Minnesota and Beard. Consequently I make no apology
Columbia University reveals even more for quoting him at length, especially as his
clearly than usual the split between the official position protects his account from
prevailing attitude inside and outside of the charge of being an expression of un-
university walls. To the general public bridled professorial license.
practically every academic issue which gets The American professor is apt to chafe at being
upon the "front page" is one of freedom under a board of trustees, which in his most critical
of teaching and speech. Reactions are
moods he feels to be alien to the republic of science
and letters. Even in his kindliest moods he cannot
condemnatory of administrative action if think that board representative of the university,
the editorial writer or the voluntary cor- The university is an intellectual organization and
respondent feels that there is danger of the American professor wants the government of the
inquiry and discussion being stifled, espe-
university to conform to that essential fact. His
cially if a vivid imagination sees universi-
indictment of the existing form of government is
that it sets up and maintains an alien ideal, the
ties being choked to death in the grip of ideal of a business corporation engaging professors
capitalistic overlords. They are laudatory as employees and controlling them by means of an
on equally general principles if the writer absolute and irresponsible authority.
feels that teachers in universities are run- The professor's attitude is not so sen-
ning amuck with political and theological sational as that of the public. It is less
radicalism, or even are trying to enlighten heroic than that of popular radicalism,
their students as to the drift of modern which demands the thrill of combat, the
radical thought instead of confining them- plot of the oppressing villain and the mar-
selves to inculcating well-established or- tyrdom of the oppressed victim. It turns
thodoxies of interpretation. Show me one largely on formal and technical questions,
who, as Elihu Root said so naïvely about questions of procedure-as may be seen in
suffrage for women, "looked into the mat- the report of the Association of American
ter a great many years ago" and came to Professors on the case of Scott Nearing
a conclusion which he has never found at the University of Pennsylvania. There
reason for reopening, and I will show you is a popular image of the association rush-
one who deprecates the tendencies of pro- ing to his rescue out of sympathy with
fessors to adopt half-baked opinions and radical views. As a matter of fact, the
who rejoices at every curb placed by the condemnation of the Pennsylvania author-
firm hand of authority upon irresponsible ities was based essentially upon prosaic
licentiousness of thought. See, passim, details of failure to define grounds, failure
the editorial columns of the “New York to allow a hearing, upon details of time
Times."
and method of dismissal, with present-
Strangely enough, by contrast, one ment of collateral evidence that these ir-
rarely finds the body of college teachers regularities of procedure were due to
much excited about the free-speech issue. unacknowledged objections to the tenor of
What it is concerned about is usually ques- his economic doctrines. This case affords
tions of procedure, which ultimately turn a reasonably fair symbol of the usual situ-
upon the relative authority to be exercised ation.
by the trustees as legal employers and It is obvious that the professorial atti-
guardians and the faculty as representing tude is not one of itself to attain the dig.
immediate educational interests. The case nity of the front page. It is too technical,
of the faculty has never been better stated not sufficiently dramatic and personal. It
than by President Schurman of Cornell even readily lends itself to adverse and


436
[November 8
THE DIAL
as
unsympathetic statement. The professors radically different from those of the pres-
are represented as animated by a narrow ent, confer control upon a body of men
class spirit, bound together to protect one "alien to the republic of science and let-
another at all hazards, and setting them- ters.” He is only too well aware of the
selves up as above the ordinary rules of fact that legally the trustees (as in the
responsibility to their superiors—that is, words of the charter of Columbia Univer-
their employers. Sympathies that might sity) “shall forever hereafter have full
easily be gained by the war cry of infringe- power and authority to direct the course
ment of freedom of thought and teaching of study and the discipline to be
are dissipated or alienated when the case observed," and that he holds his position
is rested so largely on formal grounds, purely at the pleasure of the trustees."
when the struggle is revealed to be one for But he is also aware that these documents
greater participation in university govern reflect the conditions of a century ago,
ment. It may then be worth while to set when the modern university was
forth the grounds on which teachers undreamed of on one side, as the modern
appeal for the sympathy and support of big business corporation on the other.
the public in what can readily be construed And when he is told that since he knew
into a struggle for mere class privileges. the conditions of his employment when he
President Schurman stated the gist of accepted his job, he is thereby estopped
the thing when he said that to the teacher from complaint, his answer is not merely
the university is “an intellectual organiza- that trustees are far too wise to attempt
tion," and that he wants the actual govern- to base their course consistently upon their
ment of the university to conform to this legal authority, but also that his primary
fundamental fact. If anything lifts the loyalty is to an idea, to a function and
effort of the teaching body from an
calling, to the advancement of learning
attempt to advance personal and class pre- and truth, and that it is his business as
rogatives up to that of a public interest, well as his right to struggle by every legiti-
it is, of course, just this fact. If security
and responsibility of intellectual organi- situation which compromises the efficacy
mate means to bring about a change in any
zation are worth anything to the nation, of his public calling.
then the professors' efforts to get a respon-
sible share
in college control form a public change should come about by a voluntary
Nothing is more desirable than that the
service.
If guarantees of the indepen-
dence of the higher intellectual life of the devolution of authority on the part of
nation from alien and sinister influences its legal possessors. But events demon-
are worth anything to contemporary
strate that the past policy of holding, for
America, then professors are entitled to
the most part, these powers in tacit abey-
every meed of public support in their bat- ance is rapidly becoming one of unstable
tle against a situation which in the lan- equilibrium, and that the situation must be
guage of Professor Beard makes the defined and clarified by an explicit con-
status of the college teacher "lower than ferring of authority upon the teaching
that of the manual laborer who, through body. If wisdom is lacking in high places
his union, has at least some voice in the to effect the change by voluntary abdica-
terms and conditions of his employment.” tion, then the question which the teaching
For until this voice can be obtained, the body will have to face is how far it is will-
calling of promotion of intelligence in ing to become a body of place holders and
the nation remains unassured, precarious, technical specialists immune from interfer-
imperfectly responsible.
ence because it speaks in tongues not
The case of the university teacher is understood by the public. I have written
simple. It is that the teaching body rep- of the question as it affects the college
resents and embodies that function of teacher because I am familiar with the
scholarship, and research which is the question from that angle. But the issue
essential life of the university, while law affects the entire teaching body of all our
and precedent, surviving from a day when schools. The spread of the movement to
economic and intellectual conditions were federate public-school teachers with trade-


1917]
437
THE DIAL
unions cannot be understood except as a it is the public, not the teachers nor their
part of this larger issue. That portion of legal employers and regulators, whether in
the public which deplores the fact that the university or in other schools, which
teachers resort to industrial unions for will determine the settlement of the issue.
defence and support assumes, beyond all It is not too much to say that the final issue
others, an obligation to recognize the is how much the American people cares
concern of the public in the struggle of about the integrity and responsibility of
teachers to have a more responsible voice the intellectual life of the nation.
in the conduct of their work. In the end,
John Dewey.
An Apology for Crudity
For a long time I have believed that To my room, which is on a street near
crudity is an inevitable quality in the the loop in the city of Chicago, come men
production of a really significant present- who write. They talk and I talk. We
day American literature. How indeed is are fools. We talk of writers of the old
one to escape the obvious fact that there world and the beauty and subtlety of the
is as yet no native subtlety of thought or work they do. Below us the roaring city
living among us? And if we are a crude lies like a great animal on the prairies,
and childlike people how can our litera- but we do not run out to the prairies. We
ture hope to escape the influence of that stay in our rooms and talk.
fact? Why indeed should we want it to And so, having listened to talk and
escape?
having myself talked overmuch, I grow
If
you are in doubt as to the crudity of weary of talk and walk in the streets. As
thought in America, try an experiment. I walk alone, an old truth comes home to
Come out of your offices, where you sit me and I know that we shall never have
writing and thinking, and try living with an American literature until we return to
us. Get on a train at Pittsburg and go faith in ourselves and to the facing of
west to the mountains of Colorado. Stop our own limitations. We must, in some
for a time in our towns and cities. Stay way, become in ourselves more like our
for a week in some Iowa corn-shipping fellows, more simple and real.
town and for another week in one of the For surely it does not follow that be-
Chicago clubs. As you loiter about read cause we Americans are a people without
our newspapers and listen to our conversa- subtlety, we are a dull or uninteresting
tions, remembering, if you will, that as people. Our literature is dull, but we
you see us in the towns and cities, so we are not. One remembers how Dostoevsky
are. We are not subtle enough to con- had faith in the simplicity of the Rus-
ceal ourselves and he who runs with open sians and what he achieved. He lived
eyes through the Mississippi Valley may and he expressed the life of his time and
read the story of the Mississippi Valley. people. The thing that he did brings
It is a marvelous story and we have hope of achievement for our men.
not yet begun to tell the half of it. A But let us first of all accept certain
little, I think I know why. It is because truths. Why should Americans
we who write have drawn ourselves away, aspire to a subtlety that belongs not to
We have not had faith in our people and us but to old lands and places? Why
in the story of our people. If we are talk of intellectuality and of intellectual
crude and childlike, that is our story and life when we have not accepted the life
our writing men must learn to dare to that we have? There is death on that
come among us until they know the story. road and following it has brought death
The telling of the story depends, I be- into much of American writing. Can you
lieve, upon their learning that lesson and doubt what I say? Consider the smooth
accepting that burden.
slickness of the average magazine story.
we


438
[November 8
THE DIAL
There is often great subtlety of plot and there was something wholesome and
, is no reality.
.
work live? The answer is that the most also wholesome and sweet?
popular magazine story or novel does not To this I make answer that to me a
live in our minds for a month.
man, say like Mr. Dreiser, is wholesome.
And what are we to do about it? To He is true to something in the life about
me it seems that as writers we shall have him, and truth is always wholesome.
to throw ourselves with greater daring Twain and Whitman wrote out of an-
into the life here. We shall have to begin other age, out of an age and a land of
to write out of the people and not for the forests and rivers. The dominant note
people. We shall have to find within our- of American life in their time was the
selves a little of that courage. To con- noisy, swaggering raftsman and the hairy-
tinue along the road we are travelling is breasted woodsman.
breasted woodsman. To-day it is not so.
unthinkable. To draw ourselves apart, The dominant note in American life to-
to live in little groups and console our day is the factory hand. When we have
selves with the thought that we are achiev. digested that fact, we can begin to ap-
ing intellectuality, is to get nowhere. By proach the task of the present-day novel-
such a road we can hope only to go on ist with a new point of view.
producing a literature that has nothing to It is, I believe, self-evident that the
do with life as it is lived in these United work of the novelist must always lie some-
States.
what outside the field of philosophic
To be sure, the doing of the thing I thought. Your true novelist is a man gone
am talking about will not be easy.. Amer. a little mad with the life of his times. As
ica is a land of objective writing and he goes through life he lives, not in him-
thinking New paths will have to be self, but in many people. Through his
made. The subjective impulse is almost brain march figures and groups of figures.
unknown to us.
Because it is close to Out of the many figures, one emerges. If
life, it works out into crude and broken he be at all sensitive to the life about him
i forms. It leads along a road that such and that life be crude, the figure that
American masters of prose as James and emerges will be crude and will crudely
Howells did not want to take, but if we
express itself.
are to get anywhere, we shall have to I do not know how far a man may go
travel that road.
on the road of subjective writing; The
.
The road is rough and the times are matter, I admit, puzzles me. There is
pitiless. Who, knowing our America and something approaching insanity in the
understanding the life in our towns and very idea of sinking yourself too deeply
cities, can close his eyes to the fact that into modern American industrial life.
life here is for the most part an ugly But it is my contention that there is no
affair? As a people we have given our-
other road. If one would avoid neat,
selves to industrialism, and industrialism is slick writing, he must at least attempt to
not lovely. If anyone can find beauty in be brother to his brothers and live as the
an American factory town, I wish he would men of his time live. He must share with
show me the way. For myself, I cannot
. myself, I cannot them the crude expression of their lives.
find it. To me, and I am living in in- To our grandchildren the privilege of at-
dustrial life, the whole thing is as ugly tempting to produce o school of American
as modern war. I have to accept that writing that has delicacy and color may
fact and I believe a great step forward come as a matter of course. One hopes that
will have been taken when it is more gen- will be true, but it is not true now. And
erally accepted.
that is why, with so many of the younger
But why, I am asked, is crudity and Americans, I put my faith in the modern
ugliness necessary? Why cannot a man literary adventurers. We shall, I am sure,
like Mr. Dreiser write in the spirit of have much crude, blundering American
the early Americans, why cannot he see writing before the gift of beauty and
fun in life? What we want is the note of subtlety in prose shall honestly belong
health. In the work of Mark Twain to us.
SHERWOOD ANDERSON.


1917]
439
THE DIAL
NATIONALITY
Its appro:
The Structure of Lasting Peace plishing this in fact by the trial and execu-
tion of the Cavalier king, proving thereby
II
that the divinity which hedges about a king
THE "PRINCIPLE OF NATIONALITY": "NATURAL
makes him none the less amenable to the
RIGHTS" AND THE EVOCATION OF
laws of men, when men choose to assert
themselves. The act was defended by
That nationality is a principle is a dis- opposing to the doctrine of the "divine
covery comparatively recent.
right of kings" the doctrine of the natural
priation by dynasts, by hereditary and rights of man, and when the French Revo-
military oligarchs, and by traders, priests, the act, the doctrine had become common-
lution, a century and more later, repeated
and politicians is little more recent.
Nationality was a fact before it became a
place. Our Declaration of Independence
principle, and it was an unrecognized con-
pronounces its essence: God had created
dition before it became a fact. Before
all men equal and had endowed them “with
certain inalienable rights."
nations were, there were dynasties or
These, as
states,—that is, associations of men and against the dynastic privilege, had come to
women working out their lives generation
be taken as the necessity immanent in the
after generation in service and obedience inequalities among men-of class, of sta-
nature of things. Necessarily, hence, the
to masters whose claim rested on force, tion, of privilege, of right
, of property
, of
tradition, and superstition. Who, particu- virtue—were contrary to the nature of
larly, these masters were, that exploited things, artifices, inventions of priests and
their persons and property, was a matter
of indifference to the masses of Christian kings to perpetuate their rule. According
to natural law and natural right all men
Europe throughout the greater part of
are alike and all men are good; abolish
Europe's history. And even more indif-
class and privilege and you automatically
ferent was it to the classes, whom they
abolish injustice and evil. So argued
exploited. Lands and people changed
Rousseau, so all the eighteenth-century
owners as the toll of successful military
piracy or as marriage portions, and the prophets of natural right"You are as
changes were regarded as part of the good as your betters, and your betters are
necessity that is resident in the nature of no better than they should be. Sovereignty
things. And necessity, as everybody nowa-
is everybody's and everybody is equal.'
This teaching, though it may contradict
days has been assured, knows no law.
Nevertheless, this necessity began, on
the facts of life, is so near to the hopes of
men, that men took it at once to heart.
the whole and in the long run, to get abro- The Polish shlakta, whose indifference to
gated. Its power of constituting the the common good had made Poland the
nature of things began to fail. The nature
of things was altering, and the force bring- against her, learned to think of the whole
easy victim of the Prussian conspiracy
ing about the miraculous alteration was
the force of nationality. Nationality
of Poland, peasantry, customs, and institu-
tions, as the peer of her destroyers. The
itself, however, is no miracle, no artefact. British colonies of North America effected
It also is an aspect and constituent of the their momentous revolution. The masses
nature of things, long merely implicit and of France brought theirs to its epoch-
asleep, awakened
by democracy to power making culmination.
and to efficacy. The awakening was slow tion of the democratic idea societies of men
and indirect. Remote beginnings accrue were acting collectively, autonomously,
to it from the religious reformation which and with full consciousness of what they
removed the seat of religious authority were doing, against dynasty, property, and
from the head of a church to the heart of authority, and all that these imply, in
each member of the church; a nearer cause ownership and command. The beneficiar-
was removal of the seat of sovereignty ies of these took natural alarm. Prussia,
from the head of the state to the citizenry Austria, Russia, England also, combined
of the state, the Puritan Revolution accom- against the people of France. But only to


440
[November 8
THE DIAL
find that their armies melted away, that peoples of Europe to consider the excel-
their subjects everywhere celebrated the lence and dignity of their ancestries, their
coming of the French soldier as the coming cults, their traditions, their histories, their
of the liberator. The republican form of ways of living, their arts, and particularly
government followed the French army in their languages. The most conspicuous
fact, as trade follows the flag in military- continental instance of such a propaganda
capitalistic fancy. Dynasts, anxious to is the series of “Addresses to the German
maintain their prestige, found themselves People” by the philosopher Fichte.
compelled to defer to the free good-will of The outcome of this movement of ideas
their subjects. Continental state-organiza- and events was nationality. As the doctrine
tion appeared to be getting turned that the people is the sovereign spread, it
down-side up. The people were in fact made them conscious of the quality of their
becoming the sovereign.
life, their memories, and their institutions
That is, they were becoming conscious, wherein consists their unity as a people.
in trying to respond to the call of the revo- The need of resistance to a common
lution, of what nature and habit and hope foe deepened the sense of this unity, and
they and their neighbors were, and of how rendered the elements which are its form
these were expressed in language and objects more precious to be preserved
tradition, in memory and custom, in all than life itself. Among these elements a
that makes up a community's cycle of life. sovereign government is not to be found:
The revolutionary call to Equality meant, a nationality is not a state, and may exist
for the daily life, the abolition of all the without any political individuality what-
caste and property distinctions that the ever, as do the Scotch and Welsh and Irish
Russians have discarded to-day. The nationalities in England, or the Italian
Revolution's call to Fraternity meant, for and French and German in Switzerland,
the daily life, comradeship on an equal or the Bohemian, Croat, Czech, and Serb-
basis with anyone with whom communica- ian in Austria-Hungary, or the Ukrain-
tion could be effectively held—with the ian or Polish or Finnish in Russia, or the
neighbor, that is, near at hand, who speaks Jewish there and everywhere. A single
the
same language and has the same back- nationality may be distributed among many
ground, who, by virtue of this sameness, states, as are the Jews and the Poles;
understands. The Revolution's call to many nationalities may compose one state,
Liberty meant, first and foremost, the as Great Britain is composed, or Turkey,
overthrow of the traditional oppressor at or Austria-Hungary. Nor, again, is a
home, and the achievement there of self- nationality a nation, for a nation is a
government, the replacing of dynasty by nationality possessed of political sover-
commonwealth.
eignty and animated by political purposes
Had the new French nation continued with regard to other nations, which it is
to treat the peoples its armies set free as free to carry out. Hungary is a nation;
peers, as fellow-citizens, not as subjects; Bohemia is not; Austria-Hungary is not.
had Napoleon not once more restored England is a nation; Ireland is not. Ger-
piratical imperialism to the place from many is a nation; Bavaria and Prussia are
which the ideas of the Revolution had not. France and Italy are nations; Rus-
driven it, the ruling caste of Europe could sia is not.
sia is not. All are nationalities, plural or
never have succeeded in duping their sub- singular. States exist wherever govern-
jects into believing in the identity of their ment controls nationalities for its own pur-
interests and the community of their cause. poses without regard to the will and
Even so, their success depended on a con- preference of the nationalities. Nations ex-
cession to the principle that sovereignty ist where the
ist where the purposes of government are
rests in the people. For the call to resist the expression and execution of the will of
Napoleon had to be made through an the people. Nationality is the basis and
appeal to self-appreciation, through a material of both states and nations. It
propaganda, sometimes inspired, some- exists potentially wherever human beings
times spontaneous, exhorting the various are associated in durable groups, through


1917]
441
THE DIAL
instinctive media of association. It be-
Literary Affairs in France
comes actual whenever the members of the
group become aware of the history and (Special Correspondence of The Dial.)
form of this association, reverence its past, One of the wittiest Parisian papers, "Euvre,"
and hope for its future.
said this morning that readers of newspapers who
H. M. Kallen. took the trouble to go right to the end of their
papers yesterday would have found a British vic-
tory on the last page. This exactly hits off the
Garden Dream
position to which the military operations are now
relegated in public opinion and in the press. No-
They cried before my gate at morning-mirth, body thinks or talks of anything but the latest
"Come out and help us burn the weeds from scandals; the Bolo affair, the Turmel affair, the
earth!"
Almereyda-Duval affair fill most of the small
space to which the newspapers are reduced by the
But I was planting out my garden-close
With wands of lily and with slips of rose,
paper famine.
And their scented wavings made the air so sweet
Of all the present "affairs,” that in which M.
That I could not listen to their trampling
Paul Bolo is concerned is by far the most im-
feet.
portant, both as regards the sums of money in-
(Yet there blew a perfume from the garden-bed volved and the position of the newspapers and
That changed the evil weeds to white and red!) the individuals more or less compromised. The
"Bonnet Rouge,” which is involved in the Al-
They cried before my gate at noontide-breath, mereyda-Duval case, was (it is at present sus-
"Come out help us hush the dance of death!"
pended) an evening paper with a very small
circulation and no influence. Almereyda, its ed-
But I was dancing in a woodland ring
With brown wood-women for my partnering,
itor, who died in prison soon after his arrest, in
And fauns that fluted till the green glades rang,
circumstances not yet cleared up and never likely
And all I heard was what the wood-birds
to be, was an adventurer almost worthy of Bal-
sang.
zac, who had few scruples but against whom
(Yet there came a music from the wood-folk's there was not the smallest evidence of treason.
flute
The charge against him was the merely technical
That made the drums of evil dancing mute!) one-only possible on account of the existence of
martial law of "detaining documents interest-
They cried before my gate at sweet of night, ing the national defence," a charge which could
“Come out and help us scourge the black world be successfully brought against every newspaper-
white!"
editor in Paris. Duval, who was the manager
But I was weaving me a golden gown
of the paper, in which he had invested rather
All strung with silver ribbons up and down,
less than $40,000, is accused of having had rela-
With moon-white laces that should foam and fall,
tions with the enemy, but on account of the
And I could not hear their lashing words at
secrecy with which French judicial investigations
all.
are conducted, it is impossible as yet to say what
evidence there is for the charge. The smallness
(Yet there streamed a light from out my golden of the sums with which he dealt is in itself a
gown
reason for doubting whether he was really an
That cleansed the blackness of each evil town!)
agent of Germany; it may turn out that it is
merely a case of trading with the enemy. It is
And every poor man had a garden-close
assumed that he gave money to the “Bonnet
With wands of lilies and with slips of rose,
Rouge" to promote “pacifist” propaganda, but
And every poor child danced the woodlands
through
there was little evidence of such propaganda in
And sang and fluted merry songs he knew, the paper; indeed, the existence of the censorship
And every woman had a golden gown
would make it impossible for any French paper
Gay-strung with silver ribbons up and down, to demand peace at any price. Almereyda, in
And we all went singing how the world is fair the course of his chequered career, had been a
And warm the summer light and glad the air! revolutionary anarchist, but from the beginning
MARGARET WIDDEMER. of the war his paper received a subsidy of $1600
.


442
[November 8
THE DIAL
a month from the government, a circumstance of the Allies are responsible for the continuance
which led him greatly to modify his opinions.
of the war.
Two years ago the German gov-
The chief interest of the Turmel affair is to ernment had a translation made of several of M.
be found in the fact that M. Turmel is a dep-
Maurice Barrès's articles in the "Echo de Paris"
uty. At present all that is known is that the and circulated them throughout Germany; M.
sum of $5000 in Swiss bank-notes was found in Barrès also demanded the annexation of all the
his cupboard at the Chamber of Deputies. But left bank of the Rhine and the annihilation of
the possession of the bank-notes of a neutral Germany.
country is not in itself a legal offence and, but The new ministry—the fifth since the war-
for M. Turmel's own inconsistent explanations, does not seem to be very popular either in Par-
it is probable that nothing would ever have been liament or in the country; but ministries that
heard of the matter.
have a cool reception sometimes last longer than
Bolo Pasha (he was given that title by the those received with enthusiasm. The prime min-
ex-khedive Abbas Hilmi) is in a very different ister M. Painlevé is personally popular and has
case. It is officially announced that a large sum the advantage of being a new man, for he had
was paid to his account in certain American never held office before 1915, but the composi-
banks by the Dresdener Bank. He supplied last tion of his cabinet is criticized and it is generally
year more than $1,000,000 to M. Charles Hum- considered to be too large and unwieldy. He
bert for the "Journal," he holds half the shares himself, it is believed, would have preferred to
in the company that owns the “Rappel," and form a ministry of the Left, but M. Poincaré
among other papers in which he has a financial persuaded him to include such politicians as MM.
interest are said to be the "Paris-Midi," the "Cri Ribot, Barthou, and Doumer, who represent con-
de Paris” (a satirical weekly), and “La Revue," servative Republican opinion. For the first time
of which M. Jean Finot is the editor. Bolo had since the war the government includes no Social-
a large circle of influential friends, including the ist. The Socialist party is sharply divided on the
President of the Republic and M. Monier, first question of ministerial participation; what is
president of the Court of Appeal and the second known as the "minoritaire" section objects to it
judicial functionary of France. The latter has altogether and refused to take part in the nego-
been called upon by the government to account
tiations with M. Painlevé. The "majoritaire,"
for his relations with Bolo before the Court of or governmental, section would still agree to be
Cassation. Bolo's friendship with M. Poincaré represented in the government on certain condi-
caused him to be entrusted with more than one tions, but they objected on the one hand to the
official mission abroad and he travelled with a inclusion of MM. Ribot, Barthou, and Doumer
diplomatic passport.
and, on the other hand, they were not satisfied
One of the most interesting circumstances in with the portfolios offered them by M. Painlevé.
the case is that the papers financed by Bolo are
M. Albert Thomas, in particular, would accept
all extremely jingo in politics. The "Journal" no office but the ministry of foreign affairs or
advocates war to the bitter end and has made that of war, whereas M. Painlevé asked him to
a campaign for more "cannons and munitions”; remain at the ministry of armaments.
the “Rappel” is the special organ of the party The whole question of ministerial participa-
that demands the annexation to France of all tion, so far as the Socialist party is concerned,
the German territory on the left bank of the will be decided at the national congress of the
Rhine. If, therefore, M. Bolo's money in fact party, which is to meet at Bordeaux on October
came from the German government, it is evi- 6. The question of peace negotiations will also
dent that the latter desires to encourage the ex- be discussed at the congress; the “minoritaires"
tremists in France that demand the continuation have drawn up a resolution in favor of such
of the war until the Allies are in a position to negotiations at the earliest possible moment, in-
impose humiliating conditions that will perma- deed the terms of the resolution suggest that, in
nently cripple Germany. This would be an their opinion, the moment has already arrived.
intelligent policy on the part of the German gov- Until May the two sections of the party were
ernment, for those extremists and their organs divided also on the question of resuming inter-
in the press enable the government to persuade national relations, but that difference no longer
the German people that they are defending their exists; the party is now unanimous in desiring
very existence, and that the extravagant demands to take part in the proposed Stockholm confer-


1917]
443
THE DIAL
ence and both sections declare in their resolutions ing without a master, he did little else than copy
their intention to use every effort to obtain the them) and by the impressionists, and was inter-
passports for Stockholm which the late ministry ested above all in light and movement. Pastel
refused to issue.
was the medium that he preferred to all others
Art has languished since the war; the younger and, in my opinion, he was the greatest pastel-
artists are at the front or are among the host of list that the world has yet known; I dare to put
killed, there has been a terrible loss of prom-
him even above Perronneau and Latour. The
ising talent, and their elders for the most part, French government, which has bought so many
not having the heart to work in their studios, bad pictures, never purchased a work of Degas,
have found occupation in connection with the he felt the slight deeply, but the Louvre has
war. There are exceptions: M. Maurice Favre, now a representative selection of some of his best
a sculptor of great attainments, has recently fin- paintings and pastels, thanks to the posthumous
ished a marble bust of Anatole France, remark- generosity of Count Isaac de Camondo. Degas
able alike for its qualities as a work of art and its has left no "school”; his only real pupil was an
success as a psychological study. He is now in American, Miss Cassatt, but Toulouse-Lautrec,
Italy, where he is engaged on busts of Gabriele of course, owed much to his influence.
d'Annunzio and General Cadorna. The event I have left myself no space to speak of litera-
of last month was the death of Degas. He had ture, but there is not much to be said on that
already passed out of active life, for on account subject at present. The majority of books pub-
of his failing eyesight, he had not touched a lished are concerned with the war and few have
brush for thirteen or fourteen years; when he much value. The great success of the year-a
could no longer paint, he amused himself by mak- success entirely deserved has been "Le Feu" of
ing figures in wax of dancers, which he intended M. Henri Barbusse, a description of modern war
for cires-perdues, but I do not think that any as it really is by a man who has experienced it
reached the stage of bronze. For the last few and, being an artist, is able to record his expe-
months he had been confined to his room, but he riences in a work of great literary qualities. All
suffered from nothing except old age and he grad- the fighting men that I know agree that it is
ually went out like a burned-down candle. The the only truthful book about the war. Its sale
end came one night quite naturally and pain- has been greater than that of the most successful
lessly; as one of his relatives said to me, "he works of Zola at the height of his fame in the
never saw death,” of which he had an almost same period; it has been translated into English
morbid dread.
("Under Fire," Dutton) and also, without the
It can hardly be disputed that one of the permission of its author, into German. Another
greatest artists of the nineteenth century has dis- book of a very different kind relating rather to
appeared. Degas is often called an "impression- the future peace than to the war itself is "Les
ist," but the term as applied to him is inaccurate Bases d'une Paix durable," by M. August
and he himself protested against the description.
Schvan (Paris; Alcan), of which an American
His technique was never that of the impression- edition is, I understand, shortly to be published.
ists properly so-called, although he took part in
It is an extraordinarily original and independent
all their exhibitions from 1874 to 1886. He contribution to the study of future international
himself asserted, perhaps not quite seriously, that
relations; M. Schvan aims at getting rid of diplo-
he was the artistic descendant of Ingres; his macy and foreign politics altogether and his solu-
first master, Lamothe, for whom Degas had all tion reduces enormously the functions of the
his life an immense admiration, had been a pupil state. It seems to me both promising and prac-
of Ingres. But, although Degas was, like In- ticable, given the will to put it into practice, but
gres, above all a master of line, and although it is intensely revolutionary and makes hay of
his art was a natural development of the great
established conventions and traditions.
French tradition, he broke loose at a very early
The season has given us one really remarkable
age from the fetters of academic convention by play, “Les Noces d'Argent," by M. Paul Gér-
which Ingres was hampered, and, in my opinion, aldy, a young author who had the honor of
was a far greater artist than his adopted ances-
getting this his first dramatic work produced at
tor—and that is saying much. He was influ-
the Comédie Française; but I must defer any
enced both by the great Italians (during the two
ROBERT DELL.
years that he spent at Rome in early youth study- Paris, October 3, 1917.
comment on it.


444
[November 8
THE DIAL
а
Tendencies in Modern American little remote and cold:
For he, to whom we had applied
Poetry
Our shopman's test of age and worth,
Was elemental when he died,
TENDENCIES IN MODERN AMERICAN POETRY. By
As he was ancient at his birth:
Amy Lowell. (The Macmillan Co.; $2.50.)
The saddest among kings of earth,
Bowed with a galling crown, this man
Miss Lowell, who alternates actively between
Met rancor with a cryptic mirth,
the creative and the exegetical, has paused in Laconic-and Olympian.
her poetry to write of a half-dozen of her
Masters makes Lincoln a man first of all, but
American fellow-poets. Each of her studies a man typifying a national aspiration; yet, how-
carries with it not only a critical estimate of the ever venerated and loved, always a man neither
subject's work, but also a sufficing amount of conventionalized by tradition nor lifted into the
fresh biographical matter and a portrait not yet realm of legend.
familiar to the public eye.
"Out of me," says Ann Rutledge-
Though the “new movement” has come chiefly The vibrations of deathless music;
within the past five years or so, Miss Lowell "With malice toward none, with charity for all.”
finds among her six selected poets representatives
Out of me the forgiveness of millions toward
millions,
of three phases or stages; and this subdivision And the beneficent face of a nation
works advantageously to the architectonics of Shining with justice and truth.
her volume. In her first stage Edwin Arlington Fletcher raises Lincoln to the rank of "pure
Robinson and Robert Frost represent the earliest symbol, as elusive and pervading as a brooding
breaking down of tradition—the slow fading of god”-raises him, indeed, "to the veiled awe of
the fundamental beliefs upon which a particular
a national legend":
civilization was reared, though the results of
There was a darkness in this man: an immense
and hollow darkness,
these beliefs still retain their hold upon the people
Of which we may not speak, nor share with
brought up on them. The second stage is repre-
him, nor enter.
sented by Edgar Lee Masters and, in some
measure, by Carl Sandburg: beliefs are now
He whom we mocked and obeyed not, he whom
we scorned and mistrusted,
so much a thing of the past that they have no He has descended, like a god, to his rest.
power to mould character, and the result, for
the moment, is a sort of mental chaos, tending Strew over him flowers
rayed, violet,
dim,
to cynicism and even to despair. In the third
With the nails that pierced, the cross that he
stage the old beliefs have been left completely bore and the circlet;
And beside it there lay also one lonely snow-
behind by new ones; men are living upon other white magnolia,
planes of thought and are able to turn their Bitter for remembrance of the healing which
attention to other things-to Beauty, for ex-
has passed.
ample. This last and crowning stage is repre-
Fletcher, it should be understood, is the son
sented to Miss Lowell by her fellow imagists,
of a Confederate veteran.
“H. D.” and John Gould Fletcher.
Such things perhaps represent the "new
In the first stage, beauty is a thing remem-
poetry" at its highest, as regards theme and
bered; it has still a haunting power. In the
manner. Other phases, of course, produce other
effects,—shock, bewilderment, protest.
Miss
second, it is crowded out by the stress of travail
Lowell now and then protests on her own ac-
-by the birth pangs of the new. In the third,
it is rediscovered, regained ; and it is intoxicating: privilege of a new school to believe in itself-
count. Though it is the property and the
we are as like as not to find ourselves in the
even to the exclusion of countenance for all other
midst of "sea gardens,” and “lacquered man-
schools, past and future-still one may dis-
darin moments,” and “vermilion pavilions," and
criminate. If she praises with heartiness she
“jade balustrades."
chides with keenness. Her exceptions are taken
It happens that three of these poets, one for with the disconcerting candor, the unsparing
each of Miss Lowell's stages, has written of lucidity of criticism that so often are shown
Abraham Lincoln. She utilizes the three pro- within a narrow domestic circle. She perceives
ductions to drive her point home concretely. the limitations of “H. D.” in her Greek modes.
Thus, Robinson presents Lincoln as part man, She scores the sex-obsession of "Spoon River,"
part symbol, slightly conventionalized, and a and the undisciplined diffuseness of its successors.
.


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THE DIAL
She protests the verbal virtuosities of an un- poets are mutually agreed, and summarizing it
chastened Fletcher : though she seems to regard thus: Simplicity and directness of speech;
him as the crown of the movement, his over- subtlety and beauty of rhythms; individualistic
exuberance is against him; and, like Masters, freedom of idea; clearness and vividness of pre-
he lacks the selective instinct.
sentation; concentration; and—for an after
Miss Lowell rises gallantly to Carl Sandburg. thought-suggestion. But concentration most
The world knows her biography; and through of all: "that is of the very essence of poetry.”
her it may now know his. Were two people ever New rules and principles here? she asks. By
more unlike in origin, tradition, and experience? no means, she answers. And who shall say her
Yet a common danger and a common faith unite nay?
the little band; all worldly differences disappear Well, in her “Tendencies in Modern Ameri-
before the lions. She apprehends Sandburg as can Poetry" Miss Lowell is emphatically
the spokesman of the new "multi-racial" Amer- "there"; there in heart, mind, and spirit; there
ica: “It is he and his ilk who are moving us with her faith and her reasons for it; there with
away from our Anglo-Saxon inheritance," and her polemical aptitudes and her full employment
who "bring us the points of view which are of them; on the spot, up to date, with her eye
working so surely, if insidiously, upon the whole on the poetical clock, to the last second of the
body of the people." Miss Lowell, herself some- latest minute. But a clock has been known to
thing of an adventurer and propagandist, seems strike thirteen-and she has left out Vachel
willing enough to be moved on. Our population Lindsay. Who is more of our own land and
is “a crazy-quilt,” true; “but how strong is that of our own day? Think of the whirr, the clang,
Anglo-Saxon ground-work which holds them all the whole resonant jubilee! Has too strong a
firmly to its shape, if no longer to its color!” regard for architectonic symmetry excluded the
Miss Lowell finds her Anglo-Saxon account
tall, loud clock from the furnishings of the
in Robinson and in Robert Frost. The latter House of Present-Day Poetry? Is so joyous and
was born in San Francisco, but was claimed by hearty a fellow really to be ranked as a “popu-
Massachusetts' at the age of ten, and has since
larizer" of the movement led by Sandburg and
been a dweller on that New England country-
Masters ?
HENRY B. FULLER.
side which he celebrates so closely and narrowly.
In fact, Frost has become as "down East" as
pumpkin pie. Many of his pieces, in their tempo Twin Prophets of Platitude and
and their turn-out-not always, by any means, in
Paradox
their subject !-have some of the bland, self-
containing rotundity of that sectional dish, and Heart to Heart APPEALS. By William Jennings
possibly something of its soggy undercrust; Bryan. (Fleming H. Revell Co.; $1.)
IS CIVILIZATION A Disease ? By Stanton Coit.
often, too, an insufficient measure of ginger makes
(Houghton Mifflin Co.; $1.)
the savor tame. But his commentator feels that
"A speech,” says Mr. Bryan, "may be dis-
he wins by his gentle understanding and his
puted, even a sermon may not convince.” I do
strong and unsentimental power of emotion,
not doubt that he speaks out of a wide and varied
though his imagination is bounded by his life, experience, and I hope that he will not be too
and though he is "bent all one way, like the
much disappointed if opinion finds these heart-
windblown trees of New England hillsides."
to-heart appeals of his a scrapbook of unconvinc-
Yet, after all, art is rooted in the soil; many
ing sermons and disputable speeches. Even so,
besides Miss Lowell feel Frost's effect of quiet they offer an answer, striking in its unanimity
solidity and reality; so we must allow her to
with Mr. Stanton Coit's own, to the remarkable
compare him with Burns, Synge, and Mistral
question: Is Civilization a Disease?
and to rank him with them in the opinion of The question is not original with Mr. Coit.
future generations.
He once "deigned," he tells us, to read a book
Yet, in the end, Amy Lowell's heart is with by that genius and sage, Edward Carpenter.
the imagists they are the end to which the Carpenter calls this book "Civilization, its Cause
whole new creation moves. She analyzes with and Cure," and the reading led Mr. Coit at
fond minuteness the brief, staccato-cadenced once to take sides against civilization. What he
pieces of "H. D.," reproducing in this connection means by civilization, however, is not what is
the "brief list of tenets” on which the imagist usually meant by the term. Usually we mean


446
[November 8
THE DIAL
by civilization the positive contributions of hu- has taught the individual to take care of himself.
man effort through human institutions to the
American civilization, proclaiming the equality of all
before the law, will teach him that his own highest
enrichment and liberation of the powers of man. good requires the observance of the commandment:
Civilization is a word of eulogy. But the clever "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.” Anglo-
Mr. Coit uses it as a word of condemnation.
Saxon civilization has, by force of arms, applied the
art of government to other races for the benefit of
Quite in the inverted way of Mr. Gilbert Ches- Anglo-Saxons; American civilization will, by the in-
terton, Mr. Coit makes the word civilization
Auence of example, excite in other races a desire for
self-government and a determination to secure it.
mean the defects and evil generated by human Anglo-Saxon civilization has carried its flag to every
institutions. Civilization begins, he says, "with clime and defended it with forts and garrisons.
the crack of the whip”; it rests upon slaves and
American civilization will imprint its flag upon the
hearts of all who long for freedom.
women; and history is the record of a conflict
To American civilization, all hail!
between man and it. On the side of man are
Time's noblest offspring is the last.
Christ, St. Francis, Savonarola, Wycliffe, Lu- Mr. Coit might well get irritated as well as
ther, John Wesley, Rousseau and company, Karl perplexed by these utterances of Mr. Bryan's.
Marx, Peter Kropotkin, and Mr. Coit. The If, however, he should try to pass beyond the
Reverend William
William Sunday, Mr. Theodore words to their meaning, he would be relieved.
Roosevelt, and Mr. Bryan are not mentioned.
He would find Mr. Bryan's answer to his smart
The omission of the two former is intelligible, question a distinct affirmative. Indeed, rarely
for if civilization is, as Mr. Coit declares, "the have illiterate sincerity and literate sophistication
incarnation of self-interest,” their indifference to written so unanimously and from such different
civilization is not beyond dispute. But to leave points of approach. It is not apparent from Mr.
Mr. Bryan out-unless it be that Mr. Coit has Coit's book how long he has entertained its dog-
read “Heart to Heart Appeals”!
mas, but Mr. Bryan is an unparalleled example
If he has, he must have been thrown into a of doctrinal constancy. His book is composed
state of perplexity, for these appeals are made
of excerpts from speeches delivered, he tells us,
now in behalf of man, and again in behalf of during a quarter of a century, and there is not
civilization. Thus: "The Darwinian theory rep-
an idea in the last that does not appear in the
resents man as reaching his present perfection first. Both he and Mr. Coit see certain evils
[i. e., what Mr. Coit means by civilization] by in the life of man and propose certain remedies.
the operation of the law of hate the merciless The details of the proposals differ as the histo-
law by which the strong crowd out and kill offries and character of the men differ; their prin-
the weak. . . If man links himself in generations ciples are the same.
with the monkey, it then becomes an important The flavor comes, of course, from the details.
question whether he is going toward him or com- “I was,” Mr. Bryan tells us, “eating a piece of
ing from him—and I have seen them going in
watermelon some months ago, and was struck
both directions. I do not know of any argument
with its beauty.” “Did you ever,” he asks,
that can be used to prove that man is an im- "raise a radish ?" and watermelon, and radish,
proved monkey that may not be used just as well and corn that he bought in Cairo, all lead to
to prove that the monkey is a degenerate man, rhetoric about the Lord, concerning whose wishes
and the latter theory is more plausible than and opinion Mr. Bryan seems as authoritative
the former.", "Miracle of miracles is man.' as another and less popular William. Mr. Coit
Again, speaking of the present unpleasantness
does not have the Lord on his mind and certainly
in Europe, Mr. Bryan says: “There must be
would not reach him through watermelons, rad-
a cause and it must be a human cause, for, no
ishes, and corn from Cairo. His approach would
one who loves God would ever blame Him for
be urbaceous rather than bucolic. But both he
this inhuman war." Man, evidently, is in Mr.
and Mr. Bryan are Christians. That is, they
retain the naïve attitude toward the Christ of
Bryan's opinion no better than he should be,
but his civilization is a perfection-particularly Christianism, and they derive from Him author-
the civilization of America. Thus:
ity for such opinions as they approve of, attrib-
uting to "civilization," or to something else, the
Standing upon the vantage-ground already gained
the American people can aspire to a grander destiny
things and doctrines they dislike. Both exhibit
than has opened before any other race. Anglo-Saxon
the characteristic parochialism of the churchly
civilization has taught the individual to protect his Christian, to whom nothing can be good or re-
own rights. American civilization will teach him to
respect the rights of others. Anglo-Saxon civilization ligious that has not that label. Both oppose the


1917]
447
THE DIAL
exploitation of the masses by the classes, invisible fame beyond question, and widespread acqui-
government, war, and the other bugaboos of social escence has raised it to a sort of divine immu-
reformers. Both see corrective ideals as "the tability.
meaning of America,” which is to them Chris-
As his priest and expositor, Mr. Berenson
tianity. Both are blind, one through ignorance,
himself, some years ago, rationalized and ritu-
the other not otherwise than wilfully, to the fact
alized the public worship of this deity, and may
that the recognition of some of the advantages
be said to be responsible for the flutter many
of unselfishness over selfishness is a common hu-
of his devotees still dutifully undergo in the
man emotional event, which anticipated Chris- presence of his work. He put a reason into our
tianity many times and will succeed it many
minds for our fancied appreciations and told us
times.
what forms our appreciations ought to take.
If one is therefore amazed at his apostasy, it is
Prophets are these men, of better times com-
ing: the one, in platitudes of age-old error, inno-
at least disquieting to find that his arraignment
cent through ignorance; the other, in paradoxes
is radical, and may even seem unanswerable.
of modern lies, sophisticated through vanity.
He begins with an autobiographic account-
not without its dramatic interest-of an artistic
But their message is the same, and it is sounding
conscience corrupted by the attempt to reconcile
enough.
H. M. KALLEN.
the questionable effect upon him of Leonardo's
work with academic formulas and literary word-
charms. With continued exposure to the works
Criticism with an Unbappy themselves Mr. Berenson's elementary dilemma
Ending
settles into the conviction that artistically they
are far below their supposed level of excellence,
THE STUDY AND CRITICISM OF ITALIAN ART
and that popular and literary opinion, particu-
(Third Series). By Bernhard Berenson. (G. Bell larly Pater's notoriously beautiful passage, are
& Sons, London.)
mischievous misreadings.
As in another volume, which has appeared
Considered historically, these pious falsifica-
since, all but the first of the seven essays in this
tions are ultimately due to a twofold tradition:
book are readjustments of certain prominent
one academic, the other personal. The former
problems in the history of Venetian painting of these secured Leonardo's reputation as a great
a
during the fifteenth century. The first, which
craftsman, the latter served to leaven the pre-
alone concerns us here, is called a revaluation of
vailing turn for myth-making, which threw a
Leonardo, and is an eloquent impeachment of
glamour over his artistic achievement. The aca-
his art. It is an elaborate and somewhat alarm-
demic tradition proceeds from Leonardo's estab-
ing "showing-up" of a stately immortal whose
lishment of two formulas, (1) contrapposto, or
memory has come down the centuries in invio-
counterpoise, the twisting of the body on its own
late purple. For Mr. Berenson would persuade
axis, and (2) chiaroscuro, a refinement upon the
us that Leonardo's renown as a universal genius illusion of its vanishing planes.
and as a remarkable individual has exaggerated
His counterpoise was an epitomized statement
our rating of his achievement as an artist. And
of the functional laws of the human structure.
it is in the artist that Mr. Berenson is here
It struck its mean, and betrayed its scope. It
narrowly interested.
brought out its motor possibilities, while it held
In disputing such a venerable reputation at it in unchanging equilibrium. His chiaroscuro
all, our critic startles us with a contention that
provided the painter with a device for producing
seems, at first, audacious in order to be novel increased optical effects. It transferred the ex-
and picturesque. For like Shakespeare, like
istence of the objects in a picture from the realm
Dante, Leonardo has gone as an acknowledged of the determinate to the realm of extended sug-
element of traditional culture, and his genius gestion. One was plastic in effect, the other
wins fresh converts every day among the small pictorial, one "formal,” the other technical in
number of freer, autonomously æsthetic spirits, nature; between them they covered the whole
thus furnishing a special sanction, and evidence field of artistic performance, and the academies
of its immediate and intrinsic virtue. An accu- made dogmas of them, and of Leonardo a sort of
mulation of respectable, scholarly authority,
patron saint.
moreover, increased by the many ponderous vol- But the perpetuation and growth of his repu-
umes newly written about him, has put his tation were assured by the survival of a tradi-


