hman not to
Pond's personal applications of his theory, though endeavor to see things as in themselves they really
always interesting, are sometimes not wholly con are; and if his book is essentially an apology for
vincing, and they are made less so by the purely England, it is by no means an apology inspired
linear method of rendering employed. Photo by blind admiration. He is not unaware of the
graphs of executed work would have been better, "realism" of English policy, of the interested char-
and they would have made clear a fact of which acter of English diplomacy, of the less defensible
the book fails to inform the reader, that Mr. episodes in English history. But this, he thinks,
Pond is an architect of structures full of individu is not the time to stress these things—"not the
ality and imagination which are at the same time place to insist upon the shortcomings of the Eng-
logical and practical.
lish conscience.” This is the time to insist upon
It is only when one comes to the matter of the the excellent side of English character and upon
creation of new ornamental motifs that there is a the notable achievements of England in the cause
distinct consciousness of failure on the part of Mr. of human progress. M. Cestre might, in fact,
Pond—not a failure of theory, but of its applica- have appropriately entitled his book “What Eng-
tion. The ability to create original ornament is land Has Done for Liberty.” He accordingly
perhaps the rarest in the whole range of art, and portrays the English as Frenchmen have rarely
it is plain that Mr. Pond possesses it not, just as portrayed them: he portrays them as they might
in presence of one of Mr. Louis Sullivan's build- wish to see themselves, in terms of their better
ings it is plain that he carries it in his waistcoat selves and their higher aspirations; and he inter-
pocket. This only means that the fairy god- prets their history as shaped, almost in spite of
mother who has the bestowal of this gift was ab- themselves, by these transcendent forces to noble
sent from the cradle of the one and present at that ends.
of the other: it does not in the least invalidate the There is, indeed, a certain Hegelian flavor in
principles enunciated by Mr. Pond. Meanwhile M. Cestre's fundamental thesis that the history
this volume is one of the most original, penetrat of England and the history of France are the con-
ing, constructive books on architecture yet written crete manifestations of the two vital principles of
by an American.
liberty and equality. It is true that the English
CLAUDE BRAGDON. (practical realists, but never surrendering to a


1918]
107
THE DIAL
crass materialism) have always attended to their ing?" He knows well that his tender-minded
own interests and have never waged war without readers will often wish to interject the "ought to
first calculating the profit to be obtained by it; be” into the argument, and he has accordingly
but the result of attending to their own interests provided himself with a rough and effective
has been to make England, without any such answer to all such amiable considerations: “That
idealistic purpose on her part, the mother of lib is not the point,” he will say, the point being al-
erty and the defender of small nations—the de ways to find out simply what is the fact and to
fender of small nations, for the most part, against make the most of it. And how can you make the
France, since France has, formerly, been con most of facts if you do not look them in the face?
cerned less with liberty than with equality, moved With many people, looking the facts in the face
less by realistic aims than by devotion to certain means no more than that the disagreeable aspect
abstract and universal principles. So often in of things is what chiefly strikes them. Mr. Pow-
conflict in the past, these two peoples have never ers is not to be dismissed by any such easy formula
theless derived benefit each from the other; the as this far from it-but the number of disagree-
result of which is that in recent years England able facts which he begs us to look at courage-
has moved in the direction of equality, and has ously is, at all events, extraordinary; so much so
taken on something of the spirit of French ideal that one wonders whether he is not sometimes
ism, while France has learned the value of the given to turning the facts around in order to find
practical realistic spirit of England, and has be out whether they have not a concealed disagree-
come devoted to liberty as the English under able side to look at. It is nevertheless a very
stand it.
right attitude the desire to see things as in them-
These, apart from all the concrete accidents of selves they really are—more particularly perhaps
history, are the substantial influences that have at the present time, when we are in danger of see-
brought France and England to stand together ing ourselves somewhat too much in a "light that
in this crucial world war. Not
never was on sea or land.” It is Mr. Powers's
exempt from wrong-doing in the past they
part to dispel the mists that create illusion; and
have learned the lessons of experience and have sub his book “America Among the Nations” is a use-
mitted to the guidance of their better selves. Today ful effort in that direction, a kind of bracing north
they have foresworn ambition and conquest: they are
striving to uphold certain lasting principles, born of
wind that falls not badly on the humid lower
groping endeavor, fostered silently through the ages, air of present-day emotionalism.
and matured in the light of their genius. English Lib Mr. Powers would have us understand that
erty and French Equality constitute the base of all na-
tional greatness in the present and of all international
America is now, and must be for all time to
progress in the future.
come, among the nations; but chiefly he would
The alliance between the two countries, since have us understand that, being there, she had
they stand for the “same ideals,” is no temporary
best look out, and watch her step, and calculate
affair.
her chances, and be prepared for the worst, and
The friendship of England and France is indissoluble.
not be duped-at all hazards not be duped by
The alliance will endure through the recipro temporary friendships and amenities. The days of
cal moderation of the two nations, through their trust-
our comfortable isolation are over; for the world
fulness, their veneration of right, and through their
love of peace.
The two great nations are jour-
has grown something too small, and every people
neying henceforward hand in hand, united by a last wants, necessarily and rightly, its place in the
ing friendship destined to be surest guarantee of the
The thing of prime importance, there-
peace of the world.
fore, is to be aware of this fact and of what it im-
One can at least hope that it may indeed be so.
plies. What it chiefly implies is that at any time,
Mr. Powers, I should guess, is not much sus-
by even slight shifts of circumstances, any or all
tained by such hopes. Mr. Powers looks at things
nations may find in us their proper prey. “We
in a quite different light from M. Cestre. He is shall never be . alive to our real danger
not willing to overlook, even temporarily, what
until we can believe that a nation-almost any
M. Cestre calls the "shortcomings of the English nation—when tempted by a great opportunity or
conscience," nor for that matter the shortcomings driven by a great need, will despoil its neighbor.”
of anybody's conscience, least of all the shortcom-
On January 1, 1870, Ruskin noted, as an evil
ings of the American conscience. Mr. Powers sign, that
is one of those who pride themselves on “looking
we English
are in much bodily fear; that is
facts in the face.” He has the air of saying: to say, afraid of the Russians; afraid of the Prus-
"Come, now, look at this object; it isn't pretty,
sians; afraid of the Americans; afraid of the Hin-
doos; afraid of the Chinese; afraid of the Japanese;
I admit, but there it is; what's the use of blink-
afraid of the New Zealanders; and afraid of the Caf-
sun.


108
[August 15
THE DIAL
fres: and very rightly so, being conscious that our What determines destiny is a complex of im-
only real desire respecting any of these nations has
personal forces, of which the individual is a part,
been to get as much out of them as we could.
but of which he is not the master. It is this com-
Mr. Powers would hardly think this an evil sign; plex of impersonal forces that drives nations
for he counsels us to put fear in our hearts, the
into war.
fear of God too, no doubt, but above all the fear
Nations do not fight to make money, nor to force open
of the powers, great and little. The little as well
the doors of trade. Nor do they rally as slaves to
as the great; the “unfeared powers," such as Hol serve the ambitions of an autocrat. They are moved
land, Denmark, Spain---these have all unsuspected by great common impulses, which individually they
do not understand, to do things which individually
possibilities of disaster for us: “Even Bulgaria they do not enjoy, to seek ends from which individu-
may be our undoing.” It goes without saying ally they do not profit. If this seems irrational, it is
that the great powers will be, as they have al-
because our reasoning has taken account only of the
individual life... All attempts to translate this
ways been much more, indeed, than they have "oversoul" of the nation into terms of the individual
ever been our chief menace. That the present
life have been in vain and must always be in vain.
To give it tangibility and substance is to degrade and
war is something peculiar, something unique and
falsify it. It envelopes us in an intangible atmosphere
out of place, perversely brought on by Germany; of emotion which expresses itself only in symbols.
that the defeat of Germany will usher in the mil In comparison, our lives of the moment forget to assert
their little claims. The materialistic pacifist may jeer
lenium of peace and good will—this is to regard
and argue, but men will worship still. The cult may
hopes instead of realities. Mr. Powers does not be folly, but it is folly to forget that it is a cult.
doubt that we must defeat Germany; but aggres Mr. Powers's philosophy is good Hegelian too,
sion is a potential characteristic of all people, and not so pure Hegelian as the philosophy of M.
in the nature of things new menaces and new con Cestre but still Hegelian, Hegelianism plus a
flicts will arise. "The struggle is with Germany little of Karl Marx and Darwin, and touched
today. It will be with Russia tomorrow.” with the emotional exaltation of Kipling's
It would be interesting to inquire whether “White Man's Burden.” The fundamental
Mr. Powers derives his philosophy from the assumption in this philosophy is that disastrous
facts he looks at, or whether the facts he looks at assumption which lies implicit in most nineteenth-
so intently are determined by his philosophy. His century thought--the assumption that man can-
philosophy, at all events, is an old one, and ex not by taking thought shape his own destiny,
tremely simple. It is that "doctrines do not deter- since he is himself only part and parcel of a
mine destiny, but destiny determines doctrines.” natural process, inextricably enmeshed in the com-
Climate in large measure determines physical plexly threaded forces that uselessly move the
exertion, or the lack of it; and “intellectual activi cosmos along its uncharted course. It is the
ties are in themselves a by-product of physical philosophy of Romanticism, of the Historic
exertion.” In hot climates physical exertion is Rights school of Savigny and Ranke, of the social
slight and intellectual activity correspondingly theories that derive from Spencer and Darwin.
diminished; from which it follows (and history It is the philosophy of the new Imperialism which
bears it out) that, politically and industrially flourished in England and France in the eighties
speaking, tropical peoples are and must remain in and nineties, and which has been systematized
ferior and "backward” peoples, and must accord and elaborated and ruthlessly applied by Ger-
ingly be taken in hand by more energetic and ad- many. It is a philosophy which, in the name
vanced peoples; that is to say, by us, to the end of an uncontrolled idealistic élan vital, bids you
that the resources of these countries, which are in do others before they do you. It might be main-
creasingly convenient for our purposes, may be tained with good show of reason that, in the deep-
obtained. Since we need rubber and have the abil est sense of all, we are fighting this war in order
ity to get it, we cannot help taking the tropical to reduce this philosophy to a reductio ad adsur-
people in hand; any more than they, having fewer dum.
needs and less ability, can help being the kind of In justice to Mr. Powers it should be said that
people that have to be taken in hand by us. It is he is not rigidly consistent, which is one of the
true that what we have done (and will do) to things that make his book thoroughly worth read-
"backward” peoples does not square with certain ing and thinking about. He says many fine and
treasured and oft repeated documents, such as the true things about America and her problems,
Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg about England, about Germany, about war and
Address; but this is only one of the facts that the conditions that make for war, and about peace
must be faced, and one of many which prove that and the conditions that will guarantee it. In
"doctrines do not determine destiny."
spite of his philosophy, which would seem to


1918]
THE DIAL
109
make for perpetual war, Mr. Powers has faith in Scandinavian Imports
progress towards human unity. One might call
him a pacifist in the best sense—if the term
MODERN ICELANDIC Plays: “Eyvind of the
pacifist had any longer any sense at all. Hills," a drama in four acts, and “The Hraun
Mr. Powers however thinks it is not through Farm," a play in three acts. By Jóhann Sigur-
jónsson. Translated by Henninge Krohn
"such baseless artifices as a 'league to enforce
Schanche. American-Scandinavian Foundation;
peace'" that we shall attain peace or progress $1.50.
towards "human unity," but rather through HADDA PADDA, a play in four acts. By Godmun-
an understanding, tacit and not formal, of
dur Kamban. Translated from the Icelandic by
Sadie Luise Peller. Knopf; $1.
which the growing Anglo-Saxon fellowship is
ARNLJOT Gelline, an epic ballad. By Björn-
the model and must be the directive force. stjerne Björnson. Translated from the Norwegian
Into this understanding, Germany, which “the
by William Morton Payne. American-Scandi-
navian Foundation ; $1.50.
world cannot endure and which yet the world
To Americans, Iceland is an object of curi-
cannot spare," must somehow be brought, after
she has been chastened by overwhelming defeat. osity rather than of interest. Great nations are
like big men: they smile condescendingly upon
The best chance of peace is in such a world
the little fellows and are inclined to ask them
fellowship. The German, as Mr. Powers recog-
foolish questions. Iceland's claim to world
nizes, may very well object to such a fellow-
recognition lies wholly in cultural achievements,
ship. Mr. Powers imagines him asking: "What
is the superlative merit of your scheme of unify- mostly of a bygone age. Outside of Scandinavia
few persons read the old sagas nowadays; and yet
ing the Germanic races as contrasted with ours?
The difference is merely that you want the Eng- Anglo-Saxon English (so closely related in root
they are in our libraries, translated into fine
lishman on top instead of the German." To
and branch to the Old Norse), the work of such
this Mr. Powers replies: “No, what we want is
poets and scholars as William Morris, Sir George
the English principle on top instead of the Ger-
Dasent, Frederick York Powell, E. Magnusson,
man. That principle is the principle of fellow-
and Dr. G. Vigfusson.
ship, not of feudalism. It leaves each one free
There are few nations that can point to a
to live his own life and think his own thoughts brighter record of culture than this little nation
and go his own ways, and sees the power and the
of 100,000 people, practically isolated on their
greatness of the fellowship in this liberty of its
arctic island for nearly one thousand years. Why
members."
did they not revert to barbarism, as has been
This is very well. It is certainly better to have
the fate of many white groups out of touch
the English principle on top than to have the with outside civilization? There is but one
German principle on top. It is better to have answer: the Promethean flame which kindled
the Englishman on top than to have the German the genius of the old, now nameless, monks—the
on top. It is better to have anything English saga authors—has never died in Iceland. It
on top than to have anything German on top. could not die so long as the sagas lived, firing
But in calling in principles, what have we done the spiritual life of the nation. Each period
with our philosophy? Have we thrown it out of of national prosperity since the saga age has
the window? If "doctrines do not determine des seen a revival of literary activity. Now Iceland
tiny,” as Mr. Powers says, if on the contrary
is more prosperous in a material way than ever
"destiny determines doctrines," one wonders, as
in its history, and behold there is a pen scratch-
one is sure the German would wonder, what is
ing in every cottage; there is a poet apostrophiz-
the difference between having the English prin-
ing every waterfall, dedicating the summer crop
ciple on top and having the Englishman on top.
of poppies and daffodils, and charming or at
And suppose the English principle once on top,
least trying to charm the innumerable host of
what would become of it if England, some time
fays and light-elves, trolls and watersprites and
"landvaettir" which have endowed the bleak
in the future, should be "tempted by a great op-
hills and mountains of Iceland with an immor-
portunity or driven by a great need” to "despoil
tal soul.
its neighbor"-almost any neighbor, as, for
example, the United States? Would the English revival have taken wings overseas to this Vine-
And the firstlings of Iceland's latest literary
principle, or only the Englishman, be then on
land of Leif and Thorfinn. Not that we are
top?
CARL BECKER. so fortunate as to have secured translation of


110
(August 15
THE DIAL
any of the beautiful lyrics, which (it seems to offspring to save her lover stand out merely as
me) Icelandic poets have been singing from time convincing reactions. She simply fights and sac-
immemorial. The imports are of sterner stuff, rifices till she is crushed, and she is crushed only
better suited to literary baggage-smashers. They when Eyvind's love, the sole fortress on which
are plays, only three in number, and one of them, her life is based, fails.
her life is based, fails. They are starving in
“Hadda Padda,” somewhat damaged in transit.
their mountain hut when she discovers that
The other two—“Eyvind of the Hills” and Eyvind is really of base metal; that he has
"The Hraun Farm,” by Jóhann Sigurjónsson— always been afraid to steal, afraid to kill, and
are living proofs, if proofs be needed, that the now is afraid of Hell. . This is what he has
creative genius of the saga skalds still lives in to say to Halla:
the little arctic island. But I imagine that the
"You are homely. Your face makes me
shades of the
think of a dead horse. May I feel of your hair if it
saga authors
frown on
may
does not all come out?”.
“Eyvind of the Hills.” Eyvind himself, and
Mouthing these words, he turns to his Bible,
especially his consort, Halla, are bona fide Norse
figures, personifying the weakness and epic advising Halla to seek God's help and mercy.
strength of saga characters. But in construc-
Gudrún or Bergthóra or any other grand dame
tion the play is an ugly duckling. It is more
of the sagas might have answered just as Halla
does:
like a Greek tragedy than anything Scandinavian
that I have read. Sigurjónsson might never
“I want no mercy any more, but you can go on call-
ing for help. I am sure He will hear you, if He is not
have read a line by Ibsen or Strindberg. There too busy breaking up the glaciers or cleaning out the
is not a mustard seed of a sermon text con-
gorge of a volcano to make it belch more fire...
I have but one sole wish before I die, and that is to
cealed in "Eyvind of the Hills." But it has
do some unheard-of cruel thing. I should like to be
life, naked life; and because Sigurjónsson is a a snowslide. I would come in the dead of night. It
poet and an artist, his work is endowed with
would be a joy to see the people, half naked, running
for their lives-chaste old maids with gouty hips, and
grace, strength, and beauty. No puppets are in
smug peasant women with bellies bobbing with fat.”
his shop. You feel no curiosity about peering This pagan woman, “never able to tell my
behind Eyvind or Halla for props and strings. soul from my love," continues:
Here are no new social lessons, no modern phi-
"I once dreamed of two people. To them their love
losophy—except, of course, what few items one
was their one and only law. When they lived a long
might garner from a faithful presentation of life. life together-Hunger drew near to the fine web that
The action takes place in Iceland, about the
time had woven between them and would tear it
asunder. Then they looked into each other's eyes and
middle of the eighteenth century. Eyvind, a
together they walked out into the snowstorm to die.”
handsome, attractive youngster, driven by hun-
But Halla had to walk out into the snowstorm
ger to commit a theft, becomes the victim of
alone.
cruel eighteenth century justice, breaks jail, and
"The Hraun Farm" is a pleasant little dra-
turns outlaw. He leaves his mountain refuge matic idyl of present-day country life in Ice-
in search of human companionship, and under
land. The theme, familiar in all literature, is
the assumed name of Kári finds service on the
farm of Halla, a wealthy young widow. They
the struggle between a man and a maid and the
fall in love, and when the law traces Eyvind patriarchal parent of the maid who demands the
to Halla's home, she sacrifices her estate, her right to shape her life that she may continue
comforts, and the respect of the community to
his life work, cultivate and enlarge the dear
flee with her outlaw lover to the mountains.
family estate, and rear a future generation of
farmers.
There follows a period of idyllic freedom.
Halla bears children. But the law still trails
These two plays are splendidly translated by
them—the law written in the statute books—and
Mrs. Schanche and, strange to say, both rather
by and by the unwritten runes of human exist seem to have improved in the translation.
ence begin their pincer-like movement. Halla suspect the improvement is largely due to the
and Eyvind have no mountains above the moun-
fact that both plays have been trimmed of some
tains to which to flee from forces operating with
useless lumber in the course of their preparation
deathlike sureness within their souls. It is here for the German and Scandinavian stage.
that Halla emerges as the central figure of the Which is more than one can say of “Hadda
drama. Intensely feminine and yet an Amazon Padda," by Godmundur Kamban. The play
of strength and courage, she seems so clean and itself is a distinctly worthy piece of dramatic
healthy morally that even her sacrifices of her art, poetic and tense, and in Hadda Padda, the
I


1918]
111
THE DIAL
men.
heroine, we have another decent copy of the When Will the World End ?
saga figures in modern life. They might do
worse, these Icelandic dramatists, than to con-
CHRIST TRIUMPHANT AND CHRISTIAN IDEAL. By
tinue their worship of their classics. "Hadda P. C. Schilling. Stratford; $1.50.
Padda" lacks smoothness in the translation. The The SECOND COMING OF CHRIST. By S. P. T.
lines are clumsy here and there, and the one or
Prideaux. Dutton; $1.60.
THE MILLENNIAL Hope.
two lyrics are lame; but the original substance
By Shirley Jackson
is there.
Case. University of Chicago Press; $1.25.
EVOLUTION IN CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. By Percy
Both these Icelandic dramatists are young Gardner. Putnam; $2.
Kamban is under thirty; and his play, A THEOLOGY FOR THE SOCIAL Gospel. By Walter
written when he was twenty-three, is a remark-
Rauschenbusch. Macmillan; $1.50.
able piece of work for a man of that age. Sigur The pursuit of the millennial mirage, which
jónsson was making a grand failure of study- has ever been the relief of religious devotees for
ing how to become a horse doctor when Björn- whom unusual world events create an intellec-
stjerne Björnson and Georg Brandes discovered
tual impasse, once more emerges as a by-product
his first attempts at playwriting and advised him
of our tragic world war. There are people of
to confine his equestrian attentions to old
this type who have become so enwrapped in
Pegasus.
the assurance of Christ's immediate coming that
Björnson's heroic ballad, “Arnljot Gelline,” they have financed a propaganda of large pro-
is pronounced by Hjalmar Hjört Boyesen and portions to win the church to their view—and
other Scandinavian critics as constituting, to this in the face of the definite commitment of a
gether with the saga trilogy “Sigurd Slembe," large part of the church to a program of social
the highest achievement of Björnson in his recon reconstruction. These conflicting attitudes are
struction of Norway's heroic past. Dr. Payne irreconcilable: one is cataclysmic, the other evo-
has caught Björnson's fiery spirit and some lutional. Dr. Schilling, in discussing Matthew
thing of that eternal boyish leap and gallop 24, an outstanding eschatological chapter, points
which characterizes the great Norwegian's liter out that every age has contained nearly all the
ary stride: Björnson seldom walks in prose or conditions of Christ's coming, but that no period
verse. But "Arnljot Gelline" and "Slembe" as of the world's history has possessed a more de-
well are so intensely national, so Norse in flesh tailed and accurate repetition of each item than
and spirit, and so much of a former age that they the present age. The introduction to Dr. Schill-
are not likely to offer competition in popularity ing's book, penned by an adulatory friend, claims
with Björnson's "Happy Boy," "Arne,” “Syn- for him original contributions on questions of
növe Solbakken,” and other tales of peasant life eschatology, but the whole trend of the book
—that is, not outside of Scandinavia. Arnljot's is along the line of conventional pre-millennial
tale is that of a robber, a noble freebooter, and belief. The character of the book is written
the ballad is full of the thunder of battles on page 121: “I believe the Devil has more
battles with human foes, human passions, the preachers in the pulpit than Jesus." And the
elements. The old Norsemen cared not what gangrenous Boswellian who wrote what the pub-
they fought so long as the foe was valiant and lishers have fatuously labeled "Introduction”
worthy of their steel. Gelline would tackle said that the panacean Dr. Schilling was an
blizzard or the sea, or abduct a maiden, or cleave optimist!
an enemy's skull with equal zest in the work The merit of the Prideaux book is its extended
at hand.
comparison of the separate verses and phrases
With the exception of "Hadda Padda” we of Jesus's eschatological utterances with the
are indebted for all this worthy reading to the Jewish pseudepigrapha, using these abundant
American-Scandinavian Foundation, one of the parallels to emphasize the essentially Jewish
most useful literary institutions of the United character of Christ's teaching. The author's
States. The Foundation has yet to produce a point of view is that Jesus and his followers,
mediocre volume. consider its field. Its being children of
Its being children of their age, took the ideas then
translators have not even approached the lean current-those of the apocryphal writers of the
streak in Scandinavian letters. They are still first and second century—and spiritualized and
picking gold nuggets, nor need they worry about refined them. He traces two lines of thought
the immediate future.
in this process: one looking to a physical return
John G. HOLME. at a given, though unknown date, with a final


112
[August 15
THE DIAL
judgment and the inauguration of a reign of congruous to the author as well as to the reader.
bliss for the righteous and unending punishment It seems to be a bit cataclysmic in its own way
for the wicked; the other regarding the kingdom and musses up the theological horizon, for the
of God as already in a measure arrived, described English Church mind cannot see that it natur-
in terms ethical, spiritual, and mystical. The ally follows the evolutional view of Christianity
author concludes that the actual second coming as day follows night. Surprising it is that the
of Christ was at Pentecost, and that his com author should be startled at its appearance as
ing is perpetual.
the newborn child of the European strife,
Professor Shirley Jackson Case makes an his-
thereby showing his unawareness of the exist-
torical study of the different types of millennial ence of the American prophet Rauschenbusch,
hope that have been held in the past—Egyptian, whose voice has for years been crying in the
Babylonian, Greek, Hebrew, and so on—and in wilderness of theological confusion—a herald of
this panorama of history makes it clear that a
this figure of social democracy. His latest book,
millennial program grows out of adverse polit- “A Theology for the Social Gospel," is an ambi-
ical and social conditions. From such a fer- tious attempt to rewrite theology in the light
tile study, which has about it the ring of scholarly of modern social movements. He accepts it as
authority, it is obvious that ancient forms of axiomatic that the ills of society are not to be
hope are ever recast to meet new conditions and
righted by an early destruction of the world,
that all past millennial programs have signally but by a gradual process of strenuous endeavor,
The miscarrying of early under a keen realization and revaluation of
Christian expectations is most striking of all. social forces. The theology of every age fol-
In the sight of historical study the obvious ten-
lows the psychology of that age; our dominant
dency is to view lightly present day reconstruc-
ideas are social solidarity and personality. The
tions of millennial hopes.
social gospel springs naturally from our con-
As our fourth author, Mr. Percy Gardner,
temporary life and is inevitable. “It is the re-
says (page 184), "we may fairly say that few
ligious reaction on the historic advent of democ-
expect or look for a cataclysmic return of the son
of man in the clouds of heaven, or the raising of
racy." Professor Rauschenbusch rewrites chap-
human bodies from land and sea on that occa-
ters of theology on "The Fall of Man," "Salva-
sion.” The “Evolution of Christian Doctrine" tion," "The Kingdom of God," "Atonement,"
is not directly a study in eschatology, but it does and so on with a background of social psychol-
discuss the philosophy underlying the issue. ogy, and furnishes fruitful material for theologi-
"For nearly a century," says the author, “cata- cal reconstruction. Naturally his program of
clysmic and evolutional views have stood opposed social reconstruction eschews the cataclysmic and
in many departments of knowledge ; and the looks to the evolutionary process. “As to the
history of these is uniform: it is the gradual
way in which the Christian ideal of society is
supersession of cataclysmic views by evolu to come, we must shift from catastrophe to devel-
tional.” His is a dignified English modernist's opment,” writes the author in his chapter on
discussion of traditional theology in epitome, “Eschatology,” the longest, save one, of the
establishing point by point that the religion of whole book. A great book, epoch-making and
Christ, instead of being a system of belief re-
determinative for theology, is due—perhaps over-
vealed once for all to mankind, becomes a grow-
due. This is not that book, but certainly pre-
ing, dynamic thing. This treatise, a volume in pares
the
way
for it.
the "Crown Theological Library,” is a worthy
What shall we say, then, about the religious
handbook, in small compass, for the reader who obsession that we are rapidly approaching the end
wishes a brief sketch of the subject under of the world? We must not be led astray by
discussion.
the assertion that it has the authority of Christ.
Like a thunderclap from a clear sky, how-
Apocalypse was not his personal product but his
ever, reverberate the last four pages. C'est la
environment, from which he was emancipating
guerre, of course! "Out of the mists of war
himself. The millennialist utilizes materialistic
is slowly emerging another figure which to many
seems more to be dreaded than war itself, which concepts that are the product of ancient mythol-.
is destined to have deeper and longer working ogy. These mythical images cannot portray to
in the future—the figure of social democracy," the thoughtful modern mind the kingdom of
sighs the author. The dragging of this dreaded God; they fly in the face of scientific concepts
figure across the last few pages is horribly in that are the warp and woof of our present-day


1918]
113
THE DIAL
life. But most galling of all, our modern mil ironic at the kind of pruriency that suppressed
lennialist spurns all efforts to redeem society- "The Rainbow.”
he damn it. The gospel of Jesus is a dynamic A curious feature of his work will be the
for the correcting of the ills of society and can section in which he shows how, in the light
not, in an evolutionist age, be incarcerated in a of the new psychology, the gulf between the
procrustean den of primitive mythology.
writers of impersonal fiction and the writers
HERBERT W. HINES.
of personal lyrics was bridged-how much in
common such prose romancers as J. D. Beresford,
Gilbert Cannan, A. Neil Lyons, Rebecca West,
Thomas Burke had with such seemingly
The Georgians
opposed verse craftsmen as Edward Thomas,
W. W. Gibson, Rupert Brooke, James Stephens,
GEORGIAN POETRY: 1916-1917. An Anthology.
Putnam; $2.
T. S. Eliot.
Then he will end by showing that the very
Whatever connotations it may grow to have, variety of the Georgians made for vitality, that
future English critics will undoubtedly refer to
in their refusal to be cloistered, or to contemplate
this literary epoch as the Georgian period. It is
difficult to predict whether the coming compiler
life from any one angle of manners or morality,
will speak of the Georgians with the air of fatu-
they achieved a disjointed but imaginative unity.
ous enthusiasm his grandfather uses when re-
Their music, he will conclude in a final metaphor,
is not so much an experiment in cacophony as a
ferring to the Elizabethans, or with the smooth
study in counterpoint.
superiority his progenitor employs when men-
And he will not be far wrong, if the three
tioning the Victorians. One thing is sure: he
will discover that, in spite of differences in anthologies of poetry which have been coming
theme, technique, and opinion, the artists,
biennially from the Poetry Bookshop are to be
novelists, and especially the poets of this period
taken as evidence. In fact the affirmations of
will have expressed an age while they were
the future appraiser have already been anticipated
expressing themselves.
by Henry Newbolt, who—for all his affiliations
with the conservatives—hailed the original seven-
He will point out, first of all, that although
the Georgians may have lacked both the lyric
teen when they first appeared together in 1913.
exuberance of the Elizabethans and the dra-
"They are not for making something pretty," he
matic if overelaborate rhetoric of the Victorians,
wrote. “They are not members of an arts-and-
these men of what he will doubtless call the
crafts industrial guild. They write 'as grown
nineteen-twenties produced a literature as dis-
men walk, each with his own unconscious gesture;
tinctive as and even more human than their
and, with the same instinctive tact as the walker,
predecessors'. Warming to his thesis, he will
they vary their pace and direction, keep their
expatiate on the probing analysis of their work,
balance and avoid collisions.” And, what is
on its intellectual honesty, its creative curiosity more, they know where they are going.
in the workaday world rather than in rhymeworn either of the two preceding. There is nothing
This third collection is not as illustrious as
stories out of Bullfinch's mythology, on its exem-
plification of the theory of Synge (whom he
here to be compared to Abercrombie's "The Sale
will, rather illogically, hail as the founder of
of St. Thomas," Davies's "The Child and the
the group) that before verse can be human again Mariner,” or Brooke's "Grantchester,” that ex-
it must take pleasure in ordinary things. He
quisite blend of whimsy and satire, with its
will enlarge on the absence of cant, the growth memorable slap at German precision when he
of social tendencies, and the courageous groping speaks of the little English village where "tulips
toward a free fraternity of thought. He will
do not bloom as they are told” and where
have a vigorous chapter on the invigorating vul Unkempt about those hedges grows
garisms of Masefield and an interesting essay
An unofficial English rose;
And there the unregulated sun
on Lascelles Abercrombie, whom he will find, in
Slopes down to rest when day is done
spite of the latter's too packed blank verse, to
And wakes a vague, unpunctual star.
be even more "modern” than the author of "The
But there are compensations for the missing.
Everlasting Mercy.” He will, aided by the 1945 No one has yet appeared to take Brooke's place,
variorum edition of Freud, make an illumi- but there are several men, unheard of three years
nating study of D. H. Lawrence and wax ago, who come close to filling it. In fact the


114
[August 15
THE DIAL
chief vigor of this volume is due to the new but wide in their bitter implication), and the
comers, nine of whom appear in this series for imaginative “It's a Queer Time" stand out
the first time. None of these new contributors among the best examples of what has been pro-
is without distinction, but the outstanding ones
duced since 1915 by the poet as soldier. The last
are five: J. C. Squire, Siegfried Sassoon, W. J.
named has this illuminating opening:
Turner, Robert Graves, and John Freeman. It's hard to know if you're alive or dead
Turner is the most ingenuous, Squire the most
When steel and fire go roaring through your head.
One moment you'll be crouching at your gun
intellectual, Sassoon the most direct and most Traversing, mowing heaps down, half in fun:
intensive.
The next, you choke and clutch at your right breast-
No time to think-leave all--and off you go.
Turner's "The Hunter," "Magic," and "Ro To Treasure Island where the Spice-winds blow,
mance" are all plainly influenced by De la Mare,
To lovely groves of mango, quince and lime-
Breathe no good-bye, but oh, for the Red West!
although not dominated by him.
It's a queer time.
When I was but thirteen or so
By comparison with Graves's, the belligerent
I went into a golden land,
Chimborazo, Cotopaxi
poems of Robert Nichols and W. W. Gibson
Took me by the hand.
seem falsetto and thin; they read like the usual
My father died, my brother too,
overstressed war verse that is conventional in
They passed like fleeting dreams;
conception and stereotyped in expression. They
I stood where Popocatepetl
In the sunlight gleams.
seem doubly pale beside the burning poetry of
I dimly heard the master's voice
Siegfried Sassoon, the most individual of the
And boys far-off at play,
newcomers. Not since Masefield and Brooke
Chimborazo, Cotopaxi
has England produced a poet who gives such
Had stolen me away.
This, the first half of “Romance,” might have promise of athletic loveliness coupled with un-
Alinching honesty. His volume "The Old Hunts-
been taken (and slightly diluted) from "Peacock
man" is one of the few British literary landmarks
Pie,” but it has a flavor of its own.
since Brooke's sonnet sequence “Nineteen Four-
Squire is after more intricate subtleties. Some-
teen,” and five of the best poems in that collec-
times, as in "The Lily of Malud," it is the
tion are given here. Particularly forceful are
subtlety of atmosphere and interior rhyming that
impels him; sometimes, as in "A House,” he
“They,” “To Victory," and "In the Pink."
“Haunted” is a bit too much in the Masefield
follows a homelier intellectual path and wrings
beauty and a sort of philosophic faith from the
key to be entirely Sassoon's; and "A Letter
Home,” for all its individuality of emotion, is
aspect of an ugly red-brick building accentuating
uncomfortably reminiscent of "Grantchester."
the loneliness of dusk :
But the eager Sassoon is altogether himself in
And this mean edifice, which some' dull architect
the first three and in the sharp lyric
Built for an ignorant earth-turning hind,
Takes on the quality of that magnificent
Unshakable dauntlessness of human kind.
To these I turn, in these I trust;
Darkness and stars will come, and long the night
Brother Lead and Sister Steel.
will be,
To his blind power I make appeal;
Yet imperturbable that house will rest,
I guard her beauty clean from rust.
Avoiding gallantly the stars' chill scrutiny,
He spins and burns and loves the air,
Ignoring secrets in the midnight's breast.
And splits a skull to win my praise ;
The versatile Mr. Squire proves not only that
But up the nobly marching days
She glitters naked, cold and fair.
he can assume other men's accents but that he
has achieved an idiom of his own.
Sweet Sister, grant your soldier this:
That in good fury he may feel
Robert Graves has an ingratiating manner,
The body where he sets his heel
the product of a mind that is both rebellious and
Quail from your downward darting kiss.
relaxed. Four of the poems in this collection
Of those who have appeared in the earlier
also
in his own volume “Fairies and
appear
collections, the only ones who have not fallen
Fusiliers,” which lives up to its title by com-
back are Walter de la Mare, Ralph Hodgson,
bining warm fantasy with a cold fury at smug-
and W. H. Davies, that trio of quiet, natural
ness and hypocrisy. “The Boy in Church," magicians. Dealing with the most usual of
“Star-Talk," "The Lady Visitor,” “Goliath and themes, choosing almost wilfully the stock
David” (a brief set of couplets, small in range properties of poetry, they achieve a freshness and
THE KISS


1918]
115
THE DIAL
THE GHOST
a glamor that is anything but a second-hand or Stimulating Because Untrue
shoddy loveliness. De la Mare has grown espe-
cially skilful; his mastery over what is a highly
THE LIMITS OF PURE DEMOCRACY. By W. H. Mal-
sensitive and delicate instrument is astonishing.
lock. Dutton ; $6.
"The Fool Rings His Bells" is a new departure Mr. Mallock's "Book I: Political Democ-
for De la Mare, though in his old vein; it is racy" argues that there is no general will with
longer and more ambitious than anything he has regard to many important public issues; that
done and, with a changed heading, has become on these points the effective political reality is
the title-poem for his latest volume, "Motley."
the will of an oligarchic few, transmitted by
It is so poignant a poem that one wishes more
journalistic and other wiles to the mass; that
selections from "Motley" had appeared in place
every democracy conceals an oligarchy, even the
of the innocuous, patterned lyrics of John Drink-
International having had its little king in Marx;
water and the lugubrious archaisms of Maurice
that such oligarchy is necessary for efficiency,
Baring. One especially regrets the omission of
"The Empty House," "Alone," and "Alexander,"
and is an inevitable consequence of the natural
although "The Scribe" and "The Ghost” (both
inequality of men. Book II argues that the
of which are included in the present anthology)
democratization of industry would result in
are almost as fine as anything in "The Listeners,"
chaos, and that effective industrial-like politi-
with the exception of the single poem bearing cal—procedure, is bound up with the oligarchic
that name.
This, for instance, with its un-
directive activity of a superior few. Book III
canny overtones, is
discusses democracy in distribution, and lavishes
statistics on the thesis that unearned income and
other forms of distributive injustice are of very
"Who knocks?”
"I, who was beautiful
Beyond all dreams to restore;
moderate proportions. Book IV analyzes the
I, from the roots of the dark thorn, am hither
history of socialist communities, and traces their
And knock on the door."
decay to lack of provision for the necessary oli-
“Who speaks?”
"I-once was my speech
garchic leaven. In Books V-VII the author ex-
Sweet as the bird's on the air,
When echo lurks by the waters to heed;
pounds his plans for moderate social reform
'Tis I speak thee fair.”
through a minimum wage and equality of oppor-
“Dark is the hour!” “Aye, and cold.”
tunity, denounces the political exploitation of
"Lone is my house." "Ah, but mine?”
discontent, and holds up Russia as a horrible
"Sight, touch, lips, eyes gleamed in vain.”
"Long dead these to thine.”
example of what unmitigated democracy means.
Silence. Still faint on the porch
Mr. Mallock's book is a stodgy and laborious
Brake the flames of the stars.
marshaling of argumentative minutiæ against a
In the gloom groped a hope-wearied hand
Over keys, bolts, and bars.
theory of democracy that no postdiluvian polit-
ical thinker has ever held. Taking an inch
A face peered. All the grey night
In chaos of vacancy shone;
of rope from the Abbé Sieyès's defiant proposi-
Nought but vast Sorrow was there-
tion that the rightful influence of the King of
The sweet cheat gone.
France was to that of his subjects exactly in
This book then, in spite of the absence of the ratio of one to thirty millions, Mr. Mallock
Abercrombie, Brooke, Edward Thomas, and one hurries to hang himself by defining "pure"
or two others, is a worthy successor to the preced- democracy as a condition of social aphasia in
ing two volumes.
It gives one a fair and which "no one man should, by his decision of
surprisingly comprehensive view of who and character or his reputation for superior knowl-
what the Georgians are. The three volumes edge, so sway the mind of even a single com-
prove that these young poets have achieved a
panion
that the thoughts and votes of
disjointed and imaginative unity; that their music two men were determined by the mind of one"
is not so much an experiment in cacophony (page 39); and it is mostly on this strange straw
as . . . But I will not proceed with my bor-
man that the author has showered the slings and
rowed finale: even a reviewer has ethics that
arrows of his theoricidal mania. Mr. Mallock
prevent him from plagiarizing from a critic as
apparently assumes that such a system of deaf-
and-dumb government has existed; for after so
yet unborn.
defining his phrase he proceeds to talk of revo-
LOUIS UNTERMEYER. lutionary Russia as a "pure democracy," and his
.


116
[August 15
THE DIAL
1
publishers so far take him at his word as to editorials and other concoctions of the menial
announce that "this brilliant study in political press.
science seeks to establish the theory that pure But let us follow the bloody traces of Mr.
democracy is the natural system of government Mallock's philosophical raid. After arguing in
for small communities” only (ancient Athens, Book I that there are many political issues that
Swiss cantons, and so on). But unless we choose do not lend themselves to direct democratic de-
to offer Mr. Mallock a better definition of cision, he proceeds in Book II to apply the same
purity in democracy than the one which he him- principle to industry, with more relevance to
self affords us, we shall have to reconcile our-
real problems and more profit to the reader. The
selves to the conclusion that every democracy, processes of production and distribution, the
past and present (and future too, while we are
methods of forecasting demand and adjusting
at it) has been, is (and will be) outrageously supply, are so complicated, the argument runs,
impure. For in a democracy it is not minds that control of each industry by the workers
that must be equal in the determination of votes, engaged in it would be an open welcome to
but votes that must be equal in the determina-
chaos and stagnation. Mr. Mallock believes that
tion of policy; and one of the policies so deter- workingmen privileged to choose their own fore-
mined may be the restriction of the kind of poli- men, superintendents, and so on, would select
cies so to be determined. Which is to say, less
not those fittest for efficient performance of the
cryptically, that a people may vote away its claim duties involved but those best dowered with elec-
to vote on certain questions, of emergency or tioneering plausibility and most prolific in prom-
detail, as when the voters of an American state
ises of a tolerant régime. This is a point on
reject the initiative, or the referendum, or the which even a reviewer need not pretend to expert
direct primary. Any limitation so put upon their knowledge; and it may be admitted that if this
own political power by the people themselves proletarian paradise is imminent we had better
would not lessen the purity of democracy, but
do some looking before we leap. But Mr. Mal-
would illustrate it; and Mr. Mallock's error
lock may reassure his friends: we are a long
obviously lies in confusing impurity with indirec-
way from any such control of industry as has
tion. So it is not undemocratic that war should
here given him a theoretical tremor. At best
be declared by elected officials, without a popu or at worst we shall have a moderate represen-
lar referendum, if the people have by previous tation of organized labor on industrial boards.
vote approved the proposition that war may be
There is no danger that labor will achieve the
so declared. Democracy means that legislation dominant voice in the industrial process before
and policy shall finally be determined by a ma it has been trained by gradually increasing power
jority vote of the adult population, except in
and responsibility to use such power without seri-
those cases whose exception is allowed by the ously lowering the quantity or quality of the
explicit or tacit consent of the voters. To call product. In any event, industrial democracy
a democracy of this kind impure is to be guilty need not mean the election of all officials by
of intemperate language unbecoming a man of
the workers; it may also mean that officials em-
Mr. Mallock's distinguished sobriety.
powered to adjust wages and determine policy
It may repay us to observe in this connec-
will be elected by the workers, but that officials
tion that the possibility of one mind's influencing whose function it will be to secure efficiency will
several by persuasion is as much the hope as it be appointed, from a list of men specially trained
is the peril of democracy. It is true enough thatfor the purpose, by the elected officials—these
as things stand, the greatest measure of such last to be held responsible for the results. Mr.
influence is wielded by those who have been able Mallock rightly inveighs against the notion that
to purchase the larger and choicer assortments labor means muscle merely, and insists that it
of editors: but bad as this is, it puts a premium means also mind; indeed, he goes on to argue,
on intelligence rather than on muscles and it is directive mind, rather than any increment
muskets; better be gently fooled into voting for of muscle, that is chiefly responsible for the vast
a villain than be compelled to it at the point increase of industrial output in the last one hun-
Not to speak of the possibility (let dred and fifty years. But he overshoots the
us at least keep this hope) that a large spread mark when he contends that because of the im-
of knowledge and a better training of wits will portance of mind in modern work, manual work-
enable Mr. Average Man to react with some ers should be content, more or less, with their
measure of antiseptic skepticism to the patent present remuneration and their present power
of a gun.


1918]
117
THE DIAL
in the direction of industry. The rate of re delightfully and absurdly radical sentiment
muneration and the degree of directive power
with his tongue in his cheek,” his pen
accorded to labor or to capital or to organizing meanwhile being "dipped in liquid-rainbow.”
mind should be determined not altogether by All these critics appear to be unanimous in find-
their relative indispensability to the industrial ing the book "saucy"; they then proceed accord-
result, nor by the fluctuations in the supply and ing to personal moral taste, either to excommuni-
demand of muscle and money and mind, but in
cate or to lick their chops.
increasing measure by bringing into the compu-
It is the story of the conversion of a home-
tation the resultant effect on communal amity, trifle seduced by the delectable idiosyncrasies of
ward bound English colonial bishop, already a
coherence, and stability. Democracy here, as
his late African diocesans, to thoroughgoing
elsewhere, may not be the highroad to efficiency paganism. To work this change of heart Mr.
and overproduction; but better a loss in goods Douglas has employed a goodly company of
and speed than the unchecked oligarchy which
pagan missionaries, among the most successful
Mr. Mallock condones, and which has by its of whom are Don Francesco, connoisseur in
myopic selfishness brought to almost every West- manners, books, and women, and altogether the
ern nation the chaos of class war and the danger eighteenth-century beau idéal of what a priest
of disintegration.
should be; Mr. Keith, that paradoxical cre-
Yet it is an ill review that can find nothing ation, a Scotch Sybarite; Count Caloveglia,
good to say of a book that has been thought Greek in practice as well as theory and most
worthy of review at all. Let it be admitted philosophical of humbugs; Millionaire van Kop-
that Mr. Mallock is an honest and earnest poli- pen, who upholds in pathways new the grand
tical critic; that several of his chapters—particu- old traditions of his compatriot, P. T. Barnum;
larly those on Socialist communities—are inform- Denis, an Oxford youth whose feline grace is
ing and illuminating; and that his arguments,
discommoded by the tin-can surname Phipps;
though in general they can be answered, assur-
Mr. Eames, the genteel, if somewhat oppressed,
edly cannot be ignored. Democracy is on trial
eremite of scholarship; and ladies of at least two
not only at the cannon's mouth but in the hearts
kinds, but more notably the latter. Inasmuch
as these actors play their parts against a back-
of men; and all sober appraisals of it are whole-
some contributions towards a rejuvenated politi- mailer, a poisoner, a camorrista, and a
ground where we distinguish a quack, a black-
cal philosophy. One may reject the central proc deress—to say nothing of saints, lobsters, and
esses of Mr. Mallock's argument and yet find
girls not yet quite ladies of either category—and
his book instructive, stimulating, and enjoyable. as a volcano too does its own not inconsider-
After all, as Nietzsche put it, "not the least able bit, and as the South Wind herself plays
charm of a theory is that it can be refuted.” an elaborate rôle, you may agree with Denis
WILL DURANT.
that "the canvas of Nepenthe is rather over-
charged.” At any rate, I fear you will find me
hard to believe when I say that not one of these
characters is blurred.
South Wind
A situation Henry James would have found
"amusing," which is worked out with an inde-
SOUTH WIND. By Norman Douglas. Dodd, fatigable precision not unworthy of that master,
Mead; $1.60.
is the sale of the Locri Faun by Count Calo-
Reading this book last winter, when it first veglia to Mr. van Koppen. “The Salt of the
appeared, I was extremely curious to know what South,” as Keith likes to call that Ionic gen-
comment a book so out of the ordinary would tleman, is deft with the chisel as well as the
provoke in our press. Nepenthe, the little island spoken word. On Sir Herbert Street, adviser
in the Mediterranean where the action takes in matters of art to Mr. van Koppen, he palms
place, has in these intervening months been char- off for antique a statuette of his own work-
acterized as “quaint," "haunting," "vine-clad,” manship. Van Koppen, at least tempera-
and as “the most unique of lotus-lands
mentally, comes from Missouri, but he admires
which lends a special enchantment to the bud so profoundly and feels so much in common with
ding and flowering of a romantic love story." this unnatural Yankee of the Mediterranean
The author is in the habit of "voicing some that he gladly pays the price. Then too it
mur-
.
.


118
(August 15
THE DIAL
warms the cockles of his heart to know how temporaries: "Your ethics are stereotyped in
that American museum will cherish the valu black-letter characters. A gargoyle morality.”
able patina of this gold brick. Thus warmly Of the Renaissance: “It shoots up like a por-
does humor flow beneath the delicate froth of tentous lily out of the blood-drenched soil of
Mr. Douglas's gayety.
a thousand battlefields.” Of Seneca: "He was
But the story, as is fitting in a novel of ideas, a cocoa-drinker, masquerading as an ancient."
wanders along discreetly in the background. Yet brilliant as it is, this book is indubitably,
How unimportant it is may be gauged from the if divinely, middle-aged. That characteristic is
fact that this author does not deign to touch to be seen in the delineation of the bad effects
the key of personal emotion. Caloveglia says of poverty, .as also of the essential lie in the
of the Greek: “His art is purely intellectual; conventional self-sufficiency of the genteel, but
he stands aloof, like a glacier.” Such appears to it is most obvious in the insistence throughout the
be Mr. Douglas's own attitude. Yet even he novel of the bare physical note, unsoftened by
cannot open the heart of Keith without our shar any overtone of romance. Indeed the opening
ing that hardy worldling's pain, impersonal as scene, which gives the note for the whole book,
it is, at the thought of death. The Count, we
is a picture of seasickness; and if Michelangelo
are sure, would not hold against Mr. Douglas is mentioned, it is only to say that in attitudes
this human weakness, for the Greeks themselves worthy of him “they sprawled about the deck,
were not proof against that too sedulous pain, groaning with anguish.” The confessed vale-
and in the "classic repose” of their statuary í tudinarianism of Keith unfolds the spirit of
do not think it fanciful to discern a mute
materialism as no more lustrous manifestation
could do; but only the strong of heart will
anguish. However this may be, in a book where
accept this universe in which the role of the
the plot is so rightly filmy, we are satisfied that
the action should close in a drinking bout, the
stomach pump is neither unimportant nor wholly
indecorous.
merrier for being innocent of motivation. It is
appropriate that the South Wind should sub-
Sappho notwithstanding, I think most of
side rather than end.
those who have lived about the Mediterranean
Those of us who had read Mr. Douglas's book
will agree with me that this candor of middle
of travel, "Old Calabria," felt that we already
age is most often met with in that region. In
knew him. Perhaps we thought this knowledge where there are, as Mr. Douglas points out, no
a world of keen contours and shivering clarities,
came from our seeing him in so personal a type half-tones, the mind does not easily dodge hard
of book; for, outside a picture gallery, there is
facts. We are therefore not surprised to find
surely nothing to show a man up like his own
our philosopher drawing many comparisons be-
account of his travels. But the character of
tween North and South, always to the advan-
our intransigeant friend shoulders through this
tage of the latter.
novel not less frankly, and we see that the inti-
macy of our acquaintance came not so much
Enclosed within the soft imagination of the homo
mediterraneus lies a kernel of hard reason.
from the type of book as from the type of man. The Northerner's hardness is on the surface; his core,
Finding in "South Wind" a definite philosophy
his inner being, is apt to quaver in a state of Auid
and what seems to be a complete representation
irresponsibility.
of the writer's character, we are tempted to
This need of the logical Southern mind to go
think it a final expression and Mr. Douglas a
the whole hog has been shared historically by the
one-book author. All the more since much that hard-headed countrymen of John Knox. One
is best in this novel, in particular the priceless
who bears the name of Douglas should find him-
hagiographa, is apparently worked up from the self at home among theories which are the grim
earlier sketches. On the other hand, the Pros-
development of his hypotheses, as were the Cove-
pero of so philosophical an island, he handles
nanters' the grim development of theirs. When
both his characters and his ideas with an easy
our Scotsman—if such indeed he be—falls with
detachment suggestive of the Olympian creator
God's own cudgel upon the unreason, "the subur-
of Wilhelm Meister—not exactly a one-book
ban defiance," of Samuel Butler, we rejoice to
man.
recognize in him, however lamentably gone
The glitter of this philosopher's thought is
wrong, a chip of the old block.
on everything he touches. He tells his con-
SCOFIELD THAYER.


