678 The University of Chicago Libraries Crea Vita Cat Sci EXCO entia latur tus THE DIAL A FORTNIGHTLY VOLUME LXV June 20 to December 28, 1918 These NEW YORK THE DIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY . و INDEX TO VOLUME LXV ILL PAGE . . 98 . 72 . . • 67 . . - . . . . . . ACTON, LORD-IDEALIST: Harold J. Laski 59 ADAMS. HENRY, THE BETRAYAL OF :: Robert Morss Loveit : 468 AMERICAN CULTURE, THỂ IXPORTANCE OF George Donlin 205 AMERICAN FAMILY, THE Elsie Clews Parsons 160 A HROPOLOGY Pur to Work Robert H. Lowie .::APSTVENO TREC SILIZED, AN Herbert J. Seligmann 550 ARCHITECTURE, THE MEANING OF Claude Bragdon 105 BENNETT, MR., Is DISTURBED Randolph Bourne British LABOR, THE NEW FORCES IN G. D. H. Cole . 539 BRITISH LABOR AND RECONSTRUCTION G. D. H. Cole · 460 BROOKE, STOPFORD, THE REAL . Robert Morss Lovett 404 Brush, THE TALENT OF THE Walter Pach 613 CHANCE, OUR, AND Our Duty Harold Stearns CHATEAUBRIAND IN AMERICA William A. Nitze 16 CLAUDEL, PAUL, The Poetic DRAMA OF Lewis Galantiere 9 CONVERSATION, AN IMAGINARY \George Moore . 253, 297, 354 Gosse and Moore, I 253 Gosse and Moore, II 297 Gosse and Moore, III 354 COWARD, A, You Can BELIEVE IN Henry Kitchell II' bster 18 CRITICISM, CONNOISSEURSHIP OR Il'alter Pach 365 Dell, Robert, FOREIGN COMMENT ON THE EXPULSION OF 56 DEMOCRACY'S PERMANENT TASK Harold Stearns 103 DEMOCRACY, WATCH Your Step! Albert C. Barnes · 595 DICKINSON, EMILY Marsden Hartley 95 DUBLIN LETTERS Ernest A. Boyd . 154, 558 DYNASTIES, DESTINIES AND Hartley Burr Alexinder 491 EARTH THE UNCONQUERABLE Frederic Austin 06 19 EASTMAN, MAX, WHITMAN, POE, AND Louis Untermeyer 611 EDUCATED CLASSES, THE MENTAL ATTITUDE OF THE Franz Boas 145 EMINENCES, AN EXAMINATION OF Randolph Bourne 603 Essay, THE LIGHT Randolph Bourne 419 GEORGIANS, THE Louis Untermeyer 113 GIOTTO AND SOME OF His Followers Bayard Boyesen 209 GOD, THE RELEGATION OF . Randolph Bourne 215 HEARN, LAFCADIO: A PostSCRIPT Lisle Bell 614 HIRE LEARNING IN AMERICA, THE Charles A. Beard 553 HISTORIANS, TENDER AND TOUGH MINDED Carl Becker 106 Horizons, LIMITED Scofield Thayer 61 House, COLONEL Will Durant 156 IBÁÑEZ, VICENTE BLASCO Isaac Goldberg 415 ÍNDIA, THE NEW EDUCATION IN Basanta Koomar Hoy 150 INDUSTRY, THE NEW HOPE IN Robert B. Volf 207 TOYCE, JAMES Scofield Thayer LABOR RECORDED Charles A. Beard 63 -LEAGUE OF FREE NATIONS AssociaTION: STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES 493 APPROACH TO A John Dewey 341 ECONMIG FREEDOM, À Juhn Dewey 537 "LEAGUE OF NATIONS, THE FOURTEEN POINTS AND THE John Dewey · 463 LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND THE NEW DIPLOMACY John Dewey 401 LEARNING, THE WAR AND THE HIGHER . Thorstein Veblen y. 45 LFTTERS TO UNKNOWN WOMEN: Heliodora Richard Aldington LIBERALISM RESTATED V. T. Thayer 213 LONDON: A WAR NOCTURNE John Gould Fletcher 53 LONDON LETTERS Edward Shanks . 12, 54, 101, 204, 421, 617 RI ACKENZIE, COMPTON Scofield Thayer 473 MAGIC, THE MORTALITY OF Conrad Aiken 214 V MEDIOCRITY, TWENTY LESSONS IN Clarence Britten 163 MIDDLE WEST, A MIRROR OF THE Randolph Bourne MODERN Point of View AND THE NEW ORDER, THE Thorstein Veblen 289, 349, 409, 482, 543, 605 Movies, WANTED--A WAGNER FOR THE . William Ellery Leonard 257 MUSIC, AMERICAN INFLUENCE ON MODERN FRENCH S. Foster Damon 93 NATURALIST, THE LIFE OF A GREAT Norman Foerster 161 New BOTTLE, But Old Wine . Hartley B. Alexander New PATHS Richard Aldingto 149 OLDER TIME, FROM AN Randolph Bourne 363 P. PER-JACKET PROBLEMS Louis Untermeje . . . . . . 201 . . 598 . 480 . . 211 . 20 579899 INDEX PAGE 64 343 307 259 70 197 306 ✓ 346 . . 22 294 602 249 303 1.1 583 417 258 529 158 . . . . . PAINTERS, CERTAIN AMERICAN PEACE, THE ECONOMIC GUARANTEES OF PEACEMAKERS, FASHIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHY BY Magic. Poetry, NARRATIVE, AND THE Vestigial Lyric . Poilu, What Are You FIGHTING FOR? . POINTILLIST, A POINTLESS POLYPHONIC PROSE, THE TECHNIQUE Of PUPPETS, PASSIONATE · RECONSTRUCTING AMERICAN BUSINESS RECONSTRUCTION, PRIMITIVE RECONSTRUCTION, Why? RECONSTRUCTION AT Work . RELIGIONS, A UNIVERSITY SURVEY OF RESPONSIBILITY, PUNISHMENT, REPARATION RHYTHM, THE FUNCTION OF ROYALTY, THE TWILIGHT OF RUSSIA, AND THE AMERICAN Press RUSSIA, HALF-TRUTHS ABOUT . Russia, SOVIET, AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION RUSSIA-Will Sue DEFEAT Us? Russia! WITHDRAW FROM Sacrifice, THE MORALITY OF SATIRIST, AMERICA'S NEGLECTED SAUCE FOR THE GANDER AND SAWDUST FOR THE GOOSE SCANDINAVIAN IMPORTS SCANDINAVIAN Novelists, Two SCIENTIFIC SPIRIT, How to CREATE THE SEASHORE OF ENDLESS WORLDS,” “ON THE SOUTH WIND . Soviet At Work, The STATE, THE MORAL . STIMULATING Because UNTRUE STORY-TELLER'S HOLIDAY, A STRONG TIMBER SWASHBUCKLER, A LITERARY THEATER, The People's TRIBAL ESTHETICS VILLON, SOME MORALS: FROM The FRENCH OF War, The PsycHOLOGY OF WAR, Who Pays For? WAR WITHIN THE WAR, THE WAR-SONG OF THE FAR WEST, A WEST, MORALS AND ART FROM THE Wilson PEACE Policy, THE-- Why It May FAIL . World, THE-WHEN Will IT END? Bayard Boyesen Ordway Tead H. M. Kallen M. C. Otto Conrad Aiken Henri Barbusse Conrad Aiken Conrad Aiken Scofield Thayer J. George Frederick Hendrik Willem van Loon Harold Stearns Helen Marot Edward Sapir Norman Angell. Conrad Aiken Harold J. Laski S. M. Harold Stearns Lincoln Colcord Harold Stearns . The Editors Randolph Bourne Wilson Follett Mary Vida Clark John G. Holme. Randolph Bourne Robert H. Lowie Virgi! Jordan Scofield Thayer Albert Rhys Williams Ilarold Stearns Will Durant J. S. Watson, Jr. Louis Untermeyer Henry B. Fuller Claude Bragdon Marsden Hartley James Branch Cabell H. M. Kallen George M. Jane's Will Durant Natalie Curtis Burlin Randolph Bourne A European Liberal Herbert W. Hines . 591 397 525 309 .19 5+1 109 167 · 157 · 599 117 531 361 115 534 203 261 489 399 58 406 262 5 589 550 III VERSE ?? 422 . ABSENCE ARRESTMENT BLUE ROSES CAMOUFLAGED TROOP-SHIP City Park, A FACES HUMORESQUE INSTRUCTORS Lost SINGER, THE NOSTALGIA PEANUTS "Quanti Dolci Pensier Quanto Disio RENEWAL SYMPATHY SURVIVOR Two POEMS Two POEMS VICTORY IN THE CABARETS VISION, THE Will You STEP INTO MY GRAVE, SIR? JO!! Hal! Whcc!ock Leslie Nelson Jennings Eloise Robinson Amy Lowell Alter Brody Lola Ridge Edna St. Vincent Millay Susanne Howe Scudder Middleton John Cournos Mary Carolyn Davies Edna St. Vincent Millay James Rorty Itelen Hout Maxwell Bodenheim Alter Brody Rose Henderson Louis Untermeyer Alice Corbin Conrad Aiken 403 256 252 293 13 342 14 200 601 148 102 . . 528 57 472 v 198087 iv INDEX Sement ܒ݁ܚܰܝܐ AUTHORS AND TITLES 04 BOOKS REVIEWED 50 26 PAGE Acton, Correspondence of Lord. Vol. I...... 59 Adams, Henry. The Education of Henry Adams.. 468 Adams, Henry C. Description of Industry.. 34 Addison, Charles M. The Theory and Practice of Mysti- cism.. 220 Aldis, Mary. Drift.. 18 Alencon, Pedro A. de. The Three Cornered Hat 372 Allen, Anthony. First Songs... 560 Allen, Edward Frank. Keeping Our Fighters Fit. 125 Anderson, William, in collaboration with William Stearns Davis and Mason W. Tyler. The Roots of the War:. 221 Angell, Norman. The Political Conditions of Allied Success 67 Arrhenius, Svante. The Destinies of the Stars... 374 Asquith, Herbert H. Occasional Addresses.... 54 Atherton, Gertrude. The Valiant Runaways. 438 Balmont, Ferdinand. A Crusader of France. 28 Balz, Albert G. A. Idea and Essence in the Philosophies of Hobbes and Spinoza... 218 Barbusse, Henri. L'Enfer. 425 Barbusse, Henri. Under Fire (Le Feu). .309, 372, 425, 632 Barbusse, Henri. We Others.... 632 Barrés, Maurice. Colette Baudoche.. 322 Barrett, J. H. How to Sell More Goods. 179 Barrett, William F. On the Threshold of the Unseen ..... Bashford, James W. The Oregon Missions.... 506 Beach, Joseph Warren. The Method of Henry James. 119 Bell, Aubrey F. G. Portuguese Portraits... 318 Bell, Rev. Bernard Iddings. Right and Wrong After the War 374 Bell, J. J. Johnny Pryde.. 127 Benét, William Rose. The Burglar of the Zodiac. 165 Benn, A. J. P. The Trade of Tomorrow. 303 Bennett, Arnold. The Pretty Lady. 72 Bennett, Arnold. The Title... 502 Benson, Stella. Twenty... 572 Berenson, Bernard. Essays in the Study of Sienese Paint- ing 365 Bergengren, Ralph. The Comforts of Home... 380 Bierce, Ambrose. In the Midst of Life.-Ashes of the Bea- con.—The Land Beyond the Blow.-The Death of Hal- pin Frayser.--Killed at Resaca.--A Baby Tramp.--Fan- tastic Fables.—The Monk and the Hangman's Daugh- ter 49 Bisland, Elizabeth. Life and Letters of Lafcadio Hearn.- Japanese Letters of Lafcadio Hearn.... 614 Björnson, Björnstjerne. Arnljot Gelline, translated from the Norwegian by William Morton Payne.... 109 Blackwood, Algernon and Violet Pearn, Karma.. 219 Blatch, Harriot Stanton. Mobilizing Woman-Power. 130 Boardman, Mabel T. Under the Red Cross Flag.. 31 Booth, Eva Gore.. See Gore. Booth. Bourrier, *9m! Inder the German Shells.. 124 See Harris - Bourland. Contingency of the Laws of Nature.. 259 Braithwaite, W. S., editor. The Golden Treasury of Maga- zine Verse... 165 Brawley, Benjamin. The Negro in Literature and Art. ... 217 Bres, Rose Falls. Maids, Wives and Widows. 130 Bridges, Robert. The Necessity of Poetry.. 102 Bronner, Milton. Letters from the Raven. 614 Brooks, Van Wyck. Letters and Leadership. 205 Broun, Heywood. The A. E. F...... 123 Brown, Alice. The Flying' Teuton.. 126 Brown, Cyril. Germany as It Is Today.. 172 Bryant, Lorinda Munson. Famous Pictures of Real Animals 506 Bryant, Louise. Six Red Months in Russia. 504 Buck, Mitchell S. Book Repair and Restoration.. Burritt, Arthur W., Edwin F. Gay, Henry S. Dennison, Ralph E. Heilman, and Henry P. Kendall. Profit Shar. ing 26 Butler, Frank Hedges. Through Lapland with Skis and Reindeer 169 Cable, Boyd. Front Lines.. 124 Cable, G. W. Lovers of Louisiana.--Dr. Sevier.- John March, Southerner. --The Grandissimes... 363 PAGE Calhoun, Arthur W. A Social History of the American Family from Colonial Times to the Present: Vol. II, From Independence Through the Civil War. 160 Call, Annie Payson. Nerves and the War... 430 Canby, Henry Seidel. Thé Short Story in English. Canfield, Dorothy Home Fires in France. 320 Cannan, Gilbert. Freedom 425 Cannan, Gilbert. Mendel 216 Carlin, Francis. My Ireland 70 Carrington, Hereward. Psychical Phenomena and the War 320 Carter, Huntley, editor. Industrial Reconstruction: A Sym- posium on the Situation After the War and How to Meet It 303 Case, Shirley Jackson. The Millenial Hope 111 Cather, Willa. My Antonia Cestre, Charles. France, England and European Democ- racy: 1215-1915. Translated by Leslie M. Turner.... 106 Chinard, Gilbert. L'Exotisme Americain Dans L'Oeuvre de Chateaubriand 16 Chambers, Robert W. The Laughing Girl 630 Church, James R. The Doctor's Part 434 Churchill, Winston. A Traveler in War-Time 122 Clarke, Austin. Vengeance of Fionn 155 Claudel, Paul. La Ville.-Tête-d'Or.-The East I Know. -The Tidings Brought to Mary.-Three War Poems. -Le Repos du Septième Jour.--L'Arbre.-L'Exchange. -L'Announce faite à Marie.-L'Otage.--Art Poétique. Abrégé de toute la dactrine chretienne.... 9 Coffin, Henry Sloane. In a Day of Social Rebuilding..... 634 Columbia University, Department of Philosophy, editors. Studies in the History of Ideas. Vol. I... 218 Commons, John R., and collaborators. History of Labor in the United States.... 63 Comfort, Will Levington. The Hive 216 Connolly, James B. The U-Boat Hunters. 173 Cooley, Charles H. Social Process 570 Coover, John Edgar. Experiments in Psychical Re- search 373 "Cosmos." The Basis of Durable Peace 308 Couch, Sir Arthur Quiller.. See Quiller-Couch. Craig, Katherine Taylor. The Fabric of Dreams 570 Cram, Ralph Adams. Heart of Europe. ... 274 Crocker, Marjorie, and Esther Sayles Root. Over Peri. scope Pond 31 Croy, Homer. Boone Stop 222 Croy, Homer. How Motion Pictures Are Made. 574 Daviess, Maria Thompson. The Golden Bird.. 223 Dawson, Coningsby. The Glory of the Trenches.-Carry On 30 Dawson, W. J. The Father of a Soldier... 30 Davis, William Morris. Handbook of Northern France... 125 Davis, William Stearns, in collaboration with William An- derson and Mason W. Tyler. The Roots of the War. 221 De Booy, Theodore, and John T. Faris. The Virgin Islands. 170 De Casseres, Benjamin. The Shadow Eater 380 Dempsey, T. The Delphic Oracle 570 Dennison, Henry S., Edwin F. Gay, Arthur W. Burritt, Ralph E. Heilman, and Henry P. Kendall. Profit Sharing Dewey, John. The Motivation of Hobbes' Philosophy. 218 Dillon, E. J. The Eclipse of Russia 219 Dimock, Julian A. The New Business of Farming. 34 Dixon, Royal. The Human Side of Animals. 506 Dostoevsky, Fyodor. White Nights 510 Douglas, Norman, South Wind. -Old Calabra. 117 Dreiser, Theodore. Free and Other Stories.--Sister Carrie. --The “Genius" 630 Drinkwater, John. Poems: 1908-1914 20 Duncan, Norman. Harbor Tales Down North. Battles Royal Down North Duret, Theodore. Whistler 64 Dyer, Walter A. Handbook of Furniture Styles.. 316 Eastman, Max. The Enjoyment of p Cry.- Colors of Life. 611 Einstein, Lewis. Inside Constan 29 Eiselen, Frederick C. The Psas, and Other Sacred Writings 77 26 634 615 .e.. INDEX .... 318 417 PAGE Emerson, L. E. Nervousness 430 Empey, Arthur Guy. First Call 31 Empey, Arthur Guy Tales from a Dugout 626 Fabre, Jean Henri. Our Humble Helpers 506 Fabre, Jean Henri. The Wonders of Instinct.. 120 Faris, John T., and Theodore DeBooy. The Virgin Islands. 170 Farnol, Jeffery. Great Britain at the War... 124 Farnol, Jeffery. Our Admirable Betty... 378 Farrer, J. A. The Monarchy in Politics 258 Ferguson, Charles. The Revolution Absolute. 121 Figgis, Darrell. Children of Earth.. 155 Findlay, Hugh. Practical Gardening 34 Fisher, Irving, and Eugene Lyman Fisk. Health for the Soldier and Sailor 125 Fiske, Eugene Lyman, and Irving Fisher. Health for the Soldier and Sailor. 125 Fletcher, John Gould. Irradiations.-Goblins and Pagolas. -- Japanese Prints 164 Fornaro, Cario di. A Modern Purgatory. 120 Franc, Alissa. Use Your Government. 217 Freeburg, Victor O. The Art of Photoplay ting 257 Fuller, H. B. On the Stairs.. 499, 557 Gardner, Percy. Evolution in Christian Doctrine. 111 Gay, Edwin F., Arthur W. Burritt, Henry S. Dennison, Ralph E. Heilman, and Henry P. Kendall. Profit Shar. ing 26 Georgian Poetry: 1916-1917. 113 Gerard, James W. Face to Face with Kaiserism. 30 Gerard, James W. My Four Years in Germany. 587 Gibbs, Philip. From Bapaume to Passchendaele. 270 Gibran, Kahlil. The Madman.. 510 Giddings, Franklin H. The Responsible State. 572 Giraudoux, Jean. Campaigns and Intervals. 28 "Gnathai gan Iarraidh." The Sacred Egoism of Sinn Fein 559 Goldberg, Isaac, translator. Three Plays, by David Pinski.. 75 Goodyear, William Henry. A History of Art. 120 Gore-Booth, Eva. Broken Glory.... 559 Gosse, Edmund, and Thomas James Wise, editors. Post- humous Poems of Algernon Charles Swinburne, 70 Gosse, Edmund, editor. The Springtide of Life, by Alger. non Charles Swinburne.... 578 Gosse, Edmund. Three French Moralists. 55, 309 Gould, George M. Concerning Laſcadio Hearn. 614 Grabo, Carl H. The World Peace and After. 213 Graham, John W. William Penn, Founder of Pennsylvania 220 Graham, Stephen. The Quest of the Face. 508 Grant, A. J. History of Europe... 178 Grant, Madison. Passing of the Great Race. 178 Gray, A. H. As Tommy Sees Us. 34 Graves, Robert. Fairies and Fusiliers. . 114, 214, 425 Green, Mrs. Stopford. Making of Ireland and Its Undoing 559 Grierson, Francis. Illusions and Realities of the War... 77 Grow, Malcolm C. Surgeon Grow.. 31 Guilbert, Yvette. How to Sing a Song. 634 Guiterman, Arthur. The Mirthful Lyre., 428 Hackett, Francis. Horizons : A Book of Criticism Haggard, H. Rider. Love Eternal. 378 Hale, Edward E., Jr. The Life and Letters of Edward Everett Hale.. 506 Harlow, Ralph Volney. Legislative Methods in the Period before 1825... 272 Harper, Florence MacLeod. Runaway Russia.. 76 Harris-Bourland, J. B. The White Rook. 79 Harrison, Thomas Skelton. The Homely Diary of a Diplo- mat in the East. 74 Harvey, Alexander. Shelley's Elopement. 429 Hearn, Lafcadio. Karma... 568 Hearn, Laſcadio, and others. Japanese Fairy Tales. 568 Hearn, Mrs. Lafcadio (Setsuko Koizumi). Reminiscences of Lafcadio Hearn. 614 Heermann, Norbert. Frank Duveneck. 613 Heilman, Ralph E., Edwin F. Gay, Arthur W. Burritt, Henry S. Dennison, and Henry P. Kendall. Profit Sharing 26 Heilman, George S., translator and editor. Memoirs of Mercy Argenteau.... 316 Heller, Otto. Prophets of Dissent. 272 Helton, Roy. Outcasts in Beulah Land:. 214 Heninger, Alice M. H. The Kingdom of the Child.. 630 Herrick, Francis Hobart. Audubon the Naturalist: A History of His Life and Time. 161 Hildreth, J. H. The Queen's Heart. 79 Hill, Marion. The Toll of the Road. 127 Hisada, Paul Kiyoshi, and Frederick Johnson, translators. Reminiscences of Laicadio Hearn, by Setsuko Koirumi (Mrs. Lalcadio Hearn)... 614 PAGE Hobson, J. A. Democracy After the War. 103 Hodgson, William Hope. Captain Gault.. 78 Hoffmansthal, Hugo von. Lyrical Poems. 73 Holliday, Robert Cortes. Walking-Stick Papers. 419 Hopkins, Nevil Monroe. Over the Threshold of War. Huard, Frances Wilson. My Home in the field of Mercy.. 31 Hudson, W. H. A Crystal Age.--Green Mansions.--The Naturalist in La Plata.-Far Away and Long Ago. A Little Boy Lost.-Adventures Among Birds.--Birds and Men.-A Shepherd's Life.-Idle Days in Pata- gonia 550 Huebner, Grover G., and Emory R. Johnson. Principles of Ocean Transportation... 272 Hueffer, Ford Madox. On Heaven Hughes, Dorothy, editor. Illustrations of Chaucer's England 34 Hughes, Rupert. Long Ever Ago. 79 Hunt, Edward Eyre. Tales from a Famished Land. 73 Hurst, Fannie. Gaslight Sonatas.... 126 Hutton, Edward. Highways and Byways of Wiltshire.. 130 Hutton, J. E. Welfare and Housing. 170 " Irraidh, Gnathia gan.” See “Gnathia gan Iarraidh." Ibáñez, Blasco. The Four Horsemen of the Apochalypse.- Sónnica.—The Cabin.--Mare Nostrum.-Venue Dolo- rosa.-Los Enemigos de la Mujer.--Cañas y Barro.... 415 Ingersoll, Will E. The Road That Led Home.. 127 Innes, George, Jr. The Life, Art, and Letters of George Innes 64 Irwin, Will. A Reporter at Armageddon. 376 Jacks, Lawrence Pearsall. Life and Letters of Stopford Brooke 404 Jacobsen, Jens Peter. Marie Grubbe 167 Jastrow, Joseph. The Psychology of Conviction. 270 Jefferson, Dr. Charles E. Old Truths and New Facts.... 378 Jelliffe, Dr., translator. Problems of Mysticism and Its Symbolism, by Herbert Silberer 220 Johnson, Douglas Wilson. Topography and Strategy in the War 19 Johnson, Emory R., and Grover G. Huebner. Principles of Ocean Transportation 272 Johnson, Frederick, and Paul Kiyoshi Hisada, translators. Reminiscences of Lafcadio Hearn, by Setsuko Koizumi (Mrs. Lafcadio Hearn)... 614 Johnston, C. W. The Sunny South and Its People.. 316 Jordan, Elizabeth. Wings of Youth 126 Jordan, John H., and John I. Riegel. Simon, Son of Man. 24 Jordan, William George, and Richardson Wright, editors. Feodor Vladimir Larrovitch: An Appreciation of His Life and Works 123 Joyce, James. Chamber Music.. 70, 201 Joyce, James. A Portrait of The Artist Young Man.Dubliners.-Exiles.--Ulysses 201 Kahn, Lina. Metaphysics of the Supernatural as Illus. trated by Descartes 218 Kamban, Godmundur. Hadda Padda. 109 Kammerer, Percy Gamble. The Unmarried Mother: A Study of 500 Cases. 121 Keller, Albert G. Through War to Peace. 308 Kendall, Henry P., Edwin F. Gay, Arthur W. Burritt, Henry S. Dennison, Ralph E. Heilman, Profit Sharing 26 Kennard, Nina. Lafcadio Hearn 614 Kipling, Rudyard. The Eyes of Asia 502 Kirkland, Winifred. The Joys of Being a Woman. 218 Kirkland, Winifred. The New Death 429 Klein, Abbé Felix. Les Douleurs qui Esperent.. 30 Kleiser, Grenville. Personal Mail Course in Practical Eng- lish 163 Knowlson, T. Sharper. Originality: 'A Popular Study of the Creative Mind 123 Koizumi, Setsuko (Mrs. Lafcadio Hearn). Reminiscences of Lafcadio Hearn... 614 Lafond, Georges. Covered with Mud and Glory: 28 Lagerlöf, Selma. The Holy City.. 167 Lake, Simon. The Submarine in War and Peace. 628 Langdon, Courtney, translator. The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri. Vol. I. The Inferno... 25 Laughlin, J. Laurence. Credit of the Nations. 27 Leighton, Joseph Alexander. The Field of Philosophy. 74 Lewis, Wyndham Tarr 261 Lieberman, Elias. Paved Streets 20 Lincoln, Joseph C. Shavings. 502 Lindsay, Vachel, The Art of the Moving Picture. 257 Liveing, Edward. Attack 179 Locke, William J. The Rough Road 223 as a 61 vi INDEX PAGE Lowell, Amy. Can Grande's Castle 346 Lucas, E.V. A Boswell of Baghdad. 78 Lucas, June Richardson. The Children of France and the Red Cross 434 Lyman, Eugene W. The Experience of God in Modern Life 34 Macurdy, J. T. The Psychology of War... 406 Macdonald, John F. Two Towns-One City 372 Macfall, Haldane. Germany at Bay.. 172 MacFarlane, C. W. The Economic Basis of an Enduring Peace 309 Macfarlane, Peter Clark. The Crack in the Bell.. 568 Mackenzie, Compton. The Passionate Elopement-Sylvia Scarlett.--Youth's Encounter. Sinister Street. 473 Macmillan Co., Editorial Department of. Notes for the Guidance of Authors. 34 MacNamara, Brinsley. The Valley of the Squinting Win. dows 155 Mahoney, H. C. Interned in Germany 130 Mais, S. P. B. From Shakespeare to 0. Henry. 221 Malherbe, Henri. The Flame That Is France.. 372 Mallock, W. H. The Limits of Pure Democracy. 115 Manning, Frederic. Eidola 70 Marbo, Camille. The Man Who Survived 126 Mare, Walter de, la. Motley, and Other Poems....55, 115, 165 Marot, Helen. The Creative Impulse in Industry: A Proposition for Educators. 207 Marriott, Charles. Sub-Soil 13 Martin, Helen R. Maggie of Virginsburg 434 Masefield, John. The Old Front Line 28 Masefield, John. Rosas 70 Mätter, John, and Robert Mätter. The Amateur Vagabond 376 Mattos, Teixeira de, and Bernard Miall, translators, The Wonders of Instinct, by Jean Henri Fabre. 120 Maurice, Arthur Bartlett. Fifth Avenue.. McGlothlin, W. J. The Course of Christian History. 572 Mcleod, T. D. The War and the Road to Peace. 308 Mencken, H. L. The American Language 175 Mencken, H. L. A Book of Prefaces. 50 Mental Hygiene, National Committee for, editors. Neu- ropsychiatry and the War 628 Merriman, Bigelow. Rise of the Spanish Empire 491 Miall, Bernard, and Teixeira de Mattos, translators. The Wonders of Instinct. By Jean Henri Fabre. 120 Mijatovitch, Elodie L., translator. Serbian Fairy Tales.. 434 Miller, Alice Duer. The Happiest Time of Their Lives.. 27 Miller, Alice Duer. Wings in the Night.. 324 Mitchell, Frederick. Fred Mitchell's War Story.. 434 Mitchell, Susan. Aids to the Immortality of Certain Per- sons. Introduction to Secret Springs of Dublin Song 558 Montgomery, James A., editor. Religions of the Past and Present: A Series of Lectures Delivered by Members of the Faculty of the University of Pennsylvania .... 14 Morley, Charles. Travels in London 76 * Moore, George. A Story-Teller's Holiday.--Hail and Farewell.-The Brook Kerith.-- The Confessions of a Young Man-Impressions and Opinions... 534 Mnrpis Coutrenerir His Daughter 70 428 PAGE Pearn, Violet, and Algernon Blackwood. Karma.... 219 Pearse, Padraic H. Collected Works.--Songs of the Irish Rebels 154 Peller, Sadie Luise, translator. Hadda Padda, a play, by Godmundur Kamban 109 Pennell, Joseph. Joseph Pennell's Liberty Loan Poster... 578 Pennsylvania, University of. A Series of Lectures Deliv- ered by Members of the Faculty. Religions of the Past and Present. Edited by James A. Montgomery.. 14 Perla, Leo. What Is National Honor?. 75 Phelps, William Lyon. The Advance in English Poetry in the Twentieth Century.--The Twentieth Century Theatre 627 Phillips, Ulrich B. American Negro Slavery 178 Pinski, David. Three Plays 75 Pond, Irving K. The Meaning of Architecture. 105 Porter, A. Kingsley. Beyond Architecture.. 74 Porter, William Townsend. Shock at the Front. 119 Pound, Ezra. Pavannes and Divisions.. 306 Presland, John. Lynton and Lynmouth, 626 Prideaux, S. P. T. The Second Coming of Christ. 111 Pryce, Richard. The Statue in the Wood 127 Quiller-Couch, Sir Arthur. Foe-Farrell 78 Raemaeker's Cartoon History of the War. Vol. I Rai, Lajpat. England's Debt to India... 430 Rauschenbusch, Walter. A Theology for the Social Gospel 111 Ravenel, Florence Leftwich. Women and the French Tra- dition 171 Rehmann, Elsa. The Small Place 429 Rice, Cale Young. Songs to A. H. R.. 572 Rice, Cale Young. Wraiths and Realities.. 20 Richards, Mrs. Waldo, editor. The Melody of Earth. 130 Rideout, Henry Milner. The Key of the Fields and Bol- dero.--Blue Peter.-Twisted Foot..... 126 Riegel, John I., and John H. Jordan. Simon Son of Man 24 Riesenberg, Felix. Under Sail..... 432 Rinehart, Mary Roberts. Tenting Tonight. 119 Riviere, Jacques. Etudes..... 11 Rolland, Romain. The Fourteenth of July, and Danton.. 372 Rolland, Romain. The People's Theater.. 490 Roof, Katherine Metcalf. The Life and Art of William Merritt Chase.. 64 Roosevelt, Theodore. Why America Should Join the Allies 587 Root, Esther Sayles, and Marjorie Crocker. Over Peri. scope Pond. 31 Ross, Edward A. Russia in Upheaval. 217 Routzahn, Evart G., and Mary Swain Routzahn. The A. B. C. of Exhibit Planning. 634 Rowley, Richard. City Songs.---City of Refuge. 560 Russell, Bertrand. Mysticism and Logic.. Russell, Charles Edward. Unchained Russia. 158 Sandburg, Carl. Chicago Poems.--Cornhuskers. 263 Sassoon, Siegfried. The Old Huntsman.. 114 Schanche, Henninge Krohn, translator. Modern Icelandic Plays: Eyvind of the Hills and The Hraun Farm, by Jóhann Sigurjónsson 109 Schilling, P. C. Christ Triumphant and Christian Ideal... 111 Schnittlin The Poets of the Future : 1916 1917 169 17. Tyler. A Short History of Science 157 Selfridge, H. Gordon. The Romance of Commerce. 34 Selva, Salomón de la. Tropical Town, and Other Poems.. 122 Sherman, Stuart P. On Contemporary Literature...... 61 Shorter, Mrs. Clement. See Sigerson, Dora. Sidgwick, Ethel. Jamesie 222 Sigerson, Dora. The Sad Years. 572 Sigurjónsson, Jóhann. Modern Icelandic Plays: Eyvind of the Hills, a drama in four acts, and The Hraun Farm, a play in three acts. Translated by Henninge Krohn Schanche.. 109 Silberer, Herbert. Problems of Mysticism and Its Sym- bolism 220 Sirén, Osvald. Giotto and Some of His Followers. 209 Smith, Arthur D. Howden. The Real Colonel House. 156 Snaith, J. C. The Time Spirit. 78 Spaulding, Edward Gleason. The New Rationalism. 211 Spurrell, H. G. F. Modern Man and His Forerunners 24 Stanley, Lady. Miss Pim's Camouflage. 127 Steele, Wilbur Daniel. Land's End 274 Stephens, James. Reincarnations... 154 Sternberg, Constantin von. Ethics and Esthetics of Piano. Playing 171 425 Muensterberg, Hugo. The Photoplay 257 Murray, Gilbert. Religio Grammatici 425 Murray, Miss A. E. History of Commercial and Finan- cial Relations between England and Ireland. 559 Nathan, George Jean. The Popular Theater. 489 Nelson, Godfrey N. The Income Tax 263 Nepean, Mrs. Evan. My Two Kings 127 Nicholson, Meredith. The Valley of Democracy. 480 Nichols, Robert. Ardours and Endurances. 70 Noguchi, Yone. Lafcadio Hearn in Japan.. 614 Norris, Kathleen. Josselyn's Wife 428 Norris, Charles G. Salt, or the Education of Griffith Adams 223 Nourse, Edwin Griswold. The Chicago Produce Market.. 73 Noyes, Alfred. Walking Shadows 626 O'Brien, E. J., editor. The Masque of Poets. 165 O'Brien, George. The Economic History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century 559 O'Sullivan, Seumas. The Rosses, and Other Poems. 559 Paine, Ralph D. The Call of the Offshore Wind.. 626 Parmelee, Maurice. Criminology 270 l'ayne, William Mor‘on, translator. Arnljot Gelline, an epic ballad, by Björnsterne Björnson.. 109 INDEX vli PAGE Stevenson, Burton E., editor. Home Book of Verse...... 578 Stork, Charles Wharton, translator. The Lyrical Poems of Hugo von Hoffmannsthal. 73 Strachey, Lytton. Eminent Victorians. .54, 425, 603 Stuermer, Harry. Two War Years in Constantinople... 29 Swinburne, Algernon Charles. Posthumous Poems.. 70 Swinburne, Algernon Charles. The Springtime of Life.. 578 Swinnerton, Frank. Nocturne.. 22 Symons, Arthur. The Art of Aubrey Beardsley. 436 Symons, Arthur. Colour Studies in Paris. 170 Synge, J. M. Poems and Translations.. 263 Tagore, Rabindranath. Gitanjali.-Fruit Gathering. 438 Thompson, Charles Willis. The New Voter. 130 Tilden, Freeman, Khaki.... 223 Tillier, Claude. My Uncle Benjamin. 179 Tiplady, Thomas. The Soul of the Soldier. 124 Train, Arthur. The Earthquake..! 25 Tudor, Marie. Potter's Clay... 179 Turner, John Hastings. Simple Souls. 508 Turner, Leslie M., translator. France, England and Euro- pean Democracy: 1215.1915, by Charles Cestre.... 106 Tyler, H. W., and W. T. Sedgwick. A Short History of Science 157 Tyler, Mason W., in collaboration with William Stearns Davis and William Anderson. The Roots of the War.. 221 Underwood, Edna Worthley. Songs of Hafiz.. 20 Updegraff, Allan. Second Youth.-Strayed Revellers. 222 Usher, Dr. Roland G. The Winning of the War... 172 Valera, Eamonn de. Ireland's Case Against Conscription. 559 Vallotton, Benjamin. The Heart of Alsace.. 316 Van Dyke, John C. The Desert 216 Van Vechten, Carl. The Merry-Go-Round 420 • Veblen, Thorstein. The Higher Learning in America. 553 Veblen, Thorstein. Imperial Germany 304, 482 PAGE Villon, François. Pocms 58 Walker, Williston. A History of the Christian Church. 169 Ward, Mrs. Humphry. Elizabeth's Campaign 574 Watt, Francis. Canterbury Pilgrims and Their Ways..... 504 Webster, Henry Kitchell. An American Family.. 378 Weil, Commandant. Les Dessous du Congrès de Vienne.. 317 Weinberg, Louis. The Art of Rodin.. 436 Wells, H. G. Joan and Peter 215 Weyl, Walter. The End of the War 67, 425 Wheeler, Candace. Yesterdays in a Busy Life. 322 White, Stewart Edward. Simba 317 White, William Allen. In the Heart of a Fool. 556 Whiteford, Robert Naylor. Motives in English Fiction.. 568 Wilcox, Ella Wheeler. Sonnets of Sorrow and Triumph.. 20 Willett, IIerbert L. Our Bible 77 Williamson, George C. Life and Works of Ozias Hum- phry, R. A. 373 Wilson, Elizabeth. Fifty Years of Association Work Among Young Women: 1866-1916 171 Wisconsin Plays: Second Series.. 317 Wise, Thomas James, and Edmund Gosse, editors. Post. humous Poems of Algernon Charles Swinburne...... 70 Withers, Hartley. Our Money and the State 262 Woodberry, George Edward. Hawthorne. 627 Worth; Patience. Hope Trueblood... 24 Wright, Arnold. Early English Adventurers in the East.. 602 Wright, Richardson, and William George Jordan, editors. Feodor Vladimir Larrovitch: An Appreciation of His Life and Works 123 Yeats, John Butler. Essays: Irish and American. 558 Yeats, William Butler. The Wanderings of Oisin. 155 Young, Captain Francis Brett. Marching on Tanga. Young, George. Portugal, Old and Young 508 Zimmern, Alfred E. Nationality and Government. 361 1 29 1 viil INDEX CASUAL COMMENT AND EDITORIALS 66 PAGE “ American Language, The” 175 American Mind, The-It Is Extraordinary How Little We Know About It. 128 Amnesty for Political Prisoners. 498 Bolshevism in Germany, The Prospects for. 367 Books, New, War! Time Reduction in the Publication of.. 225 Comedies, Typical American, of the Early Season. 562 Congressional Election, The... 423 Deland, Margaret, A War Essay by. 80 Democracy Is Not Confining Its Triumphs to Politics. 32 Democratic Government, What Is the Best Criterion of?.. 619 DIAL, THE-Its Publication Changed to Fortnightly.. 265 East, the, Our Commercial Policy Toward. 620 Educational Reformers, The Efforts of the. 174 Error, A Printer's.. 369 Espionage Act-Its Further Exercise. 497 French Revolution, The Example of the. 424 Gantt, Mr. H. L.-A Correction in His Communication.... 499 German, The Study of, in Our Public Schools. 266 Germany, Political Strife Within.. 81 Gompers, Samuel-His Insult to Allied Labor. 32 Gompers, Samuel--His Mission to England.. 174 Hertling, Count von--His Peace Terms. 129 Industrial Experiment Stations, Nations As. 368 King's Birthday Honors, English Discussion of the. 266 Latin--The Preservation of Its Study Advocated by M. A. Meillet 369 League of Nations, The-Does American Public Opinion Support It?.. 311 Lecocq, A. C., The Death of. 368 Library Association, the American, The War Service of the 369 Military Training, Universal, Britain's New Attitude Toward 563 PAGE Moving Picture, The Technique of the Humorous. 621 Moving Pictures, Our, Are the Despair of Foreign Ob- servers 80 Novel, The Length of the. 499 Paper Shortage, The Effects of 175 Peace, The American Attitude Toward. 424 Political Action, Skepticism of, Among English Workers.. 621 Public Library Book, The, and the Paper Knife.. 425 Reconstruction, The DIAL's Interest in.. 313 Reconstruction, Industrial, Leadership in. 312 Reconstruction Plans and Morale.... 312 " Redemption " and the American Demand for Melodrama 562 Russia-Baiting Extended to Include Russian Literature... 32 Russia, Intervention in, Limited and Unlimited. 175 Russia, Literary Ostracism of..... 498 Russia, Military Intervention in 128 Russia, News Distortion About, A Typical Instance of. 563 Schools, The Public, and Democratic Citizenship.. 224 Socialist Party, The Congressional Platform of the. 224 Sociology Needs the Discipline of Anthropology.. 80 Soldiers--The Order Permitting Them to Write for Publi- cation 313 Soldiers, Our Wounded and Disabled, The Rehabilitation of 499 Submarine Campaign, The German--Its Fatuity. 266 Victory, The Acid Test of 265 War, The Outbreak of, Raised a Gust of Prediction Among Booklovers 425 War-Fiction, Popular, Takes an Ecstatic Trend. 225 Washington: A Model Community 368 Wilson, President-His Message to Congress a Valedictory to American Problems 561 Wisconsin, University of, Sororities in. Yiddish Literature, A Renaissance of. 620 32 FOREIGN COMMENT PAGE Boycotting Germany.. Curious Choice, A.. Different kind of Strike, A. Kerensky Disillusioned.. 314 500 267 622 Liberal Britain Against Russian Intervention.. Literature After the War.. Original Decrees of the Soviet Government. Precipice, The.... PAGE 622 427 566 314 COMMUNICATIONS Borrowing Trouble for the League, . Exclusive Americanism.... Family-Album Americanism. Idle-Mindedness and Reconstruction. Incommunicable Literature. Length of the Novel, The... Misguided Young Lions.. More Advice About Policy. Nation's Problem, The. Open Letter. An.... Myron W. Watkins.. Devere Allen.. Vachel Lindsay. H. L. Gantt.. Marwell Anderson. Henry B. Fuller. Paul Shorey. R. Estcourt.. Frederic C. Howe. H. L. Gantt. 1. C. Blandy... John Nevin Sayre... Neil M. Clark. Jessie Wallace Hughan. E. J. Mayer .... Edward J. O'Brien.. George M. Tanes. George J. Kwasha.. Vachel Lindsay.. PAGE 624 268 315 426 370 501 82 269 315 625 501 623 500 370 426 427 565 564 176 Sivuia roets Starver Socialist Platform, The. Swords Into Pens... Synge, Conrad, and Mr. Steele. Trade-Union Phiology.. True Information from Russia Is Needed. Word of Advice About Policy, A., DEPARTMENTS Books OF THE FORTNIGHT..... .276, 324, 380, 436, 510, 576, 632 BRIEFER MENTION.. 34, 130, 178 BRIEFS ON NEw Books (See Notes on New Books) . . 24, 73, 119, 169, 216 CASUAL COMMENT (See Editorials).. ..32, 80, 128, 174, 224 CHRISTMAS Books FOR CHILDREN. ...576 COMMUNICATIONS.....82, 176, 268, 315, 370, 426, 500, 564, 623 CONTRIBUTORS.. 35, 82, 131, 180, 236, 278, 326, 382, 438, 514, 578, 634 CURRENT News (See Notes and News) .278, 326, 382, 438, 514, 578, 634 DUBLIN LETTERS. .....154, 558 EDITORIALS (See Casual Comment)...265, 311, 367, 423, 497, 561, 619 FOREIGN COMMENT, . 267, 314, 427, 500, 566, 622 Lists OF NEW BOOKS.. .36, 84, 132, 182, 622 LONDON LETTERS.. 12, 54, 101, 204, 421, 617 NOTES ON New Books (See Briefs on New Books). . 270, 316, 372, 428, 502, 568, 626 NOTES ON NEW FICTION. -78, 126, 222 NOTES ON NEW WAR BOOKS .28, 124, 172 NOTES AND News (See Current News)... 35, 82, 131, 180, 236 SELECTIVE FALL ANNOUNCEMENT LIST. 226 SELECTIVE FALL EDUCATIONAL List.. 177 SELECTIVE LIST OF BOOKS FOR CHRISTMAS. 512 SELECTIVE LIST OR CHRISTMAS BOOKS FOR CHILDREN ..576 H Ceni Notice to Reader. When you finish reading this magazine place & one-cent stamp on this notice, mail the magazine, and it will be placed in the hands of our soldiers or sailors, destined to proceed overseas. No Wrapping-No Address. A. S. BURLESON, Postmaster General. THE DIAL A Fortnightly Journal of CRITICISM AND DISCUSSION OF LITERATURE AND THE ARTS Volume LXV. No. 769. i CHICAGO, JUNE 20, 1918 15 cts, a copy. $3. a year. IN THIS ISSUE The War Within the War By WILL DURANT Blue Roses By ELOISE ROBINSON War Books That Will Live SOLD AT ALL BOOKSTORES PUBLISHED BY HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON AND NEW YORK The Fighting Fleets By Ralph D. Paine The first complete and authoritative story of the splendid work of our navy in the present war. Written with the approval and assistance of the naval authorities, and after five months spent with the naval forces, "The Fighting Fleets" will rank as perhaps the most picturesque and important of all American war books. Over 80 illustrations. $2.00 net High Adventure By Captain James Norman Hall “THE aviation book of the war." Written with all the vividness, humor and wealth of human interest that made "Kitchener's Mob” by the same author, one of the classics of the war this is a book that will thrill America. Just as he finished it Captain Hall was shot down and captured after exploits and adventures that had made him famous through- out the country. Profusely illustrated. $1.50 net The Odyssey of a Torpedoed Transport Life in a Tank By Captain Richard Haigh It is a new kind of fighting with a new kind of thrill that is described in this unique story by the commander of a fighting tank. The author is now touring America in charge of the tank Britannia. Illustrated. $1.25 net Hailed by France as the most important war book of 1917 this amazing human document will be even more popular in America as the best first-hand account of the deadly game of hide and seek that our merchantmen play with the assassins of the deep. $1.25 net 2 [June 20 THE DIAL even THE SCHEMES OF THE KAISER By JULIETTE ADAM. Translated from the French by J. O. P. Bland. Net, $1.50 Madame Adam, one of the most distinguished literary figures of France for a generation, and generally known to her countrymen as La Grande Francaise, has labored unceasingly through every sort of dis- couragement and opposition for forty-five years to awaken France to the German peril and to keep green the hope of restoration of stolen Alsace-Lorraine. The chapters in this_volume form a most illuminating and prophetic analysis of Kaiser Wilhelm the Second in his career of European mischief-makers, and are a striking testimony to the courage and extraor- dinary political foresight of their author. THE LAST OF THE ROMANOFS By CHARLES RIVET, Petrograd Correspondent of the Paris "Temps.” Translated, with an Introduction by Hardress O'Grady. Illustrated. Net, $3.00 Mercure de France says: Published a few weeks after the Russian Revolution (the last chapter bears the date of May, 1917). "The Last of the Romanofs," by Mr. Charles Rivet, who knows Russia (that is, as well as one can know her) and was correspondent of the "Temps" at Saint-Petersburg, later Petrograd, gives a complete picture, in its conciseness, living and above all true, of the lamentable crisis which marked the whole reign of this unfortunate Nicholas II, who brought about, from loss to loss, from incapacity to incapacity and from neurosis to madness the ruin of the Empire of Peter the Great. All this part of the book is excellent, and of the most lively interest, with its sketches of Russian traits, the social classes, the government, the tchinovnism, the police system, the parties at court, the influence of the Empress, to the ignominy of Rasputin and the ministerial treason of Sturmer and Protopopof. ACTIONS AND REACTIONS IN RUSSIA By R. SCOTLAND LIDDELL. Net, $5.00 The New York Herald says: "One of the most cleverly written books on the great war that has been turned out so far. It is not only filled with valuable information gathered at first hand by the author, but it is written in a breezy, humorous devil-may-care style that is refreshing in the extreme. A wonderfully entertaining book, filled with fine anecdote and character sketches, grimly humorous, human, intimate, brilliant, striking. THE INDIAN CORPS IN FRANCE INSIDE CONSTANTINOPLE By LIEUT.-COL. J. W. B. MEREWETHER A Diplomatist's Dairy During the Dardenelles and THE RT. HON. SIR FREDERICK SMITH Expedition. By LEWIS EINSTEIN. Net, $1.50 Net, $4.00 The New York Times says: “Mr. Einstein, who This history, which has been compiled with the as. has long been connected with the diplomatic service of the United States, was sent to Turkey sistance of the official records and the narratives and diaries of officers of the Corps, as well as from early in 1915 as special agent to assist Ambassa- notes made by the authors while employed on the dor Morgenthau, who had under his protection the interests of the Entente nations. Corps Staff, aims at placing on record the un- He had varnished account of the operations in which the been there previously as a member of the Ameri- can embassy during the latter years of Abdul Corps was engaged in France in 1914-16, and of the deeds of units and individuals so far as these Hamid's reign and the Turkish revolution, and can be accurately ascertained. It possesses the therefore his knowledge of Turkish affairs and advantage of having been carefully checked, as people makes his observations all the more valu- able." regards the strictest historical portion of the book, by the Corps Commander, General Sir James THE LIMITS OF PURE Willcocks, and by a number of officers who took part in the various engagements. DEMOCRACY INDUSTRIAL RECONSTRUCTION By W. H. MALLOCK. Net, $6.00 The New York Herald says: "The author is very A symposium on the situation after the war ingenious and convincing in his arguments, and and how to meet it. his masterly satire adds tremendously to the Edited by HUNTLY CARTER. Net, $2.00 entertainment which the reader derives from his writing. This remarkable symposium contains the results "The political arguments are up to date, for of an inquiry undertaken recently to ascertain they deal directly with modern socialistic move- the opinions held by a large number of dis- ments which are the outgrowth of the world tinguished English men and women as to the at war, and it even includes the recent revolu- labor problems which must be faced after the war. tion in Russia. Most stimulating and suggestive for those who are "It is brilliant, thorough and profound, and already considering how to meet the situation there is not a single one of its nearly four after the war in this and other countries. hundred pages that does not contain food for A YEAR IN RUSSIA serious thought and speculation." By MAURICE BARING. Net, $2.50 STATE SERVICES The Argonaut says: "The book in which he By GEORGE RADFORD. Net, $1.50 described his experience during the famous period In this work we have the conclusions of a man of the revolution that brought the first Duma. who has studied the subject long and keenly ; There is no writer today that knows Russia he is singleminded, and he writes as a man who better or who is in closer or more intelligent sym- has his heart in the right place, all its efforts pathy with her people and their self-expression in being directed to be public good. It is a book literature." that should be widely read; it cannot help proving useful. THROUGH LIFE AND ROUND A NATIONAL SYSTEM OF THE WORLD ECONOMICS By RAYMOND BLATHWAYT. Net, $3.50 By J. TAYLOR PEDDIE. Net, $2.50 New York Tribune says: “We have seen nothing The author gives the full authorized translation better than Mr. Blathwayt's book. It gives us of the Paris "Recommendations" drawn up at the many chapters of life, every one of which is Allied Economic Conference in 1916, and with just one good thing after another. The great- these as a foundation outlines a new and co- est excellence is the marvellous versatility and herent system of economics based on the organi- adaptability of the man.' zation of the entire resources of a nation. POSTAGE EXTRA AT ALL BOOKSTORES E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY, 681 Fifth Avenue, NEW YORK When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. THE DIAL VOLUME LXV No. 769 JUNE 20, 1918 CONTENTS 5 . O . . . . . . . . . . . THE WAR WITHIN THE WAR. .. Will Durant BLUE Roses . . Verse Eloise Robinson 8 THE POETIC DRAMA OF PAUL CLAUDEL Lewis Galantiere 9 OUR LONDON LETTER . Edward Shanks 12 NOSTALGIA Verse John Cournos 14 A UNIVERSITY SURVEY OF RELIGIONS Edward Sapir 14 CHATEAUBRIAND IN AMERICA William A. Nitze . 16 A COWARD You Can Believe IN Henry Kitchell Webster . 18 EARTH THE UNCONQUERABLE Frederic Austin Ogg 19 PAPER-JACKET PROBLEMS Louis Untermeyer . 20 PASSIONATE PUPPETS. Scofield Thayer 22 BRIEFS ON New Books 24 Simon Son of Man.-Raemaekers' Cartoon History of the War. Hope True- blood.—Modern Man and His Forerunners.—The Divine Comedy of Dante Ali- ghieri.—The Earthquake.-Profit Sharing.–On the Threshold of the Unseen.- Credit of the Nations.—The Happiest Time of Their Lives. NOTES ON New WAR BOOKS 28 Covered with Mud and Glory.-A Crusader of France.—Campaigns and Inter- vals.—The Old Front Line.-Marching on Tanga.-Two War Years in Con- stantinople.-Inside Constantinople.-Face to Face with Kaiserism.-Carry On. -The Father of a Soldier.-The Glory of the Trenches.-Les Douleurs Qui Esperent.–First Call.-My Home in the field of Mercy.-Over Periscope Pond. -Surgeon Grow.—Under the Red Cross Flag. CASUAL COMMENT . 32 BRIEFER MENTION 34 Notes AND News . 35 LIST of New BOOKS . 36 . . . . . GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN, Editor HAROLD E. STEARNS, Associate Contributing Editors CONRAD AIKEN VAN WYCK BROOKS H. M. KALLEN RANDOLPH BOURNE PADRAIC COLUM CLARENCE BRITTEN ROBERT DELL HENRY B. FULLER SCOFIE THAYER The Dial (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published fortnightly, twenty-four times a year. Yearly subscription $3.00 in advance, in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. For- eign subscriptions $3.50 per year. Entered as Second-class matter Oct. 8, 1892 at the Post Office at Chicago, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1918, by THE DIAL Publishing Company, Inc. Published by THE DIAL Publishing Company, Martyn Johnson, President; Willard C. Kitchel, Secretary-Treasurer, at 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago. 4 [June 20, 1918 THE DIAL 1 NEW SUMMER NOVELS “A real novel of genius by 'Q'" FOE-FARRELL $1.50 Arthur Quiller-Couch's New Novel "One of the most authentic works of creative genius that have enriched our literature for many a year."—N. Y. Tribune. KHAKI BARBARA PICKS A Freeman Tilden's New Novel HUSBAND The story of how Tredick got into the war. novel with a most ingenious plot and characters Hermann Hagedorn's New Novel courageously American. $1.25 The story of fascinating Barbara Collingwood and her difficulties in choosing a husband. $1.50 HIS SECOND WIFE THE BOARDMAN FAMILY Ernest Poole's New Novel “A novel of which American literature may well Mary S. Watts' New Novel be proud. seldom has any American writer "A fine, well-told story-a genuine cross-section of done better work."-N. Y. Tribune. $1.50 contemporary American life." $1.60 A Other New Macmillan Books A TRAVELLER IN WAR TIME AND THE AMERICAN CONTRIBUTION Winston Churchill's New Book A most unusual picture of actual conditions in England and France, vivid descriptions of the great battle front and the story of America's contribution. Ready in June THE QUEST OF THE FACE Stephen Graham's New Book A mystical interpretation of profound religious experience. IU. $1.75 THE LOST FRUITS OF WATERLOO John Sponcer Bassett's New Book A careful historical examination of the idea of a federation of nations. $1.50 THE RISE OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE OLD WORLD AND IN THE NEW By R. B. Merriman. (To be complete in 4 vols.) This new history forms an indispensable_back- ground for the study of Spanish America. Vol. I. The Middle Ages. Vol. II. The Catholic Kings. (The % vole. $7.50) THE GOOD SOLDIER By N. P. Dawson A collection of soldier's letters revealing the spirit- ual meaning of the war. Ready in June THE END OF THE WAR Walter E. Woyl's New Book The relaton of this war to the history of American thought and action, forecasting our future policy. $8.00 IN THE FOURTH YEAR H. G. Wells' New Book A review of the war and the great forces at work in the allied countries to establish a new order. $1.25 HISTORY OF LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES By John R. Commons. With collaborators, John B. Andrews, Holen L. Sumner, H. E. Hoagland, Selig Perlman, David J. Saposs, E. B. Mittelman, and an introduction by Henry W. Farnam. A complete authentic history of labor in the United States based on original sources. % vols. $6.50 WAR BREAD By Alonzo E. Taylor It is the duty of every American to know what the wheat problem is ; here an authority vigorously presents the facts which should be commonly understood. Sixty cents THE DEVELOPMENT OF JAPAN By Kenneth Scott Latourette A sane, lucid account of the history of the Jap- anese Empire. $1.50 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, New York When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. THE DIAL a fortnightly Journal of Criticism and Discussion of Literature and The arts The War Within the War Because human beings have a happy public information. And of course they faculty of lightening the heaviest ills with will continue to will continue to preach and prophesy the hope and fantasy of blessings to come, optimistically when this serves to deepen we are almost unanimous today in the the slumber of the innocent who believe belief that the sufferings of war are the the new world a consummation fully birth pains of a world-wide social rebirth. assured. But just as capitalism became As governments have been forced, by the robust and international while the well- very nature of modern war, to become intentioned talked of its "inevitable" if they are to be effective belligerents suicide (by a kind of Hegelian hara-kiri), more autocratic with every passing month so this war which we ennoble with our of war, we have written more and more ideals can end with reaction enthroned buoyantly about the golden age of freedom unless the lovers of a more decent world that lurks around the corner of our unite action with words. tragedy. As the needs of finance and Consider the possibilities. Already the personnel have driven governments more internationalization of financial monopo- and more into the administrative hands of lies has cut across political and patriotic "successful”—and therefore of conserva frontiers. The intelligence of the men tive—men, we have looked forward cheer- who possess financial control has given fully to a world purged and renewed under them a combined power which it behooves the auspices of liberal statesmen. And us to contemplate. For financial control whatever discouragements the actual has countless pseudopodia, reaching subtly course of the war's progress may bring, everywhere, and with infinite variation. we console ourselves with the lullaby of Consider that power in the advertisements, the new social order that peace is trusted the editorials, and the headlines of the to bring. daily press: here is such power to mould Let us understand it well: if this human purpose—and if need be to corrupt mountain of hope begets nothing but dis- it—as poor Gutenberg never dreamed of; illusion it will be because those who fear and at times one wonders whether or not social reconstruction have been more democracy is doomed to drown in a sea alert than those who so confidently preach of poisoned ink. Print is king, and the it and give it welcome. Hope, like doubt, film is heir apparent; soon every screen is a starting point and not a goal; con will preach reaction in seven reels. With clusions and realizations must be paid for this power to determine public opinion, in energy and action. While we fill halls While we fill halls and with this control over lending and and pages with our prophecies of a better investment, the gods of the status quo can world-and then go home to our tea-- threaten an overliberal government with the men who desire the extension of that almost irresistible assault. And the new system under which, in time of peace, world which President Wilson would bring they seized supremacy are now, in time of to birth may die silently struggling in the war, actively setting in motion the forces womb of unconcerted effort. With such of obstruction, actively proceeding with control and such publicity, who knows but their efforts to secure full control over that a gullible majority may yet be made state and federal governments, actively to clamor for a Japanese invasion of enlarging their power over the media of Russia, for coolie and conscript labor, for 6 [June 20 THE DIAL universal service and militarization of the which is as old an idea as almost any in mind, and for any Prussian abnomination philosophy, seems to be known only to whatever that can be invoked in the name those subtle gentlemen whose notion of of those very ideals to further which the remaking the world is essentially a notion war is being fought? Add to this the ex of transferring its wealth into their cof. penditure of countless millions on the fers by magic manipulations. support of reactionary candidates in 1918 Another unhappy element in the situa- and 1920, and the well financed attempt to tion lies in this, that most men of the use both patriotism and pacifism against active type are as conservative by temper a liberal President, and we have a situa as most men of thought are liberal. tion which requires to be faced not with Intelligence is liberal, because liberalism easy, hopefulness but with laborious and connotes the foresight that directively co- particularizing thought. operates with necessary change; most What kind of thinking does reconstruc- active people are conservative, because tion need? We are still Germans in action fears a flux and fares best where philosophy and incline to look on thought the situation changes least. Active people rather as a refuge than as a weapon, rather are conservative, again, because "success" as a way of retreat from a recalcitrant comes chiefly to active men and brings con- reality into a kindlier world to be had for servatism with it; whereas a large propor- the imagining, than as a means of control tion of our thinkers are men who lack the for the realization of an imagined world. qualities of action—all thought being of And as Kant and his followers conceived the nature of hesitation. And always, it a "transcendental world” in which the seems, this quality of hesitancy clings to paraphernalia of pre-Enlightenment phil- thought and is its price; so that men who osophy would still operate and console, are liberals because they think, and think while diligent lords steered back the state because they are capable of doubt, are lost into the feudalism from which Napoleon when the call to action sounds. so nearly snatched it, so one is tempted Clearly the haters of the new are en- today tó shirk the shock which reality trenched in a position which can be brings to the hardened categories of a successfully attacked only after the reso- senile thought and to take refuge in the lute abandonment of generalities for a past or the future, in memories or Utopias, study of details. This does not mean regrets or prophecies. The new social or unmitigated specialism: thought may be der is coming, and that is all there is to it. precise and practical, yet richly rooted in We suffer not only from the old diffi- philosophic breadth; indeed, it must be so culty of uniting a readiness for action rooted if its precision and practicality with a capacity for analytic thought, but are not to issue in self-cancelling futility. also from the old habit of conceiving Liberal thinking must leave the vague or. thought as an instrument of understanding bit of hopeful imagery and find the foci merely, rather than as an organ for the of specific mental effort. Already we see resynthesis of analyzed experience into the control of a large section of the press, effective response to a novel and Auent once edited by men of character and situation. We have taken it as our task independence, passing into the hands of to see things clearly and report them, to men who are continually sacrificing the break up the indigestible wholes of social vitality and coherence of our society to experience into manageable parts. But their instincts of mastery and acquisition. we have left to others the remunera Can this evil be lessened or counteracted? tive risks of action. We have diagnosed and just specifically how? Can liberal away without prescribing. journals be persuaded to undertake a Bolder ones have prescribed and walked concerted and running exposure of the off with the fee. That the function of misrepresentations indulged in by these intelligence is to remake the world as well elements of the press, each such journal as to perceive and understand it—thisconducting a department, so to speak, for and gone 1918] 7 THE DIAL the nailing of political lies? Why should progressive thought that dares come down not these journals organize a bureau the from the clouds of criticism into the peril. function of which would be to inquire ous maze of specific effort and actual cir- into all dubious statements of fact con cumstance. Here is a brave beginning; tained in reactionary propaganda_(as, for why should there not spring from it some example, in the campaign for Japanese forces directive of nation-wide research intervention in Russia) and to serve these into all the vital phases of the social prob- journals with verifiable material for ex lem, and even some mechanism for the posure and rectification? As another, and dissemination of results ? For it will not even more disturbing, example we have suffice that students and publicists should Samuel Gompers and an autocratic polit- harness their thinking to specific needs; ical machine of the American Federation every man and woman in the country must of Labor attempting to lay down the moral be given an opportunity to feel the in- law to British and French and Italian vigoration that comes of knowledge won labor (who, after all, have four years of and used. A democracy uninformed is a fighting behind them), presuming to tell democracy chloroformed-a dream demo- Arthur Henderson just when and under cracy, sham surface of an oligarchic core. what conditions Allied labor will "con- Only a fund of facts and a power to think verse" with German labor. Can nothing can preserve the voter from the avalanche be done to people like Mr. Gompers, who of paid suggestion that falls upon him, with the best intentions in the world are from platform and periodical, at election- yet so intellectually and spiritually decrepit tide; without these safeguards votes fol- that without even knowing it they are low the line of greatest gold, and triumph- making it more and more difficult for labor ant plutocracy smiles Mephistopheleanly. in England and France and Italy to unite Against the forces that operate to becloud with American labor for a common front the voter's judgment and betray his inter- against the enemy? Can we only ask est the forces of reconstruction will have people like this to bring themselves up to to utilize such instrumentalities of infor- date? Perhaps we critics are too gentle, mation as may be found available and and overhesitant in the use of hard words amenable to this purpose (the Congress to hard hearts and adamantine heads; we of Forums is an opportunity beckoning to need a little more honest pepper in our liberals), and will have to organize fur- English. And as a last example, there is ther mechanisms for the same result. George Creel, suddenly made the vicarious To make such arrangements for re- target of pages of editorial ooze: are we, search and enlightenment, to devise some despite his too frequent lack of good sense, concert of purpose and method among standing by him as we should, sedulously liberal journals and moulders of public nailing the lies, puncturing the absurdities, opinion, to work out through all these undraping the motives of the cowardly ways some programme of pertinent prin- assault? Surely the last hope of Ameri ciples and specific aims—these are matters can journalism, in these decisive days when to which intelligence must turn without we have come so suddenly upon a fork waiting for the war to end. For even now in the road of our national development, the enemy within our gates, the forces that lies in the resistance which critical period wish to procure the abortion of the nascent icals can offer to the predatory plutocracy social order, are generous with time and which too often hides behind the anonym- thought and countless gold against us; and ity of the daily press. only superior knowledge and decision can These are not counsels of perfection, counsels of perfection, defeat them. The tasks of peace must be nor yet quite unillustrated by achievement. begun while the war is on, and they will The generous plans on foot in New York be directed and controlled by those who for the establishment of an unfettered heard the call of the future even while the institute for political research and prepara- cannon roared their iron argument. tion constitute an exhilarating example of WILL DURANT. 