448
[November 8
THE DIAL
tion concerning his own person, the fabulous Even the "Last Supper” fails as "illustration,”
variety and distinction of his gifts, his calculated and its decoration is not distinguished enough
demeanor, his detachment, and his high, priv- to carry off its deficiencies; “the sinister and
ileged association. He was, moreover, the per- even criminal faces” of some of the figures and
fect type of the myriad-minded era in which he the purposeless grandiloquence of others are un-
lived, and he became a cult even in his own day. seemly, and Mr. Berenson sets one kind of vehe-
Not long after his death Vasari becomes his first mence against another in his denunciation of this
hierographer. Vasari considers him divinely en- "pack of vehement, gesticulating, noisy for-
dowed by immediate and miraculous act of grace; eigners."
and though Mr. Berenson lays the final act of But if Mr. Berenson has disparaged some of
apotheosis to the Romantic idealism of the last
the world's masterpieces, he has levelled strenu-
century, Vasari's statements made three hundred
ous argument and a savage loathing against the
years before are less likely to be figures of most honored, the “Mona Lisa.” He has been
speech.
lifting the gilt and patina that man and time
Leonardo's innovations, however, were vicious have put there, layer by layer from the idol's
in effect, and inartistic. They made the practice face, and now he is gouging out its eyes.
of art easier, and lowered its level of activity. He owns the mastery, the “conscious art of
They impoverished it, and doomed it to swift the painter," the magnificence of the design; but
ending. But if they were the blight of Florentine Mona Lisa is doomed, against his deeper insight,
art after him, they marred the finer qualities to remain what she is, "a foreigner with a look
in his own.
For Leonardo was less concerned I could not fathom, watchful, sly, secure, with
with making his work yield ästhetic ecstasy a smile of anticipated satisfaction and a pervad-
(which is the measure of art), than with pro- ing air of hostile superiority." She baffles the
ducing demonstrations of some principle of ar- spectator and even leads him to doubt his intelli-
rangement, of pose, of expression, or of execution, gence. She eludes all explicitness and attenuates
and consequently where æsthetic qualities are all emphasis. She blooms with dim intimations,
present in his works they are overlaid with for- with "over-meanings," which swell into a mon-
mula and technical elaboration. "The ästhetic ster that torments us with its hundred-headed
moment of the 'Mona Lisa' has been sacrificed ambiguities.
to effects of chiaroscuro more subtly worked out, This view has a lordly lineage, and a knightly
more insistently logical than any perhaps that champion in our eminent authority. And yet,
had yet been achieved.”
I must confess that, strange as Mona Lisa's
Mr. Berenson's chief quarrel with Leonardo, smile has been declared, the commentary the
however, is on the score of “illustration,” as in centuries have written round it seems to me
the case of the "St. John," in the Louvre, where stranger still. To discern enigmas was a high
"the meaning suggested to us by a representation recommendation in the mystery-mongering nine-
before us contradicts or opposes the spirit of the teenth century of Ruskin and Pater, and since
ostensible subject as conceived by ourselves.” their day who has not rediscovered the unfath-
"For educated people," we are told, "visualize omable in our fashionable Florentine? Criticism
no matter how gropingly and vaguely the heroes of a severer and narrower intention even, has
and actions of story, and cherish a definite, if been, thoughtfully and thoughtlessly, rehearsing
crude expectation of how they are to be repre- well-worn judgments about her in precious para-
sented.” But instead of a passionate ascetic, phrase; and the result of thus pouring old wine
which is what we look for, we are shown a into new bottles was to do no good to the wine:
"well-fleshed epicene creature with an equivocal something of the savor of the real truth was
leer, pointing upward with an operatic twist as each time lost.
if to invite us to look up, not to Christ first For Vasari the smile was a sort of trans-
appearing upon the world, but to Bacchus clat- figuration of the features, and no more. But
tering along with all his rout.” The dogma of the critical practitioners of our own day with
illustration has been ignored and a spiritual con- their more intimate insight and infinitely nicer
vention outraged. “St. John” is a piece of un- methods have tried to account for it artistically.
expected, impudent blasphemy, full of unsavory Mr. Cox-anticipated in substance by Mr.
suggestions.
Berenson—thinks Leonardo had discovered that


1917]
449
THE DIAL
a
the expression of smiling is almost entirely a mat- Greek sculpture and the exalted arts of the
ter of modelling (which is partly true), and that East.
it interested him to produce a smile by delicate Even if Leonardo does not seem wholly to
changes of surface alone (which is not wholly come to his rights in this remarkable essay, the
false). The undeniable truth, however, is that incidental criticism and the fresh point of view
the smile is there, not only as a "result of tech- are boldly significant. The original inquiry,
nical preoccupation" (which Mr. Berenson sug- moreover, moves through a rich field of general
gests as a possibility), but as an unmistakable ideas toward many interesting ultimate issues.
sign of an irradiation of the human conscious- Indeed it is far-reaching and fundamental. It
ness; and its evocations are, I humbly insist, due
carries in it a revision of view concerning a
as much to its own presence as to the insinuating number of Leonardo's great contemporaries,
effect of the chiaroscuro. The smile is in the whose glory has similarly flowered, and four-
fugitive light-a light coming from within- ished. It implicitly urges upon the historical
which pauses for an instant and then passes. theorist a reinterpretation of the whole Renais-
The smile and the modelling are really two sance, and upon the political historian a revalua-
aspects of the same thing, and the alleged enigma tion of its conspicuous figures and events. To
may lie in the abidance of the evanescent, in the the philosopher of taste it suggests a reformation
paradoxical lingering of the transitory.
of ultimate standards of æsthetic judgment.
It is equally hard to accept our critic's
RICHARD OFFNER.
final appraisal of Leonardo, whom he would
put down to Botticelli's level. And still harder
is it to share his implicit tenet that the
Get-Rich-Quick Philosophy
art of the Far East gives us norm by
which Leonardo's painting, and presumably PHILOSOPHY AND THE SOCIAL PROBLEM. By Will
all other painting, is to be measured. When
Durant. (The Macmillan Co.; $1.50.)
he says that "there is nothing in Mona Lisa's
Perhaps it was still possible a generation ago
expression that is not more satisfactorily ren-
for a single mind to master the accumulated
dered in Buddhist art” and that "There is noth- knowledge of the world. If so, the twentieth
ing in the landscape that is not even more evoca-
century has added so enormously to the flood of
tive, and magical” in Chinese and Japanese detailed information that the thing is no longer
painting, he chooses to ignore that Leonardo's possible. What then is to be the fate of the
picture is of a different æsthetic order, and be- philosopher, “the spectator of all time and all
longs to other modes of æsthetic experience. existence"? Is he to become a cultural vermi-
For who can deny that there are certain internal form appendix? Or will he change his function
laws abiding in both arts which alienate them and adapt himself to meet the new needs of the
eternally, and that it is to some extent with sets organism? One by one the sciences have left
of faculties accordingly different that we respond their common mother, Philosophy; have set up
to either of them? Commensurate, therefore, independent households, and have become respon-
though they be, they are not commensurate on
sible for numerous progeny. Psychology, long a
the ground of their essential natures.
darling child, has lately begun pulling most scan-
We feel that this cardinal view gets its mo- dalously at the apron strings, while even Ethics
mentum from the lofty, freely indulged bias of
is showing a lack of interest in things about the
an exquisitely fastidious amateur; but, whether
house and is looking more and more pensively
in the last analysis (which I neither pretend nor
out of the windows. There really appears to be
hope to reach) proved decisive or not, Mr. Ber- danger that in our time all the children may get
enson's parti pris ought to be amiable and in-
started in life for themselves. Is Philosophy to
spiring, just because his standards are exalted be a good old lady with nothing to do but sit
and strenuously exclusive. To entertain his res- quietly in the corner, fold her impotent hands,
olute prejudices against the realism of the “Last and wait for the quiet end?
Supper," or his disapproval of the "uncomfort- By no means, answers the author of "Philos-
able suggestions" of "The Leda," of the "St. ophy and the Social Problem.” Let Mother
John,” and of Leonardo's tainted taste, is to Philosophy change her diet and take pragmatic
bring deeper insight to, and win greater admira- treatments! The result will be miraculous.
tion for, the less obvious beauties of archaic With color returned to her cheeks, a recovered


450
[November 8
THE DIAL
appetite, the stiffness gone from her joints, and a speculation. But in that case there is reason to
new light in her eye, Philosophy will once more fear that no exception will be made in favor of
be hailed as queen of the sciences, and men will Mr. Durant's form of pragmatism. No one, it
again turn to her for inspiration and for guidance. seems, is so unconscious of danger as the man who
If it be suspected that this light-hearted resto- is sawing off the limb upon which he sits. In the
ration of youth and vigor to philosophy is a case of Mr. Durant the limb is sawed almost
caricature, I can only suggest (and I urge it on through, and I appear to see the wide jaws of
other grounds) that the reader consult Mr. Du sociology spread to receive him.
rant's book. “Philosophy,” says the author, “was Now, disaster to philosophy is just what the
once mistress of all the disciplines of thought and author labors to ward off, provided it be true
search; now none so poor to do her reverence.” philosophy,—"the intellectual reconstruction of
And this lapse from her former significance and life" rather than the "intellectual categorizing
vitality is due (as John Dewey recently put it) of experience." When he thinks of the philoso-
(
to "chewing a historic cud long since reduced to phers transformed into social engineers, platting
woody fibre.” Unless philosophy is revitalized out the map of life and harnessing the genius of
by turning from "a study of the details of super- the race for the renewing of creation, his optimism
seded systems" to "the study of the miraculous knows no bounds. It is only because present-
living moment in which the past melts into the day philosophers are not hot with what he be-
present and the future finds creation," philosophy lieves to be passion for social perfection that he
will sink still lower in the "calm death of social will none of them.
ineffectiveness."
If this is good pragmatism, it is somewhat sur-
Now, really, what evidence have we that phi- prising. One would expect a philosophy which
losophy is in such a bad way? We have an- has given a new significance to the principle of
nouncements, like this of Mr. Durant's, made relativity to be less dogmatic; to allow at least
from the house tops. But have we anything for a programme which is concerned not with
more? Is it not true that university courses in immediate but with distant ends, and which aims
philosophy have grown in recent years both in to affect the social structure indirectly and com-
numbers and in vital interest? Is there not more prehensively through the enlargement of men's
rather than less of a demand for philosophical mental outlook and the broadening of human sym-
literature? In matters of this sort one is gener- pathies, rather than directly through the solution
ally dependent upon impressions, but a wide- of concrete, everyday problems. Alas, not even
spread impression is not always a bad guide, and Kant could be more inflexible.
Here is a nasty
there is certainly a wide-spread impression in slum. Take hold; see that it is cleaned up; or
academic circles that philosophy has experienced admit you are a mossback and not a philosopher.
a revival rather than a decline in the last decade Or if you are a philosopher, then it is high time
or two. Neither is the interest confined to what
we had a new type. This is Mr. Durant's prag-
Mr. Durant, with amusing arbitrariness, calls matic challenge. Well, it is interesting that the
the vital philosophers,—Plato, Bacon, Spinoza, contemporary philosopher whom he admits into
and Nietzsche,-nor to the "few" professors of the front rank is Bertrand Russell, widely known
,
philosophy "who insist on focussing thought on for his long and brilliant occupation with "intel-
life." Not only are classic speculators like Des- lectual dead-issues." I quote a paragraph and a
cartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume seriously footnote:
studied in large elective classes conducted by
Philosophy was vital in Plato's day; so vital that
men not as yet won to the “revitalized” philoso- some philosophers were exiled and others were put to
phy, but even Kant (whom the good pragmatist
death. No one would think of putting a philosopher
to death today. Not because men are more delicate
cannot name without crossing himself) comes about killing; but because there is no need to kill that
in for a good share of attention. This may be which is already dead.
deplorable, but it shows that many people are
It would be invidious to name the exceptions which
one is glad to remember here; but it is in place to say
interested in problems which Mr. Durant would that the practical arrest of Bertrand Russell is a sign
have them find dull and dry. The explanation of resuscitation on the part of philosophy,-a sign for
which all lovers of philosophy should be grateful.
is, of course, that it is not the matter but the
When philosophers are once more feared, philosophy
manner that counts. Enough wholesale denun- will once more be respected.
ciation may yet succeed in convincing people of Mr. Durant's admiration of Bertrand Rus-
the futility and ineffectiveness of philosophical sell does him credit, but it shows the futility of


1917]
451
THE DIAL
insisting that a philosopher who wishes to count Social Research” and the author's unrestrained
socially must go at it in a particular way. Or adoration of the college professor. After all, the
will Mr. Durant maintain that Bertrand Rus- central issue raised by the book grows out of Mr.
sell is solely significant as the author of such Durant's contention that unless philosophy is
books as “Justice in War Time" and "Why Men ready to adopt a get-rich-quick programme, it has
Fight"?
no further excuse for being.
See, then, how the real philosopher gets into Notwithstanding the shrill insistence upon a
the game.
Feminism, socialism, eugenics, an- particular type of philosopher, which gives to the
archism, all the isms, says Mr. Durant, have book a tone of dogmatism probably not war-
nothing to offer toward the solution of social ranted by the spirit of the author, and in spite
problems. They are like the unintelligent, ran- of a certain innocence respecting the stubborn-
dom movements of a monkey trying to solve a ness of human nature and the inertia of social
puzzle. This he makes clear by means of a institutions, which gives the discussion a flavor
dialogue in the course of which the various isms of immaturity, the book is an interesting plea
prove one another futile. After this reductio ad for a philosophy that can pay its way in immedi-
absurdum, he turns to the sciences. Alas, there is ate practical results. The author says things that
a great defect in the sciences also: they are need repeating, and he says them eloquently and
"shredded," "fragmentated,” piecemeal. Science earnestly. Especially is this true of the thesis
becomes more and more a fragmentated thing, with
of the volume: the need of organizing intelli-
ever less coördination, ever less sense of the whole. gence in behalf of a better human society, nation-
Our industrial system has forced division of labor
here, as in the manual trades, almost to the point of ally and internationally. I fear, however, that
idiocy: let a man seek to know everything about some-
his plan of campaign, if followed, would only get
thing, and he will soon know nothing about anything philosophy the reputation of being a gadding busy-
else; efficiency will swallow up the man.
body, meddling in everybody's business, having
It is "this shredded science" which calls loudly
none of her own.
for coördination. And here is philosophy's
M. C. OTTO.
chance. Science furnishes the shredded wheat;
philosophy must bake the biscuit. How? By
taking the "essentials from the sciences,” coör-
Goethe
dinating these into a "sense of the whole," and
GOETHE. By Calvin Thomas. (Henry Holt &
guiding scientific research by the aid of this
Co.; $2.)
vision. The scientist is a wizard in the labora-
Goethe holds a higher position in German
tory, but for that very reason is near-sighted. literature than any other man has ever held in any
He has a poor sense of direction regarding the
other literature. No adjectives can appraise
utility of his experiments. It is the philosopher's Shakespeare; but if we had to choose between
function “to point the nose of science to a goal.” having Shakespeare and having all English lit-
He will "do the listening to today's science, and
erature outside of Shakespeare, we should let the
then do the thinking for tomorrow's statesman-
swan of Avon follow the swan of Lohengrin
ship.”
into any sea-change he cared to assume. It is
Of course one might object that something quite otherwise with Goethe. Goethe alone is
more than a well-arranged dialogue is required richer than all the rest of German literature put
to prove that the isms are not, as many people together. This is not merely because of his
think, effective engines of concrete social reform; amazing versatility; it is because of his still more
and the scientists might object to being led by amazing excellence, for in every kind of book he
the nose, even if we were agreed on its desira-
wrote, except in science and mathematics, he
bility. One wonders, moreover, whether the
went to the top. He is Germany's greatest poet,
proposed “coördination of the essentials of sci- dramatist, novelist, and critic. Tennyson's fine
ence” is not simply an invitation to the professor compliment to him in "In Memoriam” certainly
of philosophy to deceive himself into believing does not overstate the truth-he sang "to one
that he is still master of the world's knowledge. clear harp in divers tones.” It is indeed a
But I have not the heart to attempt to trip such remarkable fact that one individual's literary pro-
romping enthusiasm by littering the ground with duction should exceed in value the combined con-
difficulties. For the same reason the reader is tribution of his predecessors, contemporaries, and
left to acquaint himself with the “Society for followers. I can think of no parallel to this.


452
[November 8
THE DIAL
To lovers of literature, not Berlin, but Weimar, sound scholarship, cool judgment, clear common
is the capital of Germany.
sense, keen humor, and long experience, he could
In his interesting preface, Professor Thomas hardly fail to write something valuable and
says, "Every scholar has his own Dante, his own important. But as a matter of fact, there was
Shakespeare, his own Goethe. This book pre- an urgent need for this particular work; for
sents my Goethe as I see him after nearly forty unless I am mistaken, there has been no impor-
years of university teaching during which he has tant Life of Goethe written in English since the
never been long out of my thoughts. I came to year 1855, when the notable biography by G. H.
him as an undergraduate by way of Carlyle." Lewes appeared.
Well, although I do not know one-hundredth as Mr. Thomas's book is divided into two parts
much about him as Professor Thomas knows, the impersonal and the personal. The first
for I have never been a professional student or part, covering 167 pages, is a simple, straight-
teacher of Goethe, I came to him even earlier, forward account of Goethe's life. This treat-
by the same route. I fell under his spell at the ment reveals a rather remarkable skill in the
age of fifteen, and have never been out of it since. great art of omission; for everything essential is
Nearly every book that charmed me, Froude's there, and receives due attention and emphasis.
brilliant sketch of Cæsar among others, men- No German could possibly have written these
tioned a person by the name of Goethe, a name chapters. Unimportant details and personal prej-
I could not pronounce. But he was always men- udices are absent. Much has been sacrificed to
tioned with immense respect, for the time had secure clearness and concision, but it is literally
long gone by when De Quincey had found it safe
true that every page is interesting, for the style
to sneer at him as a “German litterateur," and has movement.
to make this prophecy: "the honours of Coler- Then, forsaking the realm of unadorned fact,
idge are perennial and will annually grow more Mr. Thomas enters the world of ideas. The
verdant; whilst from those of Goethe every gen- remaining 185 pages are divided into the follow-
eration will see something fall away, until pos- ing chapters: “The Philosopher," "The Evolu-
terity will wonder at the subverted idol, whose tionist," "The Believer," "The Poet," "The
basis being hollow and unsound, will leave the Dramatist," "The Novelist,” “The Critic,”
worship of their fathers an enigma to their "Faust." Here the treatment is individual. It
descendants."
is the author's Goethe, and nobody else's, who is
Carlyle settled the business for me. I read his
I read his revealed to us, and this is what we want—the
translation of "Wilhelm Meister,” and became real justification for the appearance of the book.
so enchanted by the characters in that wonderful It is seldom that anyone can find fault with a
story, that years later, when I heard the opera work for being too short; but I think this should
“Mignon” for the first time, I felt an indescrib- have been longer. And I do not mean it as a
able thrill as each one of my favorite persons took compliment. Professor Thomas's admirable
the stage. It was as though a group of intensely “Life and Works of Schiller" is more than a
loved friends had all risen from the dead and hundred pages longer than the “Goethe,” and
come back to cheer me with their bodily pres- surely there is not more worth saying about Schil-
ence. There are greater operas than “Mignon"; ler than about his greater contemporary. In the
but no other opera can affect me in precisely endeavor, commendable in itself, to avoid pro-
lixity, there is a feeling in these later chapters
It is almost impossible to open any book writ- of abruptness, scantiness, insufficiency. There is
ten by Goethe and not immediately find some- never any sense of inadequacy on the part of the
thing stimulating. To test this now at my desk, author, which makes undue brevity all the more
I opened one, and the first thing I saw was, “The unfortunate.
theatre has often been at variance with the pul- Another thing. Professor Thomas has of
pit; they ought not, I think, to quarrel. How course read all the important books on Goethe
much it is to be wished, that in both, the cele- written by Germans. He must have become
bration of Nature and of God were intrusted to thoroughly aweary of rhapsodical adulation. For
none but men of noble minds !"
the attitude of most German biographers and
No matter if a new biography of Goethe were critics to the great sage has been characterized,
published each month, there would still be a not by intelligent and discriminating criticism,
place for a book by Professor Thomas. With his but by idolatry. Now, idolatry may possibly be
that way.


1917]
453
THE DIAL
of some assistance to the worshipper-but, as a so fine a discussion of Goethe's optimism. He
rule, it helps neither the idol nor the spectators. sees "Faust," not as the English or the French
Professor Thomas not only refuses to kneel; he see it, but as Goethe must have seen it himself.
bends over backward. One gets the impression Mr. Thomas abundantly confirms the view
that at the outset of his task he took a solemn revealed to me thirty years ago, when I saw
vow not to slop over. This would be well
This would be well Henry Irving produce the play in the afternoon,
enough if his admiration for Goethe were only and Ernst Possart produce it in the evening of
moderate. But in the preface, although admit- the same day. And Irving's manager was there
ting that the halo has “grown a little dimmer in a box ready to present Possart with a wreath
in the lapse of years,” he says, “I am conscious from the famous English actor. But when the
of owing more to him than to any other writer curtain rose and the "Prolog im Himmel" began,
of books." One would not suspect this in reading the manager went out and informed Irving that
the chapters on "The Poet," on "The Dram- Possart was not acting "Faust" that night, but
atist," on "The Critic." Indeed, one who had some other piece.
never read Goethe would not believe him to be Professor Thomas has written a sound and
either a first-class poet or a first-class critic. The good book, a credit to American scholarship and
chapter on "The Critic" is positively cold. The criticism. He has shown commendable amenity
temperature rises notably in the chapter on in two ways—by avoiding footnotes and by being
"Faust," which is quite properly reserved to steadily and delightfully interesting. And even
make the final impression. My suspicion that those who—still under the dominion of German
Mr. Thomas is writing with German rhapsodies pedantry—believe that a sprightly, luminous style
in mind is heightened by reading the chapter on is incompatible with true scholarship, cannot
"The Believer," where a strong case is almost fail to recognize the learning so unpretentiously
ardently supported. The chapter contains this and modestly displayed. Professor Thomas has
excellent saying: “Looked at in a large histor- long been a recognized authority, and if he were
ical survey religion may be conceived as a four- not, this book would make him one. It will be
sided pyramid one side of which is cult, a second many years before students and lovers of Goethe
theology, a third ethics, and the fourth mystic will find it possible to neglect this crown of a
emotion." The fourth side is what interested life's work.
WILLIAM LYON PHELPS.
Goethe, and in that sense he was surely not only
a deeply religious man, but an inspiring religious
teacher, as even I, a convinced Christian, have
Divers Realists
always found him. Still, he was not nearly so
great a religious teacher as he was a poet and COLLECTED Poems. By Wilfrid Wilson Gibson.
artist.
(The Macmillan Co.; $2.25.)
OLD CHRISTMAS. By William Aspenwall Brad-
This book is written for English readers. One
ley. (Houghton Mifflin Co.; $1.25.)
does not need to know a word of German to PRUFROCK AND OTHER OBSERVATIONS. By T. S.
enjoy and to profit by it. It is interesting to Eliot. (The Egoist Co., London.)
THE SHADOWED Hour. By John Erskine. (The
observe with what scrupulous care Mr. Thomas
Lyric Publishing Co.; 75 cts.)
has avoided using German words. Ordinarily a Mr. Wilfrid Wilson Gibson seems a young
book on this subject would have been thickly
man to be giving us his collected poems; it is, in
bespattered with them. They occur so seldom-
fact, a little startling to find that even if most
never except when necessary—that they produce of his early work is omitted, as in this collection,
a shock. And one might almost say that no word
he has published so much. In addition to the
of any kind is used except when necessary. I more realistic studies, by which Mr. Gibson has
feel sure that I have never read a combination chiefly earned his reputation,—“Daily Bread,"
of biography and criticism of this size, where
"Womenkind," "Fires," "Borderlands and
such extraordinary pains to avoid superfluities in Thoroughfares,” “Livelihood," and "Battle,”-
speech have been taken. Even some English
this rather unwieldy volume contains also one
words have been "simplified” in order to pack
poem in an earlier vein, “Akra the Slave," a use-
everything into as small a space as is possible. ful reminder that, like his fellow-poet Mr.
The author has a tight rein on himself.
Masefield, Mr. Gibson has evolved in manner
The chapter on “Faust,” as it ought to be, is from romanticism to realism.
When one con-
the best in the book. I have never seen anywhere siders in this connection some of Mr. Gibson's


454
[November 8
THE DIAL
very latest work, particularly in the lyric and in beauty. None of his contemporaries on either
the sonnet form,—where he seems tentatively to side of the Atlantic has equalled him in power
be teasing once more at colors more frankly to drag forth, link by link, the image-chain of a
brilliant, it is possible to suspect that, again like human mood. We cannot yet begin complaining
Mr. Masefield, he has fed himself to satiety on that these moods have a hypnotic sameness
the drab and realistic and may yet revert to the throughout his work; nor that he varies the
romantic, an evolution altogether natural. monotony of these analytical studies with too little
Mr. Gibson's development has, however, been
of that romantic Alush which, one cannot help
more obvious and orderly than Mr. Masefield's. thinking, no less than an excessive love of matter-
It was not, in his case, a sudden surrender to an of-fact, is a part of consciousness. Mr. Gib-
overpowering and perhaps previously unconscious son lacks the lyric élan for this, just as he
impulse, but rather a gradual modification. Even also lacks flexibility of technique. But these are
in "Akra the Slave," for example, there are hints questions which perhaps will be settled anew with
of the close psychological texture which was later every epoch according to the prevailing taste; one
to reach its maximum of efficiency as a poetic cannot be dogmatic about them. To-day we like
style in “Fires" and "Livelihood.” In “Daily
In “Daily Mr. Gibson for his dogged truthfulness, and we
Bread” and “Womenkind,” pitched in a collo- shy at his occasional pedestrian sentimentality. A
quial dramatic form (or dialogue, rather, closely later judge may conceivably reverse the verdict.
akin to Mr. Abercrombie's use of the same form Mr. Bradley is obviously a congener of Mr.
in parts of "Emblems of Love"), there was Gibson. The poems in his “Old Christmas" are,
necessarily a good deal of waste. Mr. Gibson's for the most part, narrative and in much the same
genius is not dramatic, and he found himself pre- form that Mr. Gibson is most fond of using: the
cluded from the sort of step-by-step, objective octosyllabic couplet. It cannot be pretended that
analysis which is his keenest pleasure. Conse- this is poetry of a high order; but Mr. Bradley,
quently, this is the weakest part of his work. In in adapting to his use the life of the Kentucky
"Fires," on the other hand, lies the happiest mountain-folk, has hit upon extremely interest-
synthesis of all Mr. Gibson's talents. In these ing material; he has given us some excellent
brief, rhymed narratives, dealing for the most part stories, told in the folk-language, with many
with the lives of working-people, but not too in- quaintnesses of idiom, and, on the whole, with the
sistently in a drab tone, Mr. Gibson found him- simplicity and economy that makes for effect. Mr.
self free to exploit side by side his love of color Bradley's technique is useful rather than brilliant
and his love of sharp analysis. The result is a -he seldom rises above the level of the story-
sort of iterative half-lyric analysis, frequently teller. In "Saul of the Mountains," "Old
powerful. In “Borderlands,” “Livelihood," and Christmas," or the "Prince of Peace," the story
"Battle," however, the lyric and colorful aspect obviously is the thing, and the story does the trick.
has gone dwindling in proportion as the psy- When, as occasionally happens, Mr. Bradley
chological preoccupation has increased. Un- shows genuine imaginative power (as in the
fortunately, the gain in truthfulness has not "Strange Woman" and its sequel) it is hard to
entirely compensated for the loss in beauty. In say how much that power is fortuitous.
some of the poems which compose the volume Mr. T. S. Eliot, whose book "Prufrock and
called "Battle," for example, it may be ques- Other Observations" is really hardly more than
tioned whether actual bathos was not reached: to a pamphlet, is also a realist, but of a different
truthfulness Mr. Gibson seems here to have sacri- sort. Like Mr. Gibson, Mr. Eliot is a psycholo-
ficed everything, even dignity. One admits his gist; but his intuitions are keener; his technique
truthfulness, but one does not feel it.
subtler. For the two semi-narrative psychologi-
It is, of course, too early to attempt a placing cal portraits which form the greater and better
of Mr. Gibson. For the present it is enough to part of his book, “The Love Song of J. Alfred
say that he has developed a style peculiarly effec- Prufrock" and "The Portrait of a Lady," one
tive, and valuable too for its influence on con- can have little but praise. This is psychological
temporary poetry. Mr. Gibson has clearly realism, but in a highly subjective or introspective
proved that poetry can deal with the common- vein; whereas Mr. Gibson, for example, gives
places of daily life, with the bitter and trivial us, in the third person, the reactions of an
and powerful and universal commonplaces of individual to a situation which is largely exter-
human consciousness, -and do it with force and nal (an accident, let us say), Mr. Eliot gives us,


1917]
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THE DIAL
in the first person, the reactions of an individual sults in the frigid brevity of the war dispatch and
to a situation for which to a large extent his own the inhuman abstractions of Mr. Frank H.
character is responsible. Such work is more purely Simonds. To a man tremendously in earnest
autobiographic than the other—the field is who wanted to make those at home see and feel
narrowed, and the terms are idiosyncratic (some- the war-yes, and smell it, too—any squeamish-
times almost blindly so). The dangers of such ness would naturally be a simple irrelevance. It
work are obvious: one must be certain that one's would not be thought of, and M. Barbusse hasn't
mental character and idiom are sufficiently close thought of it. The result is a book of terrific
to the norm to be comprehensible or significant. impact, a horrible and fascinating document that
In this respect, Mr. Eliot is near the border- brings one nearer to the desolation and despair
line. His temperament is peculiar, it is some- of No Man's Land than anything else I have
times, as remarked heretofore, almost bafflingly read.
peculiar, but on the whole it is the average hyper-
If "Under Fire" convinces you that you are
æsthetic one with a good deal of introspective at last hearing something like the truth, it is
curiosity; it will puzzle many, it will delight a
because it is so obviously an honest book. It is
few. Mr. Eliot writes pungently and sharply,
as innocent of false emphasis as it is of ordinary
with an eye for unexpected and vivid details, reserves. If M. Barbusse makes out an over-
and, particularly in the two longer poems and in
whelming case against war, it is not by falsify-
“The Rhapsody of a Windy Night,” he shows
ing the evidence, by careful selection and
himself to be an exceptionally acute technician.
suppression. His book is impressive by reason,
Such free rhyme as this, with irregular line largely, of its inclusiveness. So fine an intelli-
lengths, is difficult to write well, and Mr. Eliot gence as his is not tempted to be unscrupulous,
does it well enough to make one wonder whether
because it sees that the case presents itself and
such a form is not what the adorers of free can only be ruined by embellishment or distor-
verse will eventually have to come to. In the
tion in the interest of an argument.
It can be
rest of Mr. Eliot's volume one finds the piquant
ruined by fanaticism, too, as the pacifist usually
and the trivial in about equal proportions.
ruins it. It can be ruined, finally, by any
Mr. Erskine has at best a dubious claim to
suspicion of hypersensitiveness or any morbid
a share in the title of this review. Most critics
obsession with the horrible. To write a really
would call him a classicist: he writes, in a fairly effective indictment of war, a man has first to
orotund blank verse, of Satan, the death of reli-
persuade us of his sheer normality and the
He has to convince us
gion, the “Sons of Metaneira.” Unfortunately strength of his nerves.
Mr. Erskine dons a little too self-consciously the
that he is not overcivilized and that he can be
robes of the grand manner.
One must forge
more or less at home with the primordial. He
through many sonorous and archaic Miltonic may loathe it, as M. Barbusse loathes war, but
echoes, many valueless inversions, to come upon
the mere sight of its excesses won't topple him
the occasional imaginative power or delicacy.
over.
He is prepared for anything. All of
In the “Sons of Metaneira” he is at his best: the
which is only a clumsy way of saying that
“Under Fire" is not a piece of propaganda, a
story is told without strain, with effective touches
of dignity and simplicity, and occasionally with
work of pure horror designed to keep the reader
sharp realization of scene.
at one emotional pitch—and that the least en-
CONRAD AIKEN.
durable—through three hundred and fifty odd
pages. No; for even in war actual fighting
remains a little exceptional; the casual and the
The Truth About War trivial bulk quite as large as they do in the lives
of men at home. Only, the discomfort is on a
UNDER FIRB. By Henri Barbusse. (E. P. Dutton gigantic scale and the dislocations of habit are
& Co.; $1.50.)
without parallel. In the work of rebarbarization
Henri Barbusse's poilus have a "sacramental
they count quite as heavily as the insane fury
saying" that economizes profanity: victory is of the assault. M. Barbusse shows very subtly
certain “if the civilians hold out.” It is a bit
how all these influences play on the men and
of irony that has not been lost on M. Barbusse. mould them; how they are transforming the
He at least can be accused of no tenderness for massed humanity at the front. His book is filled
civilian sensibilities. He is magnificently indif- with a kind of primordial humor, with pene-
ferent to the curious editorial taboo which re- trating criticism, with a truly Gothic grotesquery,


456
[November 8
THE DIAL
with a great and moving tenderness for the mood of war and whom circumstances cannot
patched and wretched cave-men armored in mud, quite thrust back into that mood. The lust for
crawled over by lice, sleeping in dung, and sent blood may, in fact, be stimulated, along with
at intervals across the hell of No Man's Land other lusts, but what M. Barbusse insists upon
to slay or be slain as chance serves.
is that it is no longer stimulated enough. The
When we meet the men of the squad- men themselves feel this as they watch the black
peasants and artisans of the lowest class, the troops getting ready to go into action. The
true heroes of the war—they are awash on “an Africans are real soldiers, made for the business
endless grey sheet that floats on the sea and has of slaughter. But in themselves the peasant and
here and there gone under.” M. Barbusse does the artisan are only overlaid, not obliterated;
not dabble in childish symbolism, but there is a and that makes a tragic difference.
complete appropriateness in his initial picture of And what is their reaction to the war? Is it
a water-logged world in which "even the wan simply a hopeless and confused acquiescence? By
light seems to flow.” Water is, in fact, a sort no means. They are fighting the war in a spirit
of motif to which he returns again and again, of fine generosity, with complete dedication of
until he sums up his final impression for us "on themselves; they are trying to save what no
the wrecked and dissolving plain, flecked with longer exists for them the comfortable civiliza-
bodies between its worm-shaped chasms of tion of Europe. And they are trying to under-
water, among the islands of motionless men stand, to emerge “from the delusion and
stuck together like reptiles in this fattening and ignorance which soil them as the mud soils
sinking chaos"_"I used to think that the worst
them.” What is it that causes war, they ask.
hell in war was the flame of shells; and then for It is the spirit of militarism, one answers.
long I thought it was the suffocation of the “ 'Germany and militarism—they're the same
caverns which eternally confine us. But it is
thing.' No; that is too simple. "'To-day
neither of these things. Hell is water."
militarism is called Germany." "Yes, but
Like the author himself, the men of his squad
what will it be called to-morrow?'—‘After all,
what is it that makes the mass and horror of
are tortured by the need of finding words into
war?'- 'It's the mass of the people.'-'But the
which they can pack all their misery, so that
people—that's us.'-'Yes, that's true. It's the
what remains incredible even to them may be
people who are war; without them, there would
made credible to those who have stayed at home.
be nothing, nothing but some wrangling, a long
What is war? One of the men looks out on
way off. But it isn't they who decide on it;
the “calamitous plain,” with bodies strewn "here
it's the masters who steer them'—'The people
and there in the vastness like foul rubbish”-he
are struggling to-day to have no more masters
looks and says, “That's war . It's not
who steer them. This war, it's like the French
anything else." And the author interprets his Revolution continuing.'” And then: “The
thought: “He means—and I am with him in his
people of the world ought to come to an under-
meaning-more than attacks that are like cere-
standing, through the hides and on the bodies
monial reviews, more than visible battles unfurled of those who exploit them one way and another.
like banners, more than hand-to-hand All the masses ought to agree together.”
encounters of shouting strife, War is frightful
I am aware that the passages I have quoted,
and unnatural weariness, water up to the belly, and especially the last, do a disservice to the
mud and dung and infamous filth. It is befouled author. Nothing in the book has the neatness
faces and tattered flesh, it is corpses that are no and salience that such sentences have in a review.
longer like corpses even, floating on the ravenous “Under Fire" is like á panorama which must
earth.”
be taken in at a sweep; its impressive bigness
Such, M. Barbusse shows us, in a succession depends upon the cumulative effect of a host of
of episodes that are, I suppose, broadly typical
small impressions which cannot be subtracted
-such is war to the common soldier. The im-
from the whole. To review such a book is
pression that he wishes to drive home, and that
obviously impossible; one can only recommend
he does drive home with cumulative force, is
it. It is the sort of book which everyone who
one of infinite boredom and inhuman discomfort,
wants to know what war is actually like will
of the pervasively disintegrating action of war
have to read for himself.
upon a group of men who have outgrown the
GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN.
.
even
---


1917]
457
THE DIAL
a
a
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
The disturbance has shown itself in England as
a swift qualitative and quantitative readjustment
Mr. GEORGE JEAN NATHAN PRESENTS.
of industry to new demands, an increase of pro-
Alfred A. Knopf; $1.50.
duction in spite of the withdrawal of millions
What "Mr. George Jean Nathan Presents" of laborers from work, the "dilution" of labor,
is largely himself; we get him somewhat in the that is, an increase in the number of people exe-
guise of a naughty altar-boy. He kneels before
He kneels before cuting a single process, and the employment of
the shrine, he swings the censer, he goes through women at jobs hitherto taboo to them. Money
certain genuflexions; yet he contrives to grimace wages have gone up, real wages are down, and
at the reverent throng and to tip the wink that the maintenance of the real wage level will de-
the worshipful Mystery is too much of a humbug mand, and in the end compel, coöperation be-
to merit much regard. A man cannot live- tween labor and capital, such that workers may
live exclusively and consciously-in a realm of become in some sense owners. Against such a
unworthy make-believe without suffering for it; unification of the operators in an industry, how-
and Mr. George Jean Nathan, in some of his ever, the consuming public will need protection,
phases, is calculated to cause regrets.
He is
so that government regulation and control of
mighty knowing and capable in his field, but he prices and production may be necessarily con-
is brash. He opens up some wonderful, sudden tinued even when the war is over. This will be
vistas for the playgoer, and shoots a number of even more essential unless a durable and organic
penetrating epigrams; but his taste and dis-
peace gets established.
For nations will then
cretion are not equal to his brilliancy. Though
want to go completely “heeled," to be self-sus-
from Fort Wayne, as his biography on the taining in every respect, the governments hold-
jacket informs us, he has come to be more ing a firm hand upon the manufacture of
metropolitan than most of the metropolitans munitions and the production of food particu-
themselves—self-possessed to the uttermost verge larly.
larly. The war has shown, furthermore, the
of the unabashed and as cynical as you increased power of the public credit, which kept
please. One wonders how he would act if the banks from going smash during the first
he met Truth and Right Feeling face to face: period. This may be now invoked to finance a
according to his own confession of experiences, "return to the land” and other enterprises having
he seems unlikely to meet them in the modern a bearing on national defence. Without inter-
theatre, his sole milieu. He is a sort of latter- national organization, moreover, economic inter-
day Israfel, playing "wildly," however "well,” nationalism is certain to be disorganized. Industry
on the keyboard of Good Taste; he jabs, prods, will be subjected to the control of military
counters, scrambles—a loud, bizarre, but com- and political considerations. This will arrest
pelling performance. Yet the impression per- economic progress, and make secure the grip of
sists that he really knows the theatre as few the financial oligarchy upon mankind.
others know it, and that he would write more
worthily about it if it were more worthy itself. Love SONGS. By Sara Teasdale. Mac-
When the better day finally comes for the stage, millan: $1.25.
let us hope not to find that the rather regrettable
A bookful of loveliness is this new volume of
habits which Mr. George Jean Nathan has Sara Teasdale's verse: new not in the sense that
formed during times of decadence are operating all the poems it contains are recent ones, but that
to prevent him from writing about finer things
it represents a lately gathered treasury of lyrics.
in a finer way. For despite numerous incisive They are characterized, as her work has always
and clear-visioned pages, large tracts of his work
been, by a musical facility, strong imagery, and
are better suited to the passing feuilleton than to that note of mingled joy and pain which haunts
the permanent book.
the moments of love, whether in its inception,
its fulfillment, or its loss. Indeed the poet stresses
THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN CAPITAL-
so frequently the sweet ironies of what Henry
ISM. By John A. Hobson. Scribner; $1.75. James called “the great constringent relation
The new edition of John A. Hobson's “The between men and women, that
as one reads
Evolution of Modern Capitalism” differs from many of them the successive poems lose some
its predecessor by the addition of a new supple- of their original keenness. Mrs. Filsinger is
mentary chapter dealing with the effect of the betrayed, too, by her gift for smooth and charm-
war on the industrial organization of Europe. ing lines; she occasionally wastes fascinating tech-
“The year 1914," Mr. Hobson writes in his nique on a triviality which ends in vapor. Her
preface, "will mark a definite break in economic lapses from technical excellence, as for example
as in other history. Never has any previous the rhyming of "love" and "enough," are in fact
war exercised such a disturbing influence.
less frequent than her failures to give point to
.
.


458
[November 8
THE DIAL
ence.
otherwise lovely lyrics. Of them all, the “Songs Governor that "they saw clearly their Father
Out of Sorrow” are her least achievement; they was angry with them, since he did not send back
descend most abruptly to the commonplace, both their son Joncaire, as that alone could tran-
in theme and method. Of the others, one beau- quilize them," and Chabert de Joncaire, that in-
tiful and typical is "Lights":
genious rascal who possessed a like power over
When we come home at night and close the door,
the loyalty of his Indians, and who followed his
Standing together in the shadowy room,
term on the Niagara portage as "the greatest
Safe in our own love and the gentle gloom,
transportation monopolist in America,” with a
Glad of familiar wall and chair and floor,
few years of not too solemn reflection in the
Glad to leave far below the clanging city;
Bastille. We read of such able opposition
Looking far downward to the glaring street leaders as Colonel John Bradstreet and Sir Wil-
Gaudy with light, yet tired with many feet, liam Johnson, the conqueror of Niagara. The
In both of us wells up a wordless pity;
author quotes liberally from the caustic, often
Men have tried hard to put away the dark; humorous old journals and reports. In his chap-
A million lighted windows brilliantly
ter on “Niagara News in 1757” he reflects most
Inlay with squares of gold the winter night,
graphically the rough-and-ready existence on the
But to us standing here there comes the stark
Sense of the lives behind each yellow light,
frontier, when prisoners and scalps were brought
And not one wholly joyous, proud, or free.
in with daily regularity, when starving incomers
were replenished from the king's stores with little
AN OLD FRONTIER OF FRANCE. By Frank
regard to the legitimacy of their disposal, when
H. Severance. Dodd, Mead; $7.50.
“ladies, women and children" lent an air of
Mr. Severance is a specialist in his chosen domesticity and gaiety by their unpermitted pres-
field, the Niagara region during French discovery It was a good time to be alive.
and dominion. He is painstaking and accurate,
with an apparently vastly absorbent, orderly SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS. By Mary E. Rich-
intellect, and if only he might have quickened mond. Russell Sage Foundation; $2.
his subject with a more human touch, the re- To make the study of human relationships as
viewer could accord him unstinted praise. The much a science as is the study of physical phe-
story of civilized man's struggle with the wilder- nomena has been one of the dreams of the social
ness, with savages, and finally with other civilized philosophers since the days of the French en-
men is one of ever-renewed interest, reflecting as lightenment. But the dream has never come
it does the evolution of nationality.
true. While Miss Richmond in her careful
Champlain, La Salle, and Tonti, "the man work, to the preparation of which she gave the
with the iron hand," in their laborious but relent- free time of fourteen years, has probably not
less progress westward, were not, perhaps, in- had such an ambitious aim, she has produced a a
spired by the highest motives, but they were of book remarkable for the accuracy of the methods
the stuff that we can admire. Later, exploration outlined for the social worker and for the detail
was frequently but an excuse for profit in trade, and thoroughness with which she has gone into
just as trade was still later to become a mask for the subject of measurements in one phase of
depredation, and national defence the byword life, the pathology of social adjustment. This
for cruelties hardly exceeded by those of the shifty volume is essentially a study in the methods and
allies of the French in America. Dongan wrote, , efficiency of case work. Cases are necessarily in
in the last years of the seventeenth century, large part individual matters and do not there-
a very hard thing that all the Countryes a French- fore lend themselves easily to statistical study.
man walks over in America must belong to Not the counting of instances, therefore, but the
Canada," and therewith demanded the "break- careful and painstaking analysis of human char-
ing down" of the chief French stronghold at acter in relation to individual and social failure
Niagara. The attitude that he criticizes was in all its angles and from all available sources
hardly confined to France. It might be applied in hundreds and thousands of instances difficult
with scant injustice to every man of whatever to classify has been Miss Richmond's task. It
nationality who traversed the disputed country was a stupendous undertaking, but it had back of
of western New York, the Lakes, and the terri- it the enthusiasm of one of the best-known and
tory of “La Belle Rivière."
most able social workers of the country. And
Through the maze of bickerings and badly it needed badly to be done. How to get evi-
directed affairs, a few men of unusual power dence, how to test it, how to use it are the
stand out. There was Joncaire the Elder, inter- problems she set herself to solve, and she has
preter by profession, clandestine fur-trader, and handled them in a way which has measurably
subtle diplomatist for the French in their deal- advanced one aspect at least of social science
ings with the Iroquois. There were his sons, toward the goal which the social philosophers
- Philippe, of whom the Senecas wrote to the have set for it.
"" 'Tis


1917]
459
THE DIAL
IRISH IDYLLS. Jane Barlow. Dodd, Mead; A second publication is no less important, al-
$2.
though only a translation. The book chosen is
When Miss Barlow's "Irish Idylls” was first Professor Stourm's “Le Budget,” which for
published, twenty years ago, a critic said of it: many years has been the standard treatise on the
“The philanthropist or the political student in- preparation of estimates, the voting of appropri-
terested in the eternal Irish Problem will learn ations, and the collection of taxes. In France it
more from Miss Barlow's volumes than from has reached a seventh edition; and it is safe to
a dozen Royal Commissions and a hundred Blue say that no book has been more influential in
Books." To say more is futile. Miss Barlow, bringing to their present high efficiency the finan-
the daughter of the dean of Trinity College, cial systems of the western European nations. The
spent her life in a small village just outside of volume has been little used in America, except by
Dublin; and narrow “Lisconnell," hung with scholars. It should now come into the hands of
peat smoke and mist, is not drawn from imagi- numerous members of Congress, state legisla-
nation,—there is room for a stranger at every tures, municipal councils, and other spending
hearth, where kindness, sometimes a bit hedged bodies; and while, perhaps unfortunately, large
by sharp words, is commoner than potatoes. "A sections deal on technical lines with problems and
real poet I can never be,” Miss Barlow once methods which are peculiar to France, the Amer-
wrote to a friend, and went on writing singing ican official who cannot find here a fund of in-
prose.
At the end of a wet day "the cloud dispensable information ought not to be in public
canopy
was flying eastward, scudding office. Fundamentally, the fault in our fiscal
in festoons and trails and shreds, or furled into administration lies with the people, who cling to
rumpled bundles in the grip of the careering the notion that the treasury exists for the satis-
blasts.
Each arrival, mostly in the faction of local needs. It is too much to expect
moth-colored dusk, at the black mouth of Dan of the people generally that they read Stourm's
O'Beirne's scarlet-hearted forge was a trium- lengthy and rather dry book. Yet through in-
phant moment to be anticipated from afar.” creased use by publicists, office-holders, teachers,
And so on. But even if it were not shot with and students it will undoubtedly become a force
such lovely bits of description, every chapter in in the gradual reshaping of public opinion on
the book that one called “One Too Many" more wholesome lines, thereby justifying the con-
most of all-is a gift to the student of Ireland. fidence of those who are responsible for its ap-
pearance in its present form.
The BUDGET. By René Stourm. Trans-
lated by Thaddeus Plazinski. Appleton; A NATURALIST OF Souls. By Gamaliel
$3.75.
Bradford. Dodd, Mead; $2.50.
There are many reasons for regarding the Mr. Bradford's title sounds a bit pompous,
management of revenues and expenditures as the but he has an authority for it no less august than
most crucial part of government. The age-long Sainte-Beuve: "je suis un naturaliste des esprits."
struggle for democracy has hinged on the power This phrase Mr. Bradford condenses into the
of the purse; and, broadly speaking, political sys- word “psychographer,” which, together with
tems succeed or fail according as they make pro- "psychograph," he has "not yet found courage
vision for honest and economical handling of the to talk about, and even if I had, publishers and
public funds. The United States has had hereditors have not.” Psychography is, however,
share of irresponsible and corrupt use of the explained. It differs from biography in that the
people's money, but the chief difficulty has been latter "is bound to present an elaborate sequence
rather the almost unvarying shortsightedness and of dates, events and circumstances, of which
wastefulness of well-meaning, but inexperienced some are merely required to make the narrative
or inefficient, legislators and administrators. A complete," while “psychography selects only that
year or more ago certain students of govern- which is indispensable for its particular purpose,
mental problems set up in Washington an Insti- i. e., the attempt to portray character.” This
tute for Government Research, with a view not difference hardly seems important since good
only to scientific investigation, but to the develop- biography has often succeeded in portraying char-
ment of constructive plans for administrative im- acter with no neglect of the events of the indi-
provement in the United States. Quite properly, vidual's life. The word, together with the process
the attention of this promising agency was turned it is supposed to designate, might be ignored
first of all to the subject of finance. An admira- were it not for Mr. Bradford's seriousness about
ble volume dealing with financial administration it, and his feeling that it "seemed to sum up
in Great Britain was published, and the excel- processes that have been rather vaguely employed
lences of the British budget system were duly before and to give them a name which might be
emphasized.
useful in attracting the attention of the jaded,