1918]
119
THE DIAL
man
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
ated, it is dispelled by the statement: “I do not
remember now how much the Flathead falls
SHOCK AT
THE FRONT. By William per mile. I have an impression that it is ninety
Townsend Porter. Atlantic Monthly feet, but as that would mean a drop of 9,000
Press; $1.25.
feet, or almost two miles during the trip, I
This little book records the impressions of
must be wrong somewhere. It was sixteen feet,
a physician sent to the battlefields of Europe perhaps.” At all events Mrs. Rinehart gives
by the Rockefeller Institute to study the prob- fast” and that, even if she couldn't remember
the impression that the boat went “awfully
lem of shell shock at first hand. Dr. Porter
has a considerable gift for vivid description, and figures, the things she and her family did were
the narrative of his journey fascinates the lay- really quite remarkable. Her most remarkable
even where the technical side of his re achievement however was finding so little objec-
searches is likely to escape the average reader. tive material to write about after having cov-
It was Dr. Porter's good fortune to go un ered such inspiring territory; for, as she her-
scathed through some of the most severe fight- self says, "the opening up of the west side of
ing of the war at Verdun and on Vimy Ridge Glacier Park will make it perhaps the most
and his unconcern about the dangers of his task unique of all our parks.” And that, to our mind,
soon proves infectious. His main concern is not is a very superlative way of describing a place.
with shell shock proper but with traumatic
shock due to severe wounds, and his approach The METHOD OF HENRY JAMES. By
to the problem is entirely physiological. Dr.
Joseph Warren Beach. Yale University
Porter was a pioneer in this work and does
Press; $2.
not seem to claim conclusive results for his
researches. The book takes its place among the
Of its kind no finer study of Henry James
authentic records of what war is really like
is likely to be written than this book of Pro-
when you come down to it instead of merely fessor Beach’s. So frequently does he quote
romancing about it.
from James's own words of introduction and
explanation, and so modestly does he as host
TENTING TONIGHT. By Mary Roberts
withdraw, having got the conversation started,
Rinehart. Houghton Mifflin ; $1.75.
that the book is a certain model of critical tact.
This to lovers of Henry James is an unspeak-
A camping, trip through the little known
able relief. It is much to be doubted if the
western side of Glacier National Park and a
mysteries of any writer have ever been so thor-
similar progress across the Cascade Range in oughly illuminated—by detectives with dark
the Lake Chelan country of Washington pro lanterns turned invariably to light up not the
vide a background for Mrs. Rinehart's char- object of their quest but the droll persons of
acteristically subjective manner of writing. The the investigators. The long list of parodies and
book records the author's sensations at various epigrams on James, too, will repose with the
places and under varying conditions, but there illustrious list of Hamlets. Mr. Chesterton's
is so little, comparatively, of the places and con James is much more preposterous than Mr.
ditions that the effect on the reader is like that Wells's, and so on. Since much of this humor
of seeing a film actor "registering" emotions lies in the obvious irreverence of these obvious
without being shown the elements that induce blasphemies, those who know better chuckle and
them. The function of a travel book is to do not dream of explaining the joke; those who
inform. If, in addition, it is entertaining, so do not, presumably, believe them. Now here
much the better. It may even be inspiring, comes Professor Beach, politely, unanswerably,
humorous, or satirical in its tone; but unless it explaining the joke. “I can find no fault with
is informative, it masquerades in a false classi- such an interpretation,” the writer remarks of
fication. Adventures with equipment (which the charge that the expression of James's mes-
included everything from trout flies to a motion sage was not naturally the novel, “except that
picture camera), a hermit, camp cooks, horses, it does not agree with my own impressions and
bears, and mosquitoes crowd the pages to the preferences.”
point where it seems as though, if its charms Frequently this critic is not so blithe. The
were confined to these matters, Glacier Park first half of his book, "The Method," he has
would be a good place to avoid. In chronicling divided into eleven chapters, respectively on
the boat ride down the swift current of the idea, picture, revelation, suspense, point of view,
Flathead River, the author says: "Once out into dialogue, drama, eliminations, tone, romance,
the stream, we shot ahead as if we had been and ethics. The second half. "Toward
fired out of a gun.” If there is any doubt in Method," in six chapters follows chronologically
the reader's mind as to whether this is exagger the development of the novelist from "Obscure


120
(August 15
THE DIAL
out.
Beginnings" to "Full Prime." In a chapter A MODERN PURGATORY. By Carlo di For-
intermediate between parts one and two, “The naro. Kennerley; $1.25.
Figure in the Carpet," Professor Beach explains
First-hand accounts of the lives and suffer-
the joke:
ings of prisoners are fast becoming so multiplied
“The Portrait of a Lady" was the first book in which that it might seem an unnecessary addition to
James plainly showed his "little trick,” which he went bring out in book form the personal experiences
on showing more and more plainly from that time
His little trick was simply not to tell the story however for presenting this book to the public.
of yet another man. No one need apologize
at all as the story is told by the Scotts and the
Maupassants, but to give us instead the subjective It is clearly an accurate description of the experi-
accompaniment of the story. His "exquisite scheme" ences of the author during one year's imprison-
was to confine himself as nearly as possible to the
"inward life” of his characters and yet to make it
ment in the House of Correction on Blackwell's
as exciting for his readers as it was for the author, Island, New York, and as such carries a mes-
as exciting-were that possible—as it was for the sage to all interested in the progress of reform-
characters themselves.
ing penal methods. Moreover it is written with
The quoted phrases refer to James's own story,
a literary skill and a remarkable restraint and
"The Figure in the Carpet," of which Pro- freedom from sentimental coloring which would
fessor Beach was writing at the time. Or, as
alone recommend it to hold the attention of the
he puts it elsewhere, other novelists sustain sus-
serious reader. Fortunately it is a compara-
pense by exciting the question, What is going tively rare occurrence that a man of the author's
to happen? “In James the question is more
intelligence is subjected to the terrible experi-
often, What is it that did happen?”
ences described in this volume. But that does
The misgivings one may have about “The not justify the criticism sometimes made that
Method of Henry James” need not be resent-
the methods at present existing in our institu-
ment of it as an academic survey of sacred
tions are well suited to the majority of the
ground, or suspicion of the man or of the inmates, who are not as sensitive and percep-
method. The book deserves neither misgiving. tive as the author. These inmates owe a debt
to Mr. di Fornaro for becoming the spokesman
The WONDERS OF INSTINCT. By Jean-
of the vast number of men who are passing each
Henri Fabre. Translated by Teixeira de
year through the institution
the institution on Blackwells
Ísland. The book does not profess to be any-
Mattos and Bernard Miall. Century; $3.
thing more than an account of personal experi-
Lovers of good old-fashioned natural history ences; there is no attempt at generalization, and
studies will relish the famous Provençal ento the author wisely refrains from far-reaching
mologist's book now presented with attractive criticism. But there is a ring of truth and a
illustrations in an admirable translation. Such vivacity to the personal touches, descriptions of
unsophisticated communion with nature as
the writer's fellow inmates and the guards, which
Fabre's has become rare in professional scien- render the book quite unusual in the propaganda
tific circles—unwarrantably so—and the reader
literature of prison reform. It holds the atten-
will cheerfully overlook the veteran field-
tion as a clever work of fiction might, and as
worker's suspicion of the triumphant laboratory a work of propaganda seldom does. Although
rival, and the faint tang of affectation when
a trained prison worker might not give all the
credence that the author does to some of the
he wonders anyone should worry over the
stories told by the prisoners, the author has
structure of an annelid's egg. Fabre's strength, caught the spirit of his subject in a way in which
of course, lies not in the position he assumes
a mind more accustomed to the rules of scien-
towards modern research but in his incompar- tific procedure might fail to do, and has pre-
able gift of recording at once accurately and sented it in this book with force and artistic
with a poet's inspiration the varied phases of skill.
insect life. No reader will easily forget his
impressionistic sketches of the grasshopper over A HISTORY OF Art. By William Henry
powering a colossal adversary; of the tight-rope Goodyear. Twenty-second edition, re-
walking antics practiced by the pine caterpillar;
vised and enlarged. A. S. Barnes; $3.20.
or of the uncanny skill with which the glow-
For Mr. Goodyear history is still a record
worm chloroforms his quarry, the snail. In of names and dates, an encyclopedia of tradi-
“The Origin of Species” Darwin pays " high tional events, listed without an attempt to ex-
tribute to Fabre, “that inimitable observer”; plain their causes or effects. One may reason-
and the literary charm of his descriptions, liber- ably draw an analogy between the methods of
ally spiced with quaint personal asides, assures teaching the history of world politics and the
him a unique place in entomological literature. history of world arts. If "Columbus, Cristobal


1918]
121
THE DIAL
as
Colon, c. 1446-1506, b. Genoa" no longer ade mitted to dominate the economic processes of the
quately explains a discovered America, then country. When every country in Europe and
inevitably “Michaelangelo, Florence, 1475, America is organized under the direction of its
painter and sculptor" must cease to be the engineering class, war will cease. The book is
critical background of a dome of St. Peter's. frequently prolix in statement, and occasionally
Scientifically historical minds no longer use obscure, but it is written with refreshing vigor
"The Dark Ages” nor “The Renaissance" as and is rich in unworn phrases.
elastic passwords. Mr. Goodyear catalogues his
Baedekered details correctly. Architecture, a THE UNMARRIED MOTHER: A Study of
fossilized mass, upheld by carefully distinguished
500 Cases. By Percy Gamble Kammerer.
Doric and Ionic capitals; sculpture, analyzed by
Introduction by William Healy. Little,
a process of unvisited museums, where replicas Brown; $3.
thereof may be found; painting, an outgrowth
It is a satisfaction to read a book that handles
of "schools" (never of the vital force that gave
the difficult subject of the unmarried mother in
them being) ; even music, grown static, deprived the spirit of scientific investigation--not unduly
of antecedents and consequences, are herded to- hampered by conventional morality — which
gether—an uninspiring, unrelated, overwhelm- characterizes Mr. Kammerer's report.
The
ing conglomerate. For one who knows noth-
book is a sociological study authorized for pub-
ing, the information is too much; for one who lication by the American Institute of Criminal
knows anything, too little. But the illustrations, Law and Criminology. In view of the increas-
largely photographic, are 'numerous and well
chosen.
ing importance of the problem of illegitimacy,
Some of the architectural plates are
a result of war conditions, this careful
badly printed, but the many reproductions of
analysis of 500 cases and discussion of causes
sculpture and painting form the most useful offers material of immediate value. In his intro-
pages. In post-bellum days, except for the fact
duction Dr. Healy emphasizes the fact that
that it is neither "pocket-edition" nor "hand "whereas most infraction of laws coincides with
book," it would serve as an enlarged and con destructive results, here we have a lawbreaker
scientiously conceived guidebook; as a modern as a constructive agent, giving as concrete evi-
history, it fails to supply the imaginatively con dence of her 'misbehavior' nature's highest
structive analysis which we today demand as an product, a human being." In this connection
essential. Mr. Goodyear has attempted the im Mr. Kammerer's discussion of the attitude of
possible; it is perhaps unfair to expect him to social workers shows the inconsistency in the
have achieved it. Yet a history of art which working hypothesis of one group, and of the
leaves uncommented upon, modern sculpture, public generally:
painting, and music as expressed by Rodin,
Its thought is more in terms of ethics than of biology,
Böcklin, and Auber can have—forgiving other and the ethics which it upholds are chiefly based upon
disqualifications only a limited power. And a a belief that human beings are by nature promiscuous,
critical estimate which devotes eighteen lines to
and that any relaxation of the severity on the part
William Etty of England, and five to Whistler,
of society towards the unmarried mother will be
immediately followed by sexual indulgence resulting
might more profitably have dealt with many of in an increasing number of illegitimate births.
the selected list in one-line citations.
It is because the welfare of the child is of the
utmost importance to society that the child must
THE REVOLUTION ABSOLUTE. By Charles
be the starting point in any proposed measures
Ferguson. Dodd, Mead; $1.50.
for improvement. In the analysis of casual fac-
This book is an argument for the transference tors the prominence of bad home conditions, bad
of industrial power and leadership from bank environment, and bad companions, the lack of
presidents and coupon-clippers to engineers and the right sort of recreation and of sound educa-
other directors in shop and field. The manage tion, especially in matters of sex, reveals the
ment of production has passed from men immedi extent of social responsibility for the prevalence
ately concerned with its processes to financiers of illegitimacy in a community. A step further,
whose wisdom lies chiefly in market manipula- the same causes, aggravated in the case of the
tions: “the war is the explosion of this absurdity.” child by the social stigma attaching to his birth,
The manual workers are not themselves capable may give him the slight bent in the direction
of undertaking the management of industry; but of crime which often determines his future occu-
the engineering class are. Another half-century pation. So long as society, for the sake of frown-
of economic control by the leisure class will ing upon the mother, shirks any interest in the
widen the schism between worker and investor, care of the child, inevitably the quality of its
and will result in the distintegration of Western citizenship will suffer.
society. It behooves us to imitate Germany at The author wisely makes no claim for the
least in this, that her financiers were never per representative character of the individual cases


122
(August 15
THE DIAL
recorded, but by gathering them into groups he bad in themselves, as “mother-gather," "kiss—
comes to certain conclusions as to types and cir- mysteries." There is also much obscurity, and
cumstances. His evidence tends to dispose of a
the knife has not been used to prune out sec-
number of long entrenched notions about the
tions which are only prose, or worse.
causes of sex irregularity. The theories that It is unfortunate that virtues cannot be cata-
many girls are forced into immoral lives by the logued so readily as faults. Some of these poems
mere inadequacy of their wages, and that they have a power, a realism, a sincerity that leave
are the innocent victims of designing men much no doubt of the poet's vocation; others have a
older than themselves, find but little support in music and an imagery that sharpen regret over
these records. The very large number of un his sudden lapses into mediocrity. The inti-
married mothers, as of prostitutes, who come mate and revealing nature of many of the pieces
from domestic service is not fairly chargeable redeems otherwise trivial subjects. So uneven
to low wages, for the rate of domestic pay aver-
a poet cannot be represented fairly in brief quota-
ages high as compared with the wage in other tion, but “Birds of Clay” is too fine not to
occupations of similar grade, but rather is indi quote:
rectly the result of the long hours, the unsatis-
Birds of clay I whistled through,
factory social relations, and the lack of oppor-
Have you flown away?
I remember the smell of you,
tunity for needed recreation. Moreover the
Birds of clay!
unmarried mother and the father of her child
are usually at the age when they would normally
Old it was, so old, so old, -
Dust of centuries of dead!
be attracted to each other, and they are prob-
All my childhood I was told
ably about equally responsible for their relation-
You would fly, and are you fled ?
ship. The situation is clearly one of conflict
When I am dead I want to lie
between social and biological demands, and any
Where in the centuries to be
attempts at amelioration are futile which mis-
Children shall utter song and cry
Through the winged dust of me.
interpret or fail to take account of the under-
lying causes.
A TRAVELLER IN WAR-TIME. With an
A summary of legislation in European coun-
Essay on “The American Contribution and
tries emphasizes the fact that the state's chief the Democratic Idea." By Winston
concern is for the welfare of the illegitimate Churchill. Macmillan; $1.25.
child. With the exception of England, whose
The first half of Mr. Churchill's book is a
laws about illegitimacy are notoriously behind
somewhat sketchy, but wholly admirable, account
the times, all important European countries have
of a brief visit to England and France and the
some provision for establishing the paternity of
old front line along Vimy Ridge. He does suc-
the child and for his inheritance. Norway's
ceed in presenting a picture of the social changes
law, the most radical so far enacted, rests on
and the interpenetrations of classes which have
these principles: legitimate and illegitimate chil-
taken place in both countries under the stress of
dren have equal rights before the law; the rights
necessity. And also, without rhetoric or the
and duties of both parents are the same; society
accent of propaganda, he conveys to the reader
is entitled to know not only who is the mother
some sense of the liberating forces which war has
but also who is the father of every child that
released in these two countries. It is a picture
is born. An indication of the tendency of pro-
drawn by an American, and therefore by a con-
gressive legislation in the United States appears genital optimist, yet it is not a falsification. But
in the recommendations of the Missouri Chil-
the enduringly important part of his book is his
dren's Code Commission, included in an appen-
essay on "The American Contribution and the
dix.
Democratic Idea." Here we have an honest and
TROPICAL Town, and Other Poems. By
concrete depiction of the liberal and intelligent
Salomón de la Selva. Lane; $1.25.
and sanguine American mind as it reacts to the
circumstances and tendencies of the world war
Much is said in these poems, but with too in the early months of 1918. We have said that
little skill. Perhaps the lack of finished artistry Mr. Churchill is an optimist, and certainly no
is to be expected in a poet of twenty-four years one else could have given just this cheerful tone
to whom English is not native; but the faults to an essay with his particular title; nevertheless
are too obvious to escape mention. Extra syl- a colder and more cynically objective mind—that
lables are introduced haphazard; in the iambic of Mr. A. J. Hobson—has shown us that much is
poems there is a riot of lines beginning with to be gained tactically by an "appeal to reason” to
trochees—10 in one poem of 28 verses; some the closed, reactionary mind. Mr. Churchill
times the irregularities fall so closely together gives specific color to this claim when he cites all
as to destroy the rhythm entirely; the rhymes the American precedents for the statement that
frequently distort the sense and sometimes are the ferment of an awakening conscience and de-


1918]
123
THE DIAL
son.
sire to do the decent thing is steadily working tion on “Praxis," with good horse-sense sug-
among our financial and industrial leaders. So gestions for those who wish to be originals and
far, so good. When he comes however to the don't know how. Which is of itself deserving
definite aspects of the American contribution, a of honest applause; as, again with Burton,
realist would have to say that he is expressing
“omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci."
hopes rather than actual facts. Mr. Churchill is
against intolerance; he is against an economic boy FEODOR VLADIMIR LARROVITCH: An Appre-
cott of Germany after the war; he is sympathetic
toward the Russian revolution; he believes that
ciation of his Life and Works. Edited by
imperialism is in essence
William George Jordan and Richardson
the protection of
nationals in foreign countries and cites our last
Wright. The Authors' Club, New York;.
Mexican policy as proof that America is against
$2.
such imperialism; he is for a League of Nations To the uninitiated this black-bound volume
on the general plan outlined by the British Labor will appear simply another rather dull tribute
Party (whose programme he calls the most im to an author of whom they have never heard.
portant political document since our own Dec And indeed it is only a careful perusal of it that
laration of Independence); he believes both the rewards even the interested. Larrovitch's name
Republican and Democratic parties moribund and
is surely an unfamiliar one. But here it boasts
demands a new, liberal party; he thinks the war
no less a spokesman than Professor Giddings.
is fundamentally a fight for economic even more He declares that this remarkable Russian, whose
than political freedom for all the world. This of
death, we are told, occurred in 1881, "warned
course is exactly what our American contribution
of the impending war" in such arresting words
ought to be. Let us hope that it is what our
as these: “Kultur is the integration of Hohen-
American contribution may eventually become.
zollerns, accompanied by the differentiation and
the segregation of nations, and the concomitant
ORIGINALITY: A Popular Study of the dissipation of Teutons.” But the most fascin-
Creative Mind. By T. Sharper Knowl ating chapters in this book of appreciations are
Lippincott; $3.50.
those which deal with the personal side of Larro-
It is not every schoolmaster who carries
vitch and with his place in literature, and the
through a wide, and perforce passing, acquaint- really choice bibliographical notes and references.
The latter relieve us somewhat of a too burden-
ance with contemporaneous books such a sagacity
of selection and combination as hath T. Sharper
some ignorance of this unique figure in Russian
Knowlson (and what kindly fate bestowed such
literature, as it appears that his works have been
name?).
Shrewd culling, clever collocation, Italian, and Yiddish, but never into English.
translated into French and German, Bulgarian,
comment (always schoolmasterish), banal and The following excerpt will give some flavor of
refreshing by turns, and all led by an honest
the early chapters:
interest—such are the traits; and the result is
a humanely bookish impression of the vogue of
His wife meanwhile, in an age when the ideas of
commerce and manufacturing had hardly penetrated
quotidian Anglo-American culture (our author the mind of Russia, was keenly interested in all kinds
is flatteringly aware of American books) in a of textiles, silks, linens, cottons, everything of the
sphere just better than social and just short of
In fact, she would accumulate from among the
neighbors during the week, picturesque panniers or
serious accomplishment. It is book
baskets of these fabrics, soiled by usage or wear, and
"originality” obviously composed out of a well by the application of saponaceous agents and enthusi-
ordered commonplace book, and yet it “goes” demonstrating the chemical reactions and cleansing
astic personal labor would work far into the night
more often than it lapses! The vulgar would effects of her various devices aided by her own
credit the author with "punch"—sedate, book physical efforts.
ish punch, of the same sort (though in consist- The volume, which is illustrated with portraits
ency as bouillon to pot-au-feu) one finds in of Larrovitch and photographs of his personal
Burton. Indeed, the analogy goes beyond man effects and of his tomb, concludes with a plea
ner to subject and matter; for "Originality,” for the establishment of a Larrovitch Founda-
like the "Anatomy," is a contribution to an tion and Fellowship. It is sincerely to be hoped
unnamed science of man which finds, with equal that the authors of this engaging book will re-
zest, relevancy in facts physiological, psycho- ceive the necessary pecuniary support for such
logical, biological, theological—one focus all a foundation, if merely to reward them for the
learning. A twentieth-century supplement to amusement afforded by a hoax almost as elabor-
Burton, color sanguineous resurfacing the atra ate and quite as delicious as that of their friends
bile, and for the learned Latins your Freud, the Spectrists. For Larrovitch never existed
Bergson, Nietzsche, Galton, Dewey, Dostoevsky, outside of the minds of the editors and those
et al.-why not? Besides, there is a final sec friends who coőperated with them.
sort.
a
on


124
(August 15
THE DIAL
NOTES ON NEW WAR BOOKS
attributable to the embarrassment of a romancer
in the presence of grim reality. The volume is
Now that the flood of war books has reached
not an important contribution to the literature
so high a tide, their value for us lies not so much
of the war.
in what they add to our knowledge of war as In his foreword to "Front Lines" (Dutton;
in what they show us of the reactions of men to it. $1.50) Mr. Boyd Cable expresses the contempt
Emmanuel Bourcier, in his new volume, “Under
felt by the soldiers at the front for civilians at
the German Shells" (Scribner; $1.50), is con home who grumble at such slight inconveniences
cerned chiefly in describing what he has seen as the war,conditions impose. Then he proceeds
ard endured at the front; but the reader's inter to depict life in the trenches with realism, so that
est comes in watching him as he responds—dra- the civilian may know why he should not com-
matically and, for the most part, unconsciously- plain that there is too little sugar for his tea
to each situation. Without, one imagines, exag-
and that there is a tax on theater tickets. The
gerating the high lights, M. Bourcier has given realism is not sordid. It includes the humor and
us a sense of war's tight-strung intensity, of its the small talk that is current among the men,
emotional and nervous stimulus that is like an
and it breathes life into the dramatic episodes that
intoxication—the eager agony of waiting before
are chronicled. It lifts the book out of the
the attack; the steely grimness, the brute ecstasy
"thriller" classification. How Private Copple
of men in action; the passion of resoluteness when brought art into the trenches by taking a cue
the order comes to "hold your position until the from Corporal Richard's propensity for model-
death”; the tensity of the night silences in the ing in clay is an incident of which Kipling could
front lines; the overpowering heaviness of sleep
not have made better use. Another humorous
after days and nights of superhuman strain and chapter records the dialogue in which the "skip-
fatigue in a great attack. The book has charm per” of a land battleship almost convinces a
of style also—the charm of dramatic simplicity, dispatch-rider that the tank walked four miles
of brevity, imagination, and a keen sensitiveness under water along the bottom of a canal. Some
to beauty. It is emotional rather than reflective, exceedingly picturesque description of a subjec-
because it is true to the life of the poilu. Indeed, tive nature is included in the sketch called
it is sometimes too emotional for us, too naively “Nightmare,” which describes a charge on an
direct, but that is because it is French, and we do
enemy emplacement under cover of barrage fire,
not understand. M. Bourcier was already, the author has been close to similar incidents.
and the intimacy of its detail suggests that
before the war, one of the arriving younger men
of letters in France. He fought in the battle of graphic and stirring presentation of warfare on
Taken as a whole, the chapters make up a
the Marne and at Verdun, and in 1916 he
the front lines.
came to the United States as a member of the
Mr. Thomas Tiplady in his book "The Soul
French Military Commission, remaining until
of the Soldier” (Revell; $1.25) has at once the
very recently as instructor in liason at Camp preacher's habit and the essayist's manner. In
Grant.
consequence, although he illuminates his chapters
Mr. Jeffery Farnol's book "Great Britain at with the most vivid narratives of soldier experi-
War” (Little, Brown; $1.25) is a slight one, ence and thinking, one feels the almost unchange-
being made up of short magazine articles on vari- able background of Christianity with which he
ous topics relating to the Britons' part in the war. approached the war, lived in it, and brooded over
He evidently had exceptional opportunities for it and over the souls of soldiers. Some of the
visiting munition factories, shipyards, training idols of the market place have intruded them-
camps, and hospitals, as well as certain parts of selves upon the seclusion of his thought, as they
the front; but the result is hardly more than an do on most men of the cloth. He is at times too
interesting verification of the hypothesis that the tolerant of snobbishness: witness the young Eton
writer of popular fiction is apt to find his limita man who "showed a self-control which only cen-
tions when he essays to move his readers through turies of breeding could give." He is dogmatic,
the presentation of facts. Among the few rather too, in matters of religious faith. He insists on
vivid bits of description is that which tells how the symbolism of the cross for the soldier and
he was given a demonstration of various kinds says that "it has provided him with the only
of gases, with the dramatic accent laid on the acceptable philosophy of the war" and that "the
lachrymatory. Another pictures a battlefield Cross of Christ is the centre of the picture for
with the evidences of carnage still uncovered. It evermore, and the grouping of all other figures
is quite horrible, but inadequate. In the less must be round it." But these are invidious
intense portions of the book Mr. Farnol's pen examples of Chaplain Tiplady when he is most
may be halting because of the inhibitions of the passionately assertive. Each chapter has in it
censor, but in the rest his inadequacy is no doubt something of observation of men in war, of


1918]
125
THE DIAL
sympathy with the dumb agony in the trenches maps, charts, and tables—the geographical fea-
which leaves men nothing to do but pray or tures of importance to officers working in
curse, as well as of the valiant cheerfulness which northern France. Both his method and his
bursts into song. He handsomely admits that it vocabulary hit the golden mean between the too
took the war to reveal to him the inwardness of popular and too technical. The index however is
common men, who become transfigured before not so valuable for quick reference as it would
his eyes. His is the confession of a man who has be if it were more comprehensive and more
been able to maintain his belief, dogmatic as definitive: an officer on the Meuse, for instance,
it is, against horrors no portion of which he hunting a half-forgotten fact, might not always
shirked either with his body or with his quick have time to look up all the fifteen page refer-
sympathies.
ences to that river. “Health for the Soldier and
Mr. Heywood Broun carried over with him Sailor” has no alphabetical index at all; otherwise
to his war correspondence-as expressed in his it is an admirable book of advice for both the
book “The A. E. F.” (Appleton ; $1.50)—some officer and the private, neither of whom is likely
thing of his genial, anecdotal style as writer on to take too seriously its doubtless sound; but per-
sports for the newspapers. It is the good humor haps inopportune, strictures on alcohol and to-
of the first Americans to enter the great war that bacco. Professor Fisher is Chairman, and Dr.
he has set down easily. In fact little but the Fisk is Medical Director, of the Life Extension
good-humored side of the great American adven- Institute, whose Hygiene Reference Board has
ture is permitted to come to the surface. Non endorsed the war hygiene material they have
chalance or a joke in the face of danger is the assembled.
order of his day. The character of the book is “Keeping Our Fighters Fit" (Century;
due partly to Mr. Broun's inability to resist his $1.25), written by Edward Frank Allen with the
talent for spinning yarns. One of his immortals coöperation of Raymond Fosdick, Chairman of
is the sergeant whose studies were directed to the the War and Navy Departments' Commission
French equivalent for: "Give me a plate of ham on Training Camp Activities, may not be inter-
and eggs. How much?” “What's your name?” esting as a piece of literature, but it will no doubt
and “Do you love me, kid ?” He makes record be of value to those who need reassurance con-
of that historic first crap game played by dough- cerning their sons and brothers in the training
boys on French soil. And not least, there is the camps. Its purpose is to describe the work of the
plaintive mule-skinner who remarks apropos of Commission on Training Camp Activities, in the
a refractory beast named Bill: “I don't like creating and maintaining of camp morale; and
him as well as the rest of the mules, and I hate it does this very comfortingly. The spirit of our
'em all." Mr. Broun's legions, setting out, are fighters who sing and laugh is, we are told, the
unbled. He himself is a newspaper observer finest of any army in the world, thanks to the
seeing the sights, the war made easy, playing up services in the cantonments of a network of social
what newspaper men call “human interest stuff.” and recreational agencies—the Y. M. C. A., the
The darker moments are not yet. It speaks well Hostess Houses, Liberty theatres, libraries, ath-
for much of his newspaper correspondence that letics, and the organization of many forces which
it stands the test of republication. It has a value make for wholesomeness of attitude and health
as a record of a state of mind at the outset of of body. The book deals rather lightly with the
the great American adventure. It could not be negative and preventive sides of the work of the
written later on. Other books will come, about Camp Activities Commission—perhaps because it
Americans in war, not so genially anecdotal as has been proceeding on the theory that wholesome
this of Mr. Broun's.
amusement will provide against the lure of the
The rising pile of khaki-bound manuals, forbidden saloon and the red-light district. The
handbooks, guides, vocabularies, scrapbooks, and critical reader will regret that the author has
what not addressed to our embarking soldiers not given us a franker account of some of the
discloses two little books which have the merits social facts to be combatted by the commission.
of authority, brevity, and convenient arrange But to have discussed these would have been to
ment: a "Handbook of Northern France,” by defeat the constructive aim of the book. The
Professor William Morris Davis (Harvard volume is ungrammatical here and there, and
University Press; $1) and “Health for the Sol- written in an easy popular style. These facts
dier and Sailor," by Professor Irving Fisher and need not, however, much diminish its value to
Dr. Eugene Lyman Fisk (Funk & Wagnalls; those for whom it is written—those at home who
60 cts.). Professor Davis, who is now Chairman want to know that their "boys” in camp are
of the Geography Committee of the National working and playing under the auspices of a
Research Council, describes succinctly—with wholesome morale.


126
(August 15
THE DIAL
NOTES ON NEW FICTION
expects less accuracy from a romancer. Never-
theless Jackdabos in “The Key of the Fields"
Adjectives like theatrical, fabulous, or prosy and Door-nail Jimmy in "Boldero" emerge from
show how a good word-horse can be ridden to these clouds of fantasy as creatures alertly alive
verbal death. Add to the list as one will, while and fascinating—the former a cosmopolitan young
the nouns keep their original value the adjectives mountebank of versatile accomplishments, first
formed from them grow more and more corrupt. found with his two companions, Puig and Bar-
For example, consider fiction and fictitious. Fic- javel, in a town in southern France; the other
tion we enjoy just as we trust a lie for the first a distinguished Orientalist who assumed the rôle
time; in fictitious fiction, however, we recognize of a doddering miser in the Chinese quarter of a
the artfulness of a second offense. Here are three Western town. Both stories charm with bizarre
collections of short stories, sufficiently similar in antitheses, their enjoyment being in no way hur-
aim since they are the recent magazine contribu ried by any very precise schedule of plot.
tions of three practiced writers, which vary sig On page forty of Elizabeth Jordan's “Wings
nificantly in the degree of their success. “The of Youth” (Harper, $1.40) we find the follow-
Flying Teuton,” by Alice Brown (Macmillan; ing: “The thing often happens in books, rarely
$1.50), and “Gaslight Sonatas,” by Fannie Hurst in real life. It had happened to him.” What had
(Harper ; $1.40), sound like the second offenses happened? The aristocratic young Devons,
they are; “The Key of the Fields and Boldero," brother and sister, of Devondale, Ohio, tackle
by Henry Milner Rideout (Duffield; $1.35), New York on fifty dollars each and pledge each
does not—which reminds one of Whistler's other to stay a year and earn a living by the
famous rebuke to a well-intentioned friend who sweat of their respective brows. Laurie Devon
sewed up the hole in his hat. "A hole, sir,” he is something of a black sheep and agrees to his
cried, ripping out the stitches, "might happen to sister's plan for his redemption through a year of
anyone; a patch is premeditated poverty.” This voluntary exile from the advantages and disad-
poverty in premeditation is what is shown in the vantages of his inherited wealth and position.
first two volumes. "Gaslight Sonatas” probes too The beautiful Barbara Devon (now “Miss
hard and too painfully with the literary instru- Smith") addresses envelopes, plays accompani-
ment known as realism. “The Flying Teuton, ments, and lives in a hall bedroom, first having
on the other hand, is the ether of etherealized lit- the good fortune to set down her traveling case
erary atmosphere. These are such stories as Miss for the right man to stumble over. With the oc-
Brown and other excellent writers made the casional help of this timely admirer she makes
standard for literary magazines fifteen or twenty good her part of the bargain and stays the year out
years ago. Good stories they are, admirably told on her own resources. The once dissolute Laurie
--the experiences of offhand men of letters with sticks resolutely to the task of becoming a success-
briar pipes, the apocalypses in store for Americans ful playwright. The trials of writing for the stage
on the continent, the psychic visions our young are clearly and sympathetically set forth. Miss
men shall see. "The Key of the Fields” and Jordan is evidently sure of her ground here; and
“Boldero” are two as ripping yarns as Mr. Ride- the striking triumph of the young dramatist is
out has written since his “Blue Peter” of under- made more generally plausible than the romantic
graduate days or since the "Twisted Foot” of adventures of his sister. Hard work and the re-
later date. No blue prints of realism, no gray sponsibilities of making good prove the necessary
half-tones of the brain or soul for him, but stimulus for the hitherto purposeless young man.
action and color worthy of Sorolla. Now of
Now of The Devons return to their aristocratic home
“Gaslight Sonatas” it can be said that no one with a new appreciation of the simple and funda-
objects to unpleasant stories simply because they mental values of life. “Wings of Youth” is a
are unpleasant. One takes one's medicine, hoping diverting fairy story which aspires to reality.
it will do one good. Yet it is difficult to imagine The puzzle of personality is given a unique
anyone taking medicine for medicine's sake, and sympathetic treatment in “The Man Who
squalor for squalor's sake, although Miss Hurst Survived,” by Camille Marbo (Harper; $1.35).
gives it an undeniable piquancy which makes it A striking situation, that of one man's spirit in
go down easily. Curiously blended with the another man's body, is made appealing by imagi-
other strains, too, is a strain of pronounced sen native presentation. No scientific explanation is
timentality, which weakens the effectiveness of hinted until the idea has been made artistically
the work and enforces its fictitious quality. But conceivable in the careful development of mood
the one of these three authors with the Touch- and the interplay of personalities. And then the
stone-like grace in weaving fabrications is Mr. explanation is not insisted upon; it is merely sug-
Rideout. More extravagant than those of the gested. The mystery of physical and mental re-
other two volumes in lavish use of plot and set- lationship, the subtle influence of matter upon
ting, these picaresque tales have somehow less pre mind, the possibilities as well as the limitations of
tense, This may come from the fact that one human will are forces which the author handles


1918]
127
THE DIAL
with delicacy and intelligent humility. The
The ing two years, the awakening of passion in a
story itself, concerning the return from war young widow whose conventional marriage had
of a man who must meet friends, wife, and work left her untouched. The overseer of her estate,
in his comrade's body, is consistently less arrest serenely healthy and unconscious of her almost
ing than the psychological problem it creates. childlike adoration, becomes, not her lover, but
To be told, at the beginning of a book, that her beloved, and the father of her child. One
the author was able to write it by means of a has throughout a strange sense of looking through
former incarnation, that the scenes and details a lens at the characters, so detached and un-
are due to a sort of remembrance, is not ordinarily conscious they seem. Yet they are far from
the most encouraging introduction. One opens being unreal even in their astonishing situation.
the book fearing an overdose of pseudo-similitude. There is more than a tinge of Hardy in the
This fear however in the case of “My Two fatality, and in the understanding of feminine
Kings,” by Mrs. Evan Nepean (Dutton; $1.50), psychology—a grateful novelty.
is very pleasantly dismissed. The story is set
The engaging whimsicality of "Miss Pim's
in the Stuart Restoration period, including the
last part of the reign of Charles I'I and the short Camouflage,” by Lady Stanley (Houghton Mif-
reign of James II. Luckily, the treatment of this
Alin; $1.50), is perhaps its most distinguishing
bit of English history is peculiarly appropriate. quality. In a deluge of war stories it achieves
Not only do the colorful pictures of court scenes
individuality by its delicious humor, its quaintly
and actors suggest a Meissonier series in grace impossible premise, and the absorbing complica-
and detail, but the characters of the King, of
tions which follow. Miss Pim, a sedate English
Monmouth, of Nell Gwynn, and of her rivals are spinster of fifty, suddenly finds herself possessed
touched with a sympathy really Carolinian. It of a most miraculous gift—a power which enables
is certain that dictionaries and encyclopedias and her to render patriotic service at a crisis in her
even Pepys himself, to whom the reader flies country's history. She visits the battlefields of
upon finishing the book—a rather good test of France, interviews military leaders, meets the
excellence in an historical novel, by the way—fail
Kaiser himself, and all but ends his atrocious ac-
to suggest what the author of the book implies, tivities. The author does not attempt plausibil-
that the real reason for Charles's reign of twenty- ity; she just writes an interesting story, making
five years was his charm of personality. The
capital of absurdity.
story has the air of a warm personal document,
and its sincerity and disinterestedness add to its
“The Road That Led Home," by Will E.
fascination. There is only one reason why it Ingersoll (Harper; $1.35), is a fairly well writ-
should not make a great success if it were filmed:
ten if not convincingly original story. It has a
the censor might not approve of the moral—if
somewhat conventional prairie setting. There is
there is one.
a farmer, a transplanted city-waitress wife (de-
There is an engaging bit of derring do in
scribed not without some instinctive gift for psy-
Marion Hill's "The Toll of the Road" (Apple-chological analysis), an Englishman in the wilds
ton; $1.50). In a would-be popular novel— -and a love story. The hero is a schoolmaster;
whose audacity merits the popularity it has the heroine, a daughter of the prairie. Mr.
probably forfeited—the heroine is forced to the Ingersoll writes well enough for one to wish he
inevitable choice between home-town respecta- might find material less well worn, and situations
bility, with marriage to the usual reliable sturdy- less threadbare, on which to employ his powers
oak fiancé, and a stage career which promises of delineation and characterization.
to involve her in an affair with her brilliant but Inevitably somebody besides the joke writers
already married playwright-manager. In the must have taken advantage of the humor of war-
face of every best-seller precedent she chooses the time food conservation; and what more revealing
career. The road has already taken its toll of point of view than that of the small grocer, or
her-in prejudices, illusions, lifelong habits of more adequately still, the grocer's delivery boy?
mind and person; she is "traveling lighter than J. J. Bell's latest story, "Johnny Pryde,
before." And, on the whole, she is seeing with (Revell; $1), is worthy of its predecessors, "Wee
clearer eyes, except when she regards “genius," Macgreegor" and "Wully McWattie.” And it
of which she discovers a staggering amount. Both is the grocer boy speaking. Being a grocer in
stage and village are presented candidly and wartime, his employer has observed, is “a fair
sympathetically, though the luckless fiancé is tradegy." The humor has the true Scottish
made unnecessarily self-centered.
flavor, and the author accomplishes the difficult
The reader of "The Statue in the Wood,” feat of making Johnny seem human as well as
by Richard Pryce (Houghton Mifflin ; $1.50), perpetually humorous. A diverting if fragile tale,
is likely to fall back upon the adjective "curious" "Johnny Pryde" should serve to lighten the par-
as the only keyword to his reaction from the ticular war gloom of anyone who gives an hour
story. The novel deals with an incident cover to the cheery little volume.


128
(August 15
THE DIAL
CASUAL COMMENT
great, powerful nations of the world. If our
great power is to be used for the benefit and
IT IS EXTRAORDINARY HOW LITTLE WE KNOW advancement of the world, it is important that
about the American mind. We are not an intro-, other nations should understand us; it is impera-
spective nation. And although we have had our tive that we should understand ourselves.
fair share of description by foreign discoverers,
it is really remarkable how they have confined
LIBERALS IN ALL COUNTRIES WILL FEEL DEEP
themselves to what one might call the externals disappointment in the decision which the Ameri-
of American life. There are innumerable books can Government has considered it necessary to
on our industrial and economic institutions, on make respecting our joint action with Japan in
our system of politics, our material resources, our protecting the Czecho-Slovaks in Siberia and else-
complexities of nationalities in the great "melting where in Russia. It had been earnestly hoped
pot.” Yet when we strive to find a book which
that Russia might find a way to solve her own
deals primarily with the peculiar and individual difficulties without foreign assistance. One of
thing, the American mind and the American point the general principles for which we are fighting
of view, the task is almost insuperable. The in this war is the free right of all nations to deter-
truth is, every observer-ourselves included mine their own destiny, and we distinctly affirm
shrinks from the task because of its enormous dif- that it is in no sense our intention to interfere
ficulties and complexities. We have not yet de- with the political sovereignty of Russia or to in-
veloped a specific national culture which is recog tervene in her internal affairs, “not even in the
nizable in terms of our older categories. We have local affairs of the limited areas which her [of the
no homogeneous background of folk legends. As United States) military force may be obliged to
much as the war has already bound us together, occupy" or, finally, to impair either now or here-
it has most strikingly revealed our heterogeneity, after her territorial integrity. No one can ques-
the fact that America means so many different tion that such is our settled intention. Yet later
things to so many different sections of our popu in the same note we specifically state that our
lation. There is a tremendous organization at conclusions, while agreed to in principle by the
work already on the task of "Americanization,” nations with which we are associated in this war,
a task we ought to have undertaken years ago. do not in any sense limit the independent action
Yet in spite of these evidences of spiritual dis- of these other nations. There can be little ques-
unity, it is an indubitable fact that the American tion that, whatever our intention, we have em-
type of soldier in France has something which barked upon a perilous course of action which may
distinguishes him from all the other types. The lead us in any one of a hundred directions. Simi-
"doughboy,” as we affectionately call him, is larly, there can be little question that, whatever
somehow a specific person. There is one indubi our settled principles, from the Russian point of
table quality of the American mind—its high view the policy will and must distinctly appear as
spirits, its divine, jesting irreverence. We civilians a meddling policy, violating our principle of non-
who stay at home and work ourselves into fits of interference in the destinies of nations.
alternate depression and elation might learn with We.cannot go into the reasons which compelled
profit from the men actually at the front, who President Wilson to make his present decision,
have not yet forgotten how to laugh. But back for we have not been permitted to know them.
of that optimism and humor are concealed all Nevertheless certain conclusions may be drawn
sorts of qualities and tendencies which no student from the fact of the decision itself. Evidently
of the American mind has yet adequately exposed. the Soviet Government is much weaker than had
One
very discerning observer once said of us that commonly been assumed in well-informed circles.
in the mass Americans were the most unhappy It is hardly to be supposed that our present plans
and restless people on the face of the earth—ex would have been put into action had it not been
cept that they refused to recognize it. And thought that the chance of their success was at
when we read the posthumous papers of our most least better than fifty per cent. And certain
characteristic humorist, Mark Twain, that obser- considerations can be brought to the support of
vation does not seem wholly inept. But whatever this seemingly official view. The Czecho-Slovaks
we are, whatever the American mind is, it is do occupy a strategic situation which will enable
worth knowing. If all of us had taken the them to starve out the Bolshevik Government in
trouble to understand the German mind some central Russia this winter. The great mass of
twenty years ago—its fear, its jealousy at what it the peasantry care little about anything except
thought was unjust discrimination against Ger- holding what land they possess. They are willing
many, its technical assiduity and tenacity, its to make use of the local Soviet organization and
docility—what horrors the world might have even to elect representatives to the central con-
been spared through understanding. It is as im-
gress.
But they neither understand nor care
portant today for the world to understand the particularly about Bolshevik theories. In the last
American mind. We are becoming one of the analysis they will support any government which


1918]
129
THE DIAL
allows them to keep their land and lets them phasize our hope and desire to rehabilitate as
alone. There is little nationalistic feeling, and speedily as may be the shattered economic and
an ineradicable aversion to fighting as such. If industrial life of that tragic nation.
the Bolshevik Government can be overthrown;
if a new government, commanding the will of the
IF COUNT VON HERTLING'S PEACE TERMS,
Russian people and favorable to the Allied cause, recently outlined in the press, really represent
can be erected; and if, finally, an Eastern front the views of the ruling class in Germany, then
can be reconstituted; then the move will be there can be no argument that all political strat-
justified in terms of present Allied political egy is utterly lacking in German official circles.
strategy. But this is an exceedingly large order, Without going into details, these terms may not
and no one can survey the known facts without be unfairly described as a demand for the earth
serious misgivings. The presence of Japanese and the fulness thereof. One would think that
and Chinese troops on Russian soil may very
with the German defeat on the Marne and the
possibly raise the religious issue. If something successful British advance, with Russia proving
like a holy war is started against the heathen
a barren triumph, with the growing discontent of
invaders, as they will be called, the presence of the German people, with the prospect of a com-
American troops in the invading army will not mercial boycott after the war staring her in the
be likely to reassure the ignorant and superstitious face, with the increase in shipbuilding and army
peasantry. The possibilities of such a war, if it recruiting in our own country—one would think
should occur, are plainly ominous. Or again, that with all these facts confronting her, some-
suppose the Bolsheviks, confronted on one side body of official rank in Germany would begin
by the German Government, with whom they to talk sense instead of nonsense. Of course, the
are nominally at peace, and on the other by the probabilities are that such a speech as Von Hert-
Allied forces, with whom they will then be ling's is meant for home consumption, and for
actually at war, should decide to throw in their Junker consumption at that. If so, it is the
lot with the Austro-Germans. Can we contem- height of political folly for the German leaders
plate with equanimity the very probable employ- to allow it to circulate outside Germany. For
ment of large Russian forces, recruited or im- those who can see beyond the end of their noses
pressed by the Germans, on either the Eastern or
in Germany are no longer talking about a victory
the Western front? We ought to have a very clear which is already unthinkable; they are wonder-
idea concerning the Bolshevik theory of this war. ing how Germany can end the war without com-
Fanatically, these intransigeant theorists believe plete disaster and ruin. Already the unofficial
that if only they can so arrange matters as to be utterances of some of Germany's intellectual lead-
left alone in a large section of Russia and to see ers (aside from Harden, who long ago seemed
to it that all other nations keep up the war among to have acquired the habit of telling the truth),
themselves to the point of blood and economic and the tone of many of the editorials in the
exhaustion, then the Bolsheviks can impose their newspapers, have undergone change. When
will upon a tired and revolutionary-minded these unofficial views of moderation, based first
world. It is, if one likes, the theory of madness; of all on the assumption that victory for Ger-
but madmen are dangerous, and we should not many is impossible, become the official German
take any step which by ever so little plays into views, then there will be some hope of talking
their hands. The need for a quick and decisive about the end of the war. But certainly not until
victory over Germany is now imperative. Our then. We ought to remember, too, that this is
own American note states at the beginning very not a question of sincerity. There is really no
clearly: "Military intervention in Russia would reforming people like Hertling, Stumm, Hintz,
be more likely to add to the present sad confusion Tirpitz, Ludendorff, and the rest of the bandit
there than to cure it and would injure Russia clique: they never learn and they never forget.
rather than help her out of her distresses. But there is such a thing as their yielding to pres-
We are bending all our energies now to the pur sure which they cannot resist, whether military,
pose, the resolute and confident purpose, of economic, or political. Already our military pres-
winning on the Western front, and it would in sure must be causing sleepless nights to the Ger-
the judgment of the Government of the United man General Staff, just as our economic pressure
States be most unwise to divide or dissipate our must be causing sleepless nights to the German
forces.” Let us never forget this wise caution, bankers, industrialists, shippers, and traders. Let
and let us not be drawn into any course of action us also add to the political pressure, and refuse to
whereby the Western front sinks into a position play the Germans' own game by answering “bit-
of relative unimportance and the Eastern front ter end” speeches with similar "bitter end”
becomes the military centre of gravity. It is to speeches. Let us answer with speeches of moder-
be hoped that the economic commission to Russia ation and clearness which even in the minds of
which the note suggests will speedily be dis- the German people must contrast favorably with
patched, and that our action in Russia will em their own leaders' blood-and-iron nonsense.