8 [June 20 THE DIAL Blue Roses I sit beside the window sill Across the sill And watch my hands lie, palm up, on my knee As dry earth sucks the sun. As if they had no will to stir—watch them until All sounds but one They are become no part of me, Are smothered out in heat and glare, Strange, alien hands I know not. On and on But by the dust-brown hedge The thick air beats in rhythms, measuring I hear the dry grasshopper's buzz-saw tear One minute gone, one-minute gone, one The thick-knit air minute-gone, Beyond the window ledge. Of time that yet moves not, nor will, Blasted by too much light, Until its pulse is maddening The withered garden aches along my sight And I start up and shake the lethargy Until all forms and sounds become a pain Off of my shoulders, shrug And drive my senses back My weakness from me like a close, grey shawl, To weave their devious old track Travel the floor, setting my feet mechanically Again Between the round, blue roses on the rug Round and around those blue wall-paper roses. There are blue roses, too, upon the wall- They become Thin, flat, blue roses A thousand faces- My thoughts are like those roses on the wall, Blue, evil, little faces, They make a blue design Smirking and sneering at me from their places Unstirred While I sit dumb, By any wind of speech "You lied! You lied !" A bright, hard scrawl And then again, Of dizzy leaves and dizzy flowers that twine "You lied !" And writhe, sunblurred, And each "What do you stitch ?” he said Repeating endlessly flat bud and vine I answered, “Nothing," and I made as if to hide And twisting line Unto that biggest, bluest splash of all- What my bright thread An aimless, changeless scrawl Was fashioning underneath my hand. But I knew he would see Of thin, blue roses The little, telltale sleeve, "Hot fighting at the front. English re Take it, man-clumsily, treat.” Look at me The paper lay across his knee, And believe- The headlines blared across the sheet. "Hot fighting at the front. English retreat." I heard the lamp purr, and a droning fly. He looked at me A hot, swift fear With the old grim, grey look Snatched at the minutes that were hours, And when he answered I could hear I thought my fears had conquered And the room My youth go by- Went suddenly most strange. Turn from the room The lamplight made a sickly gloom And pass out through the garden, down the Over the rug's gay garden plot. walks The table and the old comradely chairs Bordered by red begonia and pale stalks Whose every scar and spot Of touch-me-nots and gilly flowers I knew, mocked me with change And white syringa bloom- Like words that rearrange So into silence. Themselves in hideous new meanings. The baby dress still clung And I went upstairs To his big hand. “Shall our son call Where, in the chest, were laid Me coward, then?” was all Wee, half-sewn garments never worn, He said, and I made no reply (He for whom they were made For all words turned to sand upon my tongue. Coming to us still-born.) And so I sit here with my lie God! if the day were not so still. Beside me, and I watch blue roses crawl Noon lies a dead weight in the room. Across a wall. The open casement sucks a dull perfume ELOISE ROBINSON. 1 1918] . 9 THE DIAL The Poetic Drama of Paul Claudel* There is a certain majesty, a certain crepuscular in tone, dimmed in another lofty serenity, in the picture of Paul Clau- setting. The first words of the Peasant del at work. For nearly thirty years, in the "Electra” of Murray's Euripides sometimes in the Far East, occasionally in have something of the primitive quality of France, and for a period of time in Claudel's metaphor: America—this solitary genius has gone his Old gleam on the face of the world, I give thee hail, lonely way, worshiping his muse with a River of Argos land. fidelity of devotion and a beautiful union And it is interesting to note that after a of verb and idea that have placed him reading of Claudel one is incessantly re- apart from any other living poet. It would minded of him by any unusually beautiful be futile to attempt a critical estimate of use of the metaphor by another poet. his work as presented in translation, no Into the mouth of Cauvre (In "La matter how apparently successful the trans- Ville,” second version) Claudel has put lator's result. For Paul Claudel, perhaps the words that explain his use of the more than any other writer, has embodied natural, the respiratory rhythm: his philosophy and enshrined his poetry in O mon fils! lorsque j'étais un poète entre les a language that all but seals the pro- hommes, fundity of the one and the distinguished J'inventai ce vers qui n'avait ni rime ni mètre, beauty of the other from those who can Et je le définissais dans le secret de mon coeur not avail themselves of the original cette fonction double et réciproque Par laquelle l'homme absorbe la vie, et restitue presentation. dans l'acte suprême de l'expiration, He has created an art poetique founded Une parole intelligible. upon two essentially primitive elements: This verse is the most essential move- the metaphor and the natural, respiratory ment in the human being. By its length rhythm. The vulgar metaphor, as we and by its measure it manifests the pro- know it, is the artificial union of two terms found state of him who pronounces it; for which resemble each other. The metaphor as the amplitude of the respiratory rhythm of Claudel however is the new word, the varies with the quality of the emotion, it "notation of novelty,” that operation dilates and contracts, line by line, follow- which results from the single instant when ing the contour of intimate thought. That two utterly unrelated objects are in har- most intelligent and sympathetic of Clau- mony. To make a metaphor is to express del's critics, Jacques Rivière, has published the encounter of two beings whose paths a number of quotations from the poet's never again shall cross. And by Claudel's work which serve work which serve admirably to illustrate adherence to this unique æsthetic formula the forceful quality of this rhythm. What we discover that our immediate reaction to wretchedness, remarks M. Rivière, in the his works is our perception of the sensuous, first words of Cébès (“Tête-d'Or," second exotic aura which enwraps them. before we become aware of the purity of Me voici, his thought, long before we are brought to Imbecile, ignorant, a realization of his sure instinct, of the Homme nouveau devant les choses inconnues, relentless, inevitable fashioning of man's Et je tourne ma face vers l'Année et l'arche relation to nature and to God, we per- pleuvieuse, j'ai plein mon coeur d'ennui ! ceive with all our senses the glow, the ring, How the verses rise and fall with de- the consistence, the very surging of this chain of imagery that wraps us about. To illustrate this effect by quotation from his "The Hostage.” The translations are excellent, particularly dramas is quite impossible. Just as each publishers hope ultimately to bring out Claudel's dramatic play is a verse in the poem of life and cannot be understood apart from the others, so is the beauty of every line, Long version) : * The Yale University Press has published the following works of Paul Claudel in a uniform edition at $1.50 each: "The East I Know," "The Tidings Brought to Mary," and that of the beautiful "Tidings Brought to Mary." The works, excepting only one or two plays not properly repre- sentative of his genius-an enterprise of importance equaled in recent years only by Mr. Teixeira de Mattos's uniform edition of Maeterlinck. The same press plans before long to publish Claudel's "Three War Poems." 10 [June 20 THE DIAL jection! His breath lacks the courage to and qualitative. Each being has his pre- sustain the thought. And the suffocation, scribed task, his space of time to testify. the oppression, the broken panting anguish Time is a coöperation of all beings; that of the Emperor suddenly plunged into the is to say, a drama, an immense work to tenebrous depths ("Le Repos du Septième which we all are yoked. Jour"): “Nous ne naissons pas seul. Naître Ah! ah! oh! oh! où, où pour tout, c'est co-naître. Tout naissance Suis-je ? est un co-naissance" ("Traité de la Co- Absorbé, naissance au monde et de soi-meme"). All Englouti, enfoncé! la Noirceur noire Me touche la face et je fais corps avec son objects have a common essence which is épaisseur. movement. “Tout est mouvement." Spirit, That And finally what ample serenity in the long as well as matter, is movement. verses that display the voice of the Récitant movement which has created an object en- to describe the Séjour des Sages (“Le counters other movements which resist it; Repos"): it is forced to recoil upon itself at the con- tact with neighboring beings; and as it Gravés sur la paroi de pierre ces mots antiques Caché-dans-le-pli-de-l'épaule cannot cease, it becomes vibration. “La vibration, c'est le mouvement prisonnier Indiquent au seul élu le chemin. Car la grande Montagne, comme un joyau, dans de la forme.” And the particular forms in le pli de son cou, recèle l'asile de paix. their aggregate constitute this complex and Claudel has understood the interpenetra. the universe. Thus there is no inertia in unified design which is the general form of tion of the soul and the body, and his verse responds to the profound oscillation of the the world. All beings are engaged in a whole being, spiritual and corporeal. His common endeavor; they are in perpetual rhythm is the most natural, the most es- effort. Each being has to construct and maintain its form, and each leans upon the sential possible; it rises and falls with the breast as the breath reproduces these inte- others for support; they buttress one an- other to construct and maintain the form rior pulsations. of the whole. It is not without a certain significance that the first volume of collected plays by The animal ceaselsssly creates his form, Paul Claudel was entitled “L'Arbre." renews it continually, in consuming the have said that each play is a verse in the nutrition that he assimilates. But man has poem of life. Not alone are his plays the former is endowed only with a sensu- more and better work to do. Whereas interrelated but his entire doctrine is one of interrelation. The world is for him an ous knowledge or apprehension which in- harmonic whole of infinite complexity forms him only about particular objects, telling him whether they are to him useful whose every note is mutually, simultane- ously evoked and counterbalanced. He or not, man "a été fabriqué pour s'arran- has written: "Nous ne pouvons définir une ger avec tout.” Thanks to his intellect, he is able to discern the elements essential to chose; elle n'existe en soi que par les traits en qui elle diffère de toutes les autres.' his development and extract from them his needs. There exists a concordance of all things, “Chaque homme a été créé a coöperation, a constant relation between être le pour témoin et l'acteur d'un certain spectacle the movements and actions of the world which are prolonged, developed, and prop- pour en déterminer en lui le sens." He agated by time. And time is "le sens de ought then to guard scrupulously his place in the evolution of the chorus. His pres- la vie." It is the movement of the world, ence in the path, which is indicated by his and as such it is twofold. There is a time instinct and his temperament, is essential which is inscribed in celestial signs and on to the perfection of the drama. The great- our terrestrial clocks; that is uniform. est crime, the only crime which he can There is also a time which is the progress commit is to stray from it, to depart from of living beings and the continuous modi- his personality, to force his tastes and his fication of their relations; this time is real tendencies, to refuse his rôle. And it is in 1 1918] 11 THE DIAL a drama which is in many aspects his mas part maintained, the route followed, the terpiece, in “L'Echange,” that Claudel has journey accomplished. so eloquently elaborated this credo. In “L'Annonce faite à Marie," rewrit- Louis Laine and Thomas Pollock dared ten from "La Jeune Fille Violaine," we to scorn the profound ties which bound are in the presence of the same relentless them to their partners; they tried to ex adjustment at nature's immutable hands. change wives. It was Lechy Elbernon Violaine accepts her martyrdom in a spirit who inspired the crime-Lechy, “la mu of beautiful calm, and she forgoes her tation personifiée," the symbol of incon- terrestrial happiness without one pitying, stance, of disorder, of unruliness, of deser- backward glance. In another direction, tion, of divorce; an actress of multiple we find her sister Mara effecting her crime faces, of error and seduction: with an equal, though terrible, confidence, Et je m'en vais de lieu en lieu, et je ne suis pas knowing that the way of her life is with une seule femme, mais plusieurs, prestige, vivante Jacques Hury, the betrothed of Violaine. dans une histoire inventée. Jacques Hury, deceived by Mara, turned The poison of.Lechy corrupts Louis Laine; by her from Violaine, unites bitterly his he awakens to the old instinct of liberty, path and her own, knowing that he has of disobedience to life, which sleeps in the done his duty in passing his life by the side hearts of all men. Thereupon he sells his of this woman. What is important is not wife to Thomas Pollock for a handful of the happiness of his love but the exact dollars, his wife, Marthe, Bitter-Sweet, accomplishment of his rôle, his signifi- she who was destined to follow him every- cance, his voice in the total chant, in the where, to weigh heavily upon his arm all universal harmony. And who can de- the length of his route and his journey; scribe the beautiful, ineffable sadness she who was to ask back of him the soul which bathes like a scented mist this won- which "sa mere lui a donnée." Marthe derful picture of medieval France ? supplicates him with indignation, showing What is the end of all these dramas? him that to each man a woman is given for Where is the inevitable single theme of his eternal companion, to embrace, to aug “La Ville,” of “Le Repos du Septième ment, and to partake of his sadness : Jour,” of “Tête-d'Or," of "L'Otage”? Et l'homme n'a point d'autre épouse, et celle-la It lies, as has now frequently been iter- lui a été donnée, et il est bien qu'il l'embrasse avec ated, in man's fidelity to himself, to his des larmes et des baisers. rôle. Peace, the true peace, is dispensed For them to separate is to disturb the at the supreme moment to those who were order of life; it is to shatter the measure the faithful and scrupulous actors of the of the chorus. And all exchange, all di- drama. It is refused to those who would vorce, is punished. Marthe knows it well divest themselves of their mission and when she implores the justice of the uni- strip themselves of their personality. Not verse. Laine understands it at the end; a single act is an indifferent one; each has and he runs, haggard, in search of the its value in the ensemble and weighs upon place he has lost, and unable to find it: the rest. The world has need that all the Malheur à moi parceque je suis dans le grand beings composing it coöperate liberally for monde comme un homme égaré et perdu. its development and work unceasingly to He has put himself without the law; he erect it. The end of the world, which is must disappear; life resumes its impassive also its origin, is God. regularity. Without violence, without Such, in brief, is the thesis and the life- check, with the slow certainty of inevitable drama of Paul Claudel. drama of Paul Claudel. It is accurately labors, it disperses the weak, human effort and sympathetically summarized in M. Tout est vain contre la vie, humble, ignorante, Jacques Rivière's "Etudes” and wholly, obstinée. simply, and beautifully presented in M. The exchange is the essential crime; but it Claudel's “Art Poétique" and in his is also the impossible crime, for it cannot “Abrégé de toute la doctrine chrétienne." subsist. The vow must be obeyed, the Lewis GALANTIERE. 12 [June 20 THE DIAL Our London Letter This however is only a suggestion; and the real explanation may perhaps be found in our old A friend warns me that I should not make friend, the spread of popular education. poetry the whole staple of the argument in these Whatever the explanation, the fact remains. letters. Of course, it is nearly always in verse There is a wide growth of intellectual interests that the literary tendency of any age reveals itself by no means confined to the scientific topics, most acutely; and, besides this, the revival of which, it was once prophesied, were shortly to interest in verse is one of the salient features of beat literature out of the field. This has even the moment. Yet it is true there are other kinds spread to our Old Public Schools, which are not of literature which flourish. commonly hotbeds of intellectual activity. Rep- Another friend—whose warning I take less ton, hitherto chiefly famous for having nurtured kindly—complains that, not only in these letters the great cricketer Mr. C. B. Foy, has produced but elsewhere, I discover a new masterpiece every an astonishing magazine, called "A Public School month or so and that if my judgments had any Looks at the World,” in which all manner of weight or value the halls of fame would be by serious questions are discussed in a serious and now as crowded as a Tube station on a raid competent way. Eton has very surprisingly fol- night. These suggestions combine to shake me lowed this example with a review which shows out of my groove. I am compelled to look round some leaning towards the labor view of things in and inquire just how we stand at this moment general. It is a curious world which Repton is where it is that everything is taking us. This is regarding—and helping to create. But there it the easier because literature, unlike the one recal- is, and we are undeniably moving. citrant sheep in the story, is standing still for the But, of course, the war is having other effects moment and allows itself to be counted. than proving that literature was a business like To a professional author the present state of selling calico, except that one got much less per literature generally means, first of all, the state yard. Very few authors in England-taking into of the market. A consideration far removed from consideration only those with some reputation- the ideal, no doubt! But after all, as one of our can make a living out of writing books. Books most distinguished novelists is fond of remarking, are written chiefly because they insist on being when the thing is written it is cheese ; and so written—sometimes as advertisements which may long as we do not look on it as cheese before or bring in to the authors more work for the peri- during the act of composition, the greatest danger odicals. Books cannot be printed on the backs of is avoided. Moreover, our cynicism is the fault puffs of pills, but periodicals can. So writing is of Providence or the public, who can easily pre here, at any rate, the devil's own job, from a vent us from being mercenary by giving us a financial point of view; and authors may be little money. I have heard it said that the excused if, being called from their own work to author's greed for gold exceeds in intensity that the contemplation of literature in general, they of any other human being except the actor. Very think first of the chances of extracting a few possibly this is true, as it is true that starving men more pence from that surly parent, the public. are hungrier than others; but at the same time, This is all very sordid, but I am working by the author's saturation point is low. It is getting a detour to a train of thought that will better next to nothing which makes him so grasping. please the idealists. For the answer to the ques- My own opinion is that the inevitable strain tion whether literature shows signs of flourishing of war is making a large section of the community financially is in the affirmative; and the reason more serious. Now, the novel is not necessarily for that astonishing answer is not that lunatics less serious than anything else; but the commer have taken to buying two copies of a novel where cial article was produced for readers who wanted one served before, but that the public intelligence nothing serious and, very often, by writers to is developing. This means that the man of whom it was not congenial and to whom there letters in general is beginning to have a show and fore it could not be serious. But the minds of that that hit-or-miss specialist, the writer of many persons have been sufficiently exercised by novels, is no longer the only person for whom the the private and public problems of the war to feel public clamors. It is now possible to write, print, an appetite for the best work of, say, an essayist and sell books of parodies, essays, satires, poems, instead of the forced second-rate work which was and Heaven knows what. This is a great relief all he could give them in the form of the novel. for the man who in former days would have 1918] 13 THE DIAL pleased neither himself nor the public by the fic well in certain cases have its disastrous reaction tion that the public demanded of him. on the talent of the authors concerned. And the reason? One turns inevitably now A grievance of literature analogous to this is to the war to explain any difficult new social caused by shortage of paper and cost of produc- phenomenon. Mr. Charles Marriott produced tion. Costs of production have risen out of sight, the same explanation long before 1914 in his and it has been found more difficult to raise the novel “Sub-Soil” when he alleged that our South price of books than the price of almost any other African campaign improved the taste of English commodity. But the publisher does not only pay readers. Apparently this war is not injuring an enormous price for the essential ingredient of literature by killing off the young writer. Our paper; he is also severely rationed in the quantity losses in that way have really been extraordinarily he may use. Before rationing became oppressive, small, the simple reason being that a very large high prices made him chary of locking up costly percentage of young writers have turned out to paper in books whose slow sale would bring in be physically unfit for combatant service. This the expected profits only over a term of years, does not imply that they are all weaklings; but when paper would have become cheaper; and this most of them seem to have ruined their sight tended to discourage the publication of solid either over proofs or over their own handwriting. works in favor of those which might be reckoned However, I said "apparently with intention. to attract public favor immediately. And now We are losing principally in the very young men that the publisher has only a little paper to dis- who had not begun to write or had achieved only pose of he can hardly use it for books that may quite immature work, and whose loss is therefore not pay for themselves, and speculative publishing passed over as of no significance from the literary (the worthiest form of speculation known) has point of view. But what significance the casualty practically ceased. This means that new authors lists may contain for literature we can, of course, and those whose reputations are not yet made never really know. The one thing certain is that are excluded from the arena for that heartbreak here, as in the other professions and arts, a gap ingly indefinite period, "the duration," and the will become discernible five or ten or fifteen years effect of this is discouragement and embitterment. after the war is done; and this gap may well be Though not amounting to a catastrophe to letters, terrible and desolating. this is a matter for thought. Indeed, the trouble A more easily measurable factor in the situa is beginning to extend to established authors, and tion is created by the employment of nearly every the opinion has been expressed that it is a little author of military age on some sort of national hard that the paper which can be found in pro- service, generally in government offices. The fusion for government forms and the reports of few that are not so employed are generally to be inane government committees should be denied to found grinding their lives out in the attempt to valuable works of literature. Mr. Bernard Shaw do the work of two men on the more mechanical was moved to observe at a meeting of the side of their calling. The meaning of this is Authors' Society the other day that the rationing fairly obvious. Imaginative writers, many of of paper was "under the control of people popu- them at the most fertile period of their careers, larly described as practical business men," and are being prevented from expressing the inspira- that the class seemed to contain "totally illiterate tions that nevertheless come to them just as usual. This is not a matter of complaint, except against people, quite unconscious of the intellectual life fate; and I am not complaining. I merely state of the community, and ready to sacrifice educa- the position, which seems to me to be of impor- tion or literature for the immediate purposes of tance. There is no doubt whatever in my mind the war." The reflection that this provokes in that we must inevitably lose a number of valuable me is that the business man who has gone off works of the imagination, which will be long with Mr. Shaw's paper is like a man who should past dealing with when leisure comes at last to inadvertently carry off a hornets' nest; and, if those who might have been their authors. Any they really have been interfering with Mr. Shaw's writer knows that a subject retained too long in paper, he will find some somewhere on which to the mind or, worse still, attempted and aban make this incautious person a public laughing doned' for want of time, often loses its freshness stock. But it is not likely that more paper will and sometimes becomes impossible. And we can- be made available, and my prophetic soul grows not overlook the fact that this frustration may dizzy at the thought of the literary market and 14 [June 20 THE DIAL the state of mind of reviewers when the war is A University Survey of Religions over and the belated masterpieces begin to appear. So that is how we stand; and our temporary RELIGIONS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT. A Series of discomforts seem to me to be more than counter- Lectures delivered by Members of the Faculty of the University of Pennsylvania. Edited by balanced by the undoubted stirrings of intellectual James A. Montgomery. Lippincott; $2.50. interests in the country. Yet—and here the This volume, in spite of its bulk (425 pages), casualty lists appear again—the reading public is far from constituting a systematic introduc- of after the war, the young public of readers tion to the study of comparative religion. There between eighteen and forty, by which most is nowhere given a clear formulation of the essen- writers are chiefly stimulated, will be to an alto- tial nature and of the secondary ramifications of gether unprecedented degree composed of women; the concept "religion," nor is there any attempt and though I do not look forward to this with made to cover all of the historically important positive dread, I look forward to it with consid- religions known to us. Thus not a word is erable uncertainty. Undoubtedly much of our devoted to the two great indigenous religions of present intellectual "liveliness" is feminine; China, Confucianism and Taoism; while even women have accounted for a great deal of the the third religious system of the great republic, extraordinary success of Rupert Brooke's post- Buddhism, is treated not in terms of its present humous volumes. This is an unknown factor in distribution and significance but almost entirely the shaping of the future, and it may easily over- from the standpoint of its Hindu canonical litera- turn the most careful and reasonable prophecies. ture. Nor do we learn of the Shinto of Japan. EDWARD SHANKS. We have a lecture on the religion of the ancient London, May 20, 1918. Teutons (really a summary, for the most part, of the cosmology of the early Scandinavians as revealed in the Older Edda) but nothing is said Nostalgia of the beliefs of the heathen Celts or Slavs. Of the tremendous variety of religious belief I am at home everywhere, and ceremonial covered, or rather disguised, by At home nowhere. the meaningless term “primitive religions" we get I have more friends than I can count, hardly an inkling. This is rather a pity, as we Not one a David to a Jonathan. have stored up in the ethnological literature far more adequate presentations of the religious sys- I have a sweetheart in every port, tems of a number of tribes than it seems possible Only my mother would give up her life for me. to obtain of those of Greece and Rome. While I am a ship that's dropped its anchor the Orphic and Eleusinian mysteries can only be At a thousand places and another one. viewed as through a glass, darkly, we are in a position to appreciate, directly and vividly, some- Each place a dream lovelier thing of the nature of the ecstatic or Dionysian Than the dream that went before. note of religion in the accounts that ethnologists I was so glad to be moving on, have given us of the so-called “secret societies” I always yearned for the place to come. of the West Coast Indians. The general public And even more, and always more, might also have profited from a fairly explicit For the place I started from. account of the complexity and impressiveness of the ritual systems prevailing among such tribes That is strange: I hated no place more, as the Aranda of Australia or the Hopi and Nav- No place loved me less. aho of the desert Southwest. Instead of a live I am back again now, utilization of the stores of valuable data which Moored in my home-port, the field ethnologists have gathered for us, we The place where I first lifted anchor, have to content ourselves with a purely schematic And vowed never to return. chewing the cud of generalities on animism, to- I am home-sick for the thousand places I have temism, fetishism, taboo, and the rest-generali- seen, ties that have become exceedingly tiresome to Each lovelier than the place that went before. ethnologists and laymen alike. This is not nec- John COURNOS. essarily to find fault with the lecturer on "Primi- 1918] 15 THE DIAL tive Religion," who has done about as well as posium, a series of talks on selected subjects, is might have been expected with a thankless and reduced to book form and provided with a title essentially impossible task. A sympathetic treat in lieu of inner coherence, has happened here. ment of two or three specific tribal religions, or The editor has tried to forestall criticism with even of one, would have been at once more the remark that "it was left to each man to set illuminating and less tedious. forth his subject according to his own ideas of But it is in connection with the “religions of matter and proportion—the result is the bracing the present" that we have most reason to be individuality of each chapter, and the spontane- disappointed. Indeed, aside from the treatment ity of the whole." It is only fair to the univer- of Hinduism and sundry incidental remarks on sity lecturers to remark that as soon as we adopt modern Zoroastrianism and Mohammedanism, the standpoint of judging each lecture as a de- the volume takes a "snakes in Ireland" attitude tached essay on a selected topic of religious his- towards this part of its theme. Not the least tory, we get a far more favorable impression of alluring implication of the title of the volume is the whole. As might have been expected from a promise of insight into the development and a series that seems to have been but little planned psychology of modern and recent religious move with reference to a central conception, the lec- ments. As it is, we get no nearer to the turers lay very different stresses on the varying Protestant revolt and to the long series of indi aspects of their theme. The historical back- vidualistic, anti-institutional manifestations of the ground is treated with needless fulness in the religious impulse that make up the history of disproportionately long study on the religion of nonconformism and revivalism than a lecture on Greece. In the chapter on Buddhism it is the medieval Christianity. Even this is little more ethical correlates of religious belief that chiefly than a sketch of the institutional aspects of engage our attention. Ritual is considerably to medieval Roman Catholicism; we are not so the fore in the chapter on Roman religion; myth- much as told of the existence of an Eastern Chris ological conceptions would seem to have been tian tradition. Judaism is represented solely by the chief religious stock in trade of the Teutons; a chapter on the early Hebrew religion, the while the functions of the gods appear to be mat- fiercely tribal cult, the local monotheism, of ters of prime importance in Babylon and in Yahwe. Of the petrifaction of the Jewish re Egypt. ligion in medieval and modern times into the The most successful expository chapters in the mechanical routine of prayer and dull ritual we book are probably the three devoted to the reli- are hardly informed, nor do we learn of the gions of India. Dr. Franklin Edgerton has in lightening of the burden of orthodoxy that goes these succeeded particularly well in placing reli- by the name of Jewish Reform. It would have gious belief, ritual, and morality in their proper been of the greatest psychological interest to have social setting; the historical perspective is clearly had pointed out to us and analyzed two of the presented, yet without undue emphasis; and most recent drifts that attest spiritual dissatisfaction gratifying of all, a discriminating sympathy is with current religious forms, standardized and accorded modern Hinduism, too often dismissed desiccated. On the one hand, such phenomena in disparaging terms. Prof. Morris Jastrow as the rise and spread of the Salvation Army gives us scholarly résumés of doctrine and cult and the amazing popularity of Billy Sunday seem in Babylonia and Assyria and of the spread of symptomatic of a yearning for the emotional Islam. These two lectures, however, like perhaps intensification of religious experience, of a revolt the greater part of the volume, are informed by against ethical self-satisfaction and lukewarm that cool, academic spirit of objectivity that often acceptance of the minimal requirements of reli makes one wonder why the study of religion gion. On the other hand, a mystical or occult makes an appeal to the scholarly mind at all. It istic craving is curiously apparent in the vogue is only in two of the chapters that one feels, or of Christian Science, theosophy, and other pseudo almost feels, that such a study is animated by philosophical cults, a craving which implies dis a genuine religious responsiveness, that to the satisfaction with the tepid rationalizations of subject of religion may be brought an emotional orthodox Protestantism no less than fear of the interest differing somewhat from the orderly bleak certainties and ignorances of scientific faith. scientific curiosity which it is customary to expend In brief, what generally happens when a sym on paleoliths or the orbits of comets. Both Dr. 16 [June 20 THE DIAL TEAUBRIAND. Montgomery in his lecture on the Hebrew reli- Chateaubriand in America gion and Dr. W. R. Newbold in his treatment of early Christianity do, for a few moments, take L'EXOTISME AMÉRICAIN DANS L'ŒUVRE DE CHA- us out of the arid wastes of dogma and cult into By Gilbert Chinard. Hachette, Paris; 4 f. the fresher atmosphere of intense spiritual experi- What makes this book important is that it ence. Only out of their pages does the psy- deals with a contribution which the America of chology of religion curtsey, somewhat timidly, to the colonial period made to French literature. the reader. For more than a century the freedom of Ameri- When we have laid by the book and allowed can life and nature was the lure of European the whole phantasmagoria of gods, spirits, ethical idealism. It was in vain that Baudelaire sought abstractions, mystic dogmas, ritual observances, sacrifices, prayers, heavens, and hells to recede to temper the enthusiasm with the words: into the recesses out of which the University O le pauvre amoureux des pays chimériques ! Faut-il le mettre aux fers, le jeter à la mer, faculty had once again summoned them for the Ce matelot ivrogne, inventeur d'Amériques troubling of our peace of mind, we face a stub Dont le mirage rend le gouffre plus amer? born query. Why has religion survived? Why, Down to the present, despite definite and often more than a hundred years after the onslaughts cruel proofs to the contrary, America has of the French Enlightenment, does it still, in remained to the European mind what it was to one form or another, kick a vigorous pair of the youthful Chateaubriand-a "New Eden." heels? Why do even the most radical of us, How and under what circumstances Chateau- who foresee the doom of capitalism, the disap- briand visited the United States, how although pearance of the political-economic state, the dis disappointed at first he pushed his journey into integration of the family, know in our heart of the "wilderness," and how with what he himself hearts that when in a light-hearted burst of saw, imagined, and borrowed from other travel- scornful laughter we turn our back on religion, ers he then returned home to write his works, all its ghost, smiling with an irony tempered by more more or less tinged with American exotism, is the than a touch of dogged good humor, is destined story of M. Chinard's book. to meet us again at some crossroads ages hence? M. Chinard comes to his task well prepared. The persistence of religion cannot be altogether In two earlier volumes he has traced the growth in Europe of the fantastic ideal of the "noble explained by the forces of cultural inertia, by the fetters of social tradition and institution, for its savage" as he was thought to exist in the Ameri- It was out of such stuff that the spirit of life has never been continuous. It has had as expansionism or—as it is called in literary par- many rebirths as deaths. The glamor of ritual, lance-romanticism was partly made; and Cha- the easy rationalization of the riddles of existence, teaubriand was one of its chief builders. “Etre the craving for an absolute sanction of an ethical Chateaubriand ou rien" was Victor Hugo's lofty code that would otherwise hang in the void but youthful ambition. these and a hundred other contributing factors But, as M. Chinard shows, we must not assume there are. We shall have to dig deeper for a that Chateaubriand's visit to America rests en- securer base, into the dark soil of the psychology tirely on literary motives. Doubtless Ossian, of the unconscious. As long as man is the prey Werther, and Rousseau were factors in making of an indifferent cosmos and the prisoner con the temperamental Breton long for the primitive fined within the walls of his own powerlessness, and uncontaminated. The “restless" sea was no certain temperaments, rising in the might of their stranger to him, brought up as he had been on its shores. He knew its "melancholy" as well own generous resentment, will build themselves a splendid compensation and transform the ecstasy as Loti did generations later. At the same time, Chateaubriand himself alleges that his voyage had of despair into an austere passion of religious a scientific aim: faith. These are the strong, less strong than those who can be happy in their despair. As for Une idée me dominait, l'idée de passer aux Etats- Unis: il fallait un but utile à mon voyage; je me the rest, they are indifferent with the profound proposais de découvrir (ainsi que je l'ai dit dans ces indifference of preoccupation. Or, in a burst of "Mémoires" et dans plusieurs de mes ouvrages) le passage au nord-ouest de l'Amérique. envy and fear, they ape those that have conquered And in fact M. Chinard shows him consulting despair. EDWARD SAPIR. M. de Malherbes (the friend of our own Gou- cas. 1918] 17 THE DIAL verneur Morris) in Paris, poring over maps, (described by Chateaubriand) where it is joined studying the flora and fauna of the Jardin des by the Ohio. In the latter case Chateaubriand Plantes, and reading every conceivable book on took his landscape almost word for word from the Northwest Passage. When we realize how the American geographer Imlay ("A Topograph- ill fitted Chateaubriand was for any such ambi ical Description of the Western Territory of tious plan, how foolish the plan itself was in any North America"); and as for the descent of the case, and how grotesque it becomes inasmuch as Mississippi, this is absolutely precluded by the Chateaubriand never went beyond Niagara and difficulties of the enterprise at that early date, possibly the lower waters of the Ohio, we get granting even that Chateaubriand had the time the full measure of the man. M. Chinard, who (which he had not) to undertake it. The most dwells on these details, might have stressed their that we can assume is that our "discoverer" on significance more. Better than anything else, nything else, leaving Niagara went south far as Pittsburg, they show that “illusion" was the keynote of but that for his further descriptions he relied on Chateaubriand's life as well as his works. This, written and oral sources, the greater part of of course, is typically romantic; wherein Chateau- which, thanks to the efforts of M. Bédier, Mr. briand's romanticism differs from that of others Stathers, and M. Chinard—to mention only the is on its expressive side in the glowing and more important names are known. reverberant imagery in which he clothed his In dealing with American exotism as revealed illusions. And here America furnished the back in Chateaubriand's literary work, M. Chinard's ground. task is to make definite and precise what has long Chateaubriand passed five months in the land been recognized as a fact. Here again, and quite of the free.” As documents found by M. Chi- properly, M. Chinard is scholarly rather than nard show, he landed in Baltimore on July 10, literary: the reader is given detail rather than a 1791. In the hope of seeing General Washing- complete picture. In general, the exotic appears: ton he at once hurried to Philadelphia and there first, in certain of Chateaubriand's characters; suffered his first great disillusionment: second, in the "local color" or background; and Our papers at home, he says, speak to us of the third, in the author's own imagery so obviously Romans of Boston and the tyrants of London. Moved enriched by his . memories of our landscape. by the same ardor, I asked to see one of these famous Quakers, virtuous descendants of William Sainte-Beuve called Chateaubriand an epicurean Penn. Imagine my surprise when they told me that if with a Catholic imagination. He himself once I wished to be cheated all I had to do was to enter the said: "Where Mme. de Staël sees perfectibility, shop of a Friend, and that if I was anxious to know to what extremes immorality and mercantilism could I see Jesus." In any case he saw and felt far go they would show me the spectacle of one Quaker more than he reflected. And it needed but his cheating another. Thus, he concludes, each new day saw one of my fancies after the other vanish, return to Europe to make him convert his Ameri- et cela me faisait grant mal. can impressions into sonorous phrase and gorgeous Fortunately not all of his experiences were so color, while the poet and the dreamer in him bitter. He himself was apparently treated with combined to create the quixotic types of Chactas, all honesty and consideration; and while the Atala, and René-the last of whom is the stand- government never lent an attentive ear to his ard bearer of the mal de siècle. In spite of his project of discovery, still he was received by voyage of discovery, this "sachem of romanti- Washington and let off with a gracious, "Well, cism" knew and depicted the real American well, young man"-which was as much as he Indian about as well as did Voltaire or Mar- deserved. montel, or, indeed, Cooper! Chateaubriand went into the wilderness" via But-and with this capital point of Chinard's Albany, the valley of the Mohawk, and the Gene we may conclude it would be wrong to measure see River. His guide, a Dutchman who spoke Chateaubriand by realistic standards. However several Indian dialects, led him as far as Niagara. romantic, he is never vague or formless ; quite the From here on his wanderings-for it is clear that contrary. Not unlike Keats, though in a different gradually his journey lost its appointed aim medium, he is primarily an artist; and Chateau- become vague and uncertain. In pages remark- briand the artist constantly sought precision and able both for their penetration and their common concreteness of detail. It may be true that his sense, M. Chinard shows how tenuous is the descriptions are not always true to locality: we claim of the traveler that he saw the Mississippi know that "crocodiles sailing on floating islands," either along its southern course or at the spot "blue herons," and "pink flamingos" were never . .. 18 (June 20 THE DIAL . found on the Mississippi; but in the sufficiency phan of nineteen, her mother having died giving of our greater knowledge let us not forget that birth to her, and her father a few years later Chateaubriand found just such details in the in Brazil-or some such far off place. Her de authors he consulted, and that his descriptions facto parent is a Victorian grandaunt, a tradi- not only fit but illuminate his theme. The inter- tional old gentlewoman with a house on the esting thing is, to translate Chinard's own words: north side of Washington Square. She brought 'In order that American exotism should produce its up, also, Eileen's mother and has regretful and masterpiece, after the slow incubation of three cen- puzzled memories of the two unhappy years of turies, it was necessary that René should dis- cover the New World. that lady's married life. This is a subject Eileen WILLIAM A. NITZE. is given to uneasy speculation about and one upon which her aunt does not enlighten her. "He overwhelmed her a little, perhaps he ex- A Coward You Can Believe In pected too much of her . asked her to be more than she was, and she just couldn't be.” DRIFT. By Mary Aldis. Duffield; $1.50. Eileen rebelled at the insipidities of her first Eileen Picardy, the main figure in this thor- “season” and, having decided that settlements oughly interesting novel, is not a heroine I can promise you will like. But you are, I think, Helena House. During the month she spent there must be interesting, went to be a resident at likely to pay her this more substantial tribute- she got a shock. She was in charge one evening, of worrying about her, of feeling irritated with alone, when a young girl came to her in extremis, her, of wishing you might have had a hand in the pangs of childbirth already upon her; she bringing her up, to the extent at least of inter- told Eileen her story (she had been seduced by vening here or there and telling her a thing her stepfather and turned out of the house by or two. And after you have read the last her jealous mother, who nevertheless pretended bitterly ironic paragraph and have caught the to believe her husband's lying denials), and Eileen last glimpse of her that Mrs. Aldis vouchsafes- went with her to the hospital-saw her through, burning the letter of farewell to her husband according to a promise, to the end. “Just get and creeping back into a soft and comfortable me out of this," the girl had screamed, "and I'll bed, to a pillow wet with unavailing tears, the small pistol with its handle of mother of pearl Gawd!" That was the aspect of the thing that never let any man get at me again, s'help me replaced unused in the desk drawer—you will Eileen never forgot. Her spirit was, you may go on, for a while, thinking about her, trying to say, branded with it. diagnose her case. An indication, it seems to She gave up the settlement and went back to me, that as a portrait this book has more than her aunt. She traveled abroad. She nearly fell atmosphere and texture, has some really solid in love with Robert Thorne, a breezy young drawing. Californian. Only she couldn't be sure she was She was a coward, of course, and of the most sure of her feelings; she was afraid. So when despicable sort that it is possible for a woman it came to a question of telling him her decision to be: she was afraid of love, of its pains and by telegram, she could only wire, "Terribly penalties. She had a baby-accidentally, one as- sorry," and lost him. She tried studying art but sumes—having spent the whole period of her soon abandoned that. She tried another love pregnancy dreading her approaching travail. The affair, and this one she allowed to carry her child was born dead, and rather than risk the through into matrimony largely because—one ordeal again she terminated her marital intimacy runs the risk of doing a certain amount of injus- with her husband. She was recreant to her tice in a rough summarization like this largely fundamental obligation therefore, false at the because her new lover was not very passionate; core, worthless. But she is too real to be dis- "considerate,” rather. She made a half-hearted missed like that. The sense persists that she and wholly unsuccessful attempt to articulate had capacities, even for courage; that with a herself into her husband's life-his business and little better luck she might have come through- So on. She made a tragic futile venture into victoriously. The energy was there, the intelli- maternity. After that her impulses fluttered gence, the charm. Only, the main spring was faster and weaker, like a febrile pulse. She made never released. The mechanism, as they say of a great social success, but this was rendered machine guns, jammed. nugatory by a sense of frustration, by an abiding She is introduced to us a pleasing young or self-contempt. 1918] 19 THE DIAL When Robert Thorne turned up again and, Earth the Unconquerable seeing her unhappy, again made love to her, she thought she loved him; but the inhibition of fear TOPOGRAPHY AND STRATEGY IN THE WAR. By settled upon her again and she lost him once Douglas Wilson Johnson. Holt; $1.75. more. A little later she came to the brink in It goes without saying that one who would another affair-less creditable this time, shabby, understand the great war must know one's maps, with a painter who was doing a portrait of her and know them thoroughly; and while political came to the brink and went pelting back in a geography is important, physical geography and revulsion of panic and disgust And all topography are even more so. It might be sup- the while, there in the background, was her "con- posed by the layman that in these days when siderate" husband, friendly, consolatory in times guns hurl high explosive shells with marvelous of trouble, but mostly unregarded. Such is the accuracy over lofty mountain ridges and across situation when, within thirty pages of the end of the widest river valleys, warfare has ceased to be the book, the drama which it is written up to greatly affected by the element of terrain. But begins. this is by no means the case. Diligent and scien- I don't disparage Mrs. Aldis's presentation of tific study of the matter has, indeed, brought at Eileen by calling it well done. It is better than least one of our foremost physiographers, Profes- a clever performance, or even than an honest sor" Johnson, to the conclusion that the rôle performance-though it's both. Eileen has for played by land forms "in plans of campaign and me both real and romantic validity. I feel I movements of armies is no less important today know her at first hand, through what she says than in the past." and does and thinks, rather than through what In the scholarly treatise under review Profes- her author says about her. She's fresh and vivid sor Johnson undertakes to explain with the pre- and charming. I'm concerned for her, distressed cision of the scientist, yet in untechnical language, that her life should come to so grievous a col- the effects of topography upon the campaigns in lapse. all the principal theatres of war, from the inva- I attribute that collapse-more than Mrs. sion of Belgium to the conquest of Rumania. Aldis seems to-to John Templeton, the hus- Taking the great areas of combat one by one, band. I don't like him. I don't believe in him. he first portrays, with the aid of numerous draw- I'm not convinced about his violin-playing, nor ings and pictures, the topographic features that about the ancestral silk mills for which he gave would be likely to affect either offensive or defen- it up. I disbelieve utterly in his Margaret. This sive military operations, and follows with a run- is not because Mrs. Aldis can't characterize a ning account of the campaigns that actually took man. She has done it vividly in the cases of place, carefully interpreted with reference to the some of the minor characters in this book. But land forms described. The descriptions are mod- she has sacrificed John Templeton to that last els of vivid presentation, and the narratives make thirty pages of drama. up a summary of military operations which has That last thirty pages is, precisely it seems to value quite apart from the purpose which the me, a clever performance. What the book ends author has primarily in view. with is a curtain, a clever curtain, a-little In the chapters on the western theatre of war theatre curtain. Eileen slides down the ways topographic reasons for the invasion of Belgium truly into this dramatic situation. In that re are made perfectly clear. It is shown that while spect Mrs. Aldis has managed better than Mere the terrain of eastern and northeastern France dith, attempting the same thing in "Diana of the offers four great routes from Germany to Paris, Crossways." But poor John! three of these were impracticable under the con- I like the way the story is told, the manners ditions existing in August, 1914. Germany of it, the clear ring it has. I like the deliberate found herself simultaneously at war with three way in which the subsidiary story of Helen and leading powers—Russia, France, and Great her love is carried along. I like the minor char- Britain and, as every one knows, the plan of acters: Aunt Emma, the Medways, Spencer the Medways, Spencer the Kaiser's strategists was that the German Crockett, and Clara. And Eileen I shall not for- legions should drive swiftly to the heart of France get. I wonder what she did after that rather and bring that country to its knees before Rus- tricky curtain came down. I wonder what she's sia should have time to mobilize and become a doing now. HENRY KITCHELL WEBSTER. pressing danger on the east. The route from the 20 [June 20 THE DIAL middle Rhine country westward through the better qualified for the task could have been Belfort gateway, that along the Moselle trench found. Professional physiographers may regret by way of Luxemburg, and that from Cologne the treatise's brevity and its essentially popular around the Ardennes past Aix-la-Chapelle were nature. But scientific accuracy has at no point alike impossible, because they could not be trav been sacrificed, and a longer, more technical work ersed with the requisite speed. The sole reason would fail utterly to serve the intelligent read- why they could not be so traversed lay in topo- ing public as the present volume will serve it. graphic conditions, or in French fortifications FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG. which these conditions had made possible. Only the route by way of the open Belgian plain—although it was longer than any of the Paper-Jacket Problems others—could be made to yield the desired result; and the decision was to take it, in defiance of Poems: 1908-1914. By John Drinkwater. Dodd, Belgian rights, the sacredness of treaties, and the Mead; $1.25. sentiment of an outraged world. Hence it is SONNETS OF SORROW AND TRIUMPH. By Ella Wheeler Wilcox. Doran; $1. literally true that "the violation of Belgian neu- WRAITHS AND REALITIES. By Cale Young Rice. trality was predetermined by events which took Century; $1.25. place several million years ago”; that is, by the SONGS OF HAFIZ. Translated by Edna Worthley Underwood. Four Seas; $1. geological process which gave the rock layers PAVED STREETS. By Elias Lieberman. Cornhill; of northeastern France their uniform downward $1.25. slope toward the west, and left the Belgian terri It is becoming increasingly difficult for an tories flat and depressed almost to the level of the advertiser to misrepresent his goods. Samuel sea. Professor Johnson's incisive discussion brings Hopkins Adams and his energetic confreres on the reader to the opinion which manifestly was the New York "Tribune" have started a crusade held by the German General Staff in 1914; that is forcing newspapers, boards of trade, rotary namely, that it was a question of either invading organizations, and chambers of commerce to make France through Belgium or of not successfully the laws concerning the marketing of merchandise invading France at all. more and more drastic. It is a statutory offense In the east as in the west, the fortunes of com today to label a package "Pepper" that is fifty bat closely followed terrain. When the Russians per cent. sand, to shortweight a householder on a pushed their armies into the lake country of East can of Early June Peas, to swindle the least Prussia they lost topographic advantage and suf- experienced purchaser in the matter of a box of fered disaster, but when they fell back to the dried prunes. Honesty in such matters has line of the Bobr and Narew marshes the pur become not merely a policy but a legal necessity; suing Germans were summarily halted. Taking one finds the truth, the whole truth, and nothing the eastern campaigns as a whole, however, the but the truth on the wrappers containing candy, treachery which left great Russian armies, and silver polish, hair tonic, cough drops, of every- eventually the whole of the Rumanian forces, thing in fact—except books. without ammunition and other supplies was of Why the publishers of books are allowed to more ultimate weight in determining the course indulge in deceptive labels that would never be of events than topography or anything else. permitted a manufacturer of soap is something I How topographic advantages saved Servia from can never understand. I have often passed from Austrian subjugation until the situation was any store's grocery department to its book section changed by Bulgaria's entrance into the war, is and have been flabbergasted by the abrupt con- clearly brought out by Professor Johnson, as also trast; I have been amazed at the sudden and the balance of topographic forces in the region shameless change from scrupulous statements to of Saloniki which has so long precluded decisive fantastic exaggerations, from the carefully candid action by either group of belligerents in that to the frankly fraudulent. I am not now con- quarter. Better known but not less interesting cerned with the psychological reaction in the is the topography of the Trentine and Isonzo mind of the critic, the revulsion that always fol- fronts, described by the author in such a man lows a plethora of superlatives. I speak simply ner as to make the great Italian retreat of 1917 of the way in which the casual and trusting easily intelligible. reader is brazenly enticed, deceived, tempted, mis- There has been much need of such a book as informed, and hornswoggled. Professor Johnson has written, and no author Take the first of this quintet. On the modest 1918] 21 THE DIAL LOVE gray jacket of Mr. Drinkwater's volume appears this far from modest summary: The best poems of one of our leading modern poets. These lyrics, exquisite in style and fine in feeling, are a notable contribution to literature. They interpret the life of our own time. This patent misstatement can scarcely be excused on the ground of a publisher's enthusiasm. It requires something more than a flight of imagina- tion to consider Mr. Drinkwater "one of our leading poets,” even though some of the indi- vidual lyrics, while saturated with the old poetic rhetoric, are indisputably "fine in feeling." Not even the most elastic stretch of fancy could induce one to believe that "they interpret the life of our own time." A person looking for verse that really does interpret our age, and buying this volume on the guarantee of its cover, would feel that he had actually been cheated. If it is a crime to put benzoate of soda and cochineal into canned goods and cordials without so specifying, is it less of an offense to coax a none too critical public into the belief that it is buying a genuine "interpretation of our times” when it is actually getting a merely pretty estimate of a time that has gone? What we receive here is really no in- terpretation at all, but the breath of a resuscitated poetry from an almost forgotten past. It rises delicately out of lyrics like "Pierrot," "Roundels of the Year," "Dominion," "January Dusk.” Or, at rare intervals, it attempts an older and ruder note, as in "The Feckenham Men" and "Wed," which begins: I married him on Christmas morn- Ah woe betide, ah woe betide, Folk said I was a comely bride,- Ah me forlorn. Lord of the host of deep desires That spare no sting, yet are to me Sole echo of the silver choirs Whose swelling is eternity, With all save thee my soul is pressed In high dispute from day to day, But, Love, at thy most high behest I make no answer, and obey. This is all of Drinkwater in substance. A suave grace, a well executed turn, a decent atten- tion to form and finish, an oratorical gesture, and a pleasant musical vagueness: these are his. To suggest that these possessions make this young Englishman a whit better poet than a dozen con- temporary Americans would be no more than foolish. But to maintain that they make him "one of our leading poets" and "interpret the life of our own time” is too much like a bad joke. So with Mrs. Wilcox's volume. Those who know what to expect of the daily Ella Wheeler will not be disappointed. But those of the younger generation who, prowling about a book- store for information, light upon the cover of her recent collection will be surprised to learn that it is not only “the finest thing Mrs. Wilcox has ever done" but that “it is not unworthy to stand beside the most famous sonnet sequence in all literature." After such a confident verdict it would be ungracious to enter critically on ground so holy, even though the cover expressly invites us with the assurance that "unlike so intensely an emotional poem, it stands the test of searching criticism." Here is an octave: You were so wonderful with quiet faith; Only the Saints and martyrs of the earth Held such unalterable high thoughts of death, As those which filled you from your hour of birth. And when we were together, many a time, We felt the Presences of Unseen Guests: And you saw visions, mystical, sublime, When forth your spirit went on astral quests The problem here is not to rate the present collection, but to decide with which of the famous sonnet sequences it should be placed. It brings up the pretty question of which is really "the most famous sonnet sequence in all litera- ture" - Shakespeare's? Sidney's? Spenser's? Mrs. Browning's? Rossetti's ? Meredith's? Well, no matter. Whichever one it is, Mrs. Wilcox's must be (and the author of her cover ought to know) not unworthy to stand beside it. The man who planned the paper jacket of Mr. Rice's volume is more cautious. It was not he but the Los Angeles "Times" that said: "He [Cale Young Rice] is one of the supreme lyrists and one of the few remaining lovers of beauty All braided was my golden hair, And heavy then, and shining then, My limbs were sweet to madden men,- O cunning snare. My beauty was a thing they say Of large renown— dread renown, Its rumor travelled through the town, Alas the day ... When the first copy of the short-lived venture "New Numbers" came from Gloucester, England, early in 1914, it was evident that something new was being attempted in a coöperative magazine. The war soon stopped it. But it did not need the war to reveal the incongruity of the quartet of poets that composed it. And John Drink- water's water-color verses seemed doubly incon- gruous when they appeared sandwiched among the best work of Lascelles Abercrombie, W. W. Gibson, and Rupert Brooke. Here is a typical lyric: 22 [June 20 THE DIAL ness. who write it.” And yet the use of this honest Mr. Lieberman wins us—if with nothing else superlative seems a bit injudicious. Mr. Rice is than with his cover, which is of a waxed and an undoubtedly able craftsman; he can fashion transparent nature. That being virginal of ink, a lyric as well as Drinkwater, a sonnet almost as one is compelled to read the book to see what classic as Mrs. Wilcox's. His medium is almost it is about. And it is something of a disappoint- always under his control. But when one is con ment to learn that it concerns itself so little fronted with the statement that he is one of with its promising title. Instead of genuine re- "the supreme lyrists," one is likely to approach flections from the alleys, avenues, or "paved Mr. Rice's most likable lyrics with an unusual streets," we have the kind of glib rhyming that suspicion. Mr. Rice's own preface rouses sim rises infrequently to more hazardously sustained ilar misgivings. In spite of his evidently secure eloquence. For the greater part, the volume position, he devotes several pages to a rather ill alternates between consciously occasional verses natured attack on the "rhythmless, free-verse and lighter measures that are scarcely as nimble realism," on the "petty poetry magazines" in as their obvious models. The dexterity of Frank- general and Miss Harriet Monroe and the much lin P. Adams is years beyond Mr. Lieberman; he abused W. S. Braithwaite in particular. He has still to achieve the far lower levels of Caro- attacks, with impartial inclusiveness, the "new lyn Wells, Thomas R. Ybarra, and Arthur movements”; but this does not deter him from Guiterman. The volume, in spite of its amia- trying to imitate them. Witness, for instance, bility and good intentions, is full of weak, mere- "Insulation," with its strange blend of the Im tricious, and even maudlin spots. But the cover, agists and Edgar Lee Masters: at least, is spotless. LOUIS UNTERMEYER. The telephone lines, Etched by the lightning's needle On the night plate of her window, Seemed but as strands of a dream's phosphorescence Passionate Puppets Flashed rippling to her out of the drench of the dark- NOCTURNE. By Frank Swinnerton. Doran; $1.40. Yet one of them was bearing, In his pleasant introduction to this new novel Past her, thro the wet shimmer of the shower, The sinuous words her husband's to his mistress by his friend Frank Swinnerton, H. G. Wells “Tonight, my passion-flower!” points out that here we encounter an art dif- Miss Underwood's cover delicately intimates ferent in kind from his own. "It bores me to that her volume should be popular, as “Hafiz was look at things unless there is also the idea of not known merely to the literary classes, but was doing something with them." But Swinnerton and is the poet of the people and his songs may “has no underlying motive. He sees and tells. justly be called 'popular' poetry. This version His aim is the attainment of that beauty which has been prepared in a special effort to preserve comes with exquisite presentation." In other the flavor and character of the original Per- words, dealing though it does with rarely Cock- sian.” I am not versed in either the flavor ney Londoners of the lower middle class, "Noc- or the character of Persian poetry in the original, turne" has no purpose other than to give us but I suspect that it is not altogether like: that pleasure which can always be got from Bring back to my heart once more, though I sheer beauty, that beauty which St. Thomas Gather the gossiping world's grudges thereby. Aquinas defined as "id cuius ipsa apprehensio Bring Joy's fire back, which once should wild beasts placet." What is more, Mr. Swinnerton succeeds know, in his aim, and criticism has left only to essay The mighty forests would be leveled low. with clumsy fingers to turn the eye to details Alone it frees from coil of change and time, and harmonies not wholly obvious. Yes, and in And for me opens the tent door divine. this book's case, to give expression and so. some Nor do I believe that it is a characteristic of easement, however vain, to those emotions which Hafiz to use rhymes as haphazard as the English "thing-doubling," "me-grandly," "come- so tragic a masterpiece must inevitably evoke. The genius of the author bites his subject sun, "be-safely," "cruelly-surely," "thrown -comb." As for the book itself, it reads like a hard and shakes it with so exhaustive an inten- humorless parody of the "Rubaiyat”—as if some- sity that in these short 250 pages we feel that one had translated Fitzgerald's version into Jap every nook and corner of its life has been anese and then had it rendered back into English searched out, and that after Jenny's last cry, by a poet of the Richard Badger school. "Keith oh Keith! one more . 