Bronx last, when Colette, under the influence of the reli- where lay slowly dying that strange outcast, Edgar gious ceremony in honor of the French heroes of Allan Poe. One would like to be told the name of 1870, refuses the marriage proposal offered by As- 1918 323 THE DIAL Recent Publications THE ARMY AND THE LAW. BY GARRARD GLENN, Associate Professor of Law, Columbia University. 12mo, cloth, 197 pages. $1.75 net. STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF IDEAS. A collection of thirteen essays on philosophical sub- jects by Members of the Department of Philoso- phy, Columbia University. 12 mo, cloth, vii + 272. $2.00 net. “AT MCCLURG'S" It is of interest and importance to Librarians to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this magazine can be pur- chased from us at advantageous prices by Public Libraries, Schools, Colleges and Universities In addition to these books we have an exceptionally large stock of the books of all pub- lishers - a more complete as- sortment than can be found on the shelves of any other book- store in the entire country. We solicit correspondence from librarians unacquainted with our facilities. LIBRARY DEPARTMENT A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago DYNAMIC PSYCHOLOGY. By Robert Ses. SIONS WOODWORTH, Professor of Psychology, Columbia University. 12mo, cloth. pp. vii + 210. $1.50 net. A SUMERO - BABYLONIAN SIGN LIST, to which is added an Assyrian Sign List and a Cata- logue of the Numerals, Weights and Measures used at Various Periods. By SAMUEL A. B. MERCER, Ph.D. Large 8vo, cloth. 244 pages. $6.00 net. Columbia University Press LEMCKE & BUECHNER, Agents 30-32 West 27th Street New York City Are You Equipped Towin Success? N: Big Business in Great Britain big business organization has grown so fast as the great co-operative stores in Great Britain. They sell to members over one billion dollars' worth of goods per year, at a saving from 8 to 20%. Strange that this movement has not taken hold in this country. To start a campaign of education on it The Public has ordered a low-priced, but well-printed and cloth-bound edition of the best new book on the subject, "Co-operation" by Emerson P. Harris, presi- dent of the Montclair (N. J.) Co-operative League. Mr. Harris, a successful business man and writer on advertising, has devoted the last six years to studying the development of the co-operative movement. This book describes the growth of the movement in Europe; shows why and how the Rochdale system works ; it very clearly lays out proven plans for start- ing a co-operative store, for managing and advertising it when it is established - it gives the background and foreground of this great evolutionary movement. The Public's edition of this book (which in the standard edition sells regularly at $2.00) can be had with The Public, every week for six months, for only $2.10. Here is your opportunity to insure against embarrassing errors in spelling, pronuncia- tion, and choice of words. Know the mean- ing of puzzling war terms. Increase your effi. ciency, which results in power and success. WEBSTER'S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY is an all-knowing teacher, a universal question answerer, made to meet your needs. It is in daily use by hundreds of thousands of successful men and women the world over. 400,000 Words. 2700 Pages. 6000 Illustrations. 12,000 Biographical Entries. Colored Plates. 30,000 Geographical Subjects. GRAND PRIZE, (Highest Award) Panama-Pacific Exposition. REGULAR and INDIA-PAPER Editions. WRITE for Speci- men Pages. FREE Pocket Maps if you name this paper. G. & C. MERRIAM CO., Springfioid, Mass. U.S.A. 2!2*XTHTR28:31 The Public, 122 E. 37th St., New York City Send me a copy of your special edition of "Co-operation" by Emerson P. Harris and enter my subscription to The Public for 26 weeks. I enclose check for $2.10 or will remit within ten days, if I like the book and the paper. Name Address When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 324 October 19 THE DIAL mus, he finds the work almost comic. Such a reader Miller is at her best in the lower intensities. Her will close the book, saying: "This is a homily in the smiling scorn of meek conventionality is evinced grand style, a work written by one of those intellects in the History of a Minute. It is one the sharp- which, descended from the medieval scholastics, have est things in the book, both in its depiction of the overcome the disease of religious theology only to fall "lady with butter-colored hair" and in the smooth into a kind of secular theology, full of a strange twi terseness of its expression. light mysticism and vehemence. There is splendor Certain qualities stand out in Mrs. Miller's verse: in this theology, as in all things that are abstracted a simplicity of diction, an ardent sincerity, a psy- away from the crudities and contradictions of mere chological acuteness. Her technique is obviously human existence: so long as men find necessary the imperfect, and one has too often the feeling that idea of self-sacrifice this splendor of nationalistic she has fabricated rather than created a poem. But idealism will will also be necessary. Neverthe- her gifts are not common, and a stronger passion, a less firmer reliance on her sense of drama may together Nevertheless Maurice Barrés, for all his defects, bring her far beyond the merely agreeable achieve- is a powerful spokesman for a great mass of the ment of the present volume. French people. As a spokesman he naturally would no longer be able to impress or convince as an indi- vidual: his words and thoughts, like the dyer's hands, Books of the Fortnight must be subdued to the color they work in. For The following list comprises The Dial's selec- Barrés this color is-France. As we watch him— tion of books recommended among the publications this one-time “Enemy of the Laws," this "Cultivator received during the last two weeks: of Self”-pursuing the road which perhaps has al- ways been the one road for him, we can say, using The Economics of Progress. By J. M. Robertson. his own words as applied to Germany, "Nothing Svo, 298 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $5. arouses our irony more than a master in whom we Australian Social Development. By Clarence H. recognize real inferiorities." We will join him in Northcott. 8vo, 442 pages. Columbia Uni- this irony: we will place him among the conquerors versity Press. Paper, $2.50. of literature. The Soviets at Work. By Nikolai Lenin. 16mo, 48 pages. Rand School of Social Science. 15 cts. WINGS IN THE NIGHT. By Alice Duer Essays in Scientific Synthesis. By Eugenio Rignano. Miller. Century; $1. Translated by J. W. Greenstreet. 12mo, 254 Mrs. Miller is clearly a twentieth century prod- The Education of Henry Adams: An Autobiog- pages. Open Court Publishing Co. uct. She is ready to use the most everyday events raphy. With an introduction by Henry Cabot as poetic material. She is deeply interested in the liberal movements which, before the war, were con- Lodge. Svo, 519 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $5. sidered symbolic of our progressive civilization. But she is not sufficiently practiced in poetic expression Eminent Victorians: Cardinal Manning, Florence to be mistress of its finer subtleties. While her sub- Nightingale, Dr. Arnold, General Gordon. By jects are almost all novel, or at least modern in their Lytton Strachey. 8vo, 351 pages. G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $3.50. setting, her models of technical excellence are to be found in the nineteenth century. And even their Rupert Brooke: A Memoir. By Edward Marsh. relative simplicity occasionally betrays her. Frontispiece, 12mo, 197 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25. The difficulty with most of Mrs. Miller's work is that the propagandist in her gets the better of the Reminiscences of Lafcadio Hearn. By Setsuko Koi- poet. It is not that her desire for freedom and her zumu (Mrs. Hearn). 12mo, 88 pages. Hough- scornful protest against stupid custom and cupidity ton Mifflin Co. $1. are not fit for poetry. It is rather that her train- Steep Trails. By John Muir. Illustrated, 12mo, ing as playwright and novelist has sharpened her 390 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $3. sense of contrast and climax, and at the same time Jungle Peace. By William Beebe. Illustrated, blunted the fervor which is the core of poetry. Her 12mo, 297 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.75. lyrics are clever rather than intense, pointed rather Our Humble Helpers. By Jean Henri Fabre. Il- than poignant. For instance, there are the lines lustrated, 12mo, 374 pages. Century Co. $2. addressed to a certain gentleman who is opposed My Antonia. A novel. By Willa S. Cather. Il- to woman suffrage on the score that "women are lustrated, 12mo, 419 pages. Houghton Mifflin often tempters to sexual sin and delight in it.” Mrs. Co. $1.60. Miller has small patience with this secure and self- An American Family. A novel. By Henry Kitchell righteous male, and her reply is none the less-trench Webster. 