130
[August 15
THE DIAL
BRIEFER MENTION
Democratic and Republican parties, fusion, Tam-
many, certain historical incidents, and some current
In most of the many books constructed round the
gossip. It dismisses socialism under the heading
subject of women and the war there is a complacent
“Minor Parties," and terminates with a hymn of
acceptance and refurbishing of common material praise to the Constitution and a back-handed slap
with little effort to search out the new. Harriott at the “American Bolsheviki.” The series of articles
Stanton Blatch, author of "Mobilizing Woman first came into print in the columns of the New
Power” (Woman's Press; $1.25), has read the some-
York “Times.”
what exhaustive though valuable report of the Health
Anthologies are notoriously exclusive. And "The
of Munition Workers Committee, but she has never Melody of Earth,” selected by Mrs. Waldo Richards
apparently been tempted to inquire about the report (Houghton Miffin; $1.50), is quite literally an
on elevator girls and car conductors in New York anthology, in that it concerns itself with nothing
City. Therefore she finds no objectionable features but garden verse, is suspicious of wild flowers that
in these occupations, which in America are constant- might be only weeds, and--for all its catholicity-
ly recruiting women workers. She also has a jumpy has omitted most of the poems that one would hope
habit of mind which allows her to jot down at ran-
to find in such a volume. The list of contributors
dom ill-digested conclusions. After she has laid is a joy in itself however. Conceive of turning
herself open to criticism on the ground of one or page after page in which such names as these follow
two misstatements (for instance, concerning the each other in quick succession : Arthur Guiterman,
comparison between the health of city and country
Emile Verhaeren, Clinton Scollard, Robert Frost,
dwellers brought out by the draft figures, and the Mary MacMillan, Sara Teasdale, Rabindranath
equal necessity for protection in industry of male Tagore, Harry Kemp, Amy Lowell, Ella Wheeler
and female workers) one is not tempted to take too Wilcox, Vachel Lindsay, Henry A. Wise Wood.
seriously her assumption that it is the poorer classes There are about two hundred of them in bewildering
who should support the war by their economy,
juxta position. But the compiler has been almost
rather than the well-to-do. She claims that "the unfailing in choosing such examples of the important
richer a family is, the more it saves by skilled ser-
poets' work as would contrast not too terribly with
vice.” However, her book as a whole does not bear
that of the minors. What is yet more wonderful
a consistently reactionary stamp, and her final plea is the sort of thing that seems to her to concern
for the consideration of the unpaid labor of the gardens. As well as the sort of thing that doesn't.
individual housewife as a real economic factor de But if one can skip joyfully from "within garden
mands consideration.
walls” to “gardens overseas,” and thence “under-
“Maids, Wives and Widows,” by Rose Falls Bres neath the bough,”and eventually find oneself in "the
(Dutton; $2), may be classed among the real con-
garden of life," almost any poem might be quotable.
tributions to the woman literature of the day. It The one definite impression that these three hundred
contains a useful digest of the different state laws and one pages leave upon an embarrassed reviewer
affecting women and children, and also discussion, is that horticulture should be left to scientists-
historical and argumentative, on the subjects of and poets to their own, wider and wilder, field.
woman's legal status, marriage and divorce, mothers' No series of travel books is at once so scholarly,
pensions, child labor and minimum wage, and con and so popular as the "Highways and Byways"
tracts and forms. We cannot help regretting that series. Attractively made, fully illustrated, each
the state laws were not tabulated in a more accessible volume is a guide to an English shire, accurate in
form. Considering the scope of this volume, it its historical details and its archæological data, and
would have been a difficult task, but one well worth each is sufficiently a stylistic success to make its
attempting. Since the subject is in itself dry and perusal enjoyable. The latest volume, “Highways
not likely to be approached by anyone who is not and Byways of Wiltshire” (Macmillan; $2), by the
desirous of getting the unadorned facts, it would author and illustrator of “Somerset,” abounds in
add to the value of the volume were they set forth historic interest. Mr. Edward Hutton is a com-
in the most unadorned way. That will be the noble petent writer, possessing an easy, vigorous style,
task of some future statistician. Meanwhile Mrs. and he betrays an enthusiasm which is frequently
Bres's book will be of very practical interest and contagious. He has a confident, ready knowledge
value to the women of this country who intend to and an æsthetic appreciation of the many beautiful
use their vote intelligently.
Norman, Gothic, and later monuments of Wiltshire,
"The New Voter," by Charles Willis Thompson as well as an inherent love for the South English
(Putnam; $1.50), proclaims its contents as "things countryside, with its rolling Downs. Nelly Erich-
he and she ought to know about politics and citizen sen has provided very many attractive pen-and-ink
ship.” So far, so good; they are. The volume drawings, and an excellent map is included.
forms a simple and readable introduction to more How men, cut off from home and friends, and sub-
scholarly books on government. A lawyer, a cor ject at all times to the capriciousness and tyranny
respondent, an ex-Congressman, and a skeptical of their German captors, constitute themselves into
husband gather about å table conversationally to a more or less socialistic body, meet and conquer
instruct a business woman and a college woman in economic problems, and become, to all intents and
the meaning of the familiar terms and habits of the purposes, a world within a world, this is the subject
political world. As information it is all very sound of Mr. H. C. Mahoney's well written narrative,
and true, but not for one moment can we believe "Interned in Germany" (McBride; $2). A first-
that the moral drawn would have satisfied the two hand account of life in the prison camp at Ruhleben,
questioners. The discussion swings round the it has a vivid, if painful, interest.


1918]
131
THE DIAL
NOTES AND NEWS
Romain Rolland's plays of the French Revolution,
“The Fourteenth of July” and “Danton,” are an-
S. Foster Damon, who discusses American in nounced for publication August 22 under the Holt
fluence on modern French music for this issue of imprint. The volume is to be followed next month
The Dial, graduated in 1914 from Harvard, where
with M. Rolland's “The People's Theatre."
he was president of the “Harvard Musical Review.” “The Open-Air Theatre," by Sheldon Cheney,
He was a contributor to the anthology of “Eight
which Mitchell Kennerley will publish on the
Harvard Poets" (Gomme, 1917) and is about to
twenty-fifth of this month, is to be an account of
publish a book on “Free Verse and Imagism: Their outdoor play houses in Europe and America, with
Techniques and Histories."
incidental discussion of Greek, Roman, and medieval
Alter Brody, two of whose poems are printed in
theaters.
this number, is a native of Russia. He has con The Macmillan Co. are bringing out a new book
tributed verse to various magazines and was at one of Amy Lowell's poems—"Can Grande's Castle"
time editor of “East and West,” a magazine de -and, in two volumes, the collected “Poems” and
voted to introducing Yiddish literature to American “Plays” of John Masefield. August 27 they will
readers. This fall B. W. Huebsch will publish a have ready "The War and the Future,” contain-
volume of Mr. Brody's verse under the title “The ing Mr. Masefield's lectures in America.
Family Album, and Other Poems."
“Far Away and Long Ago,” an autobiographical
John G. Holme, who reviews three Scandinavian narrative of W. H. Hudson's youth in South
plays, was born in Iceland. Since his graduation America, will be brought out later in the season by
from the University of Minnesota he has been en E. P. Dutton & Co. Next month Alfred Knopf
gaged in newspaper work, particularly in the field of will publish Mr. Hudson's "A Little Boy Lost,"
dramatic criticism. He is at present on the staff of which is addressed particularly to younger readers.
the New York “Tribune.”
Dodd, Mead & Co. have forthcoming a new
Herbert W. Hines, who contributes a discussion volume in their Henri Fabre series--"The Sacred
of the position of the millennialist idea in contem Beetle and Others,” translated by Alexander de
porary religious thought, is pastor of the Baptist Mattos. Another Fabre book, "Our Humble
Church at El Paso, Yllinois. · After his graduation Helpers, the Domestic Animals," is announced by
from Harvard in 1909 Mr. Hines spent some time the Century Co.
studying theology at various European universities. S. K. Ratcliffe and Ordway Tead have col-,
The other contributors to this number have laborated in “British Industrial Reconstruction
previously written for The Dial.
Programs: Their Substance, Purposes, and Applica-
tion to American Conditions," which Henry Holt
"Unchained Russia," by Charles Edward Russell, & Co. will publish shortly. Mr. Tead's "The In-
is on the fall list of D. Appleton & Co.
stincts in Industry” is on the fall list of the Houghton
The John Lane Co. announce “The Superstition Mifflin Co.
of Divorce," a new volume of essays by G. K. Alfred Knopf announces for immediate publica-
Chesterton.
tion “The War Workers,” a novel by E. M. Dela-
E. P. Dutton & Co. have postponed the publica- field, and "Fairies and Fusiliers," a volume of
tion of "American Problems of Reconstruction,” poems by Robert Graves, the English edition of
edited by Elisha M. Friedman.
which was commented upon by Mr. Edward Shanks
“The Art World” and “Arts and Decoration" in The Dial for January 31.
Mr. Graves is a
have been merged under a joint name. The offices contributor to the current Georgian anthology, re-
are at 2 West 45th Street, New York.
viewed by Mr. Untermeyer in this issue.
The autumn list of Doubleday, Page & Co. in Samuel A. Eliot, Jr., who was the first Art
cludes a collection of Rudyard Kipling's recent verse, Director of the Indianapolis Little Theater, is the
which will appear under the title "Gethsemane." editor of a new series of one-act plays, "The Little
Brentano's announces the forthcoming publica- Theater Classics,” the first volume of which Little,
tion of a novel, “There Was a King in Egypt," by Brown & Co. announce for issue this fall. It will
Norma Lorimer.
contain: “Polyxena," from the “Hecuba” of
The correspondence of Joel Chandler Harris has Euripides; a medieval Christmas miracle_play; an
been edited by his daughter-in-law and will be pub arrangement of Marlowe's . “Doctor Faustus”;
lished, with a biography, among the fall books of “Ricardo and Viola," from "The Coxcomb," by
the Houghton Mifflin Co.
Beaumont and Fletcher; and “The Scheming
The Yale University Press has in preparation Lieutenant," from Sheridan's “St. Patrick's Day.'
"Authority in the Modern State," by Harold J. "The Inferno," by Henri Barbusse, "The Gilded
Laski, a continuation of his "Studies in the Problem Man,” by Clifford Smyth, and "Free and Other
of Sovereignty."
Stories,” by Theodore Dreiser, have just been
The September issue of “The Bookman” will be added to the Boni and Liveright list. For Sep-
the first number to be published by the new owners, tember publication they announce “Gabrielle de
the George H. Doran Co. E. F. Saxton is to be Bergerac," an early story by Henry James; “Karma,”.
managing editor.
a collection of stories, essays, and sketches, and
This month the Scribners have published the first “Japanese Fairy Tales,” both by Lafcadio Hearn;
volume in their uniform series of the plays of James and' "Iolanthe's Wedding," by Hermann Suder-
M. Barrie-"What Every Woman Knows." They mann, translated by Adele Seltzer—the first four
announce a dozen or more volumes to appear at titles in a new series to be known as the “Penguin
intervals during the next year.
Series.”


132
(August 15
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
[The following list, containing 119 titles, includes
books received by The Dial since it's last issue.]
Make your
Dollars
Thrifty
Dollars
As a nation we've not been a saving
people—we've lived up to the last
cent. We've felt a pride in the lux-
uries of our table, our establishment,
our manners of life. Then came the
war and its merciless demands to give.
From somewhere must come the
ships, the shells, the food which will
sustain the boys who fight. And from
somewhere must come the money to
pay for these. From where?
From the useless things we wasted.
From the weakening habits which
have cost us health and money. From
the "more-than-enough” margin we've
thrown away. We must save. The
purchase of War Savings Stamps will
help us. Into these we must put the
wasted gasoline, the uneaten food, the
treatings, the entertainments—all the
unessentials which must pay for this
war. From these we can hope to
create the Democracy of the world,
and to shorten the war as well.
Buy your War Savings Stamps
bountifully. Take a pledge to buy
them monthly. Think afterwards of
what can be sacrificed. In this way
you can begin to save. Your own con-
science will be your gauge—your own
intelligence can tell you where to draw
the line. In this way you can take
your self-respecting part in the Vic-
tory to come.
NATIONAL WAR SAVINGS
COMMITTEE, WASHINGTON
THE WAR
From Bapaume to Passchendaele. By Philip Gibbs.
With maps, 8vo, 463 pages. George H. Doran Co.
$2.50.
What Every American Should Know About the War:
A series of studies delivered at the National Con-
ference of American Lecturers, 1918. Edited by Mon-
ta ville Flowers. Svo, 368 pages. George H. Doran
Co. $2.
Fighting France. By Stephane Lauzanne. Translated
by John L. B. Williams. Introduction by James
M. Beck. 12mo, 231 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.50.
On the Fringe of the Great Fight. By George G. Nas-
mith. Illustrated.
8vo, 263 pages. George H.
Doran Co. $1.50.
With Three Armies. By Arthur Stanley Riggs. Illug-
trated, 12mo, 303 pages. Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
Above the Battle. By Vivian Drake. Introduction by
Gen. C. G. Hoare. 12mo, 323 pages. D. Appleton &
Co. $1.50.
Out of the Jaws of Hunland. By Fred McMullen and
Jack Evans. Illustrated, 12mo, 248 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
The Emma Gees. By Herbert W. McBride. 'Illustrated,
12mo, 219 pages. Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
An Englishwoman's Home. By Mrs. A. Burnett Smith.
12mo, 173 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.35.
Ten Months in a German Raider. By Captain John
Stanley Cameron. Illustrated, 12mo, 126 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.25.
Our First Year in the Great War. By Francis Vinton
Greene. Frontispiece, 12mo, 127 pages. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. 75 cts.
High Altårs. By John Oxenham. 12mo, 63 pages.
George H. Doran Co. 50 cts.
The Cloud. By Sartell Prentice. 12mo, 70 pages.
E.
P. Dutton & Co. 50 cts.
How a Soldier May Succeed After the War, By Russell
H. Conwell. 16mo, 110 pages. Harper & Bros.
50 cts.
FICTION
Tarr. By Wyndham Lewis. 12mo, 379 pages. Alfred
A. Knopf. $1.75.
Love Eternal. By H. Rider Haggard. 12mo, 368 pages.
Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50.
The Three-Cornered Hat. Translated from the Spanish
of Pedro A. de Alarcón by Jacob S. Fassett, Jr.
12mo, 208 pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $1.25.
A Girl Named Mary. By Juliet Wilbor Tompkins. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 256 pages., Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
Khaki. By Freeman Tilden. Frontispiece, 12mo, 220
pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25.
Minniglen. By Agnes and Egerton Castle. Frontispiece,
12mo, 390 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
A Daughter of the Land. By Gene Stratton-Porter.
Illustrated, 12mo, 475 pages. Doubleday, Page &
Co. $1.40.
Boone Stop._By Homer Croy. Frontispiece, 12mo, 321
pages. Harper & Bros. $1.50.
The Court of Belshazzar. By Earl Williams. 12mo,
353 pages.
Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
The Color of Life. By Emmanuel Julius. Frontispiece,
8vo, 96 pages. Emmanuel Julius, Girard, Kansas.
Paper. 50 cts.
POETRY AND DRAMA
New York, and Other Verses. By Frederick Mortimer
Clapp. 8vo, 61 pages. Marshall Jones Co. $1.25.
Horizons at Dawn and at Dusk. By Colin Tolly. 12mo,
82 pages.
Hodder & Stoughton; 3/6.
Libro de Apolonio: An Old Spanish Poem. Edited by
C. Carroll Marden. Part 1: Text and Introduction.
4to, 76 pages. Johns Hopkins Press. Paper, $1.50.
The Book of the Nations. By J. E. Sampter. 16mo,
120 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.
Children of the Sun: Rhapsodies and Poems. By Wal-
lace Gould. Svo, 104 pages. Cornhill Co.
The Divine Image. By Caroline Giltinan. 16mo, 60
pages.
Cornhill Co. $1.25.


W.S.S.
WAR SAVINGS STAMPS
ISSUED BY THE
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT
Contributed through Division of Adver-
tising. United States Gov't Comm. on
Public Information. This space con-
tributed for the Winning of the War by
THE DIAL


1918]
133
THE DIAL
-
--
--
-
But Have You
the Training?
e
Yo
Fifty Years, and Other Poems. By James Weldon John-
son. 12mo, 93 pages. Cornhill Co.
Chimes and Humoresques. By Ernest M. Hunt. 8vo,
44 pages. The Quill, New York. Paper, 50 cts.
General Post: A Comedy in Three Acts. By J. E.
Harold Terry. 16mo, 128 pages. E. P. Dutton &
Co. $1.50.
Karma: A Re-incarnation Play. By Algernon Black-
wood and Violet Pearn. 12mo, 207 pages.
E. P.
Dutton Co. $1.60.
A Modern Phenix. By Gervé Baronti. 12mo, 73 pages.
Cornhill Co.
Patriotic Pageants of Today. By Josephine Thorp and
Rosamond Kimball. 12mo, 82 pages.
Henry Holt
& Co. $1.
GENERAL LITERATURE
Pavannes and Divisions. By Ezra Pound. 8vo, 262
pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $2.50.
The Book of Job as a Greek Tragedy Restored. By
Horace Meyer Kallen. Introduction by George Foot
Moore. 12mo, 163 pages. Moffat Yard & Co. $1.25.
Visits to Walt Whitman. By J. Johnston and J. W.
Wallace, Illustrated, 12mo, 279 pages. Washing
ton Square Bookshop. $2.
Feodor Vladimir Larrovitch: An Appreciation of His
Life and Works. Edited by William George Jordan
and Richardson Wright. Illustrated, 8vo, 126 pages.
Authors Club. $2.
The Hive. By Will Levington Comfort. 12mo, 324
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.50.
Kipling, The Story Writer. By Walter Morris Hart.
8vo, 25 pages. University of California Press.
Etude sur Pathelin: Essai de Bibliographie et D'inter-
pretation. By Richard Th. Holbrook. Illustrated,
4to, 116 pages. Johns Hopkins Press. Paper, $1.25.
Sources of the Religious Element in Flaubert's Sa-
lammbo. By Arthur Hamilton. 4to, 123 pages.
Johns Hopkins Press. Paper, 75 cts.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY
Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South Af-
rican History: 1795-1910. Edited by G. W. Eybers.
8vo, 582 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $9.
Rise of the Spanish-American Republics. By William
Spence Robertson. Illustrated, 8vo, 380 pages.
Appleton & Co. $3.
A History of the_Great War. Vol. III: The British
Campaign in France and Flanders, 1916. By Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle. Maps, 8vo, 339 pages. George
H. Doran Co. $2.
Guide to the Study of Medieval History. By Louis
John Paetow. 12mo, 552
pages. University of
California Press. $2.
Forty Years in Burma. By Dr. J. E. Marks. With a
foreword by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Il-
lustrated, 8vo, 307 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50.
General Foch: An Appreciation. By R. M. Johnston.
8vo, 54 pages. Houghton Mimin Co. $1.
POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND SOCIOLOGY
Three Conturies of Treaties of Peace and Their Teach-
ing. By Sir Walter G. F. Phillimore. Frontis-
plece, 8vo, 227 pages. Little Brown & Co. $2.50.
The Trade of Tomorrow. By Ernest J. P. Benn. 12mo,
232 pages.
E. P. D'utton & Co. $1.50.
The Great Crusade: Extracts from Speeches Delivered
During the War. By_David Lloyd George. 8vo,
307 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.50.
The Peril of Hifalutin. By Huntington Wilson. 12mo,
263 pages. Duffield & Co. $1.50.
Towards a New World: Being the Reconstruction Pro-
gramme of the British Labor Party, together with
an introductory article by Arthur Henderson, and
a manifesto to the labor movement from the English
Fellowship of Reconstruction. 12mo, 40
pages.
W. R. Browne, Wyoming, N. Y. Paper, 20 cts.
Municipal Housecleaning. By William Parr Capes and
Jeanne D. Carpenter. 4to, 232 pages. E. P. Dutton
& Co. $6.
Health and the State. By William A. Brend. Svo,
354 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $4,
Contemporary Theories of Unemployment and of Un-
employment Relief. By Frederick C. Mills. Colum-
University Studies : Vol. LXXIX. 4to, 178
pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50.
The Abolition of Inheritance. By Harlan Eugene Read.
12mo, 312 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Why Prohibition? By Charles Stelzle. Svo, 310 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.50.

D.
TOU have the social vision, the de-
sire to serve democracy. Of them-
selves, these will not avail.
You must have also the special knowl-
edge that only training can give, if you
would take part in the building of a new
world.
You can have this training at small
expense within a short period.
THE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
COMMUNITY WORKERS
Of The People's Institute
(John Collier, Director)
will prepare you in a year's course for a well.
paid position in Community Centres, Social Set-
tlements, Public Employment and Child Welfare
Services. This year we
are offering special
courses for immediate war usefulness in
Federal and State Community Labor Bureaus
Industrial Housing
Organization of Recreation in Munition and
Shipbuilding Towns
Work of The Community Training Camp
Activities
Community Councils of Defense
Helping Organize the National Programme
in every American Community for Health
From the moment you enter the school you take
an active part in the fascinating life of the new
democracy.
THE TRAINING SCHOOL is no place for
theories. It sends its students out into the
thick of things to learn from experience under
the supervision of experts.
Never was the call for trained leaders so imperative.
The School has never had enough graduates to
fill all the desirable positions for trained, compe-
tent workers that have come to us.
This work, which is now war work, will continue
as permanent peace time work.
The leaders will be the leaders of America in the
decade to come.
There are still openings for a limited number of
students.
For catalog and complete information, address
ABIGAIL A. FREEMAN, Registrar
70 Fifth Avenue, New York
TE
bia


132
(August 15
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
[The following list, containing 119 titles, includes
books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
Make your
Dollars
Thrifty
Dollars
As a nation we've not been a saving
people—we've lived up to the last
cent. We've felt a pride in the lux-
uries of our table, our establishment,
our manners of life. Then came the
war and its merciless demands to give.
From somewhere must come the
ships, the shells, the food which will
sustain the boys who fight. And from
somewhere must come the money to
pay for these. From where?
From the useless things we wasted.
From the weakening habits which
have cost us health and money. From
the "more-than-enough” margin we've
thrown away. We must save. The
purchase of War Savings Stamps will
help us. Into these we must put the
wasted gasoline, the uneaten food, the
treatings, the entertainments—all the
unessentials which must pay for this
war.
From these we can hope to
create the Democracy of the world,
and to shorten the war as well.
Buy your War Savings Stamps
bountifully. Take a pledge to buy
them monthly. Think afterwards of
what can be sacrificed. In this way
you can begin to save. Your own con-
science will 1
sauge—your own
intelligens
where to draw
the line
can take
he Vic-
THE WAR
From Bapaume to Passchendaele. By Philip Gibbs.
With maps, 8vo, 463 pages. George H. Doran Co.
$2.50.
What Every American Should Know About the War:
A series of studies delivered at the National Con-
ference of American Lecturers, 1918. Edited by Mon-
taville Flowers. 8vo, 368 pages. George H. Doran
Co. $2.
Fighting France. By Stephane Lauzanne. Translated
by John L. B. Williams. Introduction by James
M. Beck. 12mo, 231 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.50.
On the Fringe of the Great Fight. By George G. Nas-
mith. Illustrated.
8vo, 263
pages. George H.
Doran Co. $1.50.
With Three Armies. By Arthur Stanley Riggs. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 303 pages. Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
Above the Battle. By Vivian Drake. Introduction by
Gen. C. G. Hoare. 12mo, 323 pages. D. Appleton &
Co.
$1.50.
Out of the Jaws of Hunland. By Fred McMullen and
Jack Evans. Illustrated, 12mo, 248 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
The Emma Gees. By Herbert W. McBride. Illustrated,
12mo, 219 pages.
Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
An Englishwoman's Home. By Mrs. A. Burnett Smith.
12mo, 173 pages. George H Doran Co. $1.35.
Ten Months in a German Raider. By Captain John
Stanley Cameron. Illustrated, 12mo, 126 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.25.
Our First Year in the Great War. By Francis Vinton
Greene. Frontispiece, 12mo, 127 pages.
G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. 75 cts.
High Altars. By John Oxenham. 12mo, 63 pages.
George H. Doran Co. 50 cts.
The Cloud. By Sartell Prentice. 12mo, 70 pages.
E.
P. Dutton & Co. 50 cts.
How a Soldier May Succeed After the War.
By Russell
H. Conwell. 16mo, 110 pages.
Harper & Bros.
50 cts.
FICTION
Tarr. By Wyndham Lewis. 12mo, 379 pages.
Alfred
A. Knopf. $1.75.
Love Eternal. By H. Rider Haggard. 12mo, 368 pages.
Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50.
The Three-Cornered Hat. Translated from the Spanish
of Pedro A. de Alarcón by Jacob S. Fassett, Jr.
12mo, 208 pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $1.25.
A Girl Named Mary. By Juliet Wilbor Tompkins. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 256 pages., Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
Khaki. By Freeman Tilden. Frontispiece, 12mo, 220
pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25.
Minniglen. By Agnes and Egerton Castle. Frontispiece,
12mo, 390 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
A Daughter of the Land. By Gene Stratton-Porter.
Illustrated, 12mo, 475 pages. Doubleday, Page &
Co. $1.40.
Boone Stop. By Homer Croy. Frontispiece, 12mo, 321
pages. Harper & Bros. $1.50.
The Court of Belshazzar. By Earl Williams. 12mo,
Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
The Color of Life. By Emmanuel Julius. Frontispiece,
Svo, 96 pages. Emmanuel Julius, Girard, Kansas.
Paper. 50 cts.
353 pages.
se
NGS
TON
POETRY AND DRAMA
New York, and Other Verses. By Frederick Mortimer
Clapp. 8vo, 61 pages. Marshall Jones Co. $1.25.
Horizons at Dawn and at Dusk, By Colin Tolly. 12mo,
82 pages.
Hodder & Stoughton; 3/6.
Libro de Apolonio: An Old Spanish Poem. Edited by
C. Carroll Marden. Part 1: Text and Introduction.
4to, 76 pages. Johns Hopkins Press. Paper, $1.50.
The Book of the Nations. By J. E. Sampter 16mo,
120 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.
Children of the Sun: Rhapsodies and Poems. By Wal-
lace Gould. Svo, 104 pages. Cornhill Co.
The Divine Image. By Caroline Giltinan. 16mo, 60
pages. Cornhill Co. $1.25.
ion of Adver-
't Comm. on
IS space con-
of the War by
AL


1918]
133
THE DIAL
But Have You
the Training?
P
Fifty Years, and Other Poems. By James Weldon John-
son. 12mo, 93 pages. Cornhill Co.
Chimes and Humoresques. By Ernest M. Hunt. Svo,
44 pages.
The Quill, New York. Paper, 50 cts.
General Post: A Comedy in Three Acts. By J. E.
Harold Terry. 16mo, 128 pages. E. P. Dutton &
Co. $1.50.
Karma: A Re-incarnation Play. By Algernon Black-
wood and Violet Pearn. 12mo, 207 pages. E. P.
Dutton Co. $1.60.
A Modern Phenix. By Gervé Baronti. 12mo, 73 pages.
Cornhill Co.
Patriotic Pageants of Today. By Josephine Thorp and
Rosamond Kimball. 12mo, 82 pages.
Henry Holt
& Co. $1.
GENERAL LITERATURE
Pavannes and Divisions. By Ezra Pound. 8vo, 262
pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $2.50.
The Book of Job as a Greek Tragedy Restored. By
Horace Meyer Kallen. Introduction by George Foot
Moore, 12mo, 163 pages. Moffat Yard & Co. $1.25.
Visits to Walt Whitman. By J. Johnston and J. W.
Wallace. Illustrated, 12mo, 279 pages. Washing-
ton Square Bookshop. $2.
Feodor Vladimir Larrovitch: An Appreciation of His
Life and Works. Edited by William George Jordan
and Richardson Wright. Illustrated, 8vo, 126 pages.
Authors Club. $2.
The Hive. By Will Levington Comfort. 12mo, 324
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.50.
Kipling, The Story Writer. By Walter Morris Hart.
Svo, 25 pages. University of California Press.
Etude sur Pathelin: Essai de Bibliographie et D'inter-
pretation. By Richard Th. Holbrook. Illustrated,
4to, 116 pages. Johns Hopkins Press. Paper, $1.25.
Sources of the Religious Element in Flaubert's Sa-
lammbo. By Arthur Hamilton. 4to, 123 pages.
Johns Hopkins Press. Paper, 75 cts.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY
Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South Af-
rican History: 1795-1910. Edited by G. W. Eybers.
8vo, 582 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $9.
Rise of the_Spanish-American Republics. By William
Spence Robertson. Illustrated, 8vo, 380 pages. D.
Appleton & Co. $3.
A History of the Great War. Vol. III: The British
Campaign in France and Flanders, 1916.
By Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle. Maps, 8vo, 339 pages. George
H. Doran Co. $2.
Guide to the Study of Medieval History. By Louis
John Paetow. 12mo, 552
pages. University of
California Press. $2.
Forty Years in Burma. By Dr. J. E. Marks. With a
foreword by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Il-
lustrated, 8vo, 307 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50.
General Foch: An Appreciation. By R. M. Johnston.
Svo, 54 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.
POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND SOCIOLOGY
Three Centuries of Treatles of Peace and Their Teach-
ing. By Sir Walter G. F. Phillimore. Frontis-
piece, 8vo, 227 pages. Little Brown & Co. $2.50.
The Trade of Tomorrow. By Ernest J. P. Benn. 12mo,
232 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
The Great Crusade: Extracts from Speeches Delivered
During the War. By_David Lloyd George. Svo,
307 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.50.
The Peril of Hifalutin. By Huntington Wilson. 12mo,
263 pages.
Duffield & Co. $1.50.
Towards a New World: Being the Reconstruction Pro-
gramme of the British Labor Party, together with
an introductory article by Arthur Henderson, and
a manifesto to the labor movement from the English
Fellowship of Reconstruction. 12mo, 40
pages.
W. R. Browne, Wyoming, N. Y. Paper, 20 cts.
Municipal Housecleaning. By William Parr Capes and
Jeanne D. Carpenter. 4to, 232 pages. E. P. Dutton
& Co. $6.
Health and the State. By William A. Brend. 8vo,
354 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $4.
Contemporary Theories of Unemployment and of Un-
employment Relief. By Frederick C. Mills. Colum-
bia
University Studies : Vol. LXXIX. 4to, 178
pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50.
The Abolition of Inheritance. By Harlan Eugene Read.
12mo, 312 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Why Prohibition? By Charles Stelzle. 8vo, 310 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.50.

OU have the social vision, the de-
sire to serve democracy. Of them-
selves, these will not avail.
You must have also the special knowl-
edge that only training can give, if you
would take part in the building of a new
world.
You can have this training at small
expense within a short period.
THE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
COMMUNITY WORKERS
Of The People's Institute
(John Collier, Director)
will prepare you in a year's course for a well-
paid position in Community Centres, Social Set-
elements, Public Employment and Child Welfare
Services. This year we are offering special
courses for immediate war usefulness in
Federal and State Community Labor Bureaus
Industrial Housing
Organization of Recreation in Munition and
Shipbuilding Towns
Work of The Community Training Camp
Activities
Community Councils of Defense
Helping Organize the National Programme
in every American Community for Health
From the moment you enter the school you take
an active part in the fascinating life of the new
democracy.
THE TRAINING SCHOOL is no place for
theories. It sends its students out into the
thick of things to learn from experience under
the supervision of experts.
Never was the call for trained leaders so imperative.
The School has never had enough graduates to
fill all the desirable positions for trained, compe-
tent workers that have come to us.
This work, which is now war work, will continue
as permanent peace time work.
The leaders will be the leaders of America in the
decade to come.
There are still openings for a limited number of
students.
For catalog and complete information, address
ABIGAIL A. FREEMAN, Registrar
70 Fifth Avenue, New York
T:


132
(August 15
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
[The following list, containing 119 titles, includes
books received by The DIAL since its last issue.]
Make your
Dollars
Thrifty
Dollars
THE WAR
From Bapaumo to Passchendaele. By Philip Gibbs.
With maps, 8vo, 463 pages. George H. Doran Co.
$2.50.
What Every American Should Know About the War:
A series of studies delivered at the National Con-
ference of American Lecturers, 1918. Edited by Mon-
taville Flowers. 8vo, 368 pages. George H. Doran
Co. $2.
Fighting France. By Stephane Lauzanne. Translated
by John L. B. Williams. Introduction by James
M. Beck. 12mo, 231 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.50.
On the Fringe of the Great Fight. By George G. Nas-
mith. Illustrated. 8vo, 263 pages.
George H.
Doran Co. $1.50.
As a nation we've not been a saving With Three Armies. By Arthur Stanley Riggs. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 303 pages. Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
people—we've lived up to the last
Above the Battle. By Vivian Drake. Introduction by
cent. We've felt a pride in the lux Gen. C. G. Hoare. 12mo, 323 pages. D. Appleton &
Co. $1.50.
uries of our table, our establishment,
Out of the Jaws of Hunland. By Fred McMullen and
our manners of life. Then came the Jack Evans. Illustrated, 12mo, 248 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
war and its merciless demands to give.
The Emma Gees. By Herbert W. McBride. Illustrated,
From somewhere must come the
12mo, 219 pages. Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
An Englishwoman's Home. By Mrs. A. Burnett Smith.
ships, the shells, the food which will 12mo, 173 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.35.
sustain the boys who fight. And from Ten Months in a German Raider. By Captain John
Stanley Cameron. Illustrated, 12mo, 126 pages.
somewhere must come the money to George H. Doran Co. $1.25.
pay for these. From where?
Our First Year in the Great War. By Francis Vinton
Greene. Frontispiece, 12mo, 127 pages. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. 75 cts.
From the useless things we wasted.
High Altars. By John Oxenham. 12mo, 63 pages.
From the weakening habits which George H. Doran Co. 50 cts.
have cost us health and money. From The Cloud. By Sartell Prentice. 12mo, 70 pages.
E.
P. Dutton & Co. 50 cts.
the "more-than-enough” margin we've
How a Soldier May Succeed After the War. By Russell
thrown away.
We must save. The H. Conwell. 16mo, 110 pages. Harper & Bros.
50 cts.
purchase of War Savings Stamps will
FICTION
help us. Into these we must put the
Tarr.
By Wyndham Lewis. 12mo, 379 pages. Alfred
wasted gasoline, the uneaten food, the
A. Knopf. $1.75.
Love Eternal. By H. Rider Haggard. 12mo, 368 pages.
treatings, the entertainments—all the
Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50.
unessentials which must pay for this The Three-Cornered Hat. Translated from the Spanish
of Pedro A. de Alarcón by Jacob S. Fassett, Jr.
war.
From these we can hope to 12mo, 208 pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $1.25.
create the Democracy of the world, A Girl Named Mary:- By Juliet Wilbor Tompkins. . Il-
and to shorten the war as well.
lustrated, 12mo, 256 pages., Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
Khaki, By Freeman Tilden. Frontispiece, 12mo, 220
pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.25.
Buy your
War Savings Stamps
Minniglen. By Agnes and Egerton Castle. Frontispiece,
bountifully. Take a pledge to buy 12mo, 390 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
them monthly. Think afterwards of A Daughter of the Land. By Gene Stratton-Porter.
Illustrated, 12mo, 475 pages. Doubleday, Page &
what can be sacrificed.
Co. $1.40.
you can begin to save. Your own con Boone Stop. By Homer Croy. Frontispiece, 12mo, 321
pages. Harper & Bros. $1.50.
science will be your gauge-your own The Court of Belshazzar. By Earl Williams. 12mo,
intelligence can tell you where to draw
353 pages.
Bobbs Merrill Co. $1.50.
the line. In this way you can take
The Color of Life. By Emmanuel Julius. Frontispiece,
8vo, 96 pages.
Emmanuel Julius, Girard, Kansas.
your self-respecting part in the Vic Paper. 50 cts.
tory to come.
POETRY AND DRAMA
New York, and Other Verses. By Frederick Mortimer
NATIONAL WAR SAVINGS
Clapp. Svo, 61 pages. Marshall Jones Co. $1.25.
COMMITTEE, WASHINGTON Horizons at Dawn and at Dusk. By Colin Tolly. 12mo,
82 pages.
Hodder & Stoughton; 3/6.
Libro de Apolonio: An Old Spanish Poem. Edited by
C. Carroll Marden. Part 1: Text and Introduction.
4to, 76 pages.
Johns Hopkins Press. Paper, $1.50.
The Book of the Nations. By J. E. Sampter. 16mo,
WAR SAVINGS STAMPS
120 pages.
Contributed through Division of Adver-
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.
tising. United States Gov't Comm. on Children of the Sun: Rhapsodies and Poems. By Wal-
UNITED STATES
Public Information. This space con-
lace Gould. 8vo, 104 pages. Cornhill Co.
GOVERNMENT
tributed for the Winning of the War by
The Divine Image. By Caroline Giltinan. 16mo, 60
THE DIAL
pages.
Cornhill Co. $1.25.
In this way
W.S.S.
ISSUED BY THE


1918]
13
THE DIAL
ButHave You
the Training?
E
Ву
Yaire
Fifty Years, and Other Poems. By James Weldon John-
son. 12mo, 93 pages. Cornhill Co.
Chimes and Humoresques. By_Ernest M. Hunt. Svo,
44 pages.
The Quill, New York. Paper, 50 cts.
General Post: A Comedy in Three Acts. By J. Е.
Harold Terry. 16mo, 128 pages. E. P. Dutton &
Co. $1.50.
Karma: A Re-incarnation Play. By Algernon Black-
wood and Violet Pearn. 12mo, 207 pages.
E. P.
Dutton Co. $1.60.
A Modern Phenix. By Gervé Baronti. 12mo, 73 pages.
Cornbill Co.
Patriotic Pageants of Today. By Josephine Thorp and
Rosamond Kimball. 12mo, 82 pages. Henry Holt
& Co. $1.
GENERAL LITERATURE
Pavannes and Divisions. By Ezra Pound. 8vo, 262
pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $2.50.
The Book of Job as a Greek Tragedy Restored.
Horace Meyer Kallen. Introduction by George Foot
Moore. 12mo, 163 pages. Moffat Yard & Co. $1.25.
Visits to Walt Whitman. By J. Johnston and J. W.
Wallace. Illustrated, 12mo, 279 pages. Washing-
ton Square Bookshop. $2.
Feodor Vladimir Larrovitch: An Appreciation of His
Life and Works. Edited by William George Jordan
and Richardson Wright. Illustrated, 8vo, 126 pages.
Authors Club. $2.
The Hive. By Will Levington Comfort. 12mo, 324
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.50.
Kipling, The Story Writer. By Walter Morris Hart.
Svo, 25 pages. University of California Press.
ude sur Pathelin: Essai de Bibliographie et D'inter-
pretation. By Richard Th, Holbrook. Illustrated,
4to, 116 pages. Johns Hopkins Press. Paper, $1.25.
Sources of the Religious Element in Flaubert's Sa-
lammbo. By Arthur Hamilton. 4to, 123
pages.
Johns Hopkins Press. Paper, 75 cts.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY
Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South Af-
rican History: 1795-1910. Edited by G. W. Eybers.
8vo, 582 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $9.
Rise of the Spanish-American Republics. By William
Spence Robertson. Illustrated, 8vo, 380 pages. D.
Appleton & Co. $3.
A History of the Great War. Vol. III: The British
Campaign in France and Flanders, 1916. By Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle, Maps, 8vo, 339 pages. George
H. Doran Co. $2.
Guide to the Study of Medieval History. By Louis
John Paetow. 12mo, 552 pages. University of
California Press. $2.
Forty Years in Burma. By Dr. J. E. Marks. With a
foreword by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Il-
lustrated, 8vo, 307 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50.
General Foch: An Appreciation. By R. M. Johnston.
Svo, 54 pages. Houghton Miffin Co. $1.
POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND SOCIOLOGY
Threo Centuries of Treaties of Peace and Their Teach-
ing. By Sir Walter G. F. Phillimore. Frontis-
plece, 8vo, 227 pages. Little Brown & Co. $2.50.
The Trade of Tomorrow. By Ernest J. P. Benn. 12mo,
232 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
The Great Crusade: Extracts from Speeches Delivered
During the War. By_David Lloyd George. 8vo,
307 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.50.
The Peril of Hifalutin. By Huntington Wilson. 12mo,
263 pages.
Duffield & Co. $1.50.
Towards a New World: Being the Reconstruction Pro-
gramme of the British Labor Party, together with
an introductory article by Arthur Henderson, and
a manifesto to the labor movement from the English
Fellowship of Reconstruction. 12mo, 40 pages.
W. R. Browne, Wyoming, N. Y. Paper, 20 cts.
Municipal Housecleaning. By William Parr Capes and
Jeanne D. Carpenter. 4to, 232 pages. E. P. Dutton
& Co. $6.
Health and the Stato. By William A. Brend. Svo,
354 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $4.
Contemporary Theories of Unemployment and of Un-
employment Relief. By Frederick C. Mills. Colum-
bia University Studies : Vol. LXXIX. 4to, 178
pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50.
The Abolition of Inheritance. By Harlan Eugene Read.
12mo, 312 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Why Prohibition? By Charles Stelzle. 8vo, 310 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.50.

OU have the social vision, the de-
sire to serve democracy. Of them-
selves, these will not avail.
You must have also the special knowl-
edge that only training can give, if you
would take part in the building of a new
world.
You can have this training at small
expense within a short period.
THE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR
COMMUNITY WORKERS
Of The People's Institute
(John Collier, Director)
will prepare you in a year's course for a well-
paid position in Community Centres, Social Set-
tlements, Public Employment and Child Welfare
Services. This year we are offering special
courses for immediate war usefulness in
Federal and State Community Labor Bureaus
Industrial Housing
Organization of Recreation in Munition and
Shipbuilding Towns
Work of The Community Training Camp
Activities
Community Councils of Defense
Helping Organize the National Programme
in every American Community for Health
From the moment you enter the school you take
an active part in the fascinating life of the new
democracy.
THE TRAINING SCHOOL is no place for
theories. It sends its students out into the
thick of things to learn from experience under
the supervision of experts.
Never was the call for trained leaders so imperative.
The School has never had enough graduates to
fill all the desirable positions for trained, compe-
tent workers that have come to us.
This work, which is now war work, will continue
as permanent peace time work.
The leaders will be the leaders of America in the
decade to come.
There are still openings for a limited number of
students.
For catalog and complete information, address
ABIGAIL A. FREEMAN, Registrar
70 Fifth Avenue, New York
T:


134
[August 15
THE DIAL

PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION
MECIURO
SITEKS
BOOKS
RO
XIONERS
FLAT
Human Nature and Its Remaking. By William Ernest
Hocking. 8vo, 434 pages. Yale University Press. $3.
The Processes of History. By Frederick J. Teggart.
12mo, 162 pages. Yale University Press. $1.25.
Studies in the History of Ideas. Edited by the De-
partment of Philosophy of Columbia University.
Vol. I. 12mo, 272 pages. Columbia University Press.
The Mythology of All Races : Vol. III. Celtic, by John
Arnott Macculloch. Slavic, by Jan Machal. Il-
lustrated, 4to, 398 pages. Marshall Jones Co. $6.
Jewish Theology. By Dr. K. Kohler. 8vo, 505 pages,
Macmillan Co. $2.50.
Catholicity: A Treatise on the Unity of Religions. By
Rev. Heber Newton. 12mo, 362 pages. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $1.50.
Religion: Its Prophets and False Prophets. By James
Bishop Thomas. 12mo, 256 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.50.
The Experiment of Faith: A Plea for Reality in Religion.
By Charles Fiske. 12mo, 180 pages. Fleming H.
Revell Co. $1.
The New Death. By Winifred Kirkland. 12mo, 173
pages. Houghton Miffin Co. $1.25.
The Silent Voice: First Series. Second edition. 16mo,
54 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. 60 cts.
Why Was the War Permitted? By T. Mower Martin.
12mo, 30 pages. W. Briggs Co. Paper.
“I visited with a natural rapture the
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See the chapter on Chicago, page 43, “Your
United States," by Arnold Bennett
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The History of Statistics : Their Development and Prog-
ress in Many Countries. Edited By John Koren.
4to, 773 pages.
Macmillan Co. $7.50.
The American Indian: An Introduction to the Anthro-
pology of the New World. By Clark Wissler. Il-
lustrated, 8vo, 435 pages. Douglas C. McMurtrie.
$3.
Phantasms of the Living. By Edmund Gurney, Frederic
W. H. Myers, and Frank Podmore. Abridged Edition
prepared by Mrs. Henry Sidgwick. 8vo, 520 pages.
E. P. Dutton. $7.
Diseases of Truck Crops and Their Control. By J. J.
Toubenhaus. Illustrated, Svo, 396 pages.
E. P.
Dutton Co. $5.
Infection and Resistance. By Hans Zinsser. Illustrated,
Svo, 585 pages.
The Macmillan Co. $4.25.
Reclaiming the Malmed. By R. Tait McKenzie. Illus-
trated, 16mo, 128 pages. Macmillan Co. $2.
Elements of Navigation. By W. J. Henderson. Illus-
trated, 16mo, 170 pages. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
The Psychology of War. By J. T. MacCurdy. 16mo,
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Recent Discoveries Attributed to Early Man In America.
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The Life and Works of Ozias Humphry, R. A. By
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The Small Place: Its Landscape Architecture. By Elsa
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A Gold Treasure of the Late Roman Period. By
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Antique Marbles: In the Collection of. The Hispanic
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How to Out-Think Your Opponent. By Al. Williams.
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The Koehler Method of Physical Drill. By William
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Manual for Local Defense. By Henry A. Bellows. Il-
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Aviator's Elementary Handbook. By A. de Gramont
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THE DIAL
VOLUME LXV
NO. 772
SEPTEMBER 5, 1918
CONTENTS
. 145
.
.
0
.
.
The Mental ATTITUDE OF THE Edu-
CATED CLASSES
Franz Boas.
RENEWAL .
Verse James Rorty
148
New PATHS
Richard Aldington
. 149
The New Education IN INDIA
Basanta Koomar Roy. . 150
INSTRUCTORS. .
Verse
Susanne Howe.
. 153
OUR DUBLIN LETTER
Ernest A. Boyd
. 154
Colonel House
Will Durant
. 156
How TO CREATE THE SCIENTIFIC
SPIRIT
Robert H. Lowie . . 157
HALF-TRUTHS ABOUT RUSSIA
Harold Stearns
. 158
The AMERICAN FAMILY
Elsie Clews Parsons . 160
THE LIFE OF A GREAT NATURALIST Norman Foerster .
. 161
TWENTY LESSONS IN MEDIOCRITY Clarence Britten
163
The RETURN OF ROMANTICISM
Conrad Aiken .
. 165
Two SCANDINAVIAN Novelists. Randolph Bourne . . 167
BRIEFS ON New BOOKS
. 169
A History of the Christian Church.—Through Lapland with Skis and Reindeer.-
The Poets of the Future.-Welfare and Housing.–Colour Studies in Paris. The
Virgin Islands.—Women and the French Tradition.-Ethics and Esthetics of Piano-
Playing.–Fifty Years of Association Work Among Young Women.
Notes On New WAR BOOKS.
. 172
Germany as It Is Today.-Germany at Bay.—The Winning of the War. The
U-Boat Hunters.
CASUAL COMMENT .
. 174
COMMUNICATION
. 176
A Word of Advice About Policy.
SELECTIVE FALL EDUCATIONAL LIST
. 177
BriefER MENTION. .
. 178
NOTES AND News
. 180
LIST OF New BOOKS
. 182
.
.
.
GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN, Editor
HAROLD E. STEARNS, Associate
Contributing Editors
CONRAD AIKEN
VAN WYCK BROOKS
H. M. KALLEN
RANDOLPH BOURNE
PADRAIC COLUM
CLARENCE BRITTEN
ROBERT Dell
HENRY B. FULLER
SCOFIELD THAYER
The DIAL (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published weekly from the first week in
October to th week in June inclusive; monthly in July and August; semi-monthly in
September. Yearly subscription $3.00 in advance, in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Foreign subscriptions $3.50 per year.
Entered as Second-Class matter at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., August 3, 1918, under
the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1918, by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc.
Published by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc., Martyn Johnson, President; Willard C.
Kitchel, Secretary-Treasurer, at 152 West Thirteenth Street, New York, N. Y.