460
[November 8
THE DIAL
overloaded American reader.” The possibility of Monroe Doctrine from being seriously chal-
using the word "psychography” for that purpose lenged; but his cavalier characterization of that
is amusingly pathetic.
doctrine, in its present form, as "a haughty
There follow, then, ten essays—nine on men declaration that Europe has no concern with
and one on "The Novel Two Thousand Years American affairs" is not warranted by the facts.
Ago. Of the nine only three are psychographs The book may be read profitably by persons who
in the finished state: those on the younger desire a rapid résumé of the colonial and commer-
Pliny, Ovid, and Saint Francis de Sales. The cial rivalries of the great powers; more serious
other six, on Donne, Leopardi, Anthony Trol- students will find it of little value.
lope, Burton and his “Anatomy of Melancholy,"
Alexandre Dumas, and Clarendon, are attempts
MY FOUR YEARS IN GERMANY. By James
made before psychography was "consciously W. Gerard. Doran; $2.
working.” The reader is grateful that it worked Germany's recent remarkable response to the
before it was conscious, for it is difficult to tell call for a seventh war loan, a loan of no less
wherein the real psychographs may crow over than twelve billion marks, gives timely emphasis
their less dignified brethren. Mr. Bradford
to ex-Ambassador Gerard's assertion that the
writes the sort of essay that is born of enthusi- power of the empire is still unbroken, that "we
asm and affection, the sort that keeps one from stand in great peril, and only the exercise of
sleep and the dining-table. If you know the man ruthless realism can win this war for us." Real-
of whom he writes, you are delighted; if you do ism in plenty will be found in his detailed ac-
not, you wish you did. He is a humble and not count of his four years in the country now so
unsuccessful follower of the great, unconscious relentlessly at war with us, as with most of the
psychographers, Tacitus, Saint Simon, Sainte- rest of the civilized world. From the day of
Beuve, and, though he is not mentioned as such, his appointment as our representative at Berlin
R. L. S.
to that of his departure from the German capi-
tal with "a clear conscience," as he says, “and
THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE; The Cul- the knowledge that I had done everything pos-
MINATION OF MODERN History. By Ram- sible to keep the peace,” he tells us the story of
say Muir. Houghton Mifflin ; $2.
his diplomatic and social experiences; and trying
Professor Muir's “Expansion of Europe" is a
in the extreme some of them must have been,
companion essay to his recently published "Na- though no suspicion of a whine jars with the
tionalism and Internationalism.” It undertakes sprightliness of these chapters of seriously mo-
to describe, within the space of 230 pages, "the
mentous personal and official history. Varying
sources and character of the great process by here and there the autobiographic style are sun-
which, during the last four centuries, the whole dry informing reports on such topics as Ger-
world has been subjugated by the civilization of
man militarism, the Zabern episode, the causes
Europe, and its bearing upon the problems of the
of the war, the treatment of prisoners, commer-
Great War." Naturally, there is no attempt at
cial and economic conditions, war charities, and
formal narrative; and while the recent stages of
German hate. Personal observation rather
colonial development are dealt with most fully,
than abstract theory underlies all these chapters
and makes them well worth reading.
even the transformation of the British Empire
between 1815 and 1878 is disposed of in less than
The BATTLE WITH TUBERCULOSIS AND
two-score pages.
Emphasis is laid on the
How to Win It. By D. Macdougall King.
motives, principles, and methods of colonial enter-
prise, and on the influence of colonial undertak-
Lippincott; $1.50.
ings upon the national and international politics Dr. D. Macdougall King, having returned
of Europe. The best portion of the book is that
after being "over the top” in the war against
containing an analysis of colonial rivalries from
consumption, was impressed with the fact that
1878 to the outbreak of the present war,
those who fall do so because they do not under-
although even here there is no claim to the pre-
stand why certain things are necessary. He had
sentation of either new facts or unfamiliar inter- a score of years' experience in treating the other
pretations. The world ambitions of Germany fellow, and then he had the years when he was
are very fairly stated, and one will perhaps find the patient. He has written an unusually clear
nowhere a better brief exposition of the Mittel- and helpful manual-at-arms for popular guid-
Europa scheme and its international significance. ance. It is made clearer by the frequent use of
Elsewhere the author gives expression to his simile, chiefly drawn from army life. He tells
somewhat contemptuous opinion of American how the white cells of the body march to and
foreign policy. Perhaps he is right in saying that fro in the trenches, and fall upon and destroy the
it is only the British fleet that has prevented the germs of disease; but if the white cells are im-


1917]
461
THE DIAL
poverished or overworked, they are unable to win human beings. The statement made by Mr.
a a victory. "You are the general and their des- Sizer shows how far from such a condition the
tiny lies in your keeping." The tubercle bacilli actual relation stands. It shows, on every side,
are weak, and easily overcome if rightly attacked. an exploitation of the need for recreation, and
If they have become established, it is because the its vulgarization in cheap drama, dancing, mov-
patient is ignorant, and he had better go to a ing pictures, and “amusement” parks. The
sanitarium for instruction. The second portion organization of leisure and recreation by the
of the book is devoted to home treatment. Since community is ably pointed out as one of the essen-
nine out of ten have the disease at some time, tial duties of the true democratic state.
and since failure to recover may be charged in
many cases to the ignorant kindness of friends, WILLIAM DUNLAP. A Study of His Life
it behooves all to study the principles involved and Works and of His Place in Contempo-
in the battle, and not to wait until they are rary Culture. By Oral Sumner Coad. Pub-
attacked. Only one criticism is to be made on lished by the Dunlap Society, New York.
the material. Milk pasteurized at 150 degrees
.
After a long period of inactivity the Dunlap
is deprived of some of its nutritive value. The Society has brought out a new book. This is evi-
approved temperature is from 140 to 145 degrees. dently another of the dissertations on American
writers into which the department of English at
MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF BRITISH NORTH
Columbia has of late been directing candidates
AMERICA. Selected and edited by Katherine
for the doctorate, and it is one of the best of its
Berry Judson. McClurg; $1.50.
class. Unfortunately, it falls occasionally into a
Since eyes were made for seeing,—and read cheaply journalistic style, which might well have
ing, such a book as this has not much been censored by the distinguished gentlemen to
excuse for being. In the preface the author says, whom the author gives thanks for aid with the
“As in other volumes of this series, only the proof sheets. Like other young investigators,
quaint, the pure, and the beautiful, has been the author includes material acquired in the
taken from the tales of the Indians. Any one course of his study which, while new and inter-
wishing pure ethnology, good and bad together, esting to him, is readily available elsewhere, and
would do better to go to ethnological reports. is not closely germane to his subject. Notwith-
The author then makes no pretensions to scien- standing these faults he has done an exceedingly
tific appeal, and her readers will hardly find any thorough and complete piece of research, and has
literary interest in the hundred or so short, mis- prepared a sane and, on the whole, well-balanced
cellaneous, and inchoate myths related from the book. The order and system of his presentation
legends of Canadian aborigines. Whether they will be especially appreciated by those who know
are reductions, redactions, or translations does how completely Dunlap's own non-dramatic
not appear. Neither is there any specific assign- writings lack these qualities. He has steered
ment of sources. The purpose of the book seems well between the danger of overpraising the
to be the entertainment of young people, but subject of one's thesis as a hero and that of
even for this modest design the sketchiness of the shattering a traditional reputation by supercilious
material and lack of developed unity leaves it criticism. There is no gainsaying his judgment
inadequate. The photograph on the cover and that Dunlap was an imitator rather than a creator,
several interior views carry the strong suggestion and that he had no high literary gift, but was, as
that here is a new variety—and a rather clever pioneer and innovator, a force of the first im-
one-of railway advertising.
portance. If Dr. Coad has not succeeded in
making as vivid as might be wished the person-
The COMMERCIALIZATION OF LEISURE. ality of a charming comrade and a likable ac-
By James Peyton Sizer. Richard G. Bad- quaintance, this may be due in part to the paucity
ger; 75 cts.
of materials at his disposal. The appendix con-
This little essay with an attractive title calls tains a bibliography of Dunlap's writings, and a
attention to a serious problem in modern life,- partial list of his extant paintings.
serious despite its leisurely aspect. It brings
forth the important consideration that amuse-
The OPPRESSED ENGLISH. By Ian Hay.
ment and recreation are among the prominent
Doubleday, Page; 50 cts.
and essential affairs of men. Amusement has A book the Englishman could never under-
become a huge business. Leisure is in itself a stand. How anyone could find material for a
value approaching the highest good. A success- satire in his dislike of "talking shop" and "put-
ful democracy must make leisure possible for the ting on side” would be beyond his comprehension.
largest numbers. It must provide ways of using But Ian Hay does and, moreover, he makes very
leisure which will advance as well as content good use of that material. He points out with


462
[November 8
THE DIAL
his way.
evident glee that in the present war, the English
For example, he thinks it probable,
soldier, as differentiated from the Scottish or though he has no certain proof, that David
Irish or Canadian one, never gets the credit for Humphreys lived in Connecticut Hall, at Yale,
any daring deed or victory at the front, but let in 1771. This justifies a two-page history of
something go wrong—at once it is the muddle- that building, with a quotation from a contem-
headed Englishman who is blamed. Mr. Hay porary mention of the laying of the corner-stone
tells why he thinks this is so. In another chapter in 1750, and the added remark, "It is not stated
he gives the Englishman's "Secular Decalog" and whether the ceremony was a purely academic and
a typical American's comment on it. He then social one, or whether the Worshipful Master'
proceeds to explain why it is the English cannot
and his assistants were called upon to lay prop-
settle the Irish question. As is apt to be the case erly the foundation stone.” On this plan of
with a book of this kind, Mr. Hay's desire to telling all that is known, all that is conjectured,
make his humorous periods leads him sometimes and all that is not known about the most irrele-
to sacrifice the exact truth. He exaggerates the vant things, the biography meanders along. The
idiosyncrasies of the Englishman to make his familiar story of Arnold's treason and the cap-
satire carry over. Once you have forgiven that, ture and execution of Major André is told at
however, you find the little book pleasant reading. length, to conclude with the statement: "The
part borne in these transactions by Col. Humph-
Across FRANCE IN WAR-TIME. By W. reys does not appear from any available docu-
Fitzwater Wray. Dutton; 50 cts.
ments. But as one of the General's aides and
Across France in wartime is exactly where
a personal friend of Col. Wadsworth he un-
and when many of the adventurous or the curi- doubtedly went to Hartford, where his knowl-
ous among us would like to travel. Mr. Wray edge of French was probably of service.” Indeed,
(Kuklos), out of a newspaper job because of the
without the words "undoubtedly" and "prob-
ably" the author could hardly have got through
war and unfit to serve as a soldier, finds both
the first volume.
employment of time and sufficient excitement in
a bicycle trip across France from St. Malo east
In the latter part of the work more corre-
to Vitry-le François
, the line of travel all lying spondence is available, and the facts can be stated
south of Paris. The author is wise enough to
more definitely; though of the letters given here
realize the advantages of travel on foot or cycle Humphreys, and most of them have been printed
two-thirds add nothing to our knowledge of
-advantages like those of closer acquaintance elsewhere." All known facts regarding David
with the country traversed and of passage over
Humphreys's life could very likely have been told
roads inaccessible to an automobile. He gives, in
in fifty pages, and all really significant parts of
a rambling way, the story of suspicious peasants,
his letters and of letters to him given in one hun-
deeming anyone a Prussian who is not French,
dred pages more. Since the author has done a
of broken homes, of the difficulty of obtaining monumental biography so well it may be unfair
food-in short all the usual joys and pains of to complain that he did not choose to do another
such a trip. If you are the sort of person who kind; but such a choice would have been a clear
wants to know what is just around that bend in saving of 850 pages to the reader. Except for
the road, you will enjoy Mr. Wray's story. one or two slips that may be chargeable to the
printer the work seems accurate and scholarly.
LIFE AND TIMES OF DAVID HUMPHREYS.
It dwells especially on the relations between
By Frank Landon Humphreys. Putnam's;
Putnam's; Humphreys and Washington, not only while
$7.50.
Col. Humphreys was aide-de-camp to the Com-
These two large and handsome volumes are an mander-in-Chief during the Revolution, but un-
excellent example of what may be called monu- til Washington's death. It also gives full details
mental biography. They have been prepared of Humphreys's career as minister to Portugal
with great pains to commemorate the life and and to Spain, and his efforts to clear up the Al-
virtues of a relative of the biographer; and gerian complications. His later public-spirited
printer, illustrator, and binder have combined to devotion to the improvement of sheep-breeding
give them a form that is dignified on the library and of the manufacture of woolen cloth are pre-
shelves. A casual reader with endless time will sented fully, though less emphatically. Those
find in them much of miscellaneous interest, and who remember David Humphreys chiefly as one
the scholar may make use of them by means of of the "Hartford Wits" may be surprised at the
the excellent index. A hurried student forced to relatively small amount of space devoted to his
read them through will do so with many groan- literary work, though after the chapter of
ings. The author shows his thoroughness by “Humphreys's Writings” little remains to be
including every bit of information that comes in said.


1917]
463
THE DIAL
NOTES ON NEW FICTION
It is a pity that Phyllis Bottome should waste
her efforts on intellectual cream-puffs. A great
Any reader who has hoped that sometime he
deal of the psychology in "The Second Fiddle"
might have the opportunity to make the amende
(Century; $1.35) is accurate; but where could
honorable to Edna Ferber has it now. If you such happy endings possibly evolve? And how
have found yourself led along protestingly, how- could one lovely, normal girl be all but sur-
ever divertingly, through Miss Ferber's previous rounded by a set of caricatures? Any romantic
writings; if you have had an uncomfortable feel young lady could tell you at the end of the first
ing that perhaps your author did not quite respect thirty pages who is going to get the charming
her reader, her art, or herself, here comes the Sir Julian in the end. The effect is not lessened
chance to change your mind, to alter your atti- by a change of nomenclature—a proof-reader's
tude toward one of the most up-and-coming of oversight-from "Sir Richard” to “Sir Julian.”
our present-day fictionists. “Fanny Herself” | It is not fair for Miss Bottome to subsidize her
(Stokes; $1.40) is the most serious, extended,' gifts to the Ladies' Market.
and dignified of Miss Ferber's books. Its first "We Can't Have Everything," by Rupert
half, in particular, is quite the best work that the Hughes (Harper; $1.50), is a misnomer, for the
creator of Emma McChesney_has done. The various personages get what they wish, and that
earlier stages of the career of Fanny Brandeis, is "everything." The book is a plea for quick
her advance from the small bazaar in "Winne-
and easy divorce. A lovely girl is married to a
bago," Wisconsin, to an important position in a
mere man. She is loved by an athlete. The hus-
big mail-order house in Chicago—is full of unc- band, for his part, ties himself tightly to the bows
tion, verve and passion. Molly Brandeis, Fanny's and bells of a dancer. The wife, in defiance of
mother, who dominates this portion of the book, her pastor's wishes, finally obtains her release,
is even better than her daughter. Later on the just as the athlete finds himself obliged to marry
author succumbs to that necessary but trouble-
an actress of the movies—already twice married.
some thing, a plot. The head of the mail-order
In the end the reader isn't sure just who is
house shows himself objectionable, if not danger- married. The whole, in its sly sex-suggestiveness
ous; and a clever young newspaper man of and apparent frankness about ostensibly vital
Fanny's own race and own home town leads her problems, is quite characteristic of Rupert
to peace and safety. He rescues her from a
Hughes.
career of business and business only, and aids her
The war has put an end to the existence of
to realize herself as a woman and not as the mere
many fads, but Mary Fisher deems some of them
head of a department-an ending which the trend still strong enough and harmful enough to write
and tone of the story had seemed to threaten. a story about. In "The Treloars" (Crowell;
"Fanny Herself" is a vivid, vital, full-blooded $1.35), we meet the editor of a frankly anar-
book; dealing with "big business" and the ascent chistic literary journal, the newspaper worker
of a forceful and persistent race, it is more suc- with ideals (soon snuffed out), the woman who
cessful than some of its kind in avoiding essential believes that home is woman's only proper
offences to ideality and taste.
sphere, the spoiled actress who likes being loved
In "The High Heart," by Basil King and does not mind making a slave of some sus-
(Harper; $1.50), the heroine decides to live ceptible man, the angelic maiden who finally
according to the principle that right will always wins the only man after the actress dies, and
conquer, and she is ever irritatingly sure of the
two controversial old men.
All the personages
righteousness of her cause, particularly when she
are suitably downhearted, but almost every one
engages herself to the son of a rich family who
finds salvation in the war. What a godsend the
abhor the match. The head of this family, the
war has been to lazy or unimaginative novelists!
“Great Dispenser," as the author wittily calls
With it they can cut every Gordian knot. But
him, looks upon himself as the divinely authorized
even so, sending the offending personages off to
arbiter of all his children's lives. His self-conceit
war is certainly less cruel than killing them.
Ethel M. Kelley's first novel, "Turn About
is sadly damaged when he discovers that his
Eleanor" (Bobbs-Merrill; $1.40), will attract
second wife, whom he loves with all the fervor
the favorable attention of those who want an old-
of his sixty years, is faithless. She exchanges a
fashioned story about new-fashioned people. It
promise of good behavior for his consent to the
is old-fashioned in this day of typewriter-made
engagement of his son to the poor heroine, and
fiction because it is full of common sense and
then the latter immediately discovers that her
good workmanship. There is more than an
affections are really placed elsewhere, so that the
amusing plot, there are real ideas in it, as well
sacrifice is wasted. This book, by virtue of the
as flesh and blood and brain characters. The
author's perhaps unconscious talent for writing,
story concerns a group of young New Yorkers
just escapes being platitudinous.
who, fired by the zeal of a young collegian, de-


464
[November 8
THE DIAL
a
termine to find a "worthy purpose” in life. That
CASUAL COMMENT
purpose is discovered in the adoption of ten-year-
WHO, BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF THE GREAT
old Eleanor. Anyone who ever had a child or
wanted one will follow the ensuing experiences
War, was the leading advocate of international
with the keenest enjoyment. Eleanor spends a
conciliation and pacificism in the United States ?
month with each of her foster parents in turn.
Who constantly and with curious insistence repre-
Each of them tries to mould her character in
sented to his countrymen the German Kaiser as
accordance with his pet preconceptions and gets
the true friend of peace, the ideal statesman, the
moulded himself! Miss Kelley knows how to
genial family man and devoted scholar? Who
tell a story and she has a sparkling wit. The
never tired of praising the German system of
book is the sort that one passes on to a friend.
government and spread far and wide the gospel
The scene of "Temperamental Henry," by
of its perfection? Who wore upon his breast
the Kaiser's decoration and boasted of the imper-
Samuel Merwin (Bobbs-Merrill; $1.50), is very
ial favors bestowed him?
upon
plainly Evanston twenty or twenty-five years ago.
Who spent
Carnegie's enormous peace funds right and
Henry is a boy of eighteen who falls in love with
left hiring speakers, organizing pacifist soci-
every girl he meets. For one tragic climax he
eties in our colleges, and paying teachers to
starts out to New York City with the intention
go to summer schools all over the country prop-
of seeing his present lady-love off to Europe, but
agating the doctrines of international concilia-
meets a siren on the train who soon incites him
to get rid of his last penny, with most humiliating of munition works in order to remove the most
tion? Who demanded government ownership
consequences. The boy's violent introspections
insidious militarist influence from American poli-
and his barometric self-conceit are both funny and
tics? Who first fell upon the German professors
pathetic.
after the outbreak of war and denounced them
Twenty-five years ago, if a stranger travelled
for their intolerance, their blind patriotism, and
through the Kentucky mountains, he was as
their undiscriminating allegiance to the Kaiser?
likely as not to be taken for a revenue officer, Who permitted the militaristic trustees of his
and be summarily escorted from the country or
institution of "learning" to subject to a humiliat-
disposed of in some less gentle way. To-day ing inquisition in 1916 two professors accused of
the mountain children no longer hide behind the pacific leanings?
pacific leanings? Who permitted his trustees
house at the sight of a "furriner," and coal, the
to pass and make public resolutions calling for a
railroads, and settlement schools have among degrading inquiry into the views of the teaching
them almost transformed the mountains to the force and then went South to play golf? Who
guise of civilization. But there is still a place drove out of his institution a young instructor
the other side of the divide from any railroad, who was one of his own paid peace propagan-
where men who live a mile or two from their dists? Who defamed and misrepresented two
neighbors will say, “Law, hit's noisy enough fer professors of pacifist leanings and called upon
me right hyer!" It is from these places that the mob to crucify them? Who has now Aung
John Fox, Jr., draws the material for his new
aside his "convictions" on international concilia-
collection of stories, “In Happy Valley" (Scrib- tion and become the chief witch-burner and
ner's; $1.35). Happy Valley harbors a mission heresy-hunter in America ? Answer: The man
school where St. Hilda, its founder, has created
who occupies the exalted office of president of
a social nucleus for the mountain people, where
Columbia University.
they may send their “young uns” to get learning,
and where they may go themselves for help. Mr.
"YESTERDAY," WRITES A FRIEND OF THE
Fox takes the keenest literary enjoyment in
Dial, in Paris, “I revisited the city. It is
telling his tales of shootings, weddings, preach- changed beyond recognition. The houses and
ings, and other mountain ceremonies among the shops are of course the same, and Lahaye, mine
people whose ways and speech he knows so well.
host of the Café de Paris, as formerly, never fails
The inspiration that he seemed to draw from
to stir the ice at the bottom of his glass as he
those earlier days at the Gap, when the moun- remarks, 'Here's another the Prussians won't
tains were really what one imagines the moun- get.' But Dessertenne and Develoy and all the
tains to be, is somewhat dimmed, just as the ox and cow dealers of the countryside are down
mountain character has acquired a
veneer of
and out. The Americans, now two months
outer-worldliness. But the point is that he sees gone, hold the country. They came up, they
below the surface into the real lives of his looked it over, they settled down. They own the
people, and that he enriches mere incident with railway station, in spite of the station-master,
the warmth that comes from an appreciation whom they sent out to pasture—politely. They
of the values from which it springs.
own the streets, peopling them with camions and


1917]
465
THE DIAL
automobiles and side-cars. They own the cafés, anew how entirely James had brought all his
eating and drinking in them à la quick-lunch, powers to a focus in the task of creation. Every
without allowing anybody to waste their time. impulse was subordinated, every activity tribu-
They own the fields; brick and iron barracks tary, to the main stream of his interest. The
come up and cover the banks of the river. The problems he set himself were never easy, and
drill-ground is theirs; batallions drill from morn- they were never slighted. He seems even to have
ing to evening and entrain with an air that tells delighted in accumulating difficulties as he went
onlooking poilus—'Now, then, look sharp. along, in an effort to reveal more and ever more
They're at it.' And the women are theirs; I aspects of the repercussion of moods and the
hear that the ladies look at them, lips puckered, clash of temperaments. He recorded copiously
and that all the young girls are dreaming of mar- and with the merciless minuteness of a man who
rying Americans. But don't imagine the natives
has all the time there is, and yet one sees that
are angry at being jostled and shaken up and what he wanted always to give was the utmost
shoved out by this invasion. Oh, no! The abo- truth possible-never mere subtlety. The prize
rigines hold a corner on it, if I may say so, quite he set himself was, to use his own words, "to
closed up. 'Ain't they the rascals!' they keep achieve the lucidity with the complexity." He
saying. And when a Morvandiau deigns to call didn't always succeed; some of the complexities he
somebody a rascal, he's using, I assure you, his saw-or imagined—could never have been made
superlative of enthusiasm.”
lucid; but there is no doubt that he did his best.
And he achieved in doing it a complete individu-
ality as a writer. Such absorption as he revealed
How is CRITICISM TO REMAIN INFALLIBLE in may seem a little idolatrous, inhuman in the wide
spite of the fallibility of the critic? The ques- area of experience it excluded, but it gives you
tion is posed by a literary editor. In fiction, we the figure of the artist who is content to be that
are reminded, the critic's "great personal enjoy- and nothing else. And such a figure cannot but
ment" may be "excited to the highest degree by be imposing.
a Sherlock Holmes story, while 'Anna Karenina,'
we will say, might leave him quite calm. And
yet he would be perfectly honest as a literary
THERE IS A CERTAIN RESPLENDENT MAGA-
critic in recommending the 'Anna Karenina'
zine, published in the only "cosmopolitan centre"
novel much more highly than the detective story
in these states, which has for its special care the
—and this in spite of the fact that he enjoyed fashioning of our nascent aristocracy. It is
reading the detective story much more than he
almost invariably patient and helpful, having
did 'Anna Karenina'.” The study of literature regard to the rawness and stubbornness of the
has furnished the critic with “perfectly definite
material with which it is condemned to work,
laws" by which to distribute praise and blame.
and it can be informative on a vast range of
What a nightmarish possibility! The "laws"
The "laws" topics touching the orthodoxies of the decorous
apparently enable the critic to regenerate his life, such as hats, walking sticks, tea-table embel-
readers while leaving his own nature unregen-
lishments (including conversation), and so on.
erate. Could there be a more irritating paradox?
Literature and the arts are by no means over-
looked. For example, “There are only two
requirements for greatness in a work of art:-it
THE LITERARY EVENT OF THE PAST FORT-
must set forth material that is momentous, in
NIGHT was, of course, the appearance of the two accordance with a method that is masterly. In
unfinished novels by Henry James. To the the first place, the artist must have something to
intrinsic interest of the volumes there is added say; and, in the second place, he must know how
the further interest of the workman's notes, to say it." Or again: “In any really great
swift jottings that trace the evolution of the work material and method are so completely
theme and the successive modifications it took on married that it is impossible for analytic critics
under the eager play of his mind. To those who to divorce them. The thing said and the way
love letters, such intimate revelations are al- of saying it are one and inseparable. The genius
ways precious. Whatever one may think of of such supreme artists as Phidias, Dante, Velas-
the durability of the vast fictional structure quez, Shakespeare, and Beethoven is identical
James reared, —a question we shall certainly with their talent." There are those who main-
hear tossed about in the next few months, tain that a passion for the cliché is inborn, while
there can be no doubt of his impressiveness as others hold that it can be readily acquired along
an artist. He was unique and he was inspiring. with the traditional culture. As long as the
Glance at these hasty, and yet always fastidious, latter theory is not absolutely discredited, and
notes— "the overflow into talk of an artist's tolerance of platitude remains the true mark of
amorous plan”—and you are forced to realize caste, our neighbor does right to persevere.


+66
[November 8
THE DIAL
BRIEFER MENTION
Important New Publications of
Harper & Brothers
[Established 1817]
Mark Twain's Letters
Arranged with Comment
By ALBERT BIGELOW PAINE
These letters cover a period from his eighteenth
year to within a week of his death. They show him
as printer, pilot, miner, lecturer, and author, and
reveal his thoughts and emotions on passing subjects
of the day, personal relations and his own books.
Great as Mark Twain was in his books, he was
never greater, never more whimsically delightful than
in the letters which he wrote to his friends, known
and unknown, in all parts of the world.
Two Volumes, Crown 8vo. Uniform with Trade Edi-
tion of Mark Twain's Works, $4.00.
Uniform with Library Edition of "Mark Twain:
A Biography," $6.00.
Limited edition with paper labels and uncut edges,
photogravure portrait-$10.00,
Diplomatic Days
By ĒDITH O'SHAUGHNESSY
Mrs. O'Shaughnessy is one of the few living writers
who possess the rare gift of being able to put into
words their vivid impressions of interesting people
and picturesque scenes-as was proved by the phe-
nomenal success of her earlier book, "A Diplomat's
Wife in Mexico." Again in these pages she takes
the reader into her intimate confidence as she tells
of men and women who have played their parts in
changing the course of the world's history.
Illustrated. $2.00
Years of My Youth
New Illustrated Edition
By WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS
This delightful autobiography gains a new value
and interest from the illustrations which picture not
only the early life of the writer but his surroundings
in Ohio more than half a century ago. It makes
its appropriate appearance when Mr. Howells is cele
brating his eightieth anniversary year.
"Must rank with the standard biographies." —
Literary Digest. Illustrated by Clifton Johnson.
Crown 8vo. $2.50.
Everyman's Chemistry
By ELWOOD HENDRICK
"Everyman's Chemistry" is a real chemistry book,
giving a popular view of modern progress in a field
of peculiar importance at the present time, and
designed chiefly for those who declare that they do
not understand anything about the subject. Notwith-
standing the wide field which it covers, it is full of
anecdotes, of cheerful philosophy, and of whimsical
turns. Many industries and their development in this
country are brought under consideration, and the
effects of the Great War and the necessity for chemi-
cal independence in this country are emphasized.
Diagrams. Crown 8vo. $2.00.
An American in the Making
By M. E. RAVAGE
As interesting as the best of novels is this story of
actual experience-a dramatic narrative of the trans-
formation of an alien boy into an American. The
humor, and the romance of readjustment; the toil-
some hardships, the stirring adventure, the inner
struggles of the soul all are brilliantly depicted in the
career as we follow it from the moment when the
youth catches the vision of the New World, through
the temporary disillusionments in the slums, and on
to the end when his dreams are fulfilled.
Post 8vo. $1.40.
а
New Illustrated Edition By B. W. HOWB
A new holiday edition of a story which for years
has held its place as one of the classics that faith-
fully and imaginatively portray American rural life.
Into this novel the author poured an abundance of
that sane philosophy, and kindly satire which have
made him one of the best-known journalists of the
day.
Mustrated. $1.50.
To compare such opposite studies of feminine
philosophy as Anna Walther's "Around the World
with a Milliner's Needle" (Stokes; $1.50), and
Margaret Sherwood's "Familiar Ways" (Little,
Brown; $1.25), seems impossible; yet they have
a predominate element in common,-selfishness.
Miss Walther, after achieving success in everything
in her career except a marriage with her super-
cilious adorer, turns petulantly from her selfish
agnosticism to an equally selfish faith in Christian
Science. Miss Sherwood dilates peacefully on the
joys of detached bachelor existence where the
question of bird species is second only to that of
bulbs. Yet the first of these volumes is brilliant
in color and vivid in movement; and the second is
notable for grace of expression.
It is refreshing in these will-o'-the-wisp days of
spiritualistic gleams over quagmires of doubt, to
come across a series of short, sincere essays in
Christianity, which really indicate a thoughtful
and wholesome outlook on present-day affairs.
“The Other Side of the Hill,” by F. W. Boreham,
is just that. (Abingdon Press; $1.25.)
The first element in physical slovenliness, ac-
cording to H. Irving Hancock, in "Physical Train-
ing for Business Men" (Putnam; $1.75), is weak
feet, and the second is defective habits in breath-
ing. Setting-up exercises are greatly aided by
first training the muscles of the feet and chest.
All the exercises advised by Mr. Hancock may be
taken at home, and without special apparatus.
His directions are made clearer by the use of
half-tone reproductions from weird composite
photographs, reminding one of pictures of Vishnu.
The plain, common-sense general advice and com-
ment is of great value to any man or woman, and
would add to efficiency.
It is doubtless because Thoreau devoted him-
self to nature throughout the year, while most of
us are campers and trampers only in the fair-
weather months, that his editors like to group his
writings according to the seasons. We have long
had volumes of extracts from his journals bear.
ing the titles "Spring," "Summer,” "Autumn,"
"Winter.” “Through the Year with Thoreau,"
by Herbert W. Gleason (Houghton Mifflin; $3),
a new and attractive gift-book commemorative of
the centenary year, gives briefer selections on
the same plan, illustrated with half-tones from
photographs which Mr. Gleason has secured by
retracing for years the rambles of Thoreau in
Concord and vicinity. Except for a pleasantly
written and sanely appreciative introduction and
a very few footnotes, Thoreau and these pictures
speak for themselves. The illustrations are worthy
of the poet-naturalist in that they include not
merely the conventional landscapes and "pretty"
flowers, but less usual and less promising subjects,
such as the skunk-cabbage, fungi, icicles under a
bank, and the "sand-foliage" produced by liquid
mud on the snow in the railroad cut. It is inter-
esting to note how an art wholly unknown when
the author lived—that of photo-engraving—aids in
the interpretation and appreciation of what he
—


1917]
467
THE DIAL
wrote. It may well be that he would have dis- YALE HISTORICAL
approved of a process with so large an element
in it of the mechanical. But Mr. Gleason has put
PUBLICATIONS
into his photographs as much of an artist's indi-
viduality as the wielder of a camera can well do,
and it is evident that in making and selecting these 1. Studies
pictures he has been engaged in a patient labor
of love.
COLBERT'S WEST INDIA POLICY. By
For those who are desirous of a handbook which
STEWART L. MIMS, PH.D.
$2.50 net
summarizes in clear, if dull, English the traditional
STUDIES IN TAXATION UNDER JOHN
ideas entertained by liberals, "Religious Thought
AND HENRY III. By SYDNEY K. MITCHELL,
of the Greeks from Homer to the Triumph of
PH.D.
$2.00 net
Christianity,” Mr. Clifford Herschel Moore's Low-
ell lectures on the subject, will give satisfaction. ELECTOR REFORM IN ENGLAND AND
Mr. Moore is professor of Latin in Harvard Uni-
WALES. BY CHARLES SEYMOUR, PH.D.
versity, and his lectures are printed under the ru-
$2.50 net
bric above set forth, by the Harvard University
Press. They deal in succession with Homer and
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRITISH
Hesiod, Orphism, Pythagoreanism and the Mys-
WEST INDIES, 1700-1763. By FRANK W.
teries, religion in the poets of the fifth and sixth
PITMAN, PH.D.
$2.50 net
centuries, the same in Athens of the fifth century,
in Plato and in Aristotle, and the religious philoso II. Manuscripts and Edited
phies of their successors. In addition there are a
clarifying exposition of the cultural relations be-
Texts
tween Greece and Rome, a discussion of oriental re-
ligions in the western half of the Roman Empire, an A JOURNEY TO OHIO IN 1810. As RECORDED
orthodoxly liberal survey of Christianity, and a dis-
IN THE JOURNAL OF MARGARET VAN HORN
cussion of the influence of paganism on Christianity.
DWIGHT. Edited by Max FARRAND, PH.D.
The learning exhibited in the book is solid and un-
$1.00 net
imaginative, the style too much that of the class-
room, dull but informing. They do these themes
VOYAGE AUX ÉTATS-UNIS DE L'AMÉRI-
better in England.
QUE, 1793-1798. By MOREAU DE SAINT-MÉRY.
Mr. Thomas A. Joyce, of the department of
Edited by STEWART L. MIMS, PH.D. $2.50 net
ethnography of the British Museum, having given
BRACTON: DE LEGIBUS ET CONSUETU-
us previously two volumes on the archæology of
DINIBUS ANGLIÆ. Edited by GEORGE E.
the Mexican and South American cultures, now
WOODBINE, PH.D.
extends his investigations with “Central American
Vol I. $6.00 net per volume
and West Indian Archaeology" (Putnam; $3.75). SOME CURSORY REMARKS. MADE BY JAMES
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, Mr. Joyce
BIRKET IN His VOYAGE TO NORTH AMERICA,
finds, have been influenced chiefly from the north,
1750-1751.
$1.00 net
by the Mexican and Maya civilization, although
at the southern end of the region there are evi-
dences of southern influences as well. The Antilles
; III.
III. Miscellany
on the other hand, reveal only slight evi-
THE COLONISING ACTIVITIES OF THE
dence of contact with the north and something of
ENGLISH PURITANS. By ARTHUR PERCI-
a relation with the mainland of Yucatan, with
VAL NEWTON.
$2.50 net
strong indications of southern influences. The
volume is richly illustrated with specimens of Cen-
A LIST OF NEWSPAPERS IN THE LIBRARY
tral American archæological material.
OF YALE UNIVERSITY.
$3.00 net
W. S. Williams, in a little book entitled “The
JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY IN NEW
Problem of the Unemployed” (Badger; $1), clas-
ENGLAND. By WILLIAM A. ROBINSON, PH.D.
sifies the causes of unemployment under the heads,
$2.00 net
individual, social, and industrial conditions. Many,
of course, will object to this classification and wish THE READJUSTER MOVEMENT IN VIR-
to merge the second and third causes. The author
GINIA. By CHARLES C. PEARSON, PH.D.
himself does not separate them carefully. He
$2.00 net
places special emphasis on the effect of industrial
THE HISTORY OF LEGISLATIVE METH-
conditions. The brief statement of methods of
ODS IN THE PERIOD BEFORE 1825. By
solving the problem in Europe is supplemented with
RALPH V. HARLOW, PH.D.
$2.25 net
suggestions for America. Here again one is struck
with the failure to utilize standard discussions of
this subject, for example, the programme of pre-
vention presented by the American Association for
120 College Street, New Haven, Conn.
Labor Legislation. As remedies he suggests edu-
cation, industrial training, abolition of child labor, | 280 Madison Avenue, New York City
Yale University Press


468
[November 8
THE DIAL
Now Published
VOLUME I. of
The Cambridge History
of American Literature
VOL. I.
Colonial and Revolutionary Literature.
Early National Literature, Part I.
8º. Over 600 pages. $3.50 net (by mail $3.75).
This extremely important contribution to
literature is published under the editorial super-
vision of William Peterfield Trent, LL.D., John
Erskine, Ph.D., Stuart Pratt Sherman, Ph.D., and
Carl Van Doren, Ph.D. The work, recording
our literature from the earliest times to the
present day, will be contained in 3 volumes, and
is uniform in size and binding with the Cam-
bridge History of English Literature, now com-
plete in 14 volumes, considered by many eminent
critics the most important work of our time.
The Romance of Old Japan
ELIZABETH W. CHAMPNEY
Author of "The Romance of Old Belgium,"
“The Romance of the French Chateaux," "The
Romance of the Roman Villas,” etc.
8º. Fully Illustrated in Color and Black and
White. $3.50.
The text traces the legends of the ancient
island kingdom of the East. Frère Champney,
contributes a chapter on the architecture of the
East. An important library book-an ideal gift
book. Color reproductions, sketches by the fam-
ous Hokusai, photographs, and many other
illustrations.
If I Could Fly
ROSE STRONG HUBBELL
8º. Five Illustrations in Full Color by Harold
Gaze. $2.00.
A book written in vers libre and addressed
to children is a novelty. Mrs. Hubbell, whose
“Quacky Doodles' and Danny Daddles' Book"
is a juvenile classic, has employed free verse
to express what a child would do, if he could
Ay, if he could climb like a squirrel, if he could
buzz like a bumble-bee, if he could make a
silky cord like a spider, if he could be the moon,
or the many others things which he would like
to be.
Christmas in the Trenches
Ariel Booklets
Over 200 titles, including the most famous
world's classics, prose and poetry. Dainty little
volumes that will take up no room in a kit,
well-printed, good paper, and bound in flexible
leather. That's the sort of thing our boys will
want. They'll get plenty of the other.
Send today for Descriptive List.
Aerial Booklets, 75c each. 50 volumes, $27.00.
100 volumes, $50.00.
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
New York
London
2 West 45th St.
24 Bedford St.,
Just west of 5th Av.
Strand.
prohibition of industrial disputes, sickness insur-
ance, better labor exchanges, and the application of
Christian principles to the problem. The brevity
of the book prevents thorough discussion, and its
failure to draw on the latest federal statistics and
other well-recognized sources seriously limits its
usefulness.
Though not so announced on the title-page, "The
American Public Library,” by Arthur E. Bostwick
(Appleton; $1.75), is a new edition, revised and
brought up to date, of the original work published
seven years ago. But the printing on the wrapper
and a supplementary paragraph in the preface, pro-
claim this fact. As a matter of mechanical neces-
sity, no doubt, the revisions and additions have
limited themselves to such changes as could be
made, here and there, without requiring any con-
siderable resetting or recasting of the pages, so
that the former pagination is retained, except that
two pages have been added to the index. The
table of contents of the first edition has also been
reprinted without change, though a few of its
details do not apply to the new edition, and a few
details in the new edition find no place in the re-
printed table of contents. Among alterations made
necessary by recent developments, several of im-
portance arrest attention in the chapter on “The
Library and the State." A useful list of American
library periodicals takes the place of the old list
of library clubs, and the statistical table of A. L. A.
meetings is lengthened by eight entries. The excel-
lence and usefulness of this the only comprehen-
sive manual in its special field call for no com-
mendation at this late date.
Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch's latest book, "Notes
on Shakespeare's Workmanship" (Holt; $2), is
correctly named. The chapters are pleasantly
written observations which retain the conversa-
tional flavor of their original form when first de-
livered as lectures at Cambridge. The author has
brought together many of the important conclu-
sions which Shakespearean scholars have arrived
at during the past ten years. Thus, although often
fresh and scarcely ever superficial, the volume
appeals more to the general reader than to trained
students of Shakespeare.
Professor Warren K. Moorehead is known to
archæologists through his former work on "The
Stone Age in North America.” In his new volume
"Stone Ornaments of the American Indian” (An-
dover Press), he attempts to draw conclusions from
the distribution of ornamental stones as to the di-
rection of migration of the Indians. After investi-
gating nearly 12,000 specimens of problematical
forms in ornamental stones Professor Moorehead
concludes that the centre of their distribution is the
region Illinois-New York. If the Indian had come
from the East, one would expect to find problem-
atical ornamental stones in western United States.
Since we do not, it is more conceivable that the
migration was from west to east, and that the
tribes which settled in the East developed these
problematical ornamental forms as a separate cul-
tural affair. The volume is beautifully illustrated
and makes interesting reading.


1917]
469
THE DIAL

NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES
(Inquiries or contributions to this department should be ad-
dressed to John E. Robinson, the Editor, who will be
pleased to render to readers such services as are possible.)
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
AMERICAN BRANCH
NEW YORK
The Eastern Question
An Historical Study in European Diplomacy by
J. A. R. MARRIOTT. With nine maps and appen-
dixes giving list of Ottoman Rulers, Genealogies
and the Shrinkage of the Ottoman Empire in
Europe, 1817-1914.
“An able and scholarly work.”—London Spectator.
8vo (96), pp. viii, 466...
...Net, $6.50
Italy: Mediaeval and Modern
A History by E. M. JAMISON, C. M. ADY, K. D.
VERNON and c. SANFORD TERRY.
"A clear outline of the subject
a bril-
hant piece of work."-London Times.
Crown 8vo (74 x 54), pp. viii + 564, with eight
maps and a preface by H. W. C. Davis... .Net, $2.90
The Balkans — A History of Bul-
garla, Serbla, Greece, Rumanla, Turkey
By N. FORBES, A. J. TOYNBEE, D. MITRANY, and
D. G. HOGARTH.
"Accurate, singularly free from bias, and pleasant
to read, it gives a surprisingly clear view of a con-
fusing and often difficult subject."-Athenaeum.
Cr. Svo (742x5%), pp. 408, three maps. .Net, $2.25
American collectors are interested in the sale by
Christie, Manson & Woods of London, England,
on December 10, 11, and 12, of the first part of
the collection of rare early-printed German books
from the library of C. Fairfax Murray. These
books were collected chiefly for their illustrations
and are mostly in fine bindings. Included among them
are five block-books. There are examples from
the presses of Holland, Belgium, and Switzerland,
all of which produced a typography and illustra-
tion different from those of the Latin countries. The
period included embraces the years 1465 to 1680,
the first date being approximately the date of the
block-books and the last that of the book contain-
ing Rembrandt's etching to Jan Six's “Medea.”
The majority of the books are of the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries, but a few of the seven-
teenth were included by the collector on account
of their Dürer interest. The woodcuts are of
remarkable importance and completeness, commenc-
ing with the earliest xylographs—that is, the "Apoc-
alypsis,” “Ars Memorandi,” “Ars Moriendi,”
“Biblia Pauperum," and "Speculum Humanae Sal-
vationis." The famous early German presses at
Augsburg, Basel, Cöln, Frankfurt, Lübeck, Mainz,
Nürnberg, Strassburg, and Ulm are all well repre-
sented, besides those of Antwerp, Gouda, Louvain,
Bamberg, Brünn, Leipzig, Rougemont, Schiedam,
Speier, and Zwolle. The collection contains many
fine and important books from the Ashburnham,
Marquis d'Adda, William Morris, Huth, Pem-
broke, and other recently dispersed libraries. The
second part of the Murray library, consisting of
rare early-printed French and Italian books, col-
lected chiefly for their illustrations, will be sold in
the new year.
At the same auction house on February 4, 1918,
and the three following days, will be sold the Med-
ici Archives, consisting of rare autograph letters,
records, and documents, 1084-1770, including 166
holograph letters of Lorenzo the Magnificent, the
property of the Marquis Cosmo de' Medici and the
Marquis Averardo de' Medici. Almost all of Lo-
renzo's letters in this collection are addressed to
Pietro Alamanni, Florentine ambassador at Milan
and afterwards at Rome and Naples. The other
papers are letters received by Lorenzo, and sent on
by him to Alamanni for reference, copies of Loren-
zo's instructions to other ambassadors or of their
dispatches to him, the Florentine government's
instructions to Alamanni, Lorenzo's letters to the
pope and so on. Four centuries ago ambassadors
treated official correspondence, that remained in
their hands, as their own private property. About
a hundred years after Pietro Alamanni's day, Raf-
faello di Francesco de' Medici married Costanza
Alamanni, and there is every reason to suppose that
through this marriage, Lorenzo's correspondence
found its way into the family archives and this
explains how state papers of such extraordinary
importance as the holograph letters chance to exist,

The Provocation of France
Fifty Years of German Aggrossion
By JEAN CHARLEMAGNE BRACQ.
"A scholarly work, combed out, cut to the bone
and as brisk reading as Macaulay."-Brooklyn Eaglo.
Crown 8vo (7% x B), cloth, pp. vii +202. .Net, $1.26
The Idea of God
in the Light of Recent Philosophy. The Gifford
Lectures delivered in the University of Aberdeen
in the years 1912 and 1918, by A. SETH PRINGLE-
PATTISON.
The author explains in his Preface that "although
it consists largely of criticism, the interest of the
book is neither critical nor historical, but construc-
tive thruout.' The last lecture on Evil and Suffer-
ing ends with the eternal redemption of the world,
the element of casualty and "the arduousness of
reality," the omnipotence of atoning love.
8vo (9 x 6), pp. xvi + 424...... ...Net, $8.50
Progress and History
Essays arranged and edited by F. S. MARVIN.
Medium 8vo (944 x 6%), pp. 314........Net, $3.76
The Mechanism of Exchange
A Handbook of Currency, Banking, and Trade in
Peace and War. By J. A. TODD.
Shows how economics ought to be studied by the
elementary student or by the business man who
wants to understand how economic problems affect
him in his business. Many tables giving rates of
exchange, exports and imports, etc., hitherto inac-
cessible, are included.
Large Crown 8vo (8 x 54), pp. xiv + 256, in-
cluding 3 diagrams...
...Net, $2.25
New catalogue of over 100 pages on request.