12mo, 452 pages. Bobbs-Merrill ant for being calm. But a conviction, however Co. $1.50. ethically sound and profoundly believed, is not in The Title. A Play. By Arnold Bennett. 12mo, itself the stuff of which poetry is made. Mrs. 110 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1. 1918 325 THE DIAL The Latest Authoritative Book on Bulgaria, Turkey and the Balkans The Cradle of the War: THE BRICK ROW BOOK SHOP, INC. (E. Byrne Hackett) NEW HAVEN, CONN. Begs to announce the opening of an office in the ANDERSON GALLERIES (PARK AVE. and 59TH STREET) for the sale of LITERARY PROPERTIES, RARE AND CHOICE BOOKS, MANUSCRIPTS, AUTOGRAPH LETTERS. APPRAISALS MADE OF LIBRARIES. 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MARSHALL JONES COMPANY, 212 Summer St., Boston operates a special literary department, as complete in every detail as an entiro PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU Having the use of our international facilities this de- department is known and patronized by as many authors and publishers as wake up the entire clientele of an ordinary bureau. With our exceedingly large patronage it is necessary for us to maintain a standard of efficiency and service which cannot be approached by bureaux that devote their efforts to the acquiring of new sub- scribers without thought for RO ME I KE those they have. Ao ineffi. cient press clipping service 108-110 Seventh Avenue will prove irritating. so don't NEW YORK experiment. Use the reliable ESTABLISHED 1881 What Is the German Nation Dying For? By KARL LUDWIG KRAUSE A most startling arraignment of the false psychology of the kaiser-ridden, duped and dying German nation. 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John Silence—have been taken over from Alfred A. The World War and Leadership in Democracy, Knopf by the E. P. Dutton Co. For immediate pub- by Richard T. Ely, is announced to appear under lication they announce a new novel by Mr. Black- the Macmillan imprint this week. wood, The Garden of Survival. Walking-Stick Papers, a group of essays by Rob- New titles recently added to The Modern Stu- ert Cortes Holliday, has just appeared under the dent's Library of Charles Scribner's Sons are: The Doran imprint. Essays of Addison and Steele, selected and edited by Conrad Aiken's new volume of narrative poetry, Will D. Howe; Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, edited The Charnel Rose, is set for issue on October 28 by Dr. S. M. Crothers; and Stevenson's Essays, from the Four Seas press. edited by William Lyon Phelps. Titles soon to be Thorstein Veblen's The Higher Learning in added are The Heart of Midlothian, edited by Wil- America: A Memorandum on the Conduct of Uni- liam P. Trent, and Bacon's Essays, edited by Mary versities by Business Men, a part of which appeared Augusta Scott. A new, popular edition of The Mel- in The Dial for September 5, is being prepared for ancholy Tale of “Me”: My Remembrances, by Ed- publication the first of next month by B. W. ward H. Sothern, has just appeared under the Scrib- Huebsch. ner imprint. Essays in Scientific Synthesis, by Eugenio Rig- A memorial edition of the work of Joyce Kilmer, nano, editor of Scientia, which appeared in various who was recently killed in action, containing previ- French and Italian journals, have been translated ously published poems and essays together with a by J. W. Greenstreet and issued in book form by group of war poems and letters sent from overseas, is the Open Court Publishing Co. soon to be brought out by the George H. Doran Co. G. P. Putnam's Sons have in train for publica- A memoir by Robert Cortes Holliday will be in- tion in their Library Edition The Letters of Henry cluded. In tribute to Mr. Kilmer, Boni & Liveright Brevoort to Washington Irving, and The Letters –who published his Dreams and Images: An An- of Washington Irving to Henry Brevoort, 1807 to thology of Catholic Poets-are preparing a special 1813, edited by George S. Hellman. limited edition of that volume. Dreams and Images Two more groups of short stories by Anton Chek- was reviewed by C. K. Trueblood in The Dial for hov, translated by Constance Garnett, are announced June 6. by the Macmillan Co. under the titles The Chorus Girl and Other Stories, and The Bishop and Other Contributors Stories. The publications which D. Appleton & Co. have Thorstein Veblen's article in this number is the announced to appear in November are: The Turn- first of a series of discussions of the psychology of over of Factory Labor, by Samuel H. Slichter, with reconstruction which will appear in successive is- an introduction by John R. Commons; The Life of sues under the general title The Modern Point of Sir Joseph Hooker, by Leonard Huxley; Com- View and the New Order. This series resumes the mercial Policy in War Time and After, by William argument of a group of lectures which Mr. Veblen S. Culbertson; and The Strategy of Minerals, edited delivered before students in Amherst College in by George Otis Smith. May 1918. Five Somewhat Historical Plays, by Philip Moel The third and concluding installment of George ler, four of which were produced by the Washing. Moore's Imaginary Conversation with Mr. Gosse ton Square Players, have been brought out in book will appear in the next number of The DIAL, that form by Alfred A. Knopf, who also offers a volume, of November 2. The Popular Theater, by George Jean Nathan. J. George Frederick, author of Reconstructing Architecture and Democracy, by Claude Bragdon, American Business, in this issue, is Vice-President of and Confessions of an Opera Singer, by Kathleen the Business Bourse and Treasurer of the New Howard, are announced for publication this week. York Sales Managers' Club, whose resolution call- B. W. Huebsch announces the authorized edition ing for an after-the-war planning commission pre- of James Joyce's volume of poems, Chamber ceded action at Washington. He is to preside at an Music, which was reviewed in The Dial for Sep- "after-the-war convention" of business men in Buf- tember 19. Four other volumes of verse are in falo on October 25. Mr. Frederick is the author course of preparation by the same publisher: Look! of several books and magazine articles. We Have Come Through, by D. H. Lawrence; Edna St. Vincent Millay is the author of Renas- Chinese Lyrics from the Book of Jade, by Judith cence and Other Poems (Kennerley), which Louis Gautier, translated by James Whitall; The Ghetto Untermeyer reviewed in The DIAL for February 14. and Other Poems, by Lola Ridge; and A Family The other contributors to this number have Album and Other Poeme, bv Alter Brody. previously written for THE DIAL. 1918 327 THE DIAL 1 Do You Know the Truth About NOTABLE NEW BOOKS “IT WILL BRING THE ALLIES VICTORY” India ? Writes one of tho many enthusiastic roaders of The Profiteers in America? TOWARDS MORNING National Guilds ? How Germany Makes Soldiers-and Kills Their Souls An American Labor Party? By IDA A. R. WYLIE Author of "The Shining Heights," etc. Third Edition. Cloth, $1.50 net Or Do You Take Your Facts from "One of the most remarkable novels inspired by the the “Controlled Press ?” war - in some respects the most remarkable. We hope every intelligent American will read •Towards FORWARD Morning. There has been no clearer revelation of the kind of thing we are fighting."- Philadelphia Keeps Its Hand on the Pulse of the Move- Public Ledger. ments Towards Real Democracy the World Delightfully Inspiring Over. You Can't Afford to Be Without It. THE ROUGH ROAD A Romance of Youth and the Great War Send one dollar for the year's subscription to By WILLIAM J. LOCKE Room 428, Walker Building, 120 Boylston Street Author of The Red Planet," "The Beloved Vagabond," etc. Third Edition. Cloth, $1.50 net BOSTON, MASS. “Possesses all of Mr. Locke's customary imaginitive charm. It is told, moreover, with his usual verbal skill, it is rich in romantic flavor, it is filled with the liveliest of humor, and it is in many ways of the stuff STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, whereof the worth-while novels of the war are CIRCULATION, ETC., REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST 24, 1912, made." -Boston Transcript. Of The Dial, published fortnightly at New York, N. Y., for Oct. 1, 1918. State of New York, County of New York, ss. War as a Crusade Before me, a notary public in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally appeared Martyn Johnson, who, having been OUT TO WIN duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the pub- The Story of America in France lisher of The Dial and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, manage. By Lt. CONINGSBY DAWSON ment (and if a daily paper, the circulation), etc., of the aforesaid Author of "The Glory of the Trenches," "Carry On." etc. publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by Third Edition. Cloth, $1.25 net the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form, to wit: “Out to Win' will help us all to fight better; to do 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, man. our humble share, whatever it may be, toward win- aging editor, and business managers are: Publisher, Martyn John ning the war. 