1918] 23 THE DIAL shake would be rhetoric. The style has the and then the ride home with its realization of invisibility of perfect glass, and unaware of it the "sequel the "sequel to endure." The very word we see only the figures of these passionate pup- "sequel" is poignantly ironic. "sequel" is poignantly ironic. This is not be- pets, outlined so deathly black against the crude cause of the body of Pa stretched unconscious gray of an unconscious universe. across the kitchen floor, still less because of pos- The events of the story take place all in one sible repentance. The irony is that even in this night. A good part of the book is given to passionate adventure our poor heroine was but painting the doldrums of life in Kennington a cog in the all-embracing mechanism, that there Park, a rather poor district of London. There are in life such things as sequels---cogwheels the two sisters, Jenny working the day in a that turn with cogwheels. Whether or not Jenny milliner's, Emmy doing the housework at home, be lacerated, anyhow she is enslaved. In a world companion their Pa Blanchard, a half imbecile such as this we can only regard conscious exist- wreck. A touch is given to the stagnant atmos ence with awe, and marvel at the ridiculous phere by mention of Pa's pension, which empha-. gallantry of living. gallantry of living. This essential bitterness in sizes the impersonal and unadventurous quality life is seldom so clear as in the portrait of Jenny of this too assured existence. Alf Rylett, whose Blanchard. It is not only her eyes that flash hair is “of a common but unnamed colour, be and glitter in "the paltry gaslight.” If to under- tween brown and grey,” aspires to keeping stand her position is to suffer for this fine and company with Jenny, the more vivid and less fiery soul, to think of her even by herself gives hobbled sister. A little whiff of air seems about us pain: she is so keen that merely to conceive to blow when Pa elicits from Alf news of a her character, as to grasp something that is all ten thousand dollar fire, only to evaporate at the cutting edge, hurts our mind. knowledge that "the insurance companies are too When alone in her room, in the anguish of wide to stand all the risk themselves. It's self-reproach for Pa's misfortune and in the more a mere flea-bite to them.” Thus a hopeful bigamy lancinating anguish of her doubts of Keith's love pans out at only "ten pound three and fourpence" and in the merciless knowledge that at any rate and in the "train smash nobody killed.” she has irretrievably consigned to him her free- In order that fate, however abetted by indus- dom, she gently calls upon her lover, her voice trial civilization, may alone take the responsibility, is "barely audible”-audible, God knows, to us, thus making the tragedy unavoidable and there but unheard, we fear unimagined, of Keith. How fore more capable of beauty as well as easier to frail and expressive is this human cry in the be endured, all the characters are made to par- huge mechanism of London. Outside the unlit take, though some of them frugally, of our pity- chamber we fancy the dead revolving moon, so ing love. The three men, each in his own way hideously alien to the human heart, so hideously quite shamelessly self-seeking, are yet not to be at one with the unmeaning revolutions of the blamed by us. Pa in his second childhood is city's life in death. With Jenny, in her last too obviously down to admit of any judgment broken grasp at the old way of seeing things, we upon him; Keith, Jenny's sailor-lover, has too say, “What a life! Golly what a life!" But weathered too many evil strokes; and even the with another crunch the machinery takes her, calculating Alf will not desert his landlady, and to annihilate Distance, Time, and Fate she "because if anybody asked me if he should go throws herself upon the bed and buries her face there, I couldn't honestly recommend him to in the pillow, there without the mocking audi- and I shouldn't like to leave her in bility of her former cry, with its tragic suggestion the lurch.” of measure and so of inadequacy, to repeat again When the drudge Emmy has been fobbed off “Keith oh Keith!” We also are pathetic upon the disgruntled Alf and those remarkable figures; for in anguish of heart and vainly, O lovers have left for the theatre, when Pa has ludicrously, we see only this crumpled child and been put to bed, Jenny sits alone staring at the children ourselves, we strain our arms into and clock. 'Wound up to go all day!' she thought, through the thin text seeking to embrace and comparing the clock with herself." Here we cherish this unhappy girl—to give her such small have the final touch to that mechanistic horror comfort as it might be to her to know we com- which so completely involves all the characters prehend and that, between her and "they," only depicted. Then comes the unexpected ring at she matters, and that a world in which she is the door, the apparent shattering of the hated not “right" is not itself “right" for any man with web, the hours of bitter love upon the yacht, heart and head. SCOFIELD THAYER. 24 [June 20 THE DIAL BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS stop with lifelike representation. In the varied poses of the three heads we can easily read three SIMON SON OF MAN. By John I. Riegel different reactions to confinement. And lastly he and John H. Jordan. Sherman, French; has refrained from calling it "Thinking of $1.50. Home.” It is this escape from the obvious which In this book the principles of Biblical criticism gives us the final pleasure and assures his power have run amuck. According to the authors, for all time. Other men have used only a part Christ is Simon Bar Gi’ora, Jewish patriot, of their personality on these points and have whose historical record is written in Josephus. filled the gaps with an imitative substitute. Other The New Testament is all cryptic, and properly men have made cartoons: Raemaekers has made understood, gives a graphic account of this Jewish history. war lord, led in triumph to Rome by Titus. In the gospel story of the triumph Jerusalem has HOPE TRUEBLOOD. By Patience Worth. been cryptically substituted for Rome. There is Communicated through Mrs. John H. Cur- no regular system of cryptograms, but linguis ran. Holt; $1.50. tic gyrations, translations, and substitutions "Patience Worth" has become a voluminous all the familiar methods utilized without a co- author. She has dropped her pseudo-Elizabethan ordinating plan. The book is to be listed in the limbo of critical oddities with Cheyne's “Jerach- novel by a pre-Victorian writer," as the editor mannerisms and is now writing a “mid-Victorian mael" and Jensen's "Gilgamesh.” assures us. Viewed as literature and by not too rigid a standard, this novel-like former works RAEMAEKERS' CARTOON HISTORY OF THE from the same “pen”-is not without interest and WAR. Vol. I. Century; $1.50. not without merit. Like the others it is a rather In America we have had, until recently, noth- spontaneously mechanical, a fuently uninspired ing beyond the labeled cartoon which consisted performance. Considered in terms of the man- of certain pictorial forms eked out by a liberal ner of its composition, as a labored kind of auto- use of explanatory texts, all mixed up with the matic writing, it is a formidable effort. Just why drawing. This apology for drawing is more like the passion for writing, which in this case is a partly hieroglyphic language than a pictorial genuine and justified by ability, should utilize art. Strictly speaking there were in 1914 not a planchette or an automatic pencil rather than ten cartoonists worthy of the name in the whole a stenographer and typewriter, is not an easy country. Then came the war and the influx of matter to decide. It is a mode of setting apart European cartoons. A little later came Rae- one's writing self from one's other, normally liv- maekers, and with him an amusing paradox. ing and communicating self. Only Mrs. Curran Though the supercartoonist of the day, he is not can solve the mystery, and she is as Sphinx-like really a cartoonist; he is an artist. All the now as on her first appearance in the literary critics have dissected his art in praise and quar field. The disguise is thin; and any attempt to reled over the master qualities. He has appeared pose the product as a defiance of the laws of in Basque and Arabic, and the prices of various mental composition is misleading. Psychology editions of his works range from $100. to four admits the rare proportions of the undertaking, cents. In view of all this, criticism seems alto but finds no need to revise its sturdy principles gether gratuitous. We may say that like any by reason of Mrs. Curran's literary technique. other great artist, Raemaekers's greatest asset is If “Patience Worth" were disposed to write her personality. It is his personality that chooses literary confessions with absolute frankness, the unerringly the subject matter, picks the pictorial illumination would be welcome and most in- forms to illustrate it, compresses the whole into teresting. an excellent composition, delights the cognoscenti with fine draftsmanship, avoids the stirring sub- MODERN MAN AND HIS FORERUNNERS: ject that is not pictorial, and brings these quali- A Short Study of the Human Species, Living ties in right proportion into all his works. Let and Extinct. By H. G. F. Spurrell. Mac- us cite briefly an example. In a cartoon entitled millan; $3. “The Prisoners," Raemaekers has chosen a com- mon subject; yet from the millions of possible Dr. Spurrell has nothing whatsoever to say forms, he has taken but three to illustrate it. He and says it indifferently. Nearly half of his book has filled his page with three men—three types is devoted to an exposition of man's zoological to stand for the thousands of others. position, racial classification, and prehistoric cul- are huddled together in a common misery of mind ture. This section is avowedly sketchy, but even and body, and Raemaekers has huddled his pencil the merest outline should be without some of strokes in such a manner that this message is the misleading statements in which the author supreme. His forceful draftsmanship does not freely indulges. For example, since the best The men 1918] 25 THE DIAL O authorities hold that the reindeer was domesti attempts idle? Dante lovers will welcome every cated about the time of the birth of Christ it is new tribute born of years of communion with the rather surprising to find the species represented master, and all will agree that this new version as “according to some authorities” domesticated maintains a high level of excellence throughout. not less than seventy or a hundred thousand years It is sufficiently faithful to the word, although ago (page 50)! Likewise the bland assumption less literal than Longfellow. At times it is more that “various sections of the human species happy; at others, less; and occasionally it adapts undoubtedly lost and rediscovered the horse Longfellow's lines with little or no change. Only repeatedly during the passage of ages" (page impertinence will say this is better than the 55) utterly disregards the difficulty of breeding earlier, as a whole. The following passage, animals in captivity. Cheap speculation also char chosen because of its familiarity, may serve to acterizes Dr. Spurrell's attempts to limn the show Professor Langdon's manner: origins of society. All this however is merely And she to me: “There is no greater pain the preamble to a lugubrious, dreary tirade about than to remember happy days in days the decay of civilization. The author finds "no of misery; and this thy Leader knows. But if to know the first root of our love reason for claiming greater permanence for the present civilization than has been shown so yearning a desire possesses thee, I'll do as one who weepeth while he speaks. by any of the great civilizations of the past”; One day, for pastime merely, we were reading but lest we perish in a slough of despondency he of Lancelot, and how love o'erpowered him; closes with the consolatory affirmation that on alone we were, and free from all misgiving. Oft did that reading cause our eyes to meet, the subject matter of his book he is not pessimistic, and often take the color from our faces; but merely agnostic, and has not even a guess to and yet one passage only overcame us." offer. As might be expected, we encounter cheap Professor Langdon has placed the Italian text on and time-honored phrases about fundamental the opposite page-on guard, as he puts it. Brief problems of the age. The socialistic masses are described as longing for "ease without effort, and notes provide necessary explanation and point the significance of the poem for our time. The con- the abasement of all of whom they are jealous." venience of the general reader would perhaps Democracy altogether is a failure. Abandonment have been better served had these notes been of the national religion is an attempt to gain printed with the separate cantos instead of freedom from moral restraints"; and the devout together at the beginning. nonconformist is as much a symptom of decadence as the infidel. In short, the essay is simply the THE EARTHQUAKE. By Arthur Train. work of an ignorant and unintelligent apostle of Scribner; $1.50. reaction. In this novel prosperous America is shown THE DIVINE COMEDY OF DANTE ALI taking the war with a self-appreciatory heroism GHIERI. Translated by Courtney Langdon. that should destroy any lurking proletarian skep- Vol. 1. The Inferno. Harvard Univer- ticism. Wives enduring with noble fortitude the sity Press; $2.50. shrinking of the family income from forty thou- sand to twenty-five thousand a year, husbands The homage of translation has been offered to Dante at least twice this year. Professor Lang- facing the incredible hardships of building their don holds that verse is a own fires, rollicking college boys turned into more satisfactory serious and responsible officers anxious about the medium than prose for retaining something of immortal souls of themselves and their men, the fire and passion of the original, and that débutantes turning to the study of stenography, blank verse alone permits fidelity to letter and a world transformed, and acutely conscious of accent. The success of Longfellow's version and the nobility of that transformation. We were the rich promise of the present one would seem to in a bad way, Mr. Train tells us, going in 1914 justify the claim. The rather haughty tone of the historic corrupt way of the Roman Empire the preface may prejudice some readers; many with our sexual irregularity and our wasteful- will decline to accept Professor Langdon's stric- ness and our luxurious materialism. But now tures on his great predecessor. Why should the war has changed all that. Eloquent chapters "every new translation call for a on the redemption of the garbage pail and on the word of justification” or itself imply “a criticism salvation of the rich from the locust swarms of whether expressed or not, of competitors already servants whom their fortunes were maintaining in the field”? And why competitors at all? The in idleness preach a lesson that make the book translation of any great master must always be not only a chronicle but an evangel. Lyric an Italiam fugientem which will never cease to heights are touched in the picture of the disap- fascinate, but who shall claim to have reached pearance of classes and of the supremacy of the goal and thereby to have rendered further wealth. We are all brothers now, and after 26 [June 20 THE DIAL military life under our beneficent government by two college professors and three experienced the discontented classes will return with small business men. patience for those agitators who took advantage The essential feature of profit sharing is an of the undernourished condition of the poor to agreement between an employer and his work- preach socialism and economic reform. Food and people under which the latter receive in addition discipline will have made men out of proletarians. to their wages a share, fixed beforehand, in the In contrast to those liberal hopes which see the profits of the undertaking. In other words, the return of the soldier as the beginning of a new special payment received by employees is directly progressive social reconstruction, Mr. Train is contingent upon the profits for a specified time, convinced that the American at least will come and varies directly with these profits, upon a pre- back with a new respect for conservative law and arranged basis. A bonus or a deferred wage pay- order, for the disciplined state, for the unified ment, the amount of which has no direct relation valor that makes nations powerful. That the to the profits earned, is not real profit sharing. To prosperous will continue to lead the new day is be successful, profit sharing must start with pay- shown in Mr. Train's naïve picture of the processing the full market rate of wages to participants; by which his broker-hero and lawyer and capital- efficiency and coöperation cannot be obtained ist friends take over to themselves the conduct of otherwise. Likewise the payments must be sub- the war. The note of sacrifice is thus rather stantial, the plan should be definite, and the vitiated. The men who pass from a desk in New nature of the plan must vary with its purpose. York to a military-official desk in Washington, The effect of profit sharing, as shown, is the the idle women who suddenly burst into war elimination of waste, the promotion of stability work are exhibited in the act of having far too of labor, and the elimination of strife. Organized good a time. Mr. Train, as interpreter of the labor seems to be opposed to profit sharing, but significant classes, cannot repress a subdued ex as a matter of fact it might be expected to operate ultation at this new lease of life. Theirs is now more effectively in a unionized establishment than again not only the power but the glory. War in any other; for the union scale practically which destroys so many evil things has rubbed standardizes wages and therefore, if profits are away their gathering tarnish. And it we are to distributed in proportion to wages, there is prac- believe Mr. Train, none know better than they tical equality both in wages and in participation the full moral effulgence of that result. in profits, so that envy and jealousy is dimin- ished. Profit sharing is also effective in promoting PROFIT SHARING. By Edwin F. Gay, efficiency among branch managers and has been Arthur W. Burritt, Henry S. Dennison, tried with success in chain stores. The conclu- Ralph E. Heilman, and Henry P. Kendall. sion reached is that the effectiveness of profit Harper; $2.50. sharing as an instrument for profit making is The present wage system, especially that of greatest among the higher group of employees and time wages, is recognized by many as a poor small groups of the rank and file. The book is makeshift at its best. The average man is as an interesting and balanced presentation of one method of making the conventional distribution lazy as he dares to be and frequently his chief of profits more just and democratic. aim seems to be to do the least amount of work necessary to keep from being discharged or being ON THE THRESHOLD OF THE UNSEEN. By reduced in pay. In a small plant the superin- tendent can look after the men; but as the plant William F. Barrett. Introduction by James H. Hyslop. Dutton; $2.50. grows and the number of men increases, it is increasingly difficult to gauge accurately the value Is it accidental that the three distinguished of the various workmen. Guesswork or favorit- English sponsors for unseen forces should be ism fixes the wages too many times. The piece- physicists, and thus not in their professional ele- rate system which fixes wages according to output, ment in dealing with the evasive phenomena of when it can be applied, works out more justly; abnormal mentality? Sir Oliver Lodge, Sir Wil- but there is an inevitable friction because the liam Crookes, and Sir William Barrett have con- ferred the scientific prestige of their notable employer feels that he is paying too much and achievements upon a cause that more than any the employee that he is getting too little. This other has contributed to the obscurantism of is especially true of industries that have not been latter days. It may be that in conceiving the forces thoroughly standardized and developed. The of the mind too much after the manner of physical case becomes worse when the measurement of radiations escaping our sense, but none the less individual efficiency is impracticable. One way real, they were ready to assume the unreal because of overcoming these difficulties and promoting a they were convinced of the reality of the effect. direct interest on the part of the workman is that What they too lightly considered was the sub- of profit sharing, which is described in this book tlety and complexity of the mechanism by which 1918] 27 THE DIAL the apparent reality assumed the plausibility of that the conclusion of the war will send the evidence. When the phenomena approached the whole fragile structure tumbling to ruins. physical, like the table-lifting of Paladino, they So obvious is the reduction in the production of were nearer to their specialty but none the less goods that he who runs can read the inevitable effect inept, because physical apparatus does not cheat. It upon the basis of credit. It is impossible that the is true that Sir William cites Paladino with a cer- great mass of assets behind the demand liabilities should be liquid. Yet with steadily lessening produc- tain disgust, because he will have no converse tion, the volume of demand liabilities is increasing. with paid mediums; but he seriously cites all the If the assets are not now liquid, then the solvency of evidence of distinguished names who added to credit has already gone. So long as appearances their distinction that of not discovering her pal- are kept up by trading with a depreciated currency, the solvency of credit exists only on paper; economi- pable fraud, and he utterly ignores the character cally, so far as a basis of exchangeable goods is of her detection. He presents her as a medium, concerned, the credit is not solvent even now. morally low, who cheated when she was detected What will Germany do when the day of account- and gave genuine spiritual messages when she ing comes and five sixths of the present paper- was not. For it is not so much the irrelevancy useless so far as the needs of currency are con- of his speculations as his amazing blindness to cerned-has to be retired? How, if in the period the most elementary principles of evidence, his before the war the German people staggered insensibility to the attitude that a scientific under a tax of $800,000,000 a year, will they sense supposedly creates, which—in an other- be able to meet a $2,000,000,000 a year tax to wise able mind--paralyzes the reader. Ву pay off the interest alone of their militaristic the time the apologist presents the evidence for adventure? The plain answer is that a peace survival after death, even those who might"without victory" for Germany means financial approach this hypothesis with a favorable dis- ruin. Perhaps unconsciously, but none the less position must be so deeply impressed with the convincingly, Mr. Laughlin has supported the uncritical handling of the topic that they reach contention of those who say that the present eco- the threshold with shaken faith. After thirtynomic and financial whip of the Allies over Ger- years—for Sir William was one of the founders many—provided, of course, they employ it is a of the Society for Psychical Research in 1882- unit of strength-constitutes a weapon against despite the many evidences of fraud and the prog- which any temporary military advantage becomes ress of psychology, the same ground is covered trivial. in the same manner, with the same selection of obscure favorable cases, and no attempt is made The HAPPIEST TIME OF THEIR LIVES. to gain an insight into the realm as a whole. By Alice Duer Miller. Century; $1.40. That is the logical tragedy of the volume. Such a title should prepare one for insipidity CREDIT OF THE NATIONS. By J. Laurence in a novel. In this case, however, the suggestion Laughlin. Scribner; $3.50. seems inadequate. In her obvious moralizing about the materialism of New York's smart set, This is one of the most important books on the author is unable to conceal a kind of naïve the war published this year. Of course, no single self-adulation in the presence of her own char- volume could adequately discuss the workings of acters. She is clearly a bit fascinated by the credit in England, France, Germany, and the United States since 1914, and Mr. Laughlin does And her treatment seldom goes beyond the bald- evils she has set herself to punish and reform. not pretend to have furnished a definitive analy- est of exposition. She is limited by the tawdry sis. But within the limits of his exposition the externals which she would seem to deprecate. facts are presented clearly and illuminatingly. The characters are mainly figureheads with a Charts and diagrams are frequently employed, few stock traits for purposes of differentiation. and the exact methods of comparative statistics There is Matilde, the round-eyed young heroine, remove any possible vagueness from the gener- who finds all things "marvelous" and "wonder- alizations. The lessons of French and British ful”; the vampirish young mother of Matilde, experience stand forth sharply for our own ben- who gloats over being subdued by her black-eyed, efit and example in the arrangement of our war stern-lipped husband; the well-tailored grand- finance, And why not the experience of Ger- father, struggling to keep from being old-fash- many? Because if one conclusion emerges unmis ioned; and the colorless young hero, who origin- takably from Mr. Laughlin's study, it is that ates all of the complication by falling in love Germany, financially speaking, is bankrupt. Not with Matilde and arousing snobbish family ob- merely is she now borrowing to pay off interestjections which, after a deal of commonplace on earlier war indebtedness, but the so-called wrangling, are precipitately removed in the last "pyramiding' of credit has reached such a point chapters. The book has not even the tang of that without large indemnities it would seem cleverness to relieve its banality. 28 [June 20 THE DIAL NOTES ON NEW WAR BOOKS is one of God's great means of teaching a lesson.” It is hard to understand why Captain Belmont, If you have good wind, you will find it worth feeling so keenly the value of war and also per- while to read consecutively three books by French ceiving so clearly as he did that this war was officers which have recently been translated and brought about by Germany, should not have published in this country. They are, in the fought in the ranks of those to whose initiative order in which their perusal will give the most mankind owes a blessing so immense. interesting effect, "Covered with Mud and "The word 'little' is the only antidote that Glory" (Small, Maynard; $1.50), by Sergeant- chaplains have been able to discover against the Major Georges Lafond, "A Crusader of France" war. They say 'the little shell,''the little Crown (Dutton; $1.50), by Captain Ferdinand Bel- Prince'" — this paragraph from Lieutenant mont, and "Campaigns and Intervals” (Hough- Giraudoux's “Campaigns and Intervals” grate- ton Mifflin; $1.50), by Lieutenant Jean Girau- fully clears the atmosphere. Here is a book which doux. even in translation retains the delicate aroma of “Covered with Mud and Glory” is a remark Gallic wit and fancy. If we find the Intervals, ably pure example of straight narrative of actual in particular those exquisite “Portuguese Days, occurrences. Indeed so direct is the relation of even finer than the Campaigns, well, so much the the incidents chosen and so really Attic (or shall worse for war. The personality of the author we not say French?) the sobriety of style that dominates every sentence, the grim as well as the perhaps from a literary point of view this is, if gay, and having read this book we understand not the best, at any rate the most interesting of still better why France must not, die and indeed the three books. Sergeant-Major Lafond was how absurd it is to fear that such a people as the assigned as intelligence officer to a machine-gun French ever could die. section and served through several of the most Mr. Masefield's "The Old Front Line" (Mac- important engagements of the war. These chap- millan; $1.) written several months ago, has ers, as could be guessed from the headings, which since become for us an even more tragic book include “The Search for my Company," "A than when first published. For the Front Line Reconnaissance in the Fog,” “Days in Canton in question is that of the Allies before the Battle ment,” are each a complete picture of some one of the Somme and of that battle Mr. Masefield of the ordinary experiences of life at the front. says, “It first gave the enemy the knowledge that Although the style is always matter-of-fact and he was beaten.” Today, however, we see the the events for the most part decidedly so, yet Germans have, for the moment, caught from there are in this book one or two incidents of a their English cousins the provoking malady of pathos so authentic that one may perhaps be for ignorance as to that very fact. given the use of what Sergeant-Major Lafond Despite the terrible significance of these never allows himself, a somewhat fanciful simile. trenches which, cut as they are in chalky soil In the bare skies of this narrative, there do and flanked with bleached sandbags, gash like burst, if gravely and with measure, starshells of festering wounds the ruined countryside, yet a a truly poignant emotion. more considerable genius than that of Mr. Mase- "A Crusader of France" is of interest only field would be required sufficiently to diversify as presenting an illustration in phychology. so complete and non-selective an account of These letters, which Henry Bordeaux has pref scenes not obviously dissimilar. Not only does aced with a characteristic essay in which his our interest now and then flag, but also our religious enthusiasm obscures the arguments, were attention, despite the best will in the world, written to the author's family and were pub wanders. There are pages which read too much lished only after his death. We should not there like à Baedaeker of our own flatter states. The fore cavil at the fatiguing repetitions, common author was quite aware of this and, speaking of places, and lack of clarity. Yet even in this the Front Line, himself says, “It is a difficult matter of style we have the right in an English thing to describe without monotony, for it varies translation to require at least English. "We are so little.” Yes, and in those places which even like others are elsewhere.” “The village to describe is monotonous, the soldier's life must has little suffered." These are two from a indeed be maddeningly desiccated. As breeding- hundred such barbarisms. The author, despite grounds of insanity these trenches must outdo the fact that his lack of imagination has made what we have hitherto been taught to regard as him a good deal of a prig and a snob, was a very the very worst of environments, those isolated conscientious and religious young man. The farms of our own Vermont. What a strange appalling aspect of his psychology is the manner and to us peculiarly pathetic contrast between in which he envisages war. He reminds us that the hideous dugouts of our Allies and the order "victories do not cost dear” to God, that in His and comfort and luxury of those subterranean “hands war is a docile instrument,” and “that war apartments which after that victory on the 1918] 29 THE DIAL Somme were laid open to our sight. Wainscot ful thirst. Throughout, too, there remains dis- ing and cretonne curtains sound like a bit of tinct a picture of the tactical movement of the "The Arabian Nights” in this monstrous desert campaign down the poisonous Pangani river land. It is good to know that the masters of valley and of the dominance of the seldom seen this thaumaturgy were there proven not invinci General Smuts. Certain chapters, as of his flight ble. As in the three French books, so here too, through the bush for a night and a day with we are surprised to find how much of the tactics fifteen of his men, most of them wounded, from of trench warfare the French and English had pursuing German askaris, are fleet and terse in to learn from their adversaries. Thanks to the narration. Emphatically the book is not preten- Battle of the Somme we know that lesson was tiously "literary." Captain Young smelled blood well learned. and iodine and says so. But neither has profes- When the subject matter gives Mr. Masefield sional soldiering in him submerged the thinking an opportunity for the exercise of his remarkable and observing man. talent for vivid and poetical description, he does In retrospect Constantinople stands as the not disappoint us. He thus describes the crater supreme blunder, the great "what might have of a mine sprung by the English on the first been" of the war. If the Dardanelles expedition morning of the Battle of the Somme: had been carried to success and the Allied line It is like the crater of a volcano, vast, ragged, and thrown as a barrier across the entrance to the irregular, about one hundred and fifty yards long, one Balkans, history would have assumed a far differ- hundred yards across, and twenty-five yards deep. It ent aspect. Dr. Stuermer, who was the German is crusted and scabbed with yellowish tetter, like sul- correspondent of the "Kölnischer Zeitung" in phur or the rancid fat on meat. The inside has rather the look of meat, for it is reddish and all streaked Constantinople in 1915-6, and Mr. Einstein, who and scabbed with this pox and with discoloured chalk. was the special agent at the American Embassy A lot of it trickles and oozes like sores discharging in Constantinople in 1915, enlighten us in their pus, and this liquid gathers in holes near the bottom, two books, "Two War Years in Constantinople" and is greenish and foul and has the look of dead eyes looking upward. (Doran; $1.50) and “Inside Constantinople" We who read Mr. Masefield's “August 1914,” spreading German control. Dr. Stuermer, who (Dutton; $1.50), as to the methods used in probably the most profoundly beautiful poem this war has occasioned, reading these prose descrip- had served with the German army in the first campaign against Russia, was converted by what tions cannot but wish that he had devoted the he saw in Constantinople. He has definitely time such a book as this must have absorbed— renounced his allegiance to Germany and cast requiring as it did so minute an examination of his lot with those nations that have some respect the terrain and so painstaking an alignment of for the sanctity of human and national relations. dead facts—to the evocation in verse of the He blames Germany in detail for the Armenian essential reality of No Man's Land. That would massacres, and for every variety of cruelty and indeed have been an awful pendent to the Berk- shire downs of "August 1914." Yet perhaps our debauched intrigue that was Turkish in execution and Teutonic in responsibility. The editors of poet knows himself not adapted to so different an undertaking. For Mr. Masefield is too Eng- reported to be ogling Turkey, might read these the English “Saturday Review," at present lish not to be more at home among the warm two books with profit. The combination of material habitants of a Berkshire down than Oriental despotism and low-grade looting and among the bleak geometrical nudities of the blackmail with the deliberate terrorism of the modern battle-field. Some things must be left for military cliques, as here revealed, out-Belgiums our Cubist poets. Belgium. Mr. Einstein's narrative is in the form Something of the dreamlike strangeness of the of a diary from April to September 1915, and moving of ten thousand men through the wastes by that fact acquires an authenticity that shows of East Africa Captain Francis Brett Young has the reactions of the moment. The knowledge set down in his narrative "Marching on Tanga" of Teutonic duplicity is explicit from the start; (Dutton; $1.50). Harried though he must have and if the account of Wagenheim, the German been as officer-doctor, dealing for the most Ambassador, to Garroni, his Italian colleague, of part with native troops, confronted with brutal what went on in Potsdam in early July, 1914 toiling in heat and dust, with fever, and sudden had actually been reported at the time, it is barely death of man and beast, he has yet subjected his possible that the spark would have shown where experience to the literary Man's joy of detached the explosion was to take place in time to prepare observation. He has moments which might have for the catastrophe. The diary is simple and emanated from the consciousness of a W. H. convincing, likewise intimate enough to convey Hudson, mirroring the "country without a soul" the impression of what goes on behind the scenes. through which the British forces passed, with all Lying is the commonest and the least of the its desolation of strangely calling birds and dread mechanisms of Oriental diplomacy. There is 30 [June 20 THE DIAL nothing very complex about a moral code that book, and the son allows a letter of his to be would ensure a decent life; the actual code of printed as the preface of his father's message. intrigue and treachery is far more complex, and From the latter book we learn a great deal about doubtless to those that like it more exciting. To Lieut. Coningsby and the rest of the family, and anyone interested in the psychology of deceit (no from the lieutenant's book we get intimate per- less than of the barbarism which in this instance sonal touches of the father. In fact the reader was its issue) the account of war days in Con becomes so fascinated in following the reciprocal stantinople is an indispensable document. The literary influences that the matter of the books story appears in both the books. is almost ignored. It is enough to say that Mr. Gerard brought to his opportunities for in general this material is what has got to be observation a homely American attitude. In said to produce the effect of “comfort and “Face to Face with Kaiserism” (Doran ; $2.) he cheer,” and be “vital and inspiring” on the sub- continues his story, begun in his earlier book, ject of war. If such reactions did not exist down to the time of his coming home, including trembling on the edge of the Dawson pen, they a comment upon the German propaganda in this would have to be invented. The son, with country. Yet apart from the records of his inti the man who “previous to the war had cramped mate contact with the Kaiser and the powers his soul with littleness and was chased by the behind the throne, there is really little in the bayonet of duty into the bloodstained largeness volume that adds to what we already know any of the trenches," has learned to say “thank God further understanding of Germany's attitude for this war." The father has "ceased to be upon and after America's entry into the war. acutely conscious of its horror," and has “be- Common knowledge is, so to speak, underscored come more conscious of the spiritual grandeur of and put in the easy vernacular. All is fish for War." His son returns from the horror, “com- his net, from the detailed method of partridge pletely normal” with an “absolute tranquillity and rabbit shooting on the preserves which the of spirit.” “His happiness sprang from within, American Ambassador leased near Berlin and the from the deep fountain of a hidden peace.” For personal characteristics of the all highest and such minds, of course, nothing can be done. It is next of kin, to the discovery of Bloch's famous not a question of their sincerity. The chief value predictions, already long familiar to the most of such books lies in their illustration of the pro- casual students of European militarism. There found adjustability of the human spirit to the is a rather charming quality of intellectual naï- manipulation of events. Provided the veté in the volume—a quality which will make perience is fashionable enough, there seems to it a friendly book to our public. Mr. Gerard's Mr. Gerard's be no ultimate into which justification and con- compilation includes a portion of the Ambassa- solation cannot penetrate. To compare the dor's diary during the eventful days of 1916. smooth complacency of the Dawsons with the Also, of course, an account of the effect of Mr. actuality of the wholesale slaughter and ruin to Gerard's earlier revelations in Germany and of which they are reacting is merely to feel anew the denial of the authenticity of the Kaiser's tele the marvel of human flexibility. One longs for gram to President Wilson, followed by Ger a world where heroism should mean the ability many's lame explanation. It is perhaps thankless not to endure. to observe that a more profound student of diplo Abbé Felix Klein is one of those whose God macy and statecraft would have made far more never betrays them. In his service as chaplain of of his opportunities and would have written a the American Ambulance he saw broken bodies more significant contribution to the interpretation and held converse with tortured spirits. The of our relations with Germany. For the merit first part of his book “Les Douleurs Qui Es- of Mr. Gerard's book is its innocence and fresh- perent” (Perrin, Paris) is in sort a model of ness of point of view, its straight-from-the-shoul- solace. The letters he wrote to widows and der Americanism. There is in it none of the orphans, to mothers who had lost their sons, his frock-coat European tradition. communion with dying men, lit with ritual and The Dawson family constitutes a singularly prayer, he tells about in a number of short satisfactory literary partnership. The son, gone sketches designed to hearten those on whom the to war, writes letters home which are duly pub var has brought similar sorrow and trial. In lished as a message of "Carry On" (Lane; $1.). these pages there are moments when the great The father, at the suggestion of his son, writes passions of the Bible become identic with those out how it feels to be “The Father of a Sol of sufferers in war hospitals and of bereaved dier” (Lane; $1.). The son, wounded and people. But they are moments only, in which home for convalescence, follows the suggestion myths and doctrines are used to transcend of his father and writes "The Glory of the human suffering. In the second part of the Trenches” (Lane; $1.), or how it feels to be book, devoted to reflections, Abbé Klein rises a soldier. The father writes a preface to his son's from the case to the theorem. He theologizes ex- 1918] 31 THE DIAL and as he does so stands revealed as a type of churchly mind, one which dared not disbelieve in the hereafter because present sacrifice would then be too vain, which dares not disbelieve in God because the world would be too inhospitable without His superhuman justice. The logic of Abbé Klein's faith is familiar doctrine. We find the well worn Catholic insistence on the im- mutable laws of morality, which demand large families to the ultimate end that the state may be powerful. There is glorification of sacrifice and suffering. His logic and reasoning may comfort believers. But the general reader will find Abbé Klein most sympathetic in the letters he reprints and in the account of his human re- lations, in which he explores with some del- icacy the dark and hideous suffering that arises. As Arthur Guy Empey suggests it may, his book "First Call” (Putnam; $1.50) seems a “Hungarian goulash of information” and bears the marks of hasty writing during his lecture tours. It wanders from a chapter of comfort for mothers to cautions for the raw recruit, chapters of advice which a seasoned veteran might pass on to a new comrade, instructions as to gas masks, machine guns, trench raids, and many of the tricks of living in war. Occasionally there is a vivid illustrative incident told with the fidelity to detail which helped to give Mr. Empey's first book its vogue. Especially poignant is the story of the Canadian, dying in a cot next to the author's, waking after ether to the horrible discovery that he has been blinded. It is the best of a number of stories in a chapter called "Smokes," which show men wounded and dying, asking first of all for the solace of a cigarette. Another well done bit is the unspoken soliloquy of a soldier on a trench raid, up to the time stretcher bearers hear his moans and come to get him. To many readers much of the informa- tion in this volume will seem superfluous, but the greater portion is devoted to hints for the casual and unlearned soldier who can benefit only by clearly phrased advice from a man to whom war and soldiering have been a business to be learned like any other. For the sake of this businesslike quality one can forgive some of Mr. Empey's excursions into exhortation. The post of healer in this war may be as dif- ficult and as dangerous as the post of fighter. It certainly affords great opportunity for insight into the lives of the fighters, and for as under- standing and as as sympathetic an author as Madame Huard—who has now written her sec- ond war book, "My Home in the field of Mercy” (Doran; $1.35)—the situation is full of all the subtle elements that make life and the French what they are. Madame Huard lost no time after the German retreat in converting her château near Soissons into a much needed hospital, where she herself, nine orderlies, one doctor, and her friend Madame Guix at one time cared for one hundred and twenty typhoid patients. Madame Huard, without covering sen- sation, has the spirit of a true adventurer; she is a hard worker, and an artist as well. Her book is not a unit, but a chapter that her expe- rience is constantly supplementing. In spite of its fragmentary character it forms, perhaps, one of the few pieces of literature that have so far proceeded from the war. "Over Periscope Pond," by Esther Sayles Root and Marjorie Crocker (Houghton Mif- Alin; $1.50), reflects the less serious side of war as it was seen in Paris by two American civil- ian relief workers. The fact is that although the authors realized quite as keenly as anyone the serious side of the business with which their work dealt, the letters of which the book is com- posed probably offered a welcome way of es- cape from the daily round. It is not quite fair to them or to the other Americans who are doing hard work in Paris to have reflected here only the off-hours and vacations of the pair. Take this into account, and you will get a fair amount of amusement from these informal and very charming letters. Dr. Malcolm C. Grow, author of "Surgeon Grow" (Stokes; $1.50), was one of the first American doctors in Russia; he was on the east- ern front during the gruelling months of the shortage of ammunition; he was there during Brusiloff's great drive; and he returned there from a brief visit to America after the revolu- tion had been accomplished. Some of his pic- tures of the Russian nights filled with noise and slaughter and unceasing work for the surgeons, of the simple kindly soldiers, of that bull-voiced old Colonel of the artillery who kept his victrola going beside his guns and had his two cows fol- low the batteries because he liked milk in his tea —these help his volume to emerge above the general mass of war books. The incidents of his two years in Russia are told with simplicity and without self-consciousness. More, he has some- thing to tell. The second edition of Mabel T. Boardman's "Under the Red Cross Flag" (Lippincott; $1.75) synchronizes with the publication throughout the country of the achievements of the Red Cross during America's first year of Here is the history of the growing move- ment in war relief work from the wars of the Hebrews up. And although the field from the time of Homer to the time of Florence Nightin- gale is covered in one chapter, the story of the precursors of our Red Cross nurses is as inter- esting as the diversified accounts of recent work with which we are more familiar. It is a very comprehensive and orderly volume. war. 32 [June 20 THE DIAL CASUAL COMMENT the sobriety of American opinion.” We agree that whatever study Professor Shorey has vouchsafed DEMOCRACY IS NOT CONFINING ALL ITS TRI- to Russian literature has certainly "impaired” umphs to the field of politics. Its spirit is insinu- his power of literary criticism. And we might ating itself even into the rigid social distinctions add that to identify Justice Brandeis as a Bol- of our universities. Seventeen girls of the Univer- shevik indicates a serious impairment of Profes- sity of Wisconsin have recently resigned from sor Shorey's "sobriety of opinion." The fact is their respective sororities—Delta Gamma, Kappa of course that this ill-tempered and silly attack Kappa Gamma, Kappa Alpha Theta, and Gamma on Russian literature is nothing but a by-product Phi Beta. Their reasons for this courageous of the disappointment caused by Russia's with- action are straightforward and compelling, and drawal from the war. It is a case of nerves— we feel, should be given all the publicity obtain- exactly as, upon the outbreak of the war, the able. They state: first, that as women now German professors' sudden discovery of the base- have an established place in college affairs, the ness and lack of imagination and taste in English sorority's original function of facilitating unified and French literature was a case of nerves. It is action among the women of the college is obso unpleasant to watch certain American profes- lete; second, that qualification for entrance is sors naïvely and unconsciously imitating their entirely artificial and undefined; third, that the former German colleagues. For the psycholog- "rushing” system is unwholesome, pernicious, and ical process is identical. If Italy should abandon undemocratic; fourth, that the great expenditure the cause of the Allies, one can picture the speedy of money on trivialities is unwarranted, especially attacks on the later decadent poets of Florence at such a time as this; fifth, that the women of and Rome. Or if Russia should return strong the university, both sorority and non-sorority, and self-confident to the struggle, one can already would have a broader scope of friendship and a see Professor Shorey discovering the sturdy lit- freer opportunity for development if social Greek- erary virtues of Chekhov and Artzibashef. letter societies were abolished; and finally, that a caste system is projected from college out into the alumnæ population of the country which is NOTHING COULD BE MORE DISASTROUS FOR detrimental to those who are not fraternity that mutual understanding between associated women, and which is distasteful to the true peoples which is imperative if we are to win American spirit. These reasons, of course, are the war and organize the fruits of victory not the whole of the argument, but they do into an enduring peace, than the attempts of present an exceptionally strong case. Nor have Nor have Samuel Gompers to make the members of the these independent young women ignored the American Federation of Labor at the St. Paul problem of what is to take the sorority's place. convention believe that the conflict of opinion They urge dormitories for the first two years in between American and British labor regarding college, and voluntary groups, with less control “conversations” with the laborites of Germany than is necessary under the fraternity scheme, for is nothing but a question of loyalty. This, it Juniors and Seniors. It is the beginning of a seems to us, is a downright insult to British, probably nation-wide movement. French, and Italian labor, who for three long and exhausting years before we entered the war fought for us and died for us. After all, does RUSSIA-BAITING, THE FAVORITE SPORT NOW- it lie in our mouth to presume to dictate to them adays of polite newspapers and polite society, on the subject of what constitutes loyalty to the has been extended to include even Russian liter- Allied cause—to give them lessons in patriotism? ature. Professor Paul Shorey of the University This is a question which has no relation what- of Chicago, who has distinguished himself by his ever to the merits or demerits of the specific pro- uninspired studies of the classics, recently con- posal; it is a question of our fairness in reporting tributed to the gaiety of nations by an address the attitude of a large and highly organized sec- to the American Medico-Psychological Associ- tion of our cobelligerents. Let us reverse the sit- ation in the course of which he brought forth uation. Let us suppose that we had fought for these intellectual brilliants: "Tolstoi, if not in- three years, suffering all things and enduring all sane, has been a prolific cause of insanity in things—how should we then consider it if we others"; when Jane Addams, Justice Brandeis, should be told by a group, which had so far done Henry Newbolt, Max Eastman, or Rebecca little except to profit by our sufferings, that we West misapply the texts of Euripides, “they are were succumbing to the insidious propaganda of not renewing their Greek studies but merely the enemy? But it is precisely this and nothing hoisting their flag" (need we explain that Pro else that the misguided press of this country seems fessor Shorey refers to the flag of Bolshevikism?); to be trying to make American public opinion the study of Russian literature is already "im- believe with respect to Allied labor, and we shall pairing the sanity of American literary criticism, be fortunate if this misrepresentation does not 1918] 33 THE DIAL create a gulf of resentment between the two in the proposed conference is educative. Mr. sections of the Allied world that can least of Gompers's two objections are trivial. The first all afford to quarrel. Arthur Henderson is is that the conference would be dominated by seriously represented as something akin to a the shrewder German delegates—which is prac- pro-German. Even more incredible is the fact tically saying that they could out-argue and out- that the programme of the British Labor party, strategy the Allied delegates. We think more the most uncompromising programme based on highly of the ability of Allied labor than Mr. victory ever written or proposed, is soberly and Gompers does. It is much more likely that Ger- deliberately called “pacific.” It would seem that man labor would be forced to acknowledge the misrepresentation or misunderstanding could go justice of their opponents' position. The second no further. And unpleasant as it is to write, objection is even less worthy of consideration: the serious danger to our cause makes it our all questions of war and peace should be left duty to record the plain truth that the delegates governments and to official bodies. But in of the American Labor Mission abroad, espe that case, why did Mr. Gompers, send a delega- cially in France, did not make a wholly satis tion to Allied labor at all? Why did he not factory impression. After all, if the policy of argue that our State Department and the state the French Socialists and trade unionists was in departments of our cobelligerents should settle favor of "conversations" with German laborites all details for effective waging of the war them- --following the programme announced by the selves? Furthermore, there is no intention, in British Labor party-ordinary courtesy should the proposal, to usurp the functions of govern- have indicated that the most graceful thing our ment. In fact it is largely because Allied labor delegates could do would be to hear the pro is optimistic enough to think that German labor posal and quietly to disagree-not to read a moral might bring pressure on its government that the lecture to those from whom we should learn conference is proposed. It has never been a ques- with deep humility. We cannot afford, by this tion of negotiations, but of "conversations" kind of ill considered blundering, to alienate the merely. Allied labor feels that German labor French or Italian or English working classes, does not know what the war aims of the workers or even small sections of them, from our pur in the enemy countries are, and that if it did, poses in this war. Yet already the press of the it would force its own government to practical French labor parties is commenting with won agreement-in other words, help us win the war der and disappointment on the naïveté of the by capitalizing discontent in Germany. When we American delegates and on their extreme "bit consider the proposal seriously we know that only ter-end" speeches. “The People" asks: "If one of two things could happen: first, either Al- American trade unionists are so militarist and lied labor would convert German labor, in which jusqu'auboutiste as this, what must the others case we should be so much to the good; or sec- be?” The more sophisticated and intellectually ond, German labor would prove itself stubborn more alert French trade unionists did not fail and irreconcilable, in which case Allied labor to observe that in ideas and policy the Ameri could return—and most assuredly would return can delegates were about forty years behind the —and with a clear conscience support the respec- times—"about where English and French trade tive Allied governments in their more effective unionists were in 1880," as an observer in Paris waging of the war, an eventuality which would recently wrote us; and although it is expressed also be so much to the good. It really is difficult tactfully and courteously, the French trade to see just where the danger or the "trap" lies. unionists did not wholly relish the "official" char Behind the proposal may of course be a mistaken acter of the delegation and its mechanical, cut or foolishly optimistic idea, but it seems the height and-dried programme, which bore all the appear of folly to characterize it as being in any sense ance of having been arranged in advance. “Pacific." It is just because Allied laborites The only purpose in referring to these rather intend to fight forever rather than submit to an unflattering facts is to assist in bringing about imperialistic peace that they desire this confer- that unity of political aim among the Allies ence. They want to tell German labor precisely and ourselves without which the task of defeat that. They feel it would bring results. ing Germany's political objects in this war will We are inexperienced and naïve in inter- be made unnecessarily difficult. That unity is national politics; we are likely to offend when certain to come in time, but its approach is slow we do not mean to do so. With the best intentions, and is constantly being blocked by just the type yet with the deepest ignorance, the autocratic of misunderstanding and misrepresentation of leaders of the American Federation of Labor are which this conflict of opinion over the advisa- pursuing a course which tends to disrupt and bility of "conversing" with German labor is an disintegrate the world of Allied labor. If per- excellent example. Surely at this late day it sisted. in it will seriously hamper President Wil- ought not to be necessary to point out that the son in his attempts to put through a liberal in- only object of French, Italian, and British labor ternational programme. 