470
[November 8
THE DIAL
Harvard University Press dining at the table with the gentlemennot looking
New York City
Lovers of early Italian art should unknown to historians, in the hands of a younger
branch of the Medici family which branched off
not fail to examine
from the parent trunk 600 years ago.
The unpublished love letters of James Whitcomb
GIOTTO AND SOME Riley, the Hoosier poet, written to Miss Bottsford,
an Indiana school teacher, now dead, mention of
whose sale to Gabriel Wells, of New York,
OF HIS FOLLOWERS appeared in a recent issue of The Dial, and which
were resold to a well-known private collector, have
By
been sought by relatives of Mr. Riley. They got
Osvald Sirén, author of "Leonardo da Vinci," compiler into communication with the present owner of the
of the Catalogue of the Jarves Collection, Yale letters, and tried to purchase them from him. His
University, etc.
answer was that he intended to keep the letters,
2 vols. $12.00. Subscribers' edition $30.00
but that he was willing to have relatives of the
poet look over the correspondence and reach an
A book which presents Giotto in rela-
agreement whereby some of the letters, containing
tion to the art that preceded, sur-
things which ought not to be preserved, should be
rounded, and followed him.
destroyed. Mr. Riley's relatives claim that no one
Some
except the publisher of Riley's writings has the right
of the information cannot be found
to print publicly or on a private press any of these
elsewhere in print. Vol. II contains
unpublished letters.
reproductions of 300 masterpieces.
Three holograph letters of Charles Dickens have
Send for illustrated, descriptive recently come into the possession of Mr. Wells.
circular.
They are all addressed to Clarkson Stanfield,
marine and landscape painter and a friend of Dick-
SONNETS and OTHER LYRICS ens. One, dated April 30, 1844, concerns a dinner
By Robert S. Hillyer. Published Oct. 12. 75 cents
on behalf of a sanitarium for students and artists
in which Dickens was interested. Dickens says:
feature of ladies
. It will be very
23 Randall Hall
280 Madison Ave
brilliant and cheerful.
Cambridge, Mass.
A second letter, dated May 25, 1849, is signed
“The Misconceived One." In part it reads:
Some New Jacobs Books
No-no-no, Murder, murder! Madness and miscon-
ception. Any one of those subjects—not the whole.
Oh, blessed star of early morning, what do you think
that I am made of that I should on the part of any
HOMER
THE FLAG
man prefer such a pig-headed, calf-eyed, donkey-
GREENE'S
A school boy, in a fit of anger,
eared master's request. Says my friend to me, "Will
insults the American flag. He is
you ask your friend, Mr. Stanfield, what the damage
ostracized by his comrades and cast of a little picture of that one would be, that I may
Inspiring out by his wealthy grandfather.
treat myself with the same if I can afford it?” Says
Story of How he atones for his act and I: "I will.” Says he, “Will you suggest that I should
Patriotism
makes good during the present war
like it to be one of those subjects ?” Says I, "I will."
is told with a patriotic fervor that I am beating my head against the door with grief and
will thrill adults and children frenzy and shall continue to do so until I receive your
alike.
Illus. $1.25 net
For Young People
The third letter is dated January 9, 1844, and is
signed “Philo Forecastle.” It reads in part:
JOAN'S CALIFORNIA SUMMER
I was coming up to you today, but was detained
By CAROLINE E. JACOBS and
abroad until dinner time, swearing affidavits against
LUCY N. BLANCHARD
a gang of robbers, who have been pirating the
The experiences of two girls and two boys "Carol," and against whom the most energetic venge-
in California. In addition to its interesting
ance of the inimitable B. is solemnly (and lawfully)
story, the book is full of information regard- directed. I think of going back to the Garrick, having
ing California and its attractions.
received earnest invitations from the committee. What
Illus. $1.25 net do you say? Umph. We expect every hour to have a
ANDERSEN'S FAIRY TALES
Baby down here. If anything happens, while I am
(The Washington Square Classics)
putting this in the envelope, I'll write the sex in large
A complete edition of this classic, compiled
type outside.
in the main, from the translations of Mrs. Stan V. Henkels, of 1304 Walnut Street, Phila-
E. Lucas and Mrs. H. B. Paull. Seven colored delphia, sold autograph letters and historical docu-
pictures by Eleanor P. Abbott.
ments, on November 2, belonging to John R.
$1.25 net
Craigie and to Charles F. Gunther of Chicago.
The Walpole Galleries, of New York, will sell on
George W. Jacobs & Co., Publisbors, Philadelphia, Pa. November 5 the library of the late Frederick D.
Sherman, professor at Columbia University.
answer.


1917]
471
THE DIAL
GABRIEL WELLS
489 Fifth Avenue, New YORK
Announces the
MEMORIAL EDITION
of the Writings of
O. HENRY
LE GALLIENNE RARITIES
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Mr. MacKay's inquiry about rarities by Rich-
ard Le Gallienne, on page 360 of your issue of
October 11, was of special interest to me in view
of the fact that during the summer I was forced
to be concerned with the work of Mr. Le Gallienne
in connection with the forthcoming little book on
his poetry in the “Contemporary American Poet
Series."
The six items remarked are undoubtedly rarities.
It would be presumptuous for me to think of add-
ing to them as I am in no sense a specialist in
bibliography. The reader not quite so expert, how-
ever, might be willing to bear with some mention
of publications almost if not quite so rare as those
that Mr. MacKay remarks.
I should by all means remark "My Ladies' Son-
nets" (privately printed, Liverpool, 1887). "Vol-
umes in Folio" (C. E. Mathews, London, 1888)
is not at all a common acquaintance. “The Book-
Bills of Narcissus” first appeared in 1891 and sub-
sequently in editions in various other years. A copy
of any early edition should be a prized possession.
"Fifty Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam” (The Philos-
opher Press, Wausau, Wis., 1901) and “The Beau-
tiful Lie of Rome" (1900) are by no
common in the libraries of the country. Mr. Le
Gallienne has been such a prolific writer and has
contributed to so many different periodicals that
someone else will doubtless be able to go much
farther than I in answer to Mr. MacKay's question.
Very truly yours,
BENJAMIN BRAWLEY.
October 18, 1917.
Acknowledged Master of the Short Story
means
Finest and ONLY COMPLETE
Edition, containing an entirely new
volume, “WAIFS AND STRAYS”
Superbly Illustrated by Gordon Grant.
14 volumes, Octavo, large type, hand-
made paper.
ASK TO SEE IT.
“A Vital and Convincing Book”
TENDENCIES
IN MODERN
AMERICAN
POETRY
)
AMY LOWELL'S NEW BOOK
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Under date of October 18 I wrote with refer-
ence to Mr. MacKay's inquiry in The Dial about
works by Richard Le Gallienne. It happens that
I have just received from Mr. Le Gallienne a let-
ter bearing on some of the items in question.
“My Ladies' Sonnets," and other "vain amato-
rious verses, with some of graver mood,” termed
by the author "a very boyish production," was pri-
vately printed in Liverpool in 1887. The booklet
should now be very valuable. Peter Nansen's
"Love's Trilogy,” noted in some catalogues, was
not translated by Mr. Le Gallienne himself, but by
his second wife, Julie Le Gallienne; hence it does
not properly come into a consideration of the poet's
work at all. “The Beautiful Lie of Rome" was
originally published in England. W. F. Mansfield
published a small edition in America, in New York.
A distinction might be made between “Love-Let-
ters of the King, or the Life Romantic" (1901)
and “The Life Romantic" (1900), the latter being
the English edition of the former. Hunt and
Blackett were the English publishers. The books
are otherwise the same. Very truly yours,
BENJAMIN BRAWLEY.
Morehouse College, Atlanta, Ga.
October 22, 1917.
"The importance of her book
grows upon the reader with
every page- That importance
is reinforced by a method the
most exacting, and the result is
a book of critical accounting
which is the first of its kind
in the field, and must remain
for some time to come the
of future knowlege and appraise-
ment." —Boston Transcript.
а
source
Now ready at all bookstores.
$2.50
The Macmillan Company
PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK


472
[November 8
THE DIAL
NOTES AND NEWS
AT LAST!
Liebknecht's suppressed book
MILITARISM
Second edition before publication
THIS is the book whose appear-
ance in Germany made armed
autocracy shrink and pale. They
promptly put Liebknecht in pris-
on and distroyed his book. This
translation was made from a
copy Liebknecht borrowed from
his brother-the only copy ob-
tainable.
To know the mind of the boldest
man in Europe-now in prison
THIS MARK ON again because of his passion to
make the world safe for democ-
racy-
You will read, at once,
GOOD BOOKS
MILITARISM
BY
DR. KARL LIEBKNECHT
ONE DOLLAR WHEREVER BOOKSELLERS
ATTEND TO PUBLIC WANTS
B. W. HUEBSCH, Publisher
225 Fifth avenue, New York
NOW READY
It is not necessary to introduce John Dewey to
readers of The Dial, nor to insist that his qualifi-
cations to discuss the issue at Columbia University
are unique.
Sherwood Anderson, who puts his view of the
American novelist's problem with the greatest can-
dor, attracted wide attention with his first novel,
"Windy McPherson's Son." His second novel,
"Marching Men,” was recently reviewed in The
DIAL.
Margaret Widdemer is a young New York poet,
whose books include “The Rose-Garden Husband,"
“Factories, with Other Lyrics," and "Why Not?”.
Robert Dell, with the present article, joins the
staff of THE DIAL and will contribute a Paris
Letter regularly hereafter. He is Paris corres-
pondent of the Manchester “Guardian” and the
"Burlington Magazine," of which he was formerly
the editor. As his magazine articles testify, he
writes on a wide range of topics.
Richard Offner, during a long residence abroad,
was closely associated with Mr. Berenson. He is
now giving courses in the history of art at the
University
of Chicago.
M. C. Otto is a member of the department of
philosophy at the University of Wisconsin.
William Lyon Phelps has been Lampson pro-
fessor of English literature at Yale since 1901.
His books include “Essays on Russian Novelists,"
“Browning,” and “Essays on Modern Novelists."
John Morley's “Recollections' is announced by
the Macmillan Co.
The ranch country of Montana is the background
" a
published by George W. Jacobs & Co.
The graceful verses of Robert Silliman Hillyer
have just been collected and published in book
form by the Harvard University Press.
Ginn & Co. announce a history of the years
from A. D. 1250 to 1450 by Professor Emerton
of Harvard—“The Beginnings of Modern Eu-
rope.”
A romance of the days of Louis the Bold is the
gist of Clara E. Laughlin's “The Heart of Her
Highness." G. P. Putnam's Sons are the pub-
lishers.
“Richard Cumberland,” by Stanley Thomas Wil-
liams, contains a critical estimate of Cumberland's
dramas and an account of his life and times. It is
from the Yale University Press.
Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co. announce what
they believe to be the final “Leaves of Grass," an
authorized edition which contains 100 poems not
to be found in any other edition.
Edgar Wallace, author of "The Twisted Can-
dle," has come out with another detective story,
“Kate Plus 10." There is a taking kind of
humor in his way of putting things.
The personal traits of our presidents from
Washington to Wilson are set forth in "American
Presidents,” by Thomas F. Moran. It suggests
the interesting question whether there is any one
The American Jewish Year Book of "The Forfeit," a novel by Ridgwell Cullom,
for 1917-1918
est.
An authoritative record of matters of Jewish inter-
This issue contains the following special
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JEWISH CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 5678
(1917-1918).
JEWISH CALENDAR FOR ONE HUNDRED
YEARS-giving Jewish dates and their common
equivalents.
THE JEWS OF LATIN AMERICA, BY HARRY
0. SANDBERG, of the PAN-AMERICAN
UNION, WASHINGTON, D. C.
JEWISH RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL CON-
GRESS, BY MAX J. KOHLER.
LEADING EVENTS OF JEWISH INTEREST
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.
DIRECTORY OF JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANI-
ZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES.
LIST OF RABBIS IN THE UNITED STATES.
LIST OF JEWISH PERIODICALS IN THE UNIT-
ED STATES.
LATEST STATISTICS OF JEWS.
Prico, $1.00, Prepaid
The Jewish Publication Society of America
1201 N. Broad Street
Philadelphia, Pa.
1


1917]
473
THE DIAL
Ready November 15th
Cardinal Mercier
Pastorals, Letters, Allocutions
1914 - 1917
With a Biographical Sketch and Foreword
By Rev. JOSEPH F. STILLEMANS,
President of the Belgian Relief Fund.
This volume contains Cardinal Mercier's
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German invasion of Belgium.
He has presented to the world a conception
of Humanity and Justice that will forever
keep his name in the memory of men.
Cloth binding, 12mo.
Portrait in colors, $1.25 net
P. J. KENEDY & SONS
11 Barclay Street
NEW YORK
American type which makes the presidential chair
oftener than others, and which traits constitute
the ideal president. The Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
publish it.
The Rt. Rev. Monsignor Francis Clement Kel-
ley, head of the Catholic Church Extension Soci-
ety, is the Myles Muredach who wrote "Charred
Wood," a book recently published by the Reilly
and Britton Co.
Lovers of the heroic will find cause for rejoic-
ing in George D. Herron's "Woodrow Wilson and
the World's Peace,” published by Mitchell Ken-
nerley. The President is glorified and the war
raised to inspiring levels.
The setting of "Anne's House of Dreams” sug-
gests Miss L. M. Montgomery's own girlhood
home—the little village of Cavendish, Prince Ed-
ward Island. The story is from the press of the
Frederick A. Stokes Co.
In "A_Literary Pilgrimage in England,” Mr.
Edward Thomas reflectively contemplates the scenes
amid which the literary men of the last century or
so, lived and gathered material for their work. The
illustrations in line and color are quite delightful.
Stuart Maclean, author of "Alexis” (Appleton),
has just been appointed director of music at the
University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee. His
work as music critic was called to the attention
of the university authorities, it is said, through the
book “Alexis."
Brothers of the Book, Chicago, are issuing a se-
ries of literary monographs of high artistic work-
manship, the first two of which are now ready:
"Walt Whitman: Yesterday and Today,” by Henry
Edward Legler, and "Oscar Wilde: An Idler's
Impression," by Edgar Saltus.
Miss Amy Lowell's new book, "Tendencies in
Modern American Poetry,” published by the Mac-
millan Co., deals with Edwin Arlington Robinson,
Robert Frost, Edgar Lee Masters, Carl Sandburg,
“H. D.,” and John Gould Fletcher, as types of
the trends of contemporary verse.
An attractive little book is the Walton Advertis-
ing and Publishing Company's brochure "The War
Administration.” The book includes good por-
trait of President Wilson and a picture of the Con-
gressional Assembly that witnessed the delivery of
his great war addresses last Spring.
The vivid and true personal narrative of a
young Rumanian immigrant in America is an-
nounced by Harper & Brothers—“An American
in the Making." If one is conscious of a slightly
hostile attitude toward immigrants, he will get a
new point of departure in this book.
One of the sure-to-be-popular books of the sea-
son is Eleanor Gates's “Apron Strings" (Sully &
Kleinteich). Miss Gates is busy now with a
dramatization of her book, and when she isn't
playwrighting or novel-writing, she is riding, for
her interest in horses is more than keen.
Brentano's are bringing out Alexandre Dumas's
“The Neapolitan Lovers" in its first English trans-
lation. Another important book which they an-
nounce is Claude Farrère's "The Man Who
Killed," the story of a remarkable incident in the
life of a French military attaché in Constantinople.
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Scandinavian Classics: Volume VIII
ARNLJOT GELLINE
A Verse Romance
By BJÖRNSTJERNE BJÖRNSON
Translated from the Norwegian
with an Introduction and Notes
By WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
As editor of the Dial (Chicago) and essayist, Mr. Payne has
proved his fine sympathy for Northern literature.
Of Björnson's Arnljot Gelline H. H. Boyesen says: "Never
has he found a more daring and tremendous expression for
the spirit of old Norse paganism than in this powerful but some-
what chaotic poem. Never has any one gazed more deeply into
the ferocious heart of the primitive, predatory man, whose free.
wild soul has not yet been tamed by social obligations and the
scourge of law."
xiv + 155 Pages. Price $1.50


474
[November 8
THE DIAL

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It is published by the University of Chicago Press.
Major Ian Hay Beith's “All In It” will be
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3. During the second liberty-loan campaign Major
Beith sold liberty bonds in a large New York
store. He will shortly begin his lectures, speaking
on conditions at the front and the outlook for the
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The American-Scandinavian Foundation
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William Aspenwall Bradley, while making a
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George M. Cohan has just finished the drama-
tization of Gelett Burgess's “Mrs. Hope's Hus-
band” (Century Co.). "Long Live the King," by
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A new-thought novel called “Destiny,” by Julia
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A new scheme for making boys study who don't
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book is published in this country by the Frederick
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Two college boys are the heroes of “From Job
to Job Around the World,” which has just been
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ing the world "before being anchored by matri-
mony” and with little but confidence in the supply
of jobs to sustain them, they made the grand tour,
and the account is none the less interesting because
of a youthful egoism and naïve sense of humor.
The World Book Co. announce “Problems in
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1917]
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In a letter to "Poetry” Vachel Lindsay gives
some interesting information about the "Samson"
in his new book of verse, “The Chinese Nightin-
gale and Other Poems” (Macmillan). Mr. Lind-
say writes: "I attended a negro church when I
was last in Chicago, and some of the spirit of
the sermons we heard went into Samson; and
the process of conversion and repentance is, I
hope, an honest and reverent record of what hap-
pened before us.
"After coming home I heard a negro sermon
on Jerusalem whose refrain every few minutes was,
'Let Jerusalem be coming into your mind.' An-
other day I heard, amid a general exhortation,
this outburst: 'There was a Russian revolution
yesterday, and my Lord is riding high.'
“I have used these phrases, I hope, in the same
spirit that they were originally uttered. The
fundamental difficulty of negro sermon poems of
this type is that there is a profound seriousness of
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sider is fairly entitled to smile; and when a white
man tries to render this seriousness and this humor
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Mr. Hartley Withers, director of financial in-
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us spend with such Titanic recklessness, has
supplied us with a huge magnifying glass by
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written and published: "Four of us were dining
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1917. One of the party was
a young British
captain who had been absolutely blinded and after-
wards taken prisoner by the Germans in the
fighting on the Somme front. He was the most
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'Look here, you fellows. I can hear from your
voices that you are pitying me because I am blind.
Don't pity me. Congratulate me because I am
alive. I urged him to write down some of the
wonderful things he had been telling us. . . He
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America and took it to the publisher. This is how
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476
[November 8
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
OUR FALL and HOLIDAY
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[The following list, containing 131 titles, includes
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BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
The Life of Abraham Lincoln. By Ida M. Tarbell
2 vols., illustrated, 8vo, 426-475 pages. The Mac-
millan Co. Set $5.
The Life of Augustin Daly. By Joseph Francis
Daly. Illustrated, 8mo, 672 pages. The Mac-
millan Co. $4.
The Master of the Hill. By W. Russell Bowie.
Illustrated, 8vo, 372 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co.
$3.
Uncollected Letters of Abraham Lincoln. Compiled
by Gilbert A. Tracy. Illustrated, 8vo, 264 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Čo. $2.50.
My Fifty Years in the Navy. By Rear Admiral
Charles E. Clark. Illustrated, i2mo, 346 pages.
Little, Brown & Co. $2.50.
The Diaries of Leo Tolstoy. Youth-Volume I,
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ton & Co. $2.
An American in the Making. By M. E. Ravage.
12mo, 266 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.40.
Life and Letters of Maggie Benson. By Arthur C.
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mans, Green, & Co. $2.50.
The Early Life of Robert Southey. By William Hal.
ler.
12mo, 353 pages. Columbia University
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phine Burr. With frontispiece, 12mo, 252 pages.
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The Poems of Poe
Edited by KILLIS CAMPBELL
This exceptional contribution to American literary research
contains a complete and authoritative text of the collected
poems of Poe, newly verified and arranged in chronological
order, together with a number of poems doubtfully attrib-
uted to Poe, some of which have not heretofore been col-
lected. It also gives an accurate and exhaustive list of the
multifarious verbal revisions made by the poet in republish-
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information of importance, and full historical, interpreta-
tive, and critical commentary on each of the poems. lavi +
332 pages, $1.50.
ESSAYS AND GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Light Beyond.
By
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Translated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos.
8vo, 299 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.
The King's Mirror. Translated from the old Nor-
wegian by Laurence Marcellus Larson. 8vo, 388
pages. American Scandinavian Foundation.
Utopia of Usurers. By G, K. Chesterton. 12mo, 217
pages. Boni & Liveright. $1.25.
The Freaks of Mayfair. By E. F. Benson. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 233 pages. George H. Doran Co.
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Moseteno Vocabulary and Treatises. By Benigno
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The Maid with Wings. By E. B. Osborn. 12mo,
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The Well of English and the Bucket. By Burges
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My Little Town. By Winifred Kirkland. 16mo,
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E. P. Dutton & Co.
The French Miracle and French Civilisation. By
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How to Get What You Want. By Orison Swett
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American Patriotic Prose and Verse. Edited by
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12mo, 171 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.25.
Monologues, Stories, Jingles and Playı. By Mary
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POETRY.
Tendencies in Modern American Poetry. By Amy
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The Chinese Nightingale, and Other Poems. By
Vachel Lindsay. 12mo, 127 pages. The Mac-
millan Co. $1.25.
Arnljot Gelline. By Björnstjerne Bjørnson. Trans-
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To the Lost Friend, A Sonnet Sequence. By Aug-
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1917]
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THE DIAL
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478
[November 8
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1917]
479
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480
(November 8, 1917
THE DIAL
BOOKS FOR THESE TIMES
ALSACE-LORRAINE UNDER
GERMAN RULE
By CHARLES DOWNER HAZEN
(Just ready. $1.25 net.)
Author of "Europe Since 1815," etc. Professor of History, Columbia University.
Belgium has suffered under our own eyes, but the earlier fate of Alsace-Lorraine lies in a period
of European history which is hazy to most Americans. This book provides a brief and reliable
account of the matter. It gives the facts upon which opinion may safely rest. It is mainly a study
of the history of Alsace-Lorraine since its annexation by Germany, in 1871, as a result of a success-
ful war, and is the only available treatment of the subject in English.
THE SOUL OF THE RUSSIAN
REVOLUTION
By MOISSAYE J. OLGIN
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Explains the social, economic, and political developments that made the Russian upheaval inevi-
table. Recounts the uprisings and struggles from 1900 and 1917, and surveys the economic classes,
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been for the last seventeen years in the very throes of new Russia.
TOPOGRAPHY AND STRATEGY
IN THE WAR
By DOUGLAS W.JOHNSON, Associate Professor of Physiography, Columbia University.
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War to date, and prepares him for a fuller under standing of future campaigns.
OVER JAPAN WAY
By ALFRED M. HITCHCOCK
(With 85 illustrations. Just ready. $2.00 net.)
An American layman tells what he saw of Japan, its people and institutions, and what he
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OUR DEMOCRACY: Its Origins and Its Tasks
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482
[November 22
THE DIAL
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483
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Translated and Adapted by JULIA COLLIER HARRIS
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and REA IPCAR. A contribution to our knowledge
A history of the English theatres from the begin-
of folklore as fascinating as "the Arabian Nights."
nings to the Restoration. IUustrated. $3.50 net
Decorations in pen and ink. 1000 copies for sale.
$4.00 net
A TREASURY OF WAR POETRY
Edited by George Herbert Clarke
"The best book of war poems so far published.”-Boston Transcript. Among the authors represented
are Kipling, Henry van Dyke, Alfred Noyes, Rupert Brooke, Robert Bridges.
$1.25 net
OLD CHRISTMAS
THE ANSWERING VOICE
By William Aspenwall Bradley
One Hundred Love Lyrics by women selected by
"This racy collection of tales in verse of the Cum-
SARA TEASDALE. "We feel a personal debt of grati-
berland mountain folk has all the elements for be-
tude to Miss Teasdale for having given us a volume
coming one of the most popular books."-Boston
containing at so much beauty."-Town and
Transcript.
$1.25 net
Country.
$1.25 net
POEMS OF JOHN HAY
POEMS OF
With an Introduction by Clarence I. Hay
FRANK DEMPSTER SHERMAN
The first complete_collection at a popular price.
A definitive collection with biographical and crit-
Household Edition. Photogravure frontispiece. $1.50
ical introduction by CLINTON SCOLLARD.
net.
Edition limited to 1000 copies for sale. $5.00 net
Holiday Bulletin and Circulars of Children's Books Sent FREE on Request
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
4 Park Street, Boston
once
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484
[November 22
THE DIAL
New Scribner Publications
Fighting for Peace The Origin and
By Henry van Dyke Evolution of Life
By Henry Fairfield Osborn
A vivid view of the origin, conditions, and
right conclusion of the war, from the standpoint
of one who was very close to it and who had
intimate personal experiences which illuminate the
subject with the light of reality.
$1.25 net
The Red Flower
Author of "Men of the Old Stone Age"
From the latest discoveries Professor Osborn
pictures the lifeless earth and presents a new con-
ception of the origin and early evolution of living
forms in terms of energy.
The wonderful and beautiful succession of life
from its dawn to the time of the appearance of
man is richly illustrated and philosophically in-
terpreted.
Illustrated. $8.00 net
POEMS WRITTEN IN WAR TIMB
By Henry van Dyke
sic,"
In addition to the title-
poem — "The Red Flower,"
symbolizing war—this vol-
ume will contain "War Mu-
"Storm Music," "The
Glory of Ships," "Jeanne
d'Arc Returns," and some
twenty other poems, all of
which have been written
since the Great War began.
50 cents net
Voyages on the
Yukon and
Its Tributaries
By Hudson Stuck

On the Right
of the
British Line
Archdeacon of the Yukon
The author, who wrote so
successfully of Alaska in
winter in "Ten Thousand
Miles with a Dog Sled," de-
scribes in this new volume
Alaska in summer.
With maps and illustra-
tions.
$4.00 net
After a photograph
Copyright by Pirie MacDonald
Ву
Captain Gilbert Nobbs
(Late L. R. B.)
"His picture of life in the
trenches is vivid and thrill-
ing. One feels that it is
authentic. Those who have
read Empey should read
Nobbs. Each supplements
the other." Philadelphia
Evening Ledger.
Henry van Dyke says: "It
seems to me one of the very
best, most truthful, and most
moving books on the war
that I have read."
$1.26 net
On the
Headwaters
of Peace River
By Paul Haworth
Henry van Dyke
Minister to Holland for the
First Three Years of
the War
The fascinating story of
a thousand-mile canoe trip
through the Canadian Rock-
ies. Mr. Haworth's descrip-
tions of the country, of the
animal life, and of his camp
life form & wonderfully in-
teresting narrative.
Illustrated. $4.00 net
Poems by Alan Seeger A Revolutionary
A
Pilgrimage By Ernest Peixotto
“There are verses here to which youth will
turn with kindling eyes and responding heart.
throb when once again the nations shall stand
face to face with war for what they deem the
highest and truest and best."-New York Tribune.
Seventh printing. Cloth, $1.25 net. Bound in
blue flexible leather, $2.00 net.
Visiting battle-fields and historic sites, Mr.
Peixotto takes his readers, step by step, to all
the important localities connected with the Amer-
ican Revolution. The book is profuse with pic-
tures of landmarks, ruins, forts and the country
in which the campaigns were fought. $2.50 net
Letters and
The High Cost of Living
Diary of Alan Seeger
By Frederic C. Howe
"In its own brief and compact way this little
volume completes a record of rare youthful achieve-
ment and records a development and expansion
of character brought forth by war. His letters
and his diaries are a revelation of patient endur-
ance and steadfast devotion to a great cause.'
The Boston Transcript.
Cloth, $1.25 net. Bound in blue flexible leather,
$2.00 not.
Commissioner of Immigration at the Port of New York
This book aims to present the root causes of
the food crisis in this country and to show how
it may be so overcome as to make it possible fully
to meet the needs of ourselves and our allies.
The author has for years studied the question
in Denmark, Germany and Australia—where it
has been most successfully treated-and has ex-
amined the operations of middlemen, speculators
and gamblers.
$1.50 net
BOOKS
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SCRIBNER'S
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FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
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1917]
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THE DIAL
New Scribner Publications
Adventures and John Keats
Letters of Richard
Harding Davis
By Sir Sidney Colvin
HIS LIFE AND POETRY, HIS FRIEND,
CRITICS AND AFTER PAMB
Edited by His Brother
Charles Belmont Davis
No man of his generation probably read into life
or took from it so much of romance and adventure
as did Richard Harding Davis.
These letters enable the public to share with
Mr. Davis's friends the pleasure of a closer ac-
quaintance with this remarkable man.
Profusely illustrated from portraits, photo-
graphs, and snap-shots gathered in all parts of
the world.
$2.50 net
The wealth of material which now enables
every side of Keats's brief life to be thoroughly
known is distilled and clarified into a narrative
and a psychological study of absorbing interest
and of the most intelligent sympathy; so that
Keats, both as man and poet, is made to live
with a vividness that is rare indeed and with a
truth which the reader feels instinctively.
With 13 full-page illustrations, 1 in color, 2
photogravures. $4.50 net.

The Life and
Art of William
Merritt Chase
By Katharine
Metcalf Roof
The Middle
Years
AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY
By Henry James
These reminiscences, en-
titled "The Middle Years,"
WITH LETTERS, PERSONAL REM-
cover Mr. James's memories
INISCENCES, AND ILLUS-
of his early London life, in-
TRATIVE MATERIAL
cluding recollections of Ten-
Introduction by
nyson, George Eliot, Lowell,
ALICE GERSON CHASE
when he held the English
The entire career of this
mission, and many others,
intrinsically American paint-
besides delightful sketches of
er is here covered. Begin-
the daily life and surround-
ning with his early impulse
ings which then had for
to draw, or, as he used to
James all the charm of
express it, "to make pictures
novelty.
for books," it tells of his
With an Introduction by
brief, unhappy apprentice-
MR. PERCY LUBBOCK.
ship at Annapolis, his fail-
$1.25 net
ure to make a satisfactory
Richard Harding
clerk in his father's store,
and the final achievement of
Davis
These Many
the opportunity to study art
first in Indianapolis and
then in New York. The de-
scription of his life in New
Adventures and Letters Years
York beautifully reflects the
$2.50 net
atmosphere of that renais-
By Brander
sance of painting in Europe
and America.
Matthews
With reproductions of the
artist's work. $4.00 net.
" "Concerning Clubs,' 'Parisian Memories,' 'Ad-
ventures in Play Making,' 'Among the Players,'
'A Sexagenarian Retrospect' are a few of his titles.
These give merely a suggestion of the unending
delight to be found in every line of a delightful
autobiography.”—Boston Transcript. $3.00 net
Hrotsvitha, Aphra Behn, Aisse, Rosalba Carriera
Portraits
and Backgrounds
By Evangeline Wilbour Blashfield My Story
In this book Mrs. Blashfield considers such
representative women as the Benedictine Nun of
Gandersheim, who, in the tenth century, while
imitating Terence, as has been said, heraided
Racine and was at all events the earliest of mod-
ern dramatists; Aphra Behn, the first profes-
sional woman of letters in England, playwright,
poet, translator, and founder of the realistic novel ;
Aissé, the Greek slave transplanted to the Regent's
Court at Paris in the eighteenth century, whose
love story is one of the most touching in history;
and Rosalba Carriera, the Venetian pastellist and
miniature painter, who counted among her sitters
and friends almost every notability in the Europe
of her day.
$2.50 net
BEING THB MEMOIRS OF
BENEDICT ARNOLD
By Frederic J. Stimson
"Now and then there swims into our ken, in
Keats's phrase, like a new planet, some work of
signal talent which clothes the dry bones of his-
tory with the nervous and throbbing flesh and
blood of vital romance and makes old times and
old characters love again in the white light of
truthful portrayal. Such an achievement is here
to be credited to F. J. Stimson."—New York
Tribune.
Ilustrated. $2.00 net
BOOKS
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FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
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486
[November 22
THE DIAL

Christmas Cheer for
o
ARTISTIC AND LIMITED EDITIONS
O carro
RINGS
GOFREDIT
O
THE WAR AND THE
BAGDAD RAILWAY
The Story of Asia Minor and Its
Relation to the Present
Conflict
By MORRIS JASTROW, Jr., Ph.D.,
LL.D. 15 illustrations and a map.
$1.50 net.
A book that tells the story of the
Bagdad Railway-one of the pri-
mary causes of the war-in & most
interesting manner and connects
the story with the romantic past of
the great Highway across Asia
Minor, through which the Railway
passes. The book makes its appeal
to everyone interested in the prob-
lems of the war. A complete map
and selected illustrations add to the
value of this book, which will take
a unique place in war literature. It
is written by one who has made the
East his life study.
RINGS FOR THE FINGER
By GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, Ph.D., Sc.D., A.M.
With 290 illustrations in color, doubletone and line. Handsomely decorated in cloth
binding. In a box, $6.50 net.
This book might have been called “The Romance of the Ring," as all of import-
ance in regard to the sentimental, the religious, the mystic significance of finger
rings, from the early mythological rings to that embodiment of the skill of the
modern goldsmith and jeweler, the little circlet which the modern lady receives from
her lover, is treated by Dr. Kunz in a romantic and fascinating manner. As a gift
book the beauty of this volume makes it unexcelled ; as a reference work its authori-
tative and exhaustive information makes it invaluable.
EARLY PHILADELPHIA: ITS PEOPLE, LIFE
AND PROGRESS
By HORACE MATHER LIPPINCOTT.
120 illustrations. Octavo. Decorated cloth. Boxed, $6.00 net. A LIMITED EDITION.
The city of many institutions, and unimpeached traditions is presented in its
varying aspects by one who knows the people of today and yesterday. The public
places with the learned institutions, the unique sporting life, the financial and
business concerns, the social clubs and associations are written of in a way that will
make the book a fund of valuable information to all who are interested in the begin-
nings of America.
OLD ROADS OUT OF PHILADELPHIA
By JOHN T. FARIS.
117 illustrations and a map. Demi octavo. Decorated cloth. $4.00 nét.
The old roads out of Philadelphia are the most historic in America. Profuse
illustrations and suggestive text mark the book as a prize for the automobilist,
walker and historian. Such names as the Battle of Brandywine, Valley Forge, and
Militia Hill suggest the fascination of the subject. The author presents the past and
the present of ten of the great highways.
RELIGIONS OF THE
PAST AND PRESENT
Edited by Dr. J. A. MONT-
GOMERY. $2.50 net.
Is an authoritative yet popular
account of ancient and modern re-
ligions from the viewpoint that the
religion of each people has pre-
sented the highest ideals of that
people. The authors_are members
of the faculty of Religious His-
tory of the University of Pennsyl-
vania.
COLONIAL VIRGINIA: ITS PEOPLE AND
CUSTOMS
By MARY NEWTON STANARD.
98 illustrations. Octavo. Decorated cloth. Boxed, $6.00 net. A LIMITED EDITION.
A Virginia book presenting the very spirit of the Old Dominion; the indoor
and outdoor life, the houses in which the people dwelt and the pleasures which they
pursued, the relations between the classes and the happy humanness of their entire
existence are presented in text and illustrations in a manner that makes the book
unique among Virginia volumes.
THE DWELLING HOUSES OF
CHARLESTON, S. C.
By ALICE R. HUGER SMITH and D. E. HUGER SMITH.
128 illustrations. Octavo. Decorated cloth. Boxed, $6.00 net. A LIMITED EDITION.
Charleston is one of the richest cities in the country in the number of her
unique and wonderful dwelling houses of earlier days. It is a perfect delight to look
through the pages of this volume, dream over the sketches and photographs, and
read the interesting and historical and personal incidents associated with her homes
and streets. Completeness in every particular is a feature of the work.
By the Author of "WHAT MEN
LIVE BY"
THE TRAINING AND
REWARDS OF THE
PHYSICIAN
By RICHARD C. CABOT, M.D.
$1.25 net.
A new volume in the Training
Series. The author treats the sub-
ject in a fresh, vigorous fashion
that will appeal not only to students
and doctors, but also to the public
in general.
THE PRACTICAL BOOK OF OUTDOOR ROSE
GROWING
By GEORGE C. THOMAS, JR.
DE LUXE FOURTH EDITION.
96 illustrations in color (37 in black and white), charts and tables. Decorated cloth.
In a box, $6.00 net.
Rose lovers appreciate the unique value and unsurpassed beauty of this volume.
They will welcome with enthusiasm this new edition, which contains added illustra-
tions and a text rewritten and reset, bringing the material absolutely up-to-date.
Upon the first publication of this book The Bulletin of the Garden Club of America
named it as “The book one must have." With succeeding editions they have had no
cause to change their opinions.
AT ALL BOOKSTORES
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PUBLISHERS
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1917]
487
THE DIAL

Camp and Fireside
OF IMMEDIATE INTEREST
HOW TO LIVE AT THE FRONT
By HECTOR MAC QUARRIE, B.A., Cantab.
Second Lieutenant, Royal Field Artillery.
12 illustrations. $1.25 net.
"A masterpiece."-New York Sun.
"Second Lieutenant MacQuarrie
tells you all about it with open mind
and open heart and an honesty and fervor that represents the finest kind of message
that anyone from 'over there who has been in it, can bring.
And the
young soldier will like the information, the manliness and the brotherliness that
inspire these pages and make the volume a true vade mecum in these days of trial
and tribulation."- Philadelphia Public Ledger.
Every American must read this remarkable book if he wishes to know the truth
about war conditions. It gives an intimate, informative and stirring account of
Battle, Fear, Courage, Women, Disease, Wise Precautions, etc., etc. Send it to your
Illustration from the Water Bables"
son, brother or friend in the ranks. Remember that his character as well as his
life are in danger in France.
IF I WERE TWENTY-ONE
PICTORIAL
By WILLIAM MAXWELL
PHOTOGRAPHY
8 illustrations in black and white. $1.26 net.
By PAUL L. ANDERSON, E.E.
This splendid book will repeat the success of “The Letters of a Self-Made Mer.
Lecturer The Clarence H. White
chant to His Son.” It is a snappy book with a punch by a man with wit, experience
School of Photography. 21 half-
and enthusiasm. With a wealth of pointed anecdote and clever allusion the author
tones. 88 line cuts. Octavo. $2.50
maps out the campaign before the young man and the equipment he needs to win
net.
success. The humor is delightful, the stimulus powerful and the wisdom of that
The one best book upon photog-
practical kind that forms a tool ready to the hand of the ambitious man. It will
raphy. Indispensable to the ambi-
bring efficiency and make men.
tious amateur, and of great value
GOOD FICTION
to the professional. It is an au-
thoritative book and discusses every
THE RACCOON LAKE MYSTERY
point concerning which you desire
information.
By NEVIL MONROE HOPKINS, Ph.D.
Nlustrated in color. $1.85 net.
THE SOLDIERS'
A thrilling and humorous “Mason Brant" Story.
ENGLISH and FRENCH
“A combination of thrills, humor and love making. The crux of the mystery
is worked out ingeniously by the author. The plot is very original and very good, CONVERSATION
and the whole tale is crisply told. An unusually good mystery tale.”—Philadelphia
BOOK
Inquirer.
THE TWICE AMERICAN
By WALTER M. GALLICHAN.
Cloth, 80 cents net, Limp leather,
By ELEANOR M. INGRAM
75 cents net.
Illustrated in color. $1.86 net.
Contains hundreds of useful sen-
“This story is as rich in adventure as in romance. It is indeed one of the tences and words enabling the sol-
happiest of Miss Ingram's always happy romances.”—New York World.
dier to converse with the French
A cracking good novel for these days in which the United States is taking a and Belgian allies, with correct
part in the world's politics.
pronunciation of each word.
CHRISTMAS BOOKS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
Tales of Washington Irving's
Opening the West with Lewis
Alhambra
and Clark
Moufflou and Other Stories
By EDWIN L. SABIN
Illustrated. $1.25 net.
By QUIDA
This is a new volume in The Trail Blazer Series, which
These are the two new volumes in the Children's
are endorsed by Chief Scout Librarian Mathiews of the
Classics Series. Little children love every story in it.
Boy Scouts. This story contains adventure and plenty
Each volume is beautifully illustrated in color and daint-
of it, fascinating romance and true history. It tells of a
ily bound. Alhambra Tales and Moufflou are delightful
boy's journey upon the Oregon Trail with Lewis and
additions.
Clark.
The Greyfur's Neighbors
The Blue Heron's Feather
The Adventures of the Greyfur Family
By RUPERT SARGENT HOLLAND
These two delightful books will appeal to every child.
Ilustrated. $1.25 net.
There are 24 colored pictures in each book showing the
This is a fascinating story of a young Dutch boy who
adventures of a family of wood mice who lived in the
has adventures galore with the Indians and French in
queerest little house imaginable. They meet all the other
the early days of New Amsterdam. There is also hunt.
interesting wood folk of field and forest. Told by Vera
ing life in addition.
Nyce, pictured by Helene Nyce.
Water Babies
Tell Me a Story Picture Book
By CHARLES KINGSLEY
Fairies and Goblins from Storyland
$1.85 net.
Boys and Girls from Storyland
This is the new volume in the deservedly popular
Simplified by Leila H. Cheney are three unexcelled
Stories all Children Love Series. Bes tifully illustrated
story and picture books for the children with which
in color with dainty head pieces and lining paper and
father, mother, and the little ones may journey into the
handsome binding. It is difficult to find a lovelier edi-
bright world of adventure. Each book has 24 pictures
tion of this classic. Every nursery library should con-
in color by Maria L. Kirk. Each 50 cents net.
tain & copy.
AT ALL BOOKSTORES
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PHILADELPHIA
PUBLISHERS
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488
[November 22
THE DIAL
THE NEW DUTTON BOOKS
.
Under Fire (Le Feu) The Story of
NEXT TO THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
THE BIGGEST EVENT OF THE WAR
The Story of
a
By HENRI BARBUSSE. Translated from the French by Fitzwater Wray
Eighth American Printing in Press net, $1.50
UNDER FIRE is the greatest literary sensation of recent years. Three hundred thousand copies have al-
ready been sold in France. It was recently awarded the Goncourt Prize of 5000 francs—the chief literary
prize of the world. Everyone in France and England is reading and discussing it. UNDER FIRE is not
only the supreme book of this war but one of the supreme books of any war. It is the war itself, with
all its horror and heroism and terrific human significance, as it unfolds itself day by day to the consciousness
of the ordinary man in the trenches. And withal, it is the most tremendous indictment of war that has
ever been penned.
“The strongest and grimmest book yet written
"The Supreme novel of the war. If any book
about the war."-(N. Y. Nation.)
could kill war, this is that book."-(London Observer.)
"It is epic in proportions. It reduces Mr.
“This picture of war from a new point of view
Britling's intellectual reactions to insignificance."
makes an unforgettable impression."-(N. Y.
(New Republic.)
Times.)
1 Series
2 Series
at the Battle
By DONALD HANKEY. Killed in action of the Sonine, October 26, 1916
The best books for the Mothers and Wives of Soldiers, and for their Sisters, Fathers,
and Sweethearts, and also for the Soldiers themselves. Each, Net, $1.50
The Editor of the London Spectator put their spirit in a nutshell: “One rises from the student's books
with a sense that man is, after all, a noble animal and that, though war may blight and burn, it reveals the
best side of human nature and sanctifies as well as destroys."
In England more than a hundred thousand copies have been sold. In this country the first series, pub-
lished last spring, is in its 18th printing. The Second Series, published last summer, is in the 6th printing.
A Student in Arms
THE COMING DEMOCRACY
By Hermann Fernau
Net, $2.00
N. Y. Times says :-“The coming Democracy is an
astounding book so unexpected is it to find such clear,
keen insight into German conditions, such fearless
presentation of facts, such merciless, sardonic biting
humor in statements coming from a German source.
It is a masterly presentation of the worldwide in-
dictment of Germany from the mouth of one of
her own sons.
THE DIARIES OF LEO TOLSTOY
Youth-Volume 1-1847-1852
Net, $2.00
This is the first of Four Volumes of the only
Complete Translation authorized by the Russian Edi-
tor Valdimir Tchertkoff. For sixty years beginning
in his early twenties Tolstoy kept a journal of his
daily life, recording in it his thoughts, his conclu.
sions, his feelings, his doubts and uncertainties, his
actions, his friendships and impressions of people.
SOMEWHERE BEYOND
A lear-Book of Francis Thompson
Compiled by Mary Carmel Haley Net, $1.00
The compiler of these varied and beautiful selec-
tions from the mystic Catholic poet shows discrimina-
tion in gleaning the best from his works. Many
choice bits from his less familiar poems are repre-
sented, as well as those from his masterpiece, “The
Hound of Heaven."
ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION
By Major De Witt Clinton Falls, N.G.N.Y.
Net, $1.00
Information is given in regard to uniforms, or.
ganization, arms, and equipment of the warring
Powers, 80 tabulated that it is quick reference to
any desired subject, whether it be the salary of the
different officers, privates, the fighting force, the
selective draft, aviation, army slang, naval militia,
crews, marine corps. Foreign armies and navies are
also included, with map signs and table of foreign
money.
verde
SOLDIERS' SPOKEN FRENCH
By Helene Cross
Net, 60 cents
A waterproof binding-pocket size
From a Soldier at the Front: "Without a doubt
this is the most concise, most easy to learn and
most instructive little book ever published. My
book is used by one and all, and I really am be-
ginning to pronounce French a little more like the
natives since using it."
Send your soldier friend a copy
AMERICAN SOLDIERS'
AND SAILORS' DIARY-1918
Arranged and Compiled by Mary Parker Con-
Net, 60 cents
Waterproof binding-pocket size
The page is 3%x4 inches—3 days to a page. The
book is made on bond paper so that the diary may
be kept in ink. At the top of each page are ap-
propriate and carefully selected quotations of famous
persons. See that your pal in khaki gets a copy.
POSTAGE EXTRA.
AT ALL BOOKSTORES
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY,
681 Fifth Avenue, New York
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1917]
489
THE DIAL
THE NEW DUTTON BOOKS
THE HILL-TOWNS OF FRANCE By Eugenie M. Fryer
Fully illustrated in black and white by Roy L. Hilton. Net, $2.50
The first complete account ever written of the hill-towns of France. A series of word pictures of some of
the castles and other points of interest in French towns. These sketches have charm and individuality and suc-
ceed in giving the old fortresses real character and picturesqueness.
THE BOOK OF THE WEST INDIES
By A. Hyatt Verrill
Fully Illustrated. Net, $2.50
The author for twenty-five years spent much time exploring, traveling and now and then living in those
regions and is everywhere recognized as an authority upon their history and present conditions. The volume
is profusely and beautifully illustrated and tells all manner of things about the islands, seas, people, history,
present day life, resources, scenic beauties and interests. It is a book invaluable to the tourist and to anyone
wishing information about the West Indies and also an interesting volume for those who like to read travel books.
THE SOCIAL PLAYS OF ARTHUR
WING PINERO
Edited, with a general Introduction and a
critical preface to each play.
By Clayton Hamilton 5 vols. Each Net, $2.00
The first volume is issued in November. It will
contain “The Second Mrs. Tanqueray" and "The No-
torious Mrs. Ebbsmith." This issue will inaugurate
the first Authorized Library Editions of the master-
pieces of the greatest living playwright in the Eng.
lish-speaking world.
80
REPRESENTATIVE PLAYS
BY AMERICAN DRAMATISTS
By Montrose J. Moses
Edited, with introduction to each play. 3 vols.
Vol. I Published Nov., 1917 Each Net, $2.00
Mr. Moses has selected the most important and
distinctive plays, written by American playwrights,
prefacing each play with an account of the circum-
stances of its production. The first volume will pre-
sent the important native plays of the early years
of the American stage, many of which are now
rare that they are beyond the possibilities of the
general reader.
THE MORTE D'ARTHUR OF SIR
THOMAS MALORY AND ITS
SOURCES An Introductory Study
By Vida D. Scudder
Net, $3.50
From Professor Scudder's preface :-"Its fascination
for all classes of readers has increased ever since the
romantic revival of the early 19th century. Poets
and scholars have delighted in it no less than chil-
dren."
MADAME ADAM
By Winifred Stephens
Net, $4.00
This human and intimate biography of Madame
Adam is written with the approval and assistance
of its subject. Miss Winifred Stephens has long
enjoyed Madame Adam's friendship and is familiar,
not only with all the facts of her varied career, but
also with the high political and literary standards
which have controlled its activities. The biography is
& wonderful picture of the influence which a brilliant
woman may exercise in her world. Madame Adam is
the oldest literary light in France. In her long and
eventful life she has passed through three revolutions.
MEMORIES DISCREET AND
INDISCREET
By a Woman of No Importance Net, $5.00
The author conceals her identity under the modest
description of herself on the title page as “A Woman
of No Importance." Its reminiscences deal with
social, political, literary and artistic life in England
during the last decades, coming down to the present
time, and they show that if the author is herself
of no importance she has known intimately many
people who were and have been closely associated
with matters of great consequence.
PAUL JONES, HIS EXPLOITS IN ENG.
LISH SEAS DURING 1778-1780, WITH A
COMPLETE BIBLIOGRAPHY
By Don C. Seltz
Net, $3.00
Contemporary accounts collected from English news-
papers recording his audacious visits to towns along
the English coast. New and interesting light on one
of the most romantic heroes of American history.
Also a limited edition of 43 copies of which 40 only
are for sale.
FURTHER MEMORIES
By Lord Redesdale. Introduction by Edmund
Gosse
Fully illustrated with many portraits.
Net, $3.00
Containing many graphic bits of personal recol-
lections with vivid glimpses of Lord Redesdale's own
personality. It is written with that same grace and
genial charm which made his former volumes so in-
teresting. Mr. Gosse's preface gives an endearing
outline of him in his old age.
THE FALL OF THE ROMANOFFS
By the Author of "Runnian Court Memoirw»
Fully illustrated. Net, $5.00
A popularly written and illuminating account of
the recent revolution in Russia, carried down to the
present situation there, and giving interesting details
about Rasputin's influence over the Czarina, the atti-
tude of the revolutionists.
HELEN OF FOUR GATES
Net, $1.50
A woman who has spent twenty of her thirty odd years in an English cotton mill has written a novel of
such passion, power and uncanny gripping quality that leading critics in England and America are comparing
it to the fiction of Poe and the Brontë sisters. Thomas Hardy has given tribute to the remarkable power of
genius evidenced in the story, genius, he said, of the greatest promise he has seen in any novel he had ever
read in a quarter century,
THE JOYFUL YEARS By F. T. Wawn
Net, $1.50
A story of youth and love, ideals and friendship, patriotism and sacrifice as fresh and beautiful and in-
spiring as a spring morning. If you are young it will make you glad and happy. If you are getting elderly
it will lift off half your years.
POSTAGE EXTRA.
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY,
AT ALL BOOKSTORES
681 Fifth Avenue, New York
When writing to advertisers please mention THB DIAL


490
[November 22
THE DIAL

a
Successor to
succes-
sor
The Boy in Camp - The Folks at Home
Here are books that will make their leisure hours pleasant-books
that you can give with the comfort of knowing that they will be
read through-and enjoyed-and appreciated. The titles have been
carefully selected from Appleton's newest publications. See them at
your Booksellers.
Joseph C. Lincoln's New Novel
Grantland Rice's Book of Verse
Extricating Obadiah Songs of the Stalwart
Laugh and be happy. Read how an old Verse that men like. Swinging poems of
Cape Cod sea captain outwits the bunch of the ball field, the tennis court, the battle
grafters who were preying upon stuttering ground. And gentle, homely verse of the
little "Obe" Burgess. Plenty of fun, plenty sort that prompted Irvin s. Cobb to hail
of romance,
Mr. Rice as the
The
good plot. A
worthy
Evergreen
James Whit-
to "Mary
comb Riley.
Gusta.” Illus-
Tree
Cloth, $1.00 net.
trated, $1.50 net.
By Percy Mackaye
A community play for
The Quest
Christmas. A pleas-
The Wind
ing gift book, with
of
colored plates. $2.00
in the Corn
El Dorado
net.
By Edith Franklin Wyatt
By the Rev. J. A. Zahm
Song-poems that breathe the spirit of optim- Romantic and thrilling tales of the search
ism and hope, of wide fields, of life and for the land which the Indians described so
strength and of renewed faith in the future alluringly yet which never was reached.
of mankind. Cloth, $1.50 net.
Rare and interesting pictures. $1.50 net.
J. C. Snaith's
Edith Wharton's
The Coming
Summer
A novel of the spiritual and ethical side of The romance of a girl who longing for life
the war by the author of “The Sailor." and love, gave herself to a man, confident
$1.50 net.
of his honor and secure in his promises.
“As a piece of literary art the book is A wonderful character study. $1.50 net.
remarkable."-The Outlook.
ming
The Biography of the Year
Girls Will Enjoy
A Good Book for a
Audubon, The Naturalist
By Francis H. Herrick
Man
The
The first complete and accurate biog-
raphy of the famous naturalist, at- The Nameless
Waring Girls
tractively presented from authentic
data which the author spent many
Man
By Ellen Douglas
years in collecting. Illustrated with
Deland
colored plates, photogravures and By Natalie S. Lincoln
The story of two girls
many other pictures. Two volumes.
8vo. $7.50 net per set.
A mystery story of
and two boys, and the
political and diplo-
events that occur when
matic circles in Wash-
the Great War throws its shadow over the ington. A real thriller with a distinct sur-
quiet village of Clyde Corners. Colored prise at the end. Illustrated. $1.40 net.
Pictures. $1.35 net.
At All Booksellers
Send for Complete Descriptive Catalog
THESE ARE APPLETON BOOKS
D. Appleton and Company, Publishers, New York
When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL.