'Out to Win' will deepen our respect son, 152 W. 13th St., New York, N. Y.; editors, Clarence Britten, 152' W. 13th St., New York, N. Y.; Harold Stearns, 152 W. 13th for our countrymen and enlarge our understanding St., New York, N. Y.; Scofield Thayer, 80 Washington Sq., New and sympathy for our allies.”—Chicago Daily News. York, N. Y.; George B. Donlin, 152 W. 13th St., New York, N. Y.; managing editor, none; business manager, Martyn John- The Kaiser's Schemes son, 152 W. 13th St., New York, N. Y. 2. That the owners are (give names and addresses of indi GONE ASTRAY vidual owners, or, if a corporation, give its name and the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 per cent or LEAVES FROM AN EMPEROR'S DIARY more of the total amount of stock): The Dial Publishing Com. Cloth, $1.50 net pany, Inc., 152 W. 13th St., New York; Frederick Lynch, 70 "These supposititious excerpts from the Kaiser's di- Fifth Ave., New York; W. C. Kitchel, 50 So. La Salle St., Chi. cago; Martyn Johnson, 152 W. 13th St., New York; Scofield ary begin with his tenth birthday anniversary and come Thayer, 80 Washington Sq., New York; Agnes Brown Leach, 25 down almost to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and they W. 45th St., New York; Henry Goddard Leach, 25 W. 45th St., are revelatory of practically every important phase of New York; Marion C. Ingersoll, 149 S. Oxford St., Brooklyn, N. Y. his extraordinary character and of his mental attitude 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other se- curity holders owning or holding i per cent or more of total toward every important topic. Especially interesting amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are (if there are are the passages purporting to express his adoration none, so state): None. of his grandfather, his contempt for his father and his 4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain not brutality toward his mother. His visions of world do. only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear mination and his unscrupulous plottings for the present upon the books of the company but also, in cases where the stock. war are also pictured with marvellous skill. As an holder or security holder appears upon the books of the company analysis and estimate of him it forecasts the enduring as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the per- son or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given; also truth of history." —New York Tribune. that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions The Official Memoir under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and se- RUPERT BROOKE curities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner; and A Memoir by EDWARD MARSH this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, asso- ciation, or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the Frontispiece Portrait, Cloth, $1.25 net said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him. This official memoir, prepared by the lamented poet's intimate 5. That the average number of copies of each issue of this friend and literary executor, consists largely of Brooke's unpub. publication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to lished letters and a few poems not contained in his "Collected paid subscribers during the six months preceding the date shown Poems" (now in its 24th edition). The account of his travels in above is (this information is required from daily publications Canada, the United States, and the South Sea Islands is full of in- only). terest and charm; and the pages which deal with his war experi- MARTYN JOHNSON. ences and of his untimely death are particularly interesting. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 28th day of September, OF ALL BOOKSELLERS 1918. BENJAMIN F. JOSEPH, (SEAL.) JOHN LANE CO, NEW YORK (My commission expires March 30, 1919.) When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 328 October 19, 1918 THE DIAL MAMUHT “One of the most original, amusing, and piquant books ever written."-N. r. Eve. Post The Education of Henry Adams An Autobiography With an Introduction by HENRY CABOT LODGE Better than any description, the following quotations show the amazing richness and breadth of interest of this autobiography: Roosevelt more than any other man living within the range of notoriety showed the singular primitive quality that belongs to ultimate matter--the quality that mediaeval theology assigned to God-he was pure act. A tropical bird, high-crested, long-beaked, quick-moving, with rapid utterances and screams of humor, quite unlike any English lark or nightingale. One could hardly call him a crimson macaw among owls, and yet no ordinary contrast availed. Milnes in. troduced him as Mr. Algernon Swinburne Sterling at length broke out "He is a cross between the devil and the Duke of Argyll!” $5.00 net. Except for two mistakes the earth would have been a success. One of these errors was the inclination of the ecliptic; the other was the differentiation of the sexes, and the saddest thought about the last was that it should have been so modern. My Antonia By Willa S. Cather. Of all the remarkable portraits of women that the author of "The Song of the Lark" has done, no other is so vivid as Antonia, burning with the vitality of the prairie soil from which she springs. Il- lustrated by Benda. $1.00 net. The Life and Letters of Joel Chandler Harris By Julia Collier Harris. "The author has achieved something like a veritable masterpiece. It is done with exquisite taste, not exploiting nor exaggerating the sub- ject, but striving successfully to depict the man just as he was a fitting memorial of a writer who gave much gladness to the world.” N. Y. Tribune. Illustrated. $3.50 net. Formative Types in English Literature By George Herbert Palmor. 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AN IMAGINARY CONVERSATION: Gosse and Moore, III. George Moore 354 . THE MORAL STATE Harold Stearns 361 . FROM AN OLDER TIME Randolph Bourne 363 CONNOISSEURSHIP OR CRITICISM Walter Pach 365 EDITORIALS 367 COMMUNICATIONS: Incommunicable Literature.-The Socialist Platform. 370 372 NOTES ON NEw. Books: The Flame That Is France.—The Fourteenth of July, and Dan- ton.—Two Towns, One City.—The Three-Cornered Hat.—Life and Works of Ozias Humphry, R.A.-Experiments in Psychical Research.—Right and Wrong After the War.–The Destinies of the Stars.-A Reporter at Armageddon.—The Amateur Vag- abond.-Old Truths and New Facts.-Our Admirable Betty.-An American Family.- Love Eternal.—The Comforts of Home.—The Shadow-Eater. THE DIAL (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published every other Saturday by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc.—Martyn Johnson, President; Scofield Thayer, Secretary-Treasurer-at 152 West Thirteenth Street, New York, N. Y. Entered as Second-Class matter at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., August 3, 1918, under the act of March 3, 1897. Copyright, 1918, by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc. Foreign postage, 50 cents. $3.00 a Year 15 Cents a Copy 330 November 2 THE DIAL Scribner Publications- The Valley of Democracy Fiction The People and Activities of the Middle West By Meredith Nicholson New York Times says: “It is a book which could have been written only by a Westerner; and it is a book for every American-Westerner and East- erner, Northerner and Southerner-to read, mark, ponder, and inwardly digest. The importance of its theme cannot be denied without denying the author's contention that the Valley of Democracy is also the Valley of Decision; and the adequacy of its treatment is obvious to every sympathetic reader. The book is well thought out, well planned and well written.” Illustrations by Walter Tittle. $2.00 net. Simple Souls By John Hastings Turner “There is not a thing in it that is not delightful, delicious and indescribably precious. Not in many a year have we read a romance so filled on every page with irresistible humor, with illuminating philosophy, with human nature wearing motley, yet as starkly revealed as Adam in Eden. There is not an entirely rational person in it, and yet there is not one who is not true to life.”—New York Tribune. $1.35 net. On Our Hill By Josephine Daskam Bacon "One of the most difficult things in the world is to portray child life with perfect naturalness and to interpret child nature accurately. It is seldom that a writer succeeds at this often-essayed task so perfectly as Mrs. Bacon has here done."