34 [June 20 THE DIAL BRIEFER MENTION for the beginner. It is really curious however that Dr. Adams has found it necessary to employ so In “The Experience of God in Modern Life" much economic theory in his task of exposition. (Scribner; $1.) Eugene W. Lyman ably comes to Yet economics is a science and not a branch of the rescue of God and camouflages him as “Eter- polite literature-in fact the student in the univer- nal Creative Good Will.” The three great needs sity who has had a smattering of economics in the of modern life-development of personality, social high school is usually the poorest student in the progress, and cosmic evolution-are met in this class. Is this not sometimes the result of science's experience of God. The consciousness of co being so simplified as to make impossible any under- working with an Eternal Creative Good Will is standing of the difficulties? Dr. Adams has avoided the modern equivalent of the prophetic and filial this danger. The general theory of value includes, consciousness of Christ, and the author rightly for example, the value of money—which cannot be assumes it to have social value in an evolutional explained in a paragraph. The author has avoided and democratic age. Incidentally, this book, with the twin difficulties of presenting too many sub- its thoughtful use of modern scientific method, jects and thus producing a treatise, and of present- perspicaciously unravels Mr. Wells's fibrous deity. ing too few and thus becoming superficial. Espe- A Scottish parson became a chaplain and felt cially clear and helpful are the chapters on the the thrill of helpful contact with real men. This classification of industries and the legal framework experience made him wonder why the average of industry. mass of humanity, called the common people and "Illustrations of Chaucer's England" (Long- personified by him as “Tommy," does not take mans, $2.50) proves to be a collection of extracts kindly to the church. The Rev. A. H. Gray, in from English chronicles and other documents, “As Tommy Sees Us” (Longmans, Green; $1.), chiefly of the fourteenth century. The materials speculates as to whether it is the minister, the have been chosen and edited by Miss Dorothy church, or the hymns; he half accuses, half jus- Hughes under the supervision, apparently, of Pro- tifies the first two and jumps hard on the last. fessor A. F. Pollard of the University of London. It seems to him, near the end of the book, that The purpose of the work (and of the series which the conflict between God and Mammon has been this volume inaugurates) is to remove some of patched up in some corners of the ecclesiastical the difficulties that beset the student who wishes world. At this point he touches the real situation to form a closer acquaintance with the historical -the social problem. A deeper study of this problem would probably help him to understand sources of a given period. The editor has done her work with care and discrimination, and stu- why Tommy gives the cloth a wide berth. dents of medieval English literature and the social Mr. H. Gordon Selfridge, the American mer sciences are sure to find her volume very helpful. chant of London, has magnified his calling and The reader looking for a guide to fortune out given to the world in his “The Romance of Com- of a few acres of land will find little encourage- merce" (Lane; $3.) an interesting and striking ment from “The New Business of Farming,” by account of the development of commerce from the Julian A. Dimock (Stokes; $1.). Sound sense is earliest times. Commerce and civilization have the pervading temper of the various chapters, which developed together, for men do not exchange goods treat of such subjects as the capital necessary for merely. The ship that carries out wares brings profitable farming, rotation of crops, prices, and back not only material things but new ideas, cus- live stock. The law of diminishing returns is well toms, languages, and even religions. The story of brought out in connection with the differences Venice, Genoa, and Florence, the Fuggers of Augs- between large crops and normal crops. The ex- burg, early English commerce and the guilds, the perience of the author as a practical farmer gives East India Company, the Hudson Bay Company, point and value to the subjects treated. of such merchants as Child, Patterson, and Peel - Although Hugh Findlay seems in his opening all is vividly told. The close relation between trade chapters a little doubtful as to just what audience and the English aristocracy is clearly revealed in he is addressing in his “Practical Gardening” (Ap- the citation of the many founders of noted families pleton; $2.), he recovers as soon as he has decided who were originally merchants. Numerous curious to talk to the "back yard" gardener and produces facts concerning commercial life and usage in the a very practical handbook. It includes many tables past, and concerning individual merchants, have been and illustrations of value to the amateur who is gathered together, and where they were doubtful anxious to make the most out of a limited space, have been presented for what they were worth in and an interesting chapter on the possibilities of throwing some light on a personage or period. In community gardening. the final chapter there is an exposition of the The Macmillan Co. have issued a revision of their management and scientific arrangement of a modern "Notes for the Guidance of Authors" (paper, 30 store. Primarily valuable to the student of economic cts.), compiled with the aid of their various depart- history, the book has authentic general interest. ment heads. The book is something more than a Teachers of economics often find that their stu series of hints to authors seeking the Macmillan dents have exceedingly vague notions concerning the imprint, for half of it is devoted to exposition of actual industrial and business world in which they matters of style. The usage here followed is up- live. Dr. Henry C. Adams in his “Description of to-date and makes a sensible compromise between Industry” (Holt; $1.25) has attempted to provide tradition and innovation, avoiding both the old- an adequate historical and descriptive background fashioned and the queer. 1918] 35 THE DIAL NOTES AND NEWS E. P. Dutton & Co. have taken over from Mitchell Kennerley “Adventures among Birds," In accordance with its custom The Dial will by W. H. Hudson, of which they will issue a new issue only one number in July and one in August - edition with an introduction by Mr. Hudson. on July 18 and August 20 respectively. Fortnightly The Cambridge University Press, represented in publication will be resumed in September with the this country by the Putnams, announces “The Life Fall Educational Number, September 5, and the and Poems of William Cartwright," edited by R. Fall Announcement Number, September 19. Weekly Cullis Coffin, of the Indian Educational Service. publication, as announced in the preceding issue, Jacinto Benavente, the Spanish dramatist whose will begin October 3. "Plays,” translated by John Garret Underhill On July 1 THE DIAL's publication offices will be (Scribner), were reviewed by Padraic Colum in moved to New York, and thereafter all communi The Dial of October 25, 1917, has been elected to cations should be addressed to 152 West 13th Street, the Cortes from Madrid. New York City. The Bookshop for Boys and Girls, conducted by the Women's Educational and Industrial Union of Dr. Will Durant is a lecturer at the New York Boston, has just published “Out-of-Door Books," a Labor Temple. Last year he published "Philosophy list of books for high school and college pupils and the Social Problem” (Macmillan), a book in compiled by Marion Horton. which he suggested the organization of a Society The Columbia University prize of $500 for the for Social Research. His letter to THE DIAL, dis- best volume of verse published in 1917 has been cussing "American Liberals and the War," was awarded to Sara Teasdale for her “Love Songs" printed in the issue of April 11 of this year. (Macmillan), which were reviewed in The DIAL William A. Nitze has been head of the Department of November 8, 1917. of Romance Languages and Literatures in the Uni The Lippincott Co. have recently issued a versity of Chicago since 1909. He is the author "Mount Vernon Edition" of Mason Weems's "Life of several books on the Grail romances and a con of Washington"—the eightieth edition of that biog- tributor to "The New International Encyclopædia.” raphy, which has not been out of print since it was Henry Kitchell Webster is well known as the first published, more than a century ago. author of many novels and magazine stories. His The Sturgis & Walton Co. announce that they more recent books have been "The Real Adventure" are about to issue the sixth edition of "Cowboy and "The Painted Scene," the latter a collection Songs and Other Frontier Ballads,” by John A. of short stories of the stage. “The White Arc," Lomax, and that they have in preparation another which is now running serially in "Everybody's volume of primitive Western poetry collected by Magazine,” is soon to be issued by the Bobbs him. Merrill Co. (publishers of the former books) under René Boylesve, author of "Tu n'es plus rien," the title "An American Family.” an English translation of which the Scribners have John Cournos has contributed prose and verse to recently published as “You No Longer Count,” has “The Egoist” and other periodicals. He is espec been elected to membership in the French Academy, ially interested in Russian literature and last year presumably to fill one of the several vacancies dis- was sent to Russia as the delegate of a society, cussed by Mr. Dell in the preceding issue of The formed in London under the presidency of Hugh DIAL. Walpole, to promote better understanding and The Western Theological Seminary, Chicago, has greater interchange of ideas between the two begun the publication of “The Anglican Theologi- nations. cal Review," a quarterly. The editors, Samuel A. Eloise Robinson has published stories and poems B. Mercer and Leicester C. Lewis, both of whom in “Harper's," "Scribner's," "The Outlook,” are professors in the Seminary, will have the advi- "Poetry," and other magazines. She is a resident sory assistance of five representative scholars in the of Cincinnati. Episcopal Church. The other contributors to this number have pre The Four Seas Co. announce the first volume viously written for The DIAL. of Brazilian stories to be offered in English, “Bra- zilian Tales,” translated with an introduction and Among the new Harper issues is “Americanism biographical notes by Dr. Isaac Goldberg. Mach- and Social Democracy,” by John Spargo. ado de Assis, Jose de Madeiros e Albuquerque, Sir James Barrie has at length consented to the Coelho Netto, and Carmen Dolores are the authors publication of his plays, which will be issued in a represented. uniform series under the Scribner imprint. Henri Barbusse's “L'Enfer," of which the Houghton Mifflin Co. have announced that next author's recent revision was reviewed in Robert fall they will publish “The Education of Henry Dell's letter in The DIAL for March 14 (page Adams," which was privately issued some years ago. 232), has been translated into English by Edward “The Life of God in the Life of His World" J. O'Brien under the title “The Inferno." The is the title of a book by James Morris Whiton translation will appear shortly under the Boni & which has just been published by Funk & Wagnalls. Liveright imprint. Mr. O'Brien is the editor of The Century Co. announce a "Textbook of "The Best American Short Stories" series of an- Military Aeronautics," by Henry Woodhouse, nuals published by Small, Maynard & Co. which is designed to be a popular handbook as well Norman Angell's new book, “The Political Con- as a work of reference. ditions of Allied Success," including the discussion 36 [June 20 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS [The following list, containing 113 titles, includes books received by The Dial since its last issue. of internationalism which he contributed to THE DIAL of May 9, is to be published immediately by the Putnams. To their “Loeb Classical Library they propose to add in the near future the fourth and fifth volumes of W. R. Paton's translation of "The Greek Anthology"; Xenophon's “Hellenica,” translated by C. L. Brownson, Vol. I; and a trans- lation of Juvenal and Persius by G. G. Ramsay. Longmans, Green & Co. have instituted a new series to be called "Monographs on Industrial Chemistry," of which three volumes are now ready: "Edible Oils and Fats," by C. Ainsworth Mitchell; "The Scientific Use of Coal,” by W. A. Bone; and “Organic Compounds of Arsenic and Antimony,” by G. T. Morgan. "The Zinc Industry,” by Ernest A. Smith, and "Colour in Relation to Chem- ical Constitution," by E. R. Watson, are in press and several other volumes are in preparation. The first award of the Pulitzer Prize of $1000 for the best play by an American author to be produced in New York during the current season, was made on June 5 by Augustus Thomas, Richard Burton, and Hamlin Garland, the judges appointed by the National Institute of Arts and Letters under authority from Columbia University. The prize goes to Jesse Lynch Williams's comedy "Why Marry?” in which Nat Goodwin is now touring. The play was originally published by the Scribners in 1914 as “And So They Were Married," but the publishers have lately brought out an illustrated edition under the new title. "Why Marry ?" was reviewed by Kenneth Macgowan in THE DIAL for April 25. The Macmillan Co. are adding to their series of Constance Garnett's translations from Chekhov “The Wife, and Other Stories” and “The Witch, and Other Stories." Theodore Theodore Marburg's "A League of Nations: Some Chapters in the His- tory of the Movement” they have now supplemented with “A Tentative Draft Convention for a League of Nations,” which has been prepared by a group of American jurists and publicists, Mr. Marburg supplying the descriptive comment. In this connec- tion should be noted the recent publication, by the same company, of “In the Fourth Year: Anticipa- tions of a World Peace," the volume which collects H. Wells's later contributions to the discussion of the league of nations. Among last year's donations to the American- Scandinavian Foundation was one of $3000 from Mr. Charles S. Peterson of Chicago to defray the costs of publishing, in the "Scandinavian Classics,” four translations from the Swedish. Of these the first, an "Anthology of Swedish Lyrics," was pub- lished in 1917; Selma Lagerlöf's "Gösta Berling," in two volumes, will follow this year; and Heiden- stam's "Karolinerna” will appear in 1919. “The American Scandinavian Review" benefits by a $5000 donation from Mrs. Henry G. Leach. And Mr. C. Henry Smith of San Francisco has contributed $5000 to endow an illustrated history of Scandi- navian art which the Foundation has been planning for some years. The authors will be: for Sweden, Carl G. Laurin; for Norway, Jens Thiis; for Den- mark, Emil Hannover. Dr. Christian Brinton will supply an introduction. FICTION. The Witch, and Other Stories. By Anton Chekhov, Translated by Constance Garnett. 12mo, 328 pages. The Macmillan Co. $1.50. The wife, and Other Stories. By Anton Chekhov. Translated by Constance Garnett. 12mo, 312 pages. The Macmillan Co. $1.50. Stories of the Steppe. By Maxim Gorki. Trans- lated by Henry T. Schnittkind and Isaac Gold- berg. 12mo, 59 pages. The Stratford Co. 25 cts. A Boy of Bruges. By Emile and Tita Cammaerts. Illustrated, 12mo, 190 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50. Worrying Won't Win. By Montague Glass. Illus- trated, 12mo, 230 pages. Harper & Bros. $1.50. Salt: The Education of Grifith Adams. By Charles G. Norris. 12mo, 378 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50. S. 0. S. Stand To. By Reginald Grant. Illustrated, 12mo, 297 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50. The Blond Beast. By Robert Ames Bennet. 12mo, 416 pages. Reilly & Britton Co. $1.50. The Two-Faced Man. By Varick Vanardy. With frontispiece, 12mo, 338 pages. The Macaulay Co. $1.40. The Invisible Enemy. By George C. Shedd. 12mo, 299 pages. The Macaulay Co. $1.40. The Audacious Adventures of Miles McConaughy. By Arthur D. Howden Smith. 12mo, 354 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.35. Willow, the Wisp. By Archie P. McKishnie. With frontispiece, 12mo, 307 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.35. Something That Begins with “T." By Kay Cleaver Strahan. Illustrated, 12mo, 312 pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $1.35. Bruce of the Circle A, By Harold Titus. Illus- trated, 12mo, 294 pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $1.35. The Yellow Dog. By Irving Dodge. With frontis- piece, 12mo, 78 pages. Harper & Bros. 50 cts. THE WAR. The Faith of France. By Maurice Barrès. Trans- lated by Elizabeth Marbury. 12mo, 294 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.60. War Letters of Edmond Genet. Edited by Grace Ellery Channing. Illustrated, 12mo, 330 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50. An American Soldiers Letters of Edwin Austin Abbey, 2d. With frontispiece, 12mo, 174 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.35. The Schemes of the Kalser. By Juliette Adam. Translated by J. O. P. Bland. 12mo, 216 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50. Interned in Germany. By H. C. Mahoney. Illus- trated, 12mo, 390 pages. Robert M. McBride & Co. $2. My Four Weeks in France. By Ring W. Lardner. Illustrated, 12mo, 187 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.25. The Uncivil War. By Porter Emerson Browne. 12mo, 186 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25. My Boy in Khaki. By Della Thompson Lutes. 12mo, 194 pages. Harper & Bros. $1. POETRY AND DRAMA. Poems and Lyrics. By George Rest Malloch. 12mo, 98 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. Chamber Music. By James Joyce. 16mo, 36 pages. The Cornhill Co. $1. Sonnets of the Strife. By Robert Loveman. 16mo, 33 pages. The Cornhill Co. $1. Light and Mist. By Katharine Adams. 16mo, 49 pages. The Cornhill Co. $1. Bugle Rhymes from France. By Paul Myron. 12mo, 138 pages. Mid-Nation Publishers, Chicago. $1. The God of Vengeance. By Sholom Ash. Trans- lated by Isaac Goldberg. 12mo, 99 pages. The Stratford Co. $1. 1918] 37 THE DIAL Liberty and Democracy ESSAYS AND GENERAL LITERATURE. English Pageantry: An Historical Outline, By Robert Withington. Vol. I. Illustrated, 4to, 258 pages. Harvard University Press. $3.50. The Greek Theater and Its Drama. By Roy C. Flickinger, Illustrated, 8vo, 358 pages. The By Hartley Burr Alexander University of Chicago Press. $3. Paul Gerhardt as a Hymn Writer: and His In- "I am sure that the book will rank historically fluence on English Hymnody. By Theodore among the great publications inspired by the Brown Hewitt. 8vo, 169 pages. Yale Univer war, that it will render an important service sity Press. Paper. to the cause of liberty and democracy, and be of HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, AND REMINISCENCE. material assistance to us in maintaining a spirit of ardent patriotism devoid of fanaticism." The Rise of the Spanish Empire. By Roger Bige- -Chancellor Samuel Avery. low Merriman. Vol. I. The Middle Ages. Vol. II. The Catholic Kings. 8vo, 529-387 pages. Price $1.75 Postpaid $1.85 The Macmillan Co. Per set, $7.50. John Pory's Lost Description of Plymouth Colony. 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Love Intrigues of the Kaiser's Sons. Chronicled by Price $1.25. Postpaid $1.35 William Le Queux. Illustrated, 12mo, 320 pages. John Lane Co. $2. Autobiographie d'apres son "Journal Intime.” Ву MARSHALL JONES COMPANY R. W. Emerson. Translated into French by Publishers Regis Michaud. 12mo, 320 pages. Librairie Ar- mand Colin, Paris. Paper. 38.50. 212 Summer Street, BOSTON TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.' Real Russians. By Sonia E. Howe. Illustrated, 12mo, 240 pages. J. P. Lippincott Co. $2. The new novel by the author Tenting To-Night. By Mary Roberts Rinehart. Illustrated, 12mo, 188 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.75. of “Salt of the Earth” POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY. The End of the War. By Walter E. Weyl. 12mo, The Devil's Cradle 323 pages. The Macmillan Co. $2. Industrial Reconstruction. Edited by Huntly Car- ter. 12mo, 295 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. By MRS. ALFRED SIDGWICK The Structure of Lasting Peace. By H. M. Kallen. 12mo, 187 pages. Marshall Jones Co. $1.25. 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We need new readers and we believe our present friends can best put us in touch with those who should be our readers. For each new subscription we offer as a premium a copy of Rebecca West's “The Return of the Soldier" (Century Co.). This will be sent to either the new subscriber or to yourself, according to your directions. 6-20-18 THE DIAL, 152 West 13th Street, New York. Inclosed please find $3.00, the present price of The DIAL. Send The DIAL for one year to Send “The Return of the Soldier" to PRŁ THE BLAKELY-OSWALD PRINTING CO., CHICAGO. - YUCL ... cis magazine place a one-cent stamp on this notice, mail the magazine, and it will be placed in the hands of our soldiers or sailors, destined to proceed overseas. No wrapping-No Address. A. S. BURLESON, Postmaster General. THE DIAL A Fortnightly Journal of CRITICISM AND DISCUSSION OF LITERATURE AND THE ARTS Volume LXV. No. 770. NEW YORK, JULY 18, 1918 15 cts. a copy. $3 a year. IN THIS ISSUE The War and the Higher Learning America's Neglected Satirist By THORSTEIN VEBLEN By WILSON FOLLETT To be Published July 26th THE ROUGH ROAD A ROMANCE OF THE GREAT WAR By WILLIAM J. LOCKE Author of "The Red Planet," "The Wonderful Year," etc. Cloth. 12mo. $1.50 net. The rough road over which "Doggie" Trevor traveled between the time when his ambition was to write a history of wall-papers and his living room was done in peacock-blue and ivory and the time when he made good "somewhere in France" is the theme of this inspiring novel. The New American Spirit OUT TO WIN The Story of America in France By Lt. CONINGSBY DAWSON Author of “The Glory of the Trenches,” “Carry On," etc. Cloth. $1.25 net. Lieutenant Dawson, whose two war books, "The Glory of the Trenches" and "Carry On," have had many sympathetic and admiring readers, was commissioned by the British Gov- ernment to visit the American Army in France, and in this book he gives an account of his visit. He pays a glorious tribute to our boys "over there," and his book will inspire faith and confidence in our army and in our Gov- ernment. An American Boy's War Impressions THE WHITE ROAD OF MYSTERY The Note-Book of An American Ambulancier By PHILIP DANA ORCUTT 7 Illustrations. Cloth. $1.25 net. This is the unusual war book, composed in the damp abris, or when en repos, recording in- cidents and events through which the author passed during the great Verdun offensive of last summer. It is vivified by the enthusiasm and intensity of youth, and presented with a spiritual maturity wihch is usually associated with writers of greater age. Life and Works of of Ozias Humphry, R. A. By GEORGE C. WILLIAMSON, Litt.D. Printed on hand-made paper, with over 200 illustrations in half-tone, color, and photogravure. Edition limited to 400 copies for England and America. Demi 4to, $20.00 net. This important work was in preparation in 1914, and held over on account of the war, but owing to the interest aroused in the artist by the famous “Romney Case" (which created a furore in the artistic world) it was decided to issue the book at once. Apart from his importance as a miniaturist and painter, Ozias Humphry's was á peculiarly interesting life, as he knew prac- tically every one of note of his time (1743-1810). JOHN LANE COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK 42 (July 18 THE DIAL SALT. The Education of Griffith Adams By CHARLES G. NORRIS. Net, $1.50 Principally, this is a fine, powerful and outspoken story of real human life, with its pains and joys, its mistakes, its defeats and its victories. But, incidentally, it exhibits the menace to American character and American ideals of many of the influ- ences now prevailing in our schools and colleges and business houses in a way that will make every father and mother stop and think. Graphic realism and a noble idealism combine to make it one of the most remarkable studies of modern American life which has ever been written. THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE By VICENTE BLASCO IBANEZ, Author of "The Shadow of the Cathedral.” Ready Shortly Authorized translation from the Spanish by Charlotte B. Jordan. A superb drama of modern life, leading up to and describing the first stage of the Great War in France. The "Four Horsemen" are Pestilence, War, Famine, and Death, who precede the Great Beast of the Book of Revelations. The work of a great genius stirred to the bottom of his soul by the weeks of tension, violence and horror which culminated in the great epic of the Battle of the Marne, and by the splendor of the Spirit of France under the trial, THE UNWILLING VESTAL By EDWARD LUCAS WHITE, Author of “El Supremo." Net, $1.50 Mr. White established, in his remarkable historical romance of South America, "El Supremo," his unusual ability to make the past live again in the very life and color of its daily habit. "The Unwilling Vestal" is just such another miracle of re-creation, but a shorter, more condensed and more, swiftly moving story. It takes you upon a veritable sight-seeing trip through the streets, the homes, the temples, the shows and circuses, the country estates of the Roman aristocracy, whom you meet as they really were, a human, slangy, sporty, capable, dollar-loving, likable lot, much like Americans themselves. GREATER THAN THE GREATEST THE PROMISE OF AIR By HAMILTON DRUMMOND. Net, $1.50 By ALGERNON BLACKWOOD, Author of Boston Times says: “This is a stirring romance "The Wave," "Julius Le Vallon," "Karma," of the great contest between the Pope and the "The Garden of Survival," etc. Net, $1.50 Emperor in the thirteenth century. The story is full of movement and color, and the author has In a sense this strange book may be called the Gospel of the Air, for, as one of his characters been singularly successful in making these far-off says: days of struggle and intrigue, vividly real and vital for his readers." "We shall never be happy and right until we know the air as birds do. We've learned all the GONE TO EARTH earth has got to teach us. There's a new age coming a new element its key: Air!" By MARY WEBB, Author of "The Golden Arrow." Net, $1.50 THE FIGHTING FOOL REBECCA West, in the New York Sun, says: "The By DANE COOLIDGE. Net, $1.50 year's discovery has been Mary Webb, author of The North American says: "There is no compro- 'Gone to Earth. She is a genius, and I shouldn't mise with pacifism, no dodging of moral issues, mind wagering that she is going to be the most no pretense of pointing any sort of moral. Yet distinguished writer of our generation." this tale of a gunman is so hard-and-fast inter- New York Sun says: “ 'Gone to Earth' is the woven with primitive impulses of human nature most impressive English novel since Thomas that the 'fighting fool' is assured of sympathy and Hardy gave us 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles.' It has interest from start to finish. The western country many points of resemblance to ‘Tess. The charac- has raised many such-and when great troubles ters of the story are put before us with exquisite come they are the very salt of the earth." and unobtrusive humor and understanding. There is fun in this book. There is comprehension, and HELEN OF FOUR GATES there is the power to convey, which is most im- Net, $1.50 portant of all." Boston Herald says: "The grip of a great talent A BOY OF BRUGES is felt in its first pages. We wonder from what source she drew her fine perception of souls and A Story of Belgian Child Life the robust power that pats humans and nature before her readers in elemental simplicity. It is By EMILE and TITA CAMMAERTS. all profoundly human." Net, $1.50 Illustrated by Albert Delstanche. Little School- BEFORE THE WIND mate Series Edited by Florence Converse. By JANET LAING. Net, $1.50 This idyl of child life, by a Belgian poet and his The New York Sun says: "A thoroughly amusing wife, tells the story of the friendship between a novel, a blending of humorous character study little Flemish bourgeois and a little Walloon peas- with detective fiction. There is a complicated and ant, in those vanished years immediately preceding exciting plot and a dual love story, as well as a the great war. In the last chapters the two boys 'double-barrelled detective story. It will not do are caught in the German invasion, but, with the to tell what the plan was, but it may be said at little peasant sister Annette, find safe harbor in once and emphatically that as conceived and exe- England. cuted by the author through the medium of her It is a story which a Belgian father and mother two gentlewomen the scheme is worthy of Frank are willing to tell to their own children of old Stockton at the height of his powers. And for sweet days in Belgium which can originality humorist anywhere could beat again. Stockton, not even Mark Twain." never come no POSTAGE EXTRA E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY AT ALL BOOKSTORES 681 Fifth Avenue, New York When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. THE DIAL VOLUME LXV No. 770 JULY 18, 1918 CONTENTS 54 56 . 58 . . . . . . . . . O . . 64 67 The WAR AND THE HIGHER LEARNING Thorstein Veblen 45 AMERICA'S NEGLECTED SATIRIST Wilson Follett 49 LONDON: A WAR NOCTURNE John Gould Fletcher 53 OUR LONDON LETTER . Edward Shanks FOREIGN COMMENT ON ROBERT Dell's EXPULSION Two POEMS Rose Henderson 57 SOME MORALS: FROM The French OF VILLON James Branch Cabell LORD ACTON— IDEALIST Harold J. Laski 59 LIMITED HORIZONS Scofield Thayer 61 LABOR RECORDED Charles A. Beard 63 CERTAIN AMERICAN PAINTERS Bayard Boyesen OUR CHANCE AND OUR DUTY Harold Stearns NARRATIVE POETRY AND THE VESTIGIAL LYRIC Conrad Aiken 70 MR. BENNETT IS DISTURBED Randolph Bourne 72 BRIEFS ON New BOOKS 73 The Chicago Produce Market.—Tales from a Famished Land.—The Lyrical Poems of Hugo von Hofmannsthal.—Beyond Architecture.—The Homely Diary of a Diplo- mat in the East.-The Field of Philosophy.-What Is National_Honor?—Three Plays.-Travels in London.-Runaway Russia.-Illusions and Realities of the War.-Our Bible.—The Psalms and Other Sacred Writings. NOTES ON New FICTION A Boswell of Baghdad.—The Time Spirit.-Foe-Farrell.—Captain Gault.—Long Ever Ago.-His Daughter.—The Queen's Heart.—The White Rook. CASUAL COMMENT 80 COMMUNICATION 82 Misguided Young Lions. NOTES AND News 82 LIST OF NEW BOOKS . 78 . . . . 84 GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN, Editor HAROLD E. STEARNS, Associate Contributing Editors CONRAD AIKEN VAN WYCK BROOKS H. M. KALLEN RANDOLPH BOURNE PADRAIC COLUM CLARENCE BRITTEN ROBERT Dell HENRY B. FULLER SCOFIELD THAYER The DIAL (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published weekly from the first week in October to the last week in June inclusive; monthly in July and August; semi-monthly in September. Yearly subscription $3.00 in advance, in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Foreign subscriptions $3.50 per year. Application for entry as Second-Class matter at the New York Post Office, pending. Copyright, 1918, by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc. Published by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc., Martyn Johnson, President; Willard C. Kitchel, Secretary-Treasurer, at 152 West Thirteenth Street, New York City. 44 (July 18 THE DIAL Freeman Tilden's Novel of America's Awakening K H AK I A stirring novel of how Tredick, a small New England town, awoke to the call of patriotism. $1.25 Other New Macmillan Books IN THE FOURTH YEAR THE END OF THE WAR H. G. Wells' New Book Walter E. Weyl's New Book A review of the war and the great forces "A calm, thoughtful, powerful book.” $2.00 at work in the allied countries to establish a new order. $1.25 THE RISE OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE OLD WORLD A TRAVELLER IN WAR TIME AND IN THE NEW AND THE AMERICAN By R. B. Merriman. (To be complete in 4 vols.) CONTRIBUTION This new history forms an indispensable Winston Churchill's New Book background for the study of Spanish Amer- A most unusual picture of actual conditions ica. Vol. I. The Middle Ages. Vol. II. The in England and France, vivid descriptions Catholic Kings. (The 2 vols. $7.50) of the great battle front and the story of THE GOOD SOLDIER America's contribution. $1.25 By N. P. Dawson A collection of soldier's letters revealing AN APPEAL TO CONSCIENCE the spiritual meaning of the war. $1.25 By Kelly Miller A negro's passionate plea for his race. TWENTY Sixty cents By Stella Benson A collection of distinguished poems by the YOUR NEGRO NEIGHBOR author of "I Pose" and "This Is the End.” By Benjamin Brawley Eighty cents A clear, sane statement of the negro prob WOMEN AND THE FRENCH lem. Sixty cents TRADITION MANUAL OF LOCAL DEFENSE By Florence Leftwich Ravenel By Lieut. Col. Henry A. Bellows "A notably sane portrayal and analysis of the cultivated womanhood of France."-N. The organization and tactical work of all Y. Tribune. III. $1.50 types of local defense units. III. $1.00 SWIMMING AND THE ABOLITION OF WATERMANSHIP INHERITANCE By L. de B. Handley By Harlan E. Read A book of instruction and information by A complete statement of the case against Mr. Handley of the N. Y. Athletic Club inherited wealth. $1.50 and other leading experts. III. $1.00 Hermann Hagedorn's New Novel BARBARA PICKS A HUSBAND By the author of "You Are the Hope of the World,” “Poems and Ballads," "Where Do You Stand?" etc., etc. This is the story of fascinating Barbara Collingwood -- rich, beautiful, high-spirited -- and her humorous, tragic and romantic difficulties in choosing a husband. It sparkles and cheers. $1.50 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, New York When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. THE DIAL A Fortnightly Journal of Criticism and Discussion of Literature and the Arts The War and Higher Learning The modern state of the industrial arts embargo on knowledge at the national has got its growth and holds its footing by frontier, or a protective customs barrier to force of an effectual disregard of national serve as a fence against an undue infiltra- demarkations. Not only is it true that this tion of enlightenment from abroad—that body of industrial knowledge, which makes the national statesmen fail to make mis- the material foundation of modern civil- chief at this point is apparently due to the ization, is of an international character and fact that no vested business interest has that it has been brought into bearing, and seen its advantage in taking measures to continues to be held, as a common stock, that end. There is also the difficulty that common to all the civilized nations; but it the international diffusion of knowledge is also to be kept in mind that this modern proceeds by such subtle and intangible ways technology always and necessarily draws on as to make its confinement by statute a per- the world's resources at large for the plexing matter. means and materials of its work, regard It is true, something may be done by less of national frontiers-in so far as the indirection at least—and the nationally politicians do not deliberately put obstacles minded statesmen have perhaps done what in the way of a free movement of these was possible—to hinder the free passage means and materials. In the realm of in- of knowledge over the national frontiers. dustry it is obvious that national frontiers They have, for instance, taken thought to serve no better purpose than a more or less impose a restrictive tariff on books and effectual hindrance to the efficient working other apparatus made use of in scientific of the industrial system. Yet in this in and scholarly pursuits or in the art of dustrial realm men still argue—that is to teaching; and there are also, now and say, short-sighted statesmen and interested again, certain restrictive measures taken to business men are able to argue—that the hinder aliens from imparting knowledge of nation's industrial interest may best be any kind to the youth of the land. In all served by hindering the nation's industry these cases of petty obstruction it will be from taking advantage of that freedom of seen, if one looks into the matter, that intercourse which the modern industrial there is some vested interest of a business- system presupposes as an indispensable like sort which seeks to be benefited by condition to its best work. So far are men these measures of restraint. But when all still bound in the ancient web of interna is told, these and the like endeavors of tional jealousy and patriotic animosity. retardation are, after all, trilling and nuga- On the other hand, in the adjacent field tory in comparison with that voluminous of scientific knowledge it is recognized and many-sided restraint of industrial in- without reservation that political bounda tercourse that appears to be the chief ma- ries have no place and, indeed, no substan- terial use of the national frontiers. tial meaning. It is taken as a matter of Happily, there is no need of argument course that science and its pursuit must be among civilized men to gain assent to the free of all restraints of this character; that proposition that the pursuit and diffusion it is a matter of "the increase and diffusion of knowledge is a matter of joint and un- of knowledge among men,” not merely divided interest among all the civilized na- among the citizens or subjects within the tions; that it runs on neutral ground, irre- nation. That such is the case, that no spective of national intrigue and ambition; politician comes forward to advocate an and that no nation has anything to lose in 46 (July 18 THE DIAL this respect through unguarded coöpera- determine a course of concerted action for tion with its neighbors. In respect to this those men who still have the interests of joint interest all are gainers by the gain of science and scholarship at heart, and whose any one. Happily, again, this joint interest endeavors are not all engrossed with the in the pursuit and diffusion of knowledge is conduct of the war or with the give and the one end of endeavor which all men and take of political intrigue. The charge all nations are agreed in rating as the only which circumstances impose on these keep- end of human endeavor that is worth while ers of the higher learning is simply the for its own sake. It may seem a singular keeping of the ways and means of this pur- state of things, but it will scarcely be ques- suit of knowledge well in hand against the tioned on reflection, that this intangible time when sober counsels shall again pre- body of knowledge which is in no man's vail. possession and is held as a common stock Among these keepers of the sacred flame by the peoples of civilized mankind is not it happens that the hazards of war have only the most highly valued asset of the thrown the Americans into a position of civilized world but is at the same time the peculiar responsibility. Through no pecu- one indispensable possession which alone liar merit of their own they have been can give any community a valid claim to be elected by the singular play of circum- rated among the civilized peoples. Any stance to take the initiative and largely to substantial loss or defeat on this ground, shape the prospective fortunes of the re- the ground of what is called the higher public of learning. Their European co- learning, would by common consent be ac partners have fallen into a state of disor- counted the most shameful setback which ganization and depletion, both in their per- these nations could suffer; and it is a case sonnel and in their equipment, so serious where, by common consent, any one's loss as to leave them, prospectively, very much is the loss of all. in arrears. It is perhaps an over-statement But at the same time, unhappily, because to speak of the European world of learn- this pursuit of knowledge is, always and ing as bankrupt, but it is also to be kept necessarily, of the nature of a collective or in mind that the misfortunes which make joint interest, it results that there is no one for its undoing are not yet at an end, and class or group of interested persons, no will by no means end abruptly with the vested interest, which is in a position ef- formal conclusion of the great war. For fectually to parley with the politicians in one thing, the European community of sci- behalf of this higher learning, in which ence and scholarship has been divided into the civilized world's chief spiritual asset halves between which the war has fixed a is capitalized. The elements of a political great gulf, a gulf so deep and implacable bargain are wanting in the case; and that that even for some time after the war it massive popular sentiment whose pressure will not be bridged. And within that half can for a time divert the endeavors of the in which, by the fortunes of war, the Amer- statesmen from the broad and sinuous path icans belong—the half which will now have of political bargaining is also taken up to go into action as a decimated whole- with other things. And just now, under within this half of the pre-war complement the strain of desperate work to be done, the the channels of communication have been material needs involved in the prosecution falling into neglect, the coördination of of the great war take precedence of all parts has failed, the local units have been else, particularly of all things less tangible. depleted, the working capital is exhausted, Yet all the while it remains true—and on and the equipment is falling into decay. dispassionate reflection, if such can be had, In short, there is at the best a large depre- it will be seen--that this joint pursuit of ciation charge to be written off. And all knowledge which centers and finds ex the while there is an indefinite promise of pression in the higher learning is the most more of the same, and worse. consequential matter involved in the for To put the case in concrete terms, the tunes of war. German men of learning have been and are All of which should clear the vision and going through a very trying experience, to 1918] 47 THE DIAL choose no harsher expression, and are in Americans are placed in a position of trust such a resulting state of moral dilapidation to turn the means at hand to the best use as should in all likelihood leave them for the conservation and reconstruction of largely incapacitated for sound work in the world's joint enterprise in science and science and scholarship for the term of the scholarship. passing generation. The visible displace As it is perforce a joint international in- ment of judgment and aspirations among terest that so calls for initiative and wise them has engendered a profound distrust conduct at the hands of the American men of their working powers among their col- of learning, so it is only by a disinterested leagues of other nationalities—at least all joint action on an impartially international the distrust which they merit. They are at plan that the Americans can hope to take the same time not being at all fully re care of the work so entrusted to them. placed by a new generation of scholars and They have the means, or they can find scientists, since the war is draining off them, and it is for them at this critical tide nearly all the men available for such work in the affairs of learning to turn these as will serve the war, which is also perma means to account unreservedly in that spirit nently diverting the energies of nearly all of copartnership and self-effacement which the residue to uses that are alien to the alone can hopefully be counted on for any- higher learning. By force of decimation, thing that shall be worth while in a joint diversion, and debauch of scholarly mo enterprise of such a scope and character. rale-coupled with a stubborn distrust of As an initial move to this end it should them by the scholars in other lands—the reasonably seem obligatory on all those learned men and the seminaries of the American schools which claim a rating as higher learning in the German-speaking seminaries of learning to "keep open world are presumably, in the main, to be house"-freely, impartially, and as a mat- counted among the dead, wounded, and ter of routine management to accord un- missing in so far as concerns the recon restricted privileges of sanctuary and en- struction now to be entered on in the af- tertainment, gratuitously and irrespective fairs of the higher learning. Something is of nationality, to all comers who want an plainly to be allowed in abatement of any opportunity for work as teachers or stu- appraisal of so sweeping a nature; but it dents and who give evidence of fitness in is also plain that in the reconstruction now any respect for this pursuit. It should be to be undertaken there is no German a safe rule, particularly under the condi- scholarship to be counted on as a present tions of bias and inducement now prevail- help, and what is to be counted on in the ing, to leave full scope for self-selection on near future is an indefinite and doubtful this head, and to afford full opportunity for quantity. In this respect the German- all whose inclination leads them to follow speaking community is plainly the heaviest after the idols of the higher learning. loser among all the peoples who are losing With this as a point of departure there by the war, and the loss suffered by the follows a second step, necessitated by the German scholarly community is net loss to first-an inclusive coördination of these the republic of learning at large. American schools, together with a large In their degree, though in a less sinister measure of coalition among them. Such a measure than the Germans, the other move of coördination and allotment of Europeans are subject to much the same the work to be done is imperatively called depletion of forces, decay of the spirit, and for also on grounds of economy, even apart impoverishment in their material means. from the more exacting requirement of The Americans, however, have been less economy brought on by such an agreement exposed to the disorganizing experience of to keep open house as has been spoken for the war, and especially they still command above. As is well known, though it is more the material means indispensable to the or or less ingeniously denied from time to ganization and pursuit of scholarly and time, the American schools that are of col- scientific inquiry under modern conditions. lege or university grade have hitherto been So that by the play of circumstances the competitors for the trade in erudition, 48 (July 18 THE DIAL somewhat after the fashion of rival mer- reasonably give rise to something in the chandising concerns. Indeed, it is just as way of a central office to serve as a com- well to admit frankly that they have been mon point of support and coordination, rival concerns, doing a competitive busi- which would at the same time serve as a ness in student registrations and in the focus, exchange, and center of diffusion for creation of alumni, as also in scholastic scholarly pursuits and mutual understand- real estate and funded endowments. This ing, as well as an unattached academic academic competition has led to an ex house of refuge and entertainment for any tensive duplication of plant and personnel, guests, strays, and wayfaring men of the and more particularly duplication in the republic of learning. This central would courses of instruction offered by the rival then stand as an impersonal, impartial, schools, and in the extra-scholastic induce- communal central for the republic of learn- ments held out by each to attract a clien- ing, an open house of resort and recupera- tele of unscholarly registrants. It is tion through the season of stress and in- scarcely necessary to insist that this rivalry firmity which the community of scholars is and duplication have been wasteful, at the facing. There would be no implied de- same time that it has engendered an undue gree of unselfishness on the part of the animus of salesmanship in the place of Americans in so placing their resources and scholarship. All of which may charitably their good offices at the service of the world be held as well enough, or at any rate not at large. They would only be serving their to be remedied, in time of peace, pros own ends as community partners in the pur- perity, and universal price-rating. But suit of knowledge; for they can neither in- just now, under pressure of the war de crease their own holdings in the domain of mands and the war-time inflation of prices learning, nor hold fast that which they con- and costs, the wastefulness of this manner ceive themselves to be possessed of, except of conducting the schools is becoming fla- in copartnership with these others, who grantly evident, at the same time that the now have fallen on evil days. schools are already beginning to fall into More specifically, and as affording a distress for want of funds to carry on as concrete point of departure for any enter- usual. prise of the kind, provision should be made The present should accordingly be a under the auspices of one or more such propitious time for a move of coördina- centrals for the reorganization of those tion and a degree of coalescence, such as is channels of communication that have been spoken for above, particularly as it will be falling into disuse during the period of the practicable on this plan for the rival war; for the maintenance and unbroken schools now to cover their retreat out of continuity of the work and the records of the underbrush of rivalry and intrigue with the many learned societies that have been a decent—and unfeigned-avowal of de- falling into abeyance during the same votion to the greater gain of that learning period; and for the keeping of records and which they have always professed to culti- the collation and dissemination of materials vate with a single mind, and to which they and bibliographical information, on which doubtless have also quite amiably hoped to the learned men of all countries are in the turn their best endeavors so soon as the habit of depending. more pressing exigencies of intercollegiate The details of this work will be volum- rivalry should leave them free to follow inous and diverse, even if it is taken over their natural bent. If recourse is had to some such measure of coöperation among only as an emergency measure to tide over the schools, they will easily be able to carry the period of reconstruction; and the ade- any, prospective burden of providing for quate care of it all will call for no small their prospective guests, foreign and do- degree of sobriety, insight, and good will, mestic, as well as the effective volume of and also for no small expenditure of means. their day's work, which now seems an over- But it is hoped that the American scholars load. are possessed of the requisite large and Such a pooling of scholastic issues would sober insight (otherwise there is nothing 1918) 49 THE DIAL to be done about it, and it is known that, an undertaking; and any degree of reflec- just now, the Americans have the good will tion will show that the American com- of all thoughtful men throughout those munity runs no chance of material impov- countries that come into consideration here. erishment in the further course of the war, It is also known that the Americans com- quite the contrary in fact. mand the material means necessary to such THORSTEIN VEBLEN. America's Neglected Satirist* The historical function of Ambrose bodies itself in pairs of contrasting names Bierce in American letters can be indicated - Richardson, sentimentalist, and Field- by saying that he was the long inhibited, ing, satirist; Dickens, instinctive democrat, yet basic and inalienable, part of Mark and Thackeray, instinctive snob (with a Twain—a timely and adequate expression complicating contempt, it is true, for all of the pessimistic misanthropy which at snobbery less subtle than his own); Tenny- last, in "The Mysterious Stranger” and son, provincial æsthete, and Browning, cos- "What is Man?" found posthumous re- mopolitan humanist; Meredith, optimist of lease from the speech-bound surveillance naturalism, and Hardy, pessimist of the of a lifetime. same; and so on. And Ambrose Bierce, In setting down this observation I mean misanthropic ironist sticking to his trade, something more than a mere conceit, and faithfully responsive to the conditions im- something less than an actual comparison posed on his temperament by his time, is of personalities. What I wish to record by this law a natural coeval of Mark is not any impression of a debt of influence Twain, a born wit who chose on the whole or of inspiration owed by either great man to be a humorist, a disillusioned thinker to the other. Neither is supplementary to who found it possible to let people imagine the other. But there is a sense, important he was chuckling—or guffawing—sympa- to a grasp of the historical pertinence of thetically with them, while in truth he was both if not to æsthetic appreciation, in laughing sardonically at them. which they are complementary. Their Now the usable past of Mr. Brooks's generation—more or less distorted and be- phrase, the only immediate American past lied in the work of either, since it led the which makes an adequate tradition for the one to suppress an important part of his creative liberalism of the present, is that attitude toward it, and the other to express richer and more untrammeled past, non- his attitude chiefly in truculence-speaks existent in literal history, in which both to us with authoritative clarity from their authors would have been left free to be combined achievement. themselves without the penalty of losing Mr. Van Wyck Brooks, whose recent their audience; in which Mark Twain could admirable article in The Dial “On Creat- have signed as well as published "What is ing a Usable Past,” stops just short of sug Man?" and published as well as written gesting a pragmatic method to match the "The Mysterious Stranger''; in which pragmatic end sought, would perhaps Bierce need not have been driven to jour- agree that some fraction of that past nalism, political muck-raking, and various usable in the present and in the future can sensational forms of modern knight- be constructed out of the deliberate syn errantry to capture the attention of a public thesis, in one's mind, of contemporary his- which simply ignored “Ashes of the Bea- torical or literary phenomena so dissimilar, con" and "In the Midst of Life." This so utterly opposed, as Bierce and Clemens. past, had it existed, might have served What any age expresses to us with the both authors as an automatic corrective most vivid immediacy is a series of contra- * The collected works of Ambrose Bierce were published dictions, out of which we must manufac (1909-12) by the Neale Publishing Co. Boni & Liveright ture our own unity unless we are to go and Civilians) in a popular edition ($1.50) and propose to follow it with the four or five other volumes best representa- without. The past of English letters em- have just issued “In the Midst of Life" (Tales of Soldiers tive of Bierce. 