1917]
491
THE DIAL
Choice Doran Books for Gifts
BY PAUL W. BART.
“The
and
other
Author of MY HOME
A LOITERER IN NEW YORK INTRODUCTION Ralph Connor's
By Helen W. Henderson
LETT. FULLY ILLUSTRATED New Novel
Every native New Yorker, every resident in, and visitor to THE MAJOR
New York, will hail this book as a real, friendly guide to the best
things of the metropolis.
Octavo, Net, $4.00 The author of
Sky Pilot,” “Black Rock,"
not a b l'e
EAST of THE SUN AND WEST of
novels,
here tells the
dramatic story of the
crisis which overnight
THE MOON FAIRY TALES FROM THE NORTH RETOLD
swept 250,000 men of the
Canadian Northwest in-
By Sir Arthur Quiller Couch
to death struggle with
autocracy.
A new and cheaper edition of Kay Nielsen's masterpiece Illustrated. Net, $1.40
with 25 plates in color and many black and white decorations by
Kay Nielsen.
New
MY HOME IN THE FIELD OF MERCY
THE GREEN
By Frances Wilson Huard,
IN THE FIELD OF HONOUR. WITH DRAWINGS BY CHARLES HUARD, MIRROR
The tragedy and humour of hospital work at the Chateau at
Villiers.
Net, $1.35 The author of "Fortitude” and
“The Dark Forest” in this book
adds to already notable achieve-
BOOKS AND PERSONS: BEING COMMENTS ON A
PAST EPOCH (1908-1911)
ments a story as finely sensitive,
as instinct with life and beauty,
By Arnold Bennett
as anything that has come from
his hand.
Net, $1.50
Hugh Walpole and Frank Swinnerton are responsible for
these delightful Jacob Tonson causeries being collected into this
: Mary Rinehart
SYLVANDER AND CLARINDA
BAB: The story of the Amer-
ican Girl at Seventeen
THE LOVE LETTERS OF ROBERT BURNS AND AGNES M'LEAOSE
-A Sub-Deb.
Edited by Amelia J. Burr
Introducing to the lovers of Burns and lovers of romance
“The most clever
and amusing of
this delicate old-fashioned romance of two great lovers. Net, $1.50
Mrs. Rinehart's
books.” - The
FREAKS OF MAYFAIR DEDICATED TO FRANK EYES
New York Times.
AND KINDLY EARS
WITH BLACK AND WHITE DRAWINGS
By E. F. Benson
“Bab
the
BY GEORGE PLANK
most undaunted
A delicate satire of the West End of London and all other
lady in Action."
West Ends where society abounds.
Net, $1.50
Chicago
Daily News
AUTUMN LOITERERS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND
Illustrated by
May Wilson Pres-
FOGARTY
By Charles Hanson Towne
ton. Net, $1.40
A little journey through the woods and along country roads-
delightfully soothing and deliciously humourous. Net, $1.25 Some Later Reminiscences
of Sherlock Holmes
MY FOUR YEARS IN GERMANY FULLY
By Ambassador James W. Gerard
ED AND WITH HIS LAST BOW
PHOTOGRAPHIC
REPRODUCTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
A. Conan Doyle
The most important book of the day. Not a man or a woman
but would welcome it as a much-to be-desired gift. Net, $2.00. The approach of the
Great War persuaded
THE FOES OF OUR OWN HOUSEHOLD Sherlock
Hol m e s to
By Theodore Roosevelt
retirement and
lay
“The whole volume comes as a sweeping blast of fresh, puro
liar gifts at the
air to dispel the mists that blind the eye and the miasma that disposal of his
Government.
poisons the mind and the soul."—New York Tribune. Net, $1.50
Net, $1.36
all
The
DECORATIONS
BY THOMAS
emerge
from
his
pecu-
AT ALL BOOKSELLERS
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY 38 West 32d Street New York
PUBLISHERS IN AMERICA FOR HODDER & STOUGHTON
When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL


492
[November 22
THE DIAL
Suggestions for Gifts
FICTION
Mark Twain's Letters
The High
Heart
Arranged with Comment by ALBERT BIGELOW PAINE
Great as Mark Twain was in his books, he was never greater, never more whimsically
delightful than in the letters which he wrote to his friends, known and unknown, in
all parts of the world. They are grave and gay, biting and jolly, as was the man
himself. Not the least interesting feature is his comment upon the circumstances
under which many of his books came to be written.
Two volumes, crown, 8vo. Uniform with trade edition of Mark Twain's Works, $4.00.
Uniform with Library Edition of "Mark Twain: A Biography," $6.00.
Limited edition with paper labels and uncut edges, photogravure portrait, $10.00.
By BASIL KING
Diplomatic Days
By EDITH O'SHAUGHNESSY
Mrs. O'Shaughnessy is one of the fortunate few who possess the rare gift of putting
into words their vivid impressions of interesting people and picturesque scenes-as
was proved by the phenomenal success of her earlier book, "A Diplomat's Wife in
Mexico.” Again in these pages she takes the reader into her intimate confidence as
she tells of her many contacts with men and women who have played their parts in
changing the course of the world history and have contributed to the interest and
charm of diplomatic society.
Illustrated, $2.00
What you have often thought
about America's coming into
the war and her great re-
sponsibility you probably
have not been able to put
into words. So Basil King
has written this book for
you, filled with your own
hopes, your own pride.
In
addition to this, the author
of “The Inner Shrine" tells
a splendid story of Newport
and New York, the romance
of a girl loved by two men,
one an ardent patriot, the
other indifferent.
Illustrated, $1.50
An American in the Making
By M. E. RAVAGE
As moving as the best of novels is this story of actual experience. A narrative
of the transformation of an alien boy into an American. The humor, and the romance
of readjustment; the toilsome hardships, the stirring adventure, the inner struggles
of the soul, all are brilliantly depicted in the career, as we follow it from the
moment when the youth catches the vision of the New World, through the temporary
disillusionments in the slums, and on to the end when his dreams are fulfilled. $1.40
The Rise of
David
Levinsky
By ABRAHAM CAHAN
S
By ELLWOOD HENDRICK
Gives a popular view of modern progress in a field of peculiar importance at the
present time, and is designed chiefly for those who declare that they do not under-
stand anything about the subject. Notwithstanding the wide field which it covers,
it is full of anecdotes, of cheerful philosophy, and of whimsical turns. Many indus-
tries and their development in this country are brought under consideration and the
effects of the Great War and the necessity for chemical independence in this country
are emphasized. Whether the reader be a business man, a housekeeper, or a student,
he or she will find much interesting information relating to forces and matter which
enter into everyone's daily life.
Diagrams. Crown 8vo, $2.00
The Victorious Faith
"A masterpiece of imagina.
tive realism," say the N. Y.
Tribune. "In its intimacy,
its frankness, its multiplic-
ity of detail, its unreserved
baring of facts, motives and
feelings, it is scarcely to be
surpassed and not often
rivalled in the whole range
of literature. The 'Confes-
sions' of Jean Jacques and
the
current personalia of
Maxim Gorky come to mind
as comparable with it, and
80 does Emile Zola's narra-
tive of his early life. But
not one of these surpasses
this story of 'David Levin-
sky' in its astounding con-
viction of palpitating, naked
truth." "A masterpiece of
autobiographical fiction,"
says the Boston Transcript.
Post 8vo, $1.60
By HORATIO W. DRESSER, Ph.D.
Moral Ideals in War Time
"What H. G. Wells has sought to do in his novel, “The Soul of a Bishop,' to dig.
cover and express the spiritual import of the world war, Horatio W. Dresser has
sought to accomplish by means of this collection of philosophical essays which he
calls 'a book of Moral Ideals in War Time.' It is a question, however, whether his
present contribution to the literature dealing with the human and spiritual side of
the war is not of as great significance as Mr. Wells'."-Los Angeles Tribune.
Post 8vo. $1.00
God's Meaning in Life
By DR. SAMUEL MCCOMB. Author of "'Prayer, What It Is and What It Does"
A message of hope and good cheer, of optimism just when it is needed. Its motto
is, “What could we do without God?" Its cry is, "All things are possible to the man
who believes in God." The author deals with the problem of the fact and reality
of God, but he does not treat it as theology but in its practical application to modern
life.
16mo. 75c
Hearts
Undaunted
By
ELEANOR ATKINSON
The Eyes of the Army and Navy
By Flight-Lieutenant ALBERT H. MUNDAY, R. N.
A book which fills a need hitherto unfilled-no similar handbook of military aviation
exists in the world. Flight-Lieutenant Albert H. Munday was requested by pilot
friends to compile a handbook to meet the requirements of the laymen. American
Student-pilots now assembling at various flying fields will
find in this Handbook answers to every query about fly-
ing, which is now troubling them. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 HARPER &
Waterproof, flexible leatherette, $2.00
BROTHERS
Established 1817
In this story, founded on
fact, the heroine passes from
her childhood in the lodge
of an Iroquois Chief who
had kidnapped her, through
the thrilling incidents of the
War of 1812 and Indian
massacres, to her frontier
home as wife of the founder
of Chicago.
Frontispiece, $1.30
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1917]
493
THE DIAL
AT THE SIGN OF THE OLDEST HOUSE
By JULIET WILBOR TOMPKINS
Author of The Seed of the Righteous, etc.
Charm and wisdom and romance all make their home at the oldest house in America.
human appeal. The gift novel of the season.
Pictures by Chase. Tall 12mo. Boxed. Cloth. $1.50 net.
Lovely in its
HIS OWN COUNTRY
By PAUL KESTER
A great novel on a great national problem. But
first of all an intensely dramatic and gripping story.
Timely, yet a book of permanent value. Read and
be informed.
Unillustrated. 692 pages. Cloth. $1.50 net.
AND THE CAPTAIN
ANSWERED
By OCTAVE THANET
Author of The Man of the Hour.
The story of a war-hating mother and her son
who loves her, but who
Boards. 500 net.
TEMPERAMENTAL HENRY
By SAMUEL MERWIN
Author of The Honey Bee, etc.
A new character in fiction. We laugh at him,
we weep over him, blame him and praise him, but
always we feel the irresistible spell of youth. Don't
fail to meet Clem.
Illustrated by Mulford. Cloth. $1.50 net.
THIS WAY OUT
By F. S. ISHAM
Author of Nothing But the Truth.
There is no way out after you get in but to
finish it.
Illustrated by Hanson Booth Cloth. $1.40 net.
A DAUGHTER OF THE
MORNING
By ZONA GALE
Author of Friendship Village.
What Cosma Wakely did other girls can do. The
story of a self-made woman.
Illustrated by King.
Cloth.
$1.50 net.
SUNNY SLOPES
By ETHEL HUESTON
The story of two sisters, one married and the
other thinking she doesn't want to be. An inspira-
tion to cheerful living.
Pictures by Brown. Cloth. $1.40 net.
THE WINDS OF THE
WORLD
By TALBOT MUNDY
Author of King, of the Khyber Rifles.
A thrilling, dashing romance of mysterious India.
Illustrated by Col. Cloth $1.50 net.
TURN ABOUT ELEANOR
By ETHEL M. KELLEY
The story with a new turn. Eleanor wins your
heart from the jump, and before she's through-
Charming, tender, humorous, appealing. Adopt a
copy.
IUustrated by Cootes. Cloth. $1.40 net.
MISCELLANEOUS
Two Years in Holl and Back with a Smile
PRIVATE PEAT
His Own Soldier Story
By HAROLD R. PEAT
A private in the first Canadian contingent, he tells his experiences from the hour of enlistment until the
stretcher-bearers bore him away wounded beyond fighting repair. A remarkable story, unlike any that has
been told before. A wonderful human document with illustrations, maps, etc.
Cloth. IUustrated Jacket. Price $1.50 net.
Why Not Marry
Tennyson: The Fanny Cory
Compiled by
How to Know Him
Mother Goose
ANNA STEESE RICHARDSON
Author of Adventures in Thrift.
By RAYMOND M. ALDEN
Now Edition
This book will give you courage Professor of English, Leland Stan- Sixteen full-page color pictures.
to take the plunge.
ford, Jr., University.
Line drawings with every rhyme.
Pictures by Agnes Lee. 12mo,
The nursery's delight.
Leads directly into the heart of
Jacket in full color, 9x1144 inches.
$1.40 net.
Tennyson's life and work. With
Cloth. $1.50 net.
frontispiece portrait.
The Philippines
12 mo. Cloth. $1.50 net. Take Me to France
By CHARLES BURKE ELLIOTT
A French Phrase Book for the
Member of the Philippine Commis-
American Soldier.
Tote-Road and Trail
sion, etc. With Prefatory Note
By CLAUDE MICHELON
by Elihu Root.
By DOUGLAS MALLOCH
Late of the French Army.
A monumental work. A record
Poems of the lumberjack and the
Correct, complete, compact. Ev.
of achievement every American may
outdoors.
be proud of.
erything the soldier needs to know.
It fits in the pocket.
Ilustrated. Large 8vo. Cloth. Two Pictures in color by Kemp. 12mo. Illustrated. 47x6% inches. Cloth.
volumes, set boxed, $9.00 net. Cloth, $1.25 net. Leather, $2.net.
$1.00 net.
Indianapolis
All For Salo at All Stores
THE BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY
New York
When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL.
I


494
[November 22
THE DIAL
Century Books Have the Holiday Look
The Note-Book of an Intelligence Officer
ever
to
new
By Eric Fisher Wood
By the author of that remarkable book, "The Note Book of an Attaché.” Major
Wood, only recently returned from the Western front, tells a thrilling narrative of
fighting there, and how it is done; with special notes on the transporting, housing
and training of troops.
Nlustrated. Price $1.75
American Adventures
Calvary Alley
By Allco Hogan Rico
By Julian Stroot, Author, and
Another gift of laughter Wallace Morgan, Artist
and tears from the author of They are the two gay and very human travelers who
“Mrs. Wiggs of the Cab-
bage Patch." The new novel
produced “Abroad at Home." În their new book they
tells of the growing up and describe a joyful ramble through the South, the most
falling in love of splendid
picturesque section of the United States. The 64 illus-
Nance Molloy.
Illustrated. Price $1.36
trations were done by Mr. Morgan in the spot.
Price $3.50
The Second Fiddle
By Phyllis Bottom.
Secrets of
Frances Hodgson
The Rebuilding
Burnett sayo! From the Polar Travel
: "
my reading '
of Europe
Dark Tower' nothing bear- By Rear-Admiral
By David Jayno HII
ing the signature of Phyllis
Robert E. Peary
By & former Ambassador
Bottome could
escape
Germany. Traces the
me. What quality her work Every man who likes history a mong European
has and what loving warmth
a fighter will want to races of divergent political
of reality !"
tendencies, and shows their
Illustrated. Price $1.35
read the inspiriting nar-
relation to the War. A
rative of how Peary reasoned forecast of inter-
Ladles Must Live
surmounted previously
nationalism. Price $1.50
By Allco Duor Millor
A
novel by
unconquered difficulties
the
The Air Man
author of "Come Out of the
and achieved the Pole.
By Francis A. Collins
Kitchen !" a sort of pirate In addition, it is a sort of The story of the immense
story of New York society, handbook on Arctic strides made by aviation in
narrating a thrilling con-
the last few years.
A book
test of two beautiful bucca-
travel, indeed on difficult
that will grip the attention
neers for a rich and hand- marching and camping of a host of readers, young
anywhere.
and old.
Mastrated. Price $1.25
Illustrated. $2.50
50 illustrations from
Mrs. Hope's
photographs. $1.30
Husband
Life, Art, and Health First
By Qolott Burgess Letters of
By Henry Dwight
Swiftly moving, brilliant,
Chapin, M.D.
and gay. "All the snap of
Sublimated common sense
George Inness
the humorist's earlier man-
from a great physician with
ner plus the finish of one By
years of experience in the
who has made great strides
kind of medical practice that
in his art," says The San
Goorge Innoss, Jr.
call "regular"; pre-
Francisco Chronicle.
The authoritative bio- sented in a popular style,
Illustrated. Price $1.00 graphy of the greatest of
free from technicalities, ex-
tremely clear and interest-
A Country Child
American landscape ing.
$1.50
By Grant Showorman
painters, written by his
The Adirondacks
In which the small boy son;
with selection
By T. Morris Longstroth
of “A Country Chronicle from his letters and a All about the Adiron-
tells his own story in his
critical appreciation of dacks-their history, their
own inimitable style. Makes
flowers
and
his work.
the
Introduction
animals,
the old home life on a Mid-
dle Western farm as vivid
interesting people who have
by Elliott Daingerfield. lived there; information
as reality. Beautifully
Nastrated. Price $1.75
32 full-page illustra. about hotels, camps, routes,
tions. $4.00
etc., for all lovers of the
woods. Nlustrated. $2.50
Rodin: The Man and His Art
Christmas Night
With Loaves from His Note-books
in the Quarters:
and Other Pooms
By Judith Cladel
By Irwin Russell
A critical and biographical study of the greatest of
An illustrated collection
modern sculptors, with seven chapters written by him-
chiefly of the famous dia-
lect poems with which Rus-
self. Mlle. Cladel's interpretation of Rodin's life and sell opened up the vast store
work, based on personal data, has been authorized by
of Southern negro folk-lore.
ſlustrated by
the master himself. Fully illustrated.
E. W. Kemble, $2.50
Quarto, boxed. $5.00
some man.
we
a
THE CENTURY CO.
At All Bookstores
383 Fourth Avonu.
test Published by
Now York City
Send for illastrated holiday catalogue of Century books
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1917]
495
THE DIAL
AUTUMN PUBLICATIONS
MEMORIES
By Alma Newton
The inner life-set vibrating sometimes by chance actions of our own and others—thrills as no
ordinary story is able to do. “Memories" is such a book. It reveals the heart of a woman of the
finest sensibilities, acutely awake to those subtle forces which nearly always pass unrecognized.
$1.00 net
The Shadow on the Stone By Marguerite Bryant
Here is a man with the light of a new idea in his soul, and a human, smiling way of achieving
it. He has friends, both rich and poor-all sorts, who are attracted to the Idea. He has an enemy
-much more interesting than the ordinary kind who hate, for this enemy likes him. The author's
uncommon group of people, in delightful glimpses of London and rural England, work out a solu-
tion of modern life which reaches a climax of spiritual beauty and power on a little island in the
Baltic. Even in days of war, this man is a hero, for he gives his life for the good of the race. This
is a finely told story-and much more.
$1.35 net
Campfire
Verse
The Emerald
of the Incas
By Charles Normand
Translated by S. M. B. Harvey
A new holiday juvenile,
uniform with "The Story of
the White Elephant,” by
Judith Gautier. This is a
thrilling story of Peru, laid
in the extraordinary sur.
roundings of the depths of
the Andes.
Illustrated, $2.00 net
The
New Carthage
By Georges Eekhoud
Translated with introduction
By Lloyd R. Morris
"The author pictures the life
and customs as Hardy has por-
trayed those of Wessex and
other English shires. This
story, however, concerns Ant-
werp."-Detroit Free Press.
$1.50
An anthology of open air
verse, compiled by Williams
Haynes and Joseph Le Roy
Harrison. Introduction by
Stewart Edward White.
$1.25
Our Children
Boys and Girls
Masters of Russian
Music
By M. Montagu-Nathan
Each volume with frontispiece.
(Moussorgsky, Glinka, Rimsky-Korsakof.)
Mr. Montagu-Nathan, the author of "The
History of Russian Music,” is an authority on
the subject, and he has condensed into each
of these volumes a complete and brilliant study
of the career and also of the works of each
of the great Russian composers. $1.00 net
By Anatole France
Each with illustrations in color by Boutet de
Monvel.
No one has so cheerfully and sympathetically
described and painted the events of childhood
as these two great geniuses working together.
Each $2.25 net
RUBENS
By Louis Hourtica
Fully illustrated. A masterly study of the life and works of the greatest Flemish painter. This
is another volume in the same series as "Michelangelo" by Romain Rolland.
$2.50 net
DUFFIELD AND COMPANY
NEW YORK
211 West 33rd Street
When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL.


496
[November 22
THE DIAL
Gift Books of Varied Interest
Author
Book
Hint
Elizabeth Champney
The Romance of
Old Japan
Beautifully Illustrated.
A beautiful book by the author
of "Romance of the French Châ-
teaux," etc., very fully illus-
trated by paintings, photographs
and sketches.
$3.50
George H. McKnight
St. Nicholas; his Leg-
end and his Role in the
Christmas Celebration, and
Other Popular Customs.
12°. 23 Illustrations. $2.00
The elements in the life story
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THE DIAL
VOLUME LXIII
No. 754
NOVEMBER 22, 1917
.
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.
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.
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CONTENTS
REALISM IN PROSE FICTION
Edward Sapir . · 503
THE STRUCTURE OF LASTING PEACE. H. M. Kallen.
. 506
The IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY
Randolph Bourne · 509
LITERARY AFFAIRS IN LONDON
Edward Shanks
· 511
A FIG TREE
Verse
R. S. Mitchell.
· 513
CONFECTIONERY AND CAVIAR
Conrad Aiken.
· 513
MAKING GERMANY DEMOCRATIC V. T. Thayer
. 515
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Claude Bragdon . 517
PERSONALITIES OF A HALF-CENTURY Garland Greever
518
A NUCLEUS OF WORLD ORGANIZATION Frederic Austin Ogg. . 520
THE STORY OF A FAILURE
John Macy
521
JACOB TONSON
George Bernard Donlin 523
NIGHT ON THE BEACH Verse John Gould Fletcher 525
BRIEFS ON New BOOKS
. 525
Portraits and Protests.-New Zealand in Evolution.-Militarism at Work in
Belgium and Germany.-Russia as I Know It.—The Ladies of Dante's Lyrics.-
How to Study Architecture.-Old Roads out of Philadelphia.-Weights and
Measures.—The Order of Nature.-Camp-Fire Verse.--Plays for a Negro
Theatre.-Illinois.-Woman as Decoration.
NOTES ON New FICTION
531
The Human Tragedy. -The Innocents.-A Daughter of the Morning.–The Un-
known Isle.-Day and Night Stories.—The Quest of Ledgar Dunstan.
CASUAL COMMENT
· 532
BRIEFER MENTION
. 534
COMMUNICATIONS
. 537
CHRISTMAS LIST OF SELECTED FICTION
. 539
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES
541
NOTES AND News.
544
List of New Books
547
LIST OF SHOPS WHERE THE DIAL IS ON SALE
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GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN, Editor
MARY CARLOCK, Associate
Contributing Editors
CONRAD AIKEN
VAN WYCK BROOKS
H. M. KALLEN
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502
[November 22, 1917
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THE DIAL
A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
Realism in Prose Fiction
Prose fiction is the vehicle par excellence through the experiences that the artist
for a realistic ideal. But I wish to call aims to have us feel and sense with him.
special attention to a somewhat embar- What are the tacit assumptions in fic-
rassing feature of the realistic technique tion?, Generally speaking, the writer does
of nearly all prose fiction, further to sug- not identify himself, and through himself
gest a method—not a wholly new one- the reader, with a central character alone
for the development of a fictional technique but claims an unconditional omniscience.
that differs materially from the normal, He enters with equal freedom into the psy-
excelling it, in my opinion, in its purely chic privacy of all his characters. His
psychological possibilities. If one rum- outlook upon the events and motives that
mages in his memory of short stories and comprise the narrative seems to be directed
novels,—such of them as can be fairly now by one of his characters, now by
conceded to strive for realism,—he will, I another. This conventional omniscience
believe, be prepared to admit the justice of of the author's goes by the name of objec-
a somewhat unexpected thesis, that those tivity. It is a power that the reader is
succeed best in giving a sense of the flow supposed to share with him; indeed, it is
and depth of life, in attaining both outer considered so much of a sine qua non in
and inner realism, that do with the smallest the art of story-telling that it can hardly
number of essential characters, or, to put be said to be generally recognized as a
it rather differently, that do not attempt tacit assumption at all. The reader, at
to individualize all the characters with the mercy of his omniscient guide, turns
equal care. The thesis will not hold rig- one imaginative somersault after another.
orously, to be sure, but in a large way it Hardly has he ensconced himself with
undoubtedly possesses much truth. In the some degree of comfort in the head and
measure that it is sound, it is merely the heart of one individual, hardly has he
symptom of a wider principle, which we begun to feel the warmth of vicarious
shall define in a moment.
self-consciousness, when he is mercilessly
What gives a play its power of realistic bundled out of his retreat and required to
illusion ? Evidently the simple fact that take up new quarters. Incidentally he is
the action and dialogue are directly re- asked to cut his former self dead, at any
vealed to us, not left to the imagination. rate to exhibit no more than a purely
This means that we can readily identify external acquaintance with him. Needless
ourselves with the various characters as to say, he may be called upon at any
they follow one another. Being passive moment to race back into his old skin, or
spectators, our minds work kaleidoscopi- even to adopt a third alias, a fourth-in-
cally without serious effort, without too deed, there is no limit to the demands
great an exercise of creative imagination. made upon his reincarnative capacity but
The drama is predigested food. For the the charity of the writer. All this makes
lyric poem a greater degree of creative good gymnastics for the reader, and he
imagination is required of the reader. He develops a flexible, bouncing multi-person-
must identify the mood of the poem with ality that keeps him ever alert. There is
a potential mood of his own. As a rule, not one of us who has not rejoiced in the
he is aided in this task by the singleness exhilaration of the exercise.
of the mood represented. Economy of But let us not forget that the test of a
attention makes for strength and vividness truly realistic technique is the relative ease
of mood-realization. Thus, the essential with which the reader or hearer or spec-
technique of both the drama and the lyric tator can be made to live through the
makes it a simple matter for us to live experiences, thoughts, feelings of the


504
[November 22
THE DIAL
a
characters. He must himself be these gested multitudinous world beyond. So we
personalities and develop as them. In the are fated by self-consciousness and the
drama, as we have seen, this self-identifica- limitations of attention to live our life.
tion with a number of personalities is So we may be made to live an imagined
rendered a comparatively easy matter by world at the artist's bidding. This psychic
the very nature of dramatic technique. In perspective is of greater importance than
fiction, however, it requires a more distinct the unity of plot and the rest of the aca-
effort of the imagination to project oneselfdemic requirements of literary art. For
into a character's soul life. To do this for want of it
many
well-conceived
several characters and to shift rapidly narrative, excellently motivated, proves
about from one psyche to another may "jumbly.” In a picture everything is
be fatiguing More than that, it is, psy- illumined by a single light that has direc-
chologically considered, a not altogether tion. We would not think much of an
convincing procedure. Once we have iden- exterior in which the central figure is lit
tified ourselves with a definite personality, up by daylight that runs counter to several
our imaginative pride demands, provided subordinate daylights showing up the rest
always that the artist can hold our interest of the group. Yet we do not seem to have
that we be left to the isolation imposed by developed a very keen sense of the value
our new shell, that we watch the progress of the strict analogue in literary art of
of events from our own point of vantage consistent lighting—a self-consciousness
and follow the psychic lives of the other that sets all the elements of inner and
characters, not as revealed by themselves, outer life in comprehensible, livable rela-
but as affecting or as reflected in the soul tions. Singleness of outlook by no means
that we have made our own. If the artist limits the writer to the short story or to
chooses to impose this limitation on the labors of unambitious scope. Indeed, one
narrative form, two things inevitably re- of the works which seem best to answer to
sult. The arena crowded with significant our ideal, though it has not by any means
characters, one of the features of the older, altogether eliminated cross-lights, is a
romantic and semi-realistic, types of fiction, prose epic in ten volumes—"Jean-Chris-
becomes an impossibility. It is significant tophe.'
of a striving for a subtler understanding At this point the reader may object that
of reality that modern fiction has, on the while this method pretends to be sweep-
whole, progressively moved away from ingly realistic, to aim to grasp a bit of
this crowding of the arena. Further, the life and imprison it in narrative form, it
degree of individualization of the charac- yet is the merest subjectivism, an egoist's
ters needs to be carefully shaded. It will dream in which everything is hopelessly
not do to bring them all into the foreground, out of plumb, in which the valid relations
for that would belie our naïve outlook on of the objective world are badly muddled.
our environment. The self stands strong- Nor would he be altogether wrong. And
est in the light. Further removed are a yet, what is life, as we really and individ-
small number of individualities whose lives ually know it, but precisely “an egoist's
are closely interwoven with that of the self dream in which the valid relations of the
but whose inner experiences can only be objective world are badly muddled"?
inferred, sometimes truly (that is, in a Objectivity, one might say, is romance.
manner roughly coinciding with the view. But he would need to add that we crave
points of their own selves), more often and demand this romantic objectivity, this
mistakenly. Still further removed are a mad seeing of things “as they really are,'
larger number of personalities whose inner and that the literary artist has therefore
life is of little or no consequence to the a perfect right to choose between rigorous
central self, whose only function is to lend realism, the method that is frankly sub-
dash and color to the stream of daily jective, and objective realism, the romance
experience that makes up the outer life of of reality. There is, indeed, always room
this self. And in the dim background bob for the narrative embodying more than one
up and down the merest ghosts of psychic psychological viewpoint, for the “cross-
entities, pale gleams, fragments of a sug- light" technique. Some of us, however,
1


1917]
505
THE DIAL
will continue to look upon the subjective, significance than as a more or less interest-
or better "single-light," technique as the ing technical device; it is one of the major
more subtle and ästhetically satisfying. approaches to a profound and all-embrac-
Yet it is at least possible to combine the ing realistic art. It sacrifices neither the
peculiar advantages of these two con- depth, the inner truth, of subjective real-
trasting techniques by the use of a third ism, nor the external completeness of
method of realistic representation. Look motivation of objective realism. It unites
at the three human beings seated around the two in a new synthesis of boundless
a dinner table, nibbling at jejune bits of resources.
As a method for the artistic
conversation. If you and I, like the psy- presentation of ideas and the analysis of
chologist of the behaviorist persuasion, life, it is bound to come into its own and
merely described what we saw and heard, reap a large harvest. That it can never
the reader of our story would not thank become the method of narrative fiction is
us. Insipid twaddle he would call it, for obvious, if only because it violates what
all our pains. If we identify ourselves we may call, with apologies to the jargon
with the host and take the reader into our of the economists, the law of diminishing
confidence, revealing to him the stormy returns in narrative interest. Let us ac-
soul life hurtling along under the placid quaint ourselves with some of its implica-
surface of conventional table talk, he tions.
would begin to feel interested. Yet he One thing is obvious enough. This
might tire of so purely one-sided, so method of varied repetition makes some-
merely subjective an interpretation of what what serious demands on the technical
was happening at the dinner table. On ability of the writer. Mere repetition of
the other hand, if we identify ourselves incident and dialogue with appropriate
now with the host, now with the hostess, variations in motivation is out of the ques-
now with the guest, pretending omnis- tion. No mere human beings would long
cience, some of us get restive, say tolerate the resulting dulness, were they
“jumbly,” and talk of cross-lights. What animated by the best of wills. One of the
if we tell it all three times—as seen, heard, great tasks of the literary craftsman work-
and felt by the host, by the hostess, and by ing with the normal narrative technique is
the guest ? Should we not succeed in to make a satisfactory synthesis of the dis-
being subjective in three different ways, in parate elements of character, incident,
other words, in being objective? For may and motive—that go to make up his story.
not objectivity be defined as the composite He is always fearful lest he fail, explicitly
picture gained by laying a number of sub- or implicitly, to arrange his materials so
jectivities on top of one another, the most as to bring out his point with maximum
romantic of all wish-fulfilments, the suc- effect. The weaving of threads becomes
cessive jumping out of our skin in as many an obsession with him. In our suggested
distinct manners as we fancy? Thus we method of repetition, however, the threads
reclaim the gift of omniscience that we had need rather to be unraveled. The total
modestly discarded for the "one-light” material to be put before the reader must
technique, but with a difference. Before, be distributed, with naturalness and nicety,
we let our nine lives out of the bag all at
among
the successive versions. In this way
once, now we live them in succession. each version brings something new with
The reader will not fail to have ob- it, while the actual repetitions must be
served that we are not dealing with an charged with ever-changing significance.
altogether novel literary device. It is as Needless to say, the arrangement of ver-
old as "The Ring and the Book” and has sions would normally be such as to pro-
latterly been the subject of experiment at duce the effect of cumulative energy,
the hands of Arnold Bennett and Joseph of a steadily growing comprehension of
Conrad. Yet I doubt if the tremendous the meaning of the whole. Like all induc-
possibilities of "The Ring and the Book” tive processes, the method requires a high
method for the conveyance of a certain degree of mental alertness in the reader,
attitude toward realism have been clearly an alertness that finds its reward in the
recognized. The method is of far greater fulness of realization finally attained.


506
[November 22
THE DIAL
ITY AND SOVEREIGNTY
Attention may be called to a further techni- . The Structure of Lasting Peace
cal feature of interest. In the usual
narrative it is always difficult, sometimes
II
impossible, to avoid explicit analysis of THE “PRINCIPLE OF NATIONALITY”: NATIONAL-
character and motive. Even when we
cordially like such analysis, we cannot
altogether ward off a sneaking irritation
By and large, nationality is the integra-
tion of the successive and permanent ele-
at the disturbing influence it exercises on
the flow of the narrative. Our method
ments of group life, as personality is the
reduces the necessity of explicit analysis integration of the successive and perma-
nent elements of individual life. It is as
to a minimum. The tacit comparison of
even two skilfully constructed versions
useless to seek any irreducible differentia
gives opportunity for a wealth of implica- about the nature and constituents of na-
of the one as of the other. Controversy
tions, many of which would need express
mention in a single version. We gain a
tionality goes on, as controversy goes on
about the nature and constituents of per-
perspective of motive as we pass from one
subjective viewpoint to another, just as we
sonality. Both dissolve under analysis ;
gain our
knowledge of space relations by the making of history, which is their rec-
both are the most potent of dynamics in
shifting the angle from which we look at
a number of objects.
ord. And it is upon the observation of
There are many other interesting corol-
the conditions and workings of this fact,
laries of the method. There is one in
and this alone, that a programme of last-
particular that should appeal mightily as
ing peace can successfully base itself. Na-
tionality, then, is to the group what
opening up exquisite possibilities of a
purely ästhetic order. We have all of us
personality is to the individual: tradition
often observed the peculiar individuality
is its memory, custom its habits, history
that a specific light lends an object. A
its biography, language, literature, the
house is not the same thing in the chilly form its culture, and culture in the nation-
arts, religion, its mind. Together these
gray of dawn, in the blazing light of a
clear noon, in the soft glow of sunset; it ality is character in the individual. Dur-
is not the same thing under a hard winter ing the nineteenth century one European
sky as in the hazy warmth of summer.
people after another achieved nationality
Each version of a repeated story is doubly simply by becoming conscious for the first
subjective. The focal character brings these items of its being,—the Greeks, the
time, or by recalling afresh and cherishing,
with him not merely a psychic perspective,
a centre of motivation, he brings with him Italians, the Germans, the various Balkan
also a temperament and a mood. His peoples subject to Turkey, the Hungarians
version receives an emotional atmosphere
and the Slavic races subject to Austria,
all its own. As we pass from one version
the Norwegians, the Walloons and Flem-
to another, we not only shift our stand- ings of Belgium, and the Finns and Ukrai-
point, we also attend in a different mood.
nians in Russia. The Jews have been its
This feature of change of emotional great exemplification from the days of
approach can be utilized to give the most
Titus, the Irish since Cromwell's time, the
profound, the most poignant interpreta- Poles from the date of the final partition
.
tions of life. One and the same series of
events may be apperceived in varying, even
To-day there is hardly a single society
contradictory, manner—as a merry jest, a
of men in Europe, who share in the same
tragedy, a clever play of circumstance, an
memories and customs and speech, that
has not established its nationality, and de-
irritating bungle.
manded for it freedom and opportunity.
Need one say that in the promised land
is displayed a signboard bearing the fol. Where democracy prevailed the establish-
lowing inscription, in letters writ large: fect of freedom; in lands with tyrannical
ment took place spontaneously, as the ef-
“Tinkers beware. Only artists allowed"?
governments it eventuated as resistance to
EDWARD SAPIR. oppression under democratic inspiration.


1917]
507
THE DIAL
So deep-lying is it in the funded mentality the basis of nationality is race, community
of the human families of Europe, that it of blood and ancestry, is shared by both
has become the governing concept in a democrats and dynasts. It has its
It has its propa-
theory of civilization and a programme of ganda even in America, in the archæolog-
life. The democratic prophet of this the- ical romancing of Mr. Madison Grant
ory is the great Mazzini; its dynastic and the fictional eugenics of Mr. Seth
promulgators are Nietzsche, Chamberlain, Humphrey.
Treitschke, von Bülow. The latter formu- Scientific anthropology discounts the
late it in a mythology of race, and provide whole conception, but there is envisaged in
metaphysical and moral sanctions for Ger- it at least this fact—that the claim of any
man imperialism; their work, indeed, is an large association of men to consanguinity
admirable instance of how a fact, con- is an indubitable sign of a wakeful sense
verted into a "principle" and applied con- of nationality. Common ancestry is in-
sistently and regardlessly, may become its dicated in the word itself, natio-nality, but
own bitterest enemy.
purity of stock can obviously not be the
Against this German misapplication of basis of it. How diverse stocks, associat-
the "principle of nationality" the demo- ing together, fuse through marriage, and
cratic powers oppose their own sounder become of "one" blood, cannot be said.
formulation. How it applies to the pres- Nationality falls between race and other
ent situation, its needs and demands, they more external forms of associative unity.
have not said. What does it offer the so That racial quality underlies it and is near
diverse nationalities that are the popula- to it, must be granted, but it is false that
tion of Europe? Which of the various racial quality is identical with it. Asso-
components of nationality does it acknowl- ciation may spring from the original and
edge as definitive? What must it safe- inward nature of men, from the instinct of
guard and reënforce? What repress or the herd, from a hereditary or constitu-
extirpate? The Allies' declarations yield tional like-mindedness; it may derive from
no answer to these questions. They only the need of defence and offence in an un-
deny the claims of imperialism, and those, favorable environment; it may rest upon
only when they are German. But what both. Association of the first order is
is the relation of the “principle of nation- natural, internal; of the second order, ex-
ality" to_the imperialisms, if there be ternal, artificial. The difference is as the
such, of England, or France, or Italy, or difference between time and space. Thus,
Russia, or the United States ?
a man may change his surroundings; he
To ask such a question, any realpoliti- cannot change his past. That is inalter-
ker will say, is folly. The “principle of able, and he is what he is because that is
nationality" will mean at any peace con- what that is. To abolish that, he would
ference only what the victors will let it have to abolish himself. He may, for ex-
mean, nothing more. But there are these ample, be at the same time an Irishman,
other determinants of its meaning, never- a son, a father, an uncle, a cousin, a citi-
theless—the wishes and demands of the zen, a church-member, a lawyer, a Repub-
various nationalities; the implications and lican, and a capitalist. Each of these words
requirements of the fact of nationality as signifies a group to which he belongs.
that appears as a force and a hope in the Most of them he may enter or leave with-
natural history of mankind. A lasting out otherwise altering his nature and con-
peace can rest only upon the harmony of ditions. Others he enters without choice
all else with the latter. Now the least and cannot leave without taking leave of
that can be said about the latter is that his life.
his life. The citizen of America may be-
the association invoked in nationality is come one of England, the Baptist a Meth-
so peculiarly intimate as to command and odist, the lawyer a banker, the Elk a
demand the highest degree of loyalty and Mason, the Republican a Socialist, the cap-
self-sacrifice from the associates. So in- italist a proletarian. But the son, father,
timate is the association that, in spite of uncle, cousin cannot cease to be these; he
both criticism and evidence, the idea that cannot reject the relationships these words


508
[November 22
THE DIAL
express, nor alter them. If they obtain power, however, weighted the influence of
once, they obtain forever. So an Irish- nations variously and unduly; encouraged
man is always an Irishman, a Jew always in international affairs fear, jealousy, and
a Jew. Irishman or Jew is born; citizen, suspicion to such a degree that the modi-
lawyer, or church-member is made. Irish- cum of justice and fair dealing which the
man and Jew are facts in nature; citizen United States uniquely offered Nicaragua
and church-member are artefacts in civil- and Mexico was looked at askance; kept
ization. Natural groups, like the Irish, international behavior set upon a policy of
the Jews, or any nationality, cannot be laissez-faire, which only the growing eco-
destroyed without destroying their mem- nomic interdependence of the world has
bers. Artificial groups, like
like states,
succeeded in ‘modifying. The internal
<churches, professions, castes, can. These affairs of states, no matter how rotten, are
are social organizations; natural groups holy, ta
holy, taboo to all interference. An out-
are social organisms, organisms conscious raged German government whines over
of their nature, their powers, their inter- the presumption in President Wilson's re-
ests and desires, conscious, in a word, of ply to the Pope's peace proposals and can-
their social personality, and acting in such not interfere with Turkey's treatment of
a way as to preserve, enhance, and per- Armenia; the governments of our allies
Vect it.
tread softly with regard to one another's
Empirically, then, what is affirmed in sacred inwards. No interference in a
1914 concerning nationality is the natural state's internal affairs; no responsibility in
right which was declared in 1776 inalien- foreign policy; no accountability, except to
able to personality. The "principle of force, in anything. Each nation, each gov-
nationality” may be stated in paraphrase ernment is sovereign; each nationality
of the Declaration of Independence: All wants sovereignty; and sovereignty is
nationalities are created equal and are en- irresponsibility, is international anarchy.
dowed by their creator with certain in- Under the prevailing system the de-
alienable rights, among them being life, mands of the nationalities are just. With-
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. out sovereignty, the policy of international
To secure these rights governments are laissez-faire, tempered by piratical im-
instituted among nationalities, deriving perialism, leaves a nationality at the mercy
their just powers from the consent of the of any exploiter who is stronger. With-
governed.
out sovereignty it fears the security of its
That is, the principle of nationality is life, its liberty, its free way to happiness.
van extension of the scope of democracy Without sovereignty it is hampered in per-
from single to group personalities. Its forming what Mazzini has called "its spe-
application to artificial persons of that cial function in the European work of
order-corporations and the like—within civilization.” But this sovereignty is also
the state, is traditional; the struggle for its enemy. It is the ground of interna-
its application to the nationality is only tional rivalry, the source of the afflatus
just culminating. As the declaration sup- called national honor, of militarism,
plied the governing concept for the con- and of dynastic domination. The "prin-
stitution of the United States, so the ciple of nationality" solves nothing if
“principle of nationality' supplies it for the it commits the post-bellum settlement to
constitution of mankind. International or- an increased number of sovereignties. It
ganization, it implies, depends upon recip. fails of its purpose if it fails to secure an
rocal national responsibility, and indicates, open way for the spontaneous powers and
hence, a nationhood suffrage parallel to happiness of nationalities. Without this
manhood suffrage: one nation, one vote. security there can be no lasting peace; and
Could this doctrine ever have been ade- sovereignty both is and is not this security.
quately applied, Europe would have had The problem of the reorganization of
a happier history. Differences between Europe can find its solution only in con-
nationalities and their corresponding states
ditions that will unequivocally secure this
in numbers, size, wealth, quality, and end.
H. M. Kallen.
.
.