144
[September 5
THE DIAL
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS BOOKS
A Selection Adapted to Educational Purposes
LITERATURE AND ART
SCIENCE
THE YALE SHAKESPEARE.
New volumes Macbeth, The Tempest, A Midsummer
Night's Dream, King Henry the Fifth, King Henry the
Sixth (Part I). Text-Book Edition, 50 cents; Library
Edition, $1.00 per volume.
THE SONG OF ROLAND.
Translated into metrical verse by LEONARD BACON.
"A praiseworthy rendering. The spirit of medieval
times has been successfully caught." - Springfield Re-
publican. Second Edition, with revisions, $1.50.
LES TRAITS ETERNELS DE LA
FRANCE.
By Maurice Barres. With an Introduction and
Notes by FERNAND BALDENSPERGER, Litt.D.
"M. Barrès gives a sense we can never lose of French
patriotism and devotion to an ideal."-Reedy's Mirror.
Cloth, $1.00.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH
AND ITS INHABITANTS.
The contents include: The Origin of the Earth,
by Joseph Barrell; The Earth's Changing Surface
and Climate, by CHARLES SCHUCHERT; The Origin
of Life, by LORANDE Loss WOODRUFF; The Pulse
of Life, by RICHARD SWANN LULL; Climate and
the Evolution of Civilization, by ELLSWORTH HUNT.
INGTON. Cloth, illustrated, $2.50.
RADIO-DIAGNOSIS OF PLEURO-PUL-
MONARY AFFECTIONS.
By F. BARJON. Translated by JAMES ALBERT
Honeij, M.D.
The Medical Department of the United States Army
has adopted this book as a text in its X-Ray Division.
Cloth, illustrated, $2.50.
A CENTURY OF SCIENCE IN AMERICA.
With Especial Reference to the American Journal
of Science, 1818-1918. Edited by EDWARD Salis-
BURY Dana, Ph.D.
Contains the Silliman Memorial Lectures and other
chapters by eminent scientists. Cloth, illustrated, $4.00.
THE EFFECT OF DIET ON ENDUR-
ANCE.
By Irving Fisher, Ph.D.
Mr. Hoover's food regulations are a startling, con-
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Professor Fisher on the grounds of hygiene. Cloth,
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PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY
THE BROOM FAIRIES AND OTHER
STORIES..
By ETHEL M, GATE.
Charming stories pronounced by critics equal to the
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of schools. Second printing. Cloth, $1.00.
THE HISTORY OF HENRY FIELDING.
By WILBUR L. Cross, Ph.D.
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THE TRAGEDY OF TRAGEDIES.
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CURRENTS AND EDDIES IN THE ENG-
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CHRISTIAN BELIEF IN GOD.
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WRITINGS ON AMERICAN HISTORY,
1916.
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HORACE IN THE ENGLISH LITERA-
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Yale Studies in English, LVIII. Paper, $3.00.
DUTCH LANDSCAPE ETCHERS OF
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THE DIAL
A Journal of Criticism and Discussion of Literature and the Arts
The Mental Attitude of the Educated Classes.
When we attempt to form our opinions handle the knife, how to use bow and ar-
in an intelligent manner, we are inclined to row, how to hunt, how to build a house;
accept the judgment of those who by their the girl learns how to sew and mend cloth-
education and occupation are compelled to ing and how to cook; and during all their
deal with the questions at issue. We life they use their tools in the way they
assume that their views must be rational, learned in childhood. New inventions are
and based on intelligent understanding of rare, and the whole industrial life of the
the problems. The foundation of this be- people follows traditional channels. What
lief is the tacit assumption not only that is true of industrial activities is no less true
they have special knowledge but also that of their thoughts. Certain religious ideas
they are free to form perfectly rational have been transmitted to them, notions as
opinions. However, it is easy to see that to what is right and wrong, certain amuse-
there is no type of society in existence in ments, and enjoyment of certain types of
which such freedom exists.
art. Any deviation from these is not likely
I believe I can make my point clearest by to occur. At the same time it never enters
giving an example taken from the life of into their minds that any other way of
à people whose cultural conditions are thinking and acting would be possible, and
very simple. I will choose for this pur- they consider themselves as perfectly free
pose the Eskimo. In their social life they in regard to all their actions. Based on
are exceedingly individualistic. The social our wider experience, we know that the
group has so little cohesion that we have industrial problems of the Eskimo may be
hardly the right to speak of tribes. A solved in a great many other ways and
number of families come together and live that their religious traditions and social
in the same village, but there is nothing to customs might be quite different from what
prevent any one of them from living and they are. From the outside, objective
settling at another place with other fami- point of view we see clearly the restric-
lies. In fact during a period of a lifetime tions that bind the individual who con-
the families constituting an Eskimo village siders himself free.
community are constantly shifting about; It is hardly necessary to give many in-
and while they generally return after stances of these occurrences. It seems de-
many years to the place where their rela- sirable however to illustrate the great
tives live, the family may have belonged strength of these ideas that restrict the
to a great many different communities.
freedom of thought of the individual, lead-
There is no authority vested in any indi- ing to the most serious mental struggles
vidual, no chieftancy, and no method by when traditional social ethics come into
which orders, if they were given, could be conflict with instinctive reactions. Thus
carried out. In short, so far as law is among a tribe of Siberia we find a belief
concerned, we have a condition of almost that every person will live in the future
absolute anarchy. We might therefore life in the same condition in which he finds
say that every single person is entirely himself at the time of death. As a conse-
free, within the limits of his own mental quence an old man who begins to be de-
ability, to determine his own mode of life crepit wishes to die, in order to avoid life
and his own mode of thinking. Neverthe as a cripple in the endless future, and it
less it is easily seen that there are innumer- becomes the duty of his son to kill him.
able restrictions that determine his be. The son believes in the righteousness of
havior. The Eskimo boy learns how to this command but at the same time feels


146
[September 5
THE DIAL
The so-
the filial love for his father, and many are
humane interest the class interest pre-
the instances in which the son has to de- dominates; and while it would be wrong
cide between the two conflicting duties- to say that their conduct is selfish, it is
the one imposed by the instinctive filia! always so shaped that the interest of the
love, the other imposed by the traditional class to which they belong prevails over
custom of the tribe.
the interest of society as a whole. If it is
Another interesting observation may be necessary to secure rank and to enhance
deduced from those somewhat more com the standing of the family by killing a
plex societies in which there is a distinc- number of enemies, there is no hesitation
tion between different social classes. We felt in taking life. If the interests of the
find such a condition, for instance, in class require oppression of the rest of
North America, among the Indians of the people, then they are oppressed. If the
British Columbia, in which a sharp dis- interest of the class requires that its mem-
tinction is made between people of noble bers should not perform menial occupa-
birth and common people. In this case tions but should devote themselves to art
the traditional behavior of the two classes or learning, then all the members of the
shows considerable differences.
class will vie with one another in the at-
cial tradition that regulates the life of the tainment of these achievements. It is for
nobility is somewhat analogous to the this reason that every segregated class is
social tradition in our society. A great much more strongly influenced by special
deal of stress is laid upon the strict ob- traditional ideas than is the mass of the
servance of convention and upon display, people; not that the multitude is free to
and nobody can maintain his position in think rationally and that its behavior is
high society without an adequate amount not determined by tradition, but that the
of ostentation and without strict regard tradition is not so specific, not so strictly
for conventional conduct. These require- determined in its range, as in the case of
ments are so fundamental that an over the segregated classes. For this reason it
bearing conceit and a contempt for the is often found that the restriction of free-
common people become social require- dom of thought by convention is greater
ments of an important chief. The con- in what we might call the educated classes
trast between the social proprieties for the than in the mass of the people.
nobility and those for the common peo I believe this observation is of great
ple is very striking. Of the common importance when we try to understand
people are expected humbleness, mercy, conditions in our own society. Its bearing
and all those qualities that we consider upon the problem of the psychological sig-
amiable and humane.
nificance of nationalism will at once be
Similar observations may be made in all apparent; for the nation is also a segre-
those cases in which, by a complex tradi- gated class, albeit segregated according to
tion, a social class is set off from the mass other principles; and the characteristic
of the people. The chiefs of the Poly- feature of nationalism is that its social
nesian Islands, the kings in Africa, the ethical standards are considered as more
medicine men of all countries present ex fundamental than those that are general
amples in which a social group's line of and human, or rather that the members
conduct and of thought is strongly modi of each nation like to assume that their
fied by their segregation from the mass of ideals are or should be the true ideals of
the people. On the whole, in societies of mankind. At the same time it illustrates
this type, the mass of the people consider clearly that we should make a fundamental
as their ideal those actions which we mistake if we should confound class self-
should characterize as humane; not by any ishness and individual selfishness; for we
means that all their actions conform to find the most splendid examples of un-
humane conduct, but their valuation of selfish devotion to the interests of the na-
men shows that the fundamental altruistic tion, heroism that has been rightly praised
principles which we recognize are recog- for thousands of years as the highest
nized by them too. Not so with the privi- virtue, and it is difficult to realize that
leged classes. In place of the general nevertheless the whole history of mankind


1918]
147
THE DIAL
points in the direction of a human ideal as into some other group of individuals who
opposed to a national ideal. And indeed are moderately well-to-do; but their aver-
may, we not continue to admire the self- age mentality is surely in no way superior
sacrifice of a great mind, even if we tran to that of the workingmen, who by the
scend to ideals that were not his, and that conditions of their youth have been com-
perhaps, owing to the time and place in pelled to subsist on the produce of their
which he lived, could not be his ?
manual labor. In both groups mediocrity
Our observation has also another im- prevails; unusually strong and unusually
portant application. The industrial and
The industrial and weak individuals are exceptions. For this
economic development of modern times reason the strength of character and in-
has brought about a differentiation within tellect that is required for vigorous thought
our population that has never been equaled on matters in which intense sentiments are
in any primitive society. The occupations involved is not commonly found—either
of the various parts of a modern Euro- among the intellectuals or in any other
pean or American population differ enor part of the population. This condition,
mously; so much so, that in many cases it combined with the thoroughness with
is almost impossible for people speaking which the intellectuals have imbibed the
the same language to understand one an traditions of the past, makes the majority
other when they talk about their daily of them in all nations conventional. It
work. The ideas with which the scientist, has the effect that their thoughts are based
the artist, the tradesman, the business man, on tradition, and that the range of their
the laborer operate are so distinctive that vision is liable to be limited. Even the
they have only a few fundamental ele- apparent exception of the Russian intel-
ments in common. Here it may again be lectuals, who have been brought up under
observed that those occupations which are the influence of West European ideas, does
intellectually or emotionally most highly not contradict our general conclusion.
specialized require the longest training, There are of course strong minds among
and training always means an infusion of the intellectuals who rise above the con-
historically transmitted ideas. It is there- ventionalism of their class, and attain that
fore not surprising that the thought of freedom that is the reward of a courage-
what we call the educated classes is con ous search for truth, along whatever path
trolled essentially by those ideals which it may lead.
have been transmitted to us by past gen In contrast to the intellectuals, the
erations. These ideals are always highly masses in our modern city populations are
specialized, and include the ethical tend- less subject to the influence of traditional
encies, the æsthetic inclinations, the intel- . teaching. They are torn away from school
lectuality, and the expression of volition, before it can make an indelible impression
of past times. Their control may find ex upon their minds and they may never have
pression in a dominant tone which deter- known the strength of the conservative
mines our whole mode of thought and influence of a home in which parents and
which, for the very reason that it has come children live a common life. The more
to be ingrained into our whole mentality, heterogeneous the society in which they
never rises into our consciousness.
live, and the more the constituent groups
In those cases in which our reaction is are free from historic influences, or the
more conscious, it is either positive or neg more they represent different historic tra-
ative. Our thoughts may be based on a ditions, the less strongly will they be at-
high valuation of the past, or they may tached to the past.
be a revolt against it. When we bear this It would be an exaggeration if we
in mind we may understand the charac- should extend this view over all aspects
teristics of the behavior of the intellec- of human life. I am speaking here only
tuals. It is a mistake to assume that their of those fundamental concepts of right
mentality is, on the average, appreciably and wrong that develop in the segregated
higher than that of the rest of the people. classes and in the masses. In a society in
Perhaps a greater number of independent which beliefs are transmitted with great
minds find their way into this group than intensity the impossibility of treating calm-


148
(September 5
THE DIAL
ly the views and actions of the heretic is that this can be accomplished do not, I be-
shared by both groups. When, through lieve, understand human nature aright.
the
progress of scientific thought, the Our very wishes for changes are based on
foundations of dogmatic belief are shaken criticism of the past, and would take an-
among
the intellectuals and not among the other, direction if the conditions under
masses, we find the conditions reversed which we live were of a different nature.
and greater freedom of traditional forms We are building up our new ideals by
of thought among the intellectuals—at utilizing the work of our ancestors, even
least in so far as the current dogma is in- where we condemn it, and so it will be in
volved. It would also be an exaggeration the future. Whatever our generation may
to claim that the masses can sense the right achieve will attain in course of time that
way of attaining the realization of their venerable aspect that will lay in chains the
ideals, for these must be found by painful minds of the great mass of our successors,
experience and by the application of knowl and it will require new efforts to free a
edge. However, neither of these restric- future generation of the shackles that we
tions touches our main contention; namely, are forging. When we once recognize this
that the desires of the masses are in a process, we must see that it is our task not
wider sense human than those of the only to free ourselves of traditional preju-
classes.
dice, but also to search in the heritage of
It is therefore not surprising that the the past for what is useful and right, and
masses of the people—whose attachment to endeavor to free the mind of future
to the past is comparatively slight and who generations so that they may not cling to
work-respond more quickly and more our mistakes, but may be ready to correct
energetically to the urgent demands of the them.
hour than the educated classes, and that
FRANZ Boas.
the ethical ideals of the best among them
are human ideals, not those of a segre-
gated class. For this reason I should al-
Renewal
ways be more inclined to accept, in regard
to fundamental human problems, the judg-
And so, I am alone again?
ment of the masses rather than the judg-
But I shall run unto a barren place, and there
ment of the intellectuals, which is much
Shall wait, and call, and hearken till there come
Once more to me the trooping winds of dawn;
more certain to be warped by unconscious
control of traditional ideas. I do not mean
And I shall give them drunken shout for shout,
And we shall laugh, and laugh ... old
to say that the judgment of the masses
friends
old friends.
would be acceptable in regard to every
problem of human life, because there are
Alone, you say?
many which, by their technical nature, are
But I shall sit upon my hilltop and be still,
beyond their understanding. Nor do I
And wait, and gaze, until the riders of the east
believe that the details of the right solu- Come pricking through the paling dusk and lift
tion of a problem can always be found by Their flaming spears above the farthest hill;
the masses; but I feel strongly that the While with a rush of tearing cloud, behold
problem itself, as felt by them, and the Ruddy and warm with labor, comes the sun-
ideal that they want to see realized, is a The sun, my Brother; greet him well, old world.
safer guide for our conduct than the ideal
of the intellectual group that stands under One says I am alone
the ban of an historical tradition that dulls They do not know, they have not seen or heard;
their feeling for the needs of the day. For when the dark comes I shall go again
One word more, in regard to what might To that remembered pasture by the lake,
be a fatal misunderstanding of my mean-
There watch until a ripple whispering wakes
ing. If I decry unthinking obedience to And softly as of old I see her come
the ideals of our forefathers, I am far Across the lake in white robes treading, lo
from believing that it will ever be possible,
The moon, my Sister, to our rendezvous.
or that it will even be desirable, to cast
And we shall share the gossip of the stars,
And tell old tales, and rest, and be content.
away the past and to begin anew on a
purely intellectual basis. Those who think
JAMES Rorty.
.


1918]
149
THE DIAL
New Paths
successors
As if to greet with a gesture of defiance which, as Mr. Hueffer once remarked,
the end of the fourth year of armed vio- seems the only right and proper and French
lence there has just appeared in London a proceeding. Here we have roughly three
new annual of the arts under the title of main groups: the Georgians, the Imagists,
“New Paths,” edited by C. W. Beaumont and the young university folk. Mr. Bick-
and M. T. H. Sadler, and published by the ley in a just and very cautious estimate of
former at 75 Charing Cross Road. This modern English verse remarks that the
book comes to me in France, where a tem- outstanding feature of the new generation
porary respite from the line gives me a is its sincerity. That is true. The poets
little leisure and tranquillity for reading. today are as hostile to the delicate manner-
Perhaps in the strange intellectual isolation isms of the last two decades as they are to
of active service one appreciates any book the "grand style" of the previous genera-
more now than at other times, just as to a tions. Instead of the heavy rhetoric of the
man of letters in prison the mere act of Victorians and the languid posing of their
writing becomes something almost sacred.
we have here direct, simple
Anyhow it has been a great pleasure to expression of the experience lived, the
turn over the leaves of this latest effort of thing seen, the passion felt. The defect
"les jeunes" of England. For after all it of this attitude is of course its natural ego-
is the work of “les jeunes” which matters, ţism; but when these young men advance
and it is pleasant to speculate as to who beyond that first delightful discovery of
among the twenty young people of promise self to the discovery of the rest of the
today will be the master of tomorrow.
world, who can deny that they will pro-
The object of "New Paths" is to give duce work as worthy as their ancestors'?
the educated public which takes an inter I must excuse myself from any quota-
est in these things an idea of the develop- tion and from any comparison of merits,
ment of the arts in England during the yet I cannot refrain from mentioning the
four years of war. And to reach this "Siren Island” of Mr. J. W: Harvey, a
end the editors have collected work of name which is new to me (pardonably,
different, sometimes hostile, tendencies, since I have read practically nothing for
from well-known and slightly known more than two years now). Mr. Harvey
and unknown artists—but work which has has a sense of mystery, the love of beauty,
a certain cohesion, a definite trend, and and some "verbal imagination.” I think
at least an attempt at originality. You he may write—perhaps has already writ-
will find Mr. de la Mare and Mr. ten-fine poetry. Since the work of Mr.
D. H. Lawrence, whose work is already Fletcher is represented, one regrets the
becoming of international import, side absence of three other Americans who
by side with quite new young men
dwell in the tents of Shem: "H. D.," Mr.
whose names are unfamiliar. If such a Pound, and Mr. Eliot. Perhaps they were
book lacks the dogmatic fervor of “Blast,' too proud to play. Anyhow, with these
it has the merit of being infinitely more regrettable exceptions, "New Paths” gives
comprehensible and more pleasingly mod a fairly representative collection of the
est in its claims.
work of the poets still in their twenties.
So here we have an anthology of new Coming to the prose, one notes Mr.
verse, new prose, and new pictures—not Guedalla's parodies of older prose writers
the "newest scream" in Cubism but a clear and Mr. Sadler's long note on modern
if sedate indication that “les jeunes" are fiction, with a pretty complete bibliography
surely breaking with the ways of their for- of recent novels where the desire to create
bears. They are cremating the nineties a work of art is paramount to the desire to
with the same glee with which the nineties create royalties. Among many interesting
buried the romantics. Sic semper—and books he mentions the astonishingly fine
they also shall be dispossessed by their work of D. H. Lawrence (now undergoing
nephews.
penance for the crime of lése-pudeur brit-
Verse comes first in “New Paths,” annique), the very original work of Dor-


148
(September 5
THE DIAL
ly the views and actions of the heretic is that this can be accomplished do not, I be-
shared by both groups. When, through lieve, understand human nature aright.
the progress of scientific thought, the Our very wishes for changes are based on
foundations of dogmatic belief are shaken criticism of the past, and would take an-
among the intellectuals and not among the other direction if the conditions under
masses, we find the conditions reversed which we live were of a different nature.
and greater freedom of traditional forms We are building up, our new ideals by
of thought among the intellectuals—at utilizing the work of our ancestors, even
least in so far as the current dogma is in- where we condemn it, and so it will be in
volved. It would also be an exaggeration the future. Whatever our generation may
to claim that the masses can sense the right achieve will attain in course of time that
way of attaining the realization of their venerable aspect that will lay in chains the
ideals, for these must be found by painful minds of the great mass of our successors,
experience and by the application of knowl and it will require new efforts to free a
edge. However, neither of these restric- future generation of the shackles that we
tions touches our main contention; namely, are forging. When we once recognize this
that the desires of the masses are in a process, we must see that it is our task not
wider sense human than those of the only to free ourselves of traditional preju-
classes.
dice, but also to search in the heritage of
It is therefore not surprising that the the past for what is useful and right, and
masses of the people—whose attachment to endeavor to free the mind of future
to the past is comparatively slight and who generations so that they may not cling to
work-respond more quickly and more our mistakes, but may be ready to correct
energetically to the urgent demands of the them.
hour than the educated classes, and that
FRANZ Boas.
the ethical ideals of the best among them
are human ideals, not those of a segre-
gated class. For this reason I should al-
Renewal
ways be more inclined to accept, in regard
to fundamental human problems, the judg-
And so, I am alone again?
ment of the masses rather than the judg-
But I shall run unto a barren place, and ther
ment of the intellectuals, which is much
Shall wait, and call, and hearken till there come
Once more to me the trooping winds of dawn;
more certain to be warped by unconscious
control of traditional ideas. I do not mean
And I shall give them drunken shout for shout,
And we shall laugh, and laugh ... old
to say that the judgment of the masses
friends
old friends.
would be acceptable in regard to every
problem of human life, because there are
Alone, you say?
many which, by their technical nature, are
But I shall sit upon my hilltop and be still,
beyond their understanding. Nor do I And wait, and gaze, until the riders of the east
believe that the details of the right solu- Come pricking through the paling dusk and lift
tion of a problem can always be found by Their Aaming spears above the farthest hill;
the masses; but I feel strongly that the While with a rush of tearing cloud, behold
problem itself, as felt by them, and the Ruddy and warm with labor, comes the sun-
ideal that they want to see realized, is a The sun, my Brother; greet him well, old world.
safer guide for our conduct than the ideal
of the intellectual group that stands under One says I am alone
the ban of an historical tradition that dulls They do not know, they have not seen or heard;
their feeling for the needs of the day. For when the dark comes I shall go again
One word more, in regard to what might To that remembered pasture by the lake,
be a fatal misunderstanding of my mean-
There watch until a ripple whispering wakes
ing. If I decry unthinking obedience to
And softly as of old I see her come
the ideals of our forefathers, I am far
Across the lake in white robes treading, lo
from believing that it will ever be possible,
The moon, my Sister, to our rendezvous.
or that it will even be desirable, to cast
And we shall share the gossip of the stars,
away the past and to begin anew on a
And tell old tales, and rest, and be content.
purely intellectual basis. Those who think
JAMES RORTY.


1918]
149
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New
Paths
As if to greet with a gesture of defiance which, as Mr. Hueffer once remarked,
the end of the fourth year of armed vio- seems the only right and proper and French
lence there has just appeared in London a proceeding. Here we have roughly three
new annual of the arts under the title of main groups: the Georgians, the Imagists,
“New Paths,” edited by C. W. Beaumont and the young university folk. Mr. Bick-
and M. T. H. Sadler, and published by the ley in a just and very cautious estimate of
former at 75 Charing Cross Road. This modern English verse remarks that the
book comes to me in France, where a tem- outstanding feature of the new generation
porary respite from the line gives me a is its sincerity. That is true. The poets
little leisure and tranquillity for reading. today are as hostile to the delicate manner-
Perhaps in the strange intellectual isolation isms of the last two decades as they are to
of active service one appreciates any book the “grand style" of the previous genera-
more now than at other times, just as to a tions. Instead of the heavy rhetoric of the
man of letters in prison the mere act of Victorians and the languid posing of their
writing becomes something almost sacred. successors we have here direct, simple
Anyhow it has been a great pleasure to expression of the experience lived, the
turn over the leaves of this latest effort of thing seen, the passion felt. The defect
"les jeunes" of England. For after all it of this attitude is of course its natural ego-
is the work of "les jeunes" which matters, ţism; but when these young men advance
and it is pleasant to speculate as to who beyond that first delightful discovery of
among the twenty young people of promise self to the discovery of the rest of the
today will be the master of tomorrow.
world, who can deny that they will pro-
The object of “New Paths" is to give duce work as worthy as their ancestors'?
the educated public which takes an inter-
I must excuse myself from any quota-
est in these things an idea of the develop- tion and from any comparison of merits,
ment of the arts in England during the yet I cannot refrain from mentioning the
four
years
of
And to reach this "Siren Island” of Mr. J. W: Harvey, a
end the editors have collected work of name which is new to me (pardonably,
different, sometimes hostile, tendencies, since I have read practically nothing for
from well-known and slightly known more than two years now). Mr. Harvey
and unknown artists—but work which has has a sense of mystery, the love of beauty,
a certain cohesion, a definite trend, and and some “verbal imagination." I think
at least an attempt at originality. You he may write-perhaps has already writ-
will find Mr. de la Mare and Mr. ten-fine poetry. Since the work of Mr.
D. H. Lawrence, whose work is already Fletcher is represented, one regrets the
becoming of international import, side absence of three other Americans who
by side with quite new young men
dwell in the tents of Shem: “H. D.," Mr.
whose names are unfamiliar. If such a Pound, and Mr. Eliot. Perhaps they were
book lacks the dogmatic fervor of “Blast," too proud to play. Anyhow, with these
it has the merit of being infinitely more regrettable exceptions, “New Paths” gives
comprehensible and more pleasingly mod a fairly representative collection of the
est in its claims.
work of the poets still in their twenties.
So here we have an anthology of new Coming to the prose, one notes Mr.
verse, new prose, and new pictures—not Guedalla's parodies of older prose writers
the "newest scream” in Cubism but a clear and Mr. Sadler's long note on modern
if sedate indication that “les jeunes” are fiction, with a pretty complete bibliography
surely breaking with the ways of their for- of recent novels where the desire to create
bears. They are cremating the nineties a work of art is paramount to the desire to
with the same glee with which the nineties create royalties. Among many interesting
buried the romantics. Sic semper—and books he mentions the astonishingly fine
they also shall be dispossessed by their work of D. H. Lawrence (now undergoing
nephews.
penance for the crime of lése-pudeur brit-
Verse comes first in "New Paths, annique), the very original work of Dor-
war.


150
[September 5
THE DIAL
othy Richardson, the vivid and tortured with the Camden Hill and Omega Work-
prose of James Joyce, and the suave, de- shop groups.
lightful cynicism of Norman Douglas's And why is the name of T. E. Hulme
"South Wind.” I find only one con omitted from the dedication to the "gal-
siderable omission—the "Tarr” of Mr. lant gentlemen who have given their lives
Wyndham Lewis.
for their country?” Hulme had consider-
Mr. A. J. Fletcher contributes a most able influence at one time among the
interesting, if slightly inhuman, article on young men and was especially a friend of
the tendencies in present-day English Gaudier-Brzeska and Epstein. He was
art. He analyzes clearly and with great killed in action last year beside his battery.
knowledge the influences which have acted If I seem to have dwelt more on the
upon the most talented of the younger omissions than the contents of “New
painters and sculptors, and his remarks are Paths," it is simply that I want to com-
illustrated by photographs and reproduc- plete by these few notes the very wide and
tions from artists mentioned. Epstein and almost complete information contained in
Augustus John are there of course, and the the new annual. I cannot imagine a better
unfortunate Gaudier-Brzeska, killed in medium whereby an American can get in
September, 1915 during the fierce house to touch with the latest features of English
house fighting at Neuville St. Vaast. art. There were bound to be a few omis-
There are reproductions also of the work sions, but on the whole this is undoubtedly
of Mr. Nevinson, Mr. Gertler, and the the best resumé which has appeared since
two Nash brothers, as well as of the two
the war.
So far as I know there is no
women painters Nina Hamnett and Anne American edition, but it is worth the while
Rice. In a collection so manifestly cath of those individuals who like to know what
olic one misses the work of the Vorticists— is doing in the arts to take the trouble to
at least worthy of record—and one feels import copies.
Mr. Fletcher has been a little tranchant
RICHARD ALDINGTON.
The New
Education
in India
It is exceedingly difficult for our West- per cent. of the total population of the
ern friends to understand what really lies country live in villages, and there are no
at the bottom of the present agitated con schools in four villages out of five. As a
dition of India. It is not so much political result four fifths of the children of school
discontent as an entire spiritual rebirth. age are growing up in ignorance and illit-
The outward unrest, comprising the revo eracy, without any schooling whatever.
lutionary plots and riots, the nihilistic With the exception of a few progressive
assassinations, the breaking of the crystal- Indian principalities, there is no free and
lized caste system, the furor of the feminist compulsory system of primary education.
movement, the militancy of strikes and About eighty-five per cent of the total
boycotts, and the silent turmoil of the population of India is agricultural, but
Hindu-Mohammedan rapprochement—all there is not even one agricultural school or
is but the outward symbol of the renais- college accessible to the farmers of the
sance, the troubled surface of an inner joyland. The first agricultural college in In-
at the new birth. And it cannot be denied dia was opened only a few years ago, and
that this rebirth has long been overdue. that by the high-minded generosity of an
Out of every five men in the world one American man of wealth: Mr. Henry
is a Hindu; in other words, the popula- Phipps gave $150,000 to the British-
tion of India is about as large as the Indian government for this purpose. The
combined population of North America, Phipps College will remain a monument
South America, and Africa. And in of friendship between America and India.
India, in the second decade of the twentieth The woeful illiteracy of India is re-
century, only ten men out of a hundred, sponsible for many of her chronic ills, as is
and only one woman out of a hundred and the case with China and Russia. Yet illit-
fifty, can read and write. About eighty eracy, if we are to judge from recent ex-


1918]
151
THE DIAL
periences, is not difficult to destroy. In grammar, ancestral worship, arithmetic,
about forty years America has educated science of portents, division of time, logic,
over half of her newly freed negro slaves; ethics, etymology, pronunciation, prosody,
in about twenty years America has flooded demonology, military science, astronomy,
the Philippines with public schools and medicine, science of serpents and spirits.
school teachers. In less than forty years Elphinstone in his “History of India" and
Japan has educated all but five per cent. of Hunter in his “Indian Empire” most un-
her people. What Japan has been able to reservedly acknowledge the debt of human
accomplish India and China can certainly civilization to the #indu's contribution
do-only ten times over.
towards the very birth of many such
Yet while Japan can today enter into an sciences as arithmetic, algebra, geometry
offensive or defensive alliance with any of and astronomy, grammar, medicine, music,
the great powers, in India a Hindu is not and metaphysics. We have in India today
even thought fit to have arms in his home ruins of ancient universities where as high
for self-protection. Tigers and cobras may as ten thousand students studied arts and
kill human beings, as they do by the thou- sciences, philosophy, law, and literature,
sands, but the people cannot be trusted entirely without payment of tuition; and in
with arms.
“Legal ineligibility,” writes many instances these students were even
the “New Statesman” of London, “to bear fed and clothed at the expense of the state.
arms in India carries with it such a sense But no nation and no race can thrive in
of humiliation, helplessness, and self-con- modern times by simply basking in the sun-
demnation that before it all other bless- shine of its past glories. Neither can the
ings dwindle into insignificance.” At the bewildering labyrinth of the complexities
middle of the last century Japan was of modern civilization be mastered except
looked down upon by her neighbors and by scientific education. Certainly it cannot
India was thought the most progressive of be mastered by overemphasizing meta-
all Asiatic countries. But how vast is the physical speculation on the Nirvanic bliss
disparity between Japan and India today! of the next world, or by memorizing choice
The smarting sense of humiliation at the passages from Shakespeare, Shelley, Rus-
backwardness of India's international kin, or Bentham. In recent years India has
status is responsible for the universal cry had enough of "bookful" education. What
in India for a sound system of education. she needs most today is the mating of her
Education is not an innovation in India innate spiritual ideals of education with
from the philanthropically "civilizing” the exact scientific knowledge of the West.
countries of the West. It is true that In-
It is true that In This union is essential for India if she is
dia today is backward, and the children to avoid some of the ugliness and brutali-
nations of the West talk glibly of "civiliz- ties of the cold and callous industrialism
ing” India and China. But the merest of the West. She wants to keep what was
acquaintance with ancient history would beautiful and gracious in the old order.
convince anyone that there was a time in Fortunately she is no longer indifferent
India's history when special ambassadors, to her needs. Different educational insti-
scholars, and philosophers from Greece tutions are being established all over In-
and Rome, Egypt, and China were wont dia. The Arya Somaj of the Punjab is
to come to India for exchange of courtesies rendering a splendid service toward this-
and for study. From the earliest days of through its schools and colleges, especially
Aryan settlement in India, say about 4,000 through its unique academy, the Guruku
or 5,000 B.C., there have been educa- of Haridwar. Here, as in the case of
tional institutions that gradually developed Sir Rabindranath Tagore's model school
out of the growing rites and rituals of a at Bolpur, Brahmacharya and the classical
people that migrated from a bleak and culture of ancient India are united with the
cold country into the warm and congenial studies of a modern Western technology.
valleys of the Indus and the Ganges. In The Hindu university of Benares, which
the Upanishads, compiled about 2,000 has recently been opened under the direct
B.C., we find references to educational and lavish patronage of most of the prom-
institutions that prescribed the study of inent Hindu rajas and maharajas, has
“the four Vedas, chronicles, cosmogonies, had millions donated to it by the wealthy


152
(September 5
THE DIAL
potentates of India, who wish to make this Japan for scientific and industrial educa-
university well worthy of the country in tion, and then to help these students, on
which it is located. The main objects of their return home, to start model farms
the university, are: (1) to promote the and factories for the manufacture of boots
study of Hindu shastras (scriptures) and and shoes, buttons, pins and needles, um-
of Sanskrit literature generally, as a means brellas, papers and porcelains, silk and
of preserving and popularizing the best cotton fabrics—all with the help of mod-
thought and culture of ancient civilization; ern machinery. Hundreds of students
(2) to promote learning and research gen- have been educated by this association,
erally in the arts and sciences; (3) to ad- mostly in America and Japan, and these
vance and diffuse such scientific and tech- young men are now the recognized leaders
nical and professional knowledge, com in the tremendous industrial revolution
bined with the necessary practical training, that is going on in mystic India. When
as is best calculated to promote indigenous the froth and foam of present political
industries and develop the material re- propaganda will have had a chance to die
sources of the country; (4) to promote
a natural death, the names of the Gaekwar
character by making religion and ethics an
of Baroda, Mr. Tata, and Mr. Ghose will
integral part of education.
stand out prominently among those of the
His Highness the Gaekwar of Baroda, major constructive workers of modern
the pioneer in India of many reform move- India.
ments, founded his famous Kala-Bhavan Nor is India today unmindful of the
(the Institute of Arts and Sciences) about grave problem of female education. The
twenty-eight years ago. It teaches engi- pernicious system of early marriage cuts
neering of all kinds, fine arts, industrial short the education of the girls who have
arts, and commerce. Quite unlike the cus both the means and the inclination for
tom prevalent in British India, the vernac- higher education. The men of India have
ular of the province, and not English, is begun to feel the peril of the lack of fe-
the medium of instruction. Immediately male education in the country.. Further.
after the notorious partition of Bengal in more the educated women of all sects and
1905 the National Council of Education creeds are taking things pretty much into
was started in Calcutta. It has a College their own hands. They quite understand-
in Calcutta and schools in different dis- ably resent any spirit of patronage on the
tricts of Bengal. Some of the teachers part of the men. They have organized
and the students of the National College the All-India Woman's Union. Its prin-
are doing sound research work in India's cipal aim is to educate the women of India.
cultural life. Soon after the establishment By sheer force of its organizing impetus-
of the National Council the Bengal Tech- aided by the coöperation of the women at
nical Institute was opened by the munificent large—the Union is dotting the country
gifts of Mr. T. Palit. Also in Bombay, with schools for the education of women
the center of the industrial activities of from Kashmere to Cape Comorin, the
India, Mr. Jamsetji Nusservanji Tata purdah women not excepted. They are
spared no pains and no money to advance taught weaving and knitting, sewing and
the cause of scientific and industrial edu- embroidery, domestic science and hygiene,
cation. Though some of the project was arts and crafts. Dr. Karve's idea of a
delayed by official red tape, his example Woman's University at Poona has re-
remains to inspire to further effort. And ceived generous financial support from all
already at least a dozen other Parsees quarters of the country. Women's study
have made most royal gifts for the promo- clubs are being formed, mostly for the
tion of learning in India. But perhaps the study of newspapers, and magazines.
most ambitious and consequential educa- Translations of the idealistic parts of
tional institution was started in 1904 by President Woodrow Wilson's speeches are
Mr. Jogendra Chandra Ghose, a leading being memorized by even the purdah
lawyer of the Calcutta High Court. It women of the remotest villages of India.
was the famous Scientific and Industrial The new man and the new woman of
Association. Its principal objects are to new India do not deem any sacrifice too
send students to Europe, America, and great to help the cause of education. When


1918]
153
THE DIAL
we see a high caste Brahmin boy of wealthy titute give away all her amassed fortune,
parents work for ten or twelve hours a a man mortgage his property, a woman sell
day in a tannery or in a soap factory in her jewels—all to help the cause of pop-
New York or California, then we can ular education in India—then none need
safely rest assured that India is changed question India's sincerity, none despair of
indeed. And again, when we see a Hindu India's future.
beggar give away his ragged coat, a pros-
BASANTA KOOMAR Roy.
Instructors
VII.
I.
VI.
When you entered the classroom a dry wind You juggled smartly with the wisdom
followed you,
Of the ages.
Crackling.
And as the little balls, painted bright colors
It seared my soul three hours a week
For our amusement, flew up and down
For a year.
You clapped your hands and cracked the weekly
Yet I should have learned great things from
joke
you,
Just to make sure we should not take it all
Who are so prim, so platitudinous, so scholarly Too seriously.
That one of these days you will be
The Head of the Department.
Tenderly middle-aged, Victorian, dripped
II.
Your counsel on us from your mellow words,
And shone about you, as the sickly light
You ruled us with a rod, but not of iron.
About a rotting tree.
Your rod was long and flexible and had a hook You spoke of Faith, Hope, Love, these three,
That neatly Aicked away pieces of self-conceit
And greater even than these-
Now here, now there,
Conservatism.
So that we left the classroom raw
VIII.
And respectful.
You were so coldly, sweetly reasonable
That, frost-bound, we stood fast
You sent us leaping at each other's minds
And listened from afar to the chill tinkle
Intelligently, and from the tangle of our Of your resplendent logic, marveling
argument-
That one so flawless should take all this trouble
As one who watches kittens with a skein— To prove it to us.
Now and again you rescued the Main Point,
IX.
With pensive pleasure.
The flies were always buzzing in your classroom.
IV.
Your voice and they droned in a minor key,
You wore your education without grace
Filling the whole wide world
As the Suddenly Rich Man wears his dress For fifty minutes.
suit
You and the flies, you and the flies, til
Not too ill at ease in it to be
We languished in a very ecstasy
Clumsily pleasant to the less successful,
Of boredom
And yet afraid
So delicious that it hurt
That without patronage they may begin
To hear the bell ring.
To feel themselves his equals.
X.
III.
V.
Enthusiasm was your stock in trade.
It gurgled like the very best molasses
From a jug
And covered all things old and dead
With a rich layer of modern glamour
In which our feet stuck fast.
But we had no desire to escape-
The coating was so sweet
And the gurgle so pleasant.
You left a trail of poisoned slime
Like some rare breed of toad.
You watched us evilly with little eyes
Where your polluting thoughts
Shifted behind a green, translucent film,
And in the name of Science dragged us down
To all the baseness of the world.
And what impassioned words you spoke about
the need
For “guarding youth.”


154
[September 5
THE DIAL
XI.
which only too frequently confers lustre on books
which would pass unnoticed if exposed to the
We gladly followed you through unknown
strong light of the day. The rise of Sinn Fein
spaces,
Daily more tense, impatient that we could not
has been accomplished, like all previous move-
grasp
ments of revolt in Ireland, by a flood of political
With hungry teeth, as a dog grasps a rat,
literature whose patriotism is its chief merit.
All that was ever written.
But the most notable work of pure literature
And while you showed us how to use the shreds published this year was the second volume of
we had,
Maunsel's fine edition of the “Collected Works”
We came to feel that all the rest was but an of Padraic H. Pearse (Stokes). Having given
inch or two
us the plays, poems, and stories in the first vol-
Beyond our reach, and could be had
For the reaching.
ume, they have added a volume containing "Songs
of the Irish Rebels" and "Specimens from an Irish
SUSANNE HOWE.
Anthology," which will be remembered by read-
ers of the “Irish Review." The arrangement
Our Dublin Letter
whereby the original Irish text and the English
translation appear side by side makes this a more
To the outside world, whose impressions of satisfactory book than its predecessor, from which
Ireland are based upon inspired and not entirely all texts were omitted, so that it was a composite
disinterested newspaper paragraphs, it may seem work, partly the English of Pearse and partly
strange that we have time for literature amidst the English of Mr. Joseph Campbell. Padraic
the pressing and exciting exigencies of “German Pearse held strong views as to the necessity of
plots," anti-conscription campaigns, and the in creating a modern Irish literature in the Irish
numerable crimes thrust upon the patriotic by language, and he deliberately cut himself off from
the ubiquitous Defense of the Realm Act. Yet the readier popularity of English. It would
the fact is that never since the insurrection of therefore have been more fitting to give the orig-
Easter, 1916 have the printing presses in Ireland inal text in Irish, as Pearse wrote it, in every
been so busy, and this in spite of the amazing case accompanied by a parallel translation. This
difficulties of book production, the familiar ob- plan would have made the second volume stouter
stacles of increased cost being complicated in this and more in proportion to the first, for it might
country by the existence of a military Press Cen- have contained the poems included in that first
sorship which is more severe than the correspond volume. Thus we might have had one book of
ing civilian establishment in England. Possibly prose and one of verse, the former containing
the more cynical reading public has reason to be plays and stories, the latter poems, original and
thankful for this, since editors and publishers translated. However, the edition is a beautiful
have adopted the practice of submitting work in one and worthy of a place beside the now famous
manuscript to the Censor, so that he may give edition of Synge, whose rarity it may equal, since
his imprimatur before the expense of setting is the first editions of Volume I were only procur-
incurred, with the result that an interesting able at an increased price a few weeks after pub-
library of banned or mutilated works awaits the lication.
return of happier days for publication. A. re It is interesting to compare Pearse's versions
markable case of this kind occurred in the spring, of the sixteenth and seventeenth century Gaelic
when two different publishers decided to issue poets in "Songs of the Irish Rebels" with the
the collected writings of the Irish politician and analogous efforts of Mr. James Stephens in his
economist James Fintan Lalor, one of the leading “Reincarnations” (Macmillan; $1). Pearse of
figures of the Fenian movement of 1848. With course was more concerned to give a faithful
that divine impartiality upon which Anatole rendering of those early Irish hymns of hate,
France congratulated the law, the Censor pro- whereas Stephens has simply found inspiration in
hibited the publication of these rival editions of the main stream of the national poetic tradition.
an author who died nearly seventy years ago! How beautifully his mood coincides with that of
This practice of literary Malthusianism has his literary ancestors has been noticed by all who
not visibly diminished the output of Irish books, have welcomed this wonderful sheaf of verse-
although it has certainly added to the adventure the finest the author has given us since he first
of collecting rare Irish editions, as many banned burst gaily and riotously upon us with his “In-
works enjoy a limited and surreptitious sale, surrections.” Whenever the Anglo-Irish poets


1918]
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THE DIAL
have turned to the springs of national tradition Mr. Figgis's style are familiar and almost notori-
they have returned with rich booty, and since ous; he never uses one word where two can be
Mr. Stephens has absorbed himself in Gaelic employed, and his flair for precious and unusual
from the time of his return from Paris two years locutions is extraordinary. Concealed between
ago, we look upon “Reincarnations” as but a vast layers of his characteristic verbiage there is
specimen of the treasure-trove which he will share in “Children of Earth” a fine story well told, and
with us in the near future. Meanwhile Dublin a really striking picture of Irish life in the remote
has greeted the arrival of a young poet, still in West, outside the radius of urban Anglicization.
his teens, Mr. Austin Clarke, whose “Vengeance Paradoxically, this Sinn Feiner writes uncon-
of Fionn" (Maunsel) has been the occasion of a sciously of politics, and as his verbose attempts
literary battle between admirers and critics. at "symphonic word-music" are interpolated at
"Æ” has not been afraid to assert that there is almost regular intervals, it is possible to read his
finer poetry in this little book than in anything novel without floundering into these morasses
written by Yeats at that age, and the prophets of words, of which the most hideous example is
assert that “The Vengeance of Fionn” will one in the opening chapter, with such inventions as a
day be regarded with the same interest as "The “gesture of distance" and "gesture of gauntness."
Wanderings of Oisin.” Mr. Joseph Campbell, If the author would prune his novels of these
voicing the opposition, complained of the exag affectations as thoroughly as he has pruned his
gerations, the overladen imagery, and even the political and historical writings, he would not
erroneous botany of the young poet; and for some dismay so many who truly appreciate the fine
weeks a controversy raged in the columns of quality of his work.
"New Ireland," the unexportable literary weekly, Mr. Brinsley MacNamara is a novelist of a
which miraculously survives the acts of God, the very different caliber, but he has set forth in
Censor, and the King's enemies. As is usual in "The Valley of the Squinting Windows" a chron-
such cases, the truth lies somewhere between the icle of malice, cruelty, and petty meanness as un-
two extremes of appreciation and depreciation, compromising in its showing up of a rural com-
and Mr. Austin Clarke must be content to know munity as Mr. James Joyce was in his exposition
that much is expected of him. When he first of Dublin in "A Portrait of the Artist” and
emerged it was to come and wait shyly at my "Dubliners.” Mr. MacNamara however has had
door that he might intercept me with a plea to the satisfaction of exciting his victims to retalia-
read his epic of Grania, the heroine so strangely tion. The community in the County Westmeath
neglected by the poets, as I once pointed out, in described in the book has been in a state of
favor of her rival in legend, Deirdre. I read effervescent rage ever since its appearance, and
his manuscript with great pleasure, but was the author has been stoned by the infuriated vil-
skeptical of its prospects of securing attention in lagers, who have made the house of his family
these troubled times. The author scorned my unbearable and are now threatening the pub-
proposal that he should bring out a book of lishers with an action for libel. Yet in the novel
lyrics instead; so I sent him to "Æ," whose un Mr. MacNamara does not even mention the
failing kindness and enthusiasm would, I knew, name of the place where his scenes are cast, and
be helpful. "Æ" acted as I had foreseen, but the the reading public generally is quite unaware of
public did not-with the happy result that Mr. the identity of the persons and events described.
Austin Clarke found himself the most talked of It is as if the inhabitants of Spoon River were
event of the publishing season.
to threaten Mr. Edgar Lee Masters for having
Two unusual and totally dissimilar novels re slandered them before the eyes of the world!
main to be mentioned: “The Valley of the Apparently 'our village Hampdens and Miltons
Squinting Windows" (Maunsel), by a new are neither as mute nor as inglorious as Gray
writer, Mr. Brinsley MacNamara, and "Chil- imagined. It is certainly disconcerting, after the
dren of Earth," by Mr. Darrell Figgis, who is classical experiments in this direction of Synge,
now in England for the second time with a group Moore, and James Joyce, to be expected to
of Sinn Fein deportees. This is the first work of sympathize with the woes of the "Valley of the
fiction which Mr. Figgis has published since he Squinting Windows.” A new terror has been
gave up his work in London and became a "re- added to the precarious profession of free
turned native," although he has been extremely speech.
active in swelling the volume of pamphleteering
ERNEST A. BOYD.
literature already referred to. The defects of Dublin, August 1, 1918.


156
(September 5
THE
DIAL
Colonel House
man whose noiselessness makes even the silence of
his chief seem loquacious, is intolerably unusual,
The Real Colonel House. By Arthur D. How and can be borne by the mind only under the cate-
den Smith. Doran; $1.50.
gory of mystery.
All biographies are suspect. Much more so Mr. Smith takes us rapidly through Colonel
when the subject is still alive; and above all when House's career as Democratic pilot of Texas pol-
he is so much alive as to be entrusted with the itics, and soon brings us to the point at which the
most momentous of present-day tasks—the de- Colonel, having become a national power in the
termination of the bases of a lasting peace. Mr. counsels of the party, met Governor Wilson and
Smith will smile forgivingly if we take with a discovered in him unsuspected presidential values.
grain of skepticism the first adjective in his title; “You know,” said Colonel House on this point,
and Colonel House, being a philosopher, will not “in politics you can almost never elect the best
balk at our suspicion that he is not so utterly and man—he has done something, said something, or
incorrigibly virtuous a person as his biographer has something about him, which prevents his suc-
would have us suppose him to be. Indeed we are cess. You have to take the next best man, or
inclined to the belief that the real Colonel House perhaps the next to the next best man. But here
would have preferred to have some of his faults was the best man available, the ideal man. And
and misses catalogued along with his successes, if he seemed to have a good chance of success.” The
only as spice to the pudding; and that in per- liking was mutual: the Governor, who had not
mitting himself to be displaced by an abstract been so long in politics as to have lost all relish
perfection (strangely at home among diplomats) for intellectual feasting, enjoyed the quiet culture
he has merely indulged the theories of his Boswell of the Texan, and put the essence of his admira-
on the art and science of political biography. tion with characteristic finish in a talk with some
Mr. Smith aims, initially, to dispel the aura newspaper men. “Colonel House," he said, “can
of mystery that has gathered about the Colonel's hold a subject away from him, and examine it
head; and so far as this mystery connoted some
and analyze it, as if he had nothing to do with
degree of popular objection to a "third house" it, better than any man I ever knew.” This is
in the government, Mr. Smith's purpose has
the heart of the matter.
meaning and result. Of course every president
Some interesting passages follow: Mr. Smith
has had a Colonel House, but has usually made tells, for example, how the President sent Colonel
more of an effort to conceal him; President Wil-
House to Europe in May, 1914 to attempt to
son seems so confident of his own mental re stem the tide that had set in towards war, and
sources as to dare admit to all the country that
how the policy of "watchful waiting" in relation
these resources, unaided, are inadequate to the
to Mexico was adopted chiefly because the Presi-
vast and varied tasks that have swept down upon
dent anticipated the great conflict and wished to
him since his first inauguration. Despite our pro-
be free of lesser entanglements in case America
vincial distrust of the trained administrator, we
should become involved. In February, 1915
are being forced by fact to welcome the expert
Colonel House again visited Europe, this time in
and the adviser into our governmental hierarchy;
an attempt to bring England and Germany to
and Colonel House is but one of many men whom
some agreement for the limitation of the naval
the President has had the splendid sense to call
side of the war. The Colonel's passage was taken
into his supposedly monarchical councils. Mystery
on the Lusitania; and it was on this trip that the
has moved about Colonel House because, like Von stately Cunarder flew the American flag as she
Moltke, he can be silent in seven languages, and passed through British waters—flew it, Mr.
is gifted with the capacity for infinite listening: Smith presumes, as a justifiable device to protect
adage has it that if a man will but hold his the American envoy from the submarines that
tongue he will not long lack reputation for wis were lying off the mouth of the Mersey. Three
dom. In America (because America is still in its months later, while Colonel House was still in
cultural swaddling clothes) political leaders were, Europe, the Lusitania was sunk; and this greatest
until lately, almost always men of many words of German psychological blunders had a good
and loud; to have a president who keeps quiet deal to do with the frustration of the Colonel's
(except for certain occasions that conscript him mission. The mission was to present to the states-
into oratory) and works vacationless, is queer men of Europe the American notion of "freedom
enough; but to have him select as his adviser a of the seas.”