-New York Tribune. Illustrated. $2.00 net. Children of the Dear Cotswolds By L. Allen Harker Mrs. Harker here presents with the charm that characterizes all she writes, the people of the beautiful Cotswold region. Among the stories are “Mrs. Birkin's Bonnet," "At Blue House Lock," "A Cotswold Barmaid,” “Fuzzy Wuzzy's Watch," "A Giotto of the Cotswolds,” etc. $1.50 net. Byways in Southern Tuscany By Katharine Hooker Every foot of Tuscan soil is redolent of memories, and Mrs. Hooker not only gives us charming notes of travel and enlightens us as to contemporary conditions, but rehearses for us a centuries-long historic drama of fascinating though often tragic detail. The volume is abundantly illustrated from photographs reproduced with a brilliancy that the half-tone process rarely achieves and also by de- lightfully artistic sketches and decorations. With 60 full-page and many other illustrations. $3.50 net. Lovers of Louisiana By George W. Cable “There is a full measure of Cable's old-time charm of Creole temperament and specch. It is a win- ning tale of beauty and sympathetic appeal to the heart."-New York Tribune. $1.50 net. A Runaway Woman By Louis Dodge "The alluring train of the eternal vagabond runs through it all, and lends witchery and idealism to the scenes. The entire narrative is suffused in a rare and peculiar atmosphere of artistic charm.”- Philadelphia North American. Illustrated. $1.50 net. In the Wilds of South America By Leo E. Miller of the American Museum of Natural History Six years of exploration in Colombia, Vene- zuela, British Guiana, Peru, Bolivia, Argen- tina, Paraguay and Brazil. It is a wonderfully informative, impressive, and often thrilling narrative in which savage peoples and all but unknown animals largely figure, which forms an infinitely readable book and one of rare value for geographers, naturalists, and other sci- entific men. With 48 full-page illustrations and with maps. $4.50 net. On Furlough By Florence Olmstead “The narrative is well conceived and exquisitely told, with that incessant and unfailing appeal to sympathy which is the most triumphant note of the romance writer."—New York Tribune. $1.50 net. BOOKS CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK When writing to advertisers please mention Tax Dial 1918 331 THE DIAL Scribner Publications Soldier Silhouettes On Our Front By William L. Stidger Y. M. C. A. Worker in France Here is a book that stirs your heart, appeals to your deepest emotions, for you look into and read and respond to the hearts of our boys. You share their dreams, you share their thoughts of home, their hardships, and realize their sacrifices. You will thrill with pride at the spirit of splendid courage that animates them, their great hopes and cheerful acceptance of every hardship in the 'cause they are fighting for. Ilustrated. $1.25 net. Fighting the Boche Underground By Captain H. D. Trounce Mining and sapping, one of the most important and most dangerous activities of the whole war, is described by Captain Trounce, now of our en- gineers, but of the Royal British Engineers up to July, 1917. He writes of this strange form of warfare under the trenches and No Man's Land with great clarity and vividness, describing the construction of gal- leries and mines, underground fights, explosions about Neuville-St. Vaast, in Flanders, near Arras, under the Vimy Ridge, etc. Illustrated. $1.50 net. The City of Trouble Petrográd Since the Revolution By Meriel Buchanan Preface by Hugh Walpole This is a narrative by the daughter of Sir George Buchanan, British Ambassador at Petrograd from 1910 until early this year. Miss Buchanan's story begins before the Czar's downfall-includes, in fact, the dramatic account of the death of the notorious Rasputin and comes down to the depar- ture of the British Ambassador from Petrograd early in the present year. $1.35 net. Our Navy in the War By Lawrence Perry of the New York Evening Post Mr. Perry presents in this volume a complete record, full of illuminating illustrations and ad- venturous incidents, of the achievements of the navy in all its lines, including the marines, cam- ouflage, etc. His information has been in all cases the best available, collected from the highest authorities. Illustrated. $1.50 net. The Vanguard of American Volunteers By Edwin W. Morse Here are the stories, for the first time available, of that handful of pioneers who blazed the trail for the five million American soldiers that were to follow. There are chapters on Alan Seeger, Thaw, Victor Chapman, Edmond Genet, Lufbery, and a score of others who upheld the honor of America in all branches of the allied scrvice. Illustrated. $1.50 net. The People of Action A Study in American Idealism By Gustave Rodrigues With an Introduction by J. Mark Baldwin. Translated by Louise Seymour Houghton An extraordinarily penetrating, sympathetic, and wise study of ourselves and our institutions, our dearest hopes, our mistakes, our worth as a nation, and our character as individuals, made by a Frenchman. He finds us profound idealists, but different from others in that action is our national medium for realizing our ideals. $1.50 net. Crosses of War A Volume of War Poems By Mary R. S. Andrews Poems of war and patriotism by Mary R. S. Andrews, the author of the famous Lincoln story, “The Perfect Tribute.” It includes "A Godspeed," the notable tribute to the men who have carried the flag to France; "The Flowering"; "A Call to Arms"; "The Baby and the Baby-Somewhere in America and Somewhere in France," and other poems. 75 cents net. Figures from American History The books of this series will deal with figures of conspicuous interest chosen very freely from the whole field of American history, and will be not only thoroughly informative as biographies, but extend also to the freest discussion of character, times, and environment. The first two volumes now published are Thom's Jefferson. By Prof. David Saville Muzzey, of Columbia University Jefferson Davis. By Armistead C. Gordon Each $1.50 net BOOKS CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK SCRIBNTRS MAGAZINE When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 32 November 2 THE DIAL BOOKS ON VARIED SUBJECTS THE SEVEN PURPOSES By MARGARET CAMERON In this book an author well-known for many books in other fields, records a series of extraordinary experiences with “ automatic writings''-into which she protests her hand has been drawn much against her will and contrary to all her former habit and prejudice. Her narrative, involving remarkable expressions and messages purporting to come from very definite and recognizable personalities of former acquaintances of herself and her friends, is not only thrillingly interesting, but tremendously inspiring in its moral and spiritual significance. Crown 8vo, $: 00 FROM BERLIN TO THE KAISER AS I KNOW HIM BAGDAD By ARTHUR N. DAVIS This book throws blinding light upon the question of the Kaiser's Ву responsibility for the war, upon his foreknowledge of the destruc- tion of the “Lusitania,” upon the part attempted by the German gov- GEORGE A. SCHREINER ernment in the Presidential election of 1916, upon the Kaiser's own idea that "America shall pay the bills for this war"-upon the thou- Author of "The Iron Ration." sand and one vital questions to which Americans want the answer. Illustrated. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.00. The vivid story of an eyewit- ness is revealed in this book. FOUR YEARS IN THE WHITE NORTH The events, mysterious and By DONALD B. MACMILLAN. sinister, in the Near East since A graphic and intensely interesting account of the most important the war began are told here for exploring expedition in the northern Arctic since the discovery of the first time. Captain the North Pole. Under the auspices of the American Museum of Schreiner went to Bulgaria and Natural History and the American Geographical Society, the Crocker Turkey in the early stages of Land Expedition set out to solve the last great geographical problem the conflict and knows them as of the North-whether there was in the Polar Sea a large body of you know the street you live on. land still undiscovered. The author, who was the leader of this He will tell you why Bulgaria expedition, gives a full account of what it accomplished, the hard- collapsed - why Turkey is ships, bravery, and endurance of its members. Illustrated. Crown Svo, Cloth $4.00 weakening. He is entirely fair- minded and judicial in his esti- MEMORIES GRAVE AND GAY mate of the aims and results of By FLORENCE HOWE HALL the British and French strategy. Author of "Social Usages at Washington.” The chapters on the “Young Turk” administration, the The well-known author, lecturer, and daughter of Julia Ward Howe, tells here the story of her full life. She grew up in Boston future of woman in Turkey, and political