1917]
509
THE DIAL
The Idea of a University is comparable to the standing of a corpora-
tion's securities on the street, the news-
Every American college and university papers taking the place of the stock
is affected by the issue raised in Professor exchange. The real offence of Professors
Beard's dramatic resignation from Colum- Cattell and Dana seems to have been not
bia as a protest against trustee autocracy. so much that they were unpatriotic as that
For the conditions which he found intol. they had lowered the prestige of the uni-
erable spring from a ruling conception held versity in the public mind. Neither the
by university trustees and a portion of con- president nor the trustees nor the faculty
servative public opinion as to the nature of committees brought forward any evidence
the modern university. The methods besides epithet that either professor had,
taken at Columbia to secure the expulsion in the language of President Butler's warn-
of Professors Cattell and Dana are very ing, actually "opposed or counselled oppo-
revealing as to the status of professors sition to the laws of the United States, or
and the nature of university prestige. The had acted, spoken, or written treason.'
excuses, causes, and reasons given by the What these professors had done was to
university authorities and the current com- associate themselves with organizations
ment of the newspapers show how frankly which were enjoying infamy in the irres-
the American university has become a ponsible press. No attempt was made to
financial corporation, strictly analogous, in discover whether the newspaper accounts
its motives and responses, to the corpora- were true. Chatter and rumor were suf-
tion which is concerned in the production ficient to convict them. Why? Because
of industrial commodities. Trustees who
on the stock exchange it is by rumor and
are business men, who hold positions as prejudice that the value of securities is
directors or executives in large financial or hit, not by evidence. When your stock is
industrial corporations, carry over into the depressed by an alarming rumor, it is irre-
management of the university the attitudes levant whether the rumor is true or not.
and sensitivities learned in the corporate The mischief lies in what people think,
world. The university produces learning not in the actual facts. And for this pur-
instead of steel or rubber, but the nature
pose newspaper chatter is authoritative.
of the academic commodity has become Your object then becomes not to discover
less and less potent in ensuring for the the truth but to combat the rumor. If the
academic workman a status materially dif- fall in your stock is due to a suspicion of
ferent from that of any other kind of the value of your commodity, you renew
employee.
your efforts to convince the public of its
As directors in this corporation of learn- soundness. If it is due to an offending
ing, trustees seem to regard themselves pri- employee, you dismiss the employee. Hav-
marily as guardians of invested capital. ing removed the cause of the prejudice, you
They manage as a sacred trust the various
may then expect your securities to resume
bequests, gifts, endowments which have their former level.
been made to the university by men and Only on such an interpretation can we
women of the same orthodoxies as them- explain the tendency of university authori-
selves. Their obligation is to see that the ties to rely on newspaper opinion and upon
quality of the commodity which the uni- the complaints of persons whom they
versity produces is such as to seem repu- would not take seriously on any other
table to the class which they represent. question whatever. One is often amazed
And in order to maintain the flow of capi- at the callousness of university trustees
tal and the general credit of the institution towards the indignation that follows these
they must keep the stock above par. In arbitrary dismissals of professors. But
the minds apparently of the trustees, and this corporate attitude naturally discounts
of the executives and professors who work the opinions of the non-investing public. It
with them, the reputation of a university is not the discontent of idealists that


510
[November 22
THE DIAL
If a
matters, but the vague complaints from other colleges and universities throughout
parents that their sons are being taught the country.
irreligion and sedition within the univer- Professor Beard's stirring gesture has
sity, complaints from business men that a raised the issue whether this reigning cor-
professor is tainted with economic heresy, porate idea of a university shall any longer
indignation of prominent alumni at the prevail. If that reigning idea is making it
connection of the university's name with impossible for a man of Charles Beard's
unpopular movements. These are the intellectual distinction, courage, and demo-
attitudes that depress the credit of the cratic idealism to serve our largest univer-
university in the investing world, and these sity, we have come to the time when
are the attitudes that carry weight, there. Americans will have to choose between the
fore, with the university president and the current philosophy of university govern-
trustees. Vested interests presumably re-
ment and the presence in the university of
ceive dividends in the form of orthodox independent and vigorous minds.
man like Professor Beard is to be forced
graduates. Whatever interferes with the
to cut short his academic career because
supply of such a revenue is therefore a
serious assault on the stability of the cor- ing intolerable, a revolution in the idea of
the status of the college teacher is becom-
poration.
In any such system of ideas, the profes- present agitation for at least a constitu-
a university cannot come too quickly. The
sor becomes inevitably a mere employee of tional form of government by which con-
a company which has a standing to
trol over all academic matters is turned
maintain in the corporate world. His
over to the faculties is an advance. But to
intellectual freedom is extremely preca- ensure the instructor's freedom, both uni-
rious, because a chance remark, or any versity authorities and the newspaper pub-
public activity, may bring him that news- lic must learn to distinguish between his
paper censure which causes the grave academic functions and his private opin-
damage the university is likely to incur in ions and activities. He will scarcely be
the minds of the significant classes. An free as long as he is vulnerable for
"institution of learning,” administered activities which in no way concern his
even on autocratic principles, might be academic work, or as long as he is
expected to move always with the most considered to implicate the university in
scrupulous regard for the dignity of the everything he says or does. The partisan
teacher and for the principles of legal evi- of "academic freedom” will also want to
dence in any cases of dismissal or censure. see worked out an entirely new status for
The professor might be expected to have both the instructor, who is now an em-
a status more secure and more respected ployee, and for the student, who is now
than that of the employee, holding his partly ward and partly consumer, State
position from day to day, and might be control is no solution, so long as director-
expected to be dismissed only after formal ship is given to men with the current
charges, and after conviction on evidence corporate attitudes.
corporate attitudes. State ownership of
which would satisfy an impersonal and universities, with control vested in the
judicial mind. None of the circumstances “guild" of professors, is probably the ideal
connected with the latest expulsions at Co- solution. Meanwhile what is most needed
lumbia shows that any such standards
is a clear realization of the hostility be-
prevail in our largest and wealthiest uni- tween the present system of ideas which
versity. They show, on the contrary, that governs university control, and the func-
under trustee control the American uni- tional and coöperative ideals which should
versity has been degraded from its old, govern a community devoted to learning.
noble ideal of a community of scholarship That hostility is almost complete, and Pro-
to a private commercial corporation. And
fessor Beard has done a great service by
the situation at Columbia is merely a
making a dramatic issue of it at the present
sharpened form of what has gone on in
time.
RANDOLPH BOURNE.


1917]
511
THE DIAL
Literary Affairs in London ernment of the country, and that the rich are
every day increasing their power and applying
(Special Correspondence of The DIAL.) it to what he and his friend, Mr. Belloc, call
Two books have just been published, each deal-
"the regimentation of the poor." He now traces
ing in its own way with the past of England.
the ascendancy of the wealthy classes to the end
To-day we are thinking intensely and almost of the Middle Ages when the barons overcame
hectically of the present, a little—but not enough
the monarchy and, gradually resolving themselves
-of the future, and hardly at all of the past.
into a new nobility, part legal, part commercial,
Yet knowledge of, and meditation on, the past
part land-owning, but predominantly plutocratic,
is an essential thing if our concern with the
used Henry VIII as a catspaw for the spoliation
present is to be healthy or useful. We look of the monasteries and so absorbed the major
back at most for parallels to our position, but
part of the wealth of the country. He sees an-
we do not trouble about the long sequence of
other "revolt of the rich" in the Puritan Revo-
cause and effect that has been bringing us for lution and the execution of Charles I; and the
thousands of years exactly to the point where
enthronement of George I is to him a proof that
we now stand. We think in months and days, the rich had become so powerful that they were
not in epochs; our strained attention is concen-
able to put a mere dummy into the seat of
trated on to-day and on the next three or six
Edward I. Whatever you may think of these
or twelve months, according to the view taken opinions, it is certainly true that Mr. Chester-
by the military expert, who has developed in
ton's statements of fact are almost always im-
every one of us, of the probable duration of the peccable; it is only in his interpretation of the
rest of the war.
facts that he departs from orthodoxy. It is
It is not a bad thing, then, that two authors beyond doubt that Hampden, the Ship Money
in whom the thoughtful public has confidence hero, was, as he says, a very wealthy squire;
should have plunged into past centuries. Mr.
and you may make what you like of his epi-
G. K. Chesterton, who calls his book with proud
gram that "there was no village Hampden in
simplicity, "A Short History of England,” races
Hampden village." It is also true that Crom-
through the ages at an exhilarating speed. Mr.
well was a member of an immensely wealthy
Stephen Graham, who pitches the action of his family; and, though Mr. Chesterton does not
novel, “Priest of the Ideal," in the present day,
mention it, it is one of the odd dark corners
gets back to the early English church by taking of English history that his real name, the name
his protagonists on a tour round the sacred he used when his signature was required in con-
places of the faith; and in each place, Iona, nection with money, was not Cromwell but Wil-
Lindisfarne, Durham, or York, it seems as though
liams. But whether these things cast any doubt
he stepped off some sort of moving staircase of on the complete disinterestedness of the great
modernity into a cool and motionless dimension Puritans is a question that each man can decide
quite outside the hurry of time. The contrast
for himself without browbeating from authority
between these two writers in their treatment of -as Mr. Chesterton has decided.
the past is immense. Mr. Chesterton conceives
But perhaps this reversal of common opinion
the ages as galloping by, while to Mr. Graham is not the most important part of Mr. Chester-
they have an enormous, vegetable motion that is ton's book. What does matter in it is his intense
almost imperceptible. Yet the two have a very
and passionate love of the English people. He
similar effect; and they arouse, the one by quiet
sees our faults and our blindnesses, but he sees
intensity, the other by restless vigor, as it were also, in just relation to them, our virtues and
a revival of sensation in those obscure and hid- our misfortunes. It may seem rather a ridicu-
den nerves which connect us with our past.
lous attitude to exhibit tenderness toward a great
Mr. Chesterton's career through English his- nation; yet this is what Mr. Chesterton does
tory is not only rapid, but a little surprising. without becoming ridiculous. He has never be-
He has, of course, a political theory to support; longed to that odious historical school which
and it is not my business to say here whether I trumpets the greatness of England as though
think his theory tenable or his historical founda- she were the one righteous person in a world of
tion of it correct. He believes that England beings at once ruffianly and inefficient. These
is ruled by the rich, that the bulk of the pop- writers are the bagmen of the realm of ideas;
ulation is without an effective word in the gov- and the higher their level of expression the more


512
[November 22
THE DIAL
disgusting their attitude seems. Mr. Chester England will sell, because the sale will mean
ton in times of peace was a little too much in- that the object sold has outlived its significance;
clined to harry us for our vices. But, early on and he conducts King on a tour around the holy
in the war, he wrote a poem in which he said: places where Christianity first rooted, in the
Of old with a divided heart
hope of learning that England still treasures her
I saw my people's pride expand
sacred things. The scheme of the book is de-
Since a man's soul is torn apart
By mother earth and fatherland.
cidedly odd. It is now written in a tone of
profound and brooding meditation, as in the
and told how he knew
passages descriptive of Iona and Lindisfarne, now
A blacker thing than blood's own dye
Weighed down great Hawkins on the sea;
in a tone of satire—as when King invokes the aid
And Nelson turned his blindest eye
of a newspaper magnate, who first booms him,
On Naples and on liberty.
then turns and rends him. It is interspersed
But he went on to say that he now gave thanks with Hampden's sermons, very beautiful passages
to the thousandfold and frozen folk":
of religious feeling, and ends with his death at
Who have no faith a man could mourn,
the front. The most impressive note is sounded
Nor freedom any man desires;
in those pages in which Hampden, as it seems,
But in a new clean light of scorn
by mere intensity of will gets into touch in the
Close up my quarrel with my sires.
sacred places with those who made them sacred
Mr. Chesterton is one of not many writers who
and forces on the reader a realization of the
have risen to the occasion of the war, and his
fact that the past lives, that we cannot move a
history of England is, in a sense, a second and
step or live a minute as though those first mis-
richer expression of that closing up of a quarrel. sionaries had never been. But the book is odd
It is a poem of which the English people are the
and partly incomprehensible. The mystical and
hero; and when I say the English people, I do
the ordinary blend in it queerly. It is like look-
not mean only the people who live in England. ing at a stick thrust half-way into water-half
To illustrate this point and Mr. Chesterton's
of it is plain and then quite suddenly half of
style at the same time, I may quote a few sen-
it is refracted and unreal. And sometimes it
tences on the American Declaration of Inde-
is irritating because the whole book is not writ-
pendence:
ten in the same key. King, for example, is at one
We talk, with a humiliation too rare with us, moment as absurd as a character in "Candide,"
about our dubious part in the secession of America.
Whether it increase or decrease the humiliation
at another as delicately real as a person observed
I do not know; but I strongly suspect that we had by Turgenev. It provokes on the whole the re-
very little to do with it. I believe we counted for Alection that Mr. Graham's book on Russia may
uncommonly little in the case. They were led on
by a light that went before.
have been misjudged, that he was not reflecting
That is a compliment to the American people; with extreme subtlety the obscure soul of an
and compliments between us, I believe, are now
alien people, but reflecting, as easily in that mir-
not wasted. They are the right and proper ex-
ror as in any other, the peculiarities of his own
mind.
pression of a right and proper spirit. But I do
not think that Mr. Chesterton is here at all I have no space to do more than note the
concerned with compliments. He is merely re- fact that a posthumous book by Edward Thomas,
joicing in a manifestation in English blood of a who was killed in the attack on Vimy Ridge,
temper that he admires.
has just appeared and that his “Tenth Muse"
Mr. Graham equally pierces through a surface has been issued with a short memoir by Mr.
of things he disapproves to a heart which he John Freeman. Thomas was a good writer who
maintains to be fundamentally sound. His two somehow never came into his inheritance. He
chief characters are Hampden, an English lay was a fine critic and he had that eye for country
preacher who is stirred to spiritual blossoming which our modern writers are beginning spe-
by the stress of the war, and Washington King, cially to develop. But he mixed up criticism
a rather farcical American who comes to Eng. with the country, so that nobody ever knew
land for the purpose of buying relics, from a what to make of him, and he spent nine-tenths
derelict gargoyle to the tower on Glastonbury of his life in writing potboilers—the kind of pot-
Tor, by means of which he intends to endow his boiler that does not sell profusely. He is re-
own country with the past she lacks. Hampden ported to have said once that he had reviewed
agrees he is justified in purchasing whatever every book of verse which had appeared during


1917]
513
THE DIAL
the last twenty years. The remark might be
Confectionery and Caviar
his epitaph. Criticism in this country is a thank-
less, unhonored, hard-driven, and ill-paid busi- SEA-Moons. By Edward Bliss Reed. (Yale Uni-
ness; and it was certainly a stony stepmother to
versity Press; $1.)
MANDRAGORA. By John Cowper Powys. (G.
Thomas's rare and rather delicate talent. He
Arnold Shaw; $1.25.)
felt this; and the feeling is probably responsible MAIN STREET AND OTHER POEMs. By Joyce Kil-
for a certain reluctance and coldness even in mer. (George H. Doran Co.; $1.)
his most companionable books. I hope to return
The DREAMERS AND OTHER Poems. By Theodosia
Garrison. (George H. Doran Co.; $1.25.)
to him when the extraordinarily beautiful poems, AL QUE QUIERE. By William Carlos Williams.
which he began shyly to produce in the last years (The Four Seas Co.; $1.)
of his life, are collected and published.
It would be doing no very frightful violence
EDWARD SHANKS.
to the truth to say that one could divide most con-
temporary American verse into two great types—
London, November 1, 1917.
the types indicated by the title of this review.
If one leaves out of account the matter of poetic
form, rudely ignoring for the moment the bitter
A Fig Tree
quarrel between vers-librists and metrists, one
could justifiably conclude that all our contempo-
I
rary poets are purveyors either of confectionery
Murmurous, at evening, over the yellow-hilled
or caviar. Two or three exceptions we must
Lone land they came,
make, of course: Amy Lowell, clearly, serves a
Crowding about his heels like timid sheep, mélange of both; and Messrs. Frost, Robinson,
Whispering his name,
and Fletcher, and perhaps Mr. Masters, will
Peering at one another, pondering what they
escape our classification altogether—which is to
heard
their credit. But in the main, it can be plausibly
Resolute, each, to keep
argued that the classification holds.
His every utterance as the chosen word.
The confectioners, of course, are in the major-
Till, like a group of vagrant ghosts they filled
The broad slope where he paused, full in the ity. These are the prettifiers, the brighteners
flame
of life, the lilting ones. They fill our standard
Of the scarlet sunset, stood and never stirred, magazines; they are annually herded by Mr.
Brooding—his feverish eyes
Braithwaite into his anthology; and now, taking
Full of deep wonder, restless with surprise. advantage of the poetic decuman wave and the
delusions of publishers, they are swamping the
II
land with their sweet wares. The conservative
Then suddenly, from somewhere in the crowd,
press Alings garlands at them, the "Literary
They heard him cry aloud:
Digest” quotes them, the Poetry Society of
"For shame, for shame, fruitless and faithless America (alas!) fêtes them. Hourly they grow
tree,
more numerous, more powerful. The coura-
That canst not, even to me,
geous and creative ones, and those who look to
The Son of God, hungry, with weary feet, poetry for truthfulness and for a consciousness
Give anything to eat;
of life always subtler and more individually
For that I came and that thou didst not see,
worked will soon have to fight for their lives.
Henceforth forever fruitless be.”
And how, indeed, shall they be able to fight?
And saw him, speaking, point as at some vile
There are no giants to be slain-rather, a host
Unholy thing—then turn away and smile.
of pigmies, and all alike. A poem by one might
III
bear the signature of any. They sing in chorus
rather than singly.
Light-lipped is laughter: in a far-off age,
One, turning his dim page,
The present group of volumes—if we except
Hungry in body and spirit for a text,
"Al Que Quiere," by Mr. Williams, which we
Paused, half perplexed,
reserve for our course in caviar-is an excellent
Then rose and took upon him to confute-
illustration of this. How many critics, not per-
For this world and the next-
sonally acquainted with these four authors, would
All them whose faith had given God no fruit. know the difference if the names had been
R. S. MITCHELL. shuffled ? Mr. Powys, perhaps, would protrude


514
[November 22
THE DIAL
ones, either.
one would be a trifle alarmed at so much verbo-motor mechanism is not deeply related to the
howling Weltschmerz, so many Sphinxes and poet's specific sensibility; in the latter, it is. This
wicked heathen kisses, so much passionate frustra- distinction fits the present case admirably. These
tion, in Mr. Kilmer, for example; and one might, poets, in other words, have not experienced
the case being reversed, start at Mr. Powys's so sharply for themselves. They have drawn their
speedy conversion to ululating Catholicism. But stores of verbo-motor reactions from the books
even here the difference is in the symbols rather of others, without checking up from personal
than in the literary quality. They are both, they observation. They color their lives to a certain
are all, blood brothers—sentimentalists, dabblers extent in accordance with their too early adoption
in the pretty and sweet, rhetoricians of the "thou of a speech which is not their own, instead of
and thee" school, pale-mouthed clingers to the coloring their speech in the light of their own
artificial and archaic. Here are platitudes neatly experience. They give us, therefore, neither
dressed, invocatory sonnets, the use of italics for clearness nor truth, nor any beauty of a personal
emphasis (that last infirmity!), and all the stale kind. They give us instead a tame uniformity,
literary tricks so relished, especially by the female, floods of tepid rhetoric, vague regurgitations of
-the "calls o' love," the “cries i' the wind," the words of others, varied now and then for
homing birds,—in fact, the whole stock-in-trade good measure with the grotesquely inept and the
of the magazine poet. Of Mr. Reed these remarks foolishly naïve. And over and under it all runs
are partially unjust. Mr. Reed is too well bred our undying American adoration of the pretty-
to go so far. He restrains his platitudes from pretty, the pious, the sacred virtues. Life is made
any attempt at lilting; his gait, indeed, is pedes- out to be simply one sweet thing after another.
trian. But of Mr. Kilmer and Mr. Powys and These are, in fact, confectioners, and not inspired
Mrs. Garrison—particularly Mrs. Garrison-
they are all too true. Here is nothing new, noth- With the question whether there might not
ing distinctive, the trotting out of the same old arise a great confectioner-one who would bring
passions, the same old heartbreaks and love songs, genius and originality to his task of enlighten-
ghostly distillations of fragrances all too familiar. ment and cheer or, if not that, at any rate
Is it possible for individuals to be so little indi- another Longfellow—we need not concern our-
vidual? Have they never experienced anything selves as yet, merely replying that there will be
for themselves? The publisher tells us that Mr. time for discussion when he arises. Meanwhile
Kilmer has had, for a man still young, an aston- it is more interesting to turn to a consideration
ishingly varied career. Nevertheless, one could of the type of poetry we have called caviar, and
not guess it from Mr. Kilmer's book. Ideas, to Mr. Williams, who brings us samples. If
emotions, language, rhythms, all are oddly sec- the purveyors of confectionery are almost totally
ond-hand, as if they had been offered to him and lacking in individuality, the purveyors of caviar
blandly accepted. So too with Mrs. Garrison, fly to the other extreme: they carry individuality
with the addition of a touch more femininely to excess. These are our modern individualists.
sensuous, a sentimentalism a trifle more unctuous. What do they care how peculiar or esoteric their
So too with Mr. Powys, though his range is idiom is? Self-expression is the thing. If the
wider, his intellect, in a stereotyped way, freer. crowd cannot understand them, or ignores them,
The trouble with these poets, at bottom, is so much the worse for the crowd. This is a senti-
simply that they are imitative, and imitative mental attitude, there is a good deal of pose in it,
with a sentimental bias. A few years ago an
and a consequent defeat is easily regarded by the
objective psychologist, a behaviorist, M. Nicolas poet as the martyrdom of the truly great. Never-
Kostyleff, made a tentative study of the mechan- theless, it is oddly significant that these caviarists,
ism of poetic inspiration. The conclusions he these purveyors of bitter realism, collectors of the
reached, whatever else their value, were highly bizarrely unpleasant and the irrelevantly true,
suggestive. An important part in poetic creation, have a style entirely their own. M. Kostyleff
he maintains, is an automatic verbal discharge, would admit that their mechanisms of verbo-
along chains of association, set in motion by a motor reaction are closely related to their spe-
chance occurrence. The difference between a cific sensibilities: they are as clearly original as
poet who merely echoes the ideas and rhythms our other poets are imitative. It seems to be
of the past, and the poet who creates something true, in this connection, that the realists have a
new, is simply that in the former instance this much less stereotyped style than the lilters. They


1917]
515
THE DIAL
verse.
appear to remember that, after all, literature Of course, one prefers, in the last analysis,
should be drawn from life, not from literature. Mr. Williams and his caviar to any amount of
They experience first (and whole-heartedly, not thin saccharine. It is at least real. But one
with a fountain-pen behind the ear) and write concludes that the richer and more vital realm
afterward.
lies midway between the extremes: in the truth-
Mr. Williams is a case in point. His book tellings of those who not only see sharply and
throughout has the savory quality of originality. know themselves intimately, but also feel pro-
Is it poetry? That is the question. Self-por- foundly, relate themselves to their world, and
traiture it is—vivid, acridly sensuous, gnarled, tell us what they know in the comprehensive bal-
by turns delicate and coarse. There is humor in anced harmony which we call art.
it, too, which is rare enough in contemporary
CONRAD AIKEN.
But on the whole it is more amiable
than beautiful, more entertaining than success-
ful. The reasons for this are several. To begin
Making Germany Democratic
with, Mr. Williams too seldom goes below the
surface. He restricts his observations almost
THE COMING DEMOCRACY. By Hermann Fernau.
entirely to the sensory plane. His moods, so to (E. P. Dutton & Co.; $2.)
speak, are nearly always the moods of the eye, Bishop Berkeley proposed to cure all physical
the ear, and the nostril. We get the impression ailments with the general application of tar
from these poems that his world is a world of water. He was unique in the selection of a rem-
plane surfaces, bizarrely colored, and cunningly edy but not in his dependence upon one cure for
arranged so as to give an effect of depth and various ills. The history of human thought con-
solidity; but we do not get depth itself. When sists largely in the appearance of great thinkers
occasionally this is not true, when Mr. Williams who interpret the universe in terms of one sub-
takes the plunge into the profounder stream of stance and who would mitigate the maladapta-
consciousness, he appears always to pick out the tions of man and his environment with a single
shallows, and to plunge gingerly. The sensory prescription. To-day the evil is German autoc-
element is kept in the foreground, the tone racy and the one remedy the overthrow of the
remains whimsically colloquial, and as a result Hohenzollerns. "The Coming Democracy,” by
the total effect-even when the material is inher-
Hermann Fernau, presents a diagnosis and pro-
ently emotional-is still quaintly cerebral. Is it at
pounds the antidote.
bottom a sort of puritanism that keeps Mr. Wil-
From an enforced retreat at Berne, Switzer-
liams from letting go? There is abundant evi-
land, Fernau charges German autocracy with re-
dence here that his personality is a rich one; but
his inhibitions keep him forever dodging his own
sponsibility for the Great War and calls upon his
spotlight. He is ashamed to be caught crying, American has more severely indicted the Hohen-
countrymen to repudiate their leaders. No
or exulting, or adoring. On the technical side
this puritanism manifests itself in a resolute sup-
zollerns. He believes the historical development
pression of beauty. Beauty of sound he denies
and the present constitution of the German
himself, beauty of prosodic arrangement too; the Empire make for war, not peace. The govern-
cadences are prose cadences, the line-lengths are
ment is the kaiser, possessed of God-given mo-
more or less arbitrary, and only seldom, in a
narchial rights, received and to be interpreted by
short-winded manner, are they effective. In the kaiser alone. An examination of the Ger-
brief, Mr. Williams is a realistic imagist: he has man constitution shows that the states of the
the air of floating through experience as a sen- empire are but appendages of Prussia, for this
sorium and nothing more. He denies us his state dominates the Bundesrat, or Federal Coun-
emotional reactions to the things he sees, even
cil. The states have surrendered to the emperor,
to the extent of excluding intensity of personal king of Prussia, exclusive power to declare war,
tone from his etchings; and his readers, there- conclude peace, make alliances and treaties, and
fore, have no emotional reactions, either. They to appoint and accredit envoys. The imperial dip-
see, but do not feel. Is Mr. Williams never any- lomatic, civil, and administrative officials are
thing but amused or brightly interested? The responsible personally to the emperor and to him
attitude has its limits, no matter how fertile its alone. He may, when he considers it necessary,
basis of observation.
declare any portion of the federal territory in a


516
[November 22
THE DIAL
tional peace.
state of war and thus extinguish “civil authori- ers who have persistently taught that the state is
ties, the liberty of the press, speech, meetings, a divine entity in which the individual is insig-
union and even travel." The Reichstag is a nificant; that the essence of a state is power
fictitious democratic trimming. Its representa- unlimited by moral responsibility; that the ends
tives, selected according to an electoral law of of a state are best attained through war; that
1871, do not represent the German nation of war is "divine, holy, normal and the moral law
to-day. "If, at any time, the government loses governing the development of the human race";
its majority in the Reichstag, it dissolves the lat- that racial science indicates that the Teuton is
ter (the Emperor only requires for this purpose the highest type of man, and, consequently, the
the assent of the Bundesrat, of which he is assured divinely appointed vehicle of European civiliza-
beforehand), or simply ignores it." Its financial tion.
control is easily evaded and its law-making func- Governed by a dynasty thus entrenched, which
tions are confined to initiating laws and petitions recognizes no law but that of might, Germany
for the consideration of the Bundesrat. The can be nothing other than a menace to interna-
chancellor represents the emperor and is in no
It was not surprising to see Ger-
way responsible to the Reichstag, while "only the man representatives at the Hague in 1899 and
nobility, endowed with divine insight, is entitled again in 1907 oppose arbitration of disputes
in Prusso-Germany to fill the most important between nations. And when other countries sug-
offices and to solve the most difficult political gested arbitration tribunals, reduction of arma-
problems. Consequently all leading govern- ments, and so on, as means of insuring peace,
mental, administrative, and military posts are it was to be expected that the Kaiser would reject
filled by members of the nobility.”
a limitation upon his free action with this enun-
The continuance of this structure rests with ciation of a strong-arm policy: "Believe me,
the army. The German army represents a fusion peace will never be better safeguarded than by a
of feudal absolute military control with the mod- perfectly organized and prepared German army.”
ern system of universal military service. The Fernau seeks to prove from German official
army is national, but its allegiance is personal. documents and admissions of Prussian statesmen
"You have sworn me the oath of allegiance,” that the Hohenzollerns deliberately struck at the
said William II to the newly sworn recruits of peace of Europe in 1914 and by means of false-
1891. “More than ever before unbelief and dis- hood and misrepresentation enlisted the loyal sup-
satisfaction lift their heads in the Fatherland, port of the German people in a “defensive” war.
and the occasion may arise when you will have Thus proceeds the arraignment. Perhaps this
to shoot down or bayonet your own brothers and is no time to pass upon its accuracy. It will be
relations. Then seal your allegiance with the accepted by many who in a calmer period would
sacrifice of your heart's blood.”
insist that it is an oversimplified exposition of
Equally potent for dynastic security has been complicated and interrelated tendencies. The
the propaganda of ideas. A comparison of intel- outcome may well be an unscrupulous autocracy
lectual Germany of to-day with the Germany of hostile to the peace of the world, but it does not
fifty years ago reveals no similarity. The ideals follow, as Fernau implies, that contributing
of Kant, Fichte, Feuerbach, Schleiermacher, and agents were motivated by sycophantic intentions.
Schiller are aliens in the intellectual community I am willing to let the indictment stand, how-
of to-day. “Learning without character, knowl- ever, if emphasis will shift to the proposed reme-
edge without conscience, organization without dies. Fernau's are simple, too simple. He would
humanity, discipline without liberty, ideal with- make Germany a republic and institute some
out dignity; such is the result of a mental devel- form of international organization which will
opment that, commencing with the disappearance “frustrate by force of arms any attempt to restore
of the Weimar Germanism, and politically personal despotism.” He sincerely believes, in
trained by Metternich, Bismarck, and William common with many Americans, that wars will
II, and intellectually by Hegel, Treitschke, and cease with the disappearance of dynasties. If his
their disciples, could only play its part as a pro- book will enforce this illusion, its present value
tecting power of the dynasty.” This is the out- is questionable. It is not sufficient to paint Ger-
come on the one hand of a suppression of opinion man autocracy with lurid colors. If we are truly
hostile to the dynasty and on the other of a gov- anxious to preserve democracy, we must ask the
ernmental encouragement and subsidy of think question, Why have the German people sub-


1917]
517
THE DIAL
mitted to the Hohenzollerns? Why have they
Gothic Architecture
manifested no more discontent under a dynastic
absolutism than have many Americans with a THE SUBSTANCE OF GOTHIC. By Ralph Adams
representative system? The explanation is not
Cram. (Marshall Jones Company; $1.50.)
found exclusively in the standing army and a rule
These six lectures, given during the winter of
1916-7 in the Lowell Institute course, in Boston,
of fear, but in the careful attention given to the
economic and social welfare of the German citi-
present Mr. Cram at his boldest and best. Astride
zen. The happiness of a civilized people is most
his favorite charger, Mediævalism, incased in the
intimately related to its industrial organization, shining armor of his enthusiasms and his abhor-
and although we may condemn the German feu-
rences, wielding the Excalibur of his wisdom and
dal political structure, we should not hesitate to
his wit, he pursues the dragon of Modernism over
imitate its concern for the well-being of the indi-
Europe and adown the centuries by way of the
vidual. Unless democracies supply an equality abbeys, churches, and cathedrals he knows and
of economic as well as political opportunity, they
loves so well.
are democracies in name alone, and the funda-
A great many people, because they do not
mental duty of Americans while waging this war
agree with him, refuse to take Mr. Cram
seriously; but he is a potent force, a very palpable
is not to rage blindly at the Kaiser but to actual-
fact. The war is an eloquent commentary on
ize the principles in which we profess belief.
Once we attempt this, we shall see the futility tion; that its high gods are tottering to their
his main contention, that materialism is devolu-
of a universal nostrum for the world disease.
fall; that we stand on the threshold of an age
What does it mean to say a nation is an inter-
national menace? Ultimately, does it not imply naturally distrusts the special pleader, particularly
of faith, which will express itself in beauty. One
that the individuals which constitute nations are
imperiled in their development? This suggests
if he be eloquent, as is Mr. Cram; but in his
that the time has come when we should cease
exaltation of the culture of the Middle Ages,
thinking exclusively either in nationalistic or
cooler heads than his concur that the weight of
evidence is all on his side. According to his view,
international terms; rather we should use the
Gothic architecture is the all-sufficient answer
distributive welfare of mankind as a standard
to all our claims to a superiority of culture.
with which to test the effectiveness of both
"Efficiency” is only a sign of civilization, a thing
national and international organizations. The
with which culture has nothing whatever to do.
Coming Democracy will be, then, such an organi-
Although in this book Mr. Cram uses Gothic
zation both within and between states as will
architecture so largely as a stick to beat a dog with,
give to the individual a freedom for the develop-
he has nevertheless produced the best and most
ment of his powers, and will substitute the
interesting short, non-technical history of the
principle of coöperation for that of force and coer-
cion. If this be true, the overthrow of the style that it has been the reviewer's pleasure to
encounter. And he has been able to do this so
Hohenzollerns is not a complete assurance of the
easily and so well, first, because he speaks of what
future. It is Fernau's naïve assumption that
he knows and loves, and second, because he has
wars are caused solely by dynastic ambition which
makes his book inadequate in the present exig-
not been guilty of the error of isolating his his-
tory of the building impulse from that of the
ency. Should the conclusion of the war substi-
tute a rivalry of capitalistic interests for dynastic
life impulse, but has kept constantly before him
ambitions, we shall have made the familiar leap
the fact that the one is only the manifestation
of the other.
from the frying pan into the fire. Wars will
persist until there is removed the present tempta-
Mr. Cram writes not alone from the point of
view of an ardent Gothicist, but from that of an
tion for political domination and trade expansion
ardent churchman as well, and this contributes
to go hand in hand. A monopoly of international
both to the strength and to the weakness of his
opportunities is no different in principle from
special business privileges within states. Regu-
book—to its strength because he has so keen and
constant a realization of the nobility and vitality
lated behavior and equality of opportunity must
of the essential spirit of Catholicism; to its weak-
supersede international cut-throat competition
ness because all those who fail or have failed of
before nations “shall beat their swords into
that realization are to him either heretics,
ploughshares, and their spears into pruning- heathen, or pagans, bent on establishing the king-
hooks."
V. T. THAYER. dom of Satan upon earth. Paradoxically, iron-


518
[November 22
THE DIAL
ically, intolerance was and is the indelible stain Personalities of a Half-Century
upon the white robe of the Church. The hunt-
ing down of heresies and the persecution of REMINISCENCES OF A LITERARY LiFe. By Charles
heretics has ever been a part of its activities.
MacFarlane, 1799-1858, Author and Traveller.
With an introduction by John F. Tattersall.
If it is maintained that this is necessary to the (Charles Scribner's Sons; $3.50.)
existence of any religion, one has only to look About two years ago Mr. Frank Woore, an
for refutation to Buddhism, with its wise and
antiquarian bookseller of St. Peter's Street, Der-
gentle tolerance for alien faiths. Ask the av- by, bought "at a country sale, among a num-
erage Catholic priest about Buddha and he will
ber of old ledgers and account books .. two
tell you that Buddha was a false god of the quarto manuscript volumes containing the rem-
heathens; ask a Buddhist priest about Christ and iniscences of Charles MacFarlane." A small
he will place him among the great hierarchy of part of the manuscript was in MacFarlane's
spiritual teachers of mankind.
own writing; for the rest a number of amanu-
If Catholicism, as Mr. Cram hopes, and half enses had been employed. Mr. John F. Tatter-
believes, is to effect the spiritual regeneration of sall was given a sight of these volumes, and has
civilized society after the war, it must become now edited them for the public. His work as
catholic in fact as well as in name. To the editor, he informs us, has consisted in the omis-
reviewer it seems quite as probable that a war- sion of a few entries of minor interest or of a
weary world will turn for healing to the secret nature to give pain to living representatives of
and sacred wisdom of the immemorial East, the persons referred to, in the arrangement of
treasured for centuries in the brooding bosom of the material, and in the correction of errors made
Asia. Then indeed we shall find that West is by the amanuenses without the author's having
East, and East is West, after centuries of mutual had an opportunity to revise.
misunderstanding.
MacFarlane has been all but forgotten, even
In either case the world will not be the loser, by the students of the literature of the period.
for if its soul awakes, stirred and summoned by Yet in his day he was a man of considerable
whatever "righteous and eternal forces," the prominence. He was born in 1799, spent the
flower of great art will blossom again, to be happiest years of his life (1816-1827) at Na-
the vehicle of these forces. Science, now organ- ples, visited Greece and Turkey, returned to Lon-
ized so largely in the service of death, will become
don in 1829, associated personally with nearly
the handmaiden of beauty, inaugurating another all the conspicuous people of the time, married,
of those wondrous epochs of free-flowing life of begot children, fell on evil days, was admitted
which ruined Rheims has come to be the sad and a "Poor Brother" to the Charterhouse in
eloquent symbol. The German cannon which
1857, and died the following year. His literary
aimed to obliterate that solid and serene rebuke works, of which a list, compiled by himself, is
to all their frightfulness have acted instead as so given in an appendix, were of a miscellaneous
many pointed forefingers to make men see and
character, but for the most part comprise travel
remember the real and eternal issues raised by sketches, historical writings, and three "historical
the war. This is Mr. Cram's valedictory on that tales," one of which, Mr. Tattersall conjectures,
phase of art of which Rheims is a supreme may have given Kingsley the idea for “Here-
example:
ward the Wake."
Gothic art had done its work; it had given immortal
The present volume, published sixty years
form to Christian civilization, and it passed with the
splendid thing it had so faithfully served.
It can
after the demise of the author, was not meant
never come back, at least with the life and power by MacFarlane to be put into print immedi-
which were its own. . Whether its spirit comes
ately. He composed it partly to cheer his soli-
back to express, in some new series of forms, the
righteous and eternal forces that made the Mediaeval
tude, partly with the thought that it might some
man and the Mediaeval State, depends on the answer day be published, and partly that it might be
the world gives to the great question propounded by
prized as an heirloom by his eldest son, an officer
the War.
in the British army.
The interest of Mr. Cram's book lies, not in
It was begun in 1855.
the picture he draws of the splendor of mediæval-
The author's purpose may be given in his own
ism as expressed in its architecture, masterly as
words:
that picture is, but in its foreshadowing of a pic- It has been my fortune, both at home and abroad,
ture still to be painted on the blank canvas of
to be thrown among very many remarkable persons,
of some of whom the world still talks and writes,
the future years.
CLAUDE BRAGDON.
and will continue to talk and write. I will say my
as


1917]
519
THE DIAL
.
say of these, and give some of their sayings and liarities, yet asserts that the poet "never could
doings. I have never Boswellized; I have never
have been taken for anything but a true thor-
thought it fair to go from a man's table straight
to one's diary, and before his dinner be digested or oughbred English gentleman," and adds: “He
the flavour of his claret passed away, to sit down and was all over feeling, and all his feelings were
enregister all that he has been saying in the confi-
of the acutest sort. Had he not been drowned
dence or carelessness of conviviality. But though I
took no “notes," I pondered over and treasured what as he was, he never could have lasted; the bright,
I heard-as also what I saw-and as .my memory sharp sword had already outworn the scabbard.
has been very retentive, I think that I may report
with tolerable accuracy. I cannot promise to myself
. . His was never atheism, but a sort of inde-
that in these souvenirs I shall be always and in- scribable pantheism... Perishing as he did, he
variably eulogistic... De mortuis nil nisi bonum
is a benevolent-looking maxim, but it will not do in
was getting his philosophy and his religion all
practice; it would be the death of history, of bio-
right." Keats, he declares, "could hardly see a
graphy, of anecdote.
London street row without the impulsive wish
Of anecdote-of pleasantly told gossip—there to be in the midst of it. . . He was one of the
is no dearth in the volume. A rapid reading of most cheery and plucky little fellows I ever
the 300 pages is not only a recreation in itself, knew. .. I rather think that what I most ad-
but a reminder of the personal characteristics of mired in Keats were his pluck and thorough
the men of that time and of the tangled inter- abhorrence of what-after my friend Thomas
relations of these men with one another. Our Carlyle—we now call ‘shams.'” He assures us
memories grow hazy on such points as the jeals that Moore "was thoroughly a manly fellow,
ousy of Rogers ("Old Sam") toward Sydney and except on certain rare occasions, utterly de-
Smith, the wearisome and boastful loquacity of void of pretension and affectation"—an assur-
the other Sidney Smith (the savior of Acre), the ance the latter part of which the reader of the
rudeness of Rogers to Lamartine in calling Bé- melodist's journal will perhaps modify a little.
ranger "the greatest poet of modern France," the The senescent Godwin he pictures as more human
feud between Leigh Hunt and Tom Moore, the than we might have surmised, and he throws in
perennial borrowing by Mrs. Leigh Hunt of five
the touching sentence: “I rather fancied that
pounds from Carlyle; but MacFarlane reac- he liked me because I had known poor Shelley and
quaints us, or newly acquaints us, with these mat- his wife." He finds sterling qualities in Beau
ters. Of his lighter gossip an example is this Brummell. He shows anew how genuinely the
incident "after a very jovial dinner at Old John great-hearted Scott was affected by his environ-
Murray's"-King John's:
ment. He deplores the impression that Words-
Theodore Hook was called upon to sing one of his worth, in his later years, "was a circumspect,
improvised songs. He was in “keff” and in vein; he cold-hearted man.” Most delightful of all his
sang three songs in succession, and really excelled
portraits is that of Hartley Coleridge, of which
himself. [The conceited Thomas] Campbell, con-
siderably more than three-fourths "fou," went off into no adequate idea may be had unless the reader
an ecstasy, and taking his wig off his head, he threw consults it for himself.
it across the table at Theodore, shouting, “There, you
MacFarlane cherishes few grudges. He read-
dog! Take my laurels! They are yours! The laugh-
ter was uproarious. . . Washington Irving laughed
ily forgives Charles Knight, who brought him
until his sides ached, and then with a sly, demure
to financial ruin. Yet he sometimes interprets
face told Campbell that he had never before fancied harshly. He is severe toward Campbell, unspar-
those poetical locks were not of his own growth. ing of De Quincey, vindictive toward Harriet
But light, frothy comment is not all. Mac- Martineau and Macaulay. "Of the ill-favoured,
Farlane was a man of cultivated mind, was a dogmatizing, masculine spinster” he quotes ap-
fit associate of the varied personalities with whom provingly the dictum of John Wilson Croker in
he had contact. The chief value of his book lies the "Quarterly": "The false, foul, and unfem-
in his reaction to those personalities. And along inine pen of Miss Martineau.”
" His acquaint-
with his easy-going chatter about them goes an ance with Impey, whom Macaulay pillories in
instinct for discerning the things which are char- the essay on Warren Hastings, and with many
acteristic, revealing. He perceives that the of the documents in the case, may account in
graceful turn which Sir Thomas Lawrence part for his virulence toward the "right hon.
would give a letter to a tailor-a turn as elegant lampooner ... whom people persist in calling
a
as if he meant the letter for a duchess is a the Historian, although with him History is little
symbol of the painter's pride in doing everything more than a romance and a political satire."
thoroughly. In Shelley he sees personal pecu- But the surer clue lies elsewhere. MacFarlane,


520
[November 22
THE DIAL
)
travelled and experienced as he was, was pro- unifying forces have been at work during this
nouncedly conservative. He hated any signs of quarter-century, and particularly since 1914, and
departure from Anglicanism, he loathed the the question of the future relations of the two
Whigs, he looked upon the passage of the Re- peoples has taken on an entirely different aspect.
form Bill as an event which would send the It is not assumed that a political reunion is any
country and the future to the dogs. It seems more feasible to-day than it was in 1894, and
hard for him, with all his personal charity, to Mr. Beer does not undertake to discuss that ques-
do justice to a man of liberal temper. Not that tion. But he does seek to explain (to use his
he was as reactionary as many other men of the own words) "the advisability and necessity of a
age. Yet he was reactionary enough for us to coöperative democratic alliance of all the Eng-
have doubts about his fairness to Pole-loving lish-speaking peoples, from which may possibly
Campbell ("Freedom shrieked when Kosciuszko in time be developed such a new type of perma-
fell"), to De Quincey with his "solemn cant,'
nent political association."
to religion - baiting, political - economy - lauding
The discussion begins with a trenchant analy-
Harriet Martineau, to Macaulay the Whig, and
sis of the shortcomings of the modern system of
the rest. And we should give greater weight to
sovereign states—a system which the writer
his approval of Shelley, Wordsworth, and God-
frankly characterizes as "international anarchy."
win if he did not himself assure us that Shelley Not only is the present cataclysm the outcome
was becoming orthodox, Wordsworth was no
of a system which sets off nations one against
longer given to indiscretions, and Godwin had
another and enshrouds interstate intercourse
lost his religious and political radicalism. Hon-
with a "murky atmosphere of fear and suspi-
est and candid as MacFarlane is, we must reckon
cion," but so long as the community of states
with this bias in his nature in deciding whether
remains unorganized, the “will to war" of one
his interpretation of a given personality is just of its members will always be able to thwart
and sound.
GARLAND GREEVER. the pacific purposes of the majority. Interna-
tional law, arbitral machinery, "ententes," and
understandings—all must fail to save the world
A Nucleus of World Organization from being a great armed camp, so long as the
a
nations refuse to yield their jealous separatism
The ENGLISH-SPEAKING PEOPLES. Their Future and to give up the notion that they, as sovereign
Relations and Joint International Obligations.
states, must demand from their citizens supreme
By George Louis Beer. (The Macmillan Co.;
$1.50.)
and undivided dedication. It is plausibly argued
Now and again the full-flowing stream of war that no nation, particularly under present-day
literature bears to the reviewer's desk a volume conditions, can really be fully self-controlling
of substantial and lasting worth. Such a book
.
(that is, fully sovereign), and that a more gen-
is Mr. Beer's “English-Speaking Peoples," con- eral recognition of this fact would have the
taining the most penetrating analysis of past and wholesome effect of causing states to relax their
present Anglo-American relations that has yet rigid attitudes toward their neighbors.
been made, and discussing with peculiar sanity Mr. Beer's main point is that this sort of re-
the future duties and dealings of the several laxation is to be expected first from nations that
great branches of the English-speaking family. have longest been on good terms, and that have
Upwards of twenty-five years ago the question most in common. The English-speaking nations
of a formal political connection between the Brit- best meet this condition; hence the plea is for the
ish Empire and the United States was debated initiation of the new type of internationalism by
with much seriousness in certain circles on both and among these nations. Gradually, it is hoped,
sides of the Atlantic. The final word was ut- the idea will commend itself elsewhere; and
tered by Captain A. T. Mahan in a thoughtful finally the whole civilized world may attain such
essay wherein he laid all due stress on the nu- a measure of organization as to make great catas-
merous and important bonds of sympathy and trophes like the present war forever impossible.
interest between the English and the American The major portion of the book is taken up with
peoples, but declared that the ground was not a description of our foreign policy before and
yet prepared "in the hearts and understandings" during the war, and with an inquiry into the ex-
of Americans, and probably not in those of Brit- tent and character of the unity of the English-
ish citizens. As Mr. Beer rightly says, strong speaking peoples, with a view to ascertaining


1917]
521
THE DIAL
how far these peoples now are from the mu-
international organization having as its object
tually trustful attitude required for the inter- the discouragement of war.
national reorganization that is advocated. The Mr. Beer's argument is logical and forceful.
judgment passed on the American policy of sep- He has scrupulous regard for the facts of history
aratism is severe. “Almost, if not equally, as dis- and economics; his views are the outcome of a
astrous to the civilization of the world as are lifetime of study of British imperial and colonial
the aims and acts of Germany, was the tradi- affairs and of international politics. Many, per-
tional attitude of the United States which, im- haps most, of his readers will shrink from his
mersed in concern for its own peace and liberty, conclusions. Even to-day the proposal that the
had until 1917 adhered to a policy of 'no for- United States adopt a settled policy of foreign
eign entanglements' outside the western hemi- alliances is somewhat startling. But no one will
sphere that is tantamount to a repudiation of be justified in withholding from this book the
all responsibility for maintaining justice and tribute of candid and thoughtful consideration.
right in interstate relations other than such as To a world in chaos such a piece of constructive
directly affected the American continents.” The reasoning and planning should be welcome.
United States is, accordingly, held to a degree of
FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG.
negative responsibility for the present war, and it
is declared that the contest has given the death
blow to the country's cherished policy of isolation
The Story of a Failure
by demonstrating—what ought to have been
plain before—that the traditional course of non-
THE RISE OF DAVID LEVINSKY. By Abraham
intervention is impossible in a highly interdepen- Cahan. (Harper & Brothers; $1.60.)
dent world.
Fifteen or twenty years ago there appeared
In the author's opinion, the time has come for in the magazines some remarkable stories of the
a permanent English-speaking alliance—an alli- East Side of New York by Abraham Cahan.
ance not of Great Britain and the United States They were not of the crudely comic type of
alone, but of all the English-speaking peoples of Potash and Perlmutter, nor were they in the
the world, so that the great self-governing do-
somewhat finer mood of sentimental humor which
minions of Canada, Australia, and South Africa made the late Myra Kelly deservedly popular.
will have their clearly defined and proper places They were humorous and pathetic in a quiet,
in it. In a final chapter the reasons for such an compelling way, with a gentle austerity of tone
alliance are succinctly set forth. They run sub-
even less familiar to American readers then than
stantially as follows: (1) the English-speaking it is in the days of the Russian invasion. Mr.
peoples have a deep and lasting inheritance of
Howells praised these stories and he and others
common speech, ideas, institutions, purposes, and
in editorial authority encouraged the author to
write more.
methods; (2) upon them will fall, in a peculiar
A career in the pleasant art of
degree, the task of economic rehabilitation after
fiction was open to Mr. Cahan. But he with-
drew from it and, so far as I know, he has
the war, requiring the closest coöperation; (3)
written no more stories for at least ten years.
their security is dependent on a preponderance
He has devoted his energy to building up the
of sea power, which they can more economically
great Jewish daily "Forward," which is not only
maintain in collaboration than separately; (4)
the voice of the East Side, but a powerful vehicle
the two fundamentals of American foreign pol- of social and political ideals that have not yet
icy which are likely to survive the present con- penetrated the capitalistic sanctums of Times
Aict—that is, the Monroe Doctrine and Chinese Square and Nassau Street.
integrity—have heretofore been powerfully sup- Now, as he approaches sixty, Mr. Cahan gives
ported by British good-will, and can best be
us this solid, mature novel, into which are com-
maintained in the future with the aid of that pacted the reflections of a lifetime. The notice
valuable force; (5) the alliance would mean an on the wrapper calls it “a story of success in
accumulation of strength such as would avert the turmoil of American life." Probably the
the danger of preparedness in any of the coun- writer of those words intended to help the book
tries growing into militarism; (6) the English- by the appeal which "success" makes to the
speaking peoples must form the central element American mind, for no reader, not even a pub-
in a League to Enforce Peace, or any similar lisher's clerk, could miss the immense irony of
a
>


522
[November 22
THE DIAL
as
man
the story. It is indeed the story of a failure. less operation, as expressed by a great poet through
The vanity of great riches was never set forth a young critic, of holding "the mirror up to
with more searching sincerity. The helplessness nature.” Nature in a mirror is just nature, not
of the individual, even the strong and prosperous, nature thought out, excogitated, turned to human
in the economic whirlpool, the loneliness and uses, interpreted in human words. And this is
disillusionment only partly assuaged by pride in the place to say that Mr. Cahan knows how to
commercial achievement, the sacrifice of the intel- use words. There are no great phrases in this
lectual life to the practical, these are the funda- book. A simple and intellectually) honest busi-
mental themes of the book. Levinsky, with the ness man writing his autobiography would not
instincts of a scholar and a desire for the finest use a great phrase; such a phrase might issue from
things in life, is swept into business by circum- some enviable person in that intellectual life
stances which he hardly understands himself and from which Levinsky was excluded. But there
against which he is powerless; once in the game is no banal or inept phrase. Such a man
he makes the most of his abilities, but he never Mr. Cahan intends Levinsky to be, a
ceases to regard his visible good fortune as poor trained in the Talmud, which means verbal
compensation for the invisible things he has sense, and hammered by the facts of life, which
missed. His wealth forces him to associate with means a sense of reality, and a wistful failure,
all that is vulgar and acquisitive in Jewry and which means imaginative retrospection, says
isolates him from all that is idealistic. He finds things in a direct, firm, accurate style. There is
that he cannot even speak the language of the no lack of emotion; strong feeling, expressed or
woman he most admires. Worse still, he is out implied, runs through the book from beginning
of sympathy with the aspirations of millions of to end. But there is a complete absence of elo-
poor Jews from whose ranks he has sprung. He quence, a deliberate refraining from emphasis,
has no sympathy with those who would break an even manner of setting forth ideas and events
the game up or make new rules, yet he sees that impartially for the value inherent in them, an
the game is hardly worth playing, even for the admirable method, the method of a philosophic
winner. "Success! Success! Success! It was artist. Here is life; some of it is good, some of
the almighty goddess of the hour. Thousands of it is bad; it is all somewhat pitiable, to be laughed
new fortunes were advertising her gaudy splen- at rather than cried over; nobody is deserving of
dors. Newspapers, magazines, and public speeches indignant blame or abuse. It is our business to
were full of her glory, and he who found favor understand it as well as we can; and though we
in her eyes found favor in the eyes of man." never can see it in its entirety or with complete
The portrait of David Levinsky is a portrait clearness, if we make an honest effort to record
of society, not simply of the Jewish section of events and delineate personalities, the events will
it, or of New York, but of American business. arrange themselves in a more or less intelligible
And business is business whether done by Jew sequence, and the personalities will be their
or Gentile. If Levinsky is a triumphant failure, own commentary upon themselves. An obvious
he is so because American business, which shaped method, but you will read many a book to find
him to its ends, is, viewed from any decent one skilful application of it.
regard for humanity, a miserable monster of suc- It seems to me the method most often employed
Not that Levinsky is an abstraction, or and carried to the highest degree of perfection
that the novelist is forcing a thesis. Far from
Far from by the great Russians. I am driven to the timid-
it. The personality of Mr. Levinsky is as sharply ity of "seems" by my friend H. L. Mencken,
individualized as the hero of Meredith's "One of who reminds us in his bluff-calling manner that
Our Conquerors," though with a different kind we do much talking about Russian novels with-
of subtlety, the subtlety not of detached analysis, out having read many of them or understanding
but of naïvely simple self-revelation, which of what we have read. But better-informed critics
course is not so simple as it sounds.
than I have noted that one characteristic of the
Mr. Cahan is an artist; he knows how to Russian novel is a benevolent impartiality in its
think through his characters, by letting them do treatment of all kinds of people and a calm con-
the thinking, as if it were their affair and not templation of events horrible, gay, sad, comic. A
his. At the same time he does not perform (nor revolutionist can portray, in fiction, a commis-
does any other artist) that foolish and meaning- sioner of police, whom in real life he would be
cess.