1918]
157
THE DIAL
war
He meant a literal, unlimited freedom of the seas, How to Create the Scientific Spirit
which would imply the safety of merchantmen in
enemy ports on the declaration of war; the safety not
only of food cargoes, but cargoes of actual contraband; A SHORT HISTORY OF Science. By W. T. Sedgwick
the uninterrupted progress of the world's ocean-borne and H. W. Tyler. Macmillan; $2.50.
commerce in the midst of the most widely dispersed
Accepted by the belligerent nations, it
Historians of science may conceive their task
would have the immediate result of confining the war in a variety of ways. Some will approach it as
to a struggle between fleets and armies and exempting
annalists bent first of all on registering names,
from harm non-combatants and neutral nations, while
the economic structure of civilization would survive dates, and events. Another group naturally
almost unimpaired.
throw the emphasis on the biographical element:
"But for what would navies be used then?" de-
manded the Germans.
they are interested primarily in the psychology of
"For defense against invasion,” returned Colonel the scientific worthy and, like Duhem and Ost-
House. [Page 188.)
wald, aspire to a satisfactory classification of in-
The English rejected the plan because it meant tellects. Still others unfold the method underly-
the abandonment of the blockade of Germany, ing all scientific activity and illustrate the gradu-
and saw little force in Colonel House's conten al extension of a rigorous logical technique from
tion that it also meant the protection of England
one field of inquiry to another, from physics to
from the submarine threat and the freedom of chemistry and biology, and even to anthropology
England to supply men and munitions unimpeded
and sociology. Again, it is possible to study sci-
to the army in France.
ence as the product of coöperative labor by social
One other passage deserves quotation—a pas-
units encompassed by and overlapping other social
units. Finally, a great historian would unite in
sage not directly quoted from Colonel House, but
his person the qualities of reporter, psychologist,
given as his view. The President "will not suf-
fer the effects of militarism to halt or overthrow logician, and sociologist and rise to the dignity
of a true philosopher of science.
the splendid development of liberalism which has
Professors Sedgwick and Tyler belong emphat-
attended his administration" (page 242). Here
is the formulation of the hope of many. Every ically to the first category. The logical founda-
schoolboy knows that there are powerful forces
tions of science, the personalities of the outstand-
ing figures, the functions of science in modern
in the country (or, should we rather say, in this
culture are not wholly ignored by them, but these
city of New York?) which are resolved and con-
fident that the war will issue in a militaristic things hardly loom up as of more than subordi-
nate significance. The authors are primarily re-
system fastened on the American people, and
corders of facts, and in fairness their product
rivaling in its thoroughness and brutality all the
achievements of the Junkers. The President has
should be judged from this angle. They have
condemned our orgies of “patriotic” lynching, he certainly brought together an imposing array of
worthwhile information within a relatively small
has pronounced himself open to all honest criti-
cism, and he has interfered again and again (in ject of interest that so serious and painstaking an
compass. The history of science is so novel a sub-
Arizona, in the Northwest, and in California)
essay to popularize its data must be hailed with
to redress the evils of war-time reaction; but
appreciation. Nevertheless, even in the present
sometimes one wonders if these occasional efforts
groping stage, doubts arise as to the method of
I will suffice. One wonders, for example, if the procedure and, in the interest of other attempts in
President is entirely in sympathy with the severity the same direction, deficiencies should not be ig-
with which Mrs. Stokes has been punished; surely
nored.
the Administration is sufficiently confident of its
First of all, then, a curious disproportionate-
own integrity and is sufficiently supported by a
ness mars the value of the work. Mathematics,
unified and resolute people, to warrant it in call-
ing a halt on the almost czaristic severity of some
astronomy, and physics are dealt with in so liberal
of the lower federal courts. These are matters
a manner as to crowd out almost everything else.
Even chemistry hardly receives a due share of
which deserve more attention from the President,
space, and biology suffers distinctly scurvy treat-
hard worked though he is. It is his privilege, and
ment. There is no attempt to show precisely
in large measure his obligation, to set the moral
what Darwinism meant in the development of
tone of the country in this regard; let him say evolutionary theory, while Weismann, Mendel,
the good word and give it point with decisive
and De Vries are barely mentioned. Psychology,
action, and all America will follow him and be Cinderella-like, is passed over in silence-Gal-
glad.
WILL DURANT. ton's study of individual variability, Fechner's


158
(September 5
THE DIAL
application of mathematical methods, the estab- of the history of science should become saturated
lishment of laboratories by Wundt and his with the spirit of science, imbibing the atmos-
American followers, have apparently failed to phere that invests a particular set of problems.
impress the authors as significant phenomena. Let not his vision be blurred by an uncoördinated
This one-sidedness, however, is merely the most wealth of detail. A hundred pages outlining the
glaring of a series of rather unfortunate errors greatest achievements in all lines of research,
of judgment. Throughout the volume there are followed by thrice that space devoted exclusively
sprinkled copious quotations from a host of to the progress of either dynamics from Galileo
authors. Some of these are remarkably illumi to Newton, or of biology from Lamarck to Dar-
nating—for example, the sentence from White- win, or of anthropology from Morgan to Boas,
head (page 41) as to the abstruseness of long will prove more illuminating than the histories
division for the ancient Greek mathematicians. of science executed on traditional lines. Perhaps
But often Professors Sedgwick and Tyler are the very disproportion in Professors Sedgwick
less fortunate in their selections. Thus it is far and Tyler's volume might aid them in convert-
from clear why the reader should be bored with ing it into a history of the type here projected.
several pages of historical commonplaces about They would merely have to remodel the sec-
the older civilizations of Egypt and Asia. Worse tions on the exact sciences so as to stress leading
still, statements are quoted without comment even principles rather than facts and to rearrange,
when they are questionable or even positively with some minor modifications, the matter de-
false. The hoary legend of the Phoenician dis voted to other departments of learning. But
covery of glass (page 14) should no longer be whether they themselves undertake the task or
cited without at least a corrective footnote. Simi not, they have certainly placed at the disposal
larly, Kelvin's overemphatic insistence on the of future historians an appreciable storehouse of
reality of the ether (page 356) requires some raw material.
ROBERT H. LOWIE.
suggestion that divergent views have been held
by eminent savants. Again, sometimes there is
little or no attempt to harmonize quotation and Half-Truths About Russia
text so as to convey a definite conviction. The
atomic theory is assuredly of such importance UNCHAINED RUSSIA. By Charles Edward Russell.
that the reader is entitled to know the authors'
Appleton; $1.50.
point of view; but they content themselves with
For a journalist, this book is a first-rate per-
quoting Kelvin pro and Dumas contra, throwing formance; for an acknowledged radical and
in a sentence by way of summarizing the type of socialist, it is the kind of timorous evasion which
criticism urged against the theory (page 362). forever robs a man of any legitimate right to
These strictures are directed against the book
either of these names.
After all, Mr. Russell
as a compendium of facts. But a more funda-
went to Russia as the radical member of the
mental query arises. To what extent is such
American mission; he publishes his book several
an assemblage of data a genuine desideratum at months after the signing of the treaty of Brest-
present? To be sure, every cultivated man should
Litovsk; he knows better than most of us can
know something about the peculiarly Greek con-
possibly know the turbid stream of lies and
tributions to pre-Hellenic knowledge and he stupidities which have so misguided the American
should connect definite achievements with the public about the Soviet government. Is it not
hallowed names of Kepler, Galileo, Newton, his obvious duty at this time to compress his
Darwin, and Helmholtz. But his memory need descriptive and impressionistic chapters and to
not be burdened with the names of Antiphon and give us as accurate and fearless an interpretation
Menæchmus or of a host of estimable but not of the facts about Russia as he can? If any action
epoch-making modern investigators. All the we take with respect to Russia will very possibly
salient facts can be condensed into a terse sum- cost the lives of countless of those we hold dear,
mary of possibly fifty-say, at most, a hundred should it prove mistaken, then is not a high obli-
pages. Literature supplies a parallel example. gation laid upon Mr. Russell to do his best to
What cultivated layman cares to hear about tell the truth and the whole truth? Mr. Rus-
Gleim and Opitz, Scarron and Boileau, Shen- sell's first sentence is:
stone and Akenside? But just as the student
To the last syllable of recorded time, mankind is
of literature must combine some conception of likely to have cause to lament that in the years 1917
the world's giants with an intensive probing of and 1918 the people of the United States did not under-
stand the people of Russia and the people of Russia' did
some particular type of literature, so the reader
not understand the people of the United States.


1918]
159
THE DIAL
Well, the important and salient fact about and unprejudiced observers to tell us what the
Russia has been the Soviet government-whether Soviet government was really like, what it had
or not it was honest, whether or not it really accomplished and what it hoped to accomplish.
represented the mass of the Russian people, why Surely it is hypocrisy for Mr. Russell to tell us
it destroyed the Constituent Assembly and signed rhetorically at the beginning of his book that "to
the shameful peace of Brest-Litovsk, why today the last syllable of recorded time," and so on, and
it is fighting the Czecho-Slovaks in Siberia. A then do so little to bring about the understanding
correct diagnosis of the quality and purposes of between us and the people of Russia on which the
that government, from November, 1917 to the happiness of the world depends.
present day, has been perhaps the most needed He does, to be fair, make a feeble attempt. He
corrective to the distortions of badly informed writes brightly and in good temper. In excellent
American public opinion. Mr. Russell makes no journalistic phrases he conveys the "feel" of the
attempt whatsoever to furnish that diagnosis: to Russian peasant's true democracy. Trotzky, he
be sure, his tone in the chapter called "The tells us, is sincere, and although he has some
Bolshevic" has neither the fanatical bitterness of doubts about Lenine, yet he cannot quite credit
the émigré nor the palpable special pleading of the the elaborate documents which are supposed to
expropriated landholder. It is, on the contrary, prove Lenine a German agent. There is none of
quite amused and amiable. For the Bolshevik, as the psychological animus against the Russians as
Mr. Russell describes him, is an "obsessionist.” a mass which I always sense in a writer like E. J.
“At least once in every generation the woods have Dillon, and of course there is none of the rhetori-
been full of him." He is a "moon-struck cal idealization of a romanticist like Stephen
dreamer," and the “Bolshevics could never have. Graham. Mr. Russell could hardly fail to de-
been a great power in Russia if the Russian nature tect the stupidity of observers who had never
had not been peculiarly adapted to a dreamy come in contact with any except their own re-
altruism, gorgeous as the gold of sunset and as spectable, clean-linen class. He makes fun of the
difficult to lay hold of.” There is a word or two silly stories of violence and licentiousness which
more about how this gentle gullibility of the Bol were supposed to sweep over Russia on the Czar's
sheviks was easily exploited by the Germans for overthrow. He does explain the deep instinct
their own purposes and how Prussian militarism in all Russians for coöperative endeavor, as in
“led the unfortunate Trotskys by the hand the organization of the village communities. Nor
through the economic Dreamland to the edge of is he wholly lacking in perception of the “dusky
the cliff and pushed them into the abyss." All of forest” of the contradictory mind of the Russian;
which, of course, is utter nonsense, just as Mr. he understands its curious blend of Oriental
Russell in his heart knows it is utter nonsense. If
fatalism and laziness with Occidental intelligence
ever a government signed a peace treaty knowing and energy. He is never betrayed into an intem-
with cold-blooded logic just what that treaty perate attitude towards the Russian people.
meant, it was the Soviet government at Brest That is why it is so hard to forgive him for
Litovsk. But it suits Mr. Russell's purposes to leaving us in the lurch. A returned banker or
represent the Soviet government as composed of a gentleman who has spent all his life amid dip-
kindly but deluded fools-and to end the matter lomatic intrigue is not expected to be singularly
there. Mr. Russell gracefully draws the curtain intelligent about a social and economic revolution.
on “Unchained Russia" with the tragedy of Brest People whose bonds have been repudiated by a
Litovsk. The reader is left to infer what he government may be forgiven for not exhibiting
likes—which of course, if he is a casual reader sweet reasonableness towards that government.
of the newspapers, is that the Bolsheviks, finding But we expected something more of Mr. Rus-
that the world did not bend to their folly, be- sell. It is not that Mr. Russell is not dispas-
came so infuriated that they turned to the Ger sionate and objective enough so far as he goes
mans for protection against the sullen and dis (except for his mock-humorous picture of the
illusionized but apathetic Russian masses. Cer Bolsheviks as "moon-struck"): he merely refuses
tainly Mr. Russell does nothing in his book to to go far enough. He stops almost at where we
correct this all too prevalent fable. It is as if should wish him to begin. Just when we com-
Arthur Ransome had never written his dis mence to hope for some frank interpretation,
patches; as if the Manchester “Guardian,” the based on the known facts, which will give us a
London “Daily News," and the New York general clue to the confused series of events since
"Evening Post” (of the old days) had ceased pub- Brest-Litovsk, Mr. Russell becomes silent. And
lication; as if there were no reliable eye-witnesses it is timid evasion. He simply doesn't dare to


160
[September 5
THE DIAL
point to the implications of our mistake. He
He marked by conspicuous consumption, and the cul-
doesn't dare to stress the simple and obvious fact mination of the chattel slave system,” he is con-
that the real issue from the borders of what was tent to be an economist. When he declares in a
Germany before the war to the Pacific Ocean is discussion of Mormonism that "to attribute so
between feudalism and autocracy; that in a coun great an achievement to mere animalism is the
try where the middle class are so numerically few cheap recourse of the idler or the fanatic,” he is
as to make a compromise republic-as we know even more content; the consciousness of virtue he
it in France, England, and America-impossible, gets from scientific detachment is thorough. At
no solution is possible but an extreme solution. other times, however, his sense of detachment
Either Russia gets something like a socialistic fails and economic interpretation appears inade-
commonwealth, or she gets autocracy. Names do quate. For example, in comparing the family
not especially matter: it is a fight between in of the North and West with that of the slave
dustrial democracy and agrarian communism on states, he remarks that "diffusion of economic
one side, and private property and special privi- opportunity and the resultant democratic dignity
lege on the other. While that particular con held promise of an exalted type of democratic
flict is being settled, Russia can of course have family life based not on economic necessity but
anarchy. And in the conflict now raging will on spiritual values.” Again, in introducing a
Mr. Russell have the temerity to say that the discussion on the “emergence of woman,” he
sympathies of the Entente nations, in contra- opines that “the economic forces back of modern
distinction to Germany, are all on the side of the progress and of the democratic enthusiasm in-
socialistic commonwealth? He knows they are volved in it could scarcely fail to unsettle the
not. Then why does he not speak the truth and subordination of woman."
shame the devil?
HAROLD STEARNS.
In many other passages Dr. Calhoun shakes
off the shackles of strictly economic interpreta-
tion in order to declare his faith in democracy,
The American Family an indulgence one is surprised that he can afford,
even as a moralist, in the face of the pictures he
A SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN FAMILY has assembled, pictures of sweated children as
FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO THE Present.
Arthur W. Calhoun. Vol. II, From Independ-
well as subordinated women, of destructive
ence through the Civil War. Arthur H. Clark Northern factories as well as of merciless South-
Co., Cleveland; $5.
ern plantations. I suspect Dr. Calhoun remains
Since the period covered by this volume ante of the faithful because he thinks or rather feels
dates not only that notoriously bitter fruit of the in terms of evolution-in his opening sentence he
American tree of statistical knowledge, the fact refers to the evolution of the American family-
of one divorce to every eleven marriages, or that and we know the concept of social evolution is
still bitterer fruit, the fact of lowering birth so unchallenged a pattern of American opinion
rates; since the period antedates even such meager that it seems as an armor against observations
information on family organization as can be however massive or analysis however penetrating.
correctly gleaned from federal or state census, To one who is not a social evolutionist, and to
Dr. Calhoun has had to seek for data in the im-
one who is a social psychologist rather than an
pressionistic byways and among the culs de sac
economist, the final impression left by this "social
of contemporary prepossession. His volume is a
history" is not concerned with the family at all,
compilation of extracts from the letters, diaries,
or not primarily. It is an impression of the social
sermons, pamphlets, and so on of the times.
processes of rationalization, an insight into the
Such miscellanies are confusion of themselves; justification of social sores by social authorities.
unfortunately, in spite of well-intentioned efforts
to introduce order by a classification of subjects mills by one Mr. Lloyd, head of the Masonic
Listen to this plea for the introduction of cotton
to which the chapter heads more or less corre-
order of South Carolina:
spond, the author adds to the unavoidable con-
fusion certain personal entanglements of outlook
“Here will be found a never-failing asylum for the
friendless orphans and the bereft widows, the dis-
and method. Foremost among them is his un tribution of labor and the improvements in machinery
certainty as to whether he is a scientist or a happily combining to call into profitable employment
moralist. When he promises an interpretation
the tender services of those who have just sprung
from the cradle, as well as those who are tottering
of the family along the lines of "the influence
to the grave, thus training up the little innocents to
of pioneering and the frontier, the development early and wholesome habits of honest industry, and
of urban industrialism, the rise of city luxury smiles of competency and protection."
smoothing the wrinkled front of decrepitude with the
By


1918]
161
THE DIAL
even
worm.
In his final volume Dr. Calhoun may tell us how The Life of a Great Naturalist
a century later at a hearing of a Congressional
committee an more prominent Southern AUDUBON THE NATURALIST: A History of his Life
gentleman was heard to argue in behalf of child
and Time. By Francis Hobart Herrick. 2 vols.
labor in the mills as a prophylaxis against hook-
Appleton ; $7.50.
Examination of the recent opinion of the
"What a curious, interesting book, a Biog-
United States Supreme Court against the Na- rapher, well acquainted with my Life, could
tional Child Labor Law may also afford illus-' write," Audubon remarked in a letter to his wife.
trations of the method of imputing social values Professor Herrick has written such a book, that
to what is, or is not, desired.
will fascinate not only the scientist but anyone
who is interested in human life. His subject gave
A particularly striking illustration of this
method, by the way, is cited by Dr. Calhoun in him, at the outset, an enormous advantage, for the
his chapter on the effects of the Civil War. In story of Audubon's life has the varied shiíting
1865 certain general orders were issued that no
scenery and the dramatic plot of a romantic novel.
marriage license was to be got in the South until Realizing this advantage, the author has quietly
the contracting parties took the oath of allegiance allowed the story to tell itself ; instead of throw-
to the United States, nor was any unsworn clergy- would have challenged the artist, he has presented
man or magistrate to officiate. In forwarding the facts and the documents in the spirit of the
these orders, General Halleck wrote to General
Stanton: "You will perceive from paragraph V
scientist. Among the documents are a mass of
that measures have been taken to prevent, as far
records—letters, wills, deeds, and so on—that by
a happy chance have recently been found "slum-
as possible, the propagation of legitimate rebels.”
Have we not a suggestion, in this association of bering in a house in the commune of Couëron."
illegitimacy or compulsory celibacy with dis. Having access to these, as well as to the earlier
loyalty, for the control of pacifists or other sus-
lives, Professor Herrick may be regarded as the
“Biographer, well acquainted with my Life” to
pects?
whom Audubon referred, and his book may be
More than one suggestion that history may re-
peat occurs in this diverting compilation, but regarded as the thorough, complete biography to
there is little or no clue to when repetitions may
which Audubon was surely entitled. The two
large volumes contain nearly one thousand pages,
be expected, nor are there any valid answers to
abundant and excellent illustrations, a bibliog-
queries about the antecedents of the family as
raphy, and a collection of original documents.
we see it today, the highly unstable single family.
The new documents dispose of the mystery that
The answers given are of the kind generally re-
has always shrouded Audubon's parentage and
ceived by children curious about the nature of
fire or wind or of the devil, answers primarily mingo, April 26, 1785, his parents being a Creole
birth. He was born at Les Cayes, Santo Do-
designed to stop questions and arrest thought.
woman of Santo Domingo known as Mlle. Rabin,
Such terms or phrases as "liberalizing influences,"
and Jean Audubon, a Frenchman who having
"fierce democracy," "anarchistic democracy,”
left his wife at Nantes became a prosperous
"conspicuous consumption” (why does Dr. Cal-
"merchant, planter, and dealer in slaves” in Santo
houn ignore the analysis behind Veblen's
Domingo. The story of the life of Audubon's
phrase?), "breezy freedom of the frontier mar-
father excels that of the son in exciting action.
riage" (for conventionality in marriage or in sex
He fought, on land and seas, in the Seven Years'
relations in general give me the frontier), "sor-
War, was in the battle of Yorktown, and took
did unions," "the ethical counterpart of laissez-
part actively in the French Revolution. When
faire economics," "pure" (does not Dr. Calhoun
Captain Audubon left the West Indies in 1789,
mean "barren”?), “emancipation of childhood,"
he brought to his wife in France two children
conjugality"freed from sentimentality,” "the
clean slate of the New World" (then as now
not her own; happily for Audubon, however, his
more nearly an Old World palimpsest)-such stepmother became a veritable parent to him.
expressions have sufficient emotional content to
Looking back to his boyhood, Audubon said
gratify and to enable their contradictions to pass that the only school he had ever attended was that
muster; but such expressions and their implica of Adversity. His opportunities for an education
tions neither satisfy nor stimulate curiosity. proved to be slight, his desire for it slighter. His
They have the unforgivable vice of explaining ardent love of nature, which hindered his progress
without explaining.
at the same time that it led to his greatness, re-
Elsie Clews PARSONS. vealed itself very early in his career:


162
(September 5
THE DIAL
Living things of every description which he found had evoked. He could paint for fourteen hours
by the banks of the Loire or along the stonewalls and
hedgerows of Couëron gave him the greatest pleasure,
at a stretch:
but birds were his early favorites. These he soon “For instance, I am now working on a Fox; I take
began to depict with pencil and crayon, but to the one neatly killed, put him up with wires and when
dryer discipline of the school he ever turned with satisfied with the truth of the position, I take my
laggard feet.
palette and work as rapidly as possible; the same with
There already we see the artist-naturalist; it my birds; if practicable 1 finish the bird at one sitting,
-often, it is true, of fourteen hours,—so that I think
would seem that he had been created simply to they are correct, both in detail and composition.”
produce “The Birds of America."
Accidents naturally happened, as when rats de-
In 1803 Audubon, a youth of eighteen, re voured a treasure chest of drawings. Again and
turned to the New World. So far, of course, he
again he could not travel, or even pay for a
was French, despite his birth in the West Indies; night's lodging, without painting portraits. The
but America became his adopted land—the land
following journal entry is only typical. He finds
of his marriage, his work, his happiness. At Mill
himself stranded, penniless, in Meadville, Pa.
Grove, near Philadelphia, he began to use the
“Next day I entered the artist's room, by crazy steps
English language and to know the American
of the store-garret; four windows faced each other at
birds.
right angles; in a corner was a cat nursing, among
rags for a paper-mill; hogsheads of oats, Dutch toys
In following the Perkioming above the mill dam he
on the floor, a large drum, a bassoon, fur caps along
found a cave, carved out of the rocks, as he thought,
the walls, a hammock and rolls of leather. Closing
by nature's own hand, which was a favorite haunt of
the extra windows with blankets, I procured a paint-
the unpretentious but friendly pewees, the first Ameri-
er's light.
can birds to attract his serious attention. So delighted
“A young man sat to try my skill; his phiz was ap-
was the youthful naturalist that he decided to make
proved; then the merchant; the room became crowded.
the pewees' cave his study; thither accordingly he
In the evening I joined him in music on the flute and
brought his books, pencils and paper, and there made
violin. My fellow traveler also had made two sketches.
his first studies of American bird life, in the spring of
We wrote a page or two in our journals, and went
1804, in the third year of the presidency of Thomas
to rest.
Jefferson.
"The next day was spent as yesterday. Our pockets
It is impossible to give here even a summary
replenished, we walked to Pittsburgh in two days."
account of the years of unsuccessful ventures in At length, after years of apparent failure in all
business, from New York to Louisiana, that with departments of his life, he reached the age of
all their diverting incidents and revelations of forty-one an unrecognized man. Since America
American life and manners constitute the center could not value his work, he turned to Europe,
of Audubon's outward life till he transformed his and there—in Edinburgh and London—he sud-
avocation of bird study and drawing into his vo denly found himself a man of high distinction.
cation. Had it not been for his wife, Lucy Bake- In 1826, through a Scotsman named Lizars, he
well, an Englishwoman by birth, who labored for had the satisfaction of seeing his first ten plates
him by teaching school and serving as governess, completed (Number f being the “Wild Turkey
and who had the practical instincts that he lacked, Cock”). Exhibited at the Royal Institution of
Audubon would never have completed his great Edinburgh, they became the talk of the town and
task.
the long-maned American woodsman became the
The chief pleasures which Audubon's business ven latest social lion. “I go to dine," he wrote, “at
tures in the West seem to have afforded him were his six, seven, or even eight o'clock in the evening,
leisurely journey by river and long horseback rides
to Philadelphia to buy goods, when he could roam
and it is often one or two when the party breaks
through his "beautiful and darling forests of Ken up; then painting all day, with my correspond-
tucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania," which gave him
grand opportunities to make observations upon birds
ence, which increases daily, makes my head feel
and animal life of every sort. He would seldom hesi like an immense hornet's nest.” Small wonder
tate to swerve from his course to study his favorites,
and has related how on one occasion, when driving
that he began to yearn for his beloved magnolia
before him several horses laden with merchandise and woods in Louisiana. More than once he met
dollars, he quite lost sight of the pack saddles and the
Scott, who described him in his journal:
cash they bore, in watching the motions of a warbler.
"less of a Frenchman than I have ever seen -no dash,
"Watching the motions of a warbler” was, as
no glimmer, or shine about him, but great simplicity of
the event proved, his real business. As an orni manners and behaviour; slight in person, and plainly
thologist and artist he was not only overflowing dressed; wears long hair, which time has not yet
tinged; his countenance acute, handsome and interest-
with infectious enthusiasm but dominated with a
ing, but still simplicity is the predominant character-
sense of care and a devotion to his work that istic."
enabled him to surmount obstacles which seemed Clear-eyed Sir Walter, in selecting simplicity
hopeless. For years, on stated anniversaries, he as Audubon's predominant characteristic, was
burned his masterpieces, despite the praise they doubtless right. His face, as the portraits show,


1918]
163
THE DIAL
was open and gentle in the extreme, without pro be required to rewrite them. If he becomes delin-
fundity, without egotism. He had one aim, to quent he is followed up by encouraging letters and
publish his tremendously ambitious "Birds of perhaps by a personal visit; and when he has
America," which cost $100,000 to produce. This completed a course he may take a supervised
single aim was the result of his single passion for examination and receive a certificate admitting
nature-most of all for birds--which possessed him to more advanced work. The fees cover no
him all his days, and to which he gave free rein more than the bare cost of materials and postage,
through years of wandering up and down and and are assessed at all only because human nature
across America (traveling altogether countless inclines to neglect that which it gets for nothing.
thousands of miles) in those remote days when Carefully as such systems have been elaborated,
the Ohio Valley was a primitive wilderness. correspondence teachers know well how experi-
From the full account of his life as told by Pro mental their work still is, how difficult it is to
fessor Herrick, with its vivid background of the find textbooks suitable for study that cannot be
contemporary scene, there rises in the end a clear overseen, and how much it costs to provide expert
image of an ardent and lovable nature, not with and tactful criticism of the pupils' exercises. Not
out faults but essentially admirable.
professional jealousy but a hard won sense of the
I have given here only the main lines of Audu- inadequacy of even the best public agencies, of
bon's life up to his initial success in Edinburgh. their pedagogical and financial limitations, is
Full success came only later, and was followed by behind the teacher's distrust of private ventures.
fresh efforts that caused more than one return to This course of Mr. Kleiser's, since it is issued
America. The scientist will read these later pages
by established publishers and has been prepared
quite as absorbedly as the earlier ones, but the by an experienced editor, would seem as well cal-
lay reader should be pardoned if he feels that, culated as any private venture to challenge the
with the publication of the first plates, the story efficiency of the public systems. The lessons are
is virtually at an end.
more clearly printed, better bound, and accom-
NORMAN FOERSTER. panied by a larger body of supplementary material
than is usual in public courses. This collateral
matter consists of convenient daily drill cards,
Twenty Lessons in Mediocrity informal “Side Talks,” and six pocket volumes
three compilations of specimens and three
PERSONAL MAIL COURSE IN PRACTICAL ENGLISH.
abridged texts. The compilations will be more
By Grenville Kleiser. 20 lessons and 6 vols.
Funk & Wagnalls.
valuable than the texts, of which Campbell's
The momentum attained by the movement for
"Philosophy of Rhetoric" and Blair's "Lectures
correspondence instruction is indicated by the ap-
on Rhetoric” are way out of date and repellently
pearance of private mail courses, attracted by
formal, while Trench's “Study of Words," still
profits into a field which is being cultivated by
a discussion stimulating to mature students, can
educational institutions in a spirit of social ser-
scarcely replace the simple composition-grammar
vice. Such bureaus as the Extension Department of the high school curriculum. I do not know
of the University of Wisconsin and the Depart what charge is made for all this material, but
ment of University Instruction of the Massa clearly the fee might be several times larger than
chusetts Board of Education, though in their the fee in any similar public course and still pro-
infancy as colleges count time, have already vide the author and the publisher no more than
developed extensive curricula and a flexible their due.
administrative technique. In English composi The proper subject matter for such a course,
tion, to speak only of the subject here considered, and its most effective arrangement, have been the
the latter offers a series of courses graduated from object of no little theorizing and experiment.
the primary lessons in "English for New Ameri The most successful public courses develop word
cans”--the word foreigner is taboo in that de study, grammar, and rhetoric side by side through-
partment-up through English for civil service, out the lessons, try early to interest the pupil in
for business, for college entrance, and so on as far good reading, and parallel the exercises with
as “Short-Story Writing.” The courses supple- increasing assignments of original writing. But
ment the best available textbooks with mimeo Mr. Kleiser's course seems to have been arranged
graphed lessons or “lectures,” expounding the by accident. The first three lessons are devoted
text and supplying selected exercises. These are to word study, as are also the ninth, thirteenth,
corrected and returned to the pupil, who may and fourteenth. By way of grammar, the fourth


164
(September 5
THE DIAL
lesson presents the parts of speech (chiefly rather than by use a large equipment whose prac-
through long lists of nouns, verbs, and so on) and tical import he can only guess at—to discourage
the fifth and eleventh conclude the matter with his early enthusiasm while encouraging the for-
lists of blunders which, since there is no syste mation of that self-conscious punctilio which
matic development of grammatical structure, chiefly hampers ease in expression. The defeat
naturally have the look of isolated phenomena of originality is complete if you suddenly set
to be learned by rote; sometimes they are ex before such a one, as Mr. Kleiser does in Lesson
plained in grammatical terms which themselves XVIII, 162 subjects like "Atheism," "The Sea,”
have not been explained. Academic teachers no "Napoleon," and "A Visit to Niagara Falls,"
doubt err in the direction of too much systematic and ask him to write "essays."
grammar, but Mr. Kleiser errs decidedly in the For the whole drift of this kind of instruction
direction of too little. Meanwhile, in Lessons
is toward the formally imitative. The pupil is
VI-VIII, he has already smothered the essen never sure of his own ground, however low, and
tial rhetoric in folds of unnecessary definition he is never led from a low assurance to a higher.
and unprofitable terminology: under "Clearness"
Instead, he is forever trying to approximate con-
the pupil is confronted by those overlapping ventional levels, and his efforts are so compassed
brethren, “tautology," "redundancy," "verbos about with the monotonous established that he
ity,” and “circumlocution”; and under "Figures soon believes mimicry to be the way of the
of Rhetoric,” introduced as early as Lesson VIII, world. Every teacher of English-but especially
he meets no less than fourteen differentiated
the correspondence teacher who has to do with
labels – "metonymy," "synechdoche," "apos- adult pupils—knows that his labor to elicit
trophe," "hyperbole," and the rest of that antique originality is most handicapped by his pupils'
crew. Mr. Kleiser appears more interested in conviction that for every idea there is a stand-
rhetoric, and a pretty archaic rhetoric at that, ardized expression, and that to write well one has
than in grammar-or in practical writing. Only only to acquire a sufficient number of these expres-
at Lesson X is he ready to tell the pupil how to
sions.
study; the sentence is not treated until Lesson
Such acquisitive pupils will be in clover in Mr.
XII, and then rhetorically rather than gram-
Kleiser's course. He promises to increase vocabu-
matically; the paragraph delays until Lesson XV,
lary by five thousand words, and if the student
and punctuation until Lesson XVI; yet by Les-
will industriously follow directions he ought
son XVIII the pupil is expected to be writing shortly to get his head packed with an assortment
"essays.” Any considered design there may be in of what the instructor calls "beautiful words,"
this arrangement has escaped me.
"felicitous phrases," and "metaphorical expres-
Many of the exercises—as exercises are sions.” “You should seek to make your own,"
admirably adapted to stimulate independent judg- says Mr. Kleiser, "many hundreds of expressions
ment and awaken originality, But lacking a used by standard writers." The following is not
simple, lucid textbook for reference, the pupil can an essay in vers libre; it comprises just a few
only ask questions—and there is nobody to ask. "striking and felicitous phrases” which I have
He writes his exercises and waits for the next made my own from the stores so generously
lesson to supply him a key by which to correct garnered here by Mr. Kleiser—the author, by
his own work. His natural inability to under way, of a work entitled “Fifteen Thousand Use-
stand many things in the lessons and many dis-
ful Phrases":
crepancies between his exercises and the keys pleasing presence grave concern
discrepancies which do not necessarily mean that gracious smile
impending doom
dazzling brightness inevitable conclusions
he has failed—these he must repair alone as best
nimble fancy
intense application
Worse still, he has no contact with a delicious torment
unflagging energy
taste other than his own and may easily fasten
radical difference
magnificent result
gloomy apprehensions pardonable pride
bad habits upon himself before he meets any
chastening public. Worst of all, to delay prac-
Some of these are from the daily drill cards, which
tice in original composition, in which the pupil
tell the pupil, “Deliberately use each of these
must select and order and present his own mate-
phrases in your conversation TODAY." Ah the
rials, until after some fourteen weeks of daily thrill when he has safely launched his "competent
labor at exercises, in which he is constantly play- authorities” at an astonished company! One
ing another man's game, is to ask him to accumu could get up a pretty parlor game from these
late on faith and to retain by conscious effort cards—"Noun, noun, who's got the noun?”-
he can.


1918]
165
THE DIAL
with a forfeit against every player responsible for The Return of Romanticism
a misalliance. If you desire balance there are the
twins:
MOTLEY, and Other Poems. By Walter de la
wealth and fashion cold and haughty
Mare. Holt; $1.25.
sunshine and shower ready and eager
JAPANESE PRINTS. By John Gould Fletcher.
decline and fall
before and after
With illustrations by Dorothy Pulis Lathrop.
time and tide
less and less
Four Seas; $1.75.
THE BURGLAR OF THE ZODIAC. By William Rose
though here one misses the thing that is never
Benét. Yale University Press; $1.25.
“to” but it is "fro," and never "pro" but it is The MASQUE OF POETS. Edited by E. J. O'Brien.
"con,” and some will feel that "right-thinking Dodd, Mead; $1.25.
and forward-looking” really deserves recognition.
The Golden TREASURY OF MAGAZINE Verse.
If the twins fail, try triplets:
Edited by W. S. Braithwaite. Small, May-
nard; $2.
just, pure, and true
Realistic and romantic movements are com-
deep, widespread, and permanent
industrial, economic, and social
monly supposed, in the cycle of literary evolution,
initiate, control, and direct
to be alternative. As soon as the one begins to
And Mr. Kleiser proffers more intricate felici dim, the other begins to glow. But one of the
ties—like "sense of responsibility," "tenure of curiosities of the present revival of poetry here
office,” “Alight of fancy”—which may even em and in England has been the simultaneity of
brace entire sentences: "The sun
was blotted these supposedly antipathetic strains. “Sword
out," or "He took his chin in hand.” Nor will Blades and Poppy Seed" had scarcely begun to
the diligent pupil ignore the metaphorical and make itself known when the "Spoon River
idiomatic expressions culled for him:
Anthology" and "North of Boston" interrupted
make a hit
yawning gulf
the festivities; the first Imagist anthology shrilly
bite the dust
quick as lightning
intervened only to be rudely jostled by the first
like a flash
swift as an arrow
Others anthology; and so, ever since, the battle
You begin to perceive the beautiful economy of
between the realists and the romanticists has
this method. Why acquire a vocabulary word
by word when you can acquire it felicity by been, if unconsciously, at any rate acutely waged,
felicity, gaining two or three words at once?
and seems at the present moment no nearer a
And why go to the trouble of building your own
decision. The explanation of this is not dif-
expression, and risk its looking queer, with all
ficult. Reaction is usually the propulsive force
these ready-made and recognized phrases at your
of an artistic movement, and in the present case
elbow?
it is possible to maintain that the rebirths of
I do not mean to say that this is the sum of romanticism and realism—a curious pair of twins
Mr. Kleiser's word study-only the effect. There -were occasioned by a reaction to one and the
is much in the six lessons on words which makes same situation. This situation was the amazing
for discrimination and precision, as notably his decrepitude of American poetry, not merely dur-
thorough discussion of synonyms. But his sounder ing the last decade or two but, with the exception
part is overlaid with page upon page of these of Whitman and Poe, during its entire history.
short cuts, so seductive to the pupil possessed
In general it may be said that American poetry
with the notion that every idea has its standard-
has been, when romantic, romantic without imag-
ized expression.
ination; when realistic, realistic without intelli-
That is the notion at the heart of our medi-
ocrity, manifesting itself on one hand in the
gence. Of the two strains the former has usually
been dominant-a sort of ethical sentimentalism
dreary conventionality of the correct and on the
other in the excessive slang of the rebellious. It
(naïve effort to justify puritanism on ästhetic
it that notion which English instruction must set
grounds) supplanting any attempt to think or
itself to exorcise, a task difficult enough with the
imagine freely. Home and mother have played
unformed child but doubly difficult with the
the deuce with us.
rigid adult. The vital objection to this course
It is therefore against the failure of the realists
of Mr. Kleiser's is that its approach fortifies,
to think, and the failure of the romanticists to
instead of resisting, that notion. In effect his
In effect his imagine, that, superficially at least, our modern
twenty lessons in “Practical English" are twenty
realists and romanticists have respectively re-
lessons in mediocrity.
volted. Are these terms quite adequate? Per-
CLARENCE BRITTEN. haps not. We might more accurately say that


166
[September 5
THE DIAL
the failure was in both instances a failure of con acceptance of (but also an attempt to sublimate)
sciousness, a failure to perceive. It is natural the world of reality. But in “Japanese Prints,"
therefore that we should now be seeing our even more sharply than in "Irradiations”-and
realists, on the one hand, constituting themselves certainly more conventionally than in “Goblins
psychoanalysts, and our romanticists, on the and Pagodas"-we find him participating in the
other, making a kind of laboratory of æsthetics. current romantic nostalgia for the remote and
At the same time, it is a little puzzling to sus strange. As Mr. Aldington and “H. D." have
pect that in a sense the rôles are here reversed. been exploiting Greece, and Mr. Pound and Miss
There is something scientific—not to say realistic Lowell exploiting China, so now Mr. Fletcher
-in the manner in which our more radical ro takes his turn with Japan. This whole tendency
manticists conduct their researches in æsthetics; is indicative of a curious truckling to reason: one
and certainly it is an adventurousness bordering desires to talk of beauty and wonder as if they
on the romantic which impels our more radical shone at one's very door, but the joyous confi-
realists to the exploration, not seldom, of such dence of youth, the only magician who could
sinister, violent, and unfamiliar souls and places. make that immanence a reality, has alas vanished.
The terms may prove to be outgrown.
Consequently one admits that such things are not
If, however, we take refuge in some such state to be found at one's humble and matter-of-fact
ment as that it is the function of romanticism to door, and takes refuge in the impalpability and
delight with beauty and the function of realism marvel of distance. In "Japanese Prints” Mr.
(psychorealism?) to amaze with understanding, Fletcher has made this excursion neither bril-
we can have no doubt that Mr. Walter de la liantly nor badly. These poems are slight, pleas-
Mare's “Motley" and Mr. John Gould Fletcher's ant, sometimes sharply etched, in a few cases
"Japanese Prints” are in the romantic tradition. magical; but one cannot feel that they will com-
Mr. de la Mare's position as an English poet is as pare very well with "Goblins and Pagodas." Has
secure as, in a period of such amazing flux, it is Mr. Fletcher perhaps a little too studiously at-
possible to have. He could be safely said to share tempted the Japanese method of compression and
with Mr. William H. Davies first honors as a concentration? That is not the style most suited
maker of delightful lyrics. "Motley" will neither to him: he appears rather to be the sort of poet
add to nor detract from this reputation. It is a who reaches his greatest brilliance when allowed
little unfortunate that it should have been her to develop rapidly successive musical variations
alded as signaling an advance and expansion of on a theme capable of prolonged treatment. In
Mr. de la Mare's talents, for this it clearly can such work words evoke words, images evoke
not be said to do. The most that can be said is images, the trains of association function freely
that, on the whole, it proves Mr. de la Mare to and richly; but in work like the present he has
be still himself-engaging, whimsical, and with a restricted himself at the outset to what can be
delicious knack for making conventional meters achieved by an effort of intelligence alone, de-
unconventional. One is likely, in appraising the liberately exerted. It is Fletcher the craftsman
latest book of a poet whose work is familiar, to imitating Fletcher the poet.
mistake one's failure to be surprised for a decline Mr. William Rose Benét's new book, “The
or stiffening of the poet's style. It is with some Burglar of the Zodiac,” proves him certainly to
diffidence therefore that one confesses to a feeling belong with the romanticists, but little else. Mr.
that there is not quite the clear magic here that Benét is clever, but mechanical. One detects in
illuminated "Peacock Pie" or "The Listeners," him a considerable intelligence working through
not quite the same joyous plunge, but instead a a shallow and unoriginal sensibility. Neither his
gray sobriety which does not suit the poet so well. rhythms nor his color seem to be peculiarly his
It is still the overtones of the supernatural that own, nor has he apparently any sense of effect.
Mr. de la Mare plays on most skilfully—and it is His best work is a jargon of approximations.
these overtones that most definitely impel one to The two anthologies, Mr. Braithwaite's
call him a romantic. Here is a search for escape. "Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse" and
It is curious too in the light of Mr. Fletcher's Mr. O'Brien's “Masque of Poets” need little
later work (not yet gathered in any book) to find comment. Mr. Braithwaite's new venture, con-
him doing in his “Japanese Prints” precisely this taining one hundred and twenty magazine poems,
same thing. Recently Mr. Fletcher has been is a considerable improvement on his annual,
feeling his way towards a kind of realism--an though its usefulness may be questioned now that


1918]
167
THE DIAL
like men.
we have “The New Poetry”—unsatisfactory as,
of fanatic zeal. Bo Ingomar Mansson, who has
in many respects, the latter is. “The Masque come out to Jerusalem to forget his love for Ger-
of Poets” was, it must be said, considerably more trude, the schoolmaster's daughter, sees her arrive
interesting as a magazine venture than it is as just as he is saved from the temptation to desert
a book. Few of our poets quitted themselves the colony and rush home to her. How per-
fectly that picture sets the tone of the book the
CONRAD AIKEN. Swedish pilgrims disembarking at Jaffa, solemn
and serious with stern rugged faces, rowing to-
wards him over the smooth silvery-blue summer
Two Scandinavian Novelists
sea! And Ingmar Ingmarsson, who has married
Barbro in pique, comes after Gertrude, fleeing
The Holy City. By Selma Lagerlöf. Double-
day, Page; $1.50.
unhappy Barbro in his wistful pursuit. But Ger-
Marie GRUBBE. By Jens Peter Jacobsen. Boni
trude has become the most ardent of the pilgrims,
and Liveright; $1.50.
going every day at dawn to watch for the coming
Miss Lagerlöf's artistic skill never flags. Is
of the Son of Man, and following through the
there any living novelist who has an imagination streets a dervish who thrillingly resembles the
at once so luxuriant and so disciplined ? Around Christ. It is not long before she returns to her-
her simple Swedish people in their simple rela- self, and goes back to Sweden with Bo and the
tions she weaves a magic of all their legendary prodigal Ingmar, to whom Barbro has borne
hopes and fears, that Christianity and their tidy
an heir and for whom she has suffered.
civilization have not been able to destroy. Yet
But with what richness of imagination does
each character of hers emerges beautifully molded
the author see this religion-fevered, plague-
and clear, like some delicate head that a gifted haunted Jerusalem in which she works out her
peasant has carved out of wood. That form she moving drama! She searches out every nook and
has become so fond of is most perfectly suited to cranny and makes the city live almost as a person
her quality. She builds up her story in a series
in all its vivid unhealthiness. The life of this
of incidents, each of which is a complete story,
Gordon colony, to which the Swedish pilgrims
with its own tension and color, but which weave come, lies dreamily on the borderline of fervent
together into a gorgeous fabric, with each strand desire and reality. The Americans themselves
infallibly in its place.
are characteristic—kindly, prosaic, combining a
She is able in this way to present the life of practical efficiency of working and teaching with
an entire community, the various characters steal-
a fanatical unreason in the ends they are there
ing almost imperceptibly into the narrative and for. The poor Swedes suffer from the rumors
yet indelibly imprinted upon it. She handles this that are set afloat about the colony by rival sec-
complex interplay of souls with such undeviating tarians. They live in a stream of ardent wish-
skill that her completed story, for all its poign- fulfilments. The heated air of the arid city
ancy of feeling and intricacy of motive, is as
shimmers with fantasies for their tired minds.
clear as a classic tale. She is never wholly im. Yet their faithful spirits glow with the glory of
mersed in it. She is a master of the tone of legend and religious hope.
sympathetic detachment. She seems to love her
Surely these Northern artists burn with a flame
characters all the more because she understands
that is more than hard and gemlike. If Miss
them so deeply. They do not need to be senti- Lagerlöf has a grave warmth that covers in its
mentalized over in order to produce the full ef- comprehending sympathy the passions of many
fect of their pathos, or the fervor of their rugged interlocking lives, Jens Peter Jacobsen shows us
lives.
a fire of suppressed sensuousness that at times is
Her latest book to be translated into English almost incandescent. He is so little detached
shows no shadow of turning. “The Holy City" from his heroine that she seems sometimes incom-
carries on the story told in “Jerusalem” of the prehensible, though it is evident that for her
Dalecarlian rural people who were tempted from painter she is a symbol of all that is most ardently
their Northern home by the religious call to spend beautiful. He lived the last eleven years of his
the rest of their days among the holy shrines in life, before his death in 1885 at thirty-eight, in
the city of Christ's death. There the personal a constant struggle with physical disability, and
dramas begun in the Swedish community play his zest for life beat its way inward instead of
themselves out to an end against the background outward as in Miss Lagerlöf. Out of the ro-


168
(September 5
THE DIAL
mance of Marie Grubbe, a seventeenth-century Ulrik Frederik brings her neither power nor
lady who is mentioned by both Holberg and love. When he returns to her from a mission to
Anderson, he has created a world of wistful Spain and humiliates her by his importunate, con-
beauty, with figures that are patently projections descending demands, her unconscious hate flares
of his own intuitions of the pathos of desire and out at him as she plays with a knife, and she sud-
the inexorable recoil of life against happiness. denly plunges at his bare breast. When he takes
The story is an historical romance only in the her away to Norway and installs a mistress in the
sense that the scenes make up a richly jeweled castle, she endures the insult for a while and then
case which encloses an exquisite miniature. The suddenly gives the wanton a sound thrashing and
scenes are worked out with a loving and sensuous flees the castle. She is divorced and recovers her
patience, but they have little movement of their dowry. Now power is hers. She goes on a
own, and exist as brocade through which runs journey with her brother-in-law, who has made
the strange pattern of Marie. It is a triumph love to her beauty.
for the translator, Hanna Astrup Larsen, that a But Marie's sensuality awakens only at the
book which dazzled the Danish literary world motive of struggle. She has given herself to her
with its style, and rejuvenated the language of brother-in-law only after a desperate fight at an
literary expression, should have brought over into inn, where she has seen her elegant companion dis-
English so much of its poetical beauty. Even play an unexpected ferocity. The man who
the archaisms are translated with unfailing tact, awakens her again at last is the groom Sören, as
and add their touch to a portrait that is as he brings the plunging horses out of the burning
lustrous and rich as the finest Vermeer.
stable one night. At forty-six her longings re-
Marie Grubbe, this beautiful lady of the vive, she woos him, and spends the rest of her life
Northern Renaissance, with her tragic love life with him in a little ale-house by the Falster ferry,
and her wild sweetness, is the woman in whom which they manage too. In him her desire finds
the passions to dominate and to be loved fight a its haven. When he beats her, she expects to find
thrilling battle. At fourteen she is the lovely an implacable hatred rising in her soul, but no
daughter of Squire Erik of Tjele Manor, neg such thing happens. She is her Queen Brynhild.
lected by her father and abused by his coarse In her having wooed him, in her having him for
mistress. In the drowsy garden, fantasies come the first man of her three husbands and two lovers
to her of the suffering Griselda shut out in the whom she has chosen and created, her desire for
rain and cold, and of Queen Brynhild, stripped power is subtly blended with her love. She had
and tied by the shaggy yokel to the tail of a fiery to have the subtle spiritual sweetness of herself
stallion. She is somehow herself these volup setting the emotional current for her love, and
tuous sufferers, and when later in Copenhagen at she had to feel animal power over her, "to accept
her aunt's home the lovely girl is kissed by the good and evil from this black hand."
adored young General Gyldenlöve, she has a dull Into this fascinating erotic figure, Jacobsen has
sense of bondage. A foot seems to press on her apparently poured the ardor of a repressed soul.
neck and grind her helplessly in the dust. And Marie Grubbe is the beautiful woman, living in
when she dreams of throwing herself down before a world of heart-drenching beauty, yet sick with
him as he rides by in the street, his horse sets its longing, torn by her discordant passions, finding
cold iron-shod hoof on her neck. But her love peace only in the humility that he, as an invalid,
withers in his dying delirium when she steals to would know was the end of the world's beauty
him and he kisses her and then thrusts her vio for him. She was at once the woman he could
lently away as an imp of Satan. She takes her love, and his own struggling self. One can only
aunt's beatings with perfect indifference, and, re suggest the richness of speculation that such a
membering a wretched dog that she had seen book lures to. Those who can trace out erotic
stoned to death in the pond, she identifies herself roots in the soul will find these pages scattered
with it, and "welcomes every sorrow, only wish with psychological intuition. It is an amazingly
ing that it would strike deep, for she is so un profound and beautiful book, a rich acquisition
happy that the death blow is her only hope.”
for the American reader. For its presence one
After his death she turns to piety and feels a
forgives the publishers for their effrontery in
dim desire for power, and a mystic ascetic pleas palming off the portrait of Beatrice d'Este on us
ure which is followed by dreams of shining at as the likeness of this tragic heroine Marie
court. She leaps at the idea of marriage with the
Grubbe.
gay Ulrik Frederik, son of the king.
RANDOLPH BOURNE.