50 (July 18 THE DIAL wrong?” and balance-weight. Mark Twain would have not been the most widely read.” have been spared the seeming necessity of When acknowledged authority sets out so his enormous self-suppression and the frankly as this to turn criticism from a cynicism of his outward contentment—the search for distinction into the recorded posture of an artist who found himself ap vote of a majority which reads Harte and plauded for what he said, knowing that he is oblivious of Bierce, I do not see how we would have been hissed if he had said what are to revile Mr. Mencken for naming us he meant; Ambrose Bierce would have "a commonwealth of peasants and small been spared the extremity of his bitterness, traders, a paradise of the third-rate," and which became that of a man who shrieks for saying that our national philosophy is imprecations because no one will listen to "almost wholly unchecked by the more his normal utterance. And Mr. Brooks sophisticated and civilized ideas of an need not have asked, among other like aristocracy." questions, “Why did Ambrose Bierce go It is the function of such more civilized ideas that Ambrose Bierce discharges in “Our greatest humorists, including even his generation; and nearly all of his most Mark Twain," says Mr. H. L. Mencken salient qualities derive their saliency from in “A Book of Prefaces," "have had to the fact that he who exhibited them was take protective coloration, whether wil the aristocrat half extinguished in the mob, lingly or unwillingly, from the prevailing half inflamed by it. All that is most grace- ethical foliage, and so and so one finds them ful in his acceptance of life and in his ex- levelling their darts, not at the stupidities pression of it is a product of his innate of the Puritan majority, but at the evi- aristocracy; and all that is most graceless, dences of lessening stupidity in the anti- vociferous, exaggerated, and raucous is a Puritan minority. In other words, they product of the inflammation. For it is not have done battle, not against, but for given to the aristocrat to thrive on opposi- Philistinism.” “For all our professed de tion. It is his business to be a graceful light in and capacity for jocosity, we have embodiment of a tradition that leaves him produced so far but one genuine wit-Am free for expression. As a malcontent, he brose Bierce—and, save to a small circle, does not shine: it is only the revolutionary he remains unknown to-day.” The gen who gains in dignity when he answers per- uineness of the wit is not more astounding secution with articulate protest. Even the than the smallness of the circle-a circle satiric mode, satiric mode, in which Bierce mostly mainly, so far as I can find, of writers and wrought and of which he remains the one artists, and containing very few members great exemplar produced on this continent, of the class of professional academic cus is protest which has always depended for todians of the accredited in letters. For its success on the existence of aristocratic example, the most elaborate cisatlantic his- qualities such as wit—in a shared, so- tory of the short story, “The Short Story cialized form; like Meredith's “Comedy," in English,” by Professor Henry Seidel satire has flourished only where there was Canby, reaches its hundred-thousandth a society, however small, of true distinc- word and the year 1907 without so much tion, in which ideas were at home and had as the mention of Bierce's name, even free circulation. among the appendixed "many below the But it was Ambrose Bierce's misfortune best," though there are ten solid pages to be a satirist alone. His wit, the one about Bret Harte and forty-three index brilliant display of its kind in America, and references to him. This eminent repre- perhaps the most brilliant anywhere since sentative of the “Puritan majority" on its Voltaire, coruscates almost in vacuo; and academic side helps prove Mr. Mencken's his animus against the existence of certain case, and justify Mr. Mencken's rancor, realities which he loathed tends more and when he says that “Bret Harte was cer more to become converted into animus tainly not the author of the best English against the non-existence of everything stories of the nineteenth century, but it is that he valued. Unlike the first Samuel nvestinn whether, on the whole, his tales Butler, he found no sharp social contrast 1918] 51 THE DIAL to draw; all he could see in America was a of the alternative and got on as best he perfect homogeneity of smugness; and could with art and friendship. therefore, like the second Samuel Butler, Even of the struggle in which he had he was forced to create fictitious worlds to served gloriously and shed his own blood, be the media for his criticism of the real he said in the end : one, as in “Ashes of the Beacon" and "The I know what uniform I wore-- Land Beyond the Blow.” The struggle hę O, that I knew which side I fought for! reproduces is not that of folly against wis: He writes some of the most glorious pic- dom or of knavery against rectitude: it is tures of battle in our language—witness simply that of knavery contending with the sketch called “What I Saw of Antie- folly for material spoils, in a world where tam”—and he also writes: everything else is crowded to the wall. He somewhat lamely the conception runs is the universal cynic. Of a brass-buttoned Jesus, firing guns. Even in some of his best tales of the He reviles Oscar Wilde; he writes an ad- ghastly and the ghostly, such as “The mirable defiance of the post-mortem critics Death of Halpin Frayser,” “Killed at of Ingersoll. By his mere aversions, you Resaca,” and “A Baby Tramp,” he steps can prove him on the side of the strong out of the path of the story to belabor in- against the weak, also on that of the weak discriminately everything he can reach, in against the strong; for Philistinism, and sentences like these: "Science had as many also against it; a friend of freedom, and a explanations as there were scientists who friend of tyrants. For his aversions cover knew nothing about it”; “They had a child everything. which they named Joseph and dearly loved, His eyes were so untrained and dim All politics, religions, as was then the fashion among parents in Arts, sciences, appeared to him all that region.” In fact the most inartis- But modes of plucking pigeons. tic thing Bierce ever does, as a teller of A born fighter, he finds in his generation tales, is to substitute his own plastered-on no hopeful cause clear enough or illustrious irony for the inherent irony of the nature enough to claim all his fighting energy. of things; and too often he merely rasps Therefore he vents his rage on little things, where he would horrify. The one thing he such as the human liking for dogs, which seriously and sympathetically believes in is he loathes as some men do snakes. And he the artist's disinterested search for beauty; comes out of all his lesser battles the per- yet, because he saw this one thing as out fect cynic, the complete misanthropist. lawed in the America he knew, his praise There is the threat of tragic unfulfill- of it is constantly inverted into disgust and ment in the very composition of the man: rage at its enemies. He rejects everything, a mind of first-rate clarity encompassed by becomes intellectually the most homeless the mediocre and the futile, and achieving man of our time. In “Ashes of the Bea a stoic resignation, but mismated with a con," his satiric history of the decline and temperament to which resignation was for- fall of America, in the form of "an his ever impossible. Surveying life without torical monograph written in 4930" by a illusion, he knew that his fighting was vain; savant living under a monarchy, he riddles being himself, he could but fight the harder. one after another the bases, the customs He was denied a great thing, the hope that and institutions, the traditions and the his two aristocratic divinities, reason and hopes of our Western experiment in democ- beauty, could ever prevail with the mass of racy—but he also riddles his own assumed But he won, and kept, the greatest point of view, for the posture of his imag- thing of all; for he knew that reason was ined historian is one of bootlicking ser reason whatever multitude preferred folly, vility to a king. Under “self-government" and that beauty was beautiful whoever had the successful individual is a knave; under no eyes in his head. History and his own a government by authority imposed, he is make-up may partly have thwarted his a sycophant. This is the choice which Am- utility as the social satirist of Philistia ; but brose Bierce saw. But he did not take his he paid in full the debt to himself. choice: he despised and hated both halves It is in the fight for his own identity, and men. 52 [July 18 THE DIAL in the aristocratic graces thereby exhibited, ring thrill. Literature .expresses “the vir- that he becomes unsurpassed and, during tues and other vices" of an age. Crime our time, unequaled. We are all part of is “stupiditate of opportunity. A wind a regimen which puts its premium on our thunders in the chimney “like the sound of common qualities and subtly encourages us clods upon a coffin.” A trivial utterance to sink our differences. Ambrose Bierce at a terrible moment makes the situation stood almost alone in holding that our in more ghastly, “as the fire of a cigar might dividual non-conformity is the one thing light up a tomb." A certain commander is worth expression, because through it alone So brave that if his army got a beating can we make any contribution to the com None dared to face him when he was retreating. mon stock. He fought for his differences; The popular "godlets” of fiction are to and the gaiety and gallantry of his onset Tolstoi as "slugs; their brilliant work is a restore to satire its old heroic kinship with shine of slime which dulls behind them even knight-errantry and the personal duel. as they creep. Our coldly intellectual modern charity for And consider, as a final example, what everything seemed to him sterile, non he has to say to these same "godlets”. creative; and if he is in one sense unmodern "these little fellows, the so-called realists" it is because, with Lucian and Juvenal, -in affirmation of his own non-realistic Dryden and Pope, Swift and Voltaire, he creed: chose to explore the possibilities of hate as It is to him of widest knowledge, of deepest feeling, a form of creative energy. He is a mag of sharpest observation and insight, that life is most nificent barbarian in whom the joy of bat- crowded with figures of heroic stature, with spirits of dream, with demons of the pit, with graves that tle replaces the joy which other artists have yawn in pathways leading to the light, with existences taken in their fellow men. His hate is in His hate is in not of earth, both malign and benign-ministers of itself excoriating, terrible, monstrous; his grace and ministers of doom. The truest eye is that which discerns the shadow and the portent, the dead sense of life is, at its sweetest, bitter-sweet, hands reaching, the light that is the heart of the dark- and at its bitterest more bitter than gall. ness, the sky "with dreadful faces thronged and fiery arms." The truest ear is that which hears But, after all, the most momentous thing in Celestial voices to the midnight air, him, and the most memorable, is an artist's Sole, or responsive each to the other's note, exultation in his art, in the polish and the Singing- unique precision of his weapons, in the not "their great Creator," but not a negro melody, either; no, nor the latest favorite of the drawing- lightning gleam of his own sword of wit. In short, he to whom life is not picturesque, The fact that he despises life pales before enchanting, astonishing, terrible, is denied the gift his joy in wreaking himself upon it. Even and faculty divine, and being no poet can write no prose. his personal victims seem not so much con- temptible for what they are as admirably This is the very organ-note of wit, whereas accummodating to have been there at all, his epigrams are but its over-tones; they exposing themselves to him. have the same relation to the fundamental In short, Ambrose Bierce is primarily that his several hundred "Fantastic Fa- and, I think, most permanently a certain bles" have to “The Monk and the Hang- quality of wit. And his embodiment of man's Daughter," or to his strange tales that quality is above all a style. His per- midst of life. He has surface brilliance, of the death which is everywhere in the sonal style has the species of greatness which is felt as much in a phrase as in a but he has also depth; the gleams shine volume; he would have proved himself a against a central glow, not against a dark- great man if he had written nothing more ness. The adequate symbol of all his other than two or three titles such as "Cobwebs distinctions together is this distinction of from an Empty Skull,” “Black Beetles in style. Being, by his own definition, a poet, Amber," and "Ashes of the Beacon.” The he wrote noble prose. It is not his fault if there are few to un- marvel is that he can keep up for whole pages, chapters, essays, derstand that kind of nobility. It is his essays, volumes this fusion of imagination with accuracy into misfortune—and the more serious misfor- a homogeneous distillate of sheer wit. tune of those who do not understand. His precision alone is a constantly recur- WILSON FOLLETT. room. 1918] 53 THE DIAL London: A War Nocturne your altar. You are a beautiful idol which hides it- know, when the streets are empty of all but self in the twilight; you are a queen of terror, and the barking thunder of great faded and tragic splendor, who sits in an guns goes rolling, and throbbing away; armchair in the midst of halls of clamor, nights of gray pitiless rain, sifting, drift- watching the darkness descending with a ing uncertainly into the shadows, while the melancholy and plaintive smile. huddled throng of umbrellas hurl them- Autumn and spring are your seasons; selves on the bridges, plashing through wet leaves sticking close to gray pavements, muddy puddles that reflect pale lamps; moribund branches, crocuses startling the nights of fog and silence, deserted streets, dull brown of old house-fronts with flame- the beat of feet that dies away in the dis- shot disks of gold. tance; nights of loud wind, with flying traf- Under the war-cloud all the races of the fic and searchlights swinging against the earth have come together, to watch beside low-rushing clouds. But when the stars in- vade you utterly, with their calm, passion- After the golden sunlight is washed less splendor, and you sit beneath them in away from pale steeples, bathing them- selves superbly in the mellow glow of haze your dress of black velvet burning with that floats over the shadowed and bat- scarlet and emerald and orange and deep tling throngs that swirl about their feet; purple of crocuses and pale blue of hya- after the conflagration of the sunset flick- cinths, troubled with the rapid Aitting shad- ers abruptly between rows of blue-black ows of fevered, exhausted life, then you crouching house-fronts; after the evening are the most beautiful of all. star peeps forth faintly, and the movement You are as music to my mind always; a of rushing traffic, carrying weary slaves symphony without end and with infinite out to their suburbs, dies away; then you modulations, from the drone of the street waken mysteriously, and your garments singer, the jingle of coins on the pavement, stir and rustle under the soft caress of the the shout of the newsboy, the nasal note of night. concertinas, the jangling clatter of street- One by one you put on your jewels, organs, the honk of dark jammed traffic, trembling with a million reflections. Taxicabs trail softly red tail-lamps; the flung note of warning bugles, the dar- sombre busses, huge bulks of shadow, glide ing crescendo of dark artillery followed by; massive vans, their tops hooded, stalk always by a strange, menacing silence. along bearing high three dim golden lan- You are as music-endless, dancing, in- terns; now and then, furtively, the delicate toxicating, maddening, monotonous music. silhouette of a hansom clacks past, like a In my heart secretly, unknown to men, I phantom of dead years. And between carry with me some of your strange modu- them move more erratically, shuttles of the lations: the bitter glare of street-lamps un- loom, pawns of the chess play, the darting of voices in the gray fog, the swirl of gulls der the swish and beat of rain, the babble throngs of men. Black shapes shifting and above the sombre Thames, the waning passing; shadowy clumps by shaded win- dows. Blue or green the lights burn over light that fades away above some dim, theatres; brown or green or scarlet squares empty street, like the plucked treble string of a violin, and a clash of drums and glow softly in the dark façades. At the cymbals—the opulent traffic that speeds corner, a tall street-lamp casts a pallid cone of light to the pavement; the yellow fare through blue-lit theaterland at evening towards those brass-studded open doors of a match lights up a face; and the black jagged line of serrated chimney pots juts light, to irradiate, for an instant, the pave- that let out a flood of crimson or golden out against all the stars of the sky. ment. Nights also of ashen moonlight you John GOULD FLETCHER. 54 THE DIAL (July 18 Our London Letter but not for all. Sheer merit has had its share in the result. It is some time now since any English states- The odd thing is that neither Mr. Strachey man gave a lift to a good book by a deliberately nor any of the solemn persons who have sat in aimed public or semi-public commendation. It judgment on the book have pretended that it I remember rightly, Mr. Lloyd George recently Victorian age. Mr. Strachey observes that we throws any particularly illuminating light on the puffed the works of some lady novelist or other and drove a number of literary critics into the know too much about that epoch. It is, he says, arms of the Opposition, who did not know what a vast sea from which we can do no more than to do with the strange gift. He has also made dredge up a few specimens for examination. His Mr. Hall Caine a knight. But it was left to Mr. book, then, is not to be considered from this Asquith to revive the weighty influence of point of view. It may more profitably be con- Mr. Gladstone. In his recent Romanes Lecture, sidered in two aspects. It is, in the first place, delivered at Oxford, on “Some Aspects of the technically a masterpiece of biographical narra- Victorian Age” he quite suddenly and rather tive, witty, enlightening, penetrating, and con- unexpectedly remarked on the brilliance of Mr. cise, rivaling the masterpieces of the French Lytton Strachey's "Eminent Victorians" (Chatto writers whom the author envies. Biography of & Windus; 10/6). I say unexpectedly, because this sort has not been written before in English. one does not expect a somewhat academic Ox- It is, in the second place, the expression of a ford statesman, lecturing at Oxford, suddenly to man whose genius and sympathies, equally with deliver a eulogy of a Cambridge iconoclast. But his technical gifts, make his view of human na- perhaps I am wrong. After Mr. Asquith's vol- ture as displayed in given circumstances defi- ume of “Occasional Addresses” one ought to nitely a thing of value for the nourishment of have known that his taste and rightness in lit- the spirit. erature were as indisputable as the soundness The four figures whom Mr. Strachey has and dignity of his statesmanship. chosen for treatment are Cardinal Manning, Certainly in this instance his rightness is be- Florence Nightingale, Dr. Arnold, and General yond all doubt. Mr. Lytton Strachey has been Gordon. All these are, with the possible ex- for some years the veiled oracle of a small but ception of Manning, persons of whom a definite highly vocal clique who used to announce im- and somewhat idealized legend exists in the con- pressively that when the prodigy did at last come ventional English mind. Mr. Strachey's faults, out of his retirement he would bring with him a such as they are, result from an overstrain of the performance of the most astonishing sort. One brilliant talents he has used to destroy the con- knows, of course, what dull nervous books these ventional images. Skepticism is the proper frame veiled oracles do produce when they emerge; of mind in which to approach a false convention. and I cannot honestly say that I looked forward Mr. Strachey has acted with strict propriety and to this particular appearance with more than a justice in questioning the view that Florence faint curiosity. Nor, I imagine, did any one else Nightingale was a miracle of kind and gentle outside the clique. I am proud to say that when womanliness. He does well in insisting on Gor- I read the book my attitude was changed with don's mixed motives, megalomania, and furious a shock. I was at the time much agitated with drinking bouts. But his attitude also betrays business and was traveling incessantly; but I him into the shallowness of suggesting that carried that precious volume about with me till Newman's sacrifice and tragedy were due to the I had read it twice, and never noticed the length accident of his having gone to Oxford instead of or the dullness of my journeys. Even then it did to Cambridge, and it tempts him to scoff at the not occur to me that others would be as much best of Arnold's achievement merely because he fascinated as I, and I was genuinely surprised - can see that it led to certain bad results. genuinely delighted too—when I found this It is difficult in a limited space to give any treasure was actually the book of the moment. adequate idea of the virtue of Mr. Strachey's Mr. Asquith, I understand, has been talking book; and the faults which it is necessary to about it in private almost ad nauseam; and this mention may overshadow anything I say in its may account for some of the stir it has caused — praise. But its qualities are those of lucidity of way 1918] 55 THE DIAL view, close accuracy and conciseness of style, and I shall not be accused of immoderate partisan- a curiosity about the mainsprings of life and hu- ship for what I have to say of Mr. Edmund man endeavor which transcends the author's Gosse's new book, "Three French Moralists" cynical attitude. The point from which he rises (Heinemann; 6s.). The book itself is of small into sheer poetic appreciation is in the sense importance, but it reminds one that Mr. Gosse which he has of the variety of life and persons. is a figure. He has written for so many years The force with which he conveys this sense would be remarkable in a novelist; but in a and with an agreeableness so uniform and so biographer, who is hampered by only partly as- winning that now he can do nothing, or at all certained fact, it is astonishing. Mr. Strachey events nothing that will not be accused. He is has by this one book given a new turn to the certainly capable of extreme intellectual gauch- English tradition of biography, and it is for him eries. Topical events have led him to remark to carry it on. He has come into the open from that "war is the Condy's Auid of civilization" the ambush of his esoteric reputation, and it will and, on another occasion, that he would never be a great disappointment if in the next few open his Goethe or his Heine again. These ob- years he does not multiply the studies of servations are irritating to those who do not care character in which he has no conceivable English to regard war as a remedy to be kept on a shelf, rival. however high up, in every political housewife's I am sorry to have to incur the suspicion of cupboard, and who do not see why any sane man intemperate enthusiasm twice in one letter, but should be deprived of the stock of pleasure and the fact that Mr. Strachey's book and Mr. De la enlightenment that is contained in Goethe's Mare's new collection of verse, “Motley, and works, merely because of the actions of people in Other Poems" (Holt; $1.25.), have appeared whom not a drop of Goethe's own blood runs at the same time makes it inevitable. I hinted at least, legitimately. But these things are ex- earlier that I, with others, looked forward to cused to Mr. Gosse, who is the nearest we have this volume with eager impatience. I can only yet produced to the genial French critics, to say now, with all the calm of which I am capa- Lemaître, Brunetière, and the Anatole France ble, that it has exceeded my expectations. Mr. of “La Vie des Lettres." I should say that when De la Mare's charming "Peacock Pie” was a I was comparatively a child Mr. Gosse was one book a little out of the main line of his develop- of the most effective of the influences that led ment. His new book really succeeds “The List- me into the fields of poetry. eners” and carries immensely further the vein of in itself a very potent recommendation, but I This may not be poetry there begun. He is not a poet of the kind believe that a great many others would say the that explains God to man, and his command A writer who very pleasantly tells one over the heart is not wide, does not embrace all human activities. But-to be detestable in meta- of books one will enjoy is a person for whom one phor for the sake of clearness—he strikes on a cherishes a warm feeling; and this probably ac- narrow front and breaks through successfully. counts for Mr. Gosse's present position and for He moves the emotions of wistfulness and long- the fact that one loves him even when most irri- ing so powerfully as to set the whole heart in a tated by him. I shall be surprised if foreign turmoil. By some indefinable method he throws booksellers in London are not during the next us into a state from which we emerge with our few months visited by a number of persons de- spirits exhilarated, purer, more secure. He is manding the works of La Rochefoucauld, La not a poet of great variety. He often achieves Bruyère, and Vauvenargues; and Mr. Gosse perfection of phrasing, though the failure to do would rightly regard this as a handsome tribute so does not perturb him. But within his own to his endeavors. His attempt to connect the range he is the truest poet we have; and since three sententious philosophers with the gallantry within that range he can produce states of mind shown by the French armies of today is merely so precious, I feel an inability to criticize him or another of those amiable eccentricities for which to comment on the ugliness of some of his in- it is so easy to excuse him. versions or on his vastly improved diction. I dare say no more than that this is a volume EDWARD SHANKS. which produces states of mind worth having. London, June 18, 1918. same. 56 (July 18 THE DIAL Foreign comment on Robert Foreign Comment on Robert about it at first hand, being in America at the Dell's Expulsion time it was brought forward. But he did state: "If any representative of any belligerent country desires seriously to lay before us any proposals, we The Dial, for whom Mr. Robert Dell was for many months the Paris Correspondent, pre- are prepared to listen to them.” On May 18 Mr. Dell was expelled from vious to his expulsion from France by M. Paris. That there was no doubt of its being a Clemenceau, may be pardoned for calling atten- tion to certain facts about Mr. Dell and the in- purely political expulsion brought about by the embarrassment caused by his revelations is indi- terpretation of liberal opinion in England and America on those facts. His expulsion had a cated in the news dispatch in the London “Tele- much deeper than merely personal significance: graph” of May 21: “The present drastic meas- ure (the expulsion) has at last been taken in it was the last act in a political drama of the greatest importance. Furthermore this presenta- consequence of a recent two-column article in his paper.” tion may well serve as a general answer to the Mr. Dell's own statement, dated from Lon- many letters which The Dial has received con- cerning Mr. Dell—some of them commendatory, "Guardian” for May 21, is as follows: don, May 20, and printed in the Manchester some inquiring, many severely critical, but all based on certain misunderstandings. I have had the honour of being expelled from France by the French Government—that is to say, by First of all, Mr. Dell was the accredited M. Clemenceau. It is an honour because of the rea- political correspondent of the foremost liberal son of my expulsion. For I have been expelled be- newspaper of the world, the Manchester "Guar cause I am the only English correspondent in Paris that has been able to give his paper any information dian" of England. He had lived in France over at all about the negotiations arising out of the letter twenty years and was known and respected, even of the Austrian Emperor communicated by Prince by his political opponents, for his honesty and Sixte de Bourbon to M. Poincaré on March 31, 1917. The Manchester “Guardian” is, in fact, the only courage and journalistic enterprise. (See, for English paper that has given the English public any example, the article by M. Maurice de Waleffe information about a matter of the first importance in the "Action" of May 22.) He had to such a which has been fully dealt with by the Italian, Swiss, and German press. I am proud to have been the degree identified his own with the French point means of saving the reputation of the English press, of view that he was sometimes accused of think- and I regard M. Clemenceau's action in expelling me from France as the greatest compliment I have ever ing of France's interests even before those of received in the course of my journalistic career. his own country, England. And it is true that The editorial comment of his own paper on on the outbreak of the war he vehemently advo- the event was published on the same day: cated the intervention of England on the side of France, even writing on August 1, 1914 that if The overtures of Emperor Karl may have been sincerely meant or they may have been a "peace- England did not intervene he would renounce his trap"; the conditions which he suggested may or may nationality. His daughter is married to a French not have gone far enough-they went pretty far-to afford a basis for further discussion. On these mat- officer now serving at the front. His loyalty to ters opinion may legitimately differ. It is a question France has never been questioned. rather of whether people in this country shall have After M. Clemenceau's revelation of the note the materials on which to form an adequate and in- structed opinion. And here we think that, in this of Emperor Karl, Mr. Dell sent a series of arti- country at least, we shall be held blameless. We cles to his newspaper giving further facts and have nothing to regret in these transactions. We putting the whole episode in its larger historical acted, as we believed, in the public interest, and our correspondent undoubtedly acted from similar mo- background. (It is important to remember that tives. None of his facts have been challenged, and these facts have never been challenged.) As a while we regret that he should have to suffer, we are result of these revelations in the Manchester not without faith that in France also public opinion will justify him. "Guardian” a debate was begun by Mr. Runci- The editorial comment of the English weekly man in the House of Commons on May 16. “Nation" on Mr. Dell's expulsion, published Mr. Balfour answered for the Government. on May 25, is: Briefly, the debate resulted in a clear repudia- tion from Mr. Balfour on behalf of the country M. Clemenceau has retaliated upon the Manchester Guardian," the only English newspaper which pub- and all the Allies, of any demand for the French lished the facts about the Austrian overtures of 1917, frontier of 1841, or of any sort of claim. Mr. by expelling its correspondent, Mr. Dell, from France. Balfour did not give any detailed account of Mr. Dell has a long and distinguished journalistic record, and this blow dealt to him and the paper he Austria's peace offer, for he really knew nothing represents can hardly add to M. Clemenceau's popu- 66 1918] 57 THE DIAL re- larity in England. The decision is the more Two Poems markable since Mr. Dell's facts had for the most part appeared freely in the French Socialist Press, and to judge from Mr. Balfour's speech in the debate upon I. them, they admit of no challenge. M. Clemenceau himself removed the veil of secrecy from these trans- A NEW MEXICO HILL SONG. actions, when he published the Emperor's first letter. His view apparently is that the world ought to know Wind in the lap of the great waste places, only so much of this episode as he chooses to reveal. Mr. Dell and certain of the French Socialist depu- Sweeping the cliffs and the sands, ties thought otherwise. Their revelations seemed to Daring the desert's hot white spaces, the Liberal Front Bench in England serious enough Give me your ghostly hands. for the initiation of a formal debate, and Mr. Bal- I would dance with you across the hill tops, four made his reply without either correcting the facts or censuring their publication. Mr. Dell, then, has Over the depths and heights, suffered for supplying material which the whole Along the crest where the swollen sun drops House of Commons thought fit to debate. Thus the Scattering rainbow lights. blow is dealt not to Mr. Dell alone, nor merely to the great newspaper which he serves, but to British public opinion. . Clemenceau's action simply keeps - I know the touch of the harsh rock fingers, it in the dark. The breath of the oak and pine. Even in America, where the whole political I know the peaks where the rose light lingers. and diplomatic significance of Emperor Karl's Wind, they are mine, are mine. Once where the yellow trail went winding, letter was ignored, Mr. Dell does not lack liberal I heard your whispered call. defenders. In its issue of May 22, the New Why are you dumb to me, York “Evening Post” made the following edi When will you come to me, torial comment: Mad with your spirit thrall? The expulsion from France of Robert Dell, long Paris correspondent of the Manchester “Guardian, The tough hill grasses are gray and golden, needs a lot of explaining. Mr. Dell cannot be ac- The yuccas are white with blooms, cused of hostility to either the French people or the French Government. A part of a recent letter of his The still, hot sunbeams the lizards embolden in the Chicago Dial was devoted to a defence of the Around the old Indian tombs. Premier of France against rash charges made by The barren mesas are wanly kneeling American journalists. And in that same correspond- Under the desert blue. ence Mr. Dell declared: “I am neither an American nor a Frenchman, but I have been deeply attached High in the hills comes a presence stealing. all my life both to France and to America, and I Wind, is it you? believe that it is through France that America can most easily get into touch with Europe.” The cause II. of his falling into disfavor with the French authori- ties is the information which he sent to his news- ONE DEMENTED. paper about the peace negotiations with Austria, especially in connection with the now famous letter White, white stars of the April night, of the Austrian Emperor to Prince Sixtus. . . An Bloom-sweet boughs, too magic bright, attentive reading of it [Mr. Dell's first letter about the negotiations] will disclose no animosity towards Winds and waters, she heard your call France or her rulers. Merely, a correspondent of And knew your thrall. exceptional information and enterprise was explain- Somewhere under the crescent moon's ing what had gone on behind the scenes. He did no more than French journalists were doing. But he, a Eerie glimmer, she caught the runes friendly foreigner, has been made the victim of a That the sea cries back to the ghostly dunes. "purely political expulsion on the initiative of the Somewhere hither her spirit flew, Premier.” Fancy Clemenceau, the champion and ex Out of the safe, warm body it knew, ponent of a free press and of the right of relentless criticism of officials, unable to endure the presence of Linked its fire with the fire of you, Mr. Robert Dell! ... The decision to expel him, Flower and wind and dew. however, seems petty. It does not accord with our Idea of the generous attitude of France. Giving to her own journalists great latitude, why should her Softly strange are her glowing eyes, Government come down so hard upon an English Strange to us are the songs she tries, newspaper correspondent, who had given repeated Wild young laughter and groping tears- proofs of his devotion to French interests ? Lonely fears. In view of these clear statements of three lib- Beating spirit, the walls are high, eral organs—and it would be possible to quote The sea moans on and the moon rides by. others—The Dial feels justified in believing Sad little ghost that cannot stay that in America, too, public opinion will ulti- Where the star beams play. mately justify him. Rose HENDERSON. 58 (July 18 THE DIAL Some Morals: From the French drove the English out of France and Louis XI established the French monarchy in actual power of Villon -both practical and, as it seemed, really im- portant proceedings, of the sort to which marked The Poems OF FRANCOIS VILLON. Biographical prominence is accorded in the history-books. Yet and Critical Essay by Robert Louis Stevenson. Luce; $1.75. the French monarchy is now at one with the In literary criticism there is always consider- pomp of Nimrod; an English army garrisons the able temptation to educe a moral; and of the town in which the English burned the Maid of many morals suggested out of hand by the terres- Domrémy, and today a host of Frenchmen die trial career of François Villon the most emphatic momently in their endeavor to prevent this is that depravity may, in the third quarter of army's eviction; but the nonsensical emotion with every other blue moon, be eminently praise- which a vagabond once viewed a loaf of bread worthy. A many other notable poets have been in a bakery window survives unchanged. And deplorable citizens; hundreds of them have come when you reflect upon all the practical persons to physical and spiritual ruin through drunken- of Villon's acquaintance—the bishops and lords ness and debauchery; yet over these others it is and princes, the lawyers and long-robed physi- possible to pull a long face, at any event in the cians, the merchants and grave magistrates and classroom, and to assume that their verses would other citizens of unstained repute, who self- have been infinitely better if only the misguided respectingly went about important duties and writers thereof had lived a trifle more decorously. discharged them with credit-you cannot but But with Villon no such genteel evasion is per- marvel that of this vast and complicated polity, missible. The “Grand Testament” is a direct which took itself so seriously, nothing should result of the author's having been, plus genius, have remained vital save the wail, as of a hurt a sneak-thief, a pimp, and a cut-throat. From child, that life should be so "horrid." For this personal experience painfully attained in the is all that survives to us, all that stays really practice of these several vocations it was that alive, of the France of Louis XI. Villon wove imperishable verses, and he could Villon, be it repeated, even when he jeers does not have come by this experience in any other but transmit to us the woe of an astounded and way. So we have this Testament, this inseparable very dirty child that life should be so "horrid." medley of sneers and beauty and grief and plain He does not reason about it; for here, if any- nastiness (wherein each quality bewilderingly be- where, was a great poet “delivered from thought, gets the other three), as the reaction of a certain from the base holiness of intellect," and Villon personality to certain experiences. We are reasons about nothing; but his grief is peculiarly heartily glad to have this Testament; and upon acute, and in the outcome contagious. It is so the whole, we are grateful to Villon for having cruel, he laments, that youth and vigor should done whatever was necessary to produce these be but transient loans, and that even I should poems. And no sane person will contemn the have become as bald as a peeled onion; so cruel “Ballade au Nom de la Fortune,” the “Regrets that death should be waiting like a tipstaff to de la Belle Heaulmière," and the "Ballade des hale each of us, even me, into the dark prison Pendus," on the score that their purchase price of the grave; and so cruel that the troubling was severally the necessity of forcing a man of beauty of great queens, and even the prettiness genius to occupy a jail, a brothel, and a gibbet. of those adorable girls with whom I used to For our moral prejudices fail to traverse the frolic, should be so soon converted into a corridors of time; and we really cannot bother wrinkled bag of bones. And it is very cruel, too, at this late day to regain the point of view of that because I borrowed a purseful of money the Capetian police. when the owner was looking elsewhere, I should Just here moreover the career of Villon af- be locked in this uncomfortable dungeon; I had fords a subsidiary moral, as to the ultimate fu to have some money. And it is perfectly pre- tility of being practical. Villon stole purses and posterous that, merely because I lost my temper the constabulary hunted him down, through and knifed a rascal, who was no conceivable loss purely practical motives; and it is salutary to to anybody, the sheriff should be going to hang reflect that both these facts are today of equal un me on a filthy gallows, where presently the beak importance with all the other coeval manifesta- of a bedraggled crow will be pecking at my face tions of common sense. Thus, for example, it like the needle at my old mother's thimble. For was during Villon's lifetime that Jeanne Darc I never really meant any harm! In short, to 1918] 59 THE DIAL Villon's finding, life, not merely as the parish Lord Acton-Idealist authorities order it, but as the laws of nature constrain it too, is so "horrid” that the only way CORRESPONDENCE OF LORD ACTON. Vol. I. Long- of rendering life endurable is to drink as much mans, Green; $s. wine as one can come by; and there in little you Every student of history has cause to be grate- have Villon's creed. It is not a particularly ful for this book. Badly edited and ill arranged "uplifting” form of faith, save in the sense that as it is, it is full of wise comment and acute ob- it leads toward elevation at a rope's end, but servation upon some of the central issues of so- Villon is perfectly sincere in enunciating it, and cial life. The more profoundly the nineteenth his very real terror and bewilderment at the century is studied, the more does it become evi- trap in which he was born, and his delight in all dent that its truest perspective will be found in life's colorful things, that are doubly endeared the analysis of such minds as that of Acton. His by his keen sense of their impermanence, are un philosophy bears a fruit we have still to gather. erringly communicated. Pity and terrordare one He was the first great political thinker of our repeat?-was what Aristotle demanded in great time to see the comparative unimportance of any poetry, and this Villon gives full measure. problem save that of freedom. He represents Of the English translation by John Payne, the realization that the negative liberalism of whose version is reproduced in this new edition Mill and his school, valuable and instructive as (without any mention of the translator), the it is, only casts light upon the question of liberty best which can be said is that Payne self-evidently without in fact providing its solution. He adds worked hard to make it, and so deserves the understanding that, as T. H. Green so finely praise for his industry. For the rest, Payne has saw, no statement of the meaning of freedom is not infrequently transmuted the obsolete French adequate which does not include positive assur- into a jargon that was never English, and has ance not less than negative safeguard. Liberty but 'too successfully avoided the malpractice of is not less the provision of opportunity than the Rossetti and Swinburne, who “translated Villon” organization of resistance. The central defect by writing upon Villon's themes some quite new of Mill's outlook was the fact that it depended verses, and sometimes rather better poems than upon an unreal classification of human disposi- he did. Payne certainly has done this nowhere. tions. It was right where it affirmed and wrong And yet Payne's critical introduction is of genuine where it denied. It was too simple to represent interest and value, so that one wonders by what the complex facts it attempted to summarize. editorial logic it has been omitted from this new The great virtue of Acton's attitude was the edition, to make room for the essay by Stevenson. splendid experience upon which it was based. Questionless, the favored paper is a bit of very It came from a man whose learning was equaled picturesque and justly famous "writing"; but it by perhaps only two men in his time. No is irritatingly the rhetoric of a descendant of mind has so superbly swept the whole field of Scotch Covenanters, of a monstrously clever organized knowledge as did Acton's. He was young Edinburgher who cannot ever get quite not satisfied with the printed books. Manuscript free of the underthought that Villon was "nae sources in library and archives, the vale of some vera weel thought of.” And this attitude is in statesman whom old age had rendered garrulous, tolerable when adopted toward a circumstance the tradition some traveler had brought from a which Villon himself is reported to have dis distant people, a half-deciphered inscription posed of, once for all. "When Paris had need from a broken Egyptian tomb—all were swept of a singer Fate made the man. To kings' courts into the service of his priceless generalizations. she lifted him; to thieves' hovels she thrust him Acton is the ideal cosmopolitan. He centered down; and past Lutetia's palaces and abbeys and within himself the full intelligence of his age. taverns and gutters and prisons and its very gal- He knew English political life from the inside lows—past each in turn the man was dragged, of those half dozen salons where alone the truth that he might make the Song of Paris. So the can be uttered. He could pass from the drawing- song was made; and as long as Paris endures room of M. Guizot to the study of the great François Villon will be remembered. Villon the Dollinger. He knew Favre and Newman, singer Fate fashioned as was needful; and in Manning and Strossmayer, Disraeli and Glad- this fashioning Villon the man was ruined in stone. He realized, as few have realized, that body and soul. And the song was worth it." when the last word has been said upon the play JAMES BRANCH CABELL. of the great historic forces, the historian must 60 (July 18 THE DIAL still examine the play of personality if he would and comfort and efficiency to an idealistic creed hope to understand. The range of his interests is which, from its very nobility, can be grasped almost unbelievable. He can talk with au only by the highest effort. The standards by thority upon the budget. He grasped the core which he judged the acts of men and institutions of the Irish question some thirty years before his have too little of that philosophy of the second- age. He made the one defence of the Secession best which, as Lord Morley has told us, alone ists of 1861 that is in any degree admissible. He can be characteristic of the seeker in political had the subtlety of Newman not less than the paths. He was too stern, too unyielding, too solidity of Dollinger. His understanding of for closed to the baffling complexity of things, to eign affairs reveals the man accustomed to weigh- make the necessary deductions for the limitations ing the most imponderable of forces. Though of human effort. The very Gladstone whom he a Catholic, he was the trusted adviser of Mr. so greatly worshiped was a past master in that Gladstone upon the personal problems of the art of skilful and compromising adjustment English Church. Though an amateur, his analy- against which Acton's life was so vehement a sis of the great naval crisis of 1894 shows the protest. The eternal principles of the moral law man who realizes the interplay of administration may be, as he saw, the one security of advance in and politics. He came into contact with almost civilization; but it is necessary to obtain a far all that was worth knowing in his age. He was greater degree of unanimity upon their content the knight errant of the Church, the prince of before they can be used as a working criterion of scholars, the best publicist of his generation. He right and wrong. wrote no book that is not a classic. He touched Nor did Acton leave more than a fragment of no subject that he did not illuminate, And yet, that great history of liberty which it was his when the last word is said, he still remains the dream to write. The fragment, indeed, is most tragic failure of his time. precious; and one may well doubt whether, out- He is a seeming paradox; yet, in the analysis side the golden pages of Tocqueville, there is so of his environment, he is a paradox we may not much wisdom so marvelously compressed. deny. He set out to achieve impossible tasks, so upon the scale he planned it the task was an im- that there is a real sense in which he was the possible one. The history of the central theme Don Quixote of intelligence. A Roman Catho- of human endeavor can be mastered only if one lic, with a passionate belief in his church, he set keeps to the highroad. Acton found a jewel in out to convert it to the principles of liberalism. the head of every toad, be it never so ugly and His massive learning did not open his eyes to the venomous. The great library that is the des- impossibility of the effort. Not the treatment of pairing wonder of every scholar, the half dozen Père Simon, not the treatment of Lamennais, not references in the letters to Mrs. Drew, the the treatment of Dollinger revealed to him the myriad slips that send out his successors upon hopelessness of his cause. He did not see that to endless oceans he alone could have charted, make make Rome accept the results of the scholarship one realize that, as he conceived it, the plan was he so profoundly revered was to destroy for her beyond the reach of the human mind. Many an the ethos which had grown over seven centuries investigator will leave his bones in the desert over of effort. He did not understand that to make which Acton traveled before the field is even Rome the mother of freedom would be to make surveyed. To know freedom as the Greeks un- her deny the principles for which she had been derstood it is a sufficient adventure for a lifetime. willing to betray the civilization of Europe. He A determined isolation could alone explain what believed in freedom as an absolute; but that is to was lost when Rome became the mistress of the insist upon the central maxim of the Protestant world. What the church offered is material for faith. He cuts the root of Catholicism far more a mighty book. The contribution of representa- deeply than the probabilism of Newman or the tive government still remains to be assessed. We hectic impossibilities of W. G. Ward. For if have as yet but the footnotes to the history; the the absolute inviolability of conscience is to be very chapters are still beyond our interpretation. maintained as Acton would have maintained it, It is interesting to reflect upon the singular de- the centralization of the Roman system alike in fect of Acton's equipment. The passionate lover dogma and in government must be at once re of freedom seems, for the most part, to have re- jected. He does not seem to have realized that mained uninterested in the economic problems of he was inviting a bureaucracy to suicide. He did history. There remains, indeed, the emphatic not see that he was asking the sacrifice of wealth approval of Harrington's great dictum that po- 1918] 61 THE DIAL litical power is the handmaid of economic power; Limited Horizons but the perception that it is above all to this sphere that his ethical canons need application HORIZONS: A BOOK OF CRITICISM. By Francis seems lacking in all that he did. Yet it is at Hackett. Huebsch; $2. least possible that when the history of liberty After reading these fifty book reviews I feel comes eventually to be written its fundamental quite done up. It is as though one had sub- chapter will be the slow evolution of the state mitted oneself to a fifty round drubbing, a drub- into a society where the classification of medieval bing not at the hands of a human antagonist but and modern economic structure has been over- administered by a violently energetic punching- thrown. Churches are fleeting things beside the bag. For to every book and writer considered permanence of economic subjections. States are there is an appropriate and stinging reaction, yet meaningless when interpreted in terms of ab- if we try to discover some method or even mad- stract moral purpose. Here, doubtless, Acton ness in these come-backs, we grasp only air. The only shared the convictions of his time. The real knockout blow which would floor our already nineteenth century is preëminently the age in tottering sensibility would be the demand for our which the triumph of religious tolerance gave reaction to these reactions of Mr. Hackett. the principle of representative government a From punching-bags, no matter how intelligent unique opportunity for the proof of its value. and alert they may be, one does not get reactions It was only when the broad content of religious that one can differentiate and talk about. At equality and political democracy had been won the moment one meets the hit back as best one that it was seen how much remained behind. can, but the sum of all these maneuvers is not Those who had earlier grasped this—Thompson, reaction it is exhaustion. Hodgskin, Owen, Mill-do not seem very The first review is devoted to Stuart P. Sher- greatly to have interested Acton. Things like trade-unionism and the International, men like man's recent book of criticism, "On Contem- Proudhon and Marx, do not seem to have ar- porary Literature." It is always pleasant to read rested his attention. Certain vast insights, in- what one critic says about another, especially when their pews are not in the same church. deed, he had; as when (page 189) he pointed Mr. Hackett is successful in depicting the psy- out that the concentration of power is the real danger of democracy and emphasized the fact chology of Victorian criticism in this country, a that we can still learn much wisdom from the psychology which is still in full Aower. After writings of Calhoun. Nor did he neglect, what we have read this brilliant essay and recalled cer- is unduly neglected in our time, the significance tain more or less marmoreal volumes of the past, of the Bill of Rights. He understood that there our fancy gives us a pretty clear picture of Mr. Sherman seated in Urbana, smoothly rocking are certain principles so absolute as necessarily to back and forth over those eternal verities which remain unconditioned. The evolution of their are the planks of his genteel front stoop; of Pro- safeguards is the great problem of the next age. fessor Babbitt in Cambridge, astride a smaller He is at least in a great tradition. He be- longs to a small group of thinkers who—like and more spirited rocker, which in its forward Burke and John Mill in England, like Royer- jerks and backward Aings gives a satisfying ex- pression to the fiery soul of him who is to mod- Collard and Tocqueville in France, like Hamil- ton in America—sought out the essence of the ern literature what Luther was to medieval state. But the real, though unconscious, source dogma; and of Paul Elmer More Italianately al fresco, seated in a wicker rocking-chair which of his idealism is the man whom perhaps above with due restraint passes and repasses over a all he would have deprecated. It is to Rousseau that his insistence upon the eternal principles of noble mosaic consisting of hunting scenes from the wise Plato. Mr. Hackett, as I said, is not political right goes back. It is the fundamental of the same church. If however his eyes do not, questions asked by that most superb of sciolists like those of Mr. More, regard the crumbly mo- that he was endeavoring to answer. It may with saic of more cultured centuries, he also is occu- confidence be predicted that in the coming re- construction of our ideals it will be the response pied with ideas, ideas that in his case appear to have been scratched before breakfast in the thin he gave to which men will go in reverence for dirt of a suburban street. Wild-eyed he hop- the splendor of his inspiration. scotches among them, with head to one side, as Harold J. LASKI. good hop-scotchers are wont, and with an agility 62 (July 18 THE DIAL which is eager to employ each one of these marks W. B. Yeats, he finds them “ruder" only "in before the inexorable ice-wagon shall have oblit the sense that orchestra is ruder than solo." We erated them all. wonder what orchestra Mr. Hackett is used to “If I sympathize with novelties, it is not for that he should liken it to this amazing mega- the sake of excitation, not for love of black flow phone of the Middle West. Speaking of Carl. ers and green suns. It is because our age is once Sandburg, Mr. Hackett says that "these imagist more a renaissance.” This bit of self-analysis verses are as good as any of their kind.” We from Mr. Hackett's introduction to his book we gather that "imagist verses" have a shelf to feel to be correct. The fact that he seldom themselves in Mr. Hackett's store and that there judges a book from its immediate ästhetic quality, is a nice assortment of the various grades-40, but rather with his eye rolling over a dozen 50, 60, and 80 cents per tin. Here, as usually disparate theories, does after all put him definite when Mr. Hackett deals wtih poetry, we feel ly outside of unchurched romantic criticism and, that he speaks to us not from his own percep- however protestingly, in the same steepled tradi tion, but rather from hearsay. In speaking tion with the Shermans, the Babbitts, and the however of Mr. Sandburg's title-poem, "Chica- Mores. "The difference between a successful go," his feet once again on a firm familiar bot- novel of ideas and a successful novel of manners tom, he plucks up considerable assurance and dif- is like the difference between exploding dyna ferentiates in several particulars his own opinion mite and discharging a rifle.” Here again we see of that city from the Chicago poet's. "I am not his preoccupation with ideas and theories, a much impressed by his vision of Chicago" re- preoccupation which, by the way, goes with his minds me of an acquaintance from Schenectady extreme contemporaneity; for ideas, Plato and whom I once met in the Louvre and who did Mr. Sherman notwithstanding, are the most not care for Leonardo's "Madonna of the Rocks" ephemeral of things. It is therefore character because the face did not express his idea-or did istic of him that his treatment of Wells should he not say ideal?-of what the Mother of God be more adequate than his treatment of more should be. When out hunting poetry Mr. personal writers, such as Bennett. This insis Hackett should ride with a tight rein and with tence on what I suppose Wells would call "seri his feet well home in the stirrups; otherwise that ous creative thought" comes out amusingly piebald Pegasus which is his own mount may enough in strictures passed upon one whom we one of these days give him a bad fall. should have thought quite sufficiently a reformer, Had not an enterprising advertiser informed G. B. Shaw. Mr. Hackett accuses him of "dis us of the fact that so very many thousand readers porting rather than exercising his gifts.” of the journal for which most of these reviews So it is a theatre-laugh, not a laugh of corrective were written ride in Packards, we might have comedy, that attends every suggestion of love in inferred as much from Mr. Hackett's large- "Misalliance.” A man in love is no more laughable, print style. He writes at high speed for high- really, than a man in a gas-mask. His appearance may be silly, but the question is, what is creating the speed readers. If our eyes are filled with dust appearance? To laugh at the grotesque intensity of and our nostrils with the stench of gasoline, we him is to behave like a child. may anyhow be sure that these things pass below “What is creating the appearance?" is indeed the notice of the ladies and gentlemen who motor the question of a serious thinker and one who by. Some of us pedestrian-minded ones however should soon inherit a rocker of his own. In the are in the end a trifle—shall I say pestered?