1917]
523
THE DIAL
row
.
willing to kill, with a fairness that is more than
Jacob Tonson
fair, with a combination of Olympian serenity
and human sympathy. He can be a virulent BOOKS AND Persons. By Arnold Bennett. (George
propagandist when he is writing pamphlets, and
H. Doran Co.; $2.)
when he writes fiction he can forget his propa-
Here you are face to face with a professional
ganda or subdue it to art, that is, to a balanced
—“a tremendous and omniscient expert," to bor-
sense of life.
A remarkable case is Tolstoy's
one of Arnold Bennett's own thumping
"Resurrection.” Tolstoy had given up art as a
phrases. In our American world of salesmen and
bad job and had been for years a zealous prop-
brokers, Mr. Bennett would indubitably have
agandist, benevolent and philosophic, to be sure,
been known as a "live wire." Easy to imagine
but exaggerated and distorted. He had fallen other brokers hanging on his lips, waiting for
under the influence of Henry George and the
the golden word that might turn out to be an
single-tax idea (because he, like George, lived in
invaluable tip and the first stage on the road
a country where the chief economic problem was
to fortune. I do not mean to be disrespectful;
agrarian). When he came to write "Resurrec-
I mean to be complimentary. Mr. Bennett has
tion," he made his hero a protagonist of the
taken the trouble to know his business from the
single-tax theory. A propagandist who was not
ground up rather than from the clouds down,
an artist would have made that theory succeed
and that in itself is quite sufficient to give any
in the book. Success in fiction is cheap and easy.
real artist distinction in the world of letters.
But Tolstoy, an artist—that is, a man with a
He knows the technical side and the publishing
feeling for the facts of life-made the idea fail side, and he has taken the trouble to formulate
before the conservatism of the peasants whom the
a pretty definite notion of the public for which
idea was intended to benefit. That is honesty
he writes. He is sufficiently alive to be keenly
in art.
and not superciliously interested in all the gossip
When I say that Mr. Cahan's novel sounds going, and he does not pretend to disdain trivial-
like a good translation of a Russian novel, and
ities. He did not begin to be an artist by the
that he is a disciple of the Russian novelists, I
aristocratic process of exclusion or elimination,
accuse him of the crime of being an artist and a
and even if we are obliged to regard his peculiar
seer. As a matter of biography, he is a child of
case as one of the happy cases of dual personality
Russian literature. And that is why his novel,
and to think of him as, so to speak, a two-fisted
written in faultless English, is a singular and soli-
writer, that doesn't in the least invalidate the
tary performance in American fiction. If that message he has to give to the novice. That most
strange demand for "the" or "a great American
novices will be inclined to mistake his sanity for
novel," a demand which is at once foolish and
cynicism and resent the cool grays in his picture
the expression of a justifiably proud feeling that a
of the literary life, makes no difference what-
big country ought to have big books, is to be
satisfied, perhaps we shall have to ask an East
The base on which Mr. Bennett's talent rests
Side Jew to write it for us. That would be an
is common sense. Some people complain that
interesting phenomenon for some future Profes- that is precisely what is the matter with him,
sor Wendell to deal with in a History of Ameri-
by which they mean to indicate, I suppose, that
can Literature. And by the way, Mr. Cahan is a
his work is not sufficiently irradiated with imag-
competent critic. I hope he will give us not only ination. They feel cheated, let down, forced to
more novels, but a study of Russian literature live too much on one plane and in the mood
for the enlightenment of the American mind. of Monday morning. Well, I confess that one
I remember with gratitude an article of his
does feel that sometimes in the novels, especially
which I read when I was even more ignorant
in the famous trilogy; there are vast, arid
than I am now, on the modern successors to the
stretches in "Hilda Lessways" and I think there
group of Titans, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoev-
are some even in "The Old Wives' Tale." There
sky. He put Maxim Gorky in his place and
is often something mechanical and galvanic about
the simulation of romantic ecstasy—especially
told us (this was before the Russian invasion)
when it is a question of the illusions of youth.
about Andreyev and Chekhov. If Mr. Cahan
The exclamation point bends under the burden it
will write a book on Russian literature, I will
do my best to establish him in his merited place always recognizes a work of authentic imagina-
has to support. But as critic, Mr. Bennett almost
in American literature.
John Macy. tion when he sees it; nor is his enthusiasm
a
ever.


524
[November 22
THE DIAL
nia.”
rendered less happily infectious by the fact that We are working now into the region of Mr.
he tolerates no nonsense and begins by as- Bennett's aversions. I have kept no count, but
suming that the production of masterpieces is my impression is that the aversions are more
something more than "inspirational hypersthe- numerous than the enthusiasms in this collection,
and there can be no doubt at all that they are
The present volume is made up of selections more vivacious. His judgments of doom are
from the causeries he contributed to “The New "short and shattering." "Take the case of Ar-
Age” during the years 1908-11, under the name thur Christopher Benson-a shining mark who
of "Jacob Tonson.” The range is considerable, has come off unscathed under a shower of arrows.
giving Mr. Bennett's reactions to publishers, the “Much if not most of the 'Thread of Gold' is
public, the literary agent, the prevalence of cant,
merely absurd. Soine of it is pretentious, some
and so on; but I think the book is chiefly inter- of it is inept. All of it is utterly banal. All of
esting as a record of the casual judgments- it has the astounding calm assurance of medi-
casual in form only—of a tremendous expert on ocrity. It is a solemn thought that tens of thou-
his fellow-craftsmen. Such judgments are always sands of well-dressed mortals alive and idle to-day
immensely stimulating even if they aren't (as consider themselves to have been uplifted by the
Mr. Bennett is fond of pretending) the only perusal of this work." With Mr. Benson one
judgments worth listening to. They are usually may loosely lump such other aversions as Mrs.
more provocative and enlivening than elaborate Humphry Ward, Marie Corelli, and Elinor Glyn
criticism, for they may be-as these are quite -all incomparable idols of the book-reading
—
innocent of rhetoric, and rhetoric can be an ap- mob, the mob, in this sense, being composed of
palling spoil-sport. It suggests embalming Auid. the "superior stolid comfortable," the middle-
The liveliest idea, treated with rhetoric, often class props of the status quo and the invincible
takes on the vacuous placidity of a corpse. Here, enemies of progress and art. How they dote on
on the other hand, we get the writer's enthu- elegance! The elegant emotions of Mrs. Ward's
siasms and exasperations, his forethoughts and heroines, and the elegant upholstery and language
afterthoughts, and even his profanity. All of of Elinor Glyn's. As for Mrs. Ward, she knows
which is precisely as it should be in a causerie her business; her novels are possibly "the best
that is often no more than an expanded para- stuff now being swallowed by the uneducated
graph.
public; and they deal with the governing classes ;
So far as Mr. Bennett's enthusiasms are con- and when you have said that you have said all.
cerned, most of them were quite easy for a man Nothing truly serious can happen in them. It
of taste writing in 1908—Chekhov, Dostoevsky, is all make-believe. No real danger of the truth
Conrad (whom he only, to be sure, defends
about life . . I should think not indeed!"
against the ineptitude of the "Athenæum"), The chief remaining aversion of Mr. Bennett
H. G. Wells. What he says about Mr. Ches- is the mandarin, and the most mandarinic of the
terton seems to me altogether just and not too mandarins is for him the professor. Here Mr.
severe; Mr. Chesterton's dogmatic orthodoxy, Bennett assumes the posture of the professional
coming at this time of day, stamps his mind, heaping scorn on the amateur. Churton Collins
for all its brilliancy, as second-rate. (Since the is his particular bête noire. “He had acquired
beginning of the war it has been absolutely third- much learning. Indeed, I should suppose that
rate, when it hasn't been in abeyance.) Nor on the subject of literature he was the most
are his remarks on the later Rudyard Kipling too learned man in Britain. Unfortunately, he was
drastic. Some would object to them as socio- quite bereft of original taste. The frown-
logical. The crux of the matter is Kipling's at- ing structure of his vast knowledge overawed
titude to the English land system. “To read many people, but it never overawed an artist-
this story one could never guess that the English unless the artist was excessively young and naïve.”
land system is not absolutely ideal, that tenants And Mr. Bennett goes on “de-classing the whole
and hereditary owners do not live always in a professorial squad—Bradley, Herford, Dowden,
delightful patriarchal relation, content. There Walter Raleigh, Elton, Saintsbury. The first
are no shadows whatever.” But what Mr. Ben- business of any writer, and especially of any crit-
nett is objecting to is not Kipling's tory com- ical writer, is not to be mandarinic and tedious,
placency; it is his blindness-a very serious and these lecturers have not yet learnt that first
disability in an artist.
business."


1917]
525
THE DIAL
a
Not envy
Indeed, Mr. Bennett's attitude to all criticism,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
whether mandarinic or not, is frankly aristocratic.
PORTRAITS AND PROTESTS.
The critic wants the special insight and sympa-
By Sarah N.
Cleghorn. Holt; $1.25.
thy that belongs to the "creative artist," and
without that he is simply bound to flounder;
As a poet Miss Cleghorn's gift is a slender one,
and lies rather in intention than in accomplish-
above all, he is bound to arrive late at the feast.
ment. Her subject matter is usually fit for
Mr. Bennett's ostentatious and persistent appro- lyrical treatment, whether it is the picture of a
priation of the title “creative artist” is not un- girl or a landscape or even a little social irony.
suggestive of swank, a form of self-indulgence But her manner of handling these themes is too
with which he is on intimate terms, as he has completely conventional to be poetic. While the
shown conclusively in more than one novel. verses have all a distinct personal accent, they fail
That is not, however, the whole story. No! adequately to convey emotion. This is partly
If he is hard on the professor here and harsh
due to the fact that the author clings to lilting
elsewhere with the dilettante,—the man who
measures, intelligible for "Margerita Singing
Ballads,” but not for “Jane Addams,” that she
knows more and talks better than any creative
uses inversion frequently, permits her metrical
artist, it is not altogether because he objects
feet to stumble, and has a rather tiresome fond-
to the genteel tradition in criticism. Impossible ness for flounces and roundabouts. The lack of
to acquit him of a touch of envy.
intensity is perhaps also due to Miss Cleghorn's
of the professor's gentility or of his eminence, austere passion for New England. The portion
but envy solely of the blissful amplitude of his of the book called “Protests” has more of prop-
leisure. What a chance to read books, all the aganda value than of warm human anger in it,
books there are! Some, perhaps most, creative
and the occasional humor is as dry as the air
of Vermont. An instance of lyrism exceptional
artists are quite innocent of any such
envy;
Arnold Bennett, however, is really a bookman
for the volume is this:
Fields of fireflies
and there is not a little evidence that he has
Wheel all night like stars above the wheat.
had to remind himself now and then that the
But this note on George Herbert is more
main business of the writer is to write and not
characteristic:
to read. Such things are naturally irritating. He led the wanton English Muse to church:
GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN.
The lovely pagan Muse, "well drest and clad."
Several of the poems show a kinship with the
shrewd talent of Emily Dickinson, but not her
genius. The difference is significant: where the
Night on the Beach
latter was, even on her intellectual altitudes, com-
municative, Miss Cleghorn remains merely
A bare spit of sand
expressive.
Stretches out to the dark;
At the border of it, houses:
NEW ZEALAND IN EVOLUTION. By G. H.
Sparse-scattered blocks of obscurity.
Scholefield. New Edition. Scribner; $1.75.
At the edge of it, night,
And a surging, a moaning,
"You can't tell," as the admirable Crichton
Something clutching hard at the edge of the sand,
of Mr. Barry remarked, "what will happen on
Something sliding in terror away.
an island.” New Zealand is the most insular
of civilized countries. It is 4000 miles from
Two people drift past,
South America, the nearest continental land
Talking in low voices;
area, and it is divided from Australia by “an
They are lost, blurred shadows
uninterrupted moat twelve hundred miles in
In the grey flatness.
width at its narrowest part." And a great many
The heavy clouds hang in the sky
things have been happening in New Zealand.
As if they dared not go further ;
During the last seventy-five years the islands
A wind scurries hastily over the sand and then have been a sort of political experiment station
stops.
for the rest of the world. In 1840 European
And beyond,
civilization was represented by a handful of
There is something great heaving and clutching, pioneers and perhaps 60,000 savages, among
And stretching out endlessly.
whom cannibalism was not yet extinct. To-day
Something greater than man,
New Zealand is a commonwealth of a million
Something empty of life,
middle-class souls living under the most ad-
Something changeless and old and alone.
vanced democracy in the world. Within this
JOHN GOULD FLETCHER. brief period this little island nation has faced


526
[November 22
THE DIAL
and, humanly speaking, has solved most of the suspected persons into jail under the pretense
problems that older peoples are reluctantly be- of benevolently protecting them from their own
ginning to consider.
It had a race problem, latent tendencies to evil, and in jail they remain
which it "solved” by guaranteeing to the natives until their errant impulses are overcome. The
their rights in the soil and making of them, like insufferable governmental conditions now existing
the Indians in Oklahoma, a landlord class. It in Belgium and, in a somewhat less degree, in
had a land problem, which it solved by a policy Germany itself, are plainly, with much docu-
which has tended to make great estates unprofit- mentary evidence, exposed to view; and finally
able and to discourage absentee ownership. It Goethe's Egmont is aptly quoted in behalf of
had a labor problem, which it met by the estab- his compatriots, the sturdy Belgians, in his elo-
lishment of a national labor bureau, a state quent protest against the tyrannical rule of Alba.
farm for the unemployed, and a system of com- Mr. H. G. Wright translates this little volume
pulsory arbitration.
from the Swedish.
It has had other problems, which it has met
by taking its coal mines under state control, by RUSSIA AS I Know It. By Harry de
the organization of a state life-insurance com- Windt, F.R.G.S. Lippincott; $3.
pany, the establishment of a state sawmill, and After all the conflicting reports and interpre-
by taking over the control of the national oyster tations of Russia, it is significant that so experi-
beds.
enced a traveller as Mr. de Windt, having already
Mr. Scholefield's book, which was written written "Siberia as It Is," should discreetly call
in 1909, is now published in a cheaper edition. this work “Russia as I Know It.” To have
At the time it was first published it was said, paralleled the former title would have been a
in spite of all that had been written on New hardy matter. In allowing the book to be pub-
Zealand, that nothing had been written which
lished in its present form, however, the author
gave at once a comprehensive and consistent ac- risks the charge of taking undue advantage of
count of the whole political and economic evo- the contemporary interest in things Russian.
lution of the island. This need the book met For, interesting as it is, the material shows every
and nothing has since been published to take evidence of having been collated with less thought
its place. There is a certain propriety, also, in of homogeneity than of producing a book that
the republication of the volume at this time,
would sell.
when the changes now going on in the political The arrangement of subjects is curious. The
and economic organization of the world make reader is taken from Petrograd to Moscow, then
the description of New Zealand's bold experi-
to Finland and over to Siberia, back to Kiev,
ments in democracy, interesting reading. down to the Crimea, and finally to the Caucasus.
Interspersed along the way are chapters on the
MILITARISM AT WORK IN BELGIUM AND moujik, the Cossack, diversions, food, and
GERMANY. By K. G. Ossiannilsson. Un- creeds.
win; 2s. 6d.
The author is at his best when he writes of
In his Flag Day address President Wilson the Russian. He pictures and characterizes,
made passing reference to the singular zest with
leaving the reader to interpret. His friend
which the German people seem to submit to
the moujik is the subject of a particularly
their present oppressive form of government.
illuminating chapter. One learns from it that
Possibly the zest is only apparent, and not real.
the Russian language is spoken all over the em-
Mr. Ossiannilsson depicts a highly organized pire (for such he still calls it) with the same
system of ruthless repression against which pro- purity of accent by plebeian and patrician alike,
test has small chance of rising above a whisper.
and that you can tell an aristocrat from a moujik
"Why has German Liberalism proved such an
more by his manners than by his speech. The
utter failure?” he asks. “Why is a double quar-
moujik has other excellent qualities. He is hos-
tet allowed to sing the part which ought to pitable, industrious, skilful, brave. Extenuation
resound with the full force of a massed choir? is found for his laxity of morals in his cramped
Is everything hypnotized by militarism? Is and insanitary housing conditions, and if his
Germany so united in wrong-doing as we are
clothing is unclean and vermin-infested, he at
made to fear and believe?" His reply is that least wars upon the parasites by subjecting them
the massed choir is only waiting for the leader's to a high temperature in the kitchen-stove oven.
baton, but that every potential leader is made According to his education and training he is
to disappear, in the trenches or prisons or else- quite an exemplary citizen, a contrast in a variety
where, as soon as the attempt to raise the baton of ways to the rich Siberian of whom the author
is ventured. That nefarious device of Prussian was once a guest. The Siberian owned priceless
statecraft known as Preventive Arrest throws pictures and other artistic treasures, horses and


1917]
527
THE DIAL
carriages, and conservatories of rare orchids. His come to regard this person as a symbol of some-
bedroom was furnished in Louis XV style by a thing abstract, he little by little loses conscious-
famous Parisian decorator, yet he slept every ness of the reality and consecrates himself to the
night, fully dressed, on three chairs.
cult of the symbol. Having reached this last
Evidently Mr. de Windt has not been in Russia stage, he believes, or tries to persuade himself,
very recently, for usually he tempers any positive that the whole experience has been an allegory."
statement regarding a condition that may have
been changed by the revolution with a footnote How TO STUDY ARCHITECTURE. Ву
or parenthesis such as “or was (or did) under Charles Henry Caffin. Dodd, Mead; $3.50.
the Empire.” It is difficult to believe, however, Mr. Caffin's object is to treat architecture as
that this care was exercised in the assertions that
a live art-one which grows out of both the
there are fifty breweries in operation throughout
needs and the ideals of life. He gives much
Finland, that the Russian ballet is the finest in
more heed than is common in books of this type
Europe, or that the revolutionary youth of both
to the considerations-religious, philosophical,
sexes are easily recognized, as they affect an eccen-
social, political, and economical—that have in-
tric style of dress. Enough of ante-bellum Russia
fluenced architecture among various peoples in
must of necessity remain, however, to give the
various ages; and he is constantly, consistently
book some lasting value in spite of its blemishes,
concerned with architectural works as organic
for it is mostly about people, and human nature
growths. His book, like most of its kind, labors
does not change with politics.
through the ages to bring things down to us and
to our day; what is aside from the main line of
The LADIES OF Dante's LYRICS. By advance to that goal is omitted. Thus the archi-
Charles Hall Grandgent. Harvard Uni- tecture of the Orient-China, Japan, India—is
versity Press; $1.35.
passed by: the gate recently opened to eastern
The most obvious parallels which come to
painting and other arts is not yet wide enough
one's mind in reading these studies are two
to admit eastern building. On the other hand,
works of Dante himself, the “New Life" and
Mr. Caffin has a sufficing chapter on Minoan
the "Banquet," where the poet frames a certain
architecture, based upon the excavations of Evans
number of his lyrics in a prose commentary.
and others in Crete; and thus he closes up the
Professor Grandgent has translated the major Egypt and that of Greece, besides accounting
hiatus long felt between the architecture of
ity of Dante's short poems, grouped them to
show their probable relation to one another, and
more clearly for remains like those at Mycenæ
surrounded them with all the exegesis that keen
and Tiryns. He endeavors to appraise the value
critical insight can offer. At first the reader is
of individual buildings, as well as of national
captivated by the charm of the style and the
schools of building, and he stands throughout
translations of the lyrics; it is only on reflec-
on the basis of organic structure and develop-
tion that he becomes aware of the masterly in-
ment. As but few peoples have been able to
terpretation, based on long study of all Dante's
compass in their architecture a happy balance of
works. In the first chapter, entitled "Violetta"
logical and emotional elements, Mr. Caffin now
and then is naturally "put to his stumps." Thus,
after one of the more shadowy of the ladies,
there is a discussion of Italian poetry contem-
Roman architecture, in its ästhetic aspects, was
porary with Dante and of the evolution in his largely an overlaying of native construction with
Greek decoration, quite illogically applied: if
own manner, through rather conventional ama-
the Romans are to be praised, it must be mostly
tory verse, to the dolce stil nuovo, with its mys-
tic idealism. The remaining studies deal with
as organizers on a grand scale and as engineers
of great energy and audacity. Again, if we
Matelda, the lovely symbol of youth in the
are to enjoy the architecture of the Renaissance,
earthly paradise, with Pietra, who inspired some
at which time the master-builder was succeeded
of the most wildly beautiful of the lyrics, with
by the architect (in the modern sense), we
Beatrice, and with Lisetta, possibly the lady of
must regard its examples as works of pictorial
the window, who occupied some place in the design rather than as creations based on organic
poet's mind, as he says, after the death of functioning. And what of the characteristic
Beatrice. None of the figures can be positively American architecture of the present day-the
identified, though Professor Grandgent believes steel-cage construction clothed in stone, brick, ,
that each one is the idealized image of some or terra cotta draperies lifted at random from
woman known to Dante. In general the poems all historical periods? Well, we must be indul-
point to a tendency which seems to have been gent here, too. We turn with a little sigh of
characteristic of the author. “First Dante's relief to the Greeks, the Byzantines, and the
fancy is stirred by a real person; then, having mediæval cathedral-builders, peoples of three


528
[November 22
THE DIAL
periods who were able to bring about a complete people whose fate is surprisingly what one would
fusion of fine feeling and clear thinking. Mr. expect it to be, if one had not been led by pop-
Caffin makes concessions but does not yield ular fictionists to expect the unexpected; the
ground. For the rest, his book offers throughout sweet, sardonic thumb-nail sketches of such no-
a sufficiency of practical detail for the student tables as Mrs. Vernon Castle and Gaby Deslys;
and the amateur; and the illustrations, many and verses like the pathetic plea to W. Hohen-
of which are unhackneyed, invariably illustrate zollern, which concludes:
the points he is intent upon making.
Sue then for peace! And let the skies be fair again!
The Polo Grounds' most ardent eager tenant
OLD ROADS OUT OF PHILADELPHIA. By
Was I. : . And, William, how I yearn to care
again
John T. Faris. Lippincott; $4.
About such things as who will win the penant!"
Ten famous highways and their rich historical Besides his funniness, which depends as much
and legendary associations form the subject of on his assumptions of intimacy as on a gentle
Mr. Faris's agreeably discursive volume. These irony, Mr. Adams is felicitous in his use of
roads, favorites with automobilists and, formerly exacting metres and involved rhyme-schemes.
at least, with equestrians and pedestrians, are the He takes a certain joy in overcoming technical
King's Highway to Wilmington, the Baltimore, difficulties, though he does not scruple to split
the West Chester, and the Lancaster Turnpikes, a word for the rhyme's sake, and then he seems
and the Gulph, the Ridge, the Germantown, the to take you into his confidence regarding the
Bethlehem, the York, and the Bristol Roads, poet's problem. Most choice is his use of slang
stretching out, collectively, somewhat like the
in paraphrasing Latin. Even his titles are
radiating sticks of an open fan, with the Dela-
mirth-provoking: "Vides, ut alta stet nive
ware River serving as the outside sticks and the candidum .” is entitled “The Cold Wave
city hall as the central pivot on which the sticks of 32 B.C.”; “Vixi puellis nuper idoneus
turn. No other city presents such a number of is immortalized as "When Q. H. F. Sang 'Good-
radiating highways passing through scenes of bye Girls.' The quality of these translations
such varied beauty and historical interest. It was may be seen in this version of “Vitas hinuleo
a happy thought to make them the subject of a me similis, Chloe":
book, and with much curious lore has the subject
Chloe, regard my song sententious
been enriched, showing diligence and no little
And trust me as your soul's director:
original research in the treatment. Historical, No longer be a conscientious
genealogical, and literary items of note sprinkle
Objector.
No lion, I, to feast upon
You, Chloe. Do not be so distant.
WeightS AND MEASURES. By Franklin
Forget your mother. Be a non-
P. Adams. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.
Resistant.
The worth of a jest is said to lie in the ears
THE ORDER OF NATURE. By Lawrence J.
of him that hears it. Franklin P. Adams is
Henderson. Harvard University Press.
enough of a psychologist to know this axiom, and
he plays on the joy of recognition to gain
In the recent thoughtful and stimulating work
much of his deserved applause. He chooses
of this author on “The Fitness of the Environ-
his audience, and gives its members things to
ment" emphasis was laid upon the fitness of the
gloat over which will waken familiar echoes in inorganic world for life. This is shown in cer-
their brains, as well as delight them with his
tain fundamental stabilities of the chemical and
own happy wit. This audience is, however, physical environment, in the equable temperature
catholic. It should know its classics, Horace, of the earth, in the constancy of alkalinity in the
Catullus, Propertius, as it knows its Irving Ber-
ocean, and in the regularity of currents in the
lin and its Arnold Bennett. It should rejoice atmosphere and the ocean. Again the mobilization
in things carnal, prefer tennis to toil, and have
of the chemical resources of the earth and their
human sympathies withal, appreciating the
marvelous freedom of movement depend upon the
righteous resentment of the ditch-digger against unique properties of water. Thus the primary
the plutocrat in a motor.
constituents of the environment, water and car-
This latest volume is rich in parodies, most
bonic acid, serve with maximum efficiency to
of them so nice as to be exquisitely funny. Es-
make stable, durable, and complex both the liv-
pecially good are those which at once parody and ing thing itself and the world around it. No
reply to such poets as Amy Lowell, Sara Teas- other chemical substances could possibly replace
dale, and Owen Seaman. But there are other them. The actual environment is thus the fittest
bits which do not depend on any reference for possible abode of life, as we know it, in all its
their humor. Such are the "Strange Cases” of physical and chemical characteristics. Fitness of
the pages.


1917]
529
THE DIAL
the environment is as constant a component of and some verse, very true in its sporting spirit,
any particular case of adaptation as is the fit- has been discarded as doggerel.” But, though
ness of the organism itself. The very nature of Whittier and Thoreau were in a sense "literary
matter and energy, of space and time, imposes fellers," some of their verse surely has the genu-
certain general characteristics upon the organism ine breath of out-of-doors; neither is represented,
which result in that mutual fitness which we call nor is Joaquin Miller, nor Dr. van Dyke, nor
adaptation. The author maintains that a hith- Stevenson. Kipling and—more strangely in view
erto unrecognized order exists among the proper- of the tone of the book—Robert W. Service
ties of matter, and one which makes things what have but one poem each. Most of the pieces are
they are. These peculiarities are not evenly dis- by authors who are, to the present reviewer at
tributed among all the compounds of the chem- least, unknown, and many of them are of the
ical elements, nor are they apportioned according undistinguished sort that serve as space-fillers in
to the laws of chance, nor again by any conform- the better sporting magazines. Some of the dog-
ity to the periodic system of the elements. The gerel, if it is clever doggerel, which the compil-
unique properties of hydrogen, oxygen, and car- ers so conscientiously excluded might have added
bon bring about stability of physical and chem- a pleasing variety. Mr. White's introduction is
ical conditions, diversity of phenomena, and the of the sort that is written by request, and his one
possibility of complexity, durability, and activity original generalization, that "With Kipling's
of physico-chemical systems on the planet. Static 'Feet of the Young Men' as a sort of dividing
analysis masks this order, which becomes evident
line, later (out-of-door] verse takes an entirely
only when time is taken into account. It is the new attitude and you don your khaki,” might be
author's effort in the present work to establish questioned.
the importance of these three chemical elements
for the process of cosmic evolution including that PLAYS FOR A NEGRO THEATRE. Granny
of organisms, resting his conclusions on what he Maumee; The Rider of Dreams; Simon
calls the secure foundations of abstract physical the Cyrenian. By Ridgely Torrence. Mac-
science with the elimination of all mere biological millan; $1.50.
theories. But Hamlet is gone from the play.
Most of the people who interest themselves in
Does abstract physical science include within its
the cause of the black man spend their time try-
sure grasp all those properties of the organism ing to prove him less black than he is painted.
with its ceaseless Aux of matter and flow of
The metaphysics of William Blake's little black
energy and its cyclic persistence through the lapse boy, “But, Oh! my soul is white," is accepted
of time? The author then ventures to "sketch
(though no one really believes in it) as an
the development of thought upon the problem apology for all negrodom, when the sensible, and
of teleology, and at length to confront the scien-
one would think the obvious, way of securing
tific conclusions with the results of philosophical justice for the dark-skinned races would be to
thought, in order finally to attempt a reconcilia-
prove that black souls have a value, intrinsic and
tion.' Appendices to the discussion include
discrete, that makes them worth considering on
James Clerk Maxwell's classic essay on “Deter-
their own merits.
minism and Free-Will” and Fechner's on “The
By establishing in New York a theatre in
Tendency to Stability.”
which plays of negro life are presented by negroes,
Ridgely Torrence may be earning for himself
CAMP-FIRE VERSE. Chosen by Williams
Haynes and Joseph LeRoy Harrison, with
the laurels of a second emancipator; for it is
an introduction by Stewart Edward White.
quite conceivable that such a theatre may do as
much toward making America understand the
Duffield; $1.25.
negro soul as the Irish Literary Movement-
This collection is unique and interesting, and especially the Abbey Theatre-has done toward
is one which any lover of camp life may be glad acquainting a portion at least of the English-
to have on his shelves. At the same time, it offers speaking world with the soul of Cathleen ni
great temptation to the usual criticism of a book
Houlihan. Indeed, the three plays that Mr. Tor-
of selections that the editors have neither rence has just published are strangely reminis-
put in nor left out the right things. The pref- cent of the Irish plays. They have all the faults
ace says: “We have tried to exclude all poems of the latter,—they are perhaps even a shade
not conceived in the true spirit of the sportsman more loose and amateurish, but they have about
and to include no poems devoid of literary merit. them the gracious honesty of a primitive people,
Accordingly, some beautiful poems, sure of their a refreshing contrast to sophistication's steelier,
place in literature, have been omitted as poetry more intellectual truth.
rather of the library lamp by the study fireplace The negro theatre is a folk theatre and its
than of the crackling campfire beneath the stars; plays are folk plays. They are chronicles of a


530
[November 22
THE DIAL
simple, childlike people, full of naïve, super- appropriations and new buildings. Dr. Peabody,
stitious religion and rude poetry—and still within the university's second head (Regent he was then
sound of the savage tom-tom. The least effec- called) thus deserves high praise, and in part
tive of the three plays in Mr. Torrence's volume receives it; but there seems to be a contradiction
is "Simon the Cyrenian," a symbolic play of the in terms in the statement that "he cared little
time of Christ, built upon the legend that the for expansion but much for perfection, little for
bearer of the cross was a negro. The most effec- numbers but much for size and efficiency." In
tive is "The Rider of Dreams," the story of a describing Peabody's successor, President Draper,
charming, “no 'count nigger.” Miscegenation, the author says that on assuming office he won
lynching, the exploitation of the negro by the the students' regard by expressing the hope "to
white—all these appear in the plays, not as prop-
become personally acquainted with them all—a
aganda, but rather as facts of life, unalterable promise he made good.” But the university had
and merciless as birth and death. Mr. Torrence more than eight hundred students in Draper's
does not plead for the black man and he does not first year, and not even the most zealous seeker
apologize for him. He simply presents him, one
of popularity could have accomplished the task
feels truly, as he is. “All I wants is room to
indicated, in addition to engrossing administra-
dream my good dreams an' make my own music.”
tive duties. Indeed, a faculty member of that
So says Mr. Torrence's playboy, the incorrigible time distinctly recalls Dr. Draper's expression
rider of dreams. That is, of course, what most
of regret at his inability to acquaint himself with
of us want and few of us get. The world crowds
all the members of the corps of instruction-
in, even upon the white_but it tramples the
about one-tenth the size of the student body.
negro, whose dreams it does not even vaguely The book, pleasingly written, has also the more
understand. Is it too soon to hope that the negro
substantial merits of careful historical detail and
theatre may act as an interpreter?
a comprehensive grasp of its subject. It is a
needed and useful contribution to our educational
ILLINOIS. By Allan Nevins. Oxford Uni- history. A more liberal inclusion of portraits
versity Press; $2.
among its well-chosen illustrations would have
The series to which this book belongs shows
been welcome; such men as Peabody, Burrell,
it to be, not a history of the Prairie State, but
Forbes, Ricker, Shattuck, Snyder, and at least
a record of the rise and progress of the youngest
half a dozen more, it would have been pleasant
of the state universities of the old Northwest
to find looking out at us from the pages of this
chronicle.
Territory. It is appropriate that this first his-
tory of the University of Illinois should make
WOMAN AS DECORATION. By Emily Bur-
its appearance in the semi-centennial year of that
bank. Dodd, Mead; $2.50.
institution, though the fact that the book thus cel-
ebrates the completion of a memorable half-cen-
The tendency of the feminist movement has
tury in Illinois educational progress is, strangely been, intentionally or unintentionally, to nullify
enough, not even referred to in the preface, nor
woman's objective value, which, after all, in a
does it appear to receive any emphasis elsewhere
world of dun-colored males, is not to be despised.
in the volume. This omission, however, may be
It is very easy to understand why those with the
due to the author's modesty, and certainly is not
cause of woman at heart should deprecate the
to be included among those "shortcomings" for
commercialization of her beauty, but not so easy
which he asks indulgence, briefly indicating the
to comprehend why they should fail to see the
difficulties of his task—a task executed nearly a
advantage of utilizing that beauty to emphasize
thousand miles from the scene with which it is
her individuality, should fail to realize that the
concerned-and generously acknowledging the
objective value of a human being is an asset
assistance received from many sources far less
which, understood and rightly used, may become
a spiritual force all the more potent for being
remote, geographically. A rough division of the
purely objective. One can well conceive such
university's history might have been made, into
books as "Woman as Decoration” being used
two equal periods of a quarter-century each, the
first marked by slow and painful progress, the
as propaganda. It is frankly nothing more than
an outline of the principles underlying the ef-
latter with a splendid record of increasingly
fective costuming of woman, with illustrations
rapid advance. But the book does present very
drawn from the "modes" of all countries and
forcibly the contrast between earlier unsuccess and
all times. It expounds no philosophy of clothes
later achievement-at least in a material sense. —it is technical rather than philosophic—and it
Perhaps a little more credit might justly have
has no claim to being regarded as "literature";
been accorded to those who won the less spec- and yet one feels that it should be recommended.
tacular victories of the difficult first years, those It teaches the art of using an old weapon in a
who fought for ideals more than for legislative
new cause.


1917]
531
THE DIAL
NOTES ON NEW FICTION
degrades; and Mr. Lewis, one fears, does not even
realize where the primrose path is leading him.
“The Human Tragedy" (Lane; $3), a trans-
If he did, he might not have had the courage to
lation of one of the less-known works of Anatole dedicate "The Innocents" to that "splendid
France, will probably be welcomed chiefly for assembly of young British writers” which
the excellent English into which it has been ren-
includes Compton Mackenzie, Hugh Walpole,
dered by Alfred Allinson and for the interesting Oliver Onions, D. H. Lawrence, J. D. Beres-
full-color illustrations by the Russian artist ford, Gilbert Cannan, Patrick MacGill, and,
Michel Sevier, whose style suggests Bakst and
looming above them all, H. G. Wells. Any one
the Moscow Art Theatre. But lovers of
of them has intellectual sophistication enough to
Anatole France will find in this comparatively reject the facile smartness of phrase, the essen-
neglected story, taken from “Le Puits de Sainte-
tial Alimsiness, of Mr. Lewis's latest book, which
Claire," an authentic utterance of the subtle
presents a spectacle made all the sadder by the
Frenchman. Fra Giovanni, a naïve follower of traces of a better self revealed in it.
St. Francis, has embraced poverty and humility
Among the well-remembered dislikes of one's
and despised his soul. But through the visits
childhood is the story of the little boy whose
of the Prince of Men the curse of thought comes
mother gave him loaf sugar with a few drops
upon him and thereafter life gradually assumes
of rum on it to cure a cough. The little wretch
a different aspect. He learns desire and specu-
soon learned to cough for the sugar, and, after
lation, the splendor and the cruelty of things
that first step downward, descended to the gut-
created; he suffers but he also loves the adver-
sary through whom suffering has come.
ter, where he died a drunkard's death amid his
Thus
mother's vain self-accusations. One was familiar
the undoing of Giovanni becomes a parable of
with tales of the same type invented, on emer-
the universal human tragedy of thought. In
gency, by one's elders to illustrate what hap-
reading this tale one inevitably recalls the
pened to children who didn't "mind"; so that
author's saying that Pity and Irony should be
one could not be intrigued into accepting the
given to life for its witnesses and judges.
loaf-sugar tragedy just because it was in a book
“The Innocents,” by Sinclair Lewis (Harper; with pictures.
$1.25), is nothing to lose one's critical temper
It is no longer considered good pedagogy to
over. It will be hailed in hundreds of American
feed children on tracts, but tracts for adults,
homes as a "sweet little story"; and perhaps it
disguised under the more sophisticated title “fact
should be dismissed as such with a brief and
stories," have been popularized long since by the
friendly notice. But, somehow, all of it, even Mr.
"Saturday Evening Post.” They produce the
Lewis's disarming preface, which points out that
same irritation that the story of the little boy
the tale is one "for people who still read Dickens
and the rum produced. One believes in neither
and clip out spring poetry and love old people the story nor the moral.
and children," thus absolving the author of all Zona Gale's latest novel, “A Daughter of the
pretensions to writing for a critical audience, is Morning,” presents the whole woman question
irritating. One doesn't want Mr. Lewis to write
under a thin sugar-coating of plot. The barren-
sweet little stories for sentimental ladies to laugh ness of the country woman's life; the wrongs
and weep over. One remembers “The Trail of
inflicted upon woman in industry and the neces-
the Hawk" and "The Job"-neither of them a sity for organization as a means of righting them;
really big book, but both of them warmed by a the relation of woman's work and marriage
rich, passionate interest in life and made digni- all these problems and more are faced and solved
fied by a sincere searching after truth. They by a heroine with the suggestive name of Cosma,
held out a promise. Some day, one felt, Mr. whose story, for fortuitousness, sentimentality,
Lewis would outgrow his crudities and produce and slimness of characterization would put Hora-
for us an American novel to which we might tio Alger to blush. As propaganda, the book
point with pride. Now comes “The Innocents"
is unconvincing; and it is impossible to avoid
to break the promise.
the issue, as the publisher does on the cover-
"The Innocents” carries with it the fear that jacket, by laying the emphasis on what the "right
Mr. Lewis has "arrived," but by that easiest man" means in the life of a girl; for as a story,
way which entices so many of our young Ameri- too, the book is unconvincing. “A Daughter
can writers. A painted style, as our magazines of the Morning" must be set down as a "fact
bear witness, is popular with the crowd. Senti- story," good enough for those that like their
mentality is easier than truth and pays better. sociology, as well as their advertising, in tract
It takes a chaste soul—the soul of an artist, form, but not to be considered from the view-
to recognize and reject what cheapens and point of fiction.