1918]
169
THE DIAL
AND
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
The thumb of the right hand is placed in a loop
at the end of the rein, which is held tight by being
A HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
twisted around the wrist. The rein lies on the
By Williston Walker. Scribner; $3.
left side of the animal, and as a rule the reindeer
This is a very readable 600-page volume cover makes off at once, but if any incentive to go is
ing the whole history of the Christian Church, needed it is given by striking a blow on the left
and is characterized by clarity and historical side and throwing the rein over to the right. The
reliability. It will meet with a favorable recep-
evolution of the ski and its use is traced from
tion in many student quarters, and will prove a
early times, and there are many references to the
convenient reference book for busy religious possibilities of Lapland for winter sports. In fact
workers. We are glad to note that the tra-
the author looks forward to the development of
ditional division of church history into ancient, the region as a winter resort where a post-season
medieval, and modern has disappeared in this of snow and ice may be enjoyed by those who
book, and that attention is paid to the growth of wish more than Switzerland provides. If there
doctrine and the modification of religious thought. are any who wish to explore this land for them-
There is however a lack of consideration for selves, the directions for reaching and traversing
social and psychological factors, which lack will
it will be found as enlightening as war conditions
hinder its being a book for the future. A one
and the character of the place make possible.
volume church history is still needed, written by
an author of Professor Walker's ability and
THE POETS OF THE FUTURE: A College
learning, but with the added feature of the Anthology for 1916-1917. Edited by Henry
psycho-sociological point of view. We want to
T. Schnittkind. Stratford; $1.50.
look on a panoramic unfolding and emergence There are two reasons why these anthologies,
of religious beliefs and practices out of their now in their second year, fail to represent Ameri-
social and political environments out of life
can undergraduate verse fairly. One reason is
itself!
the method by which the poems are selected; the
other reason is the editor. The previous volume
THROUGH LAPLAND
WITH SKIS
contained 140 pieces from some sixty institutions,
REINDEER. By Frank Hedges Butler.
yet contrived to neglect such colleges as Prince-
Stokes; $4.
ton, Virginia, Williams, Vassar, Radcliffe, Bryn
If the bibliography at the end of this volume
Mawr, and Smith—and such college magazines
is approximately complete, then even the unpol-
as the Yale "Lit” and the Harvard "Monthly.'
ished state of Mr. Butler's work will not stand The present volume contains an additional score
in the way of its holding a prominent place among of poems, from an additional score of institutions,
the books about Lapland. English writers espe-
but still passes over several colleges where good
cially have given this region a wide berth, and the
verse has regularly been written, still ignores the
majority of the few books on the subject are in
best of the undergraduate magazines. We are
other languages. The lore of Lapland needs a not told just what is the method of selection that
more skilful interpreter than Mr. Butler ; but, produces this misrepresentative result, though it
informal as is his style, he conveys to the reader appears that several thousand poems have been
much interesting information about the country
"submitted.” Why have them submitted? Why
and its people, and opens up a valuable field of not choose directly from the college magazines?
ethnological and geographical investigation. Hon- Not only would the anthology be more fairly
esty, he says, is one of the major virtues of the representative of its field; but also, realizing upon
Lapps; they are, moreover, charitable to the poor previous editorial selection, it would contain
and hospitable to strangers, clean, and indus fewer pieces upon which printer's ink should
trious. They make their own tools, implements never have been wasted. This brings us to our
for fishing, clothes, and ornaments. Their aggre- second reason-Mr. Schnittkind, who belongs to
gate number is somewhere near 30,000, and they the Braithwaite school of anthologists. That is
are distributed over an area of 150,000 square
to say, he distributes the laurel lavishly, prefer-
miles, of which two thirds is in Russia and the ring to indulge ninety and nine mediocrities rather
remainder in Norway and Sweden.
than miss one talent. Of course the effect of his
Mr. Butler traveled in Lapland as the natives generosity is merely to cheapen the laurel. Some
do. He wore the reindeer skin breeches, the coat, thirty of these poems are worth reading, but you
shoes, and gloves of the same material, and rode must find them among 165; perhaps a dozen of
in a "pulka,” or sledge, drawn by a reindeer. the authors deserve every encouragement to per-
These picturesque draft animals are driven by a sist, but the encouragement is spread thin over a
single strap laid across the forehead, but not dozen dozen, with ten dozen more waiting hope-
around the antlers, and extended into the rein fully in the outer court where (again the Braith-
which just reaches the driver seated in the pulka. waite technique) “Other Poems of Distinction”


170
[September 5
THE DIAL
.
are awarded laurels of the second class. A stilling and administering hostels and canteens are
more significant kinship between Messrs. Braith- of especial value, although the wide difference in
waite and Schnittkind reveals itself in the latter's dietary habits between workers in England and
introduction to this anthology:
America needs to be taken into consideration.
Our human minds are like so many imperfect and
distorted mirrors in which the One is reflected in a
COLOUR STUDIES IN PARIS. By Arthur
million apparently irreconcilable variations. Now and Symons. Dutton ; $3.
then, however, the mist lifts for the fraction of a
second before a small part of the mirror of our minds of them written apparently over a decade ago,
The essays reprinted in this volume were all
and a poem is born.
inclusion in the anthology those poems that have most and even those which do not actually date from
forcibly brought home to me the truth that we con the nineties are redolent of that perfumed time.
tinually meet God face to face, that we see his smile The author's style has all those virtues of refine-
in every star, in the glitter of the firefly, in the poet's
dream, in the soft still fall of snow flakes.
ment which a fin de siècle should possess—espe-
cially of so lettered a century as the nineteenth.
and so on through a tedious catalogue. No one
Mr. Symons's French studies have influenced him
would deny Mr. Schnittkind his private defini- in more ways than one. Quite apart from the sub-
tion of poetry; but an anthologist who makes it stance of his thought, not only is the vocabulary
his business to represent to the interested public predominantly Latin but in pursuing la clarié
the poetry of its college youth is under direct française he has achieved a simplicity so trans-
obligation to the definitions that obtain in that
parent as to be almost painful. Again we are
public and among those poets. Among the poets reminded that languages like men have their
Mr. Schnittkind recognizes, the following would characters and that to write English with French
seem, on the evidence here presented, to deserve abstinence is as much of a strain as it would be
special encouragement: Stephen Vincent Benét for a Frenchman to gesticulate with our meager-
(Yale), Babette Deutsch (Barnard), Helen Gid-
ness. But if we feel that Mr. Symons proves the
dings (Mt. Holyoke), Louis Ginsberg (Rutgers), impossibility of writing English with quite the
John Grimes (Chicago), R. D. Jameson (Wis-
same clarity as French, that is only because this
consin), Francis T. Kimball (Columbia), Royall prose of his remains unchallengeably immaculate:
H. Snow (Harvard).
we know that if anyone could have done the
trick, it would have been he. “We reach the
WELFARE AND HOUSING. By J. E. Hut-
Boulevard Saint-Germain, coming out suddenly
ton. Longmans, Green; $1.50.
under the trees, so beautiful, I always think, in
During the war Mr. Hutton has been respon- that odd, acute glitter which gaslight gives them.”
sible for securing labor for the largest commercial Here one sees the charm of this book, where Mr.
undertaking in England-Vickers, Limited-and Symons has traced for us with such a delicate
providing for it the necessary welfare supervision mastery the luminous attractions of material
and living accommodations. The exigencies of Paris and, not less undeviatingly, those rare fig-
war have pushed ahead the hands of the clock ures-Verlaine and the rest—to know whom well
and we find ourselves adopting methods in shop was the privilege of this foreign littérateur.
management which a few years ago would have
been denounced as impractical and revolutionary.
The Virgin Islands. By Theodore De-
Instead of the old-time manager whose chief
Booy and John T. Faris. Lippincott; $3.
duties were "hiring and firing" we have a service American travelers who are planning to visit
department, the function of which is, in addition our new possessions in the West Indies will find
to engaging labor, to hold on to it and to keep this volume profitable reading. Though prima-
it healthy and contented for the purpose of secur rily interested in the history, the archæology, and
ing its maximum production. Mr. Hutton con the romance of the Caribbean islands, the authors
trasts the system of Physiological Management, as have not attempted to write very extensively con-
he calls it, with what is known in America as cerning the West Indian past; their work deals
Scientific Management. The latter system has chiefly with our new dependencies as they are to-
fallen short of the claims made for it by its day-with climate, scenic attractions, elements of
sponsors, chiefly by reason of its overvaluation of population, material resources, and such other
the financial reward as an incentive to production matters as might be presumed to interest the
and the underrating of the individual quality of tourist or the business man who is looking for
the worker as a human being. The writer feels new fields for investments. The volume also
that no unpleasant suspicion of philanthropic in- contains a chapter devoted to the neighboring
tention attaches to arrangements for the comfort British islands of the Virgin group. It is written
and convenience of workers so long as it is frankly in a sprightly, somewhat informal style and is
understood that the cost of welfare supervision is provided with nearly one hundred illustrations
repaid in the increased capacity for production showing what man and nature have wrought in
and the reduction of labor turnover. The chap- this interesting corner of America. The maps, of
ters dealing with the practical details of organiz- which there are five, have however no great claim


1918]
171
THE DIAL
to real excellence. As to our future policy in the sign produced on a piano.” This needs to be said
West Indies the authors proffer no advice aside by one in authority at a time when the effective-
from the suggestion that the United States should ness of “pressure touch” is taken for granted with
make an effort to acquire (by purchase of course), as little doubt as fetishisms are likely to receive.
the Dutch islands in the Caribbean Sea; these are The purpose of the volume implies a limited
apparently a source of mere expense to the Dutch, audience the piano player whose thoughts on
but would be of real value to us, as they would music have not become fixed—but even the ad-
increase the strategic importance of the naval vanced student or the mature teacher may receive
station which we shall eventually establish on some useful suggestions. For instance, it is shown
the Virgin Islands.
that, because of the diminishing nature of piano
tone, the volume of notes following a sustained
WOMEN AND THE FRENCH TRADITION. note should usually correspond to that of the
By Florence Leftwich Ravenel. Macmillan; latter when released. The skilled player may
$1.50.
have followed this practice without being aware
This pretentious book of essays on French
of it, and a valuable feature of the book is that of
women of note is absolutely devoid of virtue. The stating plainly some things about which a player
might previously have had only an uncertain no-
author's facts are those one might better learn
tion. Mr. von Sternberg has the clarity which
from any good encyclopedia, while her manner of
he demands in the interpretation of theme or de-
telling them is illustrated by this excerpt from a
sign on the piano.
typical sentence: “... of difficult self-mastery
Perhaps the forbidding "ethics” could have
and resolute repression and subordination of com-
been omitted from title and text, for the first
peting motives and impulses in the path of the
two chapters make an unpropitious beginning.
ruling passion or purpose.” Any one of the dis- Though some good points are brought out, these
tinguished women whom Mrs. Ravenel deals with chapters are dull, a little flamboyant, and not al-
-deals with” is the only possible way of putting together sound. “Soul" is used without being
it-would turn in her grave at these repetitious, defined, and too much confidence is placed in
formless vaporings. Worst of all, she drags in analogy. Occasionally through the volume occur
again and again the obviously reluctant Matthew
dubious statements, but they partake of the gen-
Arnold, so out of place as to be humorous in this
eralities of the first two chapters and do not af-
barbarous cacophony. Professing an open mind
fect the value of the practical suggestions which
and a sympathy with the ambitions of her sex,
follow.
she is nevertheless, apparently without knowing
it, the conventional Victorian would-be fine lady. FIFTY YEARS OF ASSOCIATION WORK
The fact that in Scandinavian countries "certain AMONG YOUNG WOMEN: 1866-1916. By
conclusions" are accepted "without wincing" calls Elizabeth Wilson. Woman's Press; $1
to Mrs. Ravenel's attention the “defective deli-
cacy" of those unladylike peoples. In Mrs. Rave-
This is a history of the Young Women's Chris-
tian Associations in the United States from the
nel's Utopia the females will all marry and each
will be the proud possessor of a dowry sufficient
various preliminary organizations, both here and
in England, which held the genesis of the idea,
to ensure a dignified independence. Until that
down to 1916. The convenient appendix includes
happy time shall dawn Mrs. Ravenel is content
piously to repeat: “Time is the only just judge.
a chronological table, a list of the American
Associations and of the national officers, and a
His verdict is always vindicated in the end."
competent index. The volume is naturally of
ETHICS AND ESTHETICS OF PIANO-PLAYING.
most direct interest to workers and members,
and of course it contains a great deal of matter
By Constantin von Sternberg. Schirmer;
and a great many names which the lay reader
$1.25.
will cheerfully skip; but its very completeness
This little book has the quite definite purpose conveys better than could any briefer record the
of encouraging the student "to do what, after astonishing growth of the institution. The Y. W.
honest and sincere thinking, seems right to him, C. A. has pursued its work so inconspicuously
though this may involve the breaking with any that it needs such a chronicle as this to bring
tradition that militates against the world's mod- home to the outsider what has been accomplished.
ern and enlightened conception of music.” Old If the work has sometimes seemed narrower-
rules, such as "the note that bears an accentuation more evangelical and less liberal—than it might
sign must be the loudest of its group," are there have been, that is a condition which is now
fore wholesomely scrutinized, and one finds this rapidly yielding to the exigencies of war service.
welcome sentence: “It may be said here that more A later edition of this history will probably have
than half of the mystery of touch, over which to add to the present record of swift growth an
gushing writers and talkers of pianistic melliflux equally astonishing record of versatile adapta-
marvel, lies in this melodic and harmonic purity tion to social emergencies never dreamt of by
which is fundamentally necessary to musical de-
the founders.


172
(September 5
THE DIAL
NOTES ON NEW WAR BOOKS
holding the left of the line in the battles for the
Channel ports—"where in long lengths in places
Of three books on the situation in the fourth
one man had to hold seventeen yards”; where
year of the war—"Germany as It Is Today"
"one British division held eight miles against
(Doran; $1.35), "Germany at Bay” (Doran; three German army corps”; where “the 7th
$1.50), and "The Winning of the War” (Har- Division fought against odds of 8 to 1, with
per; $2), by a journalist, Mr. Cyril Brown, by
enormous odds in artillery against it.” The story,
a soldier, Major Haldane Macfall, and by a pro even allowing for some pardonable exaggeration,
fessor, Dr. Roland G. Usher-it must be said at is a splendid one, and eternally worthy of the
the outset that the performance of the journalist descendants of Robin Hood.
is by far the most workmanlike and convincing. One suspects the exaggeration however when
Mr. Cyril Brown spent the first years of the Major Macfall continues to describe the course
war in Germany as correspondent of the New of the war in the same formulæ of victory. Ac-
York "World," and his information seems cording to his view, the Germans were hope-
authentically documented to January, 1918. He lessly and irremediably downed in 1914, and have
deals explicitly and categorically with those been down ever since. “The frantic struggle to
aspects of the organized life of Germany which keep off the besieging strangle-hold from grip-
have given persistent hope to the Allied nations ping them had ended in failure. Henceforth the
that the war would end by the internal collapse German could but make the sorties of a be-
of that empire—the lack of fuel and food, the leaguered people.” And these sorties have been
diminution of the efficiency of labor, the wearing failures. Reluctantly he concedes to Hindenburg
out of transportation systems, financial bank- a victory at Tannenberg, and one somehow under-
ruptcy, the rapidly declining birth rate, the lower- stands that Serbia, Poland, and Roumania have
ing of the general morale of the people. The passed into the enemy's hands. Gallipoli is put
author repeatedly refuses to predict that any one among the side issues. But for all that, the vic-
of these factors will bring about the fall of torious march of the Allies has not been checked.
Germany in the near future; and yet the account The strategy of Hindenburg in the East has been
of the condition of strain produced by the simul as full of elementary errors as that of Moltke and
taneous action of them all gives, first, a half- Falkenhayn in the West. The losses of the Ger-
unwilling admiration of the extraordinary skill mans have been unthinkable. At Ypres in May,
with which that strain has been shifted and dis- 1915, “the German infantry were annihilated and
tributed, and second, a profound conviction that their commander began to flinch." "Loos cost
the breaking point must be near. Mr. Brown the German battalions 80 men in every hundred."
supports his statements by copious citations from "The Champagne battle cost the Germans 100,-
government reports and documents, as well as 000 casualties and 23,000 prisoners, and 155
his own observations, and granting the accuracy guns.” At Verdun “with a loss of 60,000 men
of these, it may be fairly said that his is the most the broken German columns collapsed and were
authoritative account yet issued of the internal taken out of the disaster." "In three weeks
condition of Germany in 1918.
(1916) 4,000 officers, 194,000 men, 219 guns,
Major Haldane Macfall describes himself as and 644 machine guns were the Russian capture."
late of the Sherwood Foresters. The addition It is an easy problem in addition to show that
suggests the myth-making power of the brave days the Central Powers lost more men on Major
of old, and the Major amply qualifies himself as Macfall's pages than they ever possessed, while
the author of what will doubtless become the he admits only trfling losses for the Allies--
authentic British legend of the war. In brief, 20,000 French at Verdun and 50,000 English at
Major Macfall's thesis is that the war was won Gallipoli. The Allied commanders have had it
by Marshals Joffre and French in the battles all their own way. "Joffre in fact was making
for Paris and Calais in the autumn of 1914. his French troops realize that he could make the
Since then his only fear has been that Germany Germans feel his will wherever and whenever he
would refuse to recognize her defeat and would chose.” “Haig and Foch decided that certain
hypnotize her conquerors into abandoning at the things should be—and they were." And the Rus-
peace table the fruits of their prowess. The sian generals treated Hindenburg as cavalierly.
account of the failure of the strategy of the Ger- Major Macfall describes himself as "the student
man high command in these two campaigns is of strategy," and playfully conceives himself as
undoubtedly correct, and the praise accorded to instructing å thick and muddle-headed person
Joffre for refusing to be drawn into premature whom he calls The Man-in-the-Street.
combat for the defense of Belgium and northern After Major Macfall's clarion notes, Profes-
France is well deserved, as is that to Lord French Sor Usher seems a bit depressing. His book "The
and the "Old Army” for the dogged persistency Winning of the War,” is described as a sequel to
with which they performed their allotted task in “Pan-Germanism,” in which, in 1913, he revealed


1918]
THE DIAL
173
the programme of Mittel-Europa. He begins by In other words Professor Usher's formula for
frankly admitting that the Russian Revolution victory is one of Christian Science. Let the
has made the Pan-Germanic Confederation "a Allies hold together and think themselves victors,
European and international fact unassailable to
and the war is won. One may inquire how long
armies and impermeable to diplomacy." He pro-
Professor Usher's reading of history permits him
ceeds to show that Germany with her soldiers
to prophesy that this "close coöperation and
and her “invisible army” of penetration has made friendly understanding" will continue. He would
her position in the East unshakable and probably war." We are not surprised therefore to find
doubtless reply, “At least for the period of the
relieved her economic and industrial situation.
He discusses and dismisses the possibility of revolt tion of the struggle and actually advising the
Professor Usher little concerned about the dura-
in Germany. Historically the Empire, he affirms, Entente not to hurry its military programme.
was called into being as a device to prevent the Five years, or perhaps ten-better not get tired
recurrence of the old tragedy of the German peo out! His formula of victory is a paradox. So
ple, defeat through division. They will be true long as the war continues, the war is won.
to it. He warns us of the futility of war aims These two books, “Germany at Bay" of the
which include or depend upon the change of English “student of strategy,” and “The Win-
government in Germany, for
ning of the War” of the American professor,
the keynote of democracy is self-government, not
would scarcely justify such lengthy notices were
government by others, the decision by each nation it not that they are unhappily representative of
of the way in which its affairs shall be conducted, much of the war thought of England and
not the attempt of one nation to decide the expedient America. In the first we recognize the intel-
form of government for another.
lectual attitude of the "Old Army," which has
He dismisses also the possibility of victory given commanders to the new. In the second
through revolt among the subject peoples of we recognize the cloudy idealism that marks the
Austria. Their traditional desire for autonomy,
American war mind, the trust in an iridescent
he believes, will yield to the practical benefits of
dream of internationalism which is based on
tariff union and an international position result no facts except that of the present conflict itself
ing from their continued combination. He is
and the grouping of powers which it has called
skeptical as to the possibility of complete military
forth. This unreal treatment is as characteristic
victory in the West. And yet Professor Usher
of American professors as Major Macfall's is of
British soldiers. In the case of the two authors
has a formula for victory no less satisfactory than
Major Macfall's. Indeed, like the Major, he
in question it probably makes, little difference-
but it is not to be forgotten that for the edu-
regards the war as already won:
cation of some of their colleagues the two nations
The Allies have won already because France and are paying in blood.
Belgium are safe, because France, Great Britain, and
James B. Connolly has always written freshly
Italy are now merely the European members of a
and vigorously of the sea. He is the very man
vast democratic alliance which includes the British
Empire, the United States, the larger South American
to give us a picturesque volume on “The U-Boat
nations, and Japan. Internationalism is safe because
Hunters" (Scribner; $1.50). Connolly has a
the Allies already control the new international fabric
richness and a vitality of imagination which give
which will certainly, by reason of its very existence,
a fine sunlit color to his subject. He tells joy-
readjust the European balance and impose upon the ously of the voyage of the American feet to
powers of Europe a new morality, a new regard foreign waters early in the war, of adventures
for the equality of nations, a new respect for law.
in a destroyer, of rescues, and terrors cour-
One is startled into attention. France and
France and ageously met. The book is enthusiastic rather
Belgium safe? Yes, says Professor Usher, for than realistic; for Connolly writes from the
they are the indispensable minimum of the mili- angle of a man who enjoys life and people, and
tary objective and can be taken along with the above all, the sense of freedom and of adven-
Trentino any time in the next five or ten years.
ture which the sea gives. The style is free and
Internationalism safe because the Allies control friendly, often conversational. It is slangy, true
the international fabric? Yes, Professor Usher to our American masculinity of the sea. The
gravely assures us:
author frankly makes an appeal to the interests
A real international democracy has been created by
of young men likely to respond to the call of
the development of Asia, Africa, and America during
naval service. It is perhaps for this reason that
the nineteenth century.
The future of democ the picture, as he paints it, is so vividly colorful
racy and of civilization will be safe whatever hap and so adventurous. It is not really a book
pens in Europe so long as close coöperation and about the war. It is like a sunny, blue and
friendly understanding continue among the United
States, the British Empire, France, Italy, and the
orange and white poster that displays the glory
principal South American nations.
of clean fighting.


174
[September 5
THE DIAL
CASUAL COMMENT
COMMEN
forms, then the school as an educational institu-
tion almost ceases to exist. What began as an
The EFFORTS OF EDUCATIONAL REFORMERS TO
opportunity for the free development of the com-
re-create the public school system as an arena for
mon man, what has been seen by all true edu-
personal growth and for the development of per cators as the spur to intelligent individuality, may
sonal skill collide with the fact that too often the become a tool by which the state secures the auto-
school is a firmly welded part of the political matic conformity and docility of the people. It
system. When the district school was consoli- is because of these tendencies that clear-sighted
dated under a state-administered machinery, it minds like Bertrand Russell see in a state-
gained of course in mechanical efficiency. But organized and state-administered system of com-
to the politician the new centralized system be pulsory education a serious menace to our recon-
came a welcome addition to his office-filling ma structing society after the war. How to make
chine, and the various state and county superin- the school an educational institution will become
tendencies, principalships, and even teachers' posi- a problem upon which the very resiliency and re-
tions became simply so many more petty rewards vival of Western society will depend.
for the deserving party worker. Between educa-
tional and political motives in the public school THE BATTLE OF PRESTIGE IS NOT CONFINED TO
the struggle has been incessant. Frequently the statesmen. Labor also presents its candidates.
politician has been successful in converting edu Perhaps the most adroit method of self-advertise-
cational advances into victories for himself. The
ment yet discovered is that adopted by Samuel
city school system could never have developed into Gompers, President of the American Federation
the uniform, mechanical, quasi-military machine of Labor, who has left for England informing us
that it is if educators and not politicians had dic that he intends to combat the dangerous pacifism
tated its organization. For the rigid and uniform of Arthur Henderson. Mr. Henderson, it ap-
organization is exactly the one which is most
pears from the official statement, “plans to elect
easily handled by the politician; once set in mo 400 Labor men to the British Parliament and
tion it almost runs itself. It is likely to squeeze make himself premier, so that a speedy peace can
out any originality and initiative, and with patient
be effected.” Of course Mr. Gompers is bound
tending soon reaches that state of cataleptic trance to be successful in this ambitious task of stopping
revealed in so many of the recent surveys, where what without his opposing influence might be-
a curriculum is pictured revolving automatically come a really dangerous pacifist move in Eng-
in a dull, unconscious vacuum, utterly out of
land. He will undoubtedly prevent Mr. Hender-
touch with either the real world or the lives of
son from becoming premier. For it is safe to say
the children caught in the machine. Most of the that Mr. Henderson never contemplated and
current educational controversy is not between does not now contemplate becoming premier as a
vital theories of education, but between persons result of the forthcoming general election. Even
who have a theory of education and a school per those who would be inclined to be most optimistic
sonnel where the struggle for prestige and prefer- about the number of Labor members that will
ment absorbs emotional energy. Livelihood, pre be returned-as, for example, Mr. Sydney Webb
ferment, first; afterwards, at a very far remove, have recently stated that Labor will be lucky
education. Reformers who go about trying to if it returns a bare hundred. In other words,
cast out devils find, as they have recently found this "400" and this deep-laid scheme of Mr.
in New York, that after one exorcism seven other
Henderson's to capture the premiership in order
devils enter. The politician soon learns to use
to hasten to make a negotiated peace with Ger-
educational theory as masquerade for his essen-
many are both pure myths. They are straw men
tially non-educational purposes, and confounds erected by Mr. Gompers for the express purpose
you by destroying ideals in the very name of their of being overthrown amid the plaudits of an
eager acceptance. He will justify his reaction as
American labor public, deeply grateful to Mr.
long as he can by the old and tested theories, and
Gompers for having contrived to keep the war
when the tide turns will steal the very best
going until Germany is beaten in the field. This
phrases and motifs of the new. The good will
task successfully accomplished, Mr. Gompers can
of a public interested in improving the school has
return home, his prestige greatly enhanced. But
to beat about the periphery of this solid and un-
can 'so transparent a trick be seriously accepted
yielding block of the political system in the state by labor men in this country? Is it possible that
administered school. Attempts to leaven the Arthur Henderson, who more than any other
lump are like trying to apply yeast to a locomo-
single man has held the restive elements of British
tive. For when the school system becomes, as the labor steadily for peace by victory, can be so mis-
education authorities in some of our large cities represented—so flagrantly and openly misrepre-
have conceived it their duty to make it, an arm sented? What must inevitably be the effect of
of the state in inculcating instinctive respect and such a mission as Mr. Gompers pretends to di-
uncritical acceptancy of all authority and political rect? It must almost of necessity tend to alienate


1918]
175
THE DIAL
Now one
those very elements in British labor which here as in our abbreviations and special uses of the
tofore have been most anxious to bring about a verb. The influence of Webster cannot be ig-
friendly rapprochement with the American Fed- nored. Mr. Mencken does not pretend to be a
eration of Labor. It must almost of necessity scientific philologist, yet he is quite right in mak-
do more harm than good. It will create perfectlying no apology for his work. The texture of our
unnecessary antagonism. For Mr. Gompers will living speech, whether destined ultimately to
be presuming to read a moral lecture to the very dominate or be absorbed by English usage, is to-
men who have given already to the common day definitely divergent from the mother tongue.
cause more than we shall, in all human prob. And up to this present attempt of Mr. Mencken's
ability, ever give. It is worse than impudence no sketch has been made of it. The only contri-
for Mr. Gompers to assume the task of elevating butions philologists have so far made to the
the morale of British workers. They have at study are three or four inadequate and frankly
tended to their own morale for over four years incomplete dictionaries of "Americanisms.” On
without Mr. Gompers's help. And they probably American grammar not a book has been written.
feel that they can continue to attend to it. What On American spelling and pronunciation Mr.
is morę, Mr. Henderson has lost one son in this Mencken could discover only a few fugitive
war and another is in active service in France. magazine articles. Is it not curious that this
One wonders just how Mr. Gompers will go book, the first of its kind, should be appearing
about the delicate mission of telling Mr. Hender- today when in so many other directions we are
son to his face that he is a dangerous pacifist. Or becoming nationalistically self-conscious ?
will he confine his oratory to the British workers,
who know better? Perhaps, after all, this is just
THE EFFECTS OF THE PAPER SHORTAGE ARE
an ingenious scheme for creating new votes for not altogether desolating. In our last issue Mr.
the Labor members who will stand for Parlia Shanks noted that, in England at least, it is pre-
ment in the coming election. Certainly it took venting or postponing the publication of long
no mean order of Machiavellian genius to devise novels. Among us it is already taking the course
so sure a scheme for enhancing Mr. Henderson's which has reduced the foreign newspaper to a
prestige-in England. Where it counts.
manageable bulk: we may yet get a newspaper
which we can actually read during breakfast.
“The AMERICAN LANGUAGE" IS THE PARA-
of the book publishers announces that he
doxically engaging title of a book which H. L. is cutting down his "literary items" seventy-five
Mencken will shortly complete and of which he
per cent. The "canned review," the ready-made
has written already the preface, the outline of
"blurb,” the inconsequential gossip about authors
the contents, and some of the text. It appears,
will scarcely survive so drastic a revolution if it
even in prospect, to be an extraordinarily in-
should become general, as present conditions in-
teresting attempt. Mr. Mencken has encountered
dicate it will. The Dial will not be sorry. Its
difficulties. “The new circumstances under which
“Notes and News" column has long tried to sal-
we are placed," wrote Thomas Jefferson to John vage from the flood of waste paper that sweeps
Waldo in 1813, "call for new words, new
through its offices what bits of information about
phrases, and for the transfer of old words to new
forthcoming books are of real interest to the in-
objects. An American dialect will therefore be telligent reader, and any diminution of small talk
formed.” During the century that has elapsed
and puff is calculated to make that service easier
since this was written, intercommunication, as it
to perform. Moreover there is the hope that the
has developed under modern technology, has Government, in its own good time, will follow
weakened the strongest assumption on which this
fashion where it has ignored petition and so far
prophecy was based. But, as Mr. Mencken says,
abate the flow of printed matter that an editor
one of his most serious difficulties was in the ef-
can once more read his morning mail before lunch.
forts made by nearly all the writers on the sub-
ject to prove "that no such thing as an American ·
“IT (INTERVENTION IN Russia) IS A MAD PROJ-
variety of English existed—that the differences I
ect and we can only hope that President Wilson,
constantly encountered in English and that my
if he could not resist its inception, may at least be
English friends encountered in American were
able in some degree to restrict its development."
chiefly imaginary, and to be explained away by So writes the Manchester “Guardian” in its issue
denying them.” That, when it is not un-
of August 5. For the benefit of our English
conscious provincialism, is Aatly untrue. There opinion of this country is divided. However,
contemporary we must affirm that the liberal
are obvious differences, as in intonation (where opinion of this country is divided.
many of the well-informed believe President
Mr. Mencken thinks the advantage is with the
Wilson does intend rigidly to restrict the Russian
English), as in spelling (where Mr. Mencken policy, and that it was action taken, as the axiom
thinks the advantage is with us), as in grammati- has it, lest worse befall us. The reasoning is:
cal idiosyncrasies, as in localisms of all kinds, as better limited intervention with American partici-
in our peculiar euphemisms and forbidden words, pation than unlimited intervention without.


176
(September 5
THE DIAL
COMMUNICATION
Revolutionary War and the establishment of the
Constitution. We are seeking a Constitution of the
A WORD OF Advice ABOUT POLICY
World. The Federalist papers have far more for us
(To the Editor of The DIAL)
this hour than any platform written by any breed
The very mention of the Revolutionary fathers
of Marxian. By what magic was Virginia induced
has become a suspicious matter nowadays, simply Island have two? Taking the world around, we have
to restrain herself to two senators, and let Rhode
because professional pro-Kaiserites like Viereck fifty Virginias and fifty Rhode Islands trying to
used them to suggest we should hate England, or
should continue to back the most treasonous of the spirit of the times is to give the little Rhode Islands
come to a similar agreement at this moment, and the
Irish. There the discussion stopped. There was all possible chance, because so often they represent
none of the real American spirit in the approach. not only a geographical unit but an immemorial
Let us take it up again, avoiding anti-Britishism.
Let us look upon the discussion remembering Burke tiny race. Let us see that every Rhode Island has
in his orations on conciliation.
two senators like every Virginia.
The step after this is more difficult. Yet I hold it is girls now eighteen years of age, sons and daughters
Our destined leaders ought to be the boys and
essential to a present-day American policy, such a
policy as I hope you may be having in mind in
of the American Revolution, and as fine fire eaters
regard to internationalism and radicalism.
as the world holds. Sophomores, Juniors, and
I
suggest that you study the real mood and tense of life of the colleges and I protest against people who
Seniors do not allow the Freshmen to run the social
the Sons of the American Revolution, the Daughters
of the American Revolution, and kindred American
are not born on this soil arrogating to themselves
societies. Their traditions are precious to some of the people out of the presidency ought to be extended to
all radical leadership. The principle that keeps such
most liberal and fire-eating as well as to some of the soapboxes. The greatest objection to Marxian
the most conservative people of America. The internationalism as interpreted by such documents
valuable papers read before these societies, the monu-
ments and tablets set up, the family traditions told
as the Socialist party has sent forth, is that it tries
to a few, hold precedents for an absolutely non-
to unify by destroying boundaries. By the same
Germanic, non-Marxian internationalism and radi-
sign there would be no line between Indiana and
calism. These precedents meet every channel of
Illinois. By the same sign they would put a watch
precedent in the American mind and the Demo-
together by melting it into a lump.
cratic and Republican parties, and yet are not dis-
The simple constructive way to eliminate the
gustingly Anglo-Saxon. I have reached the point tionary anecdote, carefully and correctly told, in
where as a formerly avowed voter of the Socialist
ticket in America, the very mention of the Socialist
a way that will appeal to all hot-blooded Americans.
party gives me a nausea almost physical. The St. tically every detail of large constructive work in
We go by precedent, not by philosophy. Prac-
Louis Platform has cured me for all time, I presume, the world-federation we have ahead of us was worked
of all German importations of this sort. The writers
of that platform, and of the list of platforms that out in miniature on this soil. All we need for refresh-
preceded it, are so hyphenated that hardly one of ment is the exact episode The Daughters and Sons
them can speak plain schoolboy English. When of the American Revolution have accumulated these
they are before a crowd the stupidest child can detect stories by the thousand, printed and unprinted, and
their foreign accent, and they themselves appear to
have not the least notion how useful they are right
be always somewhere east of the Rhine. None of
now. If The Dial simply makes itself their re-write
them show symptoms of having attended an Ameri-
man, it may make over the most conservative
families in America!
can public school through so much as the sixth
grade. They are apt to give the impression of having applied, would eliminate classes, and we would have
The American system as it stands, ruthlessly
crammed Marx in some university of Zenda or
Swat heavy with outlandish philosophies which have
no class war, no anything that could be so mis-
as little to do with the American mind as primitive class at once, by comparison with the rest of the
described. All America would be upper middle
Chinese picture writing.
Let us begin at the other end. Let us listen to
world, if the total of our private citizens used the
what the Sons and the Daughters of the American pick and shovel as the drafted men do in camp and
Revolution have to say. It will be easier to make
used the ballot in the same way. Which is nothing
the kind of internationalists the world needs out of ican who pushes his own lawn mower abolishes
more than old-fashioned Americanism. Any Amer-
the sons and daughters of these houses than to
reconstruct the impossibilist soreheads who parrot
the class war, and the majority of them, Democrats
the treason of the St. Louis Platform and make it a
or Republicans, do push ti.cir own lawn mowers,
litany of their saints.
and hate kings, and multimillionaires, and expect in
This
There are a plenty of Jeffersonians among the old
time to abolish kings and multimillionaires.
Americans, or people of the spirit of the Adams clan.
they will do, not in the name of the “proletariat,"
The letters of Jefferson are still waiting to be read
but of the all conquering, all absorbing American
by the American people, who have thought to follow
aristocracy of the lawn mower, the "Saturday Even-
him for these hundred years. We are facing a re-
ing Post," and the Ford automobile.
construction period in the world that parallels
Vachel LINDSAY.
the history of America between the close of the Springfield, Illinois.


1918]
177
THE DIAL
Selective Fall Educational List
The following is a selected list of the more
important fall issues and announcements of books
dealing with education and of reference works.
Limited space makes it necessary to omit, with a
few exceptions, new editions, reprints of standard
literature, juvenile books, and such textbooks and
manuals as are not of interest to the general
reader. Textbooks calculated to interest the gen-
eral reader have been reserved for THE DIAL's
"Selective Fall Announcement List," which will
appear in the next number, where for greater
convenience they will be distributed under their
appropriate heads. This list has been compiled
from data submitted by the publishers, not all of
whom have yet issued fall catalogues, so that the
list is to that extent incomplete.
Slavic Europe: A Selected Bibliography in the West-
ern European Languages, by Robert Joseph Kerner.
-Treaties: A Bibliography of Collections of Treat-
ies and Related Material, by Denys Peter Myers.
(Harvard University Press.)
Professional Re-education of Maimed Soldiers, by
Leon de Paeuw, translated by Baroness Moncheur,
introduction by Mme. Henry de Wiart, $1.25.-A
Guidebook of Princeton, by V. Lansing Collins, 50
cts. (Princeton University Press.)
A Subject-Index to the Poems of Edmund Spenser,
compiled by Charles Huntington Whitman.-Writ-
ings on American History, 1916, compiled by Grace
Gardner Griffin, $2.50. (Yale University Press.)
A Methodist Church and Its Work: Training for
Leadership Courses, by Worth M. Tippy and Paul
B. Kern.—Teacher's Manual for the Teachings
of Jesus, by Harris Franklin Rall, edited by Henry
H. Meyer and David G. Downey, 55 cts. (The
Abingdon Press.)
Fifty Years of Association Work Among Young
Women, by Elizabeth Wilson, $1.50.-Girlhood and
Character, by Mary E. Moxcey, $1.50. (Woman's
Press.)
The Redemption of the Disabled, by Garrard Harris,
illus., $2.-The Boy Scouts' Year Book for 1918,
edited by Franklin K. Mathiews, illus., $2. (D.
Appleton & Co.)
Bothering About Children, by Prudence Bradish, $1.25.
-How a Soldier May Succeed After the War, by
Russell H. Conwell, 50 cts. (Harper & Bros.)
Democracy in Education, by Joseph K. Hart, $1.80.-
Rural Life, by C. J. Galpin, $2.50. (The Century
Co.)
A Manual of the Art of Fiction, by Clayton Hamilton,
intro. by Brander Matthews, $1.50. (Doubleday,
Page & Co.)
The School as a Social Institution, by Charles L.
Robbins, $2.-Social Problems, by Anna Stewart, 75
(Allyn & Bacon.)
The Education of the New Canadian, by T. M. Ander-
son, $2.50.- The Play-Work Book, by Ann Mac-
beth, $1. (Robert M. McBride & Co.)
The Standard Index to Short Stories, 1900-1914, by
Francis J. Hannigan, $10. (Small Maynard & Co.)
Fieldbook of Insects, by Frank E. Lutz, cloth, $2.50,
leather, $3.50. (G. P. Putnam Sons.)
Home Help in Music Study, by Harriette Brower,
$1.25. (Frederick A. Stokes Co.)
The Studio Year Book of Decorative Art, illus., edited
by Charles Holme, $3. (John Lane Co.)
The Writing of English, by John M. Manly and Edith
Rickert. (Henry Holt & Co.)
The Modern Novel, by Wilson Follett, $2.—The Amer-
ican Language, by H. L. Mencken, $2. (Alfred A.
Knopf.)
The Higher Learning in America, by Thorstein Veb-
len, $1.60. (B. W. Huebsch.)
Lane's Larger English-Irish Dictionary, by T. O'Neill
Lane, $7.50. (Funk & Wagnalls Co.)
Children's Catalog: Supplement, 1916-1917, edited by
Corinne Bacon, 50 cts. (H. W. Wilson Co.)
The Kindergarten in Japan, by Tsunekichi Mizuno,
75 cts. (Stratford Co.)
How to Train Your Mind, by Marvin Dana, $1.25.
(Edward J. Clode.)
An Index to Poetry and Recitations, by Edith Granger,
$8. (A. C. McClurg & Co.)
Guide Book to Childhood, by William Byron For-
bush, $2. (George W. Jacobs & Co.)
The Psychology of Childhood, by Naomi Norsworthy.
-Education for the Needs of Life, by Irving E.
Miller, $1.25.–The Textbook, How to Use It and
Judge It, by Alfred L. Hall-Quest.-Recreation for
Teachers, by Henry S. Curtis.- Vocational Agri-
cultural Education, by Rufus W. Stimson.-Stunts,
Contests, and Organized Athletics, by Captain N. H.
Pearl. (Macmillan Co.)
The Evolution of a Democratic School System, by
Charles Hubbard Judd, 75 cts.—The Curriculum, by
Franklin Bobbitt, $1.50.-How to Teach the Special
Subjects, by C. N. Kendall, $1.60.--How to Teach
Americanization, by John H. Mahoney.-Classroom
Organization and Control, by Jesse B. Sears.
(Houghton Mifflin Co.)
Readings from Great Authors, arranged by John
Haynes Holmes, Harvey Dee Brown, Helen E.
Redding and Theodora Goldsmith, 50 cts.-Nature
Stories to Tell the Children, by W. Waddington
Seers, $1.25. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Decorative Textiles, by George Leland Hunter, illus.,
$15.-The Organization of Thought, by A. N.
Whitehead, $2.—Leadership and Military Training,
by L. C. Andrews, cloth, $i, limp leather, $2.--Child
Experience and Activity, by Alice M. Krackowizer,
$1.28. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
The Exceptional Child, by Maximilian P. E. Grosz-
mann, illus., $2.50.-A Practical Sociology, by
Mosiah Hall, $1.-Religious Education is the
Church, by Henry F. Cope, $1.50. (Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons.)
Holiday Plays for Home, School, and Settlement, by
Virginia Olcott, illus. — Plays, Pantomimes and
Tableaux, by Nora Archibald Smith, $1. (Moffat,
Yard & Co.)
Creative Impulse in Industry, by Helen Marot, $1.50.
-Educational Experiments, Etc., by Evelyn Dewey.
- The Kingdom of the Child, by Alice Minnie
Herts Heniger. (E. P. Dutton & Co.)
America at War, edited by Albert Bushnell Hart,
preface by James M. Beck, $1.50.—What Every
American Should Know About the War, edited by
Montaville Flowers, $2.-Two Thousand Questions
and Answers About the War, $2. (
(George H.
Doran Co.)
The Survey of Religious Education in the Local
Church, by William Calton Bower, $1.25.-The
Church School of Citizenship, by Allen Hoben, $1.-
The University of Chicago: An Official Guide, by
David A. Robertson, 25 cts. (University of Chicago
Press.)
cts.


178
(September 5
THE DIAL
BRIEFER MENTION
RECENT BOOKS
from the ATHENAEUM PRESS
MY COUNTRY
by GRACE A. TURKINGTON
A textbook in civics and patriotism for
junior high schools. One of the richest rewards
of America's first war year is the awakening
spirit of patriotic service among American
children. To-day they are helping the govern-
ment in a multitude of ways, in Liberty Loans,
in the Junior Red Cross, in raising crops, and
with Thrift Stamps. This is the "Children's
Age” and the author of "My Country" has
written a delightful study which, without bur-
dening the pupil with the dry mechanics of gov-
ernment, will endow him with a new interest in
its laws and their administration. 96 cents.
CIVIC BIOLOGY
by CLIFTON F. HODGE, University of Oregon, and
JEAN DAWSON, Board of Health, Cleveland, Ohio
A new book for high schools, showing how
by coöperative effort we may effectively con-
serve those elements in biology which are
salutary to civic life and how we may ex-
terminate the harmful. The illustrations are
such as to pique the curiosity of the most
casual reader.
$1.60.
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF EDUCATION
by CHARLES HUBBARD JUDD, The University of Chicago
The first comprehensive introduction to the
scientific study of education. The book is full
of concrete, informing material on the elimina-
tion of non-essentials and on the economy of
time and effort, which well fits it for use in
teacher-training courses. It summarizes scien-
tific methods with a completeness invaluable
for those with whom time is limited. $1.80.
WAR ADDRESSES OF WOODROW WILSON
with Introduction and Notes by ARTHUR ROY LEONARD
One review states: "Can there be any more
authoritative source of information about why
we are fighting and what we are fighting for
than the chosen spokesman of the American
people? Both for literary and for historical
qualities President Wilson's addresses
warmly commended by us to the attention of
our readers. Every American should procure
a copy of this book.”
32 cents.
The introduction to the new edition, revised and
amplified, of Madison Grant's "Passing of the Great
Race” (Scribner; $2) informs us that the book is
"devoted to an attempt to elucidate the meaning of
history in terms of race." The major argument of
the book runs somewhat as follows: the best chance
for cultural progress is through the preservation of
superior races, since heredity is a more persistent and
powerful influence than environment; the race of
of greatest capacity for cultural progress is the Nor-
dic; and because the history of Europe generally,
and the trend towards democracy in recent years in
particular, have led to the mixing of races and
threaten to bring about the disappearance of the
Nordic race, history generally and recent history
especially has been a great mistake and ought not
to have been allowed to occur. The truth would
seem to be that the book is not in any real sense an
elucidation of history in terms of race. It is rather
a discussion of European races, in the course of
which certain facts of history are made use of for
purposes of illustration.
"American Negro Slavery," by Professor Ulrich
B. Phillips (Appleton; $3) tells, so the publishers
inform us, “in a very spirited and popular manner
the entire story" of Negro slavery in the United
States. And large as this order may seem, the book
really fills it. Beginning with the early exploitation
of Guinea, the narrative traces the slave trade in
this country, various statutory enactments regard-
ing the Negro, the management of Southern planta-
tions, the conditions of life there for both blacks and
whites, the Westward movement, business aspects
of slavery, slavery in towns, the status and the
anomalies of the free Negro, and so on. Professor
Phillips was prepared for his task by residence as
a boy on a Southern post-bellum plantation and
later by tenure of a professorship of history in a
Northern university; thus he enjoys intimacy with
certain parts of his subject, and at the same time
outlook and detachment. His investigations have
extended over a long period of years and have gone
beyond courts and legislatures into "the letters,
journals, and miscellaneous records of private per-
sons.” The reader will not find a more detailed
account of the tobacco, rice, cotton, and sugar
plantations, or of the human side of slavery. Nor
will he find, in this day of perplexing readjustments,
so full and sure a portrayal of the past upon which
one of these readjustments must be built.
Longmans, Green & Co. have issued a revised
edition of A. J. Grant's “History of Europe” ($2.75)
which includes six new chapters, four of which deal
with the history of England and two with the history
of Europe since 1871. These additions bring the
volume up to 750 pages--a history of Europe from
Homer to Hindenburg in about 300,000 words.
The narrative is on the whole clear, accurate, and
readable-as readable as a manual can well be. In
the matter of proportion Professor Grant concedes
less to the most recent era than would most French
and American historians-especially since the war.
No more than a hundred pages are given to the
period since 1815, and no more than 31 pages to
the period since 1871. This is no doubt partly due to
are
OUTLINES of ENGLISH and AMERICAN 'LITERATURE
by WILLIAM J. LONG
For the use of schools offering a brief, com-
prehensive course. In crisp and interesting
manner the author has covered a long stretch
of time, summing up in logical fashion the
typical men and their books of every period.
$1.52. Also published in two volumes.
GINN AND COMPANY
Boston New York Chicago London
Atlanta Dallas Columbus San Francisco


1918]
179
THE DIAL
RECENT COLLEGE and
HIGH SCHOOL TEXTS
the fact that the present volume is a revision of a
book written some time ago; but no history of Europe
professing to come down to 1914 can be satisfactory
which gives so little space relatively to our own age.
Claude Tillier's “My Uncle Benjamin” (Boni &
Liveright; $1.60) is the man, rare in literature as
in life, who has attained the distinction of knowing
how to live. He is an epicure whose tavern debts
are paid with a kiss, whose gentle blasphemy is
innocent rather than vicious, whose bravado and
whose mishaps are a constant source of delight. He
is even less sophisticated than “G. B. S.," not so
subtle as Coignard, the Philosopher in "The Crock
of Gold”; nevertheless no critic of men and manners
is more trenchant and humorous at once than Uncle
Benjamin. This is one of the French classics of
humor of a type, speaking generally, whose only
American exponent has been Mark Twain. It is
here well translated by Adele Seltzer and published
in an unusually attractive edition, with illustrations
in black and white by Emil Preetorius. No com-
bination could prove more ideal. As exemplified
in his posters, his cover designs, and his various
illustrations, Preetorious has ever displayed a sense
of the ludicrous, the humorous, and the satiric.
Unfortunately clay intended for the thumb of
the professional sometimes falls into the hands of a
fervent dabbler. The result is amazing, "but is it
art?” In "Potter's Clay,” by Marie Tudor (Put-
nam; $1.50), one has the merest fragments of a
finished piece, conventional bas-relief of flowers
and ferns half-erased by a careless finger, efforts
at the new art that are hopelessly incomplete.
Briefly, this is a book of verse which under an out-
worn title parades a strange but not unusual group
of poems. The author has evidently come to the
conclusion that free verse is now respectable, and
she pays it her devoirs. Her bow however is a
trifle awkward; she still remembers how long she
has ignored the newcomer.
Mr. Liveing, author of "Attack” (Macmillan;
75 cts.), is a methodical, dignified young English-
man who tells us with a wealth of circumstantial
detail about an attack in which he participated upon
the fortified village of Gommecourt in July, 1916.
His story, which of itself is interesting, is told with
commendable straightforwardness and absence of
straining for style. Still Mr. Liveing is a little too
conscientious, a little too orderly. His thoughts
and emotions under fire are described at mathe-
matically precise intervals, carefully spaced between
very striking descriptions of the battle itself. And
again, who but an Englishman would refer to his
fellow officers and men as “Captain W-t,"“S—,"
“Sergeant S-1," "Sergeant S-1," "W-k”? Discre-
tion passes into absurdity when the author refers to
himself as "L-"!
In "How to Sell More Goods” (Harper; $1.50)
H. J. Barrett has brought together in the form of
narratives by various salesmen the secrets of success-
ful salesmanship as revealed by actual experience.
The book has thus a human quality and should be
of interest not only to the drummer, the clerk, and
the sales manager, but to the general reader as well,
because most men have something to sell in the
form of goods or services. The thesis of the book-
that salesmanship is an art to be learned by imita-
tion-is well defended.
LIBERTY, PEACE AND JUSTICE
Speeches and Addresses. 1776-1918.
This book presents the strongest pos-
sible statement of the principles for
which we are fighting, and stirring ar-
raignments of the aims of the German
military autocracy, as set forth in the
war addresses of President Wilson,
also in speeches by Jefferson, Lincoln,
Roosevelt, Lansing, Taft, Root, and
others. Riverside Literature Series.
Paper, 20 cents. Cloth, 32 cents post-
paid.
A TREASURY OF WAR POETRY
British and American Poems of the World
War, 1914-1917. Riverside Literature Series.
Cloth, 52 cents postpaid.
Practically all of the best and finest
things the war has inspired are in-
cluded in the collection. "For teachers
wishing to instruct in literature, his-
tory, and patriotism all at one time, it
is full of lively possibilities."-Indi-
anapolis News
AMERICAN IDEALS
Edited by NORMAN FOERSTER and W.
W. PIERSON, JR.
"Ushered in by Mr. Woodbury's splendid
sonnet, 'Our First Century, these selections
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from the point of view of famous statesmen
and men of letters, challenge as well as in-
spire."-Boston Transcript. $1.25 postpaid.
MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY
EUROPEAN HISTORY
By J. SALWYN SCHAPIRO.
Fascinating in its discussion of the literary,
social, and industrial movements, as well as
of political events, this text brings history
to date. Students' Edition, 804 pp., 27 maps,
$3.00 postpaid.
SPANISH TAUGHT IN SPANISH
By CHARLES F. McHALE,
Adapted to all systems of teaching Spanish,
this text affords the most economical method
of mastering the subject. From the very
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taken up. $1.00 postpaid. In press.
Houghton Mifflin Company
BOSTON
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CHICAGO