and economic con- in an international atmosphere and has impressions to relate of Kossuth; Thackeray; Longfellow; Charles Sumner; Kane, the ditions in the Empire make Arctic explorer; Arthur Hugh Clough; Charlotte Cushman; interesting reading. Other Frederika Bremer; Edwin Booth ; George Bancroft; Oliver Wendeli sidelights include a glimpse at Holmes; Emerson; William Hunt; the Agassizes; the two James the deportation horrors in Ar- brothers, William and Henry; William Dean Howells; the Storys, menia and a graphic descrip and many others. Illustrated. Cloth, Regular 8vo., $3.50 tion of an overland journey to Damascus for the purpose of YESTERDAYS IN A BUSY LIFE interviewing the survivors of By CANDACE WHEELER. the ocean terror, the "Emden." The founder of the Decorative Arts Society tells in these pages The final chapter in which Cap of the ninety-odd years of her interesting life and of the hosts of tain Schreiner gives his con- famous men and women with whom she has come in contact. She clusions upon the future rôle to has anecdotes to tell of Peter Cooper, William Cullen Bryant, James be played by Turkey in the Russell Lowell. Owing to her interest in art her acquaintance with great world drama is quite in artists was an intimate and extensive one-John Lafarge, Samuel the vein of "The Iron Ration," Coleman, Carroll Beckwith, William Chase, Blashfield, Macmonnies, French, Millet, Alma Tadema, and Abbey. Mark Twain, Frank and is well worthy of attention. Stockton, Lawrence Hutton, the Richard Watson Gilders, Du Maps. Crown 8vo, Cloth, Maurier, De Morgan, Hardy, and Browning—of each of these she has an interview to relate or an anecdote. $2.00 Illustrated. Cloth, Crown 8vo, $3.00 HARPER & BROTHERS Established 1817 New York When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 1918 333 THE DIAL A Selection of Notable New Publications The United States in the World War By JOHN BACH MCMASTER. The whole story of America's part in the great war, told by a famous American his- torian from an American point of view. The book covers the period from the murder at Sarajevo to the peace proposals of January, 1918, describing every phase of the struggle in which the United States was involved and is written in that same swift-moving and easy manner which made Dr. McMaster's earlier histories so popular. An absorbing account of stirring events, told not for our times alone, but in that broad, impartial spirit which stamps a book for posterity. 8vo. $3.00 net. Prussian Political Philosophy An Ethical Philosophy of Life By W. W. WILLOUGHBY. By FELIX ADLER. A clear and dispassionate examination of the The author, who is the leader of the Ethical political principles which make Germany a Culture Society, has here recorded his own fine menace to Democracy wherever that form of and inspiring philosophy of life, which is the government exists. $1.50 net. outgrowth of over forty years spent in active social service. $3.00 net. German Submarine Warfare The Rise of the Spanish American Republics By WESLEY FROST. A study of the methods and spirit of submarine By W. S. ROBERTSON. warfare, as the author, who was U. S. Consul at An account of the liberation of South America Queenstown from the beginning of the war, saw from the rule of her Spanish masters, told in them. It includes his personal story of the sink- the form of a biography of the heroes who ing of the Lusitania. Illustrated. $1.50 net. helped to set her free. Illustrated. $3.00 net. Unchained Russia American Negro Slavery By CHARLES E. RUSSELL. By ULRICH B. PHILLIPS. A fascinating account of the real Revolutionary A complete study of slavery in this country. It contains illuminating extracts from old docu- Russia. The Czar's government, its downfall, Bolshevikism and the effect of German propa- ments, plantation diaries, etc., and throws many vivid sidelights on economic condition in the ganda are zestfully described by a member of South. $3.00 net. the American Mission to Russia. $1.50 net. Mexico—from Cortez to Carranza Fighting France By L. S. HASBROUCK. By STEPHANE LAUZANNE. A popular history of that stormy country where The flaming soul of France is laid bare by this ancient Indian civilization, Spanish culture and famous Paris editor. He tells how she is fight a well-developed national Mexican sentiment, ing, what she is fighting for and why she will working at cross purposes, kept things seething battle on until the Hun is crushed forever. for nearly four hundred years. $1.50 net. Illustrated. $1.50 net. The Little Democracy Commercial Arbitration and the Law By IDA CLYDE CLARKE. By JULIUS HENRY COHEN. A complete study of all forms of neighborhood An exhaustive historical study of the legal basis organization including community gardens, for arbitration agreements, including a study of kitchens and markets, community banking and the validity of such agreements and their re- buying, community music and drama, etc. vocability. $3.00 net. $1.50 net. Psychic Tendencies of Today The Woman Citizen By ALFRED W. MARTIN. By H. A. HOLLISTER. A stimulating and impartial discussion of the A critical survey of woman's place in history chief psychic movements of the day. In the and in modern life, with suggestions for any light of the evidence at hand Dr. Martin needed readjustments of her present place in analyzes Psychic Research, Spiritualism, Chris- society. $1.75 net. tian Science and New Thought. $1.50 net. These Are Appleton Books Published by D. APPLETON & COMPANY, New York, and for sale at all Bookstores When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 334 November 2 THE DIAL On the Living Room Table No attempt at classification here- Just some interesting books Author Book Substance Richard Dehan That Which Many of the characters in “One Braver Thing" Author of "One Braver Hath Wings ("The Dope Doctor") reappear in this brilliant Thing” (“The Dope 12mo, frontis., $1.60 | book. "Qualities sufficient to mark it as one Doctor") of the really important works of fiction, not alone of the present season, but of the whole period of the war.”—N. Y. Tribune. J. A. Cramb The Rule of A story of three days of Napoleon's life in Author of Might Vienna (1809). The distinguished author of "Germany and England" "Germany and England" has drawn a remark- 12mo, frontis., $1.60 able lifelike portrait of the man who was so strong and yet so weak, in a stirring and pic- turesque tale. G. Monroe Royce The Note Book of “Happy sketches—delightful writer. In his Author of an American Parson eye a glint of humor, love and laughter for the "The Son of Amram" in England gentle reader.”—The Churchman. “A book 12mo, frontis., $2.00 astical Review. well to be placed upon one's list.”—Ecclesi- Horace Perry Theories of Since the time of Faraday it has been the belief Energy of some of the most eminent scientists that all 12mo, figures, $1.75 forms of energy are essentially the same, but every effort to harmonize them upon a common basis has failed. The author achieves this harmony. Elsa Rehmann The Small A helpful book on the improvement of a small Place place in the way of its landscape architecture. 8vo, over 100 plates, Amazing and beautiful effects may be had in $2.50 very restricted areas, and the author shows how. Lleut.-General A Nation Trained in Lessons in war from the past and the present, Baron von Freytag Arms or a Militia? by the Deputy Chief of the Imperial German Loringhoven 12mo, $1.25 General Staff. Though many will not agree Author of "Deductions with the author's summing up, his historical from the World War" allusions and deductions therefrom are of in- tense interest. The Loeb Greek Anthology IV Four new volumes in this remarkable series of Greek and Latin texts with parallel English Classical Greek Anthology V translations. The series is to contain all that is Library Xenophon's best in Literature from the time of Homer to Hellenica I the fall of Constantinople. Send for descrip- Juvenal's Persius tive list of 80 vols. now published. Per vol. cloth, $1.80 Leather, $2.25 NEW YORK 2 West 45th St. Jast WEST of Sth Ave. ALL BOOKSELLERS G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Publishers When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL LONDON 24 Bedford St. STRAND 1918 33 THE DIAL New Fiction and Books of Current Interest ELIZABETH'S CAMPAIGN RICHARD BALDOCK By Mrs. Humphry Ward By Archibald Marshall Author of 'Missing,' etc. Author of "The Graftons," "Abington Abbey," etc. Ardent patriotism, pacifism, war-weariness and Another one of Marshall's charming stories of the many sacrifices being made in Britain today English country life. There are no heroes-and -it is a remarkable story of all these things that no villains-no types like “heavies" and "in. Mrs. Ward has written in "Elizabeth's Cam genues.” The story is about real people of paign,” in which an unpatriotic English squire is whom our opinions are constantly changing, and brought to a realization of England's need by an is quite the best thing Marshall has written..