532
[November 22
THE DIAL
reason.
"The Unknown Isle," by Pierre de Coulevain
CASUAL COMMENT
(Dodd, Mead; $1.60), is a reprint but none the
less welcome for that. The isle is England-
The ENGLISH REVIEWS HAVE BEEN KEPT in
unknown, temperamentally speaking, to
a Autter of late by the approaching publication
French. With a loose plot for a skeleton, the
of an alleged new play by Ibsen. “Realities"
author displays the English in all their activities
, "Ghosts,” but it now appears that this was a
was first described as a sort of continuation of
displays and contrasts them with her countrymen.
She is delightfully human and enough of a cos-
mistake, and that the unknown play was really
mopolitan to set down the idiosyncrasies of both
written earlier. Mr. Austin Fryers, whose
identity seems to be rather cloudy, is in pos-
races with insight and humor. Of course, the
session of the manuscript and has contemplated
need for racial exposition is not so great since the
mingling of the armies of both countries on the
a stage production; he explains that the play
battle field. What renders the book worthy of
was given by Ibsen to the late Mr. Brokstaed,
who was an intimate friend of the Norwegian
perusal, then, is not the perspicacity of its author's
views, but the disclosure of her unapproachable hand, Mr. Heinemann, Ibsen's "authorized”
playwright and often visited him. On the other
savoir-vivre.
English publisher, recently gave to the "Times"
Algernon Blackwood delights in making the
a postcard from Sigurd Ibsen, denying that his
line between man and animal or between man
father ever wrote such a play, together with
and some mystic spirit so thin that sometimes it
copies of the correspondence in which he in-
vanishes entirely. Thus in "Day and Night Sto-
vited Mr. Fryers to deliver for inspection the
ries" (Dutton; $1.50) the first story shows us a
original manuscript. He appears to have been
man who is obsessed with the idea of flying quite willing to publish the play if its authentic-
who is hawklike in look and action, who makes
ity could be established. Such is the present
various attempts to fly and at last really seems status of a most interesting literary mystery,
to do so. For the unusual happenings in the which should not long remain mysterious if
stories of many writers there is a natural expla- critical pretensions are not simply an empty
nation, but for such events in Mr. Blackwood's flourish. In the meantime, the case has other
tales there is ever only a supernatural, mystical aspects that are enlivening. Some of the re-
It is a note that few have the courage viewers do not conceal their animus against the
or the knowledge to strike, but it accounts in "bewhiskered little man" of the North, whose
some measure for the attractiveness of his writing. influence was "waning"; the impending publica-
Apart from the freshness of his theme, however, tion is frankly viewed as a threat rather than a
Mr. Blackwood is undeniably a master of style promise. The mischief is the play may actually
one not only rich and wonderful in itself, but be genuine! Clearly the breed of emotional
also admirably adapted to his bizarre stories. gentlemen who upheld the arms of Clement
“The Quest of Ledgar Dunstan,” by Alfred Scott when he was vindicating the claims of
Tresidder Sheppard (Appleton; $1.50), is not
virtue and decorum in terms that were, by the
what one would anticipate after reading "The very necessity of the case, themselves indecorous,
Rise of Ledgar Dunstan.” The main theme of is not yet extinct.
both books is Antichrist, who, it is affirmed, will
be a slacker in the most vital duties of life. In FOREIGN MAILING PRIVILEGES have been re-
the first book Dunstan's interest in the subject stored to the London “Nation," and the number
is aroused and his progress in moral appreciations now at hand only emphasizes the futility of the
interestingly told. In the second book the author official ban. Nothing whatever has been gained
succeeds only in achieving prolixity. Here Dun- by it. The “Nation” has made no concessions.
stan meets a character who introduces himself as It has neither altered its policy nor softened its
Antichrist. Antichrist has, to use Mr. Shep- speech. It takes the opportunity now offered to
pard's figure of speech, used up all his "peau de resume its advocacy abroad of a negotiated peace
chagrin"—that is, lost his soul. According to which will be genuinely constructive. That was
the author, the soul is a finite, instead of an infi- really, in the opinion of the editors, the whole
nite quantity, and can really be lost bit by bit. of its offending. There is nothing in the external
Dunstan makes Antichrist finally recognize that situation to render such preaching less of an
there is an all-powerful God, but his religious enormity now than it was six months ago; yet
theory is curiously garbled, for this recognition the military censor has yielded, apparently with-
does not spell redemption as it does in so many
out seeking to explain his changed position.
modern creeds. Dunstan himself experiences an From the point of view of policy the restoration
emotional conversion and marries the right of the "Nation" was required. Its disinterested
woman; then, apparently, his soul is saved for criticism of Junkerism at home, as well as in
good and all.
Germany, can only make friends abroad for the


1917]
533
THE DIAL
>
British Empire. As a champion of fair play and ophy," our humorists have got their effects pre-
an advocate of a rationally conceived interna- cisely by accepting the genteel tradition with the
tional order, its influence is needed here. Its sup- head after its hold on the heart had been re-
pression was an act of superlative folly, especially laxed. “So when Mark Twain says, 'I was
since it happened to coincide roughly with the born of poor but dishonest parents, the humor
appearance of Lord Northcliffe among us. Was depends on the parody of the genteel Anglo-
it really the official view that he would be a Saxon convention that it is disreputable to be
more acceptable representative of British opinion poor; but to hint at the hollowness of it would
and purpose?
not be amusing if it did not remain at bottom
one's habitual conviction.” But with Mr.
WE HOPE THAT IN MAKING CHRISTMAS SE-
Dreiser that habitual conviction has been hope-
LECTIONS for their friends book-buyers will not
lessly undermined, and the whole problem be-
forget the thousands of young men in the
comes so complicated and disturbing as to call
trenches abroad and those who fill our canton-
for something more challenging and subversive
than humor.
ments at home. Boredom, we are told, is the re-
lentless foe of the soldier, and it is driving many
who as civilians had no fondness for reading to
ALTOGETHER PLEASING TO THE EYE, though a
form reading habits. Librarians throughout the
little unwieldy to handle, is the second number
country have done their best to meet the new of "Form,” the new English quarterly, which
demands upon their resources, but they still need
has just reached our desk. A journal devoted
help. Something of what has already been ac- to art as well as to literature, “Form” has to
complished at Camp Sherman is revealed in a accommodate itself to the reproduction of wood-
long report prepared by Burton E. Stevenson,
cuts and lithographs that will not stand reduc-
head of the library at Chillicothe, O., who issues
tion; hence its formidable proportions. The
an urgent appeal for books and magazines, assur- verse in the present number is contributed by
ing us that no gifts that can be sent to the men
W. H. Davies, John Freeman, Francis Burrows,
are more needed. It is hardly necessary to add
J. C. Squire, Gilbert Cannan, and T. Sturge
that the greatest variety of tastes will have to be
Moore. Imaginative prose is represented by
satisfied and that it would be a mistake to select
happy selections from L. Pearsall Smith's
fiction alone.
"Trivia," which can now be had in book form
in this country. Among the artists who con-
tribute drawings and woodcuts are Frank
IN HIS SUGGESTIVE PAPER “An Apology for
Crudity," published in the last number of THE
Brangwyn, A. O. Spare, and T. Sturge Moore.
DIAL, Sherwood Anderson asks why it is that
a man like Mr. Dreiser cannot write in the THE ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES, one hears, are
spirit of the early Americans. Why can't he see
preparing to join the French in making them-
the fun in life? “In the work of Mark Twain
selves attractive to American students after the
there was something wholesome and sweet. Why war. In a worthy effort to divert the stream
cannot the modern man also be wholesome and that used to flow to the German universities,
sweet?” His answer is, of course, that the work Oxford and Cambridge are making changes in
of Mr. Dreiser is wholesome, because it is true the curricula. Oxford, indeed, has even gone
to the life about him, and truth is always whole- so far as to consider bestowing the Ph.D. de-
some. But why the changed temper? What gree-a concession to American prepossessions
does it signify? Our humorists have been the of arresting magnitude. In some ways, however,
most characteristic of our interpreters; they love it is regrettable that anything should be done
cant no more than Mr. Dreiser; and they have to sanction the superstitious veneration in which
been even more pungent in dealing with hypocrisy those magic letters are currently held. As long
and smugness. Yet they are never thought of as they are thought of as the sine qua non of
as unwholesome or "dangerous"; and they are academic advancement, it is hard to see how we
quite the most popular of our writers. Why? can escape from the ineptitude and the extrava-
Because almost without exception they have been gant silliness of the average doctor's thesis in,
popular-minded; neither more nor less philosoph- say, English literature. Still, it is encouraging
ical than the average man. They have not chal- to remember that the English have always been
lenged existing ideals or standards but only the among the keenest critics of such folly, and it is
amusing discrepancy between theory and prac- extremely unlikely that they will be inclined to
tice, and they have to that extent actually bols- insult their own intelligence by giving the doc-
tered up the ideals. As Mr. Santayana puts it torate for studies in the use of the semicolon
in "The Genteel Tradition in American Philos- in Georgian poetry.
a


534
[November 22
THE DIAL
BRIEFER MENTION
OUTSTANDING BOOKS
A New Chesterton
A SHORT HISTORY
OF ENGLAND
By G. K. CHESTERTON.
Author of "Heretics," "Orthodoxy,” etc.
Cloth, $1.50 net.
The momentous contest between the forces of self-
government and absolutism has inspired Mr. Chester-
ton to write this brilliant commentary on English
history, and he will be welcomed in this new role
of political philosopher for the fresh interest he
brings.
Startling Revelations
FRANCIS JOSEPH
AND HIS COURT
By HERBERT VIVIAN, M.A.
With 16 IUustrations. Cloth, $2.50 net.
Mr. Vivian has compiled this remarkable book
from the memoirs of Count Roger de Resseguier, a
son of Francis Joseph's Court Chamberlain. The his-
tory of the House of Hapsburg is rife with violent
tragedy and it is stained with scandal. In addition
to many other startling disclosures, here is told for
the first time the truth of the famous tragedy of
Meyerling.
Poetry That Sings
MY SHIP
AND OTHER VERSES
By EDMUND LEAMY.
With a Foreword by KATHARINE TYNAN.
Boards, $1.00 net.
“There is something of the wind and the weather,
of wild countries and a wild, adventurous young
heart in these poems. And the genuine spirit of
Romance walks through them.”—Katharine Tynan.
as
The economic evolution of the last century pro-
duced the law of employer's liability as a develop-
ment of that of master and servant; but gradually
it became apparent that injustice was being done
to the laboring classes. Beginning in Germany, and
now in most of the civilized nations, attempts have
been made to remedy defects by enactments gen-
erally known as workmen's compensation acts.
The principles are not as yet definitely determined,
nor is there general agreement as to form and
method. With each advance we find corporations
or combinations willing to assume for the em-
ployer the liability involved, either as a profitable
business or as a means of equalizing the obliga-
tions of society. Mr. Ralph H. Blanchard covers
the entire field in a very fair way, in “Liability
and Compensation Insurance" (Appleton; $2.),
though it is evident that he does so in the pro-
fessor's study rather than from the ground of
practical experience. The insurance feature is es-
pecially well covered.
"Rambles in Old College Towns,” by Hilde-
garde Hawthorne (Dodd, Mead; $2.50), gives
an informal and gossipy account of what may be
seen and heard in brief tourist trips to sixteen of
the best-known American colleges. The restriction
of age excludes from the scope of the book some of
the most picturesque campuses in the country, but
the choice made by the author can hardly be ob-
jected to. Cornell is the most westerly of the
institutions visited, as it is the youngest of those
that admit men. No women's colleges are
yet quite venerable, but it seems natural enough
that Vassar, Smith, and Wellesley should take
their places with Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.
The descriptions of buildings and of elms grow a
trifle monotonous, if one reads the book in course,
and will doubtless be the most enjoyable to the
students and alumni of the institutions portrayed.
There is more variety in the historical anecdotes
of the different colleges, and in the glimpses of
local college customs and traditions. Sixteen plates
after drawings by John Albert Seaford add much
to the value of the volume, which may be described
as just the sort of thing one would like to give
to some alumnus or appreciative undergraduate of
one of the institutions described.
"The Arctic Prairies,” by Ernest Thompson Se-
ton (Scribner; $1.75), is a new edition of this
excellent work on northern travel. The record of
a canoe journey in search of caribou that took him
2000 miles through virgin territory and among
the trading-posts adjacent to the Peace and
Mackenzie Rivers, it is still as fresh in its viewpoint
as when it was written some six or eight years
ago. Valuable as an informal contribution to nat-
ural history, geography, and ethnology, its read-
ability lies chiefly in the author's tolerant and
good-humored attitude toward his fellow-men.
In "The Social Teachings of the Jewish
Prophets” (Sherman, French) Mr. William Ben-
nett Bizzell surveys in succession what he calls
the "social program” of each of the Hebrew
prophets from Amos to Jonah. Each programme
Soldier or Slacker?
THE SHINING
HEIGHTS
By I. A. R. WYLIE.
Author of "The Daughter of Brahma," "The Native
Born," etc.
Cloth, $1.50 net.
Though not a tale of the trenches, this is none
the less a story of warfare, fought with the weapon
of Science. It is a powerful novel in which love
and sacrifice play tremendous part, and the
characterization is unusually excellent.
a
Strikes a New Note in American
Fiction
MARCHING MEN
By SHERWOOD ANDERSON, author of "Windy
McPherson's Son." (Three Editions.)
Cloth, Net, $1.50
A story of quest, of humanity seeking its own-
a novel of men united not for war, but for the
world's work. "Last year Sherwood Anderson's first
novel, 'Windy McPherson's Son,' was pretty gen-
erally hailed as pointing to a 'coming man' among
the younger American writers. His second novel,
'Marching Men,' has just appeared, and greatly
strengthens that impression."-Lije.
JOHN LANE COMPANY, NEW YORK


1917]
535
THE DIAL
Books
Dial Readers
Will Enjoy
A Careful Selection
from the Fall List of
Doubleday, Page & Co.
Hugh Gibson's "The Rape of Belgium”
-A Journal from Our
Great Book Legation in Belgium, by
Hugh Gibson, First Sec-
retary. This is Mr. Gibson's own personal diary,
whose revelations Germany will never be able to
explain away. “So informative, so rarely valuable,
that when we commend it whole-heartedly to all
America it seems like an undue heaping of adjectives
to state in detail why." (N. Y. Times.) (Net, $2.50.)
“Trivia” Readers of this magazine will
remember stray thought studies,
dainty essays, little paragraphs of gilded whim-call
them what you will-by Logan Pearsall Smith. We
hope you will look up this remarkable little book at
your bookstore. (Net, $1.25.)
is set in its appropriate political and social back-
ground. Prophetic emphasis was laid most largely,
he thinks, on religion, but on religion in connection
with the establishment of good order and harmony
in human relations. The demonstration is made
by a collation of source material and its general-
ization into a "social program,” in simple, clear
language, but with a too pedagogical dryness of
manner.
Mr. Francis B. Reeves was the commissioner of
the Philadelphia Relief Committee who supervised
the delivery and distribution of the cargo of food-
stuffs sent to Russia during the famine of 1891-92,
and the main portion of his book, "Russia Then
and Now" (Putnam; $1.50), is a naïve account of
this mission. Except for purely superficial descrip-
tions of the conditions of the peasants during those
hard times, this account is almost wholly con-
cerned with official receptions, attentions from
titled Russians, and honorary memberships in clubs
and uplift societies. These revelations of the
author's personality are supplemented by quotations
from the commercial booklets of R. Martens & Co.,
the National City Bank, and the Guaranty Trust
Co., from the “National Geographic Magazine,"
the "Continent," and the "Sunday School Times,"
which rather inadequately fulfil the promise of the
"Now" in the book's title. Mr. Reeves has made
a pleasant and appropriate memorial of an inci-
dent in the friendly relations that have long existed
between the United States and Russia, but he
leaves unsatisfied those readers who expect_any
analysis or interpretation of Russia, or the Rus-
sians, then or now.
A cataclysm like the present cannot but turn the
thoughts of serious persons upon those fundamental
realities that remain unshaken even by a world-
upheaval; and these basic truths are eloquently
touched upon in Mr. Paul Revere Frothingham's
brief chapters, the first of which gives its title to
the book—"A Confusion of Tongues" (Houghton
Mifflin; $1.25). It was because the nations of the
world did not speak the same language, in a spir-
itual sense, that there came this clash of arms, the
subsidence of which will leave a more adequate
realization of the need henceforth of world-wide
understanding and fellowship. A good essay on
“The Conduct of Life,” which achieves the unex-
pected by omitting Matthew Arnold's familiar ut-
terance and by not quoting one word from Emerson,
follows the opening article, and then come helpful
talks on Alain de Lille's famous motto, on “Making
the Best of Things," "How to Choose," "Extra
Pennies,” “Unshaken Things," and other themes.
The love affairs of poets have a special interest
for Mr. Alfred Turner, and he takes pleasure in
recalling the amorous adventures of Byron, Burns,
and Shelley, the unhappy attachment of Keats to
Fanny Brawne, and kindred episodes among men
of letters, while he also contributes a number of
short and scholarly essays on a wider variety of
themes, well calculated to hold the attention of
any fairly well-read person who once opens “On
Falling in Love, and Other Matters" (Dutton;
$1.50). The chapter-heading, “The Greatest
Woman Letter Writer,” prepares the reader, as
"For France” America pays tribute to
her sister Republic in a
book which holds between its covers some of the
best work of our leading poets, painters, sculptors,
musicians and authors. We wish we had space to
print the list of contributors ; certainly nothing like
"For France" has ever been printed in America.
(Net, $2.50.)
Parnassus on No less a, critic than Mr.
Kerfoot of Life commends
Wheels this tale by Christopher Mor-
ley as "the most unforcedly
charming whimsy of the season.' It tells of one
Helen McGill who found romance and adventure in
a vagabond book-van. (Net, $1.25.)
“Great David Grayson aptly names
his new book referring to
Possessions” the smells, sights, sound,
touches and tastes of the
country and the wealth of love that lies in the hearts
of common folk. It recalls Grayson's "Contentment"
books, broadened and enriched by new experiences.
(Cloth, Net, $1.30. Leather, Net, $1.75.)
"Persian What is so good as a real
book of travel ? Mr. H. G.
Miniatures” Dwight, author of “Stamboni
Nights," has given
picture of life in Persia of the present day 80
delightful in style that it will stand as preëminent
in its field. (Net, $3.00.)
us
&
These Books Are for Sale at
All Bookstores


536
[November 22
THE DIAL
Gift Books of
Permanent Value
"Its beautiful format and the distinguished
presentation of its subject make it a charming
giftbook."-Chicago Evening Post.
Shakespeare's
England
Being an account of the life and manners
of his age. By thirty-eight collaborators,
including Robert Bridges, Sir Walter
Raleigh, W. Archer, W. J. Lawrence, D.
Nichol Smith. Edited by C. T. ONIONS.
Two vols. Med. 8vo. Cloth, pp. xxiv +
1156, with many illustrations. Net, $10.00
"These two volumes enshrine in a permanent
form everything we know or need to know
about the England of Shakespeare's day.".
Pall Mall Gazette.
“The wealth of illustrative and interpretative
material is greater and more useful than has
ever before been brought together within the
pages of a single book."-Glasgow Herald.
The Oxford
Books of Verse
a matter of course, for a dissertation on Madame
de Sévigné; but Mr. Turner's supreme mistress of
the epistolary art turns out to be Lady Mary
Wortley Montagu, nor are any apologies offered
to the French woman, though a complimentary ref-
erence to her in one of the other's letters is quoted.
The assertion in regard to Byron's family affairs
that "no such interest has been manifested in the
domestic infelicities of any man save Nelson” leaves
us wondering where Thomas and Jane Welsh
Carlyle come in with respect to this prying curi-
osity on the part of the great public. Such chap-
ters as “A plea for the Minor Poet,” “The Poetry
of New Lands,” and “The Importance of the
Right Word" illustrate Mr. Turner's fondness for
thought and expression that lie off the main high-
ways of literature.
Something more than family genealogy and fam-
ily history has found its way into the spacious
volume written by Mr. Arthur Robert Ingpen on
"An Ancient Family" (Longmans, Green)-his
own family of Ingpen. In tracing the Saxon origin
of the Ingpens he has been enticed into an inviting
domain of history, that dealing with early social
and economic conditions in England. He found
himself inquiring, concerning his forefathers, "how
they were housed, clothed and fed; what their daily
occupations; what their amusements; what their
vicissitudes in time of pestilence, civil war and dis-
order; and what became of the younger members
of the family at a time when the profits from land
were practically the sole sources of wealth," and
so on in matters of curious detail not usually found
in books of this kind. The work was evidently
entered upon as a pastime, and not merely in the
spirit of the professional genealogist. Hence its
more warmly human appeal than that of the usual
book of its class, though the appended wills and
deeds and pedigrees have enough of dryness to suit
the most severely exacting.
Genealogists have a feast spread for them by
Mr. Hamon Le Strange in his substantial quarto
devoted to “Le Strange Records” from 1100 to
1310 A. D. (Longmans, Green; $7). It is "a
chronicle of the early Le Stranges of Norfolk and
the March of Wales," including also “the lines
of Knockin and Blackmere continued to their ex-
tinction.” As sources of information the rolls and
charters in the Public Record Office and the British
Museum have been searched, and "considerable
use has been made of the family muniments pre-
served at Hunstanton Hall.” Nothing has been
admitted to the book without rigorous proof of
its historic accuracy, and thus the mixture of fact
and fable not uncommon in family histories has
been, as far as possible, avoided. Facsimile pages
from many ancient documents are interspersed, giv-
ing plenty of occupation to those who like to de-
cipher the crabbed handwriting of the period. A
full index of persons, one of places, and one of
subjects close the book.
A fuller apprehension (one cannot call it compre-
hension) of spirit through the study of its manifes-
tations in a world that includes both matter and
spirit, is the purpose of Dr. W. Tudor Jones's
1
Printed on Fine White and the Famous Ox-
ford India Papers
Crown 8vo, Cloth, gilt top..... .net, $ 2.50
F'cap 8vo, Cloth, gilt edges, Oxford India
Paper
.net, $ 3.50
F'cap 8vo, Persian Morocco, round corners,
red under gold edges.
..net, $ 5.00
F'cap 8vo, Full Morocco Boards, gilt edges
.net, $10.00
The Oxford Book of English Verse.
The Oxford Book of Victorian Verse.
The Oxford Book of Ballads.
The Oxford Book of German Verse.
The Oxford Book of Italian Verse.
The Oxford Book of Spanish Verse.
The Oxford Book of French Verse.
The Oxford Book of Latin Verse.
The Edinburgh Book of Scottish Verse.
The Dublin Book of Irish Verse.
At all Booksellers or from the Publishers.
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
AMERICAN BRANCH
NEW YORK


1917]
537
THE DIAL
>
A Dividend in War
Time for
for DIAL
Subscribers
When I purchased THE DIAL eighteen months
ago, I believed there was in America a public
which would support a progressive, independent
journal of criticism. That assumption has been
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but also by the splendid coöperation of the lead-
ing thinkers and writers.
***
thoughtful book, "The Spiritual Ascent of Man"
(Putnam; $1.50). “We must begin at the very
bottom,” he declares, “dealing with the solid earth
and all its manifestations, and, step by step, pass
upward, following all the demands of thought as
well as the demands of our own nature." For
"thus and thus only,” he continues, “can we pass
beyond the boundaries of sense to a transcendent
world of thought and goodness and holiness." This
might seem to be a bold attempt to bridge the
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the book, which is, in addition to that already
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tributes a short commendatory foreword.
“The Human Side of Trees" has been set forth
with much literary art and no little imagination
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We are asked to believe that "trees possess certain
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beings which in a minor degree have all human
pleasures and understandings, and ... in the
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world.” After this it will surprise no one to
find the succeeding chapters dealing with "Trees
That Build Cities,” “Trees with a Personality,”
"Trees with a College Education,” “Trees That
Keep a Diary,” “Trees That Travel,” “Musical
Trees,” and even “Religious Trees.” A final word
on “Trees and Civilization" closes the book. It
contains much curious information, scientific and
historic, and some that is neither, in a strict sense,
but is none the less readable. (Stokes; $1.60.)
The following letter from Professor John
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"Not only the Middle West but the
country is to be congratulated on the
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Dial. It is rapidly becoming a national
influence, a journal to be reckoned with
by those who think, especially because
of its combination of honest informed
book reviews with humane and pro-
gressive social policies,-and, not least,
good writing, hard hitting, tolerant,
straightforward writing proceeding
from an imaginative vision..
T
Now that THE DIAL is established editorially,
the next step in its career is the securing of a
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ALAN SEEGER.
(To the Editor of The DIAL.)
I was glad to read in The Dial of October 25
Mr. Street's objection to Mr. Kinne's recent review
of Alan Seeger. I was glad because the disagree-
ment between Mr. Street and Mr. Kinne raises an
issue of considerable literary interest and one
which fails consistently to receive the attention it
should. Literary legends develop with all the
rapidity and subtlety of scandal, and to treat them
as holy is to invite the risk of becoming the dupe
of sentimentalism. It was Mr. Kinne's hardihood
in looking a developing legend in the eye, which
caused me to recognize in his review an unusual
In order to take advantage of this offer these
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538
[November 22
THE DIAL
ABINGDON PRESS
NEW BOOKS
WHERE IT TOUCHES THE GROUND
A Story of the “Movies”
By MONTANYE PERRY
“Without question this is one of the most original and
effective temperance stories ever written."
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12mo. 175 pages. Cloth
NET, 75 CENTS, POSTPAID
MODERN PAGANS
By CHARLES M. SHELDON
Author of "In His Steps"
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against the best development of the individual and the
family as a whole."—Book News Monthly.
12mo. 79 pages. Clotke
NET, 50 CENTS, POSTPAID
THE LITTLE OLD LADY
By LYNN HAROLD HOUGH
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of 'The Little Old Lady of whom Lynn Harold Hough
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NET, 75 CENTS, POSTPAID
OUR BACKDOOR NEIGHBORS
By FRANK C. PELLETT
ROUR BASKDOOR
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ing stories of the naturalist's
adventures with the wild
creatures he discovers and in
some cases tames. ... The
book is a splendid specimen
of printing and binding the
finest paper being used—and
there are splendid illustrations
from photographs made by
the author.
-The San Francisco Call.
Crown 8vo. Many illustrations. Cloth, gold top. NET, $1.50, POSTPAID
exhibition of literary integrity. God knows 'tis
needed in these trying times.
Mr. Street, however, finds that the reviewer
"failed utterly to catch the real value of the pub-
lication.” He intimates, moreover,
that Mr.
Kinne misleads the readers of The DIAL by taking
unfair advantage of the reviewer's privilege of
quotation. These are not light accusations. As
one who takes THE DIAL seriously, I felt im-
pelled to satisfy myself regarding the reliability of
the reviewer in question.
Mr. Kinne's review emphasizes three points: (1)
that the bulk of Seeger's letters and diary is com-
monplace; (2) that Alan Seeger was narrow-
minded in his attitude toward other points of view
than his own; (3) that, in spite of all this, there
were “purple patches” of wisdom in the book.
Mr. Street's letter is not an examination of these
points, but a declaration of his own convictions.
With one exception he talks about matters the
reviewer does not touch upon, and which in the
light of the reviewer's criticism are irrelevant. The
one exception is found in the third paragraph of
the letter: “I do not agree with the reviewer,”
says Mr. Street, “that Alan Seeger meant that
we are all 'cowards, hypocrites and fools' because
we cannot fight and must do our bit in 'second-
best things.'' He didn't mean it! Oh, yes, he
meant it. He not only said it in so many words
in a poem which he knew would be published, he
reiterated it in his prose. As I read the letters,
that is Alan Seeger. And I believe he would be
proud to defend his position, were he alive. The
intimation that Mr. Kinne has quoted unfairly
—which is Mr. Street's evidence for his contention
-is untrue to fact and can only find support in
biased or careless interpretation.
As I see it, the difference between Mr. Street
and Mr. Kinne is ultimate. They might argue
with one another till the cows come home but
they'd go to bed without a change of sides. For
the difference is the difference between a senti-
mental and an intellectual type of mind. I can-
not understand why the fact that Alan Seeger was
kind to his mother should influence Mr. Kinne in
attempting to arrive at a critical estimate of the
poet's literary contribution or philosophical outlook.
Neither do I understand why, now that the poet
“has met the death of his dreams, now that he
has disappeared at the pinnacle of his cherished
career," the literary critic cannot believe and should
not remember the words of Victor Chapman,
quoted by Mr. Kinne, that Alan Seeger was “an
appalling wreck before the war.” Such trying to
forget and refusing to believe are the very essence
of sentimentalism. Referring to the review I find
that Mr. Kinne deliberately refrains from putting
a specific construction upon Victor Chapman's
words, but this evident endeavor to be fair, as well
as the genuine appreciations expressed in the re-
view, Mr. Street overlooked in spite of rereadings.
Madison, November 12, 1917. м. С. Отто.

-
SOLDIERS' BOOK OF WORSHIP
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A little book containing all the words of Jesus as re-
corded in the New Testament. The words of the Master
without note or comment. Prayers—brief, reverent, hu-
man and helpful. Beautiful hymns of the heart. It will
take but little space. It will give great comfort, courage and
cheer. Just the book for the soldiers' and the sailors' kit.
31414% inches. 164 pages. Bound in khaki
NET, PER BOOK
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AT THB BETTBR BOOK SHOPS
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PITTSBURGH DETROIT KANSAS CITY SAN FRANCISCO
PORTLAND, ORE., Salesroom
ORDER FROM THE NEARBST ADDRESS


1917)
539
THE DIAL
CHRISTMAS LIST OF SELECTED FICTION

THE DIAL offers herewith a list of some of the
more notable works of fiction of the present season.
The selection is, of course, suggestive rather than
final. A selected list of books in the non-fiction
class will be published in the next issue.
SERS
LVX ET
אורים
ותמים
.
VERITAS
NEW
HAVEN
Limehouse Nights. By Thomas Burke. McBride;
$1.50.
Stories of the East End of London, written
with cruel directness and great imaginative
power. A notable achievement.
Twilight of the Souls, The. By Louis Couperus.
Dodd, Mead; $1.50.
This is the third of “The Books of Small
Souls,”-realistic novels of The Hague,—which
ought to be on the shelves of every intelligent
book-reader.
The Ivory Tower and The Sense of the Past. By
Henry James. Scribner; $1.50 (each).
Unfinished novels which contain the author's
notes.
Helen of Four Gates. By an Ex-Mill Girl. Dut-
ton; $1.50.
A story of unusual power dealing with the pas-
sions and emotions of the moors. One of this
season's outstanding novels.
Soldier of Life, A. By Hugh de Selincourt. Mac-
millan; $1.50.
A significant story of the after effects of war
upon the spiritual perceptions. Those who are
searching for a meaning in warfare will find
much to think about in this well-written tale.
Chosen People, The. By Sydney L. Nyburg. Lip-
pincott; $1.50.
A novel of American Jewish life, brilliantly
written. It is in such novels that American lit-
erature will find its foundations.
Rise of David Levinsky, The. By, Abraham Ca-
han. Harper; $1.60.
See review in this issue.
Under Fire. By Henri Barbusse. Dutton; $1.50.
One of the few books of first-rate importance
produced by the war. It is written from the
point of view of the common soldier and its
great merit is veracity.
Echo of Voices, The. By Richard Curle. Knopf;
$1.35.
Short stories which won the commendation of
Joseph Conrad because of their imaginative
quality.
Prussian Officer, The, and Other Stories. By D.
H. Lawrence. Huebsch; $1.50.
Stories of the psychology of sex which com-
mand attention because of their brilliant pene-
tration and the vividness of characterization.
Fanny Herself. By Edna Ferber. Stokes; $1.50.
A story of the artist and business success, un-
usually human in feeling and significant because
of the sidelights it throws on American life.
Fortunes of Richard Mahoney, The. By Henry
Handel Richardson. Holt; $1.50.
A novel dealing with the Australian gold-fields,
written in the leisurely Victorian manner.
Marching Men. By Sherwood Anderson. Lane;
$1.50.
A sincere attempt to handle American life in
one of its most significant aspects.
Yale Christmas Books
Attractively wrapped and sent postpaid
to any address by the Yale University
Press, successfully solve for active
participators in war work the ques-
tion of Christmas shopping
The Undying Spirit
of France
By MAURICE BARRES
Cloth, 80 cents net
Tersely and vividly M. Barrés has drawn the spirit
of devotion to France, and to traditions of bravery
reaching back to the Song of Roland.
The Yale Shakespeare
The volumes now ready include: Much Ado About
Nothing, Romeo and Juliet, Henry IV (Part I),
Hamlet, and King Lear.
College Edition, 50 cents net. Library Edition,
$1.00 net. (Both are Pocket Editions, bound in
cloth.)
Divers Proverbs
By NATHAN BAILEY
Boards, $1.00 net
A unique volume of old proverbs with their “ex-
plications, here collected for the first time and
printed in rubricated Old Style text.
There's Pippins and Cheese
to Come
By CHARLES S. BROOKS Boards, $2.00 net
Random essays rich in quiet humor and whimsical
fancies, illustrated by twenty-six pen-and-ink sketches.
The Broom Fairies and
Other Stories
By ETHEL M. GATE
Cloth, $1.00 net
An imported edition of a successful English book,
A Book of Verse of the
Great War
Edited by W. REGINALD WHEELER
Cloth, $2.00 net
Includes poems by Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, John
Galsworthy, Amy Lowell, Alfred Noyes, and Rabin-
dranath Tagore.
A circular containing fuller descriptions of these and
other Christmas books will be sent upon request
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
120 COLLEGE STREET 280 MADISON AVENUE
NBW HAVEN, CONN. NEW YORK CITY


540
[November 22
THE DIAL
PUBLICATIONS AND
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF
John W.Luce & Company
ever
MOTTKE THE VAGABOND
By SHOLOM ASH
The best seller
written in Yiddish
A dramatization ran all winter in New York.
A novel of the Underworld in Poland, that in
scope, realism and intensity of action recalls the
famous romances of Victor Hugo. Translated from
the Yiddish by Dr. Isaac Goldberg. Net, $1.50.
NORT' SHOR' VERSES
By R. D. WARE
A volume of poems written in the mixed French-
English dialect spoken by the scattered settlers,
woodsmen and fishermen living along the wild north
shore of New Brunswick on the Gulf of St.
Lawrence. Net, $1.00.
THE POEMS OF
FRANCOIS VILLON
A new edition of the standard translation by
Payne, with notes and a biographical and critical
essay by Robert Louis Stevenson. Net, $1.75.
LORD DUNSANY
AUTHORIZED AMBRICAN EDITIONS
Regular edition is uniform in binding, cloth back,
paper sides, illustrations by S. H. Sime. Price,
per volume net, $1.50. Any volume sold separately.
SPECIAL GIFT EDITION
Six volumes boxed, bound with toned vellum backs,
leather labels, Fabriano sides, gilt stamping. Per
set, net, $9.00.
Sonia; Between Two Worlds. By Stephen Mc-
Kenna. Doran; $1.50.
Perhaps the best story of London before and
during the war which has yet been written.
King in Babylon, A. By Burton E. Stevenson.
Small, Maynard; $1.50.
A story written to entertain. The ingenuity of
the plot, which deals with the supernatural ex-
periences of a movie company in Egypt, is
particularly noteworthy.
Druid Path, The. By Marah Ellis Ryan. Mc-
Clurg; $1.50.
Short stories of ancient Ireland of the most
delicate imaginative beauty.
Three Black Pennys, The. By Joseph Herges-
heimer. Knopf; $1.50.
An important novel of American life, written
with exceptional skill and with notable charac-
terization.
Turn About Eleanor. By Ethel M. Kelley.
Bobbs-Merrill; $1.40.
The story of a group of youthful New Yorkers
who try coöperative parenthood by adopting a
young girl. Their attempts to train their pro-
tégée according to the most approved theories
make a story of exceptional interest.
Diplomat, The. By Guy Fleming. Longmans,
Green; $1.50.
A tale of English and Continental life in the
style of the best Victorians—a "literary" novel.
Second Youth. By Allan Updegraff. Harper;
$1.35.
Not only an exceptionally true story of contem-
porary life, but told in a style that is a con-
stant delight.
The Tales of Chekhov. Translated by Constance
Garnett. Macmillan; $1.50.
Excellent English rendering of one of the great
masters of the short story.
This is the End. By Stella Benson. Macmillan;
$1.35.
A fantastic story of contemporary London that
will delight the imaginative reader with its rare
humor, capricious wit, and poetic vision.
The Balance. By Francis R. Bellamy. Double-
day, Page; $1.35.
An excellent novel of the artist with ideals and
the reactions of overambition.
Parnassus on Wheels. By Christopher Morley.
Doubleday, Page; $1.25.
Every line will delight the lover of books and
human nature.
Alexis. By Stuart Maclean. Appleton; $1.50.
A story of musical genius that holds the inter-
est of the intelligent lover of music.
Unholy Three, The. By C. A. Robbins. Lane;
$1.50.
A mystery story written from a new angle,
containing genuine imagination.
Ford, The. By Mary Austin. Houghton Mifflin;
$1.50.
A story of social and commercial forces in
American life written on rather a large scale
by an able novelist.
Brought Forward. By R. B. Cunninghame Gra-
ham. Stokes; $1.35.
Short stories of strong individuality, which
have already won recognition for the author
among those appreciating literary quality.

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1917]
541
THE DIAL
OLD BOSTON
TAVERNS
AND
TAVERN CLUBS
Postmaster's Daughter, The. By Louis Tracy.
Clode; $1.35.
A detective story of the best quality, both from
the point of view of plot and of writing.
Lovers, The. By Elizabeth Robins Pennell. Lip-
pincott; $1.
An idyl of London artist life and the aftermath
of war. Those who do not know Mrs. Pennell's
charm have much pleasure of discovery in
store.
Munster Twilight, A. By Daniel Corkery. Stokes;
$1.
Irish stories of poignant human quality.
Beauty and Nick. By Philip Gibbs. Devin-Adair
Co.; $1.50.
Divorce told from the point of view of the child
involved. Mr. Gibbs is an English writer too
little known in America.
World and Thomas Kelly, The. By Arthur Train.
Scribner; $1.50.
A “society" novel written with sincerity and
brilliance.
BY
SAMUEL ADAMS DRAKE
NEW ILLUSTRATED EDITION
WITH AN ACCOUNT OF
“COLE'S INN,” “THE BAKERS’ARMS,”AND
"GOLDEN BALL"
BY
WALTER K. WATKINS
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES
Also a List of Taverns, Giving the Names
of the Various Owners of the Property,
from Miss Thwing's Work on "The In-
habitants and Estates of the Town of
Boston, 1630-1800," in the Possession of
the Massachusetts Historical Society.
[Inquiries or contributions to this department should be ad-
dressed to John E. Robinson, the Editor, who will be
pleased to render to readers such services as are possible.)
Price $1.50
W. A. BUTTERFIELD
59 BROMFIELD STREET, BOSTON
The Substance
of Gothic
Ralph Adams Cram, Litt.D., LL.D.
an
Mrs. Alfred Morrison has instructed Sotheby,
Wilkinson & Hodge of London to sell the world-
renowned Morrison collection of autograph letters
and documents. It contains a large number of
items of unique historical interest, such as the
four-page autograph letter written by Mary,
Queen of Scots, to her brother, King Henry III,
the night before her execution, the famous corre-
spondence between Admiral Nelson and Lady Ham-
ilton, and the Blessington papers.
The sale will
be divided into several parts, the first of which
will take place on December 10 and the four fol-
lowing days.
The same firm will sell this winter a fine collec-
tion of letters written by Dr. Samuel Johnson and
Mrs. Thrale. It comprises the originals of up-
wards of 200 of the letters published by Madame
Piozzi (Mrs. Thrale) in her two volumes of
"Letters to and from the late Samuel Johnson,
LL.D., 1788,” as well as some not published by
her, including the famous letter written by Dr.
Johnson to Mrs. Thrale after she had announced
to him her approaching marriage to Piozzi, and her
reply. The collection also includes the manuscript
of Dr. Johnson's famous poem to Sir John Lade,
"Long expected one and twenty.'
The history of the collection is interesting: The
letters came into the possession of Piozzi's nephew,
John Piozzi, whom Mrs. Thrale adopted, and who
took her maiden name of Salusbury. She also
gave him her Welsh family property, including the
houses at Bachycraig and Brynhella in the vale of
Clwy. The letters remained in the possession of
the Salusbury family, who continued to occupy
the Welsh property, and are now owned by one of
the last descendants of the Salusbury name, who
is a great-grand-daughter of Mrs. Piozzi's adopted
Crown 8vo, gilt top, with portrait, $1.50 net.
$1.60 postpaid.
In a masterly and convincing manner, Dr.
Cram develops his subject, not only as
organic scheme of building, but as a definite
exponent of the religious, philosophical, social,
political, and economic conditions that obtained
in mediævalism.
The substance of this vital book formed Dr.
Cram's Lowell Institute Lectures at Boston last
winter. As the foremost American authority
on Gothic Architecture, whose work in con-
nection with the new St. Thomas Church in
New York and the splendid buildings at West
Point and Princeton is world famous, his latest
and, in some respects, most important book
commands immediate attention.
All who think deeply of the present world
crisis and of what is to come after will find
illuminating guidance in Dr. Cram's scholarly
and inspiring volume.
Marshall Jones Company
PUBLISHERS
212 Summer St., BOSTON
son,


542
[November 22
THE DIAL
Many rarities were in the Americana sold by the
Jacobs' Leading Holiday Books American Art Association, of New York, on No-
vember 19 and 20. Among the items was the
only known copy of "The Isle of Pines," by Henry
Jay Cooke, Financier of the Civil War Neville, printed by Samuel Green at Cambridge,
By Ellis P. Oberholtzer, Ph.D.
Massachusetts, in 1668. This is an unrecorded
A new and cheap edition of this full and author-
issue of one of “the lost books" of the colonial
ized biography. Printed from the same plates
press at Cambridge. It came from Bishop White
as the original edition with all illustrations re- Kennett's library, which was sold in London
tained. 2 vols. $3.00.
on July 30, 1917, and has his autograph on the
Lorna Doone
By R. D. Blackmore
title. "The American Physitian," by W. Hughes,
The first volume of The Rittenhouse Classics,
London, 1672, is the rare first edition of this work.
containing 811 pages, bulking only 1 1/16. Printed
A portrait of George Washington, in the original
on opaque paper in readable type. The binding wax, was undoubtedly done from life by Joseph
is unusually strong, pliable glue having been Wright, portrait-painter, and from it he made the
used. Helen Mason Grose has painted eight plaster cast which he sent to his mother, Patience
full page illustrations which are produced in Wright, as a model for her famous wax relief
color. $1.50.
portrait of Washington.
The Flag
By Homer Greene "The American Querist," by Myles Cooper, New
The most inspiring patriotic story which has York, printed by James Rivington, 1774, is the
appeared in years. Deals with an American boy rare second issue of which no other copy is recorded
who unthinkingly desecrates the Stars and as sold at auction in America. “A Declaration of
Stripes and makes atonement by fighting in the Demeanor and Cariage of Sir Walter Raleigh,”
France. Illustrated. $1.25 net.
London, 1618, is the rare first edition. "An
Historic Dress in America
Historical Account, of the Small Pox Inoculation
By Elisabeth McClellan
in New England," by Zabdiel Boylston, Boston,
A new edition of this standard work, covering 1730, is exceedingly scarce. No copy is recorded
costume in America from 1607 to 1870. Volume as sold at auction in America. “The White Footed
1, 1607-1800, $10.00. Volume 2, 1800-1870, $6.00. Deer and other Poems,” by William Cullen Bryant,
Boxed either separately or as a set.
New York, 1844, is the first edition of one of the
rarest of his works. It is uncut and with the
George W. Jacobs & Co., Publishers, Philadelphia, Pa. original wrappers.
"Case of Great Britain and
America,” by Gervase P. Bushe, Boston, 1769, is
also scarce, only two other copies having been sold
at auction in America. William Smith's "Exam-
New Publications
ination of the Connecticut Claim to Lands in Penn-
sylvania,” Philadelphia, 1774, is a rare and im-
World Organization as Affected by the
portant historical item. “Green's Register for Con-
Nature of the Modern State
necticut," New London, 1784, and 1785, are the
By DAVID JAYNE HILL, LL.D., former Ameri- rare first and second issues.
can ambassador to Germany. Reprinted with new
12mo, cloth, $1.50.
A scarce autograph letter is that of Daniel
The author points out in his new preface the fact
Parke Custis, the first husband of Martha Wash-
that although several political revolutions and four
European wars have occurred since the book was ington, dated May 5, 1755. "Sabbath Profanity,"
first published in 1911, these events have not made by Francis Worcester, Boston, 1760, is probably
necessary the change of a single sentence.
a unique piece of early American poetry. “Amer-
American City Progress and the Law ica," by William Livingston, New Haven, 1770,
By HOWARD LEE McBAIN, Ph.D., Professor of
Municipal Science and Administration, Columbia
is very scarce, no copy being recorded as sold at
University. Author of "The Law and the Prac- auction in America. "A Philosophical Treatise of
tice of Municipal Home Rule." 12mo, cloth, $1.50
the Original and Production of Things Writ in
net. The Hewitt Lectures, 1917.
America in a Time of Solitudes,” by Richard
Dynamic Psychology
Franck, London, 1687, is the scarce first edition.
By ROBERT SESSIONS WOODWORTH, Ph.D.,
“Notes on the State of Virginia," by Thomas Jef-
Psychology, Columbia University.
12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. The Jesup Lectures, 1917.
ferson, Paris, 1782, is the extremely rare original
Columbia University Studies in the
edition. “A Letter to a Friend,” by John Kears-
History of Ideas
ley, Philadelphia, printed by B. Franklin and D.
Hall, 1751, is of excessive rarity. Only one other
A collection of essays by members of the De-
partment of Philosophy, Columbia University. 8vo,
copy is recorded, that in the possession of the
cloth, $2.00 net.
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. "Statement of
The Early Life of
the Kennebeck Claims," Boston, 1786, is scarce.
Robert Southey, 1774-1803
"A Report of the Causes," by James Hughes,
By WILLIAM HALLER, Ph.D., Instructor in Eng-
Lexingtor, 1803, is the rarest of the Kentucky
lish, Columbia University. 12mo, cloth, $1.75 net. reports. “New Hampshire Committee of Safety,"
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
Exeter, 1779, is one of the rarest of American
LEMCKE & BUECHNER, Agents
broadsides. “The Military Glory of Great
30-32 West 27th Street
New York City Britain,” Philadelphia, 1762, is a rare Princeton
College pamphlet.
Preface.
Professor
of
9


1917]
543
THE DIAL
Cardinal Mercier
Pastorals, Letters, Allocutions
1914 - 1917
With a Biographical Sketch and Foreword
By Rev. JOSEPH F. STILLEMANS,
President of the Belgian Relief Fund.
This volume contains Cardinal Mercier's
heroic utterances protesting against the
German invasion of Belgium.
He has presented to the world a conception
of Humanity and Justice that will forever
keep his name in the memory of men.
Cloth binding, 12mo.
Portrait in colors, $1.25 net
P. J. KEN E DY & SONS
11 Barclay Streot
NEW YORK
"A Concise View of the Controversy between
the Proprietors of East and West Jersey," by
Ebenezer Cowell, Philadelphia, 1783, is a scarce
and important historical item. The “History of
Peru," by Diego Fernandez, Seville, 1571, is the
original and only edition of this rare book. An
autograph letter of Henry R. Schoolcraft, the noted
ethnologist, to Governor Lewis Cass, was accom-
panied by a manuscript map in Schoolcraft's auto-
graph, being a sketch of the seat of war between
the Chippewas and the Sioux. "A Narrative of
the Rise and Progress of the Difficulties, which
issued in a Separation between the Minister and
the People of Bennington,” by David Avery, Ben-
nington, 1783, is one of the scarcest Vermont
items offered at auction in recent years. William
Stith's “History of the First Discovery and Settle-
ment of Virginia," Williamsburg, 1747, is the orig-
inal edition of the first American-printed history
of Virginia. "An Ode Sacred to the Memory
of General Wolfe," London, 1759, is the rare
first edition. It was the first copy to be offered
at public auction either in America or Great
Britain.
Autographs, manuscripts, broadsides, and pam-
phlets left by Dr. John W. Francis, author of "Old
New York” and other works, were sold by Scott &
O'Shaughnessy, of New York, on November 21.
On November 22 they will sell first editions of
modern authors. On November 14 and 15 Charles
F. Libbie, of Boston, sold the second part of the
library of Frank B. Sanborn, of Concord, Massa-
chusetts.
On December 3 and 4 the American Art Asso-
ciation will sell the library of the late James
Buchanan (“Diamond Jim”) Brady. It includes
the original agreement signed by Charles Dickens
and W. H. Willis relating to the publication of
"All the Year Round," and the knife, fork, and
spoon carried by Napoleon I throughout all his
campaigns. In the second week of December will
be sold Americana from the libraries of Edmond
B. Sterling, of Trenton, New Jersey, and Miss
Gertrude Rogers, of South Manchester, Connect-
icut, and the historical library of William Bunker,
of Ridgefield, Connecticut.
Gabriel Wells, of New York, has come into
possession of the historic copy of Thomas Carlyle's
“The French Revolution" that Charles Dickens
used in the writing of "The Tale of Two Cities."
It was presented in 1858 by Dickens to Edmund
Yates. It was Yates who caused the estrangement
between Dickens and Thackeray. In his preface to
“The Tale of Two Cities," Dickens says:
Whenever reference (however slight) is made here
to the condition of the French people before or during
the revolution, it is truly made on the faith of trust-
worthy witnesses. It has been one of my hopes to
add something to the popular and picturesque means
of understanding that terrible time, though no one
can hope to add anything to the philosophy of Mr.
Carlyle's wonderful work.
The Rosenbach Company, of Philadelphia, has
sold Benjamin Franklin's copy of his famous epi-
taph for $5500. There is another copy in Frank-
lin's autograph in the Library of Congress.
The Sources of the
Power of Music
By ELLA WHITE CUSTER
A series of six chapters analyzing Music to
its basic principles and seeking the sources of
its power over the mind of Man. It is based
upon the experience of a lifetime, with unusual
opportunities for observation, and is prompted
by a deep appreciation of the beauty
of Music
and of its influence upon Man. This book
makes its appeal to thoughtful students and to
those music-lovers who have had no technical
training, but who desire to know something
of the reasons why Music has such a wide-
spread and varied interest. It is clearly and
concisely written, and there is "not one super-
Aluous sentence."
This work is issued as follows:
DE LUXE EDITION
400 copies, post quarto (8 x 1044) printed on
Italian hand-made paper, in 12-point Old-style Roman
type, bound in dark blue Ancona boards with pocket
for 3 charts in front, uncut edges and in slide case,
$3.00 net.
STUDENTS' EDITION.
600 copies on heavy American white wove paper
with wide margins (suitable for pencil notes ) bound
in Columbia blue Herculean covers, $1.00 net.
Postpaid on receipt of net price.
THE MOSHER PRESS
PORTLAND, MAINE


544
[November 22
THE DIAL
NOTES AND NEWS
“AT MCCLURG'S”
It is of interest and importance
to Librarians to know that the
books reviewed and advertised
in this magazine can be pur-
chased from us at advantageous
prices by
Public Libraries, Schools,
Colleges and Universities
In addition to these books we
have an exceptionally large
stock of the books of all pub-
lishers - a more complete as-
sortment than can be found on
the shelves of any other book-
store in the entire country. We
solicit correspondence from
librarians anacquainted with
our facilities.
LIBRARY DEPARTMENT
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago
Edward Sapir is head of the division of
anthropology of the Geological Survey of Canada.
He was educated at Columbia University.
V. T. Thayer is a member of the department of
philosophy at the University of Wisconsin.
Claude Bragdon is a Buffalo architect who has
lectured and written a great deal on architecture.
He is the author of “Projective Ornament,” “Epi-
sodes of an Unwritten History,” and other books.
Garland Greever is professor of English at the
University of Indiana.
Frederic Austin Ogg is associate professor of
political science at the University of Wisconsin.
Among his books are “Social Progress in Modern
Europe," "Governments of Europe," and "Social
and Industrial History of Europe since the French
Revolution.”
-
THE MOSHER BOOKS
1 "At the outset (1891) I wanted to
make only a few beautiful books.”
1 I am still making beautiful books,
as my 1917 List will show.
| Every one of these books exquisitely printed
from hand-set type on genuine hand-made
papers, in distinctively old style bindings.
This new revised catalogue free on request.
THOMAS BIRD MOSHER
PORTLAND, MAINE.
Frederic Jessup Stimson, author of “My Story”
(Scribner's), is ambassador from this country to
Argentina.
"The Fishermen,” by Dimitry Gregorovitsh,
published by R. M. McBride & Co., is a poignant
tale of the simple but intense lives of a Russian
master fisherman and his sons.
"Kultur in Cartoons,” a second series of Louis
Raemaekers's work, with explanatory matter by
G. K. Chesterton, Eden Phillpotts, and others,
is to be published by the Century Co.
Gertrude Capen Whitney, author of the "House
of Landell,” was born in Canton, Massachusetts.
She married a southern cotton merchant and now
makes her home in Augusta, Georgia.
Mr. George Young, formerly secretary of the
American legation at Lisbon, Portugal, has writ-
ten a book on “Portugal, Old