-by great desert of earnest purpose which is Ameri these minutiæ of the modern life Olympian. can thought, it were well the cap-and-bells should Meanwhile the poor words get twisted all awry be shaken, however tinny the note they gave. It and the sustaining phrase is unrecognizably dis- is on that account the greater pity that a man torted. “To prepare an incident is almost im- of Mr. Hackett's wit and talent should assume possible and to present an incident without pre- the pose and don the robes of the desert sheik, paration is to leave out the dimension that makes especially as neither the manner nor the dress for reflectiveness." Those who do not mind becomes this engagingly human Arab of the this characteristically strained use of a "dimen- streets. Mr. Hackett's bias in favor of ideas rather sion” making for effectiveness will find nothing than ästhetic effects is decidedly to his disad- amiss with Mr. Hackett's style. "Yawp," for vantage as a critic of poetry. Indeed, here I find so rare a word, appears to be a favorite with our his judgments definitely unsatisfactory. Compar- writer. The "yawp barbaric” is all right, but ing the rhythms of Vachel Lindsay to those of so intelligent a man as Mr. Hackett is should be 1918] 63 THE DIAL aware that a yawp, when intelligent, is a very period into certain economic categories, such as dreadful thing. the development of bargaining classes, the mer- But how splendidly, how like the Blue chant capitalist, and early trade unions. Miss Danube, this book rolls on and on; and if turbid Sumner presents an orderly and readable state- and silty and at times sputtering, yet how ob ment of facts about early labor organizations, durately go-ahead it all is! There are plenty of labor policies, and labor politics—brought down good things, too, that glint momently in the to time and localities. Mr. Mittelman gives onward rush. Of H. G. Wells: "The little minute details as to early unions, strikes, labor Cockney bestrides the movement and imagery of politics, and premature national unionism. Mr. the world.” And of George Moore: "He thinks Hoagland has smooth sailing in relating the that the inadequacies of the gentleman can be story of communism, coöperation, the ten hour supplied by the adequacies of the cad." In a movement, and the beginnings of modern union- country where the critics are professors and ism. Mr. Andrews proceeds in logical order where they so often exhibit the fatuous pomposity from local trade unions to local trade assemblies of the nincompoop, it is well there should be and then to national unionism and national labor someone running about, pockets crammed with politics. Mr. Perlman arranges, mainly on the rockets, and letting them off on all possible oc chronological principles, a multitude of things casions and at all conceivable angles. But when from Greenbackism, Kearneyism, and Socialism he pulls off these fifty celebrations all within the to the American Federation of Labor, closing covers of one book, the effect is too much like the intensive narrative approximately at 1898. fifty Glorious Fourths all in one summer. Let The emphasis throughout is mainly on labor him go on illuminating our preposterously solemn conditions, labor philosophies, and labor move- journals, but let him not again gather his myriad ments—to use the language of Mr. Commons. rockets into one fagot and offer them to us for a Of these three aspects, the first is treated with posy. SCOFIELD THAYER. the least system. That is, the authors do not pretend to amass the available statistical ma- terials on wages and prices, or the documents, Labor Recorded narratives, and laws which give us our best in- sight into the actual conditions of labor at the HISTORY OF LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. By several periods covered by the history. They John R. Commons and collaborators. 2 vols. content themselves with an occasional and un- Macmillan; $6. pretentious excursus on hours of labor, wages, In these two large volumes of more than six and economic distress. Their main interest is in hundred pages each, Professor John R. Commons the rise and growth of labor organizations and and six associates have given to the world the in the changing political interests and economical fruits of many years of research. The work is policies of labor. Their chief documentary divided into six unequal parts: "Colonial and sources are the labor newspapers, pamphlets, and Federal Beginnings” (to 1827), by Mr. Saposs; convention proceedings. Their method of treat- "Citizenship" (1827-33), by Miss Sumner ; ment is objective, fair, scholarly. That they have "Trade-Unionism" (1833-9), by Mr. Mittel laid all students of American history and all man; "Humanitarianism" (1840-60), by Mr. economists under a heavy debt will be the ver- Hoagland; “Nationalization” (1860-77), by dict of even the most critical reviewer. Indeed, Mr. Andrews; and “Upheaval and Reorganiza- the work is a monumental installment of that tion” (since 1876), by Mr. Perlman. Professor growing literature which in due time will be Commons contributes an introductory survey set made the basis for the reconstruction of Amer- ting forth the characteristic features of the Amer can history. ican labor movement and justifying in advance Nevertheless many things are left out that the plan of construction under which his col seem to belong properly to a work of this sort. leagues have carried out their several assignments. For example, one looks in vain in Mr. Saposs's The treatment of the several periods, naturally pages on "Colonial Beginnings” for a treatment enough, varies. Mr. Saposs is philosophical, of the nature and sources of labor immigration somewhat after the fashion of Marx, Bücher, into the colonies, the extent and character of in- and the Teutons. He endeavors to place the dentured servitude, the kidnaping and trans- American labor movement at the correct point portation of mechanics, the judicial condemna- in the general evolution of human industry and tion of accused felons to labor in America, the he pours the historical materials of the colonial cruel labor legislation of colonial assemblies, and 64 (July 18 THE DIAL the part of the mechanics in the American revo Certain American Painters lution (see the writings of Becker and Schles- inger). Of course it is easy to criticize an au- WHISTLER. By Theodore Duret. Lippincott; $3.75. thor for what he does not pretend to do, but THE LIFE, ART, AND LETTERS OF GEORGE INNESS. surely any work that bears the title which Pro By George Inness, Jr. Century; $4. fessor Commons has chosen should not omit such The LIFE AND ART OF William MERRITT CHASE. fundamental topics as those just enumerated. By Katherine Metcalf Roof. Scribner; $4. No amount of ingenious Marxian speculation In so far as America has produced works of can make up for such oversight. Moreover it is permanent value in poetry it has been in one of difficult to be content with the meager treatment two extremes, which are best exemplified, on the that is given to the history of labor during the one hand, in the boisterous sublimity of Whit- last quarter of a century. We expect the lazy We expect the lazy man and, on the other, in the exquisite ayolations historian to escape his responsibility for telling of Poe. The former absorbed life with passion- us about our own age by Ainging out a paltry ate impartiality; the latter subtilized it in an phrase to the effect that it is impossible for us to atmosphere of dream. Our prose writers too, know anything about the people whom we have though they never attain the magnificent ampli- seen face to face; but frankly we did not expect tude of a Whitman, show the same tendency that a trained and learned economist would toward an almost violent acceptation of fact; or neglect our own decade and offer as an apparent else, like Henry James, they win their way to justification the plea that the facts of the labor over-exquisite elaboration. There seems to be movement since 1898 "are so recent that they something in the shapeless intensity of our life belong to a discussion of current problems rather that makes it impossible for a sensitive person to than to a record of History" (II, page 521). react to it without losing, in one way or another, Have we not the same documentary materials his sense of values. We either gorge ourselves for this period that were used for the entire his on actuality or turn from the table to seek tory; namely, the labor newspapers, pamphlets, Elysian fare. and convention proceedings? Why are not Mr. What I have said of American literature is to Gompers's activities in the political campaigns of a certain extent true also of American painting, 1908 and 1912 as much a part of the history of though in this field we find a few distinguished labor as Mr. Debs's experience with the injunc- intermediate types, such as George Inness, who tion at Chicago. A few years ago the historians assimilated just that modicum of European cul- were insisting that we could not know any his ture which he could make his own. Far more tory since 1815, that every book pertaining to a exponential of American character however is later age was mere journalism. They have at Winslow Homer, who, as realistic as Courbet, last been utterly routed, and it is therefore espe was even more drastic in his vision and more cially distressing to find economists falling into masterful with his brush. Like Whitman, he the error that we cannot write the history of our was wholly self-developed and always self- own decades because forsooth it is not history at reliant, and sometimes crude in his expression; all. Furthermore there are matters of perspec but he attained a greater selective ability than tive which may properly be raised. Why should the poet, he saw more deeply and interpreted George Henry Evans have ten pages and the more adequately the tragedy in things, and in his relations of the Socialists and labor organizations later works his intrepid attack exposes the ulti- between 1888 and 1896 only six pages? Why mate significance of the object. The merely should the great strike of 1877 receive a fuller skilful painters of the sea-Mr. Waugh, for in- treatment than Socialist policy with regard to the stance-flatter the eye with surface patterns of American Federation of Labor ? foam on crystal greens; but for Homer the foam All of these faults, if they are faults, are how- had just the same subsidiary meaning that it has ever so slight in comparison to the great service for Ocean itself, and his eye sought and his hand rendered by the publication of this history of rendered the tidal volumes of water, the sinewed labor that it would be an ungenerous critic who ponderosity of the sea. would long dwell upon them. To do so would The reaction in the direction of the exquisite be like saying to a miner who has found a rich is most clearly seen in Whistler, in his whim- vein, "Ah, your shaft is not straight and your sicality, his preciosity, his anxiety to be forever engine house needs painting." refined. Into these qualities he injected a goodly CHARLES A. Beard. dosage of American bluff. His celebrated theo- 1918] 65 THE DIAL ries were manufactured to fit his work, to cover Exception must be taken also to the theory of its defects and emphasize its merits. A master criticism underlying Mr. Duret's book, though, decorator, he almost constantly lauded the deco to be sure, the same theory underlies almost all rative features of painting; and because he was so-called criticism of art. He speaks of “a never able to draw with a firm and confident beauty, a charm of color, precious of itself and line, he employed (and of course theorized distinct from the subject”; and again, of "ap- about) a method which allowed him to make plying his color combinations to definite sub. outlines recede or utterly vanish under the beau- *jects.” Like so many other critics, Mr. Duret tiful tones of his palette. finds it pleasantly easy to analyze a picture and In looking at his pictures and in reading the then try to put together the component parts, various biographies of the man, one cannot help instead of reliving the experience of the artist feeling that a deal of his life crept into his work and then giving it creative utterance in the me- to its detriment, that something of the finical dium of criticism. In a work of art nothing is æsthete is apparent in the deliberate arrange- distinct from the subject: color, drawing, com- ments, and that—to use his own words—he failed position, what-not are all, in the finished picture, to "efface the footsteps of work.” His color is indistinguishable from the expression of the usually beautiful; his patterns, always; and some- whole idea; and the artist is not, to quote Mr. times, though rarely, he forgets his affectations Duret again, concerned with "the beauty of and paints simply and satisfyingly, as in the drawing and brushwork apart from the subject "Little Rose of Lyme Regis." But it is probable represented.” that he will come to be remembered chiefly for Another and very different type of American his etchings, lithographs, and pastels. He could is illustrated in the “Life, Art, and Letters of catch, as perhaps no other artist has caught on George Inness,” by his son. In him we see an copper or stone, the breathless beauties of a mo absolutely sincere man, impatient of foibles, ment; and whether his pictures are full of detail striving impetuously, reaching with boundless or suggest large spaces with the slightest means, self-confidence after the highest that his mind they show him always the born engraver sensitive can conceive, and yet conscious, painfully, of the to the limits, as well as to the possibilities, of his limitations of his medium and of himself. "Oh. medium. to paint a picture, a sunset, without paint! To Most of his biographers have been so partisan create without paint!” he exclaims. "When I've that their books have little or no value except for painted one picture that's a true expression, I the lover of anecdotes. The expression of his shall be ready to go.” Fortunately that “one spleen, even when it was mere impertinence, has picture” was painted more than once. seemed to them the very acme of wit; and old It was Inness's distinction that the intensity of truths arrayed in paradox have passed for pro his feeling and his imagination enabled him, at found discoveries. Even his writings, with their his best, to re-create, not a scene only, but a sea- amateurish alliterations and needless emphasis, son in a scene—as, for instance, in his “Indian have been praised as literature. His latest Summer" or, even more notably, in the “Autumn biographer however falls into none of these er Oaks." Before nature he could make only Mr. Duret's "Whistler" is nicely bal- studies; or if he attempted to paint in presence anced, adequate, dignified. Yet, reading it, one of the actual landscape, he would change his pic- feels that the author belongs essentially to an age ture with each fluctuating hour and eventually, that has passed. How strange, for instance, having passed from one motive to another, find does it seem now to hear that with Whistler's for all his labor but an incoherent mass of paint. nocturnes “painting was carried to its last de- Afterwards, however, the sap of the scene would gree of abstraction”! To paint, in the quoted move within him, exfoliate the non-essential, and words of Gustave Geffroy, “the prodigious por- bourgeoning rapidly, bring forth the finished trait of obscurity,” is surely not to make an ab- fruit. The picture then, however powerful the straction; nor is abstraction obtained, as Mr. color, would be tonal, since the various elements Duret suggests, by leaving "the motive undeter had already been fused through memory and mined under a general envelope of atmosphere." imagination. On the contrary, those artists who have come At such times he would care nothing for nearest to rendering the abstract have used clear, method; he would paint directly, glaze, or paint bold, emphatic line. over the glaze in an effort to reproduce exactly rors. 66 (July 18 THE DIAL what he saw in his mind. Unhappily, his sensi cause of its description of such art circles as tiveness was even more acute than his vision; and there were in New York in the seventies and he was therefore seldom satisfied for long with eighties. Rather dull and faded they seem today, what he had accomplished. In a picture which with their self-conscious effort to be Bohemian he had called, but a day before, his masterpiece without ceasing to be respectable. That they he would suddenly find a new inspiration, and were wholly successful at least in the latter half then nothing and no one could prevent him from of their effort the author assures us; and we are painting over it again and again—regardless, by content to take her word that “though some of the way, of whether or not it had already been the artists frequented a saloon, it had a different sold. This passion for perfection frequently led sort of patronage from the present-day New simply to incoherence; and many a noble land York barroom,” and that in those halcyon times scape was spoiled by his restless search for the "the kind of Bohemianism now characteristic of unattainable. certain art circles happily did not exist." His son's criticism of his work is, naturally The influence of Chase on American art has enough, often over-lavish in undiscriminating never been really important, though his influ- praise; and the book is marred by some quite ence on American painting is still to be perceived irrelevant efforts to be humorous at the expense in the academies. The influence of Inness was of contemporary painters, by some inexcusable valuable in helping to free the younger artists typographical errors, and by a verbose introduc from the now notoriously vapid Hudson River tion by Mr. Elliot Daingerfield. Yet taken as school, but is today apparent only in mediocre a whole it is one of the most fascinating biogra- sellers of canvas. The influence of Whistler phies one may read. The numerous anecdotes dwindled rapidly, and not one painter of distinc- are all illuminative of character, and there is tion traces directly to him. On the other hand, such pleasant intimacy in the narration that one the spirit of Winslow Homer is still visible in gets a fuller and more distinct impression of a' our many sturdy realists. Though none of them great artist and a great man than may be ob has approached the tragic austerity and finality tained from any other biography of an American of his marines, many of them see with an painter. equally unflinching eye and paint with a similar Inness, as I have pointed out, was conversant breadth. with European art; and what he took from Con The most significant painting in America, as stable and the Barbizon painters was thoroughly elsewhere, has today passed beyond realism. assimilated and used advantageously. On the What it may attain is perhaps best seen in the other hand, William Merritt Chase, with far later works of Arthur B. Davies. Exquisite, wider knowledge and more natural facility as a but never finical, a dreamer rendering perfectly painter, was able to become only the typical his treasurable dreams, he painted for twenty representative of the academic ideal, a master of years or so, with profound knowledge, in singing mediocrity. The number of influences—Ger- line and modulated color, a personal vision of man, Spanish, French, Japanese, what-not-gave life as it revealed itself in the fairy land of his to his work a certain cosmopolitan appearance imagination. But today he no longer withdraws dearly loved by those Americans who have visited into himself; and if he now departs from actu- foreign galleries, but they could not give to it ality as men see it, he does so not because the the one thing that makes art of real importance forms of his imagining are lovelier than those of in the life of man, the expression of a great per- nature, but because he has seen and abstracted sonality greatly in contact with the world about the meaning of forms and must remain faithful him. Many an American wall is pleasanter for to that meaning rather than to mere outward the average beholder because of a Chase that semblances. In the result we find something hangs upon it; but those who exact of art some- different from idealism, something far higher thing more vital than pretty color prettily ar- than realism: we have sublimation through ranged with facile brush will prefer the bare imaginative understanding. imaginative understanding. Out of so intense spaces of an empty room. an attitude and in such strong adherence to the The "Life and Art of William Merritt truth is the greatest art revealed. Chase," by Miss Roof, is interesting mainly be- BAYARD BOYESEN. 1918] 67 THE DIAL Our Chance and Our Duty gence to be led gently from the lower political truths to the higher, most naïve of all actually THE END OF THE WAR. By Walter E. Weyl. to treat it as a democratic intellectual equal. Macmillan; $2. But it is also refreshing, and it requires a certain THE POLITICAL CONDITIONS OF ALLIED SUCCESS : intriguing audacity. “The End of the War" is A Plea for the Protective Union of the Democra- cies. By Norman Angell. Putnam; $1.50. the most courageous book on politics published in America since the war began, largely, I be- Never has the need for a liberal American in- lieve, because Mr. Weyl completely ignored the ternational policy been greater, and never has a certain section of our public temper been more prevalent temper of public opinion. Mr. Angell, an Englishman, also ignored it in his book. He, hostile to it. Never have sane counsel and mod- eration in the conduct of our foreign relations too, appeals straight over the head of the ranters and howling dervishes to the sober second thought been more imperative, and never in our history of America. His reasons, naturally, are slightly have our organized press and public opinion been so intolerant and credulous and instinctive as to- different. As an Englishman with a desire to day, when of all times we can least afford to let explain the need for his programme of political coördination among all the Allies, it would hardly our emotions rule our judgment. Just how this be tactful and certainly not advantageous to call state of affairs could paradoxically coexist with an executive head like President Wilson, ad- too sharp attention to those very tendencies in mittedly the most liberal of all the statesmen our present political life which are likely to make now controlling the destinies of nations, would his proposals nugatory. He is aware of them not really be a difficult question to answer. no one better—but his task is more specifically Briefly, we have failed to learn from the three one of persuasion than is Mr. Weyl's expository years' war experience either of our Allies or of comment. And he has accomplished it with con- summate skill and genuine eloquence. His wit our enemy. We are going through almost the and lucidity are unequaled. Together, these two same experience of nationalistic myopia-only on books make the most impressive explanation of a somewhat more hysterical level—which the the war's real meaning, and the most provocative other belligerent nations went through the first and the soundest appeal for that kind of political eighteen months of the war, complicated by the common sense which will speedily accomplish our fact that except for Austria and perhaps Russia democratic purposes—in brief, the most indis- we are far less homogeneous than any other of pensable books on the war that American pub- the major nations at war and our morbid fear of domestic disintegration (not at all justified by lishers have yet given us. The force of superla- tives has been largely lost today because of their the facts, of cour urse) leads us to extremes of re- pression. Because we are panicky about sedition abuse; here for once they are merited. These books not only reveal our great chance for a and because our Opposition has heretofore been democratic, international victory in the present on merely factitious political grounds rather than on vital economic and social grounds, minority situation; they point the way unerringly to its achievement. opinion has well-nigh ceased to function. For the quarrel between those who advocate All this is a commonplace of liberal discussion in America today. mere violent military coercion over Germany But it is a comm nmonplace which both the authors of these books have wisely moral advantages as well is, as Mr. Angell and those who advocate the employment of ignored. Mr. Weyl, an American, has ignored has so acutely pointed out, not · a genuinely it because for all his scholarship and brilliance, basic quarrel between opposite points of view. his sure democratic instinct, his ability to expose It arises from the failure to only the salient facts and statistics with a grace a vital, yet easily ignored, distinction—the distinction be- that gives light and air to a really massive intel- lectual structure, he is nevertheless extraordi- tween what is indispensable and what is sufficient. narily naïve in the best sense--naive, that is, in If a man is to lead a happy life, it is indispensable being unflinching before the truth as he sees it, that he should have food and clothes, but it is not without "pragmatic" preoccupations as to hov sufficient. If we are to have a better interna- it can be deflected to immediate ends. For I tional organization than existed in 1914, it is in- suppose it is naïve not to assume a reading pub- dispensable that there should be a defeat of Ger- lic in conceptual swaddling clothes, not to regard many, but it is not sufficient. Victory alone will it as recalcitrant chaos with a few stirs of intelli not bring us what the common man is fighting see 68 (July 18 THE DIAL sense. for; namely, that kind of a world in which wars he not tried all this, seen its futility, and been like the present cannot occur again. It is not forced to declare, as less intelligent statesmen victory so much as the right use of victory after always do, that there is no realistic policy except it is attained that counts. Plenty of wars have that of crushing Germany ?" It is not that been won on the field of battle only to be lost President Wilson's diplomacy is futile, but that at the peace table. Armies, after all, can merely it is not accepted by all the Allies in the same furnish certain opportunities for the exercise of For that acceptance, for that integration policy; if that policy is halting and uncertain, of our war aims into a common political front, military success cannot of itself guarantee us the both authors plead. Certainly no half-truth accomplishment of our purposes. So obvious is could be more dangerous than the statement that this that Mr. Weyl does not hesitate to imply in this unity exists today. That we are all fight- one passage that, provided there is an agreement ing Germany at the same time does not neces- among belligerents on a policy honestly looking sarily mean that we are all fighting her for the towards a new international order, a military same ends. Have we a common policy about victory is of itself irrelevant. For the one kind Russia ? Do we advocate a federated Austria- of “compromise peace" to which democrats can Hungary under international guarantees, or the subscribe is that peace in which there is no com- creation of several new nationalistic and self- promise of principle. And Mr. Weyl says bluntly: "The claim is made that the policy of conscious political units? Do we yet know what reconciliation has failed. But, in truth, it has our plans are about the African colonies ? Are not failed; it has not been tried.” Had the na- we or are we not prepared to tell the German ture of the Austrian peace proposals of 1917 people that if they revolt and overthrow their been more fully revealed when he wrote his book, present government we shall be glad to treat with he very probably would have cited this as an ex- them irrespective of the military situation? Do ample where disunity among the Allies added we or do we not believe in a League of Na- immeasurably to the unity and morale of the tions? If so, is it to be merely a discriminatory enemy. league against Germany, or is Germany to be in- In both the books there is constant emphasis cluded in it? Are we prepared to surrender part on this disunity among the Allies, this lack of a of our national sovereignty and accept decisions common political front, just as there was a lack from an international commission? What shall of a common military front until the pressure of we do about the allocation of foodstuffs and raw the German drive this spring. Mr. Angell cites materials in the coming world shortage? When it with irresistible logic to prove its disintegra we say we believe in a "peace between peoples" tive effect upon our own alliance-painfully evi- instead of a "peace between governments” are dent last year, of course, in the defection of Rus we prepared to follow that statement up in actual sia and the Italian debacle—and its unifying ef- practice and insist that peace shall be discussed, fect upon the enemy. Mr. Weyl cites it rather signed, and concluded by representatives elected in a recapitulation of the four great diplomatic from the people as well as by diplomats? There mistakes of last year: first, our failure to demand is no definite common answer to any of these a common democratic minimum of war aims from questions; both authors stress the danger of the Allies before entering the war on their side; going into the peace conference unprepared to second, the common failure of us all to under answer them. stand the Russian Revolution and thus hold it Mr. Angell puts it this way: faithful to us; third, the lost opportunity to use Assume that we obtain complete military victory the Reichstag resolution of last July as a club over the Teutonic Powers, but that at the time of com- ing to the Peace Table the future foreign policy of over the reactionary elements in Germany; Russia, Japan, America, Italy, Roumania, Bulgaria, fourth, the complete lack of insight concerning Turkey, Greece, is all uncertain—as it is likely to be the moral value to the enemy of refusing to par- --so that the future action of any or all is not clearly predetermined but guided by interests dictated by the ticipate in the Stockholm conference. Time after circumstances of particular international situations time our conventional diplomacy has strength- as they arise. If that is the condition of chaos in in- ternational policies (as it has been for generations); ened the worst elements of the enemy. It is too if there are no general fundamental principles to naïve to ask: “But has President Wilson's un which states and peoples are pledged, and in which they have come really to believe, as they now believe conventional diplomacy done any better? Has in their separate "national destinies”; if their com- 19181 69 THE DIAL mon interest is obscured by secret bargaining and de and courage), will inevitably prove Germany's liberately nursed national rivalries—why, Prussia will realize, as she has realized in the past, that a mili- undoing. If we really want a democratic peace, tary decision in Europe is not a permanent decision, we have nothing to fear. In that sense certainly since the forces that have carried it into effect are Lord Lansdowne was right when he said, “We bound sooner or later to split, to "cancel out their power by internecine conflict, and so once more give are not going to lose this war." But we have got her an opportunity of profiting by the division of her honestly to face the implications of a democratic enemies. peace. We have got to realize that as in do- Mr. Weyl presents a picture of how the same mestic politics the executive cannot legislate of thing may actually come to pass : himself (laws must be passed only where the minority opinion is allowed its expression), so in Though it is not wise to borrow trouble, it would framing the rules of that reign of law which be folly to disregard possible and not wholly improb- able contingencies, which, if they occur, may rob the President Wilson told us on July 4 is our funda- peoples of all direct benefit from their sacrifices. mental object, we cannot permit merely the When we remember how treaties have been made be executives—that is governments (mere tem- fore and when we regard the types of men who are interested in making the same kind of treaty today, porary majorities, and in war time often not it ceases to appear impossible that the stately peace even that)—to frame the rules for any League congress may prove to be a farce. The representa of Nations. The democratically chosen repre- tives of three or four strong nations may meet in secret conference and agree upon the essentials of sentatives of all the peoples at war must have peace while the delegates are noisily discussing unim. their voice in it if it is to endure. Which means, portant questions. At the open sessions we may listen to an interminable wrangling over minor details, such frankly, that we have got to recognize that as whether the Italian boundary shall run two miles nationalism is moribund; that the important to the east or west of a certain point, or a certain rocky isle shall belong to Austria or to Greece. We alignment is not between nations but between may hear inconsequent discussions, frivolous claims, economic and social classes; that the real danger and trivial counterclaims, while the real work of dividing up the world is carried on by unseen gen- is the danger of a peace concluded on solely tlemen in a quiet room, with telephonic connections nationalistic grounds, when it ought to be con- with their capitals. Under such an arrangement the cluded between peoples on internationally demo- Congress would have the speeches and the fireworks while the manipulators would gain the tangible bene- cratic grounds just as at the Congress of Vienna fits. Those familiar with the method in which our the seeds of this war were laid when the peace American presidential nominating conventions were once handled will easily grasp the significance of a there was concluded on dynastic grounds at a like control of the Peace Conference. time when the rising force in Europe was na- This is a discouraging picture, but it is what is tionalistic feeling. Shall history repeat itself? only too likely to come to pass unless we strive It is for America to say. The European nations now to prevent it. For given a real political are exhausted and cynical; they will believe in a unity of purpose among the Allies, a democratic community of peoples when they see it, not be- victory cannot be denied us, whatever may be fore. It is our privilege and our great oppor- the temporary military situation. We hold hos tunity to make that community a reality-our tages of fate over Germany's industrial and com- chance and our duty. We may not do it. The mercial future. She cannot trade, she cannot cynics and skeptics and reactionaries may ulti- grow-literally, she cannot live without us. Mr. mately capture our foreign policy. We too may Weyl is too discouraged at the present weakness fail. We too may ignore the plain challenge of of Russia. If Russia were articulate she might these wisest of books. Yet if we do, we ought Either to realize the grim alternative before us. say, in the words of Joubert, " In the strength of many there is weakness, whereas in my weakness we shall get a more decent system of interna- there is strength; the weakness is in the instru- tional relations than existed in 1914, or we shall ment." Coercion of Russia has historically been witness the collapse of all freedom and tolerable the sure forerunner of defeat. Already Ger- living in Western civilization. Either we shall get many has created for herself in the Ukraine, in some League of Nations and Peoples under Roumania, in Finland, and in the Baltic prov- which we can all live with at least a measure of inces a fund of hatred which, if we do not divert security, or we shall get an era of irresponsible it to ourselves by blundering diplomacy (and it and unscrupulous bureaucracy, tempered only by is in his policy this year towards Russia that anarchy and assassination. President Wilson has shown his greatest wisdom HAROLD STEARNS. 70 (July 18 THE DIAL Narrative Poetry and the Vestigial In fact it would be no very grave exaggera- tion to say that the lyric method as we have it Lyric today is in all fundamental respects of practice the same that we have had since the beginning. Rosas. By John Masefield. Macmillan; $1.50. The conception of what it is that constitutes the ARDOURS AND ENDURANCES. By Robert Nichols. Stokes; $1.25. lyric scope has, if anything, petrified. This is EIDOLA. By Frederic Manning. Dutton; $1.25. particularly true of the nineteenth century, when POSTHUMOUS POEMS. By Algernon Charles Swin- despite a rather remarkable development of lyric burne. Edited by Edmund Gosse and Thomas poetry on its technical side all the way from James Wise. Lane; $1.50. Keats to Swinburne—the conception of the lyric CHAMBER Music. By James Joyce. Cornhill; $1. as a medium for interpretation did not so much MY IRELAND. Francis Carlin. Holt; $1.25. broaden as narrow. Did Swinburne really add Ideas are like germs: their dissemination is anything (not, it is meant, to English poetry- rapid and uncontrollable, and to stamp them out to that of course he did richly add—but to poetic is always difficult, sometimes almost impossible. method) beyond a perfection of rhetorical im- Moreover their vigor is frequently out of all pro- petus, a sensuous timbre' of voice? Did Tenny- portion to their value. Popularity may not neces- son do more than reset the poetic material of the sarily brand an idea as worthless, but there is past to a more skilful, if somewhat too lulling, some reason for regarding such an idea with sus- accompaniment of sound? . . For any pioneer- picion. It is fruitful to examine in this light the ing in the nineteenth century one must turn to long since tacitly accepted or implied idea that Poe, Whitman, Browning, James Thomson narrative poetry has outlived its usefulness and (“B. V."), Meredith; and of these the influ- that the lyric method has properly superseded it. ence has been small, particularly in America, and Since the time of Chaucer and the Elizabethans when felt, felt unintelligently. The popular de- there has been, needless to say, a good deal of mand has been great, as always, for the simplest narrative poetry—one thinks of Keats, Byron, form of subjective lyric, for the I-love-you, I. Shelley, Browning, and Morris—but neverthe- am-happy, l-am-sad, I-am-astonished-at-a-rose less in the long interval between the middle of the seventeenth century and the present it is type of lyric, prettily patterned and naïve with fairly obvious that the focus of popular regard been, and still is, all too lamentably adequate to a sweet sententiousness. And the supply has has shifted steadily away from narrative verse the demand. and towards the lyric. Is mental laziness the cause of this? One is told that it is too much It is to this situation that we largely owe the trouble to read a long poem. It is presumably recent renewal of energy in poetry, signalized in for this reason that Keats, Shelley, Byron, and England by the appearance of Mr. Masefield's Browning are popularly far more widely known and Mr. Gibson's poetic narratives, and by the for their lyrics than for their more important work of the Georgian poets; in America, by the work. As concerns the relative merits of the issuance of “North of Boston,” “Spoon River two forms the argument is not conclusive. Anthology," and the anthologies of the Others The lyric began its career, perhaps, as a lyric and Imagist groups. Two sorts of work are movement, or interlude, in a longer work. Un here represented; the dichotomy is obvious, but der the impression, partly correct, that the lyric the initial impulse, the discontent with a lyric was, after all, the quintessence of the affair, it method which had become practically vestigial, is was then isolated and made to stand alone. Up the same. Messrs. Frost, Gibson, Masefield, and to a certain point its justification was its com- Masters seek renewal in the broad and rich ex- pleteness and perfection as an expression of emo panses of realistic and psychological narrative: tion at a moment of intensity. But as a substi the lyric poets have sought to refine on sensory tute for all that goes to the creation of narrative perception and delicacy of form. The work of poetry its test is severer, for if it is entirely to such poets as Mr. Lascelles Abercrombie and supersede the narrative or dramatic poem it must Miss Amy Lowell falls between and partakes of usurp, and adequately, the functions of that form. the characteristics of both. And in this regard it may pertinently be asked The group of books at present under review whether since the days of the Elizabethans the illustrates admirably this tendency, without how- lyric has developed very far. ever fulfilling very much of its promise. Mr. 1918] 71 THE DIAL be very Masefield's new narrative poem, “Rosas," is a Frederic Manning, is the only one which shows disappointing performance, quite the poorest of any attempt to change the lyric method, and in his narratives. Mr. Masefield has always been his case it is not so much by addition as by re- dubiously skilful at portraiture; and Rosas, a finement. It cannot be said however South American outlaw who becomes a cruel remarkable. The work suggests that of Mr. dictator, seems hardly to have aroused in his Aldington, but is more jejunely precise and very chronicler that minimum of dramatic sympathy much less vivid. . . Mr. Carlin is the latest without which a portrait is lifeless and unreal. addition to the American Celtic school; he writes Is Mr. Masefield on the borderline between with a considerable, though somewhat pattern- manner and mannerism? It is a danger for him ish and time-abraded, charm. . Mr. James to guard against. His rhetorical tricks are here, his tricks of sentiment too—not so overworked Joyce's “Chamber Music” is a small book of as in “The Daffodil Fields” to be sure; but if love-songs singularly unlike his later prose works "Rosas" avoids the downright pathos of the mur- and rather Elizabethan in quality. Neither this der scene in “The Daffodil Fields," it also fails nor Mr. Carlin's book makes any attempt to change the lyric tradition. Nor, of course, does to manifest even fragmentarily the psychological intensity and sensory richness of that poem. The one look for any such thing in the "Posthumous Poems" of Swinburne, which are very much the verse is fluent but colorless; the narrative is epi- sodic, bare, and ill unified. In short, we read fragramentary and neutral sort of affair one ex- pected them to be. Will no one ever have the the poem with very little conviction. Most artists make sometimes the mistake of choosing courage to burn a poet's leftovers? themes unsuited to them, and it looks as if If one finds, therefore, indications of change in "Rosas" were the result of such an error. One the work of Mr. Masefield, Mr. Nichols, and merely records one's gratitude that Mr. Mase- Mr. Manning, one cannot say that in any of field has not yet abandoned narrative poetry. these cases it has yet gone very far. They serve Something of the narrative spirit also infuses chiefly to bring well before us the question whether we are to have a revival of narrative the work of Mr. Robert Nichols, although in the main it purports to be lyric. “Ardours and En- poetry—perhaps more psychological than Mr. durances," indeed, is one of the most remarkable Masefield's—or a new orientation of the lyric. Whether or not narrative poetry doomed to of recent first books of verse-perhaps the most remarkable since “North of Boston.” Mr. decay, we must hope for two sorts of develop- Nichols is young, and one can hardly prophesy ment in the lyric. In one direction we should of him. At present his style is a rather intri- get the sort of thing Mr. Maxwell Bodenheim, guing blend of Miltonic and new-Georgian Mr. John Gould Fletcher, and Mr. Wallace strains. The shorter war poems are vigorous, Stevens tentatively indicate for us, a kind of blunt, and genuine; and the “Faun's Holiday," superficially detached colorism, or what cor- the longest and finest thing in the book, though responds to absolute music; and in the other di- it is studiously and enthusiastically in the vein rection we should get a development of the dra- of "L'Allegro," can quite well stand comparison matic lyric, the lyric presenting an emotion not with it. One can think of no poet in a decade singly but in its matrix, beginning with the sit- or so who has come upon us with so richly pre- uation which gives rise to it and concluding with the situation to which it has led. Indications of pared a sensibility, who takes such a gusto in this method are to be found in the work of sensation, or who writes of it with such brio. At this stage in his development a poet may be Mr. Masters, Mr. Frost, and Mr. Eliot. said hardly to need a theme: anything is an ex- If the lyric is to compete with narrative poetry, cuse for writing, and with enthusiasm. Whether or to supplant it, it must certainly develop in the Mr. Nichols will develop on the intellectual side latter of these two manners. If it is merely to and use his instinct for word-magic and sound- evolve further on its own base—and it is hard magic in the articulation of new tracts of con- to see any excuse for its continuance as a mere sciousness (and that might be considered a defi- bonbon for the lazy-mindedly sentimental-it nition of the true poet) remains to be seen. must choose the former. Of the remaining volumes, "Eidola," by CONRAD AIKEN. 72 (July 18 THE DIAL $1.50. Mr. Bennett Is Disturbed Bennett's most brilliant chapters) to the whir of Zeppelins on a London roof, only so to be The PRETTY LADY. By Arnold Bennett. Doran; casually slain; G. J. Hoape, the middle-aged bachelor, who plays his Bach fugue before break- Arnold Bennett is the last man one would fast in his exquisite rooms and goes out dutifully expect to find corroded with a nervous cynicism. to serve on war committees; the beautiful Con- The inexhaustible master of invention, of the cepcion, who loses her newly married husband imperturbable flow of healthy spirits, should have and who flunks her welfare work in the munition been encased against any fraying of the feelings factory. It is Christine's lover that Mr. Hoape or cosmic doubts. His articles on the war seem becomes—her major but, to his annoyance, not to have been fairly blithe in tone. There was exclusive lover-while Lady Queenie and Con- nothing in them to show that he was gravely dis- cepcion restlessly try to throw silken chains turbed by events, or that he was not still the same around him. Mr. Britling of the Five Towns that he has These people drag through the book the cur- always been, living comfortably on twenty-four rent activities of the smart and important people hours a day, and convincing us by his competent of their class—the myriad interests of "war buoyant style that the heart and nervous system work"-busy, fuming. Yet through this dreary of Britain are still sound. trail is the note of hopeless futility. Mr. Bennett But when he turns to an artistic representa- makes them no less blighted in their serious effort tion of war-time London, something less con than in their play. That bright, smart London scious and determined within him seems to speak society of before the war, so culturally and sexu- and to express a war-weariness which his in- ally aware, so feverishly straining to live, is tellectual censor would have suppressed. A story shown not at all redeemed by the new devotion therefore, which seems at first glance a puzzling to good works, but only all the more surely fray- and casual fragment, comes to appear a revela- ing away into a sort of neurotic ennui. The one tion of a profound attitude towards the present really moving episode is Christine's adventure state of the world. Mr. Bennett's nerves, as well with the drunken soldier. As a military figure as his eyes, are at work, and this picture of he is curiously shadowy. But his inarticulate frayed nerves which he presents comes from a need, his forlornness, which is met so unhesita- deeply disturbed, though perhaps semi-conscious, tingly by Christine's motherly concern, is intense- state of his own soul. ly human. She packs him off from her very The story moves around the persistent figure bed to the front in order to save him from dis- of Christine, "the pretty lady," who has dearned grace. In her warmth, and in his deep super- her profession from her Parisian mother with stition which bestows on her his grateful gift almost religious conscientiousness. Her painful of an amulet, we are back again at rich, old, life in Ostend with a rich American, and her mad healing human values. refugee flight to England, have not dislodged the How conscious Mr. Bennett is of all this I calm direction of her soul. Mr. Bennett dilates do not know. The effect is unmistakable how- almost lovingly on the taste of her London flat, ever. “The Pretty Lady” reads less like a tran- her kimonos, her musical sensitiveness. As the script of reality than like one of those quasi- war goes on, throwing London into a moral chaos, allegories that one writes when powerful but filling the young women of position and official scarcely realized obsessions are dictating one's virtue—such as Lady Queenie—with a wild dark interpretation of intensely emotional experience. force of destruction, Christine, soft-feshed and Doubtless Mr. Bennett does not mean to satirize single-minded, lives straight on below the battle, the significant classes in England at war. But wrapped in her eternal rôle, concerned only with his note becomes that of a searing skepticism. A her flat, her men, her slowly augmenting munici- society emotionally sick, playing with futilities pal bonds. Mr. Bennett's ironic point seems to be this is the world of the Hoapes and Queenies that in a war-shattered world this patient so and Concepcions and their friends as he pictures briety of sensuality is a good, is perhaps the one it. Recurringly he shifts from their jumpy, permanence, the one eternal value left. Against disintegrating souls to Christine's soft placidity, this demi-mondaine, the people of the acceptable to the soldier's drunken superstition and clinging. world loom sinister and detestable: Lady Queenie, They are the notes of life in a region of moldy death. vibrant and perverse, dancing (in one of Mr. RANDOLPH BOURNE. 1918] 73 THE DIAL BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS narratives, but not more than the story of that old woman who piously tends in her own little THE CHICAGO PRODUCE MARKET. Ву garden three graves of German soldiers, praying Edwin Griswold Nourse. Hart, Schaffner that "maybe in Germany there is some one who & Marx Prize Essays, XXV. Houghton will keep the grave of my boy.” In this tale, as Mifflin ; $2.25. in others, the author makes himself a really too This book did not win one of the Hart, Schaff- conventionally uncomprehending and enquiring ner & Marx prizes; it received honorable men- Greek Chorus not to irritate the reader. tion in Class A. Yet no disappointment would have been felt if the volume had been given a THE LYRICAL POEMS OF HUGO VON Hof- higher titular rank, for it is an instance of the MANNSTHAL. Translated from the Ger- success of these prizes in calling forth competent man, with an introduction, by Charles economic studies. Meat and grain, Chicago's Wharton Stork. Yale University Press; most important food businesses, are not dis- $1.25. cussed. Produce means "fresh fruit and vege Those who have long known the work of tables, poultry and eggs, butter and cheese." Hugo von Hofmannsthal, and have admired in The enormous business organization necessary to him the most distinguished poet of the German distribute these foods to Chicago and its sur language writing in this generation, will nat- rounding distribution area, reaching several hun- urally be intrigued by this translation of his lyric dred miles in every direction, is minutely de- poems. Their curiosity, however, as to how scribed, carefully analyzed, and judged with much of the original elixir can be transferred to reference to its social value. “This great system new bottles will perhaps be greater than any hope we should neither ignorantly despise nor blindly of testing in their own tongue, or of sharing with worship,” lectures Professor Nourse; but in spite friends unversed in the German, those delights of an over allowance of such sententious twaddle which have intoxicated them. For this Austrian about how fair-minded he tries to be, he really poet shares with William Butler Yeats a style seems to have a balanced appreciation of the which is so elaborately elusive and in which, as merits and defects of the present marketing sys is of course the case with all unrealistic writers, tem. The best thing about the book is the em the sound is so infinitely more important than the phasis which is given to past attempts and new sense, that to translate his verses is clearly a work plans to improve the Chicago organization. in which scholarship and even real literary ability cannot avail much. More than ever will TALES FROM A FAMISHED LAND. By Ed- the easy sounding word "translation" strike one ward Eyre Hunt. Doubleday, Page; $1.25. as ironic when "re-creation" is so obviously the This little volume of stories is the work of one task set. With some hesitation, therefore, we who was, until our own entrance into the war open this English version by Charles Wharton choked that really gallant enterprise, with Hoover Stork. Turning to perhaps the most striking in Belgium. In the preface we are told that stanza of one of Hofmannsthal's most powerful "these tales are not strictly truth, but they are poems, we read: not fiction. They are both.” Had not Mr. From the weariness of forgotten peoples Hunt definitely stated this, I fancy we should Vainly would I liberate mine eyelids, Or would keep my startled soul at distance anyhow have guessed the fact. For no one who From the silent fall of far-off planets. had not lived in Belgium these heartbreaking and to the closing stanza of another character- times and had not experienced the emotions as istic piece: well as the outward life of that hurdled people What boots it much to have seen the while we roam ?- could so finely have evoked the spirit of his en- And yet he sayeth much, who "Evening" saith. vironment and so obviously have given us the sub A word whence deep and solemn meanings run stance of truth. Nor is the presence of fiction Like heavy honey from the hollow comb. less patent. Such an incident as that narrated Mr. Stork here shows himself to be a poet and in “Figures of the Dance" is far too rounded and not unworthy the high task he has essayed. Of balanced ever to have happened in this topsy course all the verses in this book are not equally turvy world; in “The Saviour of Mont César," well rendered, and to those who know the orig- the conversation of the vellum-faced monk and inal there must often be in these tortured Eng- the word-spitting German lieutenant is too per lish words a ridiculous anticlimax. But Hof- fect a moving-picture scenario to have been mannsthal himself, like Homer, is not without picked up whole even in that time and land. A his bare spots and to even so gifted a translator charming legend of how one Father Guido came we must pardon some failures. to heaven and to complete faith gives us perhaps The volume contains an introduction by Mr. a keener pleasure than do most of the more timely Stork, in which he analyzes Hofmannsthal and 74 [July 18 THE DIAL his work. With a large part of this analysis one The war of 1914 may be the spark which will is not able to agree. For the chief point which kindle the art-hating Kultur of the nineteenth cen- Mr. Stork makes, and which indeed he recurs to tury, but the structure was already doomed. There had come a tide in the affairs of men, and waters again and again, is that Hofmannsthal is essen which had been receding for long centuries had even tially a philosophical poet, indeed primarily a before the war turned and begun to advance. It philosopher. "His interest in a given idea, scene, seems certain that they must continue to rise with or personality is only for the purpose of arriving dividualism, and Philistinism of the nineteenth cen. ever increasing force until the hated materialism, in- at some philosophical conclusion.” Mr. Stork tury are forever washed away by a new art which even goes so far as to deny Hofmannsthal any shall be at once nation-wide and intellectual. emotional intensity whatever. This theory Mr. Porter's tempered radicalism is both re- would make of our poet a mere retailer of what fined and refreshing, but it is too overshadowed Mr. Stork calls "universal truths,” a retailer by the academic elms. He should read Mr. whose talent it is to swathe these nude entities Louis Sullivan's "Kindergarten Chats” if he in the flowered damask of sensuous charm. All would know what radicalism in architectural this strikes one as the exact opposite of the case. criticism is really like. If we find philosophical ideas in Hofmannsthal- as indeed where do we not find them?