$1.50 efficient and lovable young woman secretary. Frontispiece, $1.50 THE HEART OF ALSACE CAMILLA By Benjamin Vallotton By Elizabeth Robins Author of "Potterat and the War" Author of "My Little Sister,” etc. In this tale of a young Swiss, tutor to two Alsa. Was it Camilla's formidable innocence or just tian boys, the picture of conditions under Ger. stupidity that plunged her into such a whirl of man domination is the finest thing Vallotton has difficulties? Hers is the story of a beautiful done, of many fine things. It is an exquisite American divorcée combating English prejudice story of simple, charming lives, of almost inex- -every bit as fine and every bit as fascinating haustible patience, then of war and millions of as "My Little Sister”. $1.60 men marching to avenge the dead........... $1.50 THE ADVANCE OF ENGLISH POETRY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY By William Lyon Phelps, Ph.D. Author of "The Advance of the English Novel,” etc. Where to find and how to enjoy the best contemporary English poetry. Professor Phelps discusses the contemporary poets of England, Ireland and America, with an analysis of their most valuable contribu- tions to literature. His criticisms, as usual, are most interesting; his vivacity, clever characterizations and animated discussions always stimulating... $1.50 THE BETROTHAL: A Sequel to FIFTH AVENUE The Bluebird By Arthur Bartlett Maurice By Maurice Maeterlink Author of "New York of the Novelists,” etc. All lovers of "The Bluebird" will want to read Our Avenue has just entered upon the most of the adventures of Tyltyl in his search for a glorious stage of its varied career as the “Avenue sweetheart. The same delicacy of fancy which of the Allies.” Of its picturesque history from has endeared Maeterlinck's work to all of us its early Knickerbocker days to the present Mr. characterizes “The Betrothal.” Its publication is Maurice has written a charming acrount, illus- coincident with its reproduction at the Little trated by the sketches of Allan Gilbert Cram. Theatre in New York by Winthrop Ames......$1.50 8vo, boxed, $2.50 MADAME ROLAND: A Study in SOME HAWARDEN LETTERS: Revolution 1878-1913 By Mrs. Pope-Hennessy Written to Mrs. Drew (Miss Mary Gladstone) An animated record of a romantic career, that Letters written to Gladstone's daughter that of one of the most interesting women of the tell many interesting things of the men and French Revolution. Until the recent publication women of that great generation. Every page of of her letters in France, such a vivid portrait of this book is alive with interest; it is a definite Madame Roland was not possible. contribution to the history of a great generation. Illustrated, 8vo, $5.00 Arranged by Lisle March-Phillips and Bertram Christian... .Illustrated, 8vo, $4.00 HERSELF-IRELAND By Elizabeth P. O'Connor CHRIST IN YOU Thoroughly enjoyable descriptions of Ireland and A really remarkable little book which has sold Irish life today by the wife of the famous Tay by thousands in England-a true expression of Pay. “I had not lived in Ireland," she says, the mystical spirit containing a clearer vision "thirty davs before I loved the Irish," and her of the spir tual revolution in process today. By readers will love her descriptions of them. the author of “Spiritual Reconstruction"...... -$1.00 Illustrated, 8vo, $2.50 We have an especially well-selected list of new juveniles this fall of which the following are now ready: “Little Brother and Little Sister and Other Tales by the Brothers Grimm," illustrated by Arthur Rack- ham; "The Fighting Masiot,” by little Tommy Kehoe, the youngest boy in the British Army; "The Flying Yankee,” by "Flight"; "Nature Stories to Tell the Children"; "Tales of Giants from Brazil”; the Jesse Willcox Smith Little Mother Goose. DODD, MEAD & COMPANY, Publishers, New York When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 336 November 2 THE DIAL The Council of National Defense asks you to distribute your Holiday Buying through Oct., Nov. and Dec. So far the BIG novel of the 20th Contury SALT A VITAL PICTURE OF AN AMERICAN BOY'S LIFE IN SCHOOL, COLLEGE, BUSINESS AND MARRIAGE or Tho Eduoation of Griffith Adams THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE By Charles G. Norris a 4th Edition. $1.50 Philo. Ledger: "To read even few pages is to be clutched irresistibly by its almost uncanny reality, to feel its force as a profound- ly impressive and scarching picture.” By VIC NTE BLASCO IBANEZ Three Editions Exhausted. Fourth & Fifth on Sale. Sixth in press. $1.90 Authorized Translation by Charlotte Brewster Jordan The daughters of an Argentine Spaniard marry, one a Frenchman, one a German, and take their wealth and their families to Europe before the war. The moulding of the cousins by Teuton and Gallic influ. ence is illuminating. Then the story, quickens as France rises to war and reaches a splendid climax in the telling of the flow and ebb of the German army over the Marne country. “A more absorbing story you never read superbly human told by a genius. It is a masterpiece." -Press, Albany "One of the finest character studies of mod. ern times" Wo Others By Henry Barbusso Readers of "Under Fire" will find the tender human- ity a wonderful contrast to his picture of war. Varied both in scenes and emotional appeal. $1.50 A Dreamer Under Arms By F. G. Hurrell A fine moving story of how a dreamer in the war and the rough, profane squad which he joins come to care for each other. $1.50 Girls' Clubs By Helen J. Ferris The National Board of the Y. W. C. A. recommends this as invaluable help in organizing and managing any kind of a girls' club. $2.00 A Boy of Bruges By E. and T. Cammaerts An uncommonly delightful addition to the capital "Little Schoolmates Series" on child life in other lands. $1.50 American Problems of Reconstruction A Symposium, edited by ELISHA M. FRIEDMAN, Foreword by 'FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary of the Interior. Over thirty experts, including Frank A. Vanderlip, Charles M. Schwab, and others, contribute to present the effects of the war and consequent finan- cial and economic changes made necessary. $4.00 Getting Together With Latin America By A. Hyatt Verrill Clear and competent in its treatment of present con- ditions and the measures necessary to meet an in- evitable increase of competition. $1.50 Creative Impulso in Industry By Helen Marot An effort to further "efficiency" without making ma. chines out of factory working people. Both im- portant and interesting. $1.50 The Silent Watchers By Bonnet Copplestono England's Navy. What It Is and What We Owe to It. Added to its high authority the book has the great quality of reflecting the very soul of the great navy Sir Eric Geddes controls. $2.00 Tho Noar East from within New and Cheaper Edition By In response to the wide interest in the importance of these remarkable disclosures of German methods of secret control in Turkey and the Balkans, the work is now issued at a popular price. $1.50 The Secret Press in Bolgium By Joan Massart A vivid account of the underground distribution of prohibited periodicals, etc. A new revelation of the indomitable spirit of Belgium. $1.50 Further Indiscretions By the author of "Memories, Discreet and Indiscreet." Entertaining, gossipy recollections of prominent Eng: lishwomen from royalty to professional beauties, and of many public men. $5.00 The Last of tho Romanofs By Charles Rivot A well-considered, authoritative yet vivid account of the conditions and events leading to the Russian Revolution. $3.00 Life After Death By James H. Hyslop The evidence accumulated through twenty years by the Secretary of the American Society of Psychical Research. In press. $2.00 FAR AWAY AND LONG AGO A History of My Early Life By W. H. HUDSON Unusual experiences, the spacious backgrounds of Argentin e pampas, the curious, romantic, sometimes sinister, person- alities to be met in Buenos Ayres of the '40s, all help in making this unique among biographies. But its real fascination lies in a self-revelation, rich in beauty, presented with great fineness and dignity, in an atmosphere full of restful charm. With a portrait. Just ready. $2.50 A suitable and welcome gift can always be found in EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY. Send for a complete list of the 741 volumes now roady. Postage extra. On sale at all Booksellers. If not obtainable from your local bookseller, order from E. P.DUTTON & COMPANY, Publishers, 681 Fifth Avenue, NEW YORK When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 1918 337 THE DIAL Two things our Government recommends this war-year as to Christmas presents :- (1) That useless, wasteful, knickknack stuff not be given. (Give books all around. There are books for every age and need. They compliment the good taste of the receiver. They