180
(September 5
THE DIAL
NOTES AND NEWS
READ
Arthur Gleason's Report
OF THE
June Convention
OF THE
British Labor
Party
IN THE
August issues of the Survey
Mr. Gleason, just back from another
trip to England, describes how the
convention broke the party truce, re-
affirmed labor's war aims, and reduced
to the form of party planks the main
provision of its plan on labor and the
New Social Order.
Instead of being weakened by the re-
actionary forces at home or split by
the visit of the American labor mis-
sion, the British workers under their
moderate leaders showed
greater
unanimity than ever before.
First-hand graphic accounts of de-
bates in which ARTHUR HENDERSON,
Kerensky, Branting, Renaudel, Huys-
mans, Clynes, Thomas, Robert Smillie,
Ramsay Macdonald, and others
figured.
Franz Boas, who discusses "The Mental Attitude
of the Educated Classes” for this issue of The
Dial, is a professor of anthropology in Columbia
University and a member of numerous learned socie-
ties.
He is the author of "The Growth of Chil-
dren" (1896, 1904), "Changes in Form of Body of
Descendants of Immigrants” (1911), "The Mind of
Primitive Man" (1911), and so on, and the editor
of the “Journal of American Folk-Lore.”
Basanta Koomar Roy is a young Hindu of high
caste who is now lecturing in this country and de-
voting himself to increasing the understanding be-
tween America and the Orient. He was educated in
the University of Calcutta and the University of
Wisconsin. He is the author of “Rabindranath
Tagore: The Man and His Poetry.”
James Rorty, a graduate of Tufts College, has
had produced two comedies—"Paul and Virginia,
and "Are Your Hands Tied?"--and an adaptation
of Labiche and Martin's "Moi.” At present he is a
stretcher bearer with the American forces in France.
Susanne Howe, after being graduated from
Vassar in 1917, engaged in social work in New York
City. She is now teaching English at the San Luis
School in Colorado Springs.
The other contributors to this issue have previ-
ously written for The Dial.
The George H. Doran Co. announce "Six Red
Months in Russia," by Louise Bryant.
"The Psychology of Courage," by Professor Her-
bert S. Lord, of Columbia, heads the fall list of
John W. Luce & Co.
A new volume of verse by Carl Sandburg, “Corn-
huskers,” is announced for October by Henry Holt
& Co.
“Reminiscences of Lafcadio Hearn," by Setsuko
Koizumi, his widow, appears on the fall list of
Houghton Mifflin.
Late last month the Bobbs-Merrill Co. published
a new novel by Juliet Wilbor Tompkins, “A Girl
Named Mary.
The price of volumes in the "Modern Library”
series, published by Boni & Liveright, has been
raised from sixty to seventy cents.
“The Motor Truck as an Aid to Business Profits,”
by S. V. Norton, has just been issued by the A. W.
Shaw Co., of Chicago.
Among the books on the fall list of the Association
Press are "Morals and Morale," by Luther Halsey
Gulick, and "The Law of Social Justice," by Hugh
Evander Willis.
"Ireland: A Study in Nationalism,” by Francis
Hackett, and "Letters and Leadership," by Van
Wyck Brooks, are announced for immediate publica-
tion by B. W. Huebsch.
The American Red Cross has instituted a monthly
magazine, “Carry On,” to be devoted to the "re-
construction of disabled soldiers.” It is edited by
the Surgeon General of the army:
The ). B. Lippincott Co. last month issued
“Court and Diplomacy in Austria and Germany,"
a volume of memoirs by Countess Olga Leutrum,
who was at one time lady-in-waiting to the Arch-
duchess Isabella of Austria.
THE SURVEY
112 East 19th Street
New York City
$3 a year; 5 months' trial $1


1918]
181
THE DIAL

BOOK
URORINO
NINE
ژر
1
Appleton & Co. announce for September "The
Writing and Reading of Verse,” by C. E. Andrews;
"The Woman Citizen," by H. H. Hollister; and
"The Little Democracy,” by Ida Clyde Clarke.
Paul Kellogg, Editor of the “Survey," has col-
laborated with Arthur Gleason in “British Labor
and the War,” which is announced by Boni &
Liveright. They also include in their fall list
"What is Germany Dying For?" by Carl Ludwig
Krause.
Among the September announcements of the
Frederick A. Stokes Co. are: “The Human Side of
Animals,” by Royal Dixon; “Children of France,"
by June R. Lucas; "Fast as the Wind," by Nat
Gould; and "The Star in the Window," by Olive
Prouty.
The Marshall Jones Co. are preparing for pub-
lication: "Korean Buddhism," by Professor Starr, "I visited with a natural rapture the
of the University of Chicago; “The Letters of Susan
Hale," sister of Edward Everett Hale; and “The
largest bookstore in the world.”
Power of Dante," by Professor Grandgent, of
Harvard.
See the chapter on Chicago, page 43, “Your
This fall the Yale University Press will add five United States," by Arnold Bennett
plays to the "Yale Shakespeare" series. They are:
"Macbeth,” edited by Charlton Miner Lewis; "The
It is recognized throughout the country that
Tempest," edited by. Chauncey Brewster Tinker
"King Henry the Fifth,” edited by Robert D.
we earned this reputation because we have on
French; and “A Midsummer Night's Dream,”
hand at all times a more complete assortment
edited by Willard Higley.
of the books of all publishers than can be found
Alfred Knopf announces for publication this on the shelves of any other bookdealer in the
month “The Popular Theatre," by George Jean entire United States. It is of interest and im-
Nathan, and "Shelley's Elopement," a record of the portance to all bookbuyers to know that the
Shelley-Godwin episode, by Alexander Harvey. books reviewed and advertised in this maga-
This fall he will issue “The Maiman,” by Kahlil zine can be procured from us with the least
Gihran, a poet of Asia Minor.
possible delay. We invite you to visit our
Heinemann (London) promises for this autumn
an anthology of child poems—"The Springtide of
store when in Chicago, to avail yourself of the
Life,” by Algernon Charles Swinburne. The poems
opportunity of looking over the books in which
are illustrated by Arthur Rackham. Swinburne's
you are most interested, or to call upon us at
letters, edited by Edmund Gosse and Thomas any time to look after your book wants.
James Wise, are soon to be published in this country
by Houghton Mifflin.
Dr. Ď. S. Blondheim has edited for the Inter Special Library Service
collegiate Zionist Association a series of essays on
Jewish Nationalism. The volume is called "Kadi-
mah," the Hebrew word for "eastward,” which the
We conduct a department devoted entirely
Judean soldiers in Palestine use for "Forward
to the interests of Public Libraries, Schools,
March.” The Jewish Legion, Zionists in the Colleges and Universities. Our Library De-
American army, sanitation in Palestine, and related partment has made a careful study of library
topics are included.
requirements, and is equipped to handle all
Robert M. McBride & Co. will issue this autumn: library orders with accuracy, efficiency and
“Behind the Wheel of a War Ambulance,", by despatch. This department's long experience
Robert Whitney Imbrie, now American Vice-
in this special branch of the book business,
Consul at Petrograd; "Campaigning in the Balkans,"
; by Lieut. Harold Lake; “A Čaptive on a German
combined with our unsurpassed book stock,
Raider," by F. G. Trayes, one of the victims of the enables us to offer a library service not excelled
“Wolf”; and a book of verse by one of the English
elsewhere. We solicit correspondence from
soldier-poets, Geoffrey Dearmer.
Librarians unacquainted with our facilities.
"The Little Grandmother of the Revolution," by
Catherine Breshkovsky, recently published by Little
Brown & Co., is to be brought out in England by A. C. McCLURG & CO.
T. Fisher Unwin. Mr. Unwin also announces
"Essays Irish and American," by John Butler Retail Store, 218 to 224 South Wabash Avenue
Yeats. The volume contains some recollections of Library Department and Wholesale Offices :
Samuel Butler, “Why the Englishman Is Happy,"
330 to 352 East Ohio Street
“The Modern Woman," "Watts and the Method of
Art," and other papers.
Chicago


182
[September 5
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
di
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books received by The Dial since its last issue.]
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THE WAR
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The Creed of Deutschtum, and Other War Essays. By
Morton Prince. Svo, 311 pages. Richard G. Badger.
who cannot get satisfactory local service, are
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We handle every kind of book, wherever
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My Lorraine Journal. By Edith O'Shaughnessy.
Frontispiece, 8vo, 196 pages. Harper & Bros. $1.60.
Guynemer, The Ace of Aces. By_ Jacques Mortane.
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12.no, 267 pages.
Moffat Yard & Co. $1.50.
The Vandal of Europe. By Wilhelm Mühlon. Transla-
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The Flame that is France. By Henry Malherbe. 16mo,
182 pages.
The Century Co. $1.
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A Brief History of the King's Royal Rifle Corps. Com-
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pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. 50 cts.
When Chenal Sings the "Marseillaise"; "With the Honors
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Sylvia Scarlett. By Compton Mackenzie. 12mo, 444
pages. Harper & Bros. $1.60.
Salt, or the Education of Griffith Adams. By Charles
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Land's End. By Wilbur Daniel Steele. Frontispiece,
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The Century Co. $1.40.
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The Golden Bird.
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From Baseball to Boches, By H. C. Witwer. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 366 pages. Small, Maynard & Co.
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Paper, 1 fr. 50.
Carnet de Guerre d'un Officier d'Etat-Major; Fete
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piece, 12mo, 32 pages. C. Georges-Bazile, Paris.
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I wish to buy any books or pamphlets printed
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Early American Poetry. Plays, Songsters. Fiction. Humor,
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1918]
183
THE DIAL
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Lazarus, By Leonid Andreyev. The Gentlemen from
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POETRY AND DRAMA
of the Nature of Things. By T. Lucretius Carus. А
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The Old Road to Paradise. By Margaret Widdemer.
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Verse and Worse: By Norah Lee Haymond. 16mo, 42
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The Fourteenth of July and Danton: Two Plays of the
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Henry Holt & Co. $1.50.
The Admirable Crichton. By J. M. Barrie, 12mo, 168
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[September 5, 1918
THE DIAL
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The Dogs of Boy-Town
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THE DIAL

A Journal of
CRITICISM AND DISCUSSION OF LITERATURE AND THE ARTS
Volume LXV.
No. 773.
NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 19, 1918
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IN THIS ISSUE
Poilu, What Are You Fighting For?
James Joyce
By HENRI BARBUSSE
By SCOFIELD THAYER
Scribner Publications-
The Valley of Democracy
The People and Activities
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By MEREDITH NICHOLSON
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parent, friend, or relative of a boy in any
branch of the service who wishes to have a
real conception of the nature and the import-
ance of his work in relation to the war.
Illustrated. $1.35 net
Lovers of Louisiana
By GEORGE W. CABLE
This delightful romances opens at Atlantic
City. These two old New Orleans families,
between which a certain inherited hostility
existed, are thrown together for a time, with
the result that the young lawyer who is
destined to be the head of one falls in love
with the beautiful Creole daughter of the
other. The New York Tribune says: “It is
a winning tale of beauty and sympathetic
appeal."
$1.50 net
Our Navy in the War
By LAWRENCE PERRY
of the New York Evening Post.
A complete record, full of illuminating illus-
trations and adventurous incidents, of the
achievement of the navy in all its lines, in-
cluding the marines, camouflage, etc.
Illustrated. $1.50 net
New and Cheaper Edition
Men of the Old Stone Age
Their Environment, Life and Art
By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN
President of the American Museum of Natural
History.
The first full and authoritative presentation
of what has been actually discovered up to
the present time in regard to human pre-
history.
Illustrated. $3.50 net
The Earthquake
By ARTHUR TRAIN
Bishop William Lawrence says: “ 'The
Earthquake' is interesting, has reality,
humor, and movement, and what is more, it
strikes a high note of patriotism."
(Now in its sixth large printing.) $1.50 net
BOOKS
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK
SCRIBNERS
MAGAZINE
Entered as Second-Class matter at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., August 3, 1918, under the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright 1918,
by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc. Published by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc., at 152 West Thirteenth Street, New York, N. Y.


186
(September 19
THE DIAL
LIPPINCOTT
BOOKS
New Books—In Preparation

DROIT
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
MONTREAL PHILADELPHIA LONDON
The Romance of Old Philadelphia
By John T. Faris
1792
1918
100 illustrations. Frontispiece in color. Octavo. $4.50 net.
Gold from mines of historical wealth of rare value; the romance
of adventure and state building, as lived from day to day by typical
Colonial pioneers.
FOR SALE AT ALL
Decorative Textiles
BOOKSTORES
By GEORGE LELAND HUNTER
25 illustrations in color and 150 in half-tone. 4to. $15.00 net.
The first comprehensive book on decorative textiles for wall, floor
and furniture coverings—those who buy and those who make and sell
Monographs on Experimental will find it indispensable.
Biology and General
Joseph Pennell's Liberty Loan Poster
Physiology
A Text-Book for Artists and Amateurs, Governments,
VOL. I
Teachers and Printers.
$1.00 net.
Forced Movements, Tropism,
The right technical method of making a Poster, fully illustrated.
and Animal Conduct
by a master of the art. Drawings in black and white and color show
By JACQUES LOEB $2.50 net. every step in the process.
A remarkable project, of
enormous importance to the
Swinburne's Child Poems
scientific world, is this series
of monographs, designed to do
Illustrated by ARTHUR RACKHAM
for America what has been 8 color plates and many illustrations in the text. $3.00 net.
done along this line in England
by her most famous scientific
Edmund Gosse has carried out a plan once made by the poet, to
authors. Biology has begun to
gather his poems on childhood in one volume, and Arthur Rackham
adopt the methods of exact
has interpreted them exquisitely.
science, and it is the aim of
this series to further this de-
velopment. The editors will
be Jacques Loeb, of Rocke-
FICTION
feller Institute; T. H. Morgan
and W. J. V. Osterhout.
Projects and Problems in the
Esmeralda, or Every Little Bit Helps
Primary Grades
By Nina Wilcox PUTNAM and NORMAN JACOBSEN
By Alice M. KRACKOWIZER Frontispiece in color, 4 in half-tone by May Wilson Preston.
$1.28 net
$1.00 net.
The product of practical ex A Western girl puts pep into war activities in New York social
perience, this volume of plans circles, to the confounding of conservative and snobbish members and
and outlines for series of les the delight of masculine recruits. A breezy, joyous romance.
sons to cover many days of
work, is designed to train the The Historical Nights Entertainment
child for independent thought.
It will prove a valuable aid to
By RAFAEL SABATINI
primary and kindergarten
Author of "The Snare," "Banner of the Bull,” etc. $1.75 net.
teachers.
A group of famous historical events are given dramatic and vivid
Experimental and
portrayal in the guise of fiction. Splendid effects are achieved by this
Agricultural Botany
master of historical fiction.
By MEL T. COOK
Clear the Decks
Illustrated. $1.50 net.
The author has put new life
A Tale of the American Navy Today
into the study of botany-it is
By "COMMANDER"
a living subject, connected with
every-day life in a way to
20 photographic illustrations.
$1.50 net.
arouse the student's ambition The “real thing," just what may be the history of any young naval
and interest.
recruit in the present war, told with zest and humor and vivid realism.
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1918]
187
THE DIAL
New Books—Just Published
LIPPINCOTT
BOOKS

AVANTI
DROIT
J B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
MONTREAL PUIILADELPHIA LONDON
Simon Lake
Of international fame as an inventor especially along submarine
lines, tells the wonderful story of-
1792
1918
The Submarine in War and Peace
Its Development and Its Possibilities
By SIMON LAKE, M.I.N.A.
FOR SALE AT ALL
71 illustrations and a chart.
$3.00 net.
BOOKSTORES
IMPORTANT AND AUTHORITATIVE
NEW YORK TRIBUNE: "With German submarines prowling about the
entrance to New York harbor and destroying vessels along the neighboring
coast, there is peculiar timeliness in this fine volume by one of the chief
inventors of that style of craft. . . The lay reader will find the narrative and
descriptions of fascinating interest. A multitude of admirable illustrations add
to the value of this important and authoritative work."
FRESH AND SURPRISING
Modern Shipbuilding Terms
PHILA. NORTH AMERICAN: "An interesting historical survey of the rise De fined and Illustrated
and progress of the undersea boat. The accomplished facts which he educes
seem as wonderful as any feats of fabled magic. There is a considerable
By F. FORREST PEASE
share of fresh and surprising information in this study by an expert of one 72 illustrations $2.00 net.
of the most profound mysteries of modern mechanism.'
THE WORLD'S GREATEST AUTHORITY
This is almost an encyclo-
BOSTON HERALD: . “His inventions contribute importantly, to the U-boat's
pædia of the shipbuilding in-
terrible efficiency. He is probably now the world's greatest authority on under.
dustry. All words and phrases
sea navigation. Both scientists and the general run of readers will find his now used in connection with
volume a work of intense interest.'
shipbuilding are thoroughly de-
fined. The 72 illustrations
Court and Diplomacy in Austria and Germany show the tools, machines and
8 illustrations. By Countess OLGA LEUTRUM $3.50 net.
installations which are used.
A series of special photographs
The author was for some time lady-in-waiting to the Archduchess
Isabelle. She has an intimate knowledge of the Austrian court and in
show the progressive steps in
this book gives her memories of many important personages and events.
the construction of ships. Sub-
It is intensely interesting.
jects such as Electric Welding
are treated especially in the
Home and Community Hygiene
appendix. Every worker needs
this book.
Illustrated By JEAN BROADHURST, Ph.D. $2.00 net
Navigation
(LIPPINCOTT's HOME MANUALS)
New York Tribune: “This volume is nothing less than a cyclo-
Illustrated by Diagrams
pædia of hygiene, written in a simple style which makes it understand By Dr. A. G. MAYOR
able and interesting to the most inexpert layman, and yet so scholarly Princeton University.
and authoritative as to command the respect of the scientific physician 92 line drawings. $1.50 net.
or sanitarian. For school, for family, for professional library or for
Young men who wish to
civic organization it is to be commended in the heartiest and most un-
qualify as Ensigns in the U. S.
hesitating terms."
Navy or for Officers in the
Naval Reserves or Merchant
The Business of the Household
Marine, will find this book par-
Illustrated.
By C. W. TABER
$2.00 net. ticularly valuable. It is an easy
(LIPPINCOTT'S HOME MANUAL SERIES)
complete course which does not
This volume should be in the hands of every head of a family, and
require a knowledge of Mathe-
every High School and Normal and College girl should find it on her
matics other than simple Arith-
metic. Immediate use can be
list of Home Economics texts. It is intended as a text in Home
made of the instruction given.
Economics courses and gives the student a thorough course in all the
problems of home life relating to the finances of the family, a subject Aeroplanes and Aero Engines
so far almost ignored in Home Economics classes.
By "AVION"
Injurious Insects and Useful Birds Profusely illustrated.
$1.00 net.
418 illustrations. By F. L. WASHBURN
$2.00 net.
An elementary introduction
(LIPPINCOTT's Farm MANUALS)
to the study of flight in simple
This admirable text for agricultural school or college is equally language yet full enough to
well adapted to use by the farmer; it is a reference book of intensely qualify for the less technical
practical value. The author knows how to infuse the subject with live positions in the Aviation Serv-
interest.
ice.
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188
[September 19
THE DIAL
.
IMPORTANT FICTION
A SPANISH EPIC OF THE MARNE
THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE.
By Vicente Blasco Ibanez, author of "The Shadow of the Cathedral."
Net, $1.90
Authorized Translation by Charlotte Brewster Jordan.
N. Y. Sun says:-"A work of genius from the hands of the greatest of the Iberian Novelists.
A powerful and masterful piece of writing with a sense of restraint that places the author in
the front rank of novelists. A wonderful character study. A stupendous work, and an altogether
successful attempt to translate the horror of war by means of the written word.”
SALT. The Education of Griffith Adams. By Charles G. Norris.
Net, $1.50
Hailed by the critics as one of the strongest pieces of fiction written in years.
The Graphic:-"The most interesting novel that I have read this year, and for many a year
for that matter."
Chicago Post:—"A powerful exhibition of personal literary ability. The characters are real
flesh and blood, the writing is strong, unadorned, forceful.”
N. Y. Tribune:—“This book is assuredly one that must be very seriously reckoned with among
the important fiction of today."
THE LITTLE GIRL WHO COULDN'T-GET-OVER-IT. By Alfred Scott Barry. Net, $1.50
N. Y. Times says :—“If any lover of the quaint, the whimsical, and the charming should turn
aside from Mr. Barry's novel on the supposition that its title indicates a juvenile he would make
a great mistake. For it is not at all a juvenile, although children with imaginations are likely to
delight in it. On the contrary, so much is it a story for grown-ups that only those with fully de-
veloped intellects and hearts can be quite sure of getting the full flavor of its humor, its beauty,
its romance, and its significance."
BEFORE THE WIND. By Janet Laing.
Net, $1.50
Philadelphia Record says : 'Before the Wind is not a novel to be ignored. It is one of the
best the presses have given us this year. Its humor, satire and studies of human foibles are
irresistible.”
Mrs. Thos. Wentworth Higginson, in a letter to the publishers, dated July 28, 1918, says :-
"Gentlemen : As I cannot thank the author, I want to thank you for the delightful book 'Before
the Wind.' I have read it twice, and got as much enjoyment out of it the second time as the first."
THE UNWILLING VESTAL. By Edward Lucas White, author of “El Supremo." Net, $1.50
Boston Post:-“It seems a long journey from rural America of today to the grandeur that
was Rome, but Edward Lucas White makes ancient Rome so understandable that one can get
there without changing mental gears. Mr. White, without sacrificing historical accuracy, has been
able to write a story of long ago that not only brings the past vividly before our eyes, but also
keeps us interested in the eventful lives of his characters."
THE THIRD ESTATE. By Marjorie Bowen.
Net, $1.75
A forceful and spirited story of the French Revolution. The episodes of those troublous and
soul-stirring times form the background for a superb portrayal of the brilliant and cruel Marquis
de Sarcey and those men and women unfortunate enough to cross his path.
The author has drawn this tumultuous epoch with an intensity of vigor and a romantic interest
that raise it from the dead ashes of prosaic history to a vivid drama of human life.
A DREAMER UNDER ARMS. By F. G. Hurrell.
Net, $1.50
A war novel which does not describe the actual fighting but the reaction of war and especially
of close association with men in the conditions of barracks and trench life on a retired and sensi-
tive man, who hitherto held himself aloof from his fellow creatures and considered himself rather
superior to them.
There is a lot of real human interest in this book which makes it quite unlike any other war
novel which has yet come out.
THE WAR DOG. By Edward Peple.
Net, 50c.
Illustrated with a frontispiece in colors by Harrison Fisher.
A rarely beautiful poem certain to touch the heart of all readers, and especially appealing to
all lovers of dogs.
All royalties from the sale of this little book will be donated by Mr. Peple to the American Red
Cross Society.
UNDER FIRE. A New Edition.
Net, $1.50
By Henri Barbusse.
Tanslated by Fitzwater Wray.
Edmond Rostand says :-"I admire 'Le Feu' because it is a poem-a great poem, tumultuous
and admirably arranged. There is in it what I like most in the world-infinite detail, without
meretricious glitter. All whom I have heard discussing it up to the present are unanimously
agreed on its literary beauty and its tremendously real significance. It is a splendid thing to
have written a Romance from which History will borrow.'
POSTAGE EXTRA. AT ALL BOOKSTORES.
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY
681 Fifth Avenue, New York
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1918]
189
THE DIAL
OTHER IMPORTANT BOOKS
as
old ways.
THE SILENT WATCHERS
England's Navy During the Great War, What It Is and What We Owe It.
By Bennett Copplestone, Author of "The Lost Naval Papers."
Net, $2.00
At once a record, an explanation and an appreciation, this remarkable book affords the American reader
practically his first opportunity to realize the spirit and the meaning of that vast unsleeping power, the British
navy, and what it has meant to the world during the present war.
Mr. Çopplestone has had access to high sources of information, his facts are above question and his
interpretative and narrative powers are both so unusual to make this volume not only stimulating and
absorbing as a story, but a real landmark in naval literature.
THE NEAR EAST FROM WITHIN
Net, $5.00
This astonishing book contains the revelations which the anonymous author, supposedly a highly placed
German diplomat, has felt it his duty to the world to make concerning the vast underhand machinations of the
Kaiser with regard to the Balkans, Turkey and Egypt during the past twenty years.
The book on its first issue in America was suddenly withdrawn from circulation for reasons never yet
clearly explained; but its present publishers feel the time has now come when it is right and just that the
reading public should have before them the important information the book contains.
FURTHER INDISCRETIONS
Net, $5.00
By a Woman of No Importance, author of "Memories Discreet and Indiscreet."
"There are not enough indiscretions," was the only criticism levelled at “Memories Discreet and Indiscreet,"
one of the most successful volumes of reminiscences of recent years. “A Woman of No Importance" therefore
decided to be more indiscreet.
Among those who appear in the pages of her new volume are Queen Victoria, Queen Alexandra, King Edward
VII, the Duke of Connaught, Cardinal Vaughan, Archbishop Temple, Lord Brampton, “Old 0," Mr. A. J. Balfour,
Mrs. Langtry, the ubiquitous German Emperor, Joseph Chamberlain, Henry Labouchere-- to name only a few.
GENERAL FOCH AT THE MARNE BRITAIN AFTER THE PEACE
By Charles Le Goffic.
Net, $2.00 Revolution or Reconstruction.
With sixteen illustrations and a map.
By Brougham Villiers.
Net, $2.50
An account of the fighting in and near the Marshes Boston Post says:-"Mr. Villiers, like most of the
of Saint-Gond, with particular attention to the part clear sighted men who are peering into the future,
played by General Foch, in command of the Ninth Army doesn't see the world settling comfortably back into its
at the Battle of the Marne. The translator's preface
containing a short account of General Foch's career,
will be read with keen interest at the present time. The
Too much has happened to it, altogether too much.
author collected his information from the inhabitants of
He believes that we have to face a complete revolution
the district of which he writes, during a stay at the
in all our accustomed ways of looking at life. But he
village of Villevenard in the Summer of 1916.
thinks that if we are big enough to grapple with our
He
describes with much animation, personal detail and care.
problems fearlessly, we can have a bloodless revolution
that will make life fairer for the many than it was in
fulness, the nature of the operations which centered
1913.
round the decisive moment of the great battle, which
His clearly put ideas about demobilization, in-
was possibly the turning point of the whole war. His
dustrial control, taxation, land holdings and foreign
story is tense with the repressed excitement which is
policies of States, will be stimulating to all readers who
natural to a poet dealing with the supreme crisis of his
foresee great changes impending, but who are enough
country's history.
aware of history to realize that they cannot come except
through travail.
GIRLS' CLUBS
CREATIVE IMPULSE IN INDUSTRY
Their Organization and Management.
By Helen J. Ferris.
Net, $2.00
By Helen Marot.
Net, $1.50
N. Y. Tribune says:-"A work of inestimable interest
Detroit News says:"Among the genuine forward.
and practical profit to all real, live, red-blooded girls,
looking, books on the problems of the reconstruction
while perhaps it might prove the salvation of those of the
period is Helen Marot's 'Creative Impulse in Industry.'”.
other kind; and it will be of scarcely less value to their
The book contains only four chapters and one idea-
elders who are concerned in their physical, mental, moral
but it's a big idea: "How is the industrial efficiency neces-
and social welfare."
sary to America after the war to be produced and main-
tained without Prussianizing the workers?”
MUNICIPAL HOUSECLEANING
AMERICAN PROBLEMS OF
By Wm. Parr Capes and Jeanne D. Carpenter.
RECONSTRUCTION
Introduction by Hon. Cornelius F. Burnes. Net, $6.00
Richmond Times-Dispatch says: “There is not a Cham-
Edited by Elisha M. Friedman. In Press Net, $5.00
ber of Commerce, Rotary Club, Woman's Club, Municipal "A symposium to which have contributed many of the
League or civic organization of any kind in all the United best known economic, financial and sociological experts of
States but will find information, advice, suggestion, coun the United States.' Among them are: Frank Vanderlip,
sel of the sort they constantly need in Municipal House who writes on "National Thrift"; Prof. Irving Fisher,
cleaning. Mr. Capes has given to the book the wisdom who has two articles, "The Rate of Interest” and “Stand-
and experience he has gained in his successful work as ardizing the Dollar"; Charles M. Schwab, who considers
head of the State Bureau of Municipal Information and "Factors in the Readjustment of Our Industries," dealing
has made it entirely practical by his knowledge of the with the subject under the three heads of “Plants,
questions which have come to his bureau from cities, “Steel," and "Chemicals." Other well known men have
towns and villages all over the State."
contributed articles on other phases of the problem.
FAR AWAY AND LONG AGO. An Autobiographical Record
By W. H. Hudson.
In Press Net, $2.50
A fascinating record of the famous naturalist's life, beginning at the earliest days, and carrying on the
story to full maturity. The story is written with striking simplicity and with a charm which will make instant
appeal to readers of all tastes.
POSTAGE EXTRA. AT ALL BOOKSTORES.
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY
681 Fifth Avenue, New York
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190
(September 19
THE DIAL
New Crowell Books
LARSON, CHRISTIAN D.
BLANCHON, G.
The New WARFARE. Translated by Fred Roth HEALING YOURSELF.
well. An exposition of all the forces which have
A practical book,
Net, $1.00
been brought into play in the present war, and a
forecast, based on the transformations now in progress,
of the forms which war may assume in the future. LEAR, EDWARD
12mo,
Net, $1.50
THE BOOK OF NONSENSE. Complete one volume,
with illustrations by the author.
12mo,
Net, $0.50
CHITWOOD, OLIVER PERRY
THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE GREAT WAR. A digest
A digest LINDSAY, FORBES
of the published correspondence of the Powers.
А
Revised edition. 12mo,
EVERY-DAY EFFICIENCY. course which takes up
Net, $1.50
suggestion, concentration, worry, poise, memory, hy-
giene, exercise, records, plans, standardizing, etc., by
the Superintendent of School for Salesmen, Pacific
FARROW, EDWARD S.
Mutual Life Ins. Co. 12mo,
Net, $1.25
DICTIONARY OF MILITARY TERMS. Contains 12,000 war
words, abbreviations, insignia, etc. Printed on bible McFEE, INEZ N.
paper, and bound in flexible waterproof cloth, round
corners, and sprinkled edges. Pocket size, Net, $2.50 LITTLE TALES OF COMMON THINGS. Will help children
to use their eyes and ears.
8vo, illustrated,
Net, $1.25
FOXCROFT, FRANK (Editor)
McSPADDEN, J. WALKER
WAR VERSE. A choice collection of poetry of real
merit. Very few of the poems here represented have Famous Ghost STORIES. The best tales of mystery
appeared in book form.
issued in attractive form, and comprising the well-
12mo, flexible cloth, gilt top,
Net, $1.25 known stories of Poe, Dickens, Irving, O'Brien,
12mo, flexible leather, gilt top, boxed, Net, $2.00
DeFoe, etc., with frontispiece.
12mo, flexible cloth
Net, $1.25
FRASER, CHELSEA CURTIS MARDEN, ORISON SWETT
THE Boy HIKERS; or Doing Their Bit for Uncle Sam. Thrift. The American people need this book.
A book for wide-awake boys. Illustrated. 8vo.
12mo,
Net, $0.75
Net, $1.25
Love's Way. Dr. Marden's latest message.
12mo, cloth,
Net, $1.25
GRIFFIS, WILLIAM E.
SABIN, EDWIN L.
DUTCH FAIRY TALES. Characteristic tales of old Hol.
land, related by the author of "Brave Little Holland." ON THE OVERLAND STAGE, or Terry as a King Whip
A few of the titles are: "Why the Stork Loves Hol Cub. A story of the route from Missouri to Salt
land," "The Princess with Twenty Petticoats," "The
Lake in 1861-1865.
Boy Who Wanted More Cheese,' etc.
Illustrated, 8vo,
Net, $1.25
Illustrated. 8vo,
Net, $1.25
SPYRI, JOHANNA
JONES, HENRY WARE
LITTLE Miss GRASSHOPPER. Translated by Helen B.
Dole. Illustrated in color by Charles Copeland. The
SAFE AND UNSAFE DEMOCRACY. A timely, important, scene of this pretty story is in the Gemmi Pass in the
and profound work. 8vo,
Net, $2.00 Alps.
8vo,
Net, $0.50
LAMB, CHARLES AND MARY
STEVENSON, ROBERT L.
TALES FROM SHAKESPEARE, Large type edition, with
16 illustrations in color.
A Child's GARDEN OF VERSES. Illustrated by Merrill.
12mo,
Net, $0.50
8vo,
Net, $2.00
WARNER, AMOS G.
LEONARD, NELLIE M.
AMERICAN CHARITIES.
LIMPY TOES' ATTIC Home. Tells of the experiences
Revised Edition,
Net, $2.50
of the hero as head mouse of the house in trying to
look after the whole family in the absence of Gran-
daddy and Uncle Squeaky while attending a Mouse
WINES, F. H.
Convention.
PUNISHMENT AND REFORMATION.
Illustrated,
Net, $0.50 Revised Edition,
Net, $2.00
.
Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New York
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1918]
191
THE DIAL
THE BOOK OF THE YEAR
By ARTHUR HENDERSON, M.P.
The
IRELAND AIMS of LABOUR
A STUDY IN NATIONALISM
By
FRANCIS'HACKETT
“Probably the most epoch-marking if not
epoch-making document that has ever been
given to the world, not excepting the Magna
Charta, or the Declaration of Independence.
Never, indeed, since the greatest labor-leader
of all ages issued his manifesto to the rulers of
Egypt on behalf of the oppressed Israelites,
have the privileged classes been addressed in
terms so peremptory and unmistakable and in
language so well adapted to their understand-
ing.”-ALEXANDER MACKENDRICK in The Public.
Including full text of "Inter-Allied Labour War Aims"
and "Labour and the New Social Order,"
$1.00 (weight 1 lb.).
"The Irish question”-long distorted and
misunderstood, is here stated with clarity
and eloquence. Prejudice and hatred
have ever obscured the issues; this book
will inform the seeker after truth, guide
those charged with responsibility and
confound the enemies of real democracy.
Americans may now judge the case on its
merits.
Causes, consequences and remedies are
presented; the various aspects of the
problem-economic, religious_and na-
tionalistic Ulster, Sinn Fein, the
Church, are disclosed in true perspective.
The government, the education, the agri-
culture and commerce of Ireland, past
and present, pass before the reader. The
book, in a word, is the answer to the
Irish question.
$2.00 (weight 2 lbs.).
By VAN WYCK BROOKS
LETTERS SS
LEADERSHIP
Has our idealism broken down? Are we
the victims of commercialism? Is Young
America spiritually anarchistic? Is our cre-
ative life sapped by an economic system that
makes our criticism a failure? What is lack-
ing in our thinking and in our thinkers?
The author answers these questions in a
provocative work that presents an American
ideal and indicates the path that leads to it.
$1.00 (weight 1 lb.).
HORIZONS
A BOOK OF CRITICISM
By
FRANCIS HACKETT
This book groups the work of ten years.
It has a new introduction, five essays on
Wells, two on Samuel Butler, three on
Bennett, six on American plays, seven
on the war. Most of the fifty essays have
appeared in The New Republic.
"A critical spirit singularly inquisitive and un-
inhibited; honest and susceptible; poetic, pliant,
adventurous. This is criticism uncommonly
fine figured and acute."-LAWRENCE GILMAN in
North American Review.
$2.00 (weight 2 lbs.).
By LUDWIG LEWISOHN
The POETS of
MODERN FRANCE
A notable contribution to the spiritual his-
tory of modern France; the new poetry and
the new criticism.
Part I. A critical and philosophical account
of the poetry of modern France.
Part II. Translations preserving the
original metre, savor and style-of sixty poems
by the most distinguished poets of Belgium
and France. A general bibliography and
sketches of the poets.
"Any book that will make available the his-
tory and development of modern French poetry
since Baudelaire, Mallarmé and Verlaine,
should be eagerly welcomed."—New York
Evening Post.
$1.50 (weight 1 lb.).
Good booksellers can supply you immediately.
If you prefer buying of the publisher books will be sent c. o. d. un-
less you remit (including parcel post charge) with order. Weights
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[September 19
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THE DIAL
VOLUME LXV
No. 773
SEPTEMBER 19, 1918
CONTENTS
.
.
.
.
Poilu, WHAT ARE YOU FIGHTING
FOR?
Henri Barbusse
. 197
PEANUTS
Verse
Mary Carolyn Davies . 200
JAMES Joyce
Scofield Thayer
. 201
ABSENCE
Verse
John Hall Wheelock . . 203
OUR LONDON LETTER
Edward Shanks
. 204
The IMPOTENCE OF AMERICAN Cul-
TURE.
George Donlin. . 205
THE NEW HOPE IN INDUSTRY
Robert B. Wolf
. 207
GIOTTO AND SOME OF His FOLLOWERS Bayard Boyesen . 209
New BOTTLE, BUT OLD WINE
Hartley B. Alexander .211
LIBERALISM RESTATED
V. T. Thayer
. 213
THE MORTALITY OF MAGIC
Conrad Aiken.
. 214
The RELEGATION OF GOD
Randolph Bourne . . 215
BRIEFS ON New BOOKS
. 216
The Desert.—The Hive.-The Negro in Literature and Art.-Use Your Govern-
ment.-Russia in Upheaval.—The Joys of Being a Woman.-Studies in the
History of Ideas.-Metaphysics of the Supernatural as Illustrated by Descartes.-
Idea and Essence in the Philosophies of Hobbes and Spinoza.–Karma.—The
Eclipse of Russia.—The Theory and Practice of Mysticism.-Problems of
Mysticism and Its Symbolism.-William Penn, Founder of Pennsylvania.—The
Roots of the War.-From Shakespeare to 0. Henry.
NOTES ON New FICTION
. 222
Second Youth.—Boone Stop:-Jamesie.—The Rough Road.-Salt, or the Educa-
tion of Griffith Adams.-Khaki.—The Golden Bird.
CASUAL COMMENT
.224
SELECTIVE FALL ANNOUNCEMENT LIST
.226
Notes AND News
. 236
LIST OF New BOOKS
. 238
.
.
GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN, Editor
HAROLD E. STEARNS, Associate
Contributing Editors
CONRAD AIKEN
VAN WYCK BROOKS
H. M. KALLEN
RANDOLPH BOURNE
PADRAIC COLUM
CLARENCE BRITTEN
ROBERT DELL
HENRY B. FULLER
SCOFIELD THAY
The DIAL (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published weekly from the first week in
October to the last week in June inclusive; monthly in July and August; semi-monthly in
September. Yearly subscription $3.00 in advance, in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Foreign subscriptions $3.50 per year.
Entered as Second-Class matter at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., August 3, 1918, under
the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1918, by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc.
Published by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc., Martyn Johnson, President; Willard C. .
Kitchel, Secretary-Treasurer, at 152 West Thirteenth Street, New York, N. Y.


196
(September 19
THE DIAL
$1.75
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By Amy LOWELL. New poems of origi-
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ISRAEL
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WITH GOD IN THE WAR
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THE DIAL
A Journal of Criticism and Discussion of Literature and the Arts
Poilu, What Are You Fighting For?
a
I.
This criticism is the noblest of all
What are you fighting for?
achievements that our minds are capable
"You are fighting for this and for that!
of accomplishing here below. The great-
No, for that!” cry some. “You
est thinkers have thus begun their tasks.
are fighting for nothing," whisper others.
We can undertake it without any phrases
You are fighting for something which is
and without any philosophical formulæ :
not what many are trying to promulgate.
sincerity and an upright and clear mind are
You are fighting for justice, for the libera-
alone necessary. Your mind, O Poilu, is
tion of man, and for that alone.
upright and clear. Go and commune with
We must make intelligible to you the yourself.
In the abstract chaos which surrounds
reasons for your sacrifice and your suffer-
ings. You have the right to know; it is
you you will find acquired notions. They
our duty to speak. We must give you this
do not arise from your very heart; you
explanation, to you who give up your life;
have accepted them through docility. You
and the cries of the wounded and the wail-
believe in them because people have told
ing of the mutilated also demand a reply
you to believe in them in the past and in
worthy of their misery; and, furthermore,
the present. Their only authority, their
we owe it to the silent and exacting faces
only proof, is that they have existed.
of the dead.
This is not a sufficient reason. Free
But in order to know, you must make
yourself of the so-called truths which, im-
personal effort, not only with
palpable by themselves, are imposed upon
intelli-
your
gence but with your will. The light which you like a kind of heritage. Be not im-
you need is not a sensational revelation pressed by the names which disguise these
from without. It comes from within. great or petty prejudices, or by the stately
Truth is within you: it is in your mind and
pomp which adorns them. "Traditions,"
your conscience. You must disentangle it
you will be told. “They are the sacred
there—help yourself. You were born and traditions, the national traditions,” they
will add.
you have grown up in a world where ideas,
notions, and principles are confused. You
Thrust them aside if they are sheer tra-
hear them buzzing; you see them twine ditions, even if you have formerly wor-
about you. In this forest search for what shiped them. They are senseless and
is evident, absolute, and firm; and of all deadly words. Progress is the power we
truths seek for the greatest and the purest, have to free ourselves from those tempta-
those whence the others flow. Thoughts, tions. Slavery, bondage, and torture were
impulses, sentiments, beliefs, faith—take in the national traditions of the nations
each of these moral springs, examine it, which have abolished them. Revolt
scrutinize it, verify its authenticity. Trace against the submissive, the blind, the deaf
back, with your intelligence—with your and dumb obedience of the past. Do not
own intelligence, mind you--the effects to accept that command which directs you to
the causes, and go on from principle to turn your back upon the future and retro-
principle until you reach what is indisput- grade. Learn to hate the word “tradi-
able and forces itself upon you. Make a tion"; some day you will understand that
fresh survey of yourself and of others. it is the deadly disease of society.
Begin again, if necessary, with a magnifi You will find in your inmost heart latent
cent integrity.
instincts which agitate you and wish at


198
[September 19
THE DIAL.
times to drive you along a certain path. The supreme underlying principle which
Distrust the prestige that we willingly we cannot transgress without lying or de-
grant to our instincts. The sophists make ceiving is the moral law.
great use of them. But all the low in-
stincts of barbarity are dormant within
II.
us. Hatred, envy, murder, and plunder
are hidden away in the depths of the most
You will be told that this moral law is
civilized souls. Attempts will be made to not primordial, that it emanates from di-
transform in your eyes, for the needs of vine law and religious faith. This is not
the cause, some of these deceptive figments true. It is religion, or rather the disunited
into holy and respectable symbols, pre-
and whimsical family of religions, which
viously transmitted by the generations emanate from the moral law-and they
whence you come and which suggest to you only resemble one another through what
the path to be followed. Tear yourself they have in common with it.
away from this trap. Besides, the passion The moral law is in an absolute and
per-
and love for an idea must be born of the fect way the law of general interest; more
idea, and never the idea of the passion. precisely, it is the law of human grouping
You will hear resound within you the in all its extent and infinity. It implies al-
echoes of big words. Beware of big ways and everywhere, under diverse
words. They sometimes give shelter, in forms, the sacrifice of the individual to
a dazzling and noisy way, either to bad in society.
stincts or to bad prejudices. Distrust also Its necessity and its form are confused
what is written; do not believe improved in some degree with its reality. It is self-
words. Be the judge of what you read and sufficient.
of what you hear. Distrust politicians; It has been enforced by certain so-called
distrust learned specialists, and minute his “revealed” truths in order to impose upon
torians, and the votaries of documents childlike peoples and the children of the
hypnotized by hobbies for particular cases, people. This theatrical subterfuge, as-
and lawyers, and diplomats, and in gen- suming that it was useful to humanity at
eral all those who compile isolated facts. certain periods, is no longer admissible to-
Judge events only according to their day. You will still hear people say, “The
ultimate consequences.
Distrust immedi masses must have a religion.” Thrust
ate advantages which hide future disad- aside this blasphemy against truth.
vantages, and immediate objects, and No, religion is not necessary.
Even
everything that is seen closely. Think of though religions are not destroyed when
what you still do not see, and even of what examined by an uncontaminated mind, be-
you will perhaps never see!
cause of their multiplicity and their recip-
Distrust people. We have a tendency rocal hostility it is dangerous to give them
to associate a doctrine with a
a voice in the conduct of man, for they
whether it be a man of whom we hear are absurd and disputable, and what is
others speak or some one close by whom grounded on them is imperiled and threat-
we know—and the doctrine is strongly
ened by their frailty.
colored by the sympathy or the reprobation The religions also present another dan-
that this person inspires, or else by his ger. Very pure in their historic beginning,
talent, and even by his mediocrity and ig- when they sprang forth from the hearts
It is a shortcoming of reason.
and minds of their sublime founders, they
Mind you avoid it. Distinguish always, have in the end changed completely in the
always, between men and their ideas. hands of their priests; they have become
When you have achieved this task of
the tools of a very definite social propa-
reflecting upon facts, arguments, theses, ganda; they have changed into political
systems, thrusting aside everything that parties with characteristic policies. Look
seems to you doubtful and ill-founded, you about you, everywhere. Read two opposed
will attain that grand and simple thing journals; listen to two speakers. You will
which is the bed rock of everything else. observe that the religious party is always,
man-
norance.