—we per- The Homely Diary Of A DIPLOMAT IN ceive that he uses them precisely as he does his THE EAST, 1897-1899. By Thomas Skel- dolphins and his Tritons; that is, as tools with ton Harrison. Houghton Mifflin ; $5. which to get an artistic effect. Ideas, as they During the years 1897-9 Colonel Thomas S. always should be in art, are a means, not an end. Harrison, of Philadelphia, occupied the post of If we do not get “the ring of ordinary human United States Consul General and Diplomatic feeling," that is because, as Hofmannsthal him- Agent in the old Khedivial capital of Cairo. A self said to Mr. Stork, he writes for those very diary which he faithfully kept has now been put few whom only the intensely refined can satisfy. into print. It is discursive—as a diary probably has a right to be--and it so abounds in details BEYOND ARCHITECTURE. By A. Kingsley of receptions, dinners, balls, shopping, amateur Porter. Marshall Jones; $2. dramatics, and even donkey-rides, that its title From his preface it appears that Mr. Porter fully merits the adjective "homely.” In a brief regards his book as revolutionary—likely to lose introduction the author shows that he knows for him “even the shred of an orthodox archi something of the vast political and economic prob- tectural reputation.” But however devastating lems of modern Egypt; but throughout the body his radicalism may appear to the effete and aca- of his book he makes no pretense of dealing with demic East, to Western eyes it looks more like these fundamental matters. Such slender value conservatism. Yet Mr. Porter possesses the as the work possesses arises from the sidelights prime requisite for the writing of pointed and thrown upon the cosmopolitan life of the non- inspiriting criticism, conviction. His æsthetic Egyptian residents of the country, and from the creed is firmly held. And it is clear that he has intimate portrayal of the daily existence of an transcended the popular concepts on matters average American diplomatic representative in the æsthetic, although he still clings to his belief in East. One may dip into the book for an hour the efficacy of current art education and in the or two with pleasure, but nobody would want to refining influence of art museums upon the pub read it through; and serious students of Egyptian lic taste. Art education as practiced at present affairs—people who know their Cromer and even has no relation to the creation of beauty; while their Sidney Low-can afford to pass it by. the more art museums multiply, the louder do they proclaim that art is dead. The languid The Field of Philosophy. By Joseph interest of about two per cent of the population Alexander Leighton. R. G. Adams & Co, in these matters is not likely to affect the other It is difficult to be patient with textbooks in ninety-eight per cent. Mr. Porter takes Mr. philosophy, twice difficult when the textbooks are Cram more seriously than Mr. Cram takes him for "beginners," thrice difficult when history and self, for not to call in question the sincerity of “systematic philosophy" are combined in one this high priest of the medieval mode-it is well small book ranging in altitude from "primitive known that his sense of humor can always save thought" to "current issues.” Such a book is him in a crisis. The Bryn Athyn experiment Leighton's compilation of lecture notes, com- was made possible through the whim of a mil posed for classes in the Ohio State University lionaire, and interesting though it is, it con and now issued in print-thirty chapters in four tributes nothing to an architecture of democracy. hundred pages. One can understand how such It is only in the final paragraph of his final chap notes came to be written, honest effort at honest ter that Mr. Porter strikes the note that we instruction. One can appreciate their usefulness should like to have heard earlier and oftener. to the students in the author's classes, as guides 1918] 75 THE DIAL and crams. One may willingly concede that they tion and scope of patriotic attachment are mat- offer suggestions of value to other teachers of ters of education and example; and second, that philosophy—though it would be an uninspired the sentiment of national honor is rather an in- man, in this field, who could adopt another's strument than the cause of militarism, a means method in toto. And yet it requires a saintliness used by statesmen to achieve effective popular to which philosophy is growing unaccustomed to unity in support of wars usually brought on by speak generously of such a book. The fault is ruling cliques suffering from a goitre of greed not Leighton's, or any other author's; it is in the and a passion for mastery. Mr. Perla overlooks nature of their attempt. For of all subjects the omnipresent and omnipotent minority. The (unless poetry be the exception) philosophy suf- book is written with energy and some brilliance, fers most from the dehumanization which text and will repay study by all who believe that the books inflict. The passion of the true lover of peace of the world will always be precarious so philosophy is for living thought, and that means, long as the sentiment of national honor remains and can only mean, the very words of those who, so Aexible and vague. in the past, have sought truth and whose seeking has been their tuition of their disciples; or it Three Plays. By David Pinski. Trans- must mean a present seeking by present philoso- lated by Isaac Goldberg. Huebsch; $1.50. phers whose own puzzle and eagerness shall set Since the days of Reynolds and Cumberland the lesson for their pupils. There is something the Jews have been increasingly the subject of unspeakably dismal—which the profane recog- sentimental treatment in the drama. It has how- nize with ridicule and the initiate with resent- ever remained for our own age to present them ment–in the spectacle of the dessicated members at once sympathetically and realistically-naught of philosophic minds which your textbook pre- extenuating nor aught setting down in malice sents, a bony and rattling jargon, flesh and blood as in “The House Next Door" or the miscel- and breath and life long dissolved away. And laneous revampings from the Potash and Perl- why? Is the method one to make philosophers mutter stories. Now also has come the next step out of “beginners," or to win them to a love of in the development, the presentation of the Jew, philosophy? Can the incantation of forty isms sympathetically and realistically still, it is true, through an examination period give one idea bet but with a grim gloom and a powerfully mor- ter to live by? Who in a lifetime's study can bid psychology that bespeaks a photographic mind comprehend the range of human thinking—and sensitive to catch all the shadows and none of the shall we plumb it into sophomores in a semester? lights—not even the half-lights-of life. Con- Lovers of poetry know that poetry is untrans sider the studies of David Pinski, especially these latable; teachers of philosophy must learn that three dramas. Pinski wants the discrimination philosophy is incompendiable. to interpret his own negatives. He states the question, but he never answers it-even though WHAT IS NATIONAL HONOR? By Leo the answer be implicit in the very question. Perla. Macmillan ; $1.50. “Isaac Sheftel,” the first of the trilogy, stands Mr. Perla argues that the sources of mili out from the other two by reason of its early tarism are psychological rather than economic; composition, although joined to them by oneness that nations do not wage war “out of a finely of theme. It is tyro work, a series of well con- calculated economic heroism, out of intellectual catenated scenes, remarkable for its lack of plot persuasion of the advantages of war” (this view in the Aristotelian sense, for its brutally indi- “has been the Achilles' tendon of all pacifist vidualized characterization, for its blackness of technique"), but because peoples are moved to mood, and for its imaginative strangeness of irrational action by the sentiment of national phrase and technique. But it belongs, like Gals- honor; that this sentiment is so varied and gen worthy's “Justice," with that brood of literary erous in its attachments that almost any inter compositions which deny and abnegate the vir- national difference (Mr. Perla cites twice fifty tue of the human will in its struggle with the seven varieties) may become a casus belli by forces of environment and heredity. Through- being entangled in the national honor ; that since out there is the desire, rather than the will, to do. the roots of the evil lie in the emotions, intel- Never is anything really done.. "The Last lectual remedies through education will not Jew" is the best of the three plays. Its subject- eradicate it; that efforts must rather be directed “not a pogrom tragedy, but the tragedy of a sole to enlarging the scope of patriotic emotions, survivor, the tragedy of a moribund religion, of a through a Court of International Honor which crumbling world philosophy”—is again the pur- shall gradually attract to itself the sentiments of suit of a vision, the world-wide ideal of truth in pugnacious loyalty now directed diversely to thought, belief, and actions. Although an imme- smaller political units. diate historic value appears in the background of The criticism is obvious: first, that the direc the Kishinev massacre, the actual value of the 76 (July 18 THE DIAL us. play to the Jew, and to the Christian who would at once apparent: the drawback lies in the fact understand the Jew, is the struggle of the old and that backgrounds in London are composite. The the new, of the simple unquestioning faith and images of a sixteenth-century tavern, built on an the diverse scientific substitutes of socialism, na old wine cellar which in turn rests on Roman tionalism, and assimilation. Here again Pinski vaults, are, when superimposed, likely to blur. fails. He states his problem, but he cannot solve While this blurring of images would be a fault it. He despairs at the chasm between the old and in a classic, Walter Pater interpretation, it finds new generations. He has no eyes for the intangi- no such place in Mr. Morley's impressionistic ble network of transfused ideals and traditions treatment of a romantic subject. The handling which inevitably bridge the gap .. "The of the Charterhouse and the Roman Wall is Dumb Messiah” has a similar but altered theme novel and calculated to excite to a peculiar de- in its tale of persecution and frustrated ideals of gree the recollections of those who have toured a return to Palestine. For a third time, and with and loved London. The book contains an in- physical torture and insanity as contributing hor- teresting memorial to Mr. Morley, who was a rors, death ends an unfulfilled obsession. nephew of Lord Morley and associated with him To the student of literature and lover of good on the old “Pall Mall Gazette.” It is, at the plays, Pinski offers rare craftsmanship, subtle some time, a short history of the rise of the new characterization, and exotic style. So copious, journalism in London under Morley and Stead. indeed, is his use of intellectual pyrotechnics that he sometimes wearies the brain rather than stimu- RUNAWAY RUSSIA. By Florence MacLeod lates it. Above all, he lacks catharsis. To the Harper. Century; $2. Jew, Pinski presents new and multifarious This book is apparently the little revised diary methods of introspection, gripping statement of of a very brave but wholly undiscriminating racial and national differences, and hypnotic de woman. She arrived in Russia“ during the old lineation of certain aspects of Jewish life. To régime"; she was “there during the inaugura- that part of the world at large which is deeply tion of the new one.” So much the preface tells concerned with Jews or Jewish life, Pinski shows Perhaps the "old régime" refers to the vivid and vital portraits, which have contempo- Czar, perhaps to Kerensky. Incredible as it may raneous significance, even when they are Biblical seem, there is not a word in the entire volume to or historical in inspiration. Yet it is question- show which. Possibly the Czar fell during able here whether the thousands who enjoy Fan the early pages of the book; if so, this was less nie Hurst and Edna Ferber, and who live hap- important than the vicissitudes to which the As- pily, wholesomely, and energetically, will realize toria Hotel, at which the author lodged, was sub- or give more than a passing thought to the birth-jected. Perhaps he had fallen before the book right of the Jewish ghetto and past martyrdom. commences: Mrs. Harper does not consider it In any case, they will know that Pinski merely worth while to let us into the secret. After sev- photographs, that he never lets in a chink of light enty printed pages there is a casual reference to to point the way up and out. "the Provisional Government"; and Kerensky TRAVELS IN LONDON. By Charles Mor- enters the picture for the first time in the four- teenth chapter, though his name manages to stray ley. Dutton ; $2. into print earlier along with more weighty af- "Travels in London” is not of the “Friendly fairs-Mrs. Pankhurst, the price of caviar, the France" or "Raging Russia” type of book. quality of wool, the cost of taxicabbing, Botch- There is in its eight topics no effort to bring out karova, the difficulty of assembling a bridge four- any definite city psychology. It is rather an in some in Petrograd, servant troubles. The book, terpretation of the varied associations which have according to the publishers,“ presents the Rus- gripped the mind of a writer who was also a sian revolution as seen through a woman's eyes." London-lover. In America'we should call Mr. Mrs. Harper seems to have seen everything except Morley a "fan" because, knowing his city to the the revolution. This is a calamity. The author full, he was still a lover and still able to find new exposed herself to the most fearful personal risks; praise for old beauties. He succeeded in adding all that she has to show for it is a mass of trivi- a book to the lengthy bibliography of London alities, gossip, small talk, information of no last- without overlapping the others or repeating him- ing value. Occasionally a bit of worth-while self. This has been accomplished through a matter intrudes—but it intrudes. species of portraiture. All the studies are pic When one has finished the book one has learnt tures of his mental backgrounds associated with the most embarrassingly intimate details about certain localities. These have been well chosen, the author, but very, very little about Russia, including a few of the stock monuments along runaway or otherwise. (One knows, for instance, with others comparatively unknown both to Lon- that Mrs. Harper bathes frequently, even on doner and tourist. The value of such a scheme is trains; that she is fond of cheese, wears washable 1918] THE DIAL 77 silk underwear, smokes cigarettes, dispenses with OUR BIBLE. By Herbert L. Willett. garters, Jand is given to untactful remarks, thus: Christian Century Press; $1.25. "Upon rejoining my Bolshevik friends, I re THE PSALMS AND OTHER SACRED WRIT- marked that it was strange that the dome of the INGS. By Frederick C. Eiselen. Abing- cathedral still remained, because it was covered don Press; $1.75. with beaten gold, and as they had not hesitated The business of branding as "German" that to murder, I did not see why they should hesitate to steal. which one does not like is a favorite sport just Several black looks greeted me. now. While vociferous popular speakers and After that none of them spoke to me. writers of a pronounced conservative type are All this one learns about Florence MacLeod Har- per. But the Czar? Kerensky? Lenine? Trot: frothing at scientific Bible study because it came zky? These are fittingly unimportant figures in from Germany, it is not strange that from theo- logical schools inoculating students with this the ,misty outskirts of her narrative. The book "Hellish Heidelberg Heresy" there should come should never have been called “Runaway Rus- sia”; it should have been called “Runaway Flor- professional efforts to educate an innocent and withal inflammable religious constituency. Both ence.' these books bear announcements that they are ILLUSIONS AND REALITIES OF THE WAR. "non-technical in style, but of scholarly au- thority," and to read them is to verify these state- By Francis Grierson. Lane; $1.25., ments. Professor Willett, of the University of Fragments of haphazard thinking, useless to Chicago, from the added vantage point of over the student but perhaps worth the price to the twenty years' experience as a popular preacher, tired business man who likes Frank Crane, char Chautauqua lecturer, and writer, answers in- acterize this book. The author has traveled telligibly and interestingly the preliminary ques- widely and thought narrowly, never having tions that come to anyone beginning a scientific paused, it seems, to coördinate his impressions. study of the Bible: its emergence out of the re- After the first half-hundred pages the book be- ligious experience of common folks, its growth, comes a procession of platitudes, with contradic- and the influences which gave it its present form. tory opinions marching fraternally abreast, the Problems of translation, revision, textual and whole culminating in a weird piece—"A Moral higher criticism, and kindred themes are handled Revolution in America”-in which, after de- deftly. Page 116 has a succinct statement of the nouncing Prussian subordination of the individual modern attitude toward the scriptures: “These and the destruction of originality by mechanical writings were not supernaturally produced in the methods in American schools, Mr. Grierson beginning, and they have not been preserved to prophesies and welcomes a period of "drastic" us in any miraculous manner. They bear the marks of human workmanship, both in their pro- (the author's petted word) restriction of the in- duction and transmission.' dividual in England and America: saloons, caba- Professor Eiselen has taken upon himself a rets, and Sunday movies will be prohibited; "a much weightier task in his book, which is Volume ban will be placed on banquets that last after ten III in a "Biblical Introduction Series.” This o'clock; • church discipline will go hand volume is a discussion of the origin, subject mat- in hand with patriotic discipline . backed ter, and value of the books called “The Writ- by inexorable law; laws will be framed ings" in the Hebrew Bible: namely, “Psalms, against ... ribald songs and vaudeville acts; “Proverbs,” “Job," "Song of Songs,” “Ruth,” all Sunday games will cease”; agnosticism "Lamentations,” “Ecclesiastes,” “Esther,” “Dan- in professors will be forbidden (verboten has iel," "Ezra Nehemiah," and “Chronicles.” crossed the Atlantic); and at last "we shall pass The first chapter, a study of Hebrew poetry, is laws for the abolishment of big cities" (pages a good survey of results attained in this most 176-181). There is an interesting suggestion search, but it states conclusions more positively difficult and indeterminate of all fields of re- that as newspapers close their columns to truth than most scholars would care to do. The short thinkers will become their own publishers, and the next will be an age of pamphlets resembling chapter on "The Wisdom Literature of the Hebrews” is well done. Other chapters follow, the era of Desmoulins and Mirabeau. Mr. one each to the Biblical Books discussed. The Grierson is convinced that individualism has neu book is thoroughly scientific-painfully so. In tralized the initial benefits of revolution in method it is highly pedantic; indeed, it reads like France, nonconformity in England, and Jeffer a brief of classroom lectures. To anyone wish- sonian democracy in America; and argues that ing a concise, encyclopedic tabulation of critical the plutocratic individualism of England and pros and cons, and conclusions in the study of America, as well as the autocratic militarism of any of these Old Testament books, this volume Prussia, will be defeated in this war. will prove reliable and highly serviceable. . 78 (July 18 THE DIAL NOTES ON NEW FICTION order. In so doing he betrays praiseworthy in- genuity in bringing his story-teller's bag of Of Persian poets and their aphorisms, and of tricks up to the minute, although when all is the viziers and khalifs who sometimes rewarded said and done it is the same mid-Victorian stock them with many pieces of gold and sometimes that has in the past firmly established him in the cut off their heads, does Mr. Lucas narrate with affections of lovers of romance. This present dry gusto. One Ibn Kallikan, of the thirteenth story starts with a foggy night, a foundling, a century, is his source, and to his biographical dic London Bobby and ... it is needless to enu- tionary at whose Englished volumes Mr. Lucas merate further. With such a start it is inevita- "had been sipping, beelike, for some years," he ble that the foundling turn out of incomparable devotes the first half of the present volume, “A beauty, that she enjoy a dazzling career (the Boswell of Baghdad” (Doran; $1.35). He stage of course), and end with wedding-bells and takes his readers with him in these hours of the strawberry leaf in her coronet. Whatever sipping, as it were, even to Ibn Kallikan's charm- the political mode of the day, Mr. Snaith knows ing admission of a misquotation: "I since dis full well that emotions are the same and that covered that these verses are attributed to Ibn their response is the same under a democratic as Musa 'l-Makfuf. God knows best." There are under an autocratic dispensation. Students of the poets who averted wrath or provoked it with social historywill not be convinced that Mr. their wit, one of whom wrote of his tooth, a Snaith has made an illuminating contribution to boon companion, that "whilst we were together the subject, but summer students of fiction will I never saw him; and when he appeared before be satisfied to the full. my eyes, we had parted for ever.' The humor It is rather surprising to find that a writer of of this Persian miscellany is compounded of its bracing fiction has taken to pointing morals, but original wit, the translator's quaint Englishing, that is just what Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch has and Mr. Lucas's own tolerant smile which leads done in his "Foe-Farrell” (Macmillan ; $1.50). him to modern interludes. He has something of Luckily, if you are the sort of person who does the attitude of a collector toward wit. It stands not like morals, you can skip the last page or two, him in good stead in his exploration of Ibn Kal and your impression of the whole novel, breezy likan's vagaries; but when he comes, as in the and thoroughly fascinating as it is, will be unim- later part of the volume, to his own observa- paired by the cloud of conscientiousness. Imagine tions and fancies, the reader feels a little as if two men hating each other heartily. One is the wit had died and Mr. Lucas were conducting a more or less direct cause of the loss of the other's tour among its remains in a museum. He is not He is not experimental results of a lifetime. In revenge- entirely free of the sin of anecdotage and his and it is a much more diabolical one than it smile of tolerance becomes finally a trifle irri seems—the second dogs the footsteps of the first tating. One craves more passionate loves and over land and sea, for thousands of miles, until fiercer hates, untinctured with the entirely fanci they are cast upon a desert island, the sole sur- ful and the entirely literary. The sketch enti vivors of a wrecked ship. Then their identities tled “The Listener," in which he tells of leaning become slowly and dreadfully interchanged. As against a lamp-post and overhearing the con for horror, the novel bears more than a slight versation among the letters in the post-box, is of resemblance to “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," to schoolboy triviality. One is grateful for the which it has been likened, but the development is amusing correspondence entitled “The Putten so much more subtle that the story gives a hams,” in which members of an ancient family curiously different impression of fantastic reality. express various degrees of indignation and tri As a novel of adventure and invention it is a umph at the frankness of a newly published great success. genealogy. Always Mr. Lucas is master of a "Captain Gault," by William Hope Hodgson gracious style, but he does not always trouble to (McBride; $1.35), is a collection of ingenious use it. Sometimes it seems almost as if he wrote adventure tales spiced with the inimitable tang in weariness. That is perhaps due to his having of the sea. In their knowledge of men and written some of these sketches in haste for women they display a kind of whimsical wiz- periodicals. In that case they should have been ardry. Whether dealing with secret societies, excluded from this charming volume, or at least Chinese curio merchants, or pretty millionaire more completely altered than they have been. widows, Gault is a discriminating student of Mr. J. C. Snaith loves his aristocrats, espec human nature. Except that “student" seems en- ially the crabbed old ones, far too well to risk tirely too sedate an epithet for the rollicking sea their unhappiness under the present democratic captain with a penchant for smuggling and the crisis; and in his latest novel "The Time Spirit" dare-devil effrontery which escapes unscathed. (Appleton; $1.50), he comes to their rescue, re A debonair faith in the eternal romance of life arranging their patrician existences to the new and in his own favor with the gods seems to 1918] 79 THE DIAL ness. underlie the genial Captain's tempting of fate. find the money and the letter he has left her. His pay is a "trifle watery" but there are "little Through petty enmity his other letters are in- ways of making ends meet," and these little ways tercepted and Claire goes on alone, bravely the story-teller demonstrates capably. Under struggling to remain true to Dayton's memory the very eyes of the customs officers he defies and to rear her child in innocence. In their watchfulness. His exploits are well known America Dayton meets Dorothy, finds himself and the patrols force him into corners, but he more in love with her than ever, and marries always eludes detection. The net seems all about her in spite of his secret hatred of his unworthi- him, but the wary Captain suddenly turns a Other amours follow. Though Dayton trick and laughs at his pursuers; and the reader always respects his wife, he is not satisfied with laughs with him. It makes good vacation her love and is continually unfaithful. His reading adoration for their little daughter touches “Long Ever Ago,” by Rupert Hughes (Har- Dorothy and she forgives his vice. The war of- per's; $1.40), is a slight but gay book. It con fords the author an opportunity to plunge his sists of several tales of the Irish in America, immoral hero into a baptism of fire for physical briskly told, but with a genuine sympathetic and spiritual regeneration. The reformation touch. The author is familiar with the subtle seems a trifle precipitate, though prepared for in ties of the Celtic temperament, and he does not a measure by the shock of the daughter's death. make the common mistake of harping too persist- On the whole, the novel is not up to the best ently on the humorous string. Nor does he work of Mr. Morris. There is too much ex- overdo those platitudes that are less genuinely planation of motives and emotions, and not Irish than born of the stage—those capricious enough realization of these in suggestive and offsprings of the belief which still lingers that illuminating action. Claire D'Avril seems the your Irishman is only graded by the making of most human of the characters. the “Irish bull.” Mr. Hughes has written a “The Queen's Heart," by J. H. Hildreth pleasant little book of stories, and he knows his (Marshall Jones; $1.50), is described on the material sufficiently well to bring a reminiscent jacket as being "a good old-fashioned romance" smile to his reader-provided, of course, the written twenty-five years ago. Such candor in reader also is familiar with the psychology of announcing the contents of a novel is welcome. transplanted Erin. In the opening chapter a likable hero and heroine, "His Daughter," by Gouverneur Morris in order to escape the ennui prevailing aboard a (Scribner; $1.35), is the account of a young becalmed sailing yacht, decide to row out a mile man's awakening sex-consciousness, of his un or two to examine a derelict. One is quite pre- wholesome sophistication, and his eventual re pared for a proposal aboard the derelict, but not generation. The story is slow in getting under for what follows. A sudden storm sweeps down way and the first half is rather ineffectually oc upon them and carries them out to sea, where the cupied with the banalities of young love. Fred- following day, when they are picked up by a erick Dayton is an athletic college youth with a mysterious vessel, their adventures begin. What frank American personality which proves irre- follows is in the realm of the improbable and sistibly fascinating to women. On his way to melodramatic, but the author leads us Paris to study landscape gardening he meets and gently that the transition from the commonplace falls in love with Dorothy Grandison, a pretty, to the fantastic is rather like ascent in an aero- unspoiled girl of fifteen. He has never been in plane. The reader does not observe that he has love before. He feels that he is taking an un left the terra firma of reality until he is aloft in fair advantage of his sweetheart's youth, but he fantasy, and the exhilaration is such that he then has not the will to break off his attention. How- willingly abandons himself to the adventure. He ever, we are told that with him absence did not is wise to do so, for Mr. Hildreth is a skilful make the heart grow fonder. Quite the con pilot and knows regions of adventure which are trary. Consequently, after Dorothy has left largely unexplored. In the case of this novel the Paris at her mother's insistence, Dayton finds term "old-fashioned romance is the mark of the pangs of separation speedily mitigated by the sterling. charms of Claire D'Avril, the pretty owner of a Those who have a taste for that species of fic- Paris newsstand. He falls in love with Claire, tion, known as "serial," which flourishes in the moves her into his studio, and dreads the time cheaper English newspapers may find “The when he will have to see Dorothy again. With White Rook," by J. B. Harris-Bourland (Knopf; the introduction of this devoted mistress, the $1.35), to their liking. In conception the story story gains momentum and discernment. Day- is ingenious; in execution, slovenly. Mysterious ton is called to America by his mother's impend murders, suicides, and attempted poisonings are ing death. Claire returns to the studio and learns no longer the only ingredients required to make of her lover's hasty departure, but she fails to a good mystery story. on SO 80 (July 18 THE DIAL OR RATHER CASUAL COMMENT of this popular and flabby generalizing about “races” and “bloods" and "hostile groups”- OUR MOVING-PICTURES, OUR such as we have par excellence in a writer like photo-dramas, are the despair of acute foreign Houston Chamberlain-springs from downright observers. The curiously persistent conventions ignorance of the simplest validated truths of an- about human sentiment and human affections, the thropology. For example, it is considered the unreal grimaces, the rigid and artificial pattern shrewd and scholarly thing to say of Russia that of the fable, the conventionalization all these her attempts at a sociological experiment of a . make the immense standardization of our moving- totally new kind in the history of the world are picture industry just that much more menacing. "abortive.” It is considered the correct reading If it were not for its sweep and drive, one would of the theory of evolution, so respectable a theory not be concerned about the effect of moving that no one dare dispute it. It is assumed that pictures. Yet the despair of the foreign observer, nations must pass through successive stages from although explicable, is not entirely justified. If the simple to the complex. “How can Russia, one recalls the photo-dramas of even five years these writers ask, "expect to jump from the ago, one finds the development striking. Of eighteenth century to the twenty-second? Must course it is a development largely in externals; she not pass through the mercantile, the indus- that is, in lighting, skill in arrangement of the trial, the economic development which the more chiaroscuro effects, a more flexible technique, and highly organized and more experienced democra- so on. The costumes have improved immeasur cies of the West have had to undergo? Must not ably; the schemes of interior decoration are less the new grow out of the old ? Would not any absurd; the taste in mere details of decoration is other development be mere caprice in what we less offensive; the feeling for æsthetic possibilities know, scientifically, to be an orderly world?” in out-of-door scenes is pronounced. The answer is that anthropology is largely the history of just this type of caprice. There is SOCIOLOGY WAS FOR A LONG TIME BARREN OF nothing in the facts which it discloses to justify anything except the vaguest of generalizations and any of these questions. Given a fortunate start, the most far-fetched of analogies, until its ex- the lucky instrument of a popular will which is determined that it shall be so, and there is nothing ponents acquired an extensive psychological back- ground. Then it became fruitful and suscepti- in the history of mankind to show that the Rus- sian experiment is foredoomed to failure. On ble to practical application. Books like "Human Nature in Politics” and “The Great Society," the contrary, anthropology would tend to make one optimistic about its chance for success. Ex- as noteworthy and important books of their kind amples of this kind might be multiplied. as we possess, were pioneers precisely for that reason. For the first time the organized body of Especially needed is the corrective of scientific anthropological knowledge to those speculating knowledge brought together by the psychologists about the natural differences between the various was employed to sharpen and clarify current concepts about our community life. races, at war—for here ignorance and unreason Many is the general rule. The Dial hopes that such a myths and phantasies of our thought retreated before this scientific attack. Certain loose theo- type of book may speedily be written. The op- portunity is great, the need imperative. ries became henceforth impossible for the thinker of any intellectual integrity; and if the field of speculation was limited in one sense, in another MARGARET DELAND IN THE JULY ISSUE OF it was broadened, for freedom of initiative and Harper's Magazine" has written an article inventiveness was enhanced within the more which is as remarkable for its structural design rigidly defined limits of the possible. Today it as for its insight and its extraordinary trans- is clear that sociological thinking would be made valuation of the conventional moralistic values even more fruitful by employing the illumina of the war into straightforward human values. tions which anthropology provides in ever in It is noteworthy because it is a beginning: here- creasing abundance. Some scholar with the ade tofore most of our writers have been special quate background and training, together with the pleaders, even without knowing it, earnest and a necessary literary skill, needs to do for anthro- little pathetic in their attempts to acclimatize us pology precisely what Graham Wallas did for to the fact of war. But Miss Deland does not psychology-bring it into the open and put it to assume a naïve audience—just as our other work. Sociology needs imperatively the disci writers, bit by bit, will realize that emotionally pline of anthropological fact. For with the war the war has long since come home to us. This there has come a recrudescence of the vicious will give our men and women of letters a greater kind of sociological speculation which the new margin of real freedom; they will not spend training of sociologists in the psychology of be three-fourths of their time attempting to induce havior had to a certain extent destroyed. Most a mood which already we caa anperceive intui- 1918] 81 THE DIAL an tively. Yet striking as the article is as a symbol who have some political decency left, raised in of the psychological change taking place in all of their turn an equally frantic cry. The majority us to a greater or less extent, it has a special lit Socialists even threatened not to vote the budget. erary significance. What our school rhetorics Third: no sooner was Admiral von Hintze ap- used to call "unity of impression" cannot be at pointed than the Chancellor arose and delivered tained by any method susceptible to definition a long speech in which he said, “I will direct the by formula. Miss Deland, for example, wishes line of foreign policy," and "We have no inten- to convey the impression of bewilderment and tion to keep Belgium in any form whatever." expectancy, the sense of waiting, waiting for But this was a great victory for the moderates, some triumphant happening to justify the present even greater because the reactionaries had terrors of inarticulate fear just below the thresh reason to believe that with Admiral von Hintze old of consciousness, tapping ever stronger at appointed everything was now clear sailing. tha thin shell which divides the outer normality Yet the speech of the Chancellor was circu- from the massive and irrational inner life, and lated in the Allied countries with the passage of the dread that this dumb fear may some day referring to Belgium deliberately omitted. And break its chains and strangle us in despair. To then took place the last act of the political drama. convey this so as to sustain the curious unity of Fourth: the next day the censored passage was impression which she has successfully maintained sent out by wireless official statement. What in her article would hardly be accomplished by happened during that twenty-four hours is now, employing the conventional essay form. It is in the light of the preceding events, fairly obvious. more than probable that she was not fully aware On the conclusion of the Chancellor's speech the of this, although the title of her article, “Beads," reactionaries must have been in a frightful temper. and its sub-title, "War-Time Reflections in As they controlled the General Staff, including Paris,” suggests that Miss Deland knew that the military censorship over the news service, they her work was not the ordinary impressionistic took what revenge they could by so deleting from essay. And the title is particularly happy. the speech that the horrible moderation in the There are beads of many colors on her string, German attitude towards Belgium—“modera- crimson and black and crystal, but the black tion,” needless to say, as they understand the beads predominate-black, the color of fear. word—would not be revealed to the world. Yet Thus she can thread together her own doubts once more their political opponents brought pres- and hopes, mere incidents, the doubts and hopes sure to bear on the Government, and the passage of others. It is a remarkable pattern in its sin- was published. A sort of indirect confirmation of gleness and strength, its inner unity. For the the accuracy of this interpretation was almost cord on which the beads are strung is as fine as immediately afterwards furnished by Arthur silken thread, but a thread which is never broken. Henderson, when, speaking at Northampton on July 13, he declared that "it also seems clear ALTHOUGH OUTWARDLY GERMANY HAS that the German majority Socialists accept vir- exhibited few signs of change, certain events of tually all the principles of the inter-Allied memo- the last few weeks, when placed together in the randum. All of which shows that the political order of their significance, make it fairly clear strife within Germany has reached a stage of fruit- that the so-called German "unity” is today, what ful bitterness. There is a clear division between an ever it may have been in the past, a myth. Per extremist and a moderate policy, and each policy haps the most illuminating series of recent events has its body of powerful followers. If this be was the series culminating in the publication of "unity," then it is of the kind of which the Allies, that part of Chancellor von Hertling's recent with a little shrewd diplomacy, can take tremen- speech which referred to Belgium. Events moved dous advantage. With the stage so obviously set in a singularly contradictory fashion. First: for a battle royal of domestic politics within Ger- Kühlmann stated that a military victory for Ger many, our leaders should do nothing to throw many is impossible. At once the pan-Germanists the prospective combatants into each other's arms. and extremists, the small clique of powerful and In due course, we hope, President Wilson will, stupid brigands that cluster around the German as he so often has done in the past, give exactly General Staff, raised a frantic cry. Second: the type of speech calculated to fan the flames of Kühlmann was forced to resign. This looked German internal strife. Already this internal like a clear victory for those who won't be satis- strife appears to have delayed the renewal of the fied until they get a military dictatorship, and all grand offensive. When that offensive is finally the reactionaries' hats were gleefully thrown in defeated, a remarkable diplomatic opportunity will the air. But what happened when Admiral von probably be presented to us an opportunity to Hintze was appointed in the former Foreign shatter the morale of the enemy. And in the long Minister's place-Hintze, a rascal after their run, as General Smuts has said, the winning of own heart? At once the moderates, and those the war is a question of morale. 82 (July 18 THE DIAL COMMUNICATION The Authors' Clipping Bureau has moved its offices from Boston to Room 538, Munsey Building, MISGUIDED YOUNG LIONS. Washington, D. C. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) The Four Seas Co. announce for fall publication a new volume by Richard Aldington, to be entitled Will you not do me the courtesy and the justice “Love and War.” to inform your readers that I did not “identify," Thomas Capek, author of "Bohemia under Haps- or intend to characterise, Justice Brandeis as a Bolshevik, and that I did not speak of Miss Jane raphy," published by the Revell Co. burg Misrule,” has compiled a “Bohemian Bibliog- Addams as Jane Addams? The explanation that “New York and Other Verses,” by Frederick “Professor Shorey refers to the flag of Bolshevik- Mortimer Clapp, is on the summer list of the Mar- ism” is an inspiration of the reporter, presumably shall Jones Co. the same reporter who asked me if "that Norman The Scribners have postponed until fall the pub- Angell you talked about was the Professor Angell lication of Professor Edgar James Swift's “Psychol- out at your University.” My opinions of Russian ogy and the Day's Work.” literature are the outcome of forty years of uncriti- “Injurious Insects and Useful Birds,” by F. L. cal reading--in translation. If I am ever so rash as to print them I shall be resigned in anticipation sity of Minnesota, is the latest addition to the Washburn, Professor of Entomology in the Univer- to the assaults of your young lions who, for reasons “Lippincott Farm Manuals.” undivinable by me, never miss an opportunity to The McBride summer list includes "Finding the “slate" me. But until, or unless I do print them, Worth While in the Southwest,” by Charles Francis permit me to express my regret that so intelligent Saunders, and a new edition of Edward Frank à journal as, in spite of its deplorable opinions, I Allen's "Guide to the National Parks of America." acknowledge The Dial to be, is willing to take as The Woman's Press announces that “The Young its text a newspaper report of a professor's utter- ances. There is a sufficiency of material in authen- layed in manufacture that the mounting cost of Woman Citizen,” by Mary Austin, has been so de- tic print. And surely you must be aware that; materials has made it necessary to increase the even if correctly reported, a few sentences wrenched price to $1.35. from their context and put into unintended juxta- positions, cannot give a fair impression of a paper Alfred A. Knopf has just published “Pavannes which was merely an uninspired professor's endeavor and Divisions,” a collection of prose pieces by Ezra Pound. Besides contemporary criticisms it includes not to bore beyond endurance an audience of ladies and gentlemen. In my own case the reporting a study of the troubadour and of Provencal condi- tions in the twelfth century. never is correct—not even when, lest worse things Witter Bynner's "Grenstone Poems," which Swin- should befall me, I lend my manuscript to the reporter for a few minutes. Newspapers do not has been adjudged by the Columbia Committee in burne Hale reviewed in The Dial for January 3, send experts to report professors of Greek. I re- charge of the award of the Poetry Society prize to main, with chastened resignation, Very truly yours, be one of the two best books of poetry published PAUL SHOREY. The Doran list for July includes: “From Bapaume The University of Chicago. to Paschendaele," by Philip Gibbs; “The British Campaign in France and Flanders,” Vol. III, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle; “Ten Months in a Ger- NOTES AND NEWS man Raider,” by Captain John Stanley Cameron; The Dial is now established in its New York "Why, Prohibition?" by Charles Stelzle; “The Hive," by Will Levington Comfort; and "High offices, at 152 West Thirteenth Street, to which all communications should hereafter be addressed. As Altars," by John Oxenham. announced in the last number, its custom of pub- P. J. Kenedy & Sons have been authorized by the lishing one issue each in July and August will be Vatican to publish in this country the complete adhered to this summer. The August number will edition of “Codex Juris Canonici," the official text of the New Canon Law of the Catholic Church, and appear on the twentieth. There will be two issues in September—the Fall Educational Number, Sep- announce that it will be issued next month. In tember 5, and the Fall Announcement Number, the autumn they will issue a facsimile of the last September 19. Beginning October 3 publication has been out of print for some time. edition (1913) of the "Missale Romanum,” which will be weekly. For August, Little, Brown & Co. announce: "The Government of the British Empire,” by Ed- The works of James Branch Cabell, who writes upon Francois Villon in this issue, were discussed ward Jenks; “The Cradle of the War,” by H. Charles Wood; “Virtuous Wives," a novel by Owen Johnson; at length by Wilson Follett in The Dial for April 25. and a volume of selections from the works of Admiral The other contributors to this number have pre- Mahan, "Mahan on Naval Warfare," to be edited viously written for The Dial. by Allan Westcott, of the Naval Academy. Two more authors, hitherto hidden behind pseu- This month the John Lane Co. are publishing the donyms, have been revealed by their publishers. “Life and Works of Ozias Humphry, R. A.," by Henry Holt & Co. are issuing a second edition of George C. Williamson, in an edition limited to 400 "Professor Latimer's Progress,” (which originally copies for England and America. appeared in the “Atlantic" as "The Professor's in 1917: 1918] 83 THE DIAL by Norman Angell The Political Conditions of Allied Success A Plea for the Protective Consolidation of Democracies “If we scattered democracies," says the author, "are to use our power effectively against a group of States geographically contigu- ous, and unified militarily and po- litically by the predominant power of one member, we must achieve a unification equally effective." Mr. Angell points out how this unity may be achieved. All Booksellers 12° $1.50 net G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS New York London Progress,”) with Simeon Strunsky's name on the title-page. And the George H. Doran Co. admit that “Ajax," author of “The German Pirate: His Methods and Record,” is Professor W. M. Dixon, of the University of Glasgow. The July publications of D. Appleton & Co. in- clude: “Camps and Trails in China,” by Roy C. and Yvette Borup Andrews; "The Rise of the Spanish American Republics,” by William Spence Robertson; “Fighting France,” by Stephane Lau- zanne, editor of “Le Matin”; “A Reporter at Arma- geddon,” by Will Irwin; a romance by Agnes and Edgerton Castle, “Minniglen”; and “Uncle Abner -Master of Mysteries,” by Melville Davisson Post. The American-Scandinavian Foundation has ap- pointed nine Fellows for special study in American colleges during the academic year 1918-9, four from Norway, three from Denmark, and two from Sweden. Because of war conditions no scholar- ships have this year been awarded Americans for study in Scandinavia. The usual subvention has been granted the publications of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Studies, as well as a number of smaller stipends for study in America. Dr. James Brown Scott, author of "A Survey of International Relations Between the United States and Germany,” which appeared early in the year, has now prepared a companion volume, “President Wilson's Foreign Policy: A Collection of Messages, Addresses, and Letters.” Another companion vol- ume--"The Diplomatic Correspondence. Between the United States and Germany; August 1, 1914 to April 6, 1917"—is in train for early issue. The Oxford University Press publishes all three. E. P. Dutton & Co. announce the American pub- lication of "Industrial Reconstruction," an English symposium conducted and edited by Huntly Carter. The contributors include G. K. Chesterton, Have- lock Ellis, Hilaire Belloc, Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, George Russell, and others. The Duttons also announce for early issue an American sympo- sium, somewhat similar in method, to be called "American Problems in Reconstruction.” The con- tributors will include Irving Fisher, Charles M. Schwab, Frank W. Taussig, Edwin A. Clapp, George W. Perkins, E. R. A. Seligman, and others. The general editor of the latter volume is Elisha M. Friedman, of the Council of National Defense. "Modern Art,” by Charles Marriott, and “The Constitutional and Parliamentary History of Ire- land,” by J. G. Swift McNeil, are among this month's issues by the Frederick A. Stokes Co. Three vol- umes are now ready in their “New Commonwealth Series,” which is devoted to discussions by some of the younger English liberals about problems con- nected with after-the-war reconstruction: “The World of States,” by C. Delisle Burns; “The Church in the Commonwealth,” by Richard Roberts; and “Freedom,” by Gilbert Cannan. Volumes in prepa- ration for this series are: “The State and Industry, by G. H. D. Cole, author of "The World of Labour "The State and Woman," by Maude Royden; "The State and Education,” by Dr. Percy Nunn, of the University of London; "The State and the Child” and “The State and the Criminal,” by W. Clarke Hall, Juvenile Court Magistrate at the Old Street Police Court, London. by Poultney Bigelow GENSERIC King of the Vandals First Prussian Kaiser Author of The author draws a close analogy "Prussian between Genseric an his Vandal Memories," hordes of the fifth century and "The German the masters of Prussianism today. Struggle This ancient chief of militarissmus for who sacked Rome, and with wild Liberty," wantonness plundered, devastated, etc. spread horror, in all countries lin- ing the Mediterranean shores, is compared favorably with the "All Highest” of central Europe today. All Booksellers 12º $1.50 net G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS New York London 84 (July 18 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS PLISHERS TEILEN HH [The following list, containing 118 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.) MECLURO PORTEN BOOKSEL Тco, RATIONERO CI SS- “I visited with a natural rapture the largest bookstore in the world.” See the chapter on Chicago, page 43, “Your United States," by Arnold Bennett It is recognized throughout the country that we earned this reputation because we have on hand at all times a more complete assortment of the books of all publishers than can be found on the shelves of any other bookdealer in the entire United States. It is of interest and im- portance to all bookbuyers to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this maga- zine can be procured from us with the least possible delay. We invite you to visit our store when in Chicago, to avail yourself of the opportunity of looking over the books in which you are most interested, or to call upon us at any time to look after your book wants. THE WAR The Indian Corps in France. By J. W. B. Mere- wether and Sir Frederick Smith. Illustrated, 8vo, 550 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $4. The Fighting Fleets. By Ralph D. Paine. Illus- trated, 8vo, 393 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $2. The U-Boat Hunters. By James B. Connolly. Il- lustrated, 12mo, 263 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50. High Adventure: A Narrative of Air Fighting in France. By James Norman Hall. Illustrated, 12mo, 237 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50. The Red Battle Flyer. By Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen. Translated by T. Ellis Barker. Il- lustrated, 12mo, 222 pages. Robert M. McBride & Co. $1.25. Airfare of Today and of the Future. By Edgar C. Middleton. Illustrated, 12mo, 192 pages. 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Who are all these new poets and novelists who are making a new American literature—Vachel Lind- say - Edgar Lee Masters - Carl Sandburg --- Sherwood Anderson? How is an ordinary reader to know their real value? By reading Francis Hackett's "HORIZONS!" Out of the confused yammer of the Little Men comes the clear voice of this critic, who helps make a new standard for American literature- but who laughs while he is doing it. To many critics, literature is frozen and dead, but to Hackett it is warm with life—it is life itself. B FIFTY ESSAYS IN ALL, "HORIZONS" TOUCHES THE PEAKS OF MODERN LITERATURE. $2 NET. B. W. HUEBSCH PUBLISHER NEW YORK TAKE NOTICE! We will pay a liberal reward for information leading to the dis- covery of Ambrose Bierce who disappeared in 1914 POETRY AND DRAMA The Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse: 1905-17. Edited by William Stanley Braithwaite. 16mo, 324 pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $2. The Masque of Poets. Edited by Edward J. O'Brien. 12mo, 133 pages. 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They came at the first call to arms, taking their places as Americans, falling into step with the Yankee and Celt and Slav and Latin. There is no Scan- dinavian regiment in this war resembling the Fifteenth Wisconsin in the War for the Union, and even if one had existed, the young men from the “Scandinavian states" would not have cared to join it. Our Govern- ment has not encouraged the formation of regiments on lines of nationality; the time for such passed decades ago, and the young men of to-day train and fight as Americans and nothing else. -From the National Service Number The American Scandinavian Review is an American magazine devoted to keeping open the channels of international under- standing between the United States and the friendly Northern neutrals. It is published bi-monthly, with illustrations on fine art paper, and contains articles on Scandinavian art, literature and industrial development, as well as vital topics of the day. A South Jutland Number is now in course of preparation. Published by the AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN FOUNDATION 25 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. Yearly subscription $1.50 Single copies 25 cents GROLIER CRAFT 68 PRESS, INC., N. Y. . ، . (انب a Notice to Reader. When you finish reading this magazi one-cent stamp on this notice, magazine, and it will be placed in th of our soldiers or sailors, destined to overseas. No wrapping-No Address. A. S. BURLESON, Postmaster Ge AUG 23 118 THE DIAL A Fortnightly Journal of CRITICISM AND DISCUSSION OF LITERATURE AND THE ARTS Volume LXV. No. 771. NEW YORK, AUGUST 15, 1918 15 cts. & Co $3 a year IN THIS ISSUE American Influence on Modern French Music By S. FOSTER DAMON Anthropology Put to Work By ROBERT H. LOWIE "The most courageous book on politics published in America since the war began."-THE DIAL. THE END OF THE WAR Walter E. Weyl's New Book (Second Edition with New Preface Now Ready) "An absorbingly interesting book . . . the clearest statement yet presented of a most difficult problem.”—Phila. Ledger. "Mr. Weyl says sobering and important things . . . His plea is strong and clear for America to begin to establish her leadership of the democratic forces of the world . to insure that the settlement of the war is made on lines that will produce international amity everywhere."--N. Y. Times. New Second Edition, $2.00 Other New Books on the Great Reconstruction In the Fourth Year America Among the Nations H. H. POWERS' New Book. “For an understanding of this new crisis that we are facing in 1918, we know of no more useful or more readable book.”—The Outlook. $1.50 H. G. WELLS' New Book. "A study of the way to a concrete realiza- tion of world peace anticipation Replete with vision and modernism, affords a tre- mendous amount of solid food for thought." -Phila. 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Norris Net, $1.50 A vivid PICTURE of American Life An absorbing STORY about American People A scathing CRITICISM of American Methods of Rearing and Educating Children This striking story of Modern American Life is being received with Enthusiasm as these Critical Extracts will show: Boston Transcript:-"A finely significant novel written with a deep understanding of the facts and with a spiritual insight that does not flag even for a moment as it throws light into the dark corners of human nature. It is the province of the novel to awaken us to obscure and seldom acknowledged truths, and that is what Mr. Norris does for us in 'Salt.'” Los Angeles Times:-“It is evident that the same force which made Frank Norris a perma- nent meteor is in Charles Norris. There is more refinement of style in 'Salt than in anything Frank Norris ever wrote, but the novels of the two brothers are much alike in artistic methods and almost identical in spirit. Charles Norris is the more subtle, the more psychological, the more penetrating.” New York Tribune :-"Whether we like it or not, this book is assuredly one that must be very seriously reckoned with amid the important fiction of the day. We must acclaim the author as a master of the novel writer's art and must look with delighted anticipation for further works from his gifted pen.". Boston Post:-“An arresting and truth telling story, helpful in its body blows at hypocrisy and sentimentalism.” New York Nation:-“Whatever one may feel to be the limitations of the central theme and the central figure, there is no escaping the steady pedestrian force of the narrative as a whole, and the often surprising, impressive, and home-felt quality of the portraiture. One has the feeling, Whether these things and people are all true or not, this place is true, this atmosphere, this so- ciety: it is America, it is us !'” St. Louis Globe-Democrat:-"Certainly one of the most remarkable novels of recent months." New York Times:—“Mr. Norris proves in this novel that his kinship to his famous elder brother, Frank Norris, is more than physical. For he shows that he possesses the other's ability to tell a story and to envisage in its scope wide and graphic views of society and vivid character portrayal. As a novel, it is a good story, worth reading by anyone who likes fiction of high grade. But it is much more than that, for the author has seriously and honestly endeavored to make it a criticism of life.'” SALT, or THE EDUCATION OF GRIFFITH ADAMS, went into its SECOND edition within four weeks of publication THE LITTLE GIRL WHO COULDN'T GET OVER IT By ALFRED SCOTT BARRY. Net, $1.50 A tender, beautiful novel, about a wonderful little girl and an old bookseller, touching some things at the very heart of life, and told with a delicate touch that will appeal straight to the emotions of all readers. THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE By VINCENTE BLASCO IBANEZ, author of "The Shadow of the Cathedral" Net, $1.90 Authorized Translation from the Spanish by Charlotte B. Jordan. A superb drama of modern life, leading up to and describing the first stage of the Great War in France. The “Four Horsemen" are Pestilence, War, Famine, and Death, who precede the Great Beast of the Revelations. The work of a great genius stirred to the bot- tom of his soul by the weeks of tension, violence and horror which culminated in the great epic of the Battle of the Marne, and by the splendor of the Spirit of France under the trial. A VILLAGE IN PICARDY By, RUTH GAINES, author of "Treasure Flower," "The Village Shield." Net, $1.50 Introduction by Dr. William Allan Neilson of Smith College. Telling how the solicitude, care, attention and practical measures of the American Red Cross have brought new hope and energy to the de- spairing remnants of what had once been a happy and prosperous village. A true account by a member of the Smith College Unit which will bring home to the hearts of America what the civilian population of France in the war zone are bearing today. FORTHCOMING PUBLICATIONS THE SILENT WATCHERS England's Navy During the Great War: What It Is and What We Owe It. By BENNETT COPPLESTONE. SIMPLE RULES AND PROBLEMS IN NAVIGATION CHARLES H. CUGLE. Net, $3.50 AMERICAN PROBLEMS OF RECONSTRUCTION Their Economic and Financial Aspects. By ELISHA M. FRIEDMAN (Éditor). GIRLS' CLUBS Their Organization and Management. By HELEN J. FERRIS. FAR AWAY AND LONG AGO An Autobiography by W. H. HUDSON. FURTHER INDISCRETIONS By A Woman of No Importance, author of "Mem- ories Discreet and Indiscreet." Net, $5.00 THE FABRIC OF DREAMS By KATHERINE TAYLOR CRAIG. Net, $2.50 LANTERNS IN GETHSEMANE By WILLARD WATTLES. THE GARDEN OF SURVIVAL By ALGERNON BLACKWOOD. Net, $1.25 THE KINGDOM OF A CHILD By ALICE MINNIE HERTS HENINGER. NEW AND OLD By EDITH SICHEL. POSTAGE EXTRA E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY AT ALL BOOKSTORES 681 Fifth Avenue, New York When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. THE DIAL VOLUME LXV No. 771 AUGUST 15, 1918 CONTENTS . . . . . . AMERICAN INFLUENCE ON MODERN FRENCH MUSIC. S. Foster Damon . 93 EMILY DICKINSON. Marsden Hartley 95 ANTHROPOLOGY PUT TO WORK Robert H. Lowie 98 Two POEMS. Alter Brody 100 OUR LONDON LETTER Edward Shanks 101 SYMPATHY Verse Helen Hoyt 102 DEMOCRACY'S PERMANENT TASK Harold Stearns . 103 THE MEANING OF ARCHITECTURE. Claude Bragdon 105 TENDER AND Tough MINDED HIS- TORIANS. Carl Becker . 106 SCANDINAVIAN IMPORTS John G. Holme . 109 WHEN WILL THE WORLD END? Herbert W. Hines · 111 THE GEORGIANS Louis Untermeyer 113 STIMULATING BECAUSE UNTRUE Will Durant 115 SOUTH WIND Scofield Thayer 117 BRIEFS ON New BOOKS 119 Shock at the Front.—Tenting Tonight.—The Method of Henry James.—The Wonders of Instinct.-A Modern Purgatory.-A History of Art.— The Revolu- tion Absolute.—The Unmarried Mother.- Tropical Town, and Other Poems.- A Traveller in War-Time.-Originality.-Feodor Vladimir Larrovitch. Notes On New WAR BOOKS 124 NOTES ON New FICTION 126 CASUAL COMMENT. 128 BRIEFER MENTION . 130 Notes AND News . . 131 LIST OF New Books. 