fill every requirement of a fitting Christmas present.) (2) That buying begin early so as to avoid the concentrated strain that usually comes upon selling and transportation just before Christmas. (Our Fall books are already distributed. Nothing else is more easily bought thanbooks and the sending of them conserves a maximum of coal and man-power.) Lights on the War Our Best Novels Our Best for Young People STAKES OF THE WAR THE BOOMERANG THE BROWNIES AND By Lothrop Stoddard and Glenn Frank By David Gray PRINCE FLORIMEL Gives the facts of race, trade and territory A novel that has captured all the bril. By Palmer Cox at issue in the war the facts about Fin liance, gayety and swift action of the land, Yugo-Slavia, Belgium, Ukraine, etc. famous play on which it is founded. A brand new Brownie book, with over 200 -13 maps. $2.50. Illustrated. $1.40. comical illustrations by the creator of the famous band of fun-makers. $1.50. THE FLAME THAT IS MISS MINK'S SOLDIER OUR HUMBLE HELPERS FRANCE By Alice Hegan Rice By Jean Henri Fabre By Henry Malherbe A book of stories by the creator of "Mrs. The most fascinating account, by the It won the Goncourt Prize in Paris for Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch", rich in the great French scientist and nature lover, 1917. In it the heroic spirit of France beneficent laughter and tears which the of our domestic helpers-dogs, horses, speaks from the trenches. $1.00. author has at her command. Frontispiece. cats, chickens, etc. Illustrated. $2.00. $1.25. AMERICA IN THE WAR STORY-HOUR By Louis Raemackers THE GOLDEN BIRD FAVORITES A picture panorama (100 cartoons and 100 By Maria Thompson Daviess pages of text) of tremendous history in By Wilhelmina Harper A delightful love story, light as thistle. the making by the supreme artistic genius discovered by the war. Quarto. $5.00. floss, set in Harpeth Valley, in Tennessee. A collection of the best story classics for Illustrated. $1.40. children, adapted for all ages; selected by a professional story-teller. $1.25. NAVAL HEROES OF MAGGIE OF VIRGINS- TODAY LOST ISLAND BURG By Francis A. Collins By Ralph Henry Barbour and H. P. Holt True stories, as thrilling as fiction, of the By Helen R. Martin A story of a boy's adventures on the sea achievements today of the men in our A new_novel of the picturesque Pennsy!. and the finding of a lost ship laden with Navy. Illustrated, $1.50. vania Dutch by the author of "Tillie: A metal more precious than gold. Illustrated. Mennonite Maid." Frontispiece. $1.40. $1.35. THE BIOLOGY OF WAR By G. F. Nicolai MISS INGALIS THREE SIDES OF PARADISE GREEN A profound scientific analysis of war By Gertrude Hall which is at the same time a terrible in- dictment of the German military party, The New York Times says: "Distinction, By Augusta Huiell Seaman by the famous scientist who fled from skill, the fine achievement of success, are A thrilling mystery story for girls of from Berlin. $3.50. all to be found in the drawing of Miss ten to sixteen, by the author of "The Hall's two central characters." Frontis. Sapphire Signet," etc. Illustrated. $1.35. THE BOOK OF AMER- piece. $1.40. THE MYSTERY OF RAM ICAN WARS HELEN OF TROY: AND ISLAND By G. F. Nicolai ROSE A historian of distinction, authority and By Joseph Bushnell Ames alluring style gives America's fighting rec By Phyllis Bottome An adventure story for boys with a back. ord from the birth of the nation. Illus. Two stories of novelette size in Miss Bot. ground of Boy Scouts and involving a suc- trated. $2.00. tome's swiftest and most fascinating man. cessful foiling of a gang of German spies. Illustrated. $1.25. Illustrated. $1.35. THE RED HEART OF PATRIOTISM AND THE RUSSIA THE MERRY HEART FLAG By Bessie Beatty By Helen Raymond Abbott A book for patriotic boys and girls, giving The story of the second, or economic rev. A first novel by a new author with a the history of our Flag, of the Liberty olution, in Russia; sidelights on that fas. fresh touch-a love story of New England. Bell, an account of West Point, etc., etc. cinating mystery-the Russian character. Frontispiece. $1.40. Illustrated. 75 cents. Illustrated. $2.00. THE HAPPIEST TIME OF MELISSA-ACROSS-THE- RUMANIA'S SACRIFICE THEIR LIVES FENCE By Senator Gogu Negulesco Why Rumania entered the war and why By Alice Duer Miller By Augusta Huiell Seaman she collapsed so suddenly, with a general The latest novel by the author of "Come A charming story for small readers be- account of her entire history by a member Out of the Kitchen". Mrs. Miller tween the ages of six and ten, about a of the Rumanian Parliament. Illustrated. achieves a new depth of tenderness in little girl and a mysterious boy neighbor. $1.50. this story. Illustrated. $1.40. Illustrated. $1.00. ner. At all bookstorey THE CENTURY CO., 373 Fourth Avenue, New York City to complete cabelos menores When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 338 November 2 THE DIAL H. G. Wells' New Novel- Joan and Peter Children Will Rule the New World-- they will be the leaders and statesmen of tomorrow. Joan and Peter, the young people in H. G. Wells' new novel, are your children. They face the same problems your children are facing today. They display the same courage and nobility your chil- dren are displaying today at home and on the fields of France. Never has Youth's bravery been pictured so vividly as in Mr. Wells' account of Peter's thrilling com- bats in the air. No one can read the story of Joan and Peter with- out feeling a deeper tenderness and duty toward the sons and daughters who must rebuild and rule the world. The author of "Mr. Britling" speaks in “Joan and Peter" to the hearts and minds of parents everywhere. H. G. Wells' New Novel (Now Second Edition) JOAN AND PETER “Mr. Wells' finest achievement ... one of the most significant books of the year.” When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL 1918 339 THE DIAL “Give them Books!” Dial readers will all enjoy these six new books, a careful selection from our Fall publication list. They are books to give as well as books to keep. Ambassador Morgenthau's Story By HENRY MORGENTHAU Former American Ambassador to Turkey Mr. Morgenthau was stationed in Constantinople in August, 1914. For the following two years-up to the time of our "break” with Turkey–he took charge, not only of American interests, but of the embassies of the warring nations. At one time he represented ten nations at the Sublime Porte. He was the confident of the Turk, and courted by the German. He was in close touch with all the goings-on at Constantinople, and stood many times between Turkish-Hun atrocities. Intimate pictures are given of Telaat and Enver Pasha, the real rulers of Turkey under Germany. The intrigue to win Bulgaria over to the German side is clearly shown. A vitally important book, the only authoritative account by an eye-witness of this phase of the war. Net, $2.00 The Eyes of Asia By RUDYARD KIPLING A new book of Mr. Kipling's is always an event. The lovers of his Indian tales will be particularly pleased with these letters of a soldier of the East to his people back home. "The Eyes of Asia" has the real flavor of “Plain Tales” and “Many Inventions.” Net, $1.00 History of the World War Volume III _"1916 on All Battle Fronts." By FRANK H. SIMONDS This volume, the third of the five to appear, tells of the Battle of Verdun, the British Expedition into Mesopotamia, the Austrian assault upon Italy, the Battle of the Somme, the great naval battle off Jut- land, and the first German peace proposals with their attendant propaganda. Net, $3.50 The Letters of Anne Gilchrist and Walt Whitman A copy of “Leaves of Grass" first aroused Anne Gilchrist's interest in "the poet of democracy" and caused her to begin a lifelong correspondence with him. These letters have a delightful literary quality, and show an inspiring, unselfish devotion. (Edited by Thomas B. Harned.) Net, $2.00 Our Cities Awake By MORRIS LLEWELLYN COOKE A practical treatise on the efficient handling of men, as well as a book showing how business methods might profitably be applied to city administration. Women who have recently acquired the vote will find in it the things they ought to know about city government. Net, $2.50 Fighting Germany's Spies By FRENCH STROTHER Managing Editor of "The World's Work" Mr. Strother has had access to the secret documents at Washington which reveal the network of Ger- man intrigue in the United States to accomplish murder, arson, and all sorts of vileness in this country before we entered the war. In this volume are many photographs of documents, secret codes, telegrams and messages, with their startling explanations. Every American should read it; a spy book no less interest- ing because it is true. Net, $1.50 AT ALL BOOKSELLERS DOUBLED AY PAGE COMPANY NEW YORK GARDEN CITY When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 340 November 2 THE DIAL Ready Next Week