1918]
199
THE DIAL
without any exception, with the block of an equal right to live. And from all this
reaction and retrogression—for the simple there will emerge the vision of the re-
reason that religion lives on authority and public; then of a great republic composed
not on enlightenment: blind acquiescence of all the others.
and bondage, which she calls “order," must
needs maintain her position; besides, her
III.
representatives have a personal interest to
watch over the temporal privileges and There was a time when this ideal was
advantages that are contrary to the libera- only to be found in some individual con-
tion of the masses.
sciences-lost in the darkness and error of
It is thus, after having swept from your the social rest.
the social rest. Now it is no longer thus.
mind all kinds of artificial dogmas and The triumph of moral and social truth is
fragments of dogmas deposited in you, the being realized with a kind of fatality. A
unfounded affirmations that a long im- universal light is dawning. The people are
punity rendered venerable, or that indiffer- getting rid of old régimes which lived on
ence, mechanical imitation, laziness of them and laid them waste. There is no
mind, or timidity permitted to vegetate, longer in this world a single personal and
that you attain the undefiled moral law. absolute power. The impetus of demoli-
Stick to this magnificent ideal. Do not tion imparted by the French Revolution,
swerve from it. Make it your dream, your the magnificent and ineffaceable glory of
fancy, your passion. You will no longer our country, continues as the men with
be able to err; you are on the path of open eyes become more and more numer-
truth.
ous. We no longer want those obscurely
As a reward for your intellectual loyalty accepted tyrannies where thought was sub-
-it must be constant and active—you will merged for ages and ages. The world is
see the great eternal axioms unfold them- eradicating its errors; it is growing sound.
selves clearly, and the notion of justice will Everywhere man is astounded, then wear-
appear to you as beautiful as the light of ied, then angered, for having so long
day. You will see and feel that it is ab- stupidly upheld—without realizing it-
surd, in the light of the moral law, to pre- ideas with no particle of truth in them.
tend that one man has more rights than Well, great forces had begun to set up
another, to attribute to birth a privilege of against the progress which was taking pos-
domination; and you will see how wrong it session of the world. The most irreducible
is to impose upon the world petty interests one was the imperialism and nationalism
—that is, personal interests, or those of a quartered in the heart of Europe.
small class to the detriment of a larger Germany wanted to secure the material
class, and a fortiori to the detriment of the power of world-wide empire. This pre-
whole of society.
tention is contrary to eternal law, and in-
You will ascertain that, if it is necessary admissible. Before the invader and his
and divine to be just, it is just to say that appalling doctrine you have set up your
all men are equal before the social law, barricade and your bosom. Your cause is
that they all have the right to participate just and holy.
in the government of a society to which You are fighting against nationalism-
they have bound their destiny by a kind of which is the egotism of a nation run wild.
contract. You will know that in spite of
But, hold! Nationalism is raging every-
the sophistry of the ignorant, or the apish- where. Not only does it exist in the lair
ness of the pedants, or the bawling of the you are storming now, and where, indeed,
liars and antics, or the maneuvers of the it is in the clutches of a preponderant caste
hypocritical pettifoggers who put aside the and has the power of law, but it is also all
main issue and embrace indirect questions around you.
and points of detail—you will know that It is not exclusive to Germany. It also
universal suffrage is the only truly just has crept into France-less official and
form of government, and moreover that feudal, and more scattered, indeed, but yet
all nations are so many individuals having alive, fierce, sinister, captious, and hypo-


200
[September 19
THE DIAL
You
critical, having gathered and jumbled to have for your country with all its noble,
gether all our prejudices and all our blus. great, and beautiful treasures, you will
tering phrases. It attempts to bereave you serve better—and more efficaciously be-
once more of your liberty, your mind, and cause more lastingly—by making her the
your heart by all the artifices of the past, champion of law and justice and of the
pranked out in new formulæ, by which per- divine equality of mankind. Justice above
haps you yourself, in former days when everything else.
you did not deign to reflect and look into Those who are on the other side—I do
the heart of things, were beguiled by not speak only of the other side of the
some catchword or other. This nation- border-will challenge your saying that
alism is now becoming more complicated, you love France. They pretend to monop-
more complete, in accordance with the un olize patriotism in behalf of their narrow,
bridled rage of logic and militarism. paltry, Utopian, and anarchic programme.
Unravel this entanglement and cut the But with regard to treating outrageously
knots. Repeat to yourself this common as "men without a country' those who are
sense view: French nationalism is not honest, logical, and matter-of-fact, those
worth more than pan-Germanism and all who realize that all progress in labor,
the “pans” in the world. Lay low German science, and art, in the prosperity and well-
militarism, not in order to substitute your being of the living, must be based on a com-
own, or to destroy Germany, but in order plete international solidarity—no!
to do away with militarism. You are the will laugh at the jumbling of hollow
liberator who kills the tyrant in order to phrases, but you will rise against these
kill tyranny. You are not the assassin who falsifiers.
kills in order to take the tyrant's place. This is what you are fighting for, Poilu.
To the revolting and oppressive cry of For a magnificent booty; not the one you
“Deutschland euber alles" you must reply put into your pocket or that you take from
by saying, “No!” and not by bawling corpses; not either for a wretched premium
"France d'abord!"
or gratuity, or for plunder and conquest,
These two cries equally tear asunder the or for a crime that is not excusable be-
commandment of human solidarity and cause the epithet “collective” is pinned to
authorize all the other peoples to spread, it. No! you are fighting for justice, good-
from their corners, the same clamor of
ness, and beauty, and—in fine-for labor
disorder the world over. They are im- and the happiness and prosperity of all.
moral, therefore socially absurd and in- Ever uphold and maintain this ideal. You
capable of enduring. They mean per have the right to have and manifest your
petual war, an increasing avalanche of opinion in the immense tragedy where you
ruins, and the disappearance of mankind have paid for your place. It is a holy task
in the charnel house.
for the writers to tell you what you are
mother. Wish her great, noble, rich and fighting for. What you have fought for,
O invincible people—you very soon will
prosperous. But do not place her above
shout it, rising undivided.
justice and the moral law. You have no
more right to bawl
bawl to
to the
the world,
HENRI BARBUSSE.
“France d'abord!" than to proclaim
“Moi d'abord !” or “Les miens d'abord !"
Peanuts
Remember: all men are equal, and all
nations are equal. It may come to pass
We have made cages
that the interest of a powerful country
Around all our emotions
is to act in disaccord with justice;
And we walk,
but, in reality, we have not even
Quite safely,
In the zoo in which we have put them,
interest in violating the primordial com-
And feed them
mandment: the advantage acquired by
Peanuts.
these means is short-lived. This love you
MARY CAROLYN DAVIES.
an


1918]
201
THE DIAL
James Joyce
Stephen Dedalus, the hero of “A Por- does but enhance our pleasure: it is good
trait of the Artist as a Young Man," de to know that a mind so crammed with the
sires to try out all possible means of ex- impertinences of modern city life as the
pression. Whether or not the somewhat creator of "Dubliners" can yet achieve the
scattered personality of this hero be a liquid grace of a less handicapped age.
child wholly after his father's heart, at This collection of short stories published
any rate Mr. Joyce himself is publicly try- under the title “Dubliners" is certainly Mr.
ing out his own mettle in the short story, Joyce's finest piece of work; indeed I
the novel, the Elizabethan lyric, and the should not know where to go for their bet-
Ibsenesque drama. The most recent of ters. The title is a very appropriate one,
his publications in this country is “Exiles, for these stories are not so much narra-
a prose play in three acts. The scene is tives of events as they are evolvements of
laid in the suburbs of Dublin and the im- character. To be sure, these people of
portant characters are of the upper class. Joyce are not painted as standing still for
The play appears to be intended to illus our perusal of their complicated linea-
trate a problem and perhaps to throw-light ments; they are caught, so to speak, on
upon it; the question however is so intri- the wing, and the portrait is the more suc-
cate that I for one am quite unable to fol- cessful for this fact. In the changing light
low even the speeches of the characters, and shadow of their veering flight we are
still less to fathom the author's own in- able to look them over pretty thoroughly,
tention or conclusion. The problem is the and Mr. Joyce sees to it that we look to
seasoned one of marriage and freedom, · the right place at the right time. Judged
but just what takes place and why and what from Aristotle's point of view, the vague
the upshot of it all is does not emerge from plots of these stories are so unsymmetrical
the emotional scenes and the final disin as to be definite malformations: they are
tegration of the protagonist. On the stage, the hunchbacks of fiction. Yet the sparse
which stops for no man, this drama would incidents that make them up are casual only
be an impregnable puzzle; and even when in their relations to each other and to the
it is held fast on the printed page, hope. rest of incidental, practical life; they are
lessly conflicting solutions vie with one uncannily, indicative, even ratiocinative,
another. Next time Mr. Joyce would do when rightly taken for what they are-
well to try his hand at exegesis and to take media for the expression of character.
this play as his subject.
There is therefore almost no plot
“Chamber Music" is—all but the in- tension; and however much we may sympa-
tensely contemporary and distinguished thize with certain of the characters, curi-
final poem—a remarkably perfect echo of osity as to the outcome of the predicament
the best in early seventeenth century is scarcely awakened. As in some dreams,
prosody. These little songs are so inti we ourselves are unaccountably detached
mately alluring that no one but a school-
not only from the incidents narrated but
master would cavil at their harping upon also from practical interest of every kind.
one note, and that the secular one of court. With an hypnotic attention we perceive
eous-mannered love.
these characters evolve and our whole will
And I but render and confess
is so strangely absorbed in their contempla-
The malice of thy tenderness
tion that otherwise we neither wonder nor
disarms all strictures that might be made
desire. When Eveline, in sight of the boat
upon the futility of repeating an already that should bear her lover and herself to
deviously explored manner. After all,
America, grips with both hands the iron
when we see a beautiful face we do not
savor it the less because we have loved one
*By James Joyce: "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young
like it before. Indeed in the case of these
(1917; $i.50), “Dubliners" (1917; $1.50), “Exiles :
A Play in Three Acts" (1918; $1)-all published by B. W.
lyrics our reminiscence of earlier pipings
Huebsch-and "Chamber Music" (1918; $1), published by
Man
the Cornhill Co., Boston.


202
(September 19
THE DIAL
railing of the pier, her soul at odds, unable trophic disease of puberty. We who had
to move, we do not question what the out first read “Dubliners" smiled at Mr.
come will be, far less do we wish
upon
her
Huebsch's advertisement on the wrapper
the happiness of either going or staying; of the "Portrait": we looked for better
like her we are wholly passive. This does things from James Joyce than an “account
not mean that our emotions are unmoved. which would enable us to understand the
On the contrary, our hearts as well as our forces—social, political, religious—that
minds are roused to an unusual tense activ animate Ireland today.” We said to our-
ity. Controlled by the genius of Mr. Joyce, selves, “There are some shopmen who
the short story is an art not less pure than would advertise Keats's 'Hyperion' as to
music: we do not ask how the piece will be read for tips on real estate in a select
end, still less that it should end sunnily; vale.” After we have read this book we
that our emotions and our imaginations feel the publisher was not without shreds
are so proudly stirred gives us a profound of justification. Although it is the relig-
content.
ious passages, rising in the middle of the
The people of Mr. Joyce are for the book to so shrill a pitch, which convince
most part not less casual than the tales in us least and to which indeed we remain
which they figure. More obviously flotsam the cold students Mr. Huebsch addresses,
even than the majority of mankind, they nevertheless the preacher's exhortation is
are yet almost at home on the shifting, so well reproduced that, scoffers as we
contradictory currents of their life. Casual are, we yet do fall half in love with this
in soul, they are casual too in manners and brilliant hell, and feel once again that at
in dress. They sidle through the stale any rate as an æsthetic phenomenon the
streets, and they wear yachting caps, and concept is quite justifiable.
those pushed far back. They are not This particular passage is also interest-
markedly discontented in their element, ing as an example of what good old pitch-
and like fishes in the yellow waters of an fork rhetoric Mr. Joyce can on occasion
ill-kept aquarium they gravely drift before throw. For in his prose style the intelli-
( us. They exhibit now one side, now the gent Irishman is not less protean than in
other, and with a sad shamelessness they his flittings among literary genres. Beside
keep back nothing. At the last we are re this God-given buncombe of the priest,
minded that they are not fishes: we are there is the pre-prandial conversation in
aware of their body smells.
the Dedalus household, so delicately
The “Portrait of the Artist as a Young reminiscent of Thackeray, and most every-
Man" is, paradoxically, less a portrait than where else in the novel, as in all of “Dub-
these stories in “Dubliners.!! Ostensibly liners," that singular, spare, athletic
and successfully the biography of a young phraseology which is perhaps the most dis-
man of sensitive imagination bent upon
the
tinguished achievement of this author.
difficult career of letters, it is yet primarily While the limber quality of Joyce's speech
a cross-section of contemporary Irish mid- is most peculiarly apposite in dialogue, yet
dle-class life. When the boy is at home,
it is so overpoweringly an Irish one that illustrated by a paragraph in which De-
his clear, nervous language is not less well
we almost forget home and boy together
in the glory of this immense gulp of Celtic
dalus, whom we may surely take at least
domesticity. When fate submits poor
here as the mouthpiece of our author, re-
Stephen to the smooth, disagreeable ma-
flects to himself upon his enforced use of
chinery of boarding-school, the pallid boy
our Anglo-Saxon tongue :
is easily lost sight of against the highly The language in which we are speaking is his
coloured Jesuitical background. Even in
before it is mine. How different are the words home,
the latter half of the book, where the
Christ, ale, master, on his lips and on mine! I can-
not speak or write these words without unrest of
harsh insistence of sex replaces the home spirit. His language, so familiar and so foreign, will
and school interest, we almost forget the
always be for me an acquired speech. I have not
made or accepted its words. My voice holds them
patient, so intent are we upon this catas at bay. My soul frets in the shadow of his language.


1918]
203
THE DIAL
Afraid that it was some disease.
Reading these lithe sentences it is not easy habitual life—that vague, tepid river of
to commiserate with so gifted an alien. consciousness to which only our ephemeral
The last pages of the “Portrait” are in moments of real will or appetite can give
the form of a diary and written in a style coherence. Joyce succeeds in this under-
jotty and spasmodic. If we look back we taking to a remarkable degree. The chief
find something similar in the paragraphs fault of this method is its jerkiness, pecu-
picturing the sensations and thoughts of liarly inapt to interpret the calm flow of
the boy Stephen ill in the school infirmary: our sensations merging so noiselessly one
into another. Some of us feel it a pity that
The face and the voice went away. Sorry because
he was afraid.
he who could write the strangely sinuous
Canker was a disease of plants and cancer one of final pages of "The Dead" should now
animals: or another different. That was a long time
have adopted so different a medium. But
ago then out on the playgrounds in the evening light,
creeping from point to point on the fringe of his
there is a time for all things.
line, a heavy bird Aying low through the grey light. The Ireland of this "Dubliners" is a
Leicester Abbey lit up. Wolsey died there. The
abbots buried him themselves.
long shot from the land of legend and of
This style, suggestive fancifully at least of poetry; for Joyce, despite his own verses,
pointillist painting, is a perfect expression raptures as in this life we do attain. The
is persistently occupied with such muddy
of the mood of the sick boy. But a novel
written in this jerky way
creation of which he is author has gold in
becomes very
tir-
its teeth and walks not so much on feet as
ing, and that seems to be the case with Mr.
in decayed sport shoes. It is a world of
Joyce's “Ulysses," now appearing in “The battered derbies and bleared souls, where
Little Review." It has something in if there be gallants at all they are of the
common with not a few of Shakespeare's
sort who wait outside areaways for the
prose passages. But while the poet is in-
clined to employ this disconnected utter- Joyce exhibits the cynicism of a fine nature
sovereigns of amorous housemaids. Mr.
ance only for brief intervals set off between habituated but not subdued to the sordidity
the smooth periods of his verse, Joyce now
of our industrial civilization, and his
makes of it a narrative style. This is not pictures are too acrid not to persuade us
however, perverse.
For Shakespeare's of their truth. In the end we come un-
and naturally, except in rare instances of comfortably near feeling that human life
madmen and women who keep inns, speak
itself may be insolvent.
SCOFIELD THAYER.
connectedly; while Joyce's novel is really a
long inward soliloquy broken only by hap-
hazard small talk.
Absence
After comparing Joyce to impressionist
writers like Flaubert, Ezra Pound in his Moonlight is memory: now the sun
"Pavannes and Divisions" finds that he His radiant race in heaven has run,
excels most of the impressionist writers be- Backward he sheds from far away
cause of his more rigorous selection, be. The light of our lost yesterday.
cause of his exclusion of all unnecessary On the pillow where your head
detail.'' This is true of “Dubliners, Lay dreaming, on the empty bed
where each story is an imaginative entity, Falls the moonlight-on the walls
but in “Ulysses” Joyce is no longer an im- The lonely light of memory falls.
pressionist in the same way as Flaubert. Where it rested your pale hair
The great Frenchman did his best to depict Has left its print in moonlight, where
things as he saw them, and that is all the Your perfect loveliness did press
word "impressionist," at least in literature, Lingers a vanished loveliness.
heretofore implied. Joyce has become im- Gaunt in the moonlight the road lies
pressionist in a much more subtle sense. That took you from my longing eyes-
He gives us, especially in “Ulysses," the And one wide window, drenched with light,
streaming impressions, often only subcon- Stares out into the marble night.
sciously cognate' to one another, of our
JOHN Hall WHEELOCK.


204
[September 19
THE DIAL
Our London Letter
thing positive in him which powerfully affected
all who came into his neighborhood—something
It is now over three years since Rupert Brooke
which cannot be well explained in words, but an
died in the French hospital ship in the Levant; impression of which can still be gained from the
and after many delays a collected edition of his memories of those who knew him. It is small
poems, preceded by a long memoir by Mr. Ed wonder that his friends felt him to be always on
ward Marsh (Sidgwick & Jackson; 10/6), has
the point of turning this remarkable power into
at last been produced. On such an occasion it great poetry. What he did write gave them a
would be natural to attempt some estimate of good excuse for this view. But what was great in
his permanent poetic value; but I notice that with Brooke was not a talent waiting to be applied to
hardly any exceptions our reviewers have rather its proper use, but a talent which he exercised
conspicuously shirked this. I suspect that the fully and properly simply in being himself.
general belief in his greatness, even his potential
And Mr. Marsh has now preserved this finest
greatness, as a poet is rather waning; but that no aspect of Brooke's personality in a memoir that
one is particularly anxious to say so. If I am is really a model of its kind. Mr. Marsh will
right and this hesitation really exists, it is a pity not perhaps desire to be praised for having writ-
and it should be removed. For, on the one hand,
ten an essay of independent merit, a composition
it implies no disrespect to Brooke to say that
that would still be read with pleasure if Brooke
criticism lost its head at his death and proclaimed
had never been heard of or even if he had never
him greater than he was. On the other hand,
existed. Indeed if he had sought this kind of
there is no real reproach to criticism in suggest- triumph, if he had concerned himself with pro-
ing that it lost its head for a moment under the ducing a piece of good and vivid writing, he
influence of the extraordinary beauty and com-
would very likely never have achieved the suc-
pleteness of Brooke's short life.
cess that he made. It is from his complete
For if Brooke was not a great poet, not even
devotion to his subject that the merit of his
so near greatness as his contemporary Hecker,
memoir springs; and he gives us not merely a
who died a few months before him, he left a
record of Brooke, but the most complete evidence
memory which will preserve its charm as long that could be desired of the affection that Brooke
as any poetry could have done. And when I inspired in his friends. And friendship seems
appear to depreciate his work I do so only to
really to have been the main factor in his life.
exalt the man. In any other I should have praised There is nothing in the world like friendship [he
those verses unreservedly. Indeed this difficulty
Indeed this difficulty writes in a letter from Fiji). And there is no man
who has had such friends as I, so many, so fine, so
was always arising with Brooke, even during his various, so multiform, so prone to laughter, so strong
life. Those who knew him were often a little in affection, and so permanent, so trustworthy, SO
surprised at the fuss which those who did not
courteous, so stern with vices and so blind to faults or
folly, of such swiftness of mind and strength of body,
know him made about his poems; and they were so apt both to make jokes and to understand
themselves often accused of carping unnecessarily
them. Friendship is always exciting, and yet
always safe. There is no lust in it, and therefore no
at what the world knew best of him. But the
poison. It is cleaner than love, and older; for
truth is that Brooke himself was much more children and very old people have friends but they do
remarkable than anything he ever did.
not love.
It seemed that nature must have taken a holi There is only one criticism that can be made
day to finish this piece of work peculiarly well, to against this passage and that is that it is a little
discover what would happen to a man endowed self-conscious, a little reminiscent, indeed, of the
with every possible requirement for happiness. It manner of Mr. Belloc's essays. But Brooke's
was not merely that Brooke was extraordinarily self-consciousness was inevitable and was never
good to look at, though he was. But his most harmful to him. It never made him insincere; it
salient quality was the beauty, the happiness, the only made him, at worst, express what he really
sunniness of his temperament. Success—and he felt with rather more of a flourish than was en-
had amazing successes; he never really failed in tirely natural to him.
anything that mattered-never spoilt him. He As for the reminiscences of Mr. Belloc, that
was always quietly radiant with friendliness and too points to a factor in Brooke's life and to one
good humor, always essentially unaffected and that has not yet been remarked, so far as I know.
modest. But this attempt to define him with Brooke lay very much through the whole of his
adjectives will not do. He was more than life under Mr. Belloc's influence and was at no
friendly, unaffected, or modest. There was some pains to hide it. He used in private to recite


1918]
205
THE DIAL
He was
with immense gusto scandalous unpublished poems The Impotence of American
which purported to come from the master's pen
Culture
-one of these my memory still treasures, though
I should blush to transscribe it here, . And the
influence is fairly obvious in the verse which
LETTERS AND LEADERSHIP. By Van Wyck Brooks.
Huebsch ; $1.
Brooke pinned on a packet of food left by the
roadside:
Here is an attempt to assess our spiritual re-
serves as they stand at the moment. Now, every-
Two men left this bread and cake
For whomever finds to take.
body knows the type of book to which such at-
He and they will soon be dead.
tempts usually lead. It is ingrowing. It is
Pray for them that left this bread.
irritable and dismally self-conscious. It is a little
The hitherto unpublished pieces which appear priggish, I think, even when Matthew Arnold
in this volume—ten in all, excluding the frag- writes it. Inevitably it fails of its purpose, which
ments are not of very great interest. But there is to fill the natural man with a conviction of
are lines and notes for what he called "an ode- original sin. What it really fills him with is an
threnody" on England, which suggest that it inarticulate rage which sours finally into the
might have been his finest poem. He himself obscenity that is only the vindication of his man-
described the line "In Avons of the heart her hood. Such books rest on a theory which a more
rivers run" as "lovely," and probably others will humane outlook has long rendered obsolete. Cul-
agree with him. Again he writes:
ture is exhibited as a delicate exotic, flourishing-
She is with all we have loved and found and known
when it does flourish-in a soil prepared by the
Closed in the little nowhere of the brain.
decay of all our instincts and natural impulses.
I confess that I am still doubtful whether
Its virtue, like that of medieval religion, lies in
Brooke would ever have attained what could its power of coercing the primitive brute. Mr.
properly be called greatness as a poet. He wrote
Brooks assumes that we have outgrown all that.
several fine,
very very true poems; and these frag-
It is his distinction that he has written a book
ments attest that he would have written others. about culture that is immensely readable, pro-
But why should he have done more?
vocative, and sane; and he has done it by aban-
what he was.
A great man who saw him once
doning the type altogether. What he offers us is
said that it really would not be fair if he could
a free examination of the American mind as it is
write great poetry as well. And that in a way shaped by a thousand and one influences that
is true. The fact that he himself had doubts as
have nothing to do with books or formal art.
to his own poetic future proves, of course, abso-
He takes us into the open where we can get rid of
lutely nothing.
some of our fevers.
I tried to be a poet (he writes from Tahiti). And
On the descriptive side his book is eloquent
because I'm a clever writer, and because I was forty and true. The physical background, which is
times as sensitive as anybody else, I succeeded a little.
Es ist voruber; es ist unwiederruflich zu Ende. I am
carefully elaborated, functions doubly. It has
what I came out here to be. Hard, quite, quite hard. all the force of a symbol, and yet it is indubitably
I have become merely a minor character in a Kipling
the American
At once resplendent and
story. I'll never be able to write anything more, I
think; or perhaps I can do plays of a sort.
mean, ample and niggardly, the thing to notice
And when I last met him—it was on July 30,
about it is that it is tragically casual in both
1914he said that he was going into the country aspects. Everywhere we live, whether in New
"to write bad plays," unless, he added, the short York or the raw and straggling hamlets of
age of food caused by the European war, which Maine or California, we live amid the wreckage
we had then made up our minds to, dragged him bequeathed by the pioneer and the exploiter. The
to Cambridge, where his fellowship entitled him passion for quick returns set the pace and all
to free dinners. But all that, as I say, proves more humane passions were inexorably subordi-
nothing. It was not long after that he produced
nated. About the huge structure we reared there
the "1914 Sonnets.” And at the end, for all one
is something Aimsy and insubstantial, something
says, the thought returns—may he not have been
finally irrelevant to the continuing needs of the
a potential great poet after all? The “caressing
dream" comes to onema poet as wonderful on
human spirit. Facing a continent long since
paper as Brooke was in the flesh ..?
despoiled and preëmpted, we can no longer doubt.
A measure of disenchantment is the price we
EDWARD SHANKS.
have had to pay, here as elsewhere, for knowl-
London, August 20, 1918.
edge.
scene.


206
(September 19
THE DIAL
Old American things are old as nothing else any fanaticism of the classical spirit been so evident
where in the world is old, old without majesty, old
as among our elder humanists, men whose sensi-
without mellowness, old without pathos, just shabby
and bloodless and worn out. That is the feeling that tiveness turned from the crudity about them to
comes over one in villages like this, capable only of the finished and the achieved—to what was ir-
being galvanized by some fresh current of enterprise
into a semblance of animation. Inhabited as they
revocably dead. Something in them clove ir-
have always been by a race that has never cultivated resistibly to the static; mere becoming shocked
life for its own sake, a race that has lived and built
and worked always conscious of the possibility of a
them like an impropriety. Mr. Brooks says,
greater advantage to be found elsewhere, there is no truly enough, that youth from the first repudi-
principle of life working in them, three hundred years
ated such leadership and found its enthusiasms
of effort having bred none of the indwelling spirit of
continuity.
in the broad humanity of William James. But
In the wreckage and the rawness we can trace
I don't think he makes it sufficiently plain why
the leavings of aborted desires that failed because
this was inevitable. The issue hinged on noth-
they were disproportionate, the impatience of a
ing so accidental as a temperament. The reason
greedy child who has not yet measured the forces
isn't to be found in the unresponsiveness of such
that circumscribe and condition human life. And a critic as Paul Elmer More. It was not because
if we turn to the motive, this vast disorderly he happened to ignore the creative impulse about
drama of wealth-getting and life-wasting be-
him, assumed its inferiority. What the younger
comes a little incredible. What are we to think generation felt, it seems to me, was rather the
of that “practical" wisdom which was able, with inadequacy of what Mr. More and his kind had
out too much inner discomfort, to leave so enor to offer; it felt the inadequacy of the literary
mous and complicated a task to a single instinct ? discipline generally, the peevishness of its dis-
True, the acquisitive instinct is a particularly ciples, their restless dissatisfaction with what can
tough one. It served, in a way. In fact we al- be accomplished by living men, their disturbing
most succeeded in turning art into nature and nostalgia of the tomb. By focussing attention
producing the economic man. If we actually on the unattainable and setting up unapproach-
failed to produce anything so monstrous, it was able models such training depresses hope and dis-
from no moral revolt: we failed simply and
courages effort.
But chiefly it is too narrow.
solely because nature herself sets limits to our
And by a curious paradox, however fastidiously
imbecilities and finally matures us by offering the it selects, however ruthlessly it pares down the
inexorable criticism of fact. But the experiment human adventure to a few happy episodes, it still
lasted long, and it has produced an American
leaves the scene too crowded. It is human, all
type. Nor did our anarchic scramble set its
too human. There is no reason to believe that
stamp on the successful alone; far from it. Look,
the anthropocentric can exhaust our curiosity.
for example, at the soured and embittered, the
No wonder youth turned to science for light and
dismally antisocial, spawn that has come out of
air. It wanted a truer perspective. Bertrand
"Spoon River” in our time—American to the last Russell, whose fine responsiveness has enabled
recess, twisted and envenomed, utterly incapable him to interpret so many of the disinterested im-
of creating, or even of imagining, a common life.
pulses of youth, has interpreted this one too
Mr. Brooks cites the Spoon Riverites as the
better than anyone else I know. "The desire
natural product, on the lower plane, of our in-
for a larger life and wider interests, for an escape
dividualistic doctrine, and his choice could not
from private circumstances, and even from the
have been happier.
whole recurring human cycle of birth and death,
But equally on a higher plane the same forces
is fulfilled by the impersonal cosmic outlook of
have been at work. The scramble for what we
science as by nothing else." No, the failure was
call (whether mistakenly or not) culture has not that of a small group. What really failed
been largely a struggle to save the soul alive by was a whole discipline.
withdrawing it from the environment. It was
The honor of being the real “awakeners" of
the counterpart of Protestant salvationism and Young America Mr. Brooks accords to the prag-
only a little less fierce. Feeling itself so largely matists, but he denies that theirs is a continuing
on the defensive, our culture has never been able leadership and his book is partly an appeal for
to afford the luxury of that genial tolerance new leaders. My own notion is that the breach
which was the other side of our commercial so far as it exists is largely the result of an his-
ruthlessness. Nowhere, surely, has the sheer torical accident, but Mr. Brooks finds reasons


1918]
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THE DIAL
more valid for his temperament.
If I read him The New Hope in Industry
aright the gist of his complaint is that the prag-
matists happened to be philosophers instead of The CREATIVE IMPULSE IN INDUSTRY: A Propo-
poets. In other words, he has begun to be a sition for Educators. By Helen Marot. Dutton;
$1.50.
little repelled by the chill of the instrument.
What made the appeal of the pragmatists was
"The Creative Impulse in Industry,” by Helen
Marot, is a very forceful and illuminating analy-
never of course anything in their technical phi-
losophy. It was solely their decency and their
sis of the present state of affairs in the industrial
responsibility. They set out to restore the world, with particular reference to the part played
by education in its relation to the industrial
philosopher to his original place in society; their
system.
leaders became reformers in spirit. But there
are two ways in which you can go about getting undoubtedly prove helpful in guiding us through
It comes at a most opportune time and will
reforms—the inspirational way and the more or
the perilous times ahead, when men are realizing
less disillusioned practical way.
Having ob-
the freedom which comes from the breaking
served how the innocence of the transcendentalists
down of the institutional thought which has in
played into the hands of masterful men who
the past had such a dominating influence over
knew precisely what they wanted and how to get human actions.
it, the pragmatists were not for repeating such The underlying theme throughout the book is
folly. It is not enough to generate ideals; you that industry to properly perform its function
have to see that they are applied at the right must be first of all a continuation of the educa-
point and drive the right wheels. But as soon tional process begun in school, and must there-
as you descend to details you find yourself work- fore offer opportunity for first-hand experimenta-
ing with such entirely prosaic facts as "the con tion. In this way men will be attracted toward
trol of fatigue.” Mr. Brooks admits that the industrial work and look upon it as a great field
pragmatists do not stop with that:
of adventure which offers unlimited opportunities
No, they can do one thing better; they can evade
for creative work. Miss Marot points out how
reality altogether and say with Mr. Henry Ford that necessary it is that the schools, which are the
"no man can take pride in his work until he gets some starting point of the individual's contact with the
thing out of it, until he has leisure to enjoy life." In
this way, throwing up the sponge altogether, accepting
life processes, make clear the universality of
machinery and still more machinery as a fait accompli, natural law and offer a chance to demonstrate
and giving up all hope of determining the rational these laws in actual practice. The real purpose
place of machinery in life, they can tell every one ex-
cept the favored few whose sophistication enables
of science is seen to be the classification and
them to glut their intelligence on that strange freak organization of the observed facts in nature, with
of the American soul, to seek reality in anything else
than work
the end in view of determining the natural law
But machinery appears to be a fait accompli if
or principle which causes any particular phe-
The child therefore, and later the
ever there was one, and what is to be gained
workman if properly educated, becomes a free
by quarreling with the source of that fat social
determining factor; that is, a center of creative
surplus on which all our hopes of making a more
energy which, as he increases his knowledge of
passable society depend? Nor is the control of
natural processes by education and experiment,
fatigue absolutely contemptible. It is just one
learns to direct the forces of nature to the service
of those thousand obscure details with which, it
of humanity.
seems to me, the intelligence is better equipped to
The individual gradually begins to realize that
deal than that intuitional leadership for which
if nature is to serve him he must conform to her
Mr. Brooks appeals. Besides, I doubt whether laws. It is pointed out that a paternalistic edu-
what is wrong with society at present is any cational and industrial system cannot succeed, for
want of ideals. What I think we chiefly need the reason that it attempts to mold the individual
is the patience and the organized good will to
into a predetermined form, so that the environ-
put some of our idle ideals to work. Once we
ment becomes master of the man instead of the
did that we should have, I believe, a world such
man becoming the conscious master of his en-
as Mr. Brooks longs for, a world that was "able
vironment. Of course, as Miss Marot points
to keep and use the whole of its creative energy."
out, our conception of industry will have to
undergo a complete change. Created by man
GEORGE DONLIN. himself, it will be destroyed again by him if it
nomenon.


208
(September 19
THE DIAL
does not serve his purpose and enable him to real a voice in the management, which naturally means
ize life in greater fullness. It cannot survive a determination to force a recognition that the
unless it ceases to exploit and begins to develop workman is an individual and should have a
the latent powers of the individual. Upon the chance to express his individuality.
impractical proposition to return to the old order
The effect on human actions of what she calls
of things, where the individual manufactured the
the possessive instinct she points out quite clearly
complete finished article, Miss Marot makes this
on page 14, as follows:
very illuminating observation (page 211): "The
proposition to revert to an earlier period sug-
Where the motive of individuals who engage in in-
dustry is the desire to possess, the rational method of
gests nothing more than the repetition of an ex gaining possession is not by the arduous way of work
perience out of which the present state of affairs but of capture. The scheme of capture is a scheme
has evolved.” It at once becomes evident why
whereby you may get something for (doing) noth-
ing. “Doing nothing" does not mean that manual
this is so when we realize that many of the most workers, managers of productive enterprises
useful devices for harnessing nature's forces to as well as financiers, are not busy people, or that their
our use would not have been created without
activity does not result in accomplishment. They are
indeed the busy people and their accomplishment is
the collective efforts of many men. Such a de the world's wealth. Nevertheless the intention of all
vice, for instance, as the electric generator, whose
and the spirit of the scheme is to do as near nothing
as possible in exchange for the highest return. The
service to humanity is undisputed, could not have
whole industrial arrangement is carried on without
come into its present state of perfection except as the force of productive intention; it is carried forward
industry has been the means of uniting men of
against a disinclination to produce.
special technical skill and ability to contribute The remedy she believes lies in directing the
each his part to the problem of producing the attention to the creative instinct, as industrial
perfected machine.
leaders have been forced to do in the present
But that this organizing of men through the emergency, for she says on page 59:
individual industry can be done without violating
Equally important in the interest of creative work
the inherent desire of the individual workman to
is the power of these appeals to shift the motive for
express himself, is indicated on page 137:
production from the acquisitive to the creative im-
pulse. In the midst of the world's emergency, driven
Creative effort is not necessarily an individual matter. by the fear of destruction the nations have turned in-
It may be possible for a group of people to associate tinctively to the unused creative force in human and
cordially and freely together with a single creative common labor, that is to the ability of the wage earner
purpose and endeavor. It may be possible for each to think and plan... If labor in answer to these
worker to experience the joy of creative work as he appeals gains the confidence that it is competent to
takes part with the others in the planning of the work carry industrial responsibility, or rather that common
along with the labor of fabrication. It is a creative labor, together with the trained technicians in me-
experience or dull labor as his association with others chanics and industrial organization are competent as a
in the solution of the problem is freely pursued and producing group to carry the responsibility, one need
genuine, or as it is forced and perfunctory.
we may be sure will be eliminated which has been an
The central thought is that associated enter-
irritating and an unproductive element in industrial
life; I mean the need the workers have had for the
prise will not lessen the opportunity for individ- cultivation of class isolation. As the workers become
ual self-expression, but will rather increase it, estimation, responsible members of a society, their
in the estimation of a community and in their own
for the reason that real coöperative industrial more rather than less abortive effort to develop class
organization gives the workman not only a knowl- feeling in America will disappear. Under these condi--
tions concerted class action will be confined to the
edge of nature's laws but also a knowledge of
employers of labor and the profiteers, who will be
human emotions as well, and this will enlarge placed in the position of proving their value and their
the bounds of the intellect to include the laws of place in the business of wealth creation. On this I
believe we may count, that labor will drop its defen-
mental as well as material processes.
sive program for a constructive one, as it comes to
portion as the field is enlarged, of course, the appreciate its own creative potentiality.
power of the workman to express what is unique That labor organizations will do this construc-
and individual in himself is increased. Miss
tive work has already been demonstrated, and if
Marot points out that the tendency to take away it can be done in the country as a whole during
individual responsibility from men has its origin the period of the war, there will be no need for
in the instinctive desire to capture and exploit. the dreaded reconstruction after the war; be-
The increasing intelligence of the masses how cause of the conscious manifestation of unre-
ever makes this exploitation more and more dif- pressed constructive creative power society will
ficult, for the workmen are realizing that the only easily readjust itself to the new conditions and
way to prevent this exploitation is by obtaining change quite naturally from the production of
In pro-


1918]
209
THE DIAL
page 71:
implements of destruction to articles which have The underlying theme of the book seems to
constructive social purposes.
be that democracy must first come in industry
All of this implies however that man must be before it can come in political institutions, and
come master of the machine and not be mastered this will not be materialized until industry ceases
by it. We must recognize the fact, Miss Marot to be autocratic and becomes genuinely demo-
says, that "the workers have resisted machinery cratic. This necessitates however an industrial
not only because as individuals they were thrown organization that gives the greatest possible op-
out of jobs for a time or lost them permanently, portunity for self-expression to everyone, with
but because the machine imposed on them a every facility for acquiring greater knowledge of
method of work, of activity over which they had the laws underlying the processes. Industry, in
no control.”
And any form of management a very real sense, will become educational, with
which makes the man an appendage of the ma the main emphasis on the development of men.
chine is working contrary to natural law and When this has been accomplished in the country
does not in any sense deserve to be called scientific. as a whole, political institutions, in the very
Joy in work comes only when the worker is par nature of things, will take on a real democratic
ticipating consciously and therefore intelligently character, which it is impossible for them to do
in his work, and full participation requires not when controlled, as they are now, by an auto-
only a knowledge of progress in the particular cratic type of industry.
part controlled by the individual, but the relation-
ROBERT B. WOLF.
ship of that part to the whole. The machine
therefore should be the instrument for increasing
the workman's knowledge and mastery of nature's Giotto and Some of His
forces and not something which limits his oppor-
Followers
tunity to acquire greater knowledge. This
thought, Miss Marot suggests, is back of the
GIOTTO AND SOME OF His FOLLOWERS. By Osvald
organized labor movement. To quote her again,
Sirén. 2 vols. Harvard University Press; $12.
For the student of Trecento painting, Dr.
The conscious purpose is the direct and simple de Sirén's book is the most interesting and im-
sire to resist specific acts of domination and to in-
crease labor's economic returns. Anyone who
portant that has yet appeared; for the mere
follows the sacrifices which organized workers make amateur, it is difficult and sometimes tedious. The
for some small and equivocal gain or who watches author's endeavor is "to regard Giotto's art as
them in their periods of greatest activity, knows that
the labor movement gets its stimulus, its high pitch of
far as possible in relation to the art that preceded,
interest, not from its struggle for higher wage rates, surrounded, and followed the great master";
but from the worker's participation in the administra but his method of what he calls “constructive
tion of affairs connected with life in the shop. The
real tragedy in a lost strike is not the failure to gain
criticism” leads him to confuse history, descrip-
the wage demand; it is the return of the defeated tion, stylistic analysis, and the grouping of artistic
strikers to work, as men unequipped with the adminis-
trative powers—as men without will.
individualities. If however the reader-and it
will be well worth his while—is willing to dis-
The above implies that the logical course to
entangle the truly critical passages from the mass
pursue, if we are to stabilize American industry,
of the work, he will be rewarded with a fuller
is to coöperate with organized labor so that it will
knowledge and a keener appreciation of the mas-
become an integral part of each industry. The
ter whose gesture was, I think, the widest and
autocratic disorganization of a whole industry noblest between the days of Phidias and of
because of change of policy or ownership which Michelangelo.
would seriously affect the workman, would be It is so easy to take Giotto in historical per-
impossible, and much unhappiness therefore would spective and to note his innovations that few
be avoided.
critics put sufficient emphasis upon what he ex-
Miss Marot suggests that the workmen operat pressed: upon the solemn serenity of his rhythms,
ing through their organization are much more to the majestic exaltation of his figures, upon the
be trusted than the employer to maintain the tragic, brooding spirit that pervades every paint-
proper working environment, for the reason that ing that came, not from his followers, but from
their organizations are primarily designed to pre the master himself. Dr. Sirén, fortunately, does
vent exploitation, while the employer, in a ma not lose sight of these loftier qualities, even
jority of cases, seeks to exploit.
though, as I have intimated, his criticism is scat-


210
[September 19
THE DIAL
tered, derived from considerations of individual so few and so relatively unimportant that they
pictures. He says rightly: "Compassion, amaze can scarcely be taken as in any way characteristic
ment, grief, and terror are the most common of his genius.
emotions in the art of Giotto”; and he stresses In discussing Taddeo Gaddi the author fol-
justly the "plastic volume" of his figures, the lows the fashion of our day in underrating an
"emotional import condensed.” I cannot how artist who was perhaps overrated in his own day.
ever agree that Giotto's rhythm is "restful.” Dr. Sirén, having a thesis always in mind, blames
Serene it, usually is, of course, but no more rest him for having diverged from "the central and
ful than the rhythms in the "Agamemnon" of most artistically significant elements in Giotto's
Æschylus.
style" and for having created a tradition that was
Like most modern scholars, Dr. Sirén discards "followed by most of the later painters of the
Vasari as an authority except in so far as he is Trecento." This is as valuable as saying that
supported by Ghiberti, who himself is none too Keats never obtained the monumental grandeur
trustworthy, since he wrote more than a hundred of Milton!
years after Giotto's death, and who is none too
Besides the essay on Giotto the most admirable
valuable, since most of the works mentioned by part of the book is that devoted to Andrea Or-
him have been lost or destroyed. The author
cagna.
Like the earlier master and like so many
therefore takes a few typical examples, such as of the masters who were to appear in the full
the famous Arena frescoes, and proceeds to de Renaissance, he was equally versatile as sculptor,
duce from them the typical qualities, material
architect, and painter; and if we may believe the
and spiritual, of the master; and these he applies author of the “Libro di Antonio Billi" he also
to such works as have been attributed to him. “amused himself with sonnets.” A man of stately
The extreme delicacy of this task can be appreci- emotions, majestic and sublime, a painter at once
ated only by those who have attempted similar
gorgeous and precise, he had also those plastic
work and by those who remember that the medi-
and tectonic qualities that were so characteristic
eval custom of communal labor led artists to sign
of Giotto and that therefore endear him to Dr.
pictures that were painted wholly or in part by Sirén. Vasari tells us that "he began the study
their pupils and assistants. It may be interesting of sculpture while still a child, under Andrea
to Americans, by the way, to know that Dr.
Pisano"; and though there is nothing further to
Sirén ascribes, without hesitation, the “Nativity” prove this, the author considers it in all proba-
in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, to
bility true and, in his many critical descriptions,
Giotto, and considers its artistic value equal to
he emphasizes the sculptural influence in the
that of the Arena frescoes.
handling of the figures and the drapery and in the
The fallacy in the scheme of the book is best relief-like effect of several of his pictures.
seen in the essay on Bernardo Daddi, wherein
The material in Dr. Sirén's book is so exceed-
the author finds it necessary constantly to point ingly valuable that it would be difficult to under-
out the “fundamental dissimilarity" of that mas stand how it could be arranged so awkwardly,
ter's work to Giotto's. We are told that Ber-
were it not that the preface informs us that it was
nardo's "graceful, flexible design is entirely un finished with “much haste.” Even so, one does
like the sculptural modeling developed by Giotto,"
not readily perceive why the author should begin
and that the latter's "compositions are rhythmic with a consideration of some frescoes at Assisi ;
expressions of this creative imagination,” whereas abruptly stop for a chapter headed “Biographical
the former's are mere "theoretical propositions.” Notes"; and then proceed with his descriptions.
But in that case why treat him as a follower of There is another awkwardness due to the fact
Giotto? Is there any more valid reason for do that all of the text is in one volume and all of
ing so than that he lived in Florence in the four-
the plates in another. Unless the reader can
teenth century? It would have been more logical, carry accurately in his memory 220 pictures this
to say the least, if Dr. Sirén had either not con necessitates his laying down one heavy book and
sidered him at all or confined himself to pointing taking up another every time he has finished a
out the artist's own qualities: his rare delicacy, page or two. The reproductions are not worthy
his charm, the originality of his color, his skill in
of the very handsome make-up of the volumes:
space composition. There are, to be sure, a few one may obtain from them the linear composi-
works of his in which he seems to have made an tions and but little else.
effort to obtain a monumental effect; but they are
BAYARD BOYESEN.


1918]
211
THE DIAL
New Bottle, but Old Wine too, the metaphysical parti pris of the movement
which calls itself at once Realist and Rationalist
The New RATIONALISM. By Edward Gleason
and which assumes not only to controvert the
Spaulding. Holt; $3.50.
past but to plot the future. This might be de-
'Were it in sooth new, one who is a bit wearied
scribed as the basis of the mathematical model.
with speculative isms might have less patience
Time and again in the course of history philos-
with it, but the truth is that the New Rational-
ophers have become enamored of number and
ism (in so far as it is rational) is a venerable and
have ascended into the altitudes of mathematics
by no means misprized acquaintance. To be sure,
in their effort to purge away the dross of empiri-
as it comes to us in the work of Professor (now cal speech; but times as many, lest philosophy
Lieutenant) Spaulding - five hundred pages
dissolve into the webs of its own gossamer, some
bristling with italics — the wine of ancient reason
Socrates has arisen to summon it back from the
is outwardly disguised: it is served in a vessel of heavens and habituate it to the plains of men's
modern finish and the label is just from the press.
common discourse. To be sure these flights have
Moreover there is novelty at least in the twist brought vigor and fresh air, and there is always
of the terms (always of some seriousness in meta-
a thrill for the groundlings in watching the avia-
physics), and again there is ingenuous sincerity
tion, with who can know what triumphs in its
in the author's conviction of newness: he has airy combats. They are fine in spirit, and it is
filtered away old sediments, analyzed out false only the relentlessness of gravitation that com-
infusions, and into the clarified essence injected pels the eventual fall.
the commotion of a militant temperament. Alto-
Professor Spaulding's point of departure is de-
gether one feels that he has written his book in
fiance of Aristotle and all his logic. Aristotelian
fine fettle, perchance finding his own liquor a
logic, he says, is a logic of substance and quality,
trifle heady.
of identity and causality-in short, a materialistic
“The New Rationalism" is the most ambitious logic, modeled after the physical “thing"; and
work yet put forth by a member of the aggres-
the history of philosophy, up to the Neo-Realistic
sive American group of Neo-Realists (Rational era, is but the dismal exposition of metaphysical
ism and Realism are identical in Professor servitude to Aristotle. Science (through a happy
Spaulding's view). It undertakes a criticism of ignorance) and mathematics (through fortunate
philosophic method and a survey of all important preoccupation) alone have escaped the thralldom,
philosophic problems, the refutation of outstand and have luckily hit upon other models for the
ing rivals in the metaphysical field, and the solid reason-models which lead straight to the per-
enseatment of a constructive realism. In the work durable truth, which is reality. It is these
there are 2 Parts, 7 Sections, 46 Chapters, and
models which the New Rationalism would
there are postulates and problems, arguments and apply to metaphysical problems, thereby demon-
solutions, refutations and demonstrations--all the strating the New Realism and relieving the
schematism dear to the heart of your Thomist,
human mind from all save incidental meta-
and to the reviewer a stern reminder of his own physical inquietudes.
insufficiency. Clearly, the gist of so much matter
First, there is ontology. Modern philosophy
is not to be caught in a few fleeting paragraphs;
has been embogged in epistemology and confused
the very aspect of the book invites to brown by psychology, with the result that there has
study. Nevertheless not all this framework sup-
been but foundering where gymnastic was ex-
ports variety. The scholastic method is repeti- pected. Aristotle is responsible for this, for a
tious and often sadly tedious, and Professor psychological theory of knowledge means reason
Spaulding has not altogether reformed on his embodied and therefore "thingized” (Spauld-
medieval models in this regard. Indeed his ing's term)-substantial "knowers” with reality-
reader is once and again moved to raise a making "knowings," and the like; all of which
deprecating hand ... “My dear sir! really, get the hapless speculator into the “ego-centric
your point is understood; let us on to the con predicament" from which Neo-Realism points the
sequence !"
way. to freedom. The way is ontological, and
But these be matters of style. They are im the ontology is a mathematicized ontology, in
portant as showing how difficult it is to be “new," which "entities” replace “concepts” and “things,"
at least in mode, and again as showing tempera- "subsistences” outclass "existences," "relations"
mental affinities. They tend to make intelligible, resolve “substances," realia oust qualia, and


212
(September 19
THE DIAL
"states of affairs," when analyzed in situ, show sum only Allah knoweth!), is there no effrontery
"functions" which "hold" serially without in in asserting that already "human knowledge en-
curring any of the opprobrious unreason that compasses the main types of things," and that
attaches to the idea of "cause.” There is, for ex these are just nine (pages 381-86) ? Your scho-
ample, on page 494 a tabular scheme of the “sub- lastic, who loves a closed and circumscribed uni-
sistents" (known alias, "consistents"), which verse, with all the houses of the heavens surveyed
divides them into the existent and the nonexistent and delimited, will certainly find a kindred satis-
subsistents, and divides these progressively, until faction in the "stratified" hierarchy of realities
it supplies tags not only for all the furniture of which this new scholasticism offers as its chart
creation but for "experienced, but not implied of the universe. But for one who is seeking a
subsistents," embracing, with others, phlogiston, liberation of the reason . the varnish of
satyrs, and the "snakes of tremens.” One is newness rubs thin.
surely relieved to know that, though experienced, The fact is that history is serene in the pres-
the snakes are not implied !
ence of rebels and impassive to refutation. Men
Soberly (for one cannot take all of Professor rise up with a determination to overthrow the
Spaulding's pages quite so), a student of history past, and at the most but discard an outer gar-
is moved to wonder how just this verbal para ment; the ancient body of human experience and
phernalia is to free us from the Aristotelian tra the soul of speculation do not greatly vary. So
dition. Do we wholly liberate the reason by em it was with Thales, so with Descartes; and the
phasizing "term" and "relation" instead of New Realists bring with them little more than a
"thing" and "quality"? Are "numerically dis fresh zeal for an antique mode of thinking. Of
tinct” facts, which happen to lodge in the same logic there are but two essential types—the mathe-
"state of affairs,” less mutually responsible than matical and the grammatical (Professor Spauld-
causes and their effects? By defining time as "a ing is certainly wrong in deriving Aristotle's
one-dimensional series formed by asymmetrically logic from the “physical thing”; it is in fact but
and transitively related instants" (Aristotle a sublimation of grammatical analysis). Human
would have tersely said, "numbering number"), nature-even rational human nature-is. incon-
is history (which is the "numbered number") stant; and men's minds find fruitful now one and
emptied of all necessity and meaning? Or is now the other of these images of discourse. The
there no miracle in a “creative synthesis, in ac New Realists follow Plato in their devotion to
cordance with which one or more specific organiz the mathematical model, and they are arriving-
ing relations so relate parts that there are new as among others this book shows—at a truly
qualities in the resulting whole, and whole and Platonic definition of the All, within which
part belong to specifically different universes of physical things are the meanest and forms the
discourse”? It is this latter principle which is lordliest of beings. But the New Realism is still
to account for the values, for beauty and justice far from a Platonic understanding either of its
and goodness, and indeed for all those “entities” methods or of its purposes. For none was more
prized by the human spirit to which Plato gave keenly aware than Plato of the insufficiency of
the name “Ideas," and which he set as shining mathematics for the last solution of life. Num-
rulers over the world.
ber may indeed give us a chart of the moving
Some of these questions are answered uncon heavens and a computation of the instants of
sciously by the author's own settings forth. Thus time; but of that need (born out of what nights
Realism's "Hypothesis I," that knowing and the of cosmic endeavor, who can guess?) which im-
known object may be qualitatively different, rests pels men to the love of philosophy, only knowl-
upon the assumption that terms may have quali- edge of the Good can discover the answer. Pro-
tative differences, and it argues that these dif fessor Spaulding closes his book with a discussion
ferences are ultimate. Indeed the weighty of the Realistic doctrine of values and of Realisin's
enouncement of the "cosubsistence of independ- teleology and theology. It is an honest discussion
ence and relatedness," upon which so many of
and not without wisdom, but by what leaps of
the "new" reasonings turn, is quite simply resolv- inconsequence its course is pursued he who reads
able to "the world is full of a number of things”— may find out, and finding, he will the better
each, let us hope, with its own happy glint. And judge how difficult is the task of him who would
if so, if qualities thus ontological are lurking in
outbuild the kingly past.
the very shadows of the mathematicals (whose
HARTLEY B. ALEXANDER.
L


1918]
213
THE DIAL
Liberalism Restated
more just society. It has swept away the old
order. Under the necessities of war governments
THE WORLD PEACE AND AFTER. By Carl H.
have increased their functions. In a world that
Grabo. Knopf; $1.
has spent its inheritance the necessities of peace
A League of Nations we shall have as a re will require their multiplication. We seem to
sult of the war, but for those who take literally face a situation in which we must decide between
a pledge to make the world safe for democracy
an oligarchy which combines political and in-
a League of Nations is but the first turn in a dustrial power, and an intelligent reorganization
long road. The war has taught the enemies of of the state which will unite industrial efficiency
democracy that a secure commercial expansion
with democratic control. The British Labor
and a rapprochement between competing na-
party aims at the second, and much that Mr.
tional capitalistic groups are inseparable. The
Grabo writes is a restatement of its programme.
German autocracy has also proffered a fertile His chapter “The Citizen and the State" dis-
suggestion in its successful manipulation of the
cusses the immediate steps requisite for a trans-
German workman. The latter does not seem
formation of our present society. A progressively
overly concerned about his political impotence or
increasing tax upon incomes, inheritances, and
about limitations upon his freedom to speak and
unearned increments affords a transition to
write, so long as he is assured an effective educa greater economic equality and supplies one means
tion, material comforts, recreational facilities for financing the socialized activities of the state.
and security against the misfortunes of ill health, The gradual participation of labor in the man-
accident, and an impecunious old age. Democ agement of industry will lead to an industrial
racy will continue endangered if the conclusion democracy, while the referendum, the recall, and
of war leaves capital in control of an interna- proportion