132 O . . . . . . GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN, Editor HAROLD E. STEARNS, Associate Contributing Editors CONRAD AIKEN VAN WYCK BROOKS H. M. KALLEN RANDOLPH BOURNE PADRAIC COLUM CLARENCE BRITTEN ROBERT Dell HENRY B. FULLER SCOFIELD THAYER The DIAL (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published weekly from the first week in October to the last week in June inclusive; monthly in July and August; semi-monthly in September. Yearly subscription $3.00 in advance, in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Foreign subscriptions $3.50 per year. Entered as Second-Class matter at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., August 3, 1918, under the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1918, by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc. Published by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc., Martyn Johnson, President; Willard C. Kitchel, Secretary-Treasurer, at 152 West Thirteenth Street, New York City. 92 (August 15 THE DIAL “They will open their arms, they will caress each other, they will love life and be afraid to disappear." This is a quotation from the pen of Henri Barbusse, the author of "Under Fire.'' It is the keynote of his most powerful novel-"THE INFERNO," just translated by Edward J. O'Brien from the 100th French edition. In “The Inferno" Barbusse pictures the never ceasing war waged between the sexes. Everything that the author permits us to see and understand, is seen through a single point of life- a hole pierced in the wall between two rooms of a gray Paris boarding house. “THE INFERNO" will surely be the most discussed book of the season. AU book stores, $1.50 DREISER WRITES SOME SHORT STORIES Her death was a release-to her husband. For years he had lived with her in apparent happiness, and yet, when she lay dying, and he was torn with regret that one so beautiful and fair should die, that death held out a release. This is the first of the stories in the book “FREE AND OTHER STORIES" by Theodore Dreiser, written in Dreiser's intimate manner. Never the cynic, but always the truth speaker, Mr. Dreiser has given us a number of side lights of life of today in this new book of his, which is the first collection of his short stories ever published. AU book stores, $1.50 HE FORGOT THE WOMAN HE LOVED not because he was a cad, but because something which happened in the Condor Cave changed his whole outlook on life. “THE GILDED MAN" by Clifford Smyth (with a beautifully sympathetic introduction by Richard Le Gallienne) is a summer romance of mystery, adventure and the search for hidden treasure. Gertrude Atherton says “it is the most breathless yarn I have ever read, starting with a bang and ending with a crash." All book stores, $1.50 GEORGE MOORE'S GREATEST BOOK "A STORY TELLER'S HOLIDAY" is a limited edition, on Strathmore paper bound in buckram boards consisting of 1,250 numbered copies, of which 1,200 are for sale. The book is issued for subscribers only by the Society for Irish Folk Lore, for which Society we are acting as agents. This book will not be ob- tainable at any time in any other edition. "A Story Teller's Holiday” is literature in its best sense, combining a fine feeling for phrasing with the keenest humor- Moore's humor in his most Moorish style. $6.75 BONI & LIVERIGHT, Publishers, 107 West 40th Street, New York City The price of the volumes in the Modern Library will be 70c. per copy on and after August 15th. There are now fifty titles in this series and fifteen new titles will be added in the early Fall. When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. THE DIAL A Fortnightly Journal of Criticism and Discussion of Literature and the Arts American Influence on Modern French Music Since all Americans are naïvely vain, this globe as American. This is “rag,' it is as well to see ourselves as others see that rank growth from the richness of our us, if we profit by it. Europe has always soil. No American composer (with the thought strange things of us, especially notable exception of Henry Gilbert) has France. Gilbert Chinard, for example, been able to use it; for we are too near it, has collected into two fascinating volumes too familiar with it, to be able to extract all the "exotisme américain" in French any but the most vulgar effects from it. literature, from Rabelais and Ronsard The Frenchman however has picked from through the eighteenth century. A third out of our weeds a leaf here and there of volume, covering the nineteenth century, a design curious to him, which he has would be still more amusing. formed into patterns of his own invention. Among others, there is a delightfully Of course this has been tried before. scurrilous volume, “Asmodée à New- When in the eighteen-sixties "Ethiopian York,” published anonymously in 1868. Minstrels” invaded Europe with tremen- Scurrilous—but romantic as the travels of dous success, the serious-minded made Maundevylle, for the author obviously attempts to use the Negro idiom in good never crossed the Atlantic. He unrolls a music. Of all these attempts only one fantastic panorama of civic corruptions, piece of music continues to exist- amateur fire-brigades (in New York!), Dvorák's “New World Symphony" revolver-shooting citizens, out-of-door re. (1893). Yet though he caught rhythms ligious meetings where quadrilles alter- and built a couple of melodies so like the nate with sermons. Those who have been real thing that they have since been turned to Europe know what the American duel into Negro songs, his work as a whole is—a drawing of lots, followed by the gives no suggestion of any place on earth suicide of the loser; but who, before or except Bohemia. since Asmodée, has heard of the Ameri It has been the French, then, that alone can suicide? It seems the despairing man have used American idiom recognizably. one evening takes a drink of “alcool,” And of course it was Debussy that first the next night two, the next night three, made the attempt. and so on, until his miserable soul is tor In the "Children's Corner" we find the tured from his ruined body. The author initial experiment. “Gollywog's Cake- neglects to tell us how soon this dénoue- walk” (all the titles are in English) is ment occurs, but he assures us the practice the last of this little set for piano. De- is wide. bussy has taken a single syncopation which With such grotesque material at hand, he uses as the basis for the entire composi- it is not surprising that the United States tion; and here he is wrong, for true “rag”' has added its genre to the modern French changes its meter continually. Debussy's music. But a question intervenes: what effect however is not monotonous—his ear have we done in music that is so char was too sensitive to allow him to commit acteristic? It is true that some critics have any such mistake—and the middle section traced a flavor of MacDowell in Debussy's drops the rhythmic figure for a while. "La Fille aux Cheveux de Lin" and "Les This middle section is noteworthy for its Collines d'Anacapri,” but this is thor delicate burlesque of_the_opening cello oughly unimportant. phrase of “Tristan." The Teutonic super- The answer is that we have a type of lover becomes the grotesque Gollywog sur- music instantly recognized anywhere on prised by new, sacred emotions; but these 94 (August 15 THE DIAL are soon swept aside by the syncopated vaudeville in which one feels "the terrible cakewalk. In the first volume of "Pré- mysteries of China, the sadness of the ludes,” Debussy again tries American nocturnal bar of the little American girl, effects, and again he thinks his result suffi- the astonishing gymnastics of the acro- ciently important to place it last in the bats; it contains all the sorrow of the volume. "Minstrels” he calls it, again boards—the nostalgia of the hand-organ using an English title; and it is really only which will never play Bach fugues.” At this that betrays its meaning. He is giv- least so the preface says. As a matter of ing his impression of a black-face show; fact it is one of the funniest things ever we hear the drum, the sentimental song, written by a serious musician. Haydn's and so on, with a little phrase like a guffaw "Surprise Symphony" has just one slap- punctuating the music, just as the puns of stick - or rather bang-drum moment; the endmen punctuate the performance. “Till Eulenspiegel” keeps you good- But Debussy has written this music with a humored; Carpenter's “Perambulator characteristic bit of daring: he has left Suite” has several smiles in it; but noth- syncopation entirely out of it. “And there- ing has been written which rouses the roars fore no American is likely to realize what of laughter which “Parade" creates. This is going on, unless he appreciates the title. is no small thing. And it must be remem- This is all that Debussy tried, but an bered that the humor is in the very music other composer took up the idiom and did that one laughs even without knowing more with it. This was Eric Satie, of the setting or the choreography. whom there is nowadays quite a cult. Eric The plot is simple. A vaudeville has Satie was among the modern ballet pio- opened in Paris on a Sunday. Three man- neers, but he abandoned that for humorous agers attempt to advertise their show by piano sketches. He is a marvelous mix- exhibiting three numbers: a Chinese pres- ture of the dilettante, mystic, humorist, and tidigitator, acrobats, and an American decadent. He dares the limit, and cares dancer. (The management reserves the not of the public. He cultivates the most right to change the order of the acts; and exotic and the most naïve harmonies. He sure enough, in the actual presentation, the writes chants for the Rosy-Cross and musi- American girl precedes the acrobats!) cal descriptions of the life of fishes. He The crowd think that they are seeing the delights in misquotations : his “Españaña” entire show for nothing; so no one enters. (“Croquis et Agaceries d'un gros Bon. Finally the exhausted managers fall upon homme en bois”) is a strange mess of each other, and the three turns reappear Chabrier, and in in “d'Edriopthalma” to renew the advertising. ("Embryons dessechés”) he cites the The influence of America is felt at the "celebrated mazurka of Schubert,” which very beginning, for the managers appear is in reality a perversion of Chopin's imbedded in huge cubistic frames repre- “Funeral March." Among his titles one senting fragments of skyscrapers. Their finds “Tyrolienne turque, “Apercus actions are therefore limited to smoking désagréables,” “Celle qui parle trop," long clay pipes and continuous bowing. “Les Trois Valses du Précieux dégouté,” So much for American enterprise! and "Trois Morceaux en forme de Poire, I should like to describe all the music avec une Manière de Commencement, une the Chinese effects of cheap incense, long Prolongation du même, et Un En Plus, moustaches, and erected forefingers; the suivi d'une Redite." heavily sentimental waltz of the acrobats, His latest and most successful composi- interrupted by curious extra-harmonic tion was a return to the ballet, called pricklings as .of the skin—but our main “Parade" (or “Vaudeville”), produced interest lies with the little dancer, with for the first time in Paris, May 18, 1917. her exaggerated steps and her very chat- It is a "Ballet réaliste," whose collabo- acteristic music. She is favored with two rators were Pablo Picasso, Léonide Mas- dances: one for her entrance, where a sine, and Jean Cocteau, the poet. "Real. peculiarly imbecile measure is labeled istic" indeed! It is realism which stifles vertueuse," and finally the great "Rag- the nightingale's song beneath the rum time du paquebot." blings of the tramways.” It represents a Satie has composed a typical rag tune, 1918] 95 THE DIAL which is (naturally) an unbelievable con- woefully ignorant, criminally ignorant, of centration of reminiscences. I do not music as an art. We will not take the think he has used a single phrase which trouble to learn it. We care nothing about has not been used dozens of times before its technique. Music is the most compli- him by American composers. To this he cated of the arts (barring architecture), has fitted an independent, yet character- and we are too lazy to find out how it is istic, bass with a vigor all its own. Occa- done. Our schools are ignorant of its sionally these two melodies make strange basic principles. The foreigner begins acquaintance, and often the harmonies be early and writes his daily counterpoint for tween them are curiously twisted. The six years at least before he considers that wrong thing is done at the wrong moment; he has mastered the simplest style; whereas and when it is time to return to the theme, we begin late in life on an imbecile study one seems an impossible distance away. called "Harmony" (whose false rules Yet Satie suddenly lets chords and rhythms have been broken freely by every com- sink, slide, and—there you are, though you poser of the last two centuries and teach can't quite believe it. In short, what Satie a baroque style in which no one ever wrote has done is simply to reproduce the Ameri- or will write). Then we settle lazily into can invention, plus its awkwardness of ex- counterpoint for a year, and follow it the pression, its ignorance of rules and possi- next year with laborious canons and fugues. bilities. The result more than justifies After that — the deluge of mediocrity! him. Eric Satie profits by our mistakes and But, amusing as it is, it is a poor return makes an amusing ballet out of it. to France for what she has given us in This is our contribution to the music music. And Eric Satie-no doubt uncon- of the world. France has been the only sciously—gives us a very correct criticism country to appreciate it. of our musical faults. We are ignorant, S. Foster DAMON. Emily Dickinson It was a When I want poetry in its most de- What must have been the irresistible charm lightful and playful mood I take up the of this girl who gave so charming a por- verses of that remarkable girl of the six- trait of herself to the stranger friend who ties and seventies, Emily Dickinson—she inquired for a photograph: “I have no who was writing her little worthless poetic portrait now, but am small like the wren, nothings (or so she was wont to think of and my hair is bold like the chestnut bur, them) at a time when the now classical and my eyes like the sherry in the glass New England group was flourishing near that the guest leaves !" She had unde- Concord, when Hawthorne was burrowing niable originality of personality, grace, into the soul of things, when Thoreau was and special beauty of mind. refusing to make more pencils and was charm unique in itself, not like any other sounding lake bottoms and holding con- genius then or now, or in the time before verse with all kinds of fish and other water her, having perhaps a little of relation- life, and when Emerson, standing high ship to the crystal clearness of Crashaw- upon his pedestal, was preaching of com like Vaughan and Donne maybe in respect pensations, of friendship, of society, and to their lyrical fervor and moral earnest- of the oversoul. ness, nevertheless appearing to us freshly Emily Dickinson has by no means lost with as separate a spirit in her poetry as her freshness for us; she wears as would she herself was separated from the world an old-fashioned pearl set in gold and dark around her by the amplitude of garden enamels. One feels as if one were sun which was her universe. Emily Dickin- ning in the discal radiance of a bright, son confronts you at once with an instinct vivid, and really new type of poet. For for poetry to be envied by the more ordi- with her cheery impertinence she offsets nary and perhaps more finished poets. the smugness of the time in which she lived. Ordinary she never was; common she 96 (August 15 THE DIAL never could have been. For she was first and birds call her by name, and hear the and last aristocratic in sensibility, rare and clouds exult at her approach. She was untouchable, often vague and mystical, the brightest young sister of fancy, as she sometimes distinctly aloof. Those with a was the gifted young daughter of the fondness for intimacy will find her, like all ancient imagination. recluses, forbidding and difficult. One feels everywhere in her verse and Here was New England at its sharpest, in her letters an unexcelled freshness, a wittiest, most fantastic, most wilful, most brightness of metaphor and of imagery, devout. Saint and imp sported in her, a peculiar gift that could have come only toying with the tricks of the Deity, tak- from this part of our country, this part of ing them now with extreme profundity, the world, this very spot which has bred then tossing them about like irresistible so many intellectual and spiritual entities, toys with an incomparable triviality. She wrapped in the garments of isolation, has traced upon the page with celestial robed with questioning. Her genius is in indelibility that fine line from her soul, this sense essentially local, as much the which is like a fine prismatic light sepa- voice of the spirit of New England as it rating one bright sphere from another, one is possible for one to be. planet from another planet; and the edge If ever wanderer hitched vehicle to the of separation is but faintly perceptible. comet's tail, it was this poetic sprite She has left us this bright folio of her woman; no one ever rode the sky and the "lightning and fragrance in one," scintil- earth as she did in this radiant and sky- lant with star dust as perhaps no other bright mind of hers. She loved all things before her, certainly none in this country. because all things were in one way or an- Who has had her celestial attachedness other bright for her, and of a blinding or must we call it detachedness ?—and her brightness from which she often had to sublime impertinent playfulness, which hide her face. She embroidered all her makes her images dance before one like thoughts with starry intricacies, and gave offspring of the great round sun, as zeal- them the splendor of frosty traceries upon ously she fools with the universes at her the windowpane, and of the raindrop in feet and, with loftiness of spirit and ex the sun, and summered them with the quisite trivialness, with those just beyond fragrancing of the many early and late her eye? flowers of her own fanciful conjuring. Whoever has not read these flippant They are glittering garlands of her clear, renderings, holding always some touch of cool fancies, these poems, fraught in some austerity and gravity of mood, or the still instances, as are certain finely cut stones, more perfect "letters" to her friends, has, with an exceptional mingling of lights I think, missed a new kind of poetic coursing swiftly through them. She was diversion-a new loveliness, evasive, alert, avid of starlight and of sunlight alike, and pronounced in every interval and serious of that light by which all things are modestly so, and at a bound leaping as it illumined with a splendor not their own were like some sky child pranking with the merely, but lent them by shafts from that clouds and the hills and the valleys be- radiant sphere which she leaned from, that neath them. Child she surely was always, high place in her mind. playing in some celestial garden space in To think of this poet is to think of crys- her mind, where every species of tether tal, for she lived in a radianced world was unendurable, where freedom for this of innumerable facets, and the common childish sport was the one thing necessary instances were chariots upon which to ride to her ever young and incessantly caper- wildly over the edges of infinity. She is ing mind. It must be said, then, that alive for us now in those rare fancies of "fascination was her element"; everything hers. You will find in her all that is win- to her was wondrous, sublimely magical, some, strange, fanciful, fantastic, and awsomely inspiring and thrilling. It was irresistible in the Eastern character. She the event of many moons to have some- is first and best in lightsomeness of tem- one she liked say so much as "good morn per, for the Eastern is known as an essen- ing” to her in human tongue; it was the tially tragic genius. She is in modern event of every instant to have the flowers times perhaps the single exponent of the 1918] 97 THE DIAL A quality of true celestial frivolity. She was ing to a speedy oblivion. What a child like dew and the soft summer rain, and, she was, child impertinent, with a heav- the light upon the lips of flowers of which enly rippling in her brain! she loved to sing. Her mind and her These random passages from her writ- spirit were one, soul and sense insepa- ings will show at once the rarity of her rable. She was the little sister of Shelley, tastes and the originality of her phrasing: and the more playful relative of Francis February passed like a kate, and I know March. Thompson. She had about her the imper Here is the light the stranger said was not on sea or ishable quality that hovers about all things land—myself could arrest it, but will not chagrin him. young and strong and beautiful; she con The wind blows gay today, and the jays bark like blue terriers. veyed the sense of beauty ungovernable. What she has of religious and moral ten- Friday I tasted life, it was a vast morsel. circus passed the house-still I feel the red in my mind dencies in nowise disturbs those who love though the drums are out. and appreciate true poetic essences. If I read a book, and it makes my whole body so cold For Emily Dickinson had in her eyes no fire will ever warm me, I know that is poetry. If I feel physically as if the top of my head were taken off, the climbing lances of the sun; she had I know that is poetry. Is there no other way? in her heart love and pity for the immeas- None but a Yankee mind could con- urable, innumerable, pitiful, and pitiable things. She was a quenchless mother in phrases as are found here. They are like coct such humors and fascinatingly pert her gift for solace. Like all aristocrats, the chatterings of the interrupted squirrel she hated mediocrity; and like all first-rate in the tree-bole. There is so much of high jewels, she had no rift to hide. She was not a maker of poetry; she was a thinker gossip in these poetic turns of hers that of poetry. She was not a conjuror of throughout her books one finds a multi- words so much as a magician in sensibility. tude of playful tricks for the pleased mind She had only to see and feel and hear to to run with. She was an intoxicated being, be in touch with all things with a name drunken with the little tipsy joys of the or with things that must be forever name- simplest form, shaped as they were to less. If she loved people, she loved them elude always her evasive imagination into for what they were; if she despised them, thinking that nothing she could think or feel but was extraordinary and remark- she despised them for what they did, or for lack of power to feel they could not do. able. "Your letter gave no drunkenness because I tasted rum before—Domingo Silence under a tree was a far more talka- tive experience with her than converse comes but once," she wrote to Colonel with one or a thousand dull minds. Her Higginson, a pretty conceit surely to offer a loved friend. throng was the air, and her wings were the multitude of flying movements in her These passages will give the unfamiliar brain. She had only to think and she was reader a taste of the sparkle of the poet's amid numberless minarets and golden hurrying fancy. She will always delight domes; she had only to think and the those who love her type of elfish, evasive mountain cleft its shadow in her heart. genius. And those who care for the vivid Emily Dickinson is in no sense toil for and living element in words will find her, the mind unaccustomed to the labors of to say the least, among the masters in her reading: she is too fanciful and delicious feeling for their strange shapes and for ever to make heavy the head; she sets you the fresh significances contained in them. A born thinker of poetry, and in a great to laughter and draws a smile across your face for pity and lets you loose again amid measure a gifted writer of it, refreshing the measureless pleasing little humanities. many a heavy moment made dull with the I shall always want to read Emily Dickin- weightiness of books or of burdensome son, for she points her finger at all tire- thinking, this poet-sprite sets scurrying all some scholasticism, and takes a chance weariness of the brain; and they shall have with the universe about her and the first an hour of sheer delight who invite poetic poetry it offers at every hand, within the converse with Emily Dickinson. She will eye's easy glancing. She has made poetry repay with funds of rich celestial coin from memorable as a pastime for the mind, and her rare and precious fancyings. sent the heavier ministerial tendencies fly- MARSDEN HARTLEY. 98 (August 15 THE DIAL Anthropology Put to Work Recent developments are bound to to tion roused skepticism in quarters where accentuate the demand for practical utili- the study of mind was still linked with zation of science. This trend is not only Aristotelian logic. Today we find trained natural under the present circumstances psychologists with captains' and majors' but derives not a little support from both commissions testing applicants for special philosophy and history. While our prag- army and navy service; pedagogical enig- matists are vindicating that "instru- mas are illuminated by inquiries into indi- mental” theory of knowledge which vidual variability; and that apparently subordinates it to some definite end, his most trivial of pursuits, the study of torians have shown that the progress of dreams, has become a powerful weapon science is intimately bound up with tech. in the hands of the psycho-analytic prac- nology. But this point of view must not titioner. degenerate into a crude Gradgrind policy, Has anthropology likewise reached a lest it defeat its own ends. It is no longer stage where its conclusions may exert a admissible to decree that this or that potent influence on life? The answer is department of thought merely caters to the an emphatic affirmative. The intensive gratification of idle curiosity. Time and preoccupation with such esoteric hobbies time again researches begun through as cranial dimensions and basketry weaves, purely intellectual yearnings have yielded with quaint social usages and quainter re- an ample return in social service. Gen- ligious cults, is not without its wider bear- erally speaking, the greatest results are ings. Thinking particularly of those sur- achieved when a sense for practical neces- vivals from savagery which hinder prog- sities is coupled with a grasp of theoreti ress and which anthropology marks out It was thus that Helm- for removal, Tylor spoke of it as "a re- holtz, at once physician and physicist, former's science." It is that and more. came to invent the ophthalmoscope. It is the universal prophylactic against So far as the older sciences are con loose thinking on practical problems that cerned our Gradgrinds have surrendered. are ever with us; it precludes views that The ultimate constitution of matter and are intellectually unsound and socially per- the theory of relativity are not matters to nicious but which the untutored mind arouse their enthusiasm any more than the almost automatically embraces because of philological exegesis of an Homeric text. their meretricious reasonableness. As But they know that physics and chemistry Graham Wallas has outlined the results have revolutionized methods of produc- of modern psychology that affect political tion and transportation; and they are will- thought, so it remains for some adventur- ing to connive at the speculative dross that ous anthropologist to provide a corre- is somehow transmuted into the pure gold sponding vade mecum of knowledge alike of aniline dyes, increased corn crops, and for the statesman and the man in the touring sedans. The newer branches of street. knowledge however are still suspect, for For a moment's reflection shows that their uses are not so clear. As highbrow there is really no escape from anthropol- festoonings of academic bowers they may ogy in the world of affairs. Every impor- be tolerated, as one endures the piano- tant issue, no matter what may be its other playing or other parlor accomplishments aspects, has also an anthropological phase. of an adolescent daughter; but any con Consciously or unconsciously, therefore, nection with the vital affairs of life does the citizen is bound to assume an anthro- not even loom as a possibility. pological point of view. He may argue Yet the development of psychology is that private property is a necessity of instructive from this point of view. When human nature—thereby postulating his Professor Cattell less than fifteen years omniscience as to the history of that insti- ago ventured a guess that people would tution among the various groups of man- come to consult the psychologist as they kind. He may decree that woman is or- are now consulting physicians, his predic. ganically incapable of performing certain 1918] 99 THE DIAL tasks, or with the extreme feminists that thropologists. Doubtless certain condi- her recent status is but a lapse from tions are favorable to certain sequels and primeval glory; and in either case he is, there may be a limited degree of parallel knowingly or unwittingly, attempting to evolution in different areas. But, broadly summarize a body of anthropological data. speaking, the supposed laws break down Again, he is confronted with the Negro lamentably. Even in so relatively simple problem, and in arriving at a definite atti a phenomenon as the domestication of tude he is obliged to operate with the animals we find diversity rather than anthropological concepts of racial inferi- agreement. Thus, it would seem to the ority or equality. mind undebauched by ethnological learn- Thus there is literally no escape from ing that the domestication of cattle must anthropology. Hume's words, though in- lead automatically to the milking of cows; tended to vindicate the value of psychol- yet the Chinese and other East Asiatics ogy, may be quoted verbatim on behalf of have not taken to dairying in thousands the sister science: "There is no question of years of intimacy with the bovine of importance whose decision is not com- species. species. On the other hand, it is a com- prised in the science of man; and there is monplace of anthropology that wholly none which can be decided with any cer- unexpected effects suddenly appear as a tainty before we become acquainted with result of contact with other peoples. No that science, The only problem that group develops in splendid isolation from looms ominously on the horizon is this: others; all peoples derive the bulk of their Shall the decisions reached on questions cultural possessions from alien sources. affecting human welfare be the dictates of There was no possible way for the ancient chance, of the rule-of-thumb anthropology, Scandinavians to progress unaided from of the herd-ignorant as to facts, anti- the stone to the bronze age, for the tin quated in point of view, shot through with prerequisite for the alloy was lacking in traditional prejudice or thoughtless senti- their country; yet through contact with mentalism? Or shall it be the science of populations free from this limitation they today, reared by the labors of dozens of were started on the highroad to a loftier trained and unbiased workers on the ashes civilization. of that folk-anthropology which bears to To return to Russia. It is of course modern knowledge the relation which possible that certain conditions exist that ancient astrology bears to astronomy, or hinder the establishment of a stable re- medieval midwifery to obstetrics ? To ask public there. But to regard a preceding the question is to answer it. era of industrialism as indispensable is to Manifestly this is not the place to exalt the discarded theory of an earlier develop, even in outline, the science of generation into an immutable dogma. To applied anthropology, but an example or the statesman who has kept in touch with two may not be out of place. Among the anthropological thought, that source of doubting Thomases who have watched the confusion at least will be spared. overthrow of the Czar the query has been Of greater importance still is the rela- broached whether the Russians could pos- tion of race, language, and culture; for sibly establish a modern democracy with- without a correct comprehension of these out previously passing through a stage of basic concepts many practical questions industrialism in consonance with the course cannot be sanely envisaged. To take a of Western European history. This prob- single illustration from current war liter- lem reflects implicitly a definite view of ature. We are frequently assured that the human civilization, the so-called unilinear character now displayed by the Germans theory which assumes that mankind must has been distinctively theirs from the be- everywhere conform to the same laws of ginning of history, that it represents evolution, every step being necessary at accordingly an organic trait. Now this a certain stage of development. Now this view involves a series of anthropological view, which through Lewis H. Morgan postulates, some of which are demon- and his popularizers has attained an un- strably ridiculous. In the first place, the precedented vogue in lay circles, has been assumption is made that the Germans rep- long discredited among professional an resent a single stock; yet this is not even 100 [August 15 THE DIAL GHETTO TWILIGHT true of the Prussians. Any large random older privately endowed institutions. It assemblage of Germans—that is, natives may be in no small measure a glimpse of of the artificial political unit known as the such wider practical bearings as I have German Empire-reveals the fairly long- suggested that has led to the rise of our headed, blue-eyed, flaxen-haired giant from largest anthropological school under the Oldenburg jostling the round-pated, mid- leadership of Professor A. L. Kroeber of dle-sized or short burgher from Baden the University of California. With still with his jet-black hair and tawny com more assurance we can attribute the recent plexion. The two represent quite distinct founding of a chair of anthropology at the Caucasian subraces, the Nordic and the University of Washington to a growing Alpine. If human types differing in phys- confidence in the prophylactic usefulness ical traits also differ in their mental and of the science of Man. Ex occidente lux! moral manifestations, then we cannot ROBERT H. Lowie. speak of the organic deficiencies of Ger- mans, but only of the Nordic or the Alpine Germans. Two Poems Here, however, we are confronted with a significant fact. The Nordic German is indistinguishable from the North Euro- pean type as found, say, in Scotland and An infinite weariness comes into the faces of the Sweden. Hence whatever iniquities are old tenements organically the property of North Ger- Tall and thoughtfully silent, As they stand massed together on the block, mans must be shared by Britons and Scan- In the enveloping twilight. dinavians. On the other hand, the Alpine Pensively, German is racially identical with the Swiss They eye each other across the street and a vast portion of the French, Italian, Through their dim windows- and Slavic peoples. Hence those traits With a sad recognizing stare, which the Alpine German displays not be- Watching the red glow fading in the distance, cause of training but through his con- At the end of the street, genital make-up must appear in equal Behind the black church spires; measure among his congeners of French, Watching the vague sky lowering overhead, Italian, and Slavic speech or national Purple with clouds of colored smoke affiliation. The conclusion is obvious. We Watching the tired faces coming home from From the extinguished sunset; are not dealing with organic differences work- at all, but with differences of tradition and Like dry-breasted hags training. The practical consequences of Welcoming their children to their withered arms. this conclusion are enormous. For if moral iniquity were an ineradicable trait of Ger- NOCTURNE man nature, we could not stop short of As we walked there by the park-wall Shaw's jocular counsel to extirpate Ger- The moon went with us all the way, man women as the seed-bed of such infamy. Shining from behind the trees But if the undesirable traits are the results Big and round and yellow- of nurture, then a change of traditions and Like a Chinese lantern cultural atmosphere suffices. Thus a knowl- Dangling from the dark sky edge of the most elementary anthropologi- By some invisible thread; cal facts clarifies at once the international As we walked there by the park-wall situation and serves as a preventive against The moon followed us all the way, the insane statecraft of the hysterical ob- Big-faced and piteous, scurantist. Snared behind the impenetrable network of the It is possibly no mere accident that trees; anthropological courses have taken firm As we stopped there in the doorway root in our Western state universities. In The moon watched us all the time, these much maligned centers of citricul. Yellow-faced and envious, tural research and pomological experimen- Like a jealous lover tation there is often a larger vision as to Peering through the lattice of the trees. essential educational activities than in the ALTER BRODY. 1918] 101 THE DIAL Our London Letter ent from that which it presents now. A few dignified late Georgian houses were built when How unpleasant it would be to think of sit the Napoleonic Wars raised the price of corn ting down to compose a "London Letter” in and enriched the farmers; but that is all. mid-July-if I were actually in London. But We came in, I say, late in the afternoon. at the moment of writing I am a hundred miles Nobody stirred in the street. A large dusty away and can settle to the business with com dog slept in the middle of the road. The inn parative calmness of mind and in relative fresh- signs—there is one inn per hundred inhabi- ness of air. But the air is not too fresh. There tants—hung quite motionless; and there was has been no rain here to speak of for weeks; a sky of brilliant blue and white, over the and today there is only just enough, at long golden houses, such as I have never seen ex- intervals, to shake one's faith in the brilliant cept in the Cotswolds. When we swore that sun that appears in between—just enough, I here some day we should live, we were only may say, to make it seem the better part to making a resolution that members of the liter- settle down to this letter instead of sauntering ary community carry into effect every day in to the top of Dover's Hill, there dreamily to great numbers. I doubt if we ever really shall. survey the surrounding country or to-sleep. The choice defines itself with disagreeable clear- For I am in Gloucestershire now, though to ness when one comes close to it-either live in morrow I shall be in London and there shall the country and regret London or live in Lon- finish and post this letter, which will be suffi- don and sigh for the country. It is better, per- cient excuse, I hope, for dating it from the city haps, not to realize the ideal. After all, the of my abomination. The fact may perhaps seem houses and the hills and the lanes are always irrelevant to the matter I have in hand. I wrote here when one wants them; but friends forget it down, indeed, for the sheer joy of writing it; one, and one grows out of one's occupations, and but now that it is written I can see a certain these things cannot be replaced. relevance in it. For some such country town Yet everywhere writers are forsaking the as this occupies a space, perhaps a disproportion- town and settling in the country. Fleet Street ate space, in the universe of fearly every Lon- flings out an ever widening circle of her dis- doner who occupies himself with the dusty busi- gusted children, with Mr. Belloc at Horsham ness of polite letters. Here I came by accident in Sussex, Mr. Chesterton at Beaconsfield in two years ago, choosing the place at random on Buckingham, Mr. Wells at Dunmow in Essex, the map as a good jumping-off point for walk and innumerable colonies of poets, painters, and ing a couple of hundred miles down to the sea; what not in the South Downs and the Surrey and here I had an experience which, I think, is Downs, in Berkshire and Gloucestershire and not uncommon but which I shall proceed to Hampshire. It all began with the cult of the relate. Knapsack and the Broken Boot, which sprang The road from the station was long, bare from Borrow, which Stevenson made literary, and dusty, and mostly up-hill. We came into and which Mr. Belloc elevated to the level of the town late in the afternoon. There is only a dogma. Just as once the literary man had to one street, very wide, lying in a gentle curve be urbane and to enjoy the smell of the pave- from north to south. All the houses are built ment, so now he must like tramping and want of Cotswold stone, which is of a grayish color to carry his pajamas and toothbrush romantically in winter, but in summer, when all the damp in a little bag slung over his shoulders. And is sweated out of it, glows golden-yellow in the one by one these sophisticated vagrants have sun. They have steeply roofs and high gables, found the ideal spot and have settled there. covered with slats of the same stone. The gables It both indicates and induces a feeling for are characteristic. One architect here liked his nature which is very different from that of the so much that he refused to spoil them by run Romantics. They, with the occasional excep- ning a gutter round them and ran it direct tion of Wordsworth, had a predilection for through the rooms instead. (In that house, Chasms, Precipices, Caverns, Waterfalls, and rumor says, they take turns with the bath-water, Forests. We like a country that has been sub- passing it on by the gutter when it is done jected to man; we like woods, fields, hedges, with ) Most of the houses were built haystacks, and villages at convenient distances before the Civil Wars, some of them consider- apart. After all, I think, the countryside of ably carlier. The street cannot have presented England is the most characteristic English thing in the seventeenth century an aspect very differ- there is; and it is fast disappearing. But litera- 102 (August 15 THE DIAL ture is after it and is describing it as it has to be done in matters, which however, it may never been described before. It is destined to be argued, the Tredegar Coöperative Society survive after all and to make another tradition, was not prepared to listen to. But Dr. Bridges which no doubt will in time grow to be arti- might some day, somewhere go deeper than the ficial and divorced from reality. But at the dictum that the mind is full of concepts and moment it is a real and potent and on the whole that free and spontaneous movement of these is a very healthful influence. genius and produces poetry. He might have This rather lengthy digression is excusable- been more exhaustive on the origin of the pleas- apart from its own enormous intrinsic value ure we take in meters than he showed himself -on the ground that literature in London has in saying that the ear is delighted by delicately been very quiet recently. We are really begin- managed deviations from a fixed standard. But ning to feel the pinch for paper. It began by It began by the advance of psychology renders it more than snuffing out the aspirants altogether and next ever possible to apply the scientific method to hampered recent comers to the profession. Now the elucidation of the nature of poetry, and it is squeezing the famous, and Heaven knows indeed of all the arts. I do not mean that there where it will stop. A publisher offered a new is not something in poetic inspiration which is novel, by Sir Hall Caine or Miss Marie Corelli, probably forever beyond the grasp of the mere of the length which these writers usually favor, intellect. But I do believe that we include in would probably have to produce it at a loss. I this Unknowable many things which are capable cannot say that I should feel very much for him. of being known; and I do believe that careful A publisher told me the other day that a book which sold before the war at five shillings ought taken by somebody of imaginative sympathy, investigation of the inexplicable element, under- to cost twenty-five shillings now. I rather sus- would give us a clearer notion of it. Would pect that he was multiplying his own and every- body else's profit-except, probably, the author's that a new William James should arise! Mean- royalties—as well as the cost of production; but while Dr. Bridges is understood to be prepar- anyway if costs have gone up to such an extent, ing for publication the poems of his friend the a publisher who, can carry on without ruin on late Father Gerard Hopkins, and this is an a paltry increase of twenty per cent. or so must announcement that may be received with pleas- have been doing very well before the war. ure. These poems have been long the secret de- Meanwhile the only literary event of light of a very few and have sometimes been importance has been the publication of an used as a mere name to overawe the uninitiated. address by the Poet Laureate, entitled “The They combine, I believe, a strange but genuine Necessity of Poetry” (Clarendon Press; 2s). It poetic exuberance and exaltation with very was delivered to the Tredegar and District strange prosodical theory and practice. Soon we shall know all about them. Coöperative Society; and Dr. Bridges suggests that he felt that in lecturing on poetry, a thing EDWARD SHANKS. he much dislikes, he was "doing his bit." He is, London, July 15, 1918. of course, besides being Poet Laureate, a most distinguished poet with many lovely creations to his credit; and what is more than these things, Sympathy he is a poet whom the younger generation is willing to revere and to accept, in some meas- ure, as a master. For this reason considerable They who discern not, interest attaches to any pronouncement from him Who shall inform them Or make them perceive on the subject of poetry. I must own however What their eyes are beholding? that I found his lecture somewhat arid and Can they be glad with your joy uninteresting. He was obviously afraid of Or pulse with your heart-beats? boring his audience and unwilling to palm off You point the face in the cloud on them empty generalizations which he would And they who look after have known for worthless and of which he Shall laugh at your beholding would have been ashamed. He therefore com- And your pleasure be ashamed. promised by speaking of difficult matters but Give not the gold of your joy handling them so gingerly as not to extract any Into hands that tarnish. profit from them. And so much still remains HELEN HOYT. 1918] 103 THE DIAL Democracy's Permanent Task edge off popular discontent by offering spiritual consolation for the discomforts of this world; DEMOCRACY AFTER THE WAR. By J. A. Hobson. it is the law, in so far as the law attempts to Macmillan; $2. make legal precedent a protection for the rights This book by the dean of English liberals and of improperty (as Hobson terms unearned incre- economists is the very distillation of wisdom. It ment); it is protectionism and imperialism, in so exposes with sureness and clarity the complex of far as they attempt to promote national rivalries forces and motives which present a solid front and economic jealousies leading invariably to to democracy, the vicious circle of reaction. Mr. war; it is secret diplomacy, in so far as secret Hobson calls the first half of his book, in which diplomacy attempts to use the whole force of a this task is so persuasively accomplished, "The nation in the dark; it is the press, in so far as Enemies of Democracy.” If his volume were to the press attempts to keep the popular mind fluid end there—so sane and concrete and humanistic and irresponsible so that public opinion cannot is his picture of the formidable bloc of illiberal formulate a definite course of action in terms of power, which in its heart hates democracy and general welfare. Not only do these forces at- all its works—the reader might be pardoned for tempt to preserve the economic status quo; they giving way to despair for the future. The cita- actually do, to a large extent, succeed. And del of privilege and prestige looks well-nigh militarism is their child, as it is their protector. impregnable. Yet in the second half of the book, Yet it would be the worst of folly to concentrate "The Defence of Democracy," Mr. Hobson does upon merely the economic side of the reactionary point the way to permanent victory—the only alliance. alliance. For the intensity of the reactionary possible and therefore, being possible, the only de drive comes from a much more irrational and sirable way, I am convinced. It is not the plea instinctive background than any cold calculation of a particularist reformer; it is not any specious of self-interest. This is the conventional fallacy panacea evolved from the emotional distress oc of the socialists. Mr. Hobson is far from saying casioned by the war. It is the counsel, springing that the socialists are wrong in their essential from expert knowledge and broad sympathy, for analysis; on the contrary, he says they are basic- a general method of approach, an irrefutable ar ally right. But a good diagnostician is not neces- gument for organized and conscious democratic sarily a good doctor. And the common man does will and purpose. It does not ignore the hard not like to be called "materialistic," as he invari- facts; it admits the grave dangers of possible ably is when he concentrates his criticism on the defeat. There is none of that kind of fatuous typical forms of economic injustice. So it comes optimism which assumes that democracy will about that by skilful exploitation of the instincts necessarily come into its own if we merely wait of vanity, prestige, of the desire for nobility or for the hands of the clock to move round far distinction—describe it hostilely or favorably, as enough. “Facts are what they are, and the you will—the very criticism (economic) which consequences of them will be what they will be. is most relevant to the existing situation is viti- Why, then, should we wish to deceive ourselves ?” ated at its source. Critics of the present order asked Bishop Butler. And it is this hard- will not get very far so long as they fail to headedness and objectivity, coupled with genuine recognize the human and psychological aura of concern for a more decent life for the great bulk feelings, vanities, and desires in which every hard of exploited human beings, which gives to Mr. economic fact is wrapped. That is why Mr. Hobson's book its immediate importance and last Hobson believes there is more to be gained tacti- ing value. cally by an "appeal to reason," skilfully engi- What is this vicious circle of reaction, this neered, to the dominant class than by shrill thing to be attacked, against which democracy vituperation. . This, not because the vituperation must struggle for its very life? It is an unholy is not deserved, but merely on account of strategy, alliance (and often an unconscious alliance) be a strategy which those most in sympathy with tween various forces, expressing its tendencies as democracy far too often betray by their impul- these are sometimes stabilized in certain concrete siveness. institutions. It is the bureaucratic state, in so How then shall democracy be victorious in its far as the state attempts to resist the encroach- struggle against the vast array of forces bent on ments of popular attacks on vested interests; it its undoing? Certainly not by abandoning the is the church, in so far as the church, with state, as syndicalists sometimes suggest in their whatever good intentions, attempts to take the despair at the ineffectiveness of political action. 104 (August 15 THE DIAL After all, the state, like the poor, we have always tion" of labor, scientific management, better with us, and after the war it will be more rather organization, and so on. For it can be statisti- than less necessary to employ its instrumentalities. cally shown that even the pre-war income of an Industrial, financial, commercial, and economic entire nation-without the excessive expenditures laissez-faire doctrines are an expensive luxury on armaments involved in belligerency—would which the impoverished world after the war will not, were it equally distributed, suffice for a full not be able to afford. The wastes of political life for each person in the democracy. In Great control of industry and production are still enor- Britain, for example, it would be a mere $680 mous—and will continue to be until there is a year for an average family of four. Everyone something like professional and scientific manage- of course now realizes that productivity in peace essentials has been seriously impaired by the war, ment. But the wastes of the old type of business and that the need for increased production will competition are disastrous. So the question of whether or not the state shall continue to direct be necessarily greater when hostilities finally end. the main economic and industrial activities is For some time, too, large armaments are likely largely academic. The only question is who shall to be a regular feature of every nation's economic control the state. The ultimate hope must then life. There can be no question that increased be that democracy capture the state as a whole productivity is a necessity. Yet the suspicion of For, as Mr. Hobson says, the only cure for the labor before the demand for it is understandable. capitalistic state is not to abandon it, but to make When, in the past, has labor been assured that it completely democratic. the products of increased production would be Now to capture the state as a whole, democracy equitably distributed? Again, the only way to needs primarily to unite to emerge from the allay that suspicion is for democracy to capture the state. ineffective particularism of special reforms into a general democratic unity. Like Austria, reac- For the complementary problem of consump- tionism has preserved its power by observing the tion or distribution of wealth is largely a question old rule of divide and conquer. One needs only of taxation, wage fixing, expenditure on public to follow the trail of any specific reform to see works, and so on-all problems which will be how it leads back invariably to the need of a solved or muddled through according as political general victory, rather than of a series of minor action is wise or foolish, according, for a specific victories, for democracy. Every advance is indis- example, as the incidence of taxation falls pri- solubly, if subtly, bound up with the success of marily upon all the different types of improperty. an advance as a whole. It must be a major and And once more democracy is forced to the general offensive against privilege and prestige difficult necessity for capturing the state as a rather than a succession of minor and tactical whole. attacks. Foreign policy cannot be democratized Yet capturing the state, as the experience of unless the state is democratized; but the state this war has too painfully shown, means much cannot be democratized until labor and industry more than merely capturing a parliamentary or are democratized; neither can labor and industry (as in our own case) Congressional majority be effectively changed until general education is through the effective exercise of the adult fran- made liberal, and education will be stultified as chise. For modern legislation is merely a kind long as the press is left to the exploiters of pas of blank check to be filled in by administrative sion and unreason. And so at whatever point we bureaus. Our own Interstate Commerce Com- confront the reactionary circle we find that for mission, for instance, exercises a function which democracy to win it must become united and might not unjustly be described as legislative, must attack not single things but the entire whole with an appeal against its legislation to the simultaneously. reviewing body of Congress—this has been its More specifically, the two chief types of prob- inevitable and unconscious development. There- lems which will confront democracy after the war fore if democracy is to capture the state as a will group around the two complementary eco whole, it needs to develop those trained technicians nomic phenomena of production and distribution and experts who can combine scientific knowledge or consumption. Now concerning production with broad democratic sympathies. This in its Mr. Hobson frankly warns labor that it must turn demands the broadening of education, the once and for all abandon its terror of in reform of the press, the organization in unity of creased production in so far as that increase is attack all along the line, the necessity for which not the result of added direct toil but of "dilu Mr. Hobson so unassailably reveals in his book. 1918] 105 THE DIAL Will democracy 'succeed in its permanent task? The Meaning of Architecture Here are the possibilities which make for a negative answer: THE MEANING OF ARCHITECTURE. By Irving K. Pond. Marshall Jones; $2. The forces of reaction will be more closely consoli- dated than before, more conscious of their community A book with such a title, published at a time of interest and of the part which they respectively can when architecture as an art is moribund, arouses play in the maintenance of "social order." They will only the expectation of the usual dish of intellec- have had recent and striking testimony to the submis- sive and uncritical character of the people, and of tual prunes—canned opinions on Classic and their own ability to impose their arbitrary will upon Gothic of the kind that are dished up by writers the conduct of affairs in which the popular temper was and lecturers on ästhetics. The more so, since supposed to be most sensitive. They will have at their disposal a large number of new legal instruments of the name of the author, Irving K. Pond, is an un- coercion and the habits of obeying them derived from familiar one to the mere reader of books. But several years of use. The popular mind will have Mr. Pond is a "prune-hater," a man of powerful been saturated with sentiments and ideas favorable to and original mind and indomitable will. After a constructive policy of national defence, Imperialism, Protectionism, and bureaucratic Socialism making for many years of striving with the recalcitrant ma- a close State under class control with the empty forms terials with which architects are forced to deal, of representative government. All the educative and and after long brooding over the problems they suggestive institutions, Church, schools and universi- are required to solve, he has given us in this book ties, Press, places of amusement, will be poisoned with the final distillation of a lifetime of thought and false patriotism and class domination masquerading as national unity. endeavor embodied in one of those generic root- That is the black side of the picture. On the ideas, so vital that, in the exaggerated language other side these forces are making for a new of Oriental proverbial philosophy, “if you were world: to tell this to a dry stick, branches would grow and leaves sprout from it.” This unpretentious A powerful fund of genuine democratic feeling will little volume disposes of whole libraries of archi- be liberated with the peace. The temper of the peoples, released from the tension of war, will be tectural comment and criticism. irritable and suspicious, and this irritability and sus The central and controlling idea of Mr. Pond's picion, copiously fed by stories of governmental book is that architecture should always and every- incompetence and capitalistic greed in the conduct of where express the action and interplay of those the war, and sharpened by personal sacrifices and privations, will be dangerous for governments. The powerful invisible physical forces which deter- contrast between the liberties for which they were mine form and structure. From an engineering fighting and the new restraints to which they are standpoint no building is inert in the large sense ; subjected will be disconcerting and instructive. Every trade and every locality will have its special difficulties there is always compression and tension—a sub- and grievances. Economic and financial troubles will mission to, or a striving against, some manner of everywhere break up the artificial national unity of war-time, and the grave political cleavages that must pull, thrust, or strain. Conceived of in this way, display themselves when the issues of taxation, per every building is, as it were, à theater for the manent conscription, State ownership of industries, play of concealed forces, a drama which only the imperial federation, and international relations open out, will, by breaking the old moulds of party, set technically trained mind can fully grasp and archi- free large volumes of political energy for new experi- tectural art fully render. Just as it is the part of ments in political and economic reconstruction. Many the dramatist to present and make intelligible of the old taboos of class prestige, sex distinction, sanctity of property, and settled modes of living and and articulate that subsurface warfare of temper- of thinking, will be broken for large sections of the ament and character which is the very texture of population. The returning armies will carry back social life, so it is the architect's business to dram- into their homes and industries powerful reactions against militarism and will not be disposed to take atize to the eye of the beholder the effort of the lying down the attempt of the reactionists to incorpo- building to become a roofed enclosure, to triumph rate it as a fixed institution in the State. In every country of Europe popular discontent will be seething by reconcilement and adjustment over those natu- and suspicions against rulers gathering. In other ral forces which both maintain and threaten it. words, all the factors of violent or pacific revolution Without such dramatization by the architect, in will exist in conscious activity. The raw material and the form of external expression and symboliza- energy for a great democratic movement will be at hand, provided that thought, organization, and direc tion, the building would be voiceless to the be- tion can make them effective. holder and therefore without interest-a work of Here is the real issue and the permanent con engineering merely—just as without the poet, Bict. The cleavage has never been stated more novelist, dramatist, the comedie humaine would soundly or more succinctly. not make the same imaginative appeal. HAROLD STEARNS. Stated thus briefly and baldly, there perhaps 106 (August 15 THE DIAL appears to be nothing new in this idea. It em- Tender and Tough Minded bodies a not unfamiliar truth, however little hon- Historians ored by use or by observance. But in the hands of Mr. Pond this truth takes on new meanings, FRANCE, ENGLAND AND EUROPEAN DEMOCRACY: enforces itself upon our acceptance in novel and 1215-1915. A Historical Survey of the Principles surprising ways. His detailed analysis of the op Underlying the Entente Cordiale. By Charles eration of those natural forces which determine Cestre. Translated by Leslie M. Turner. Put- nam; $2.50. form and structure, his correlation of them with AMERICA AMONG THE Powers. By H. H. Powers. the forces operative in human life, and his por Macmillan; $1.50. trayal of the amazing and beautiful manner in M. Cestre's book reminds me of a saying of which they find symbolic expression in the great Pascal: “Time composes old quarrels, because buildings of the past constitute the major excel one changes. Neither the offender nor the of- lence of his book. The suggestions it contains as fended is any longer himself. It is like a people to new ways in which the same thing may be whom we have irritated and whom we meet again accomplished now, are of more debatable value. after two generations; we are still French, but But the development and presentation of an hy not the same.” not the same.” The English and the French pothesis so reasonable, illuminating, and suggest- have irritated each other often enough. For two ive is itself an achievement of the highest type. centuries and a half the rivalry of these two In no spirit of disparagement it must be said peoples was so constant that it could be taken as that in his literary and pictorial presentation the a postulate of European diplomacy. Yet within author has done somewhat less than justice to his a short generation they have composed their quar- theme. To the informed and educated reader the rels; and now that Englishmen are freely giving book is clear, and if he be sufficiently imaginative their lives to defend Paris it is not strange if they and open-minded, convincing; but for lay uses, should appear, in the eyes of the French, "still in certain parts and passages it perhaps presup English but not the same." It is in this new poses too great a familiarity with the technical light that M. Cestre writes of England. language used by architects and engineers. Mr. M. Cestre is too much of a Frenc