William Allen White's New Novel IN THE HEART OF A FOOL By the author of "A Certain Rich Man," etc., etc. A fine compelling story of Thomas van Dorn who says in his heart “There is no God.” . . A novel with many dramatic situations, deeply interesting and impressive." $1.60 New Macmillan Publications The Spinners By EDEN PHILLPOTTS. A compelling human story told against the back- ground of a big industry-a sustained and beautiful novel. $1.60 The Red One By JACK LONDON. A collection of new London stories ranging from the tropics to Alaskan fields and written just be- fore the author's death. $1.40 Skipper John of the Nimbus By RAYMOND MCFARLAND. A novel of the Gloucester fishermen. The lure of the fishing banks and the labors, dangers, and con quests of New England fisherfolk hold the atten- tion through a wide range of activities. $1.50 Recollections of a Russian Diplomat By EUGENE DE SCHELKING. Significant revelations of European royalty and diplomats by the former Secretary of the Russian Legation at Berlin. Ill. Ready Oct. 22 Finding Themselves By JULIA C. STIMSON. The letters of an American Army Chief Nurse in a British hospital in France, giving a thrillingly graphic and detailed account of experiences and impressions in our first year of war. III. $1.25 The World War and Leadership in a Democracy By RICHARD T. ELY, Revelations of a scholar, showing the inner, unofficial life of Germany during the past forty years. $1.50 Contemporary Composers By DANIEL GREGORY MASON. Completes the series of essays begun in the com- panion volumes, Beethoven and His Forerunners, The Romantic Composers, and From Grieg to Brahms. III. $2.00 The Drums in Our Street By MARY CAROLYN DAVIES. Poems that tell of war as it comes to the mothers, the sisters, and the sweethearts. $1.25 The Twentieth Century Crusade By LYMAN ABBOTT. Eight letters to parents who have boys at the front. Not words of condolence but of cheer and pride that they are to have a part in the high emprise of liberation now going forward on the plains of France. $.60 A Chance to Live By ZOE BECKLEY. The story of Annie Hargan, daughter of the tene- ments, related with real power and insight. III. Ready Nov. 6 Once on the Summer Range By FRANCIS HILL. The story of an Easterner's experiences in a Mon- tana sheep camp, full of dramatic situations, and colorful pictures of the people and the country. $1.50 The History of Spain By CHARLES E. CHAPMAN. The whole sweep in the evolution of panish life, from the earliest times to the present, brought within the compass of a single volume. $2.60 The Pilgrims and Their History By ROLAND G. USHER. The author of "Pan-Germanism" has summarized the rescarches of the last generation and has drawn together the results in a narrative which is his- tory without being dull, and is detailed without being pedantic. III. $2.00 Under Sail By FELIX RIESENBERG. "Has added to the literature of the sea a book possessing both documentary and human interest." -Boston Herald. III. $2.50 The Newer Knowledge of Nutrition By E. V. McCOLLUM. The correct use of foods for the preservation of vitality and health, popularly presented. III. $1.50 Budget Making in a Democracy By EDWARD A. FITZPATRICK. A book of wide social appeal, presenting in fact a new view of the budget. $1.50 Can Grande's Castle By AMY LOWELL. "Each separate poem in 'Can Grande's Castle' is a real and true poem of remarkable power—a work of imagination, a moving and beautiful thing." Joseph E. Chamberlain in The Boston Transcript. $1.50 Patriotism and Religion By SHAILER MATHEWS. The religious significance of a patriotism allied with an autocracy like Germany and a patriotism allied with a modern republic. $1.25 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. THE DIAL A FORTNIGHTLY The Approach to a League of Nations In Official communications regarding the curs. war, the whose chief trait would be an extension of the old phrase "Associated Governments” frequently oc Hague Tribunal, provision for legal arbitrament The mere fact that the United States is not plus agencies of conciliation, and, when needed, for technically an Allied Government is doubtless the enforcement of decisions by combined arms against reason for the use of the phrase. It does not how a recalcitrant state. Yet if the war has made any- ever take a forced interpretation to find something thing clear it is that such a scheme deals with significant in the term. “Allies” is filled with impli- effects not causes, symptoms not forces; that it is cations of union for offense and defense. It is negative not constructive, and doomed to fail at charged with the militaristic significance of the old some critical moment when most needed. The real order; it conveys precisely that which the foreign problem is one of organization for more effective policy of the United States has always avoided. human association and intercourse. The newer poli- For we have never been the “Ally” of any power. tics signify the social mind carried into questions of The term “Associated” suggests, on the contrary, the human relationships, while the older politics meant new order. It suggests union for the sake of com the formulations of the legal mind concerned with mon ends and interests. Although military neces defense and litigation. Every statesman of the world sity gave it birth, its overtones are of the modern today, every political thinker, can be categorically world of industry and commerce-of voluntary placed according as his plans and ideas are formed cooperation among equals to attain results which primarily in the negative terms of protection against concern all alike. opposition and threatening danger, or in the positive The contrasting phrases may be used to indicate terms of association for realization of common inter- the two approaches to the future League of Nations, ests. Every passing day (and every passing year of one rooting in political needs, the other in economic the future) will make it clear that what distin- necessities. The older conception was not only an guishes President Wilson from the other statesmen expression of purely political traditions, but these of the epoch is his prompt recognition that, given traditions were inseparably connected with those the conditions of modern life, no adequate defense military considerations which are the inevitable out and protection of the interests of peace can be found growth of a world of independent sovereign states except in a policy based upon positive cooperation whose sole official combinations with one another for interests which are so universal as to be mutual. must perforce be directed, defensively or offensively, This means that a system of ideas and activities against some other combination of states. Not even which expresses contemporary industry and com- Mr. Roosevelt has ever said anything harsh enough merce is being substituted for the ancient system about the delusions of those who would cultivate which ignored and despised business and magnified unpreparedness for war in a political world so con the ethics and politics of dignity, honor, aggression, stituted that the sole legally integrating factor among and defense. It is no accident that the formulation different nations is combination with respect to war. of the new order came from this country, which The earlier conception of a League of Nations as by the fortune of history and geography escaped an arrangement whose main, if not sole, purpose was most completely from the ethics of maintaining a to “enforce peace" exhibits the same preoccupation, status of established dignity, and which has com- the same belated ideas. mitted itself most completely to the ethics of indus- Those who are skeptical about the possibility of a try and exchange. President Wilson's propositions League of Nations, those who dwell upon all the have commended themselves to the average Amer- difficulties which have to be met, generally carry ican as a simple and almost matter of course, al- over into their discussions legal-mindedness which though unusually eloquent, statement of the very reflects the old military-political system. And many axioms of our own life. Only courtesy, the urgent of those who argue for it still ignore all the lessons need for American assistance, and a slowly grow- of the war and revert to the notion of a combination ing perception of the essential truth of what he says 342 November 2 THE DIAL -a perception largely compelled by the increasing It is a commonplace that the present war has re- influence of industrial workers in the older countries vealed the primacy of economic and industrial con- -have veiled their alien and "idealistic" character cerns in even military affairs. It is not so frequently in the European countries. For the latter are con observed that it is this primacy which has already trolled by the older ideas of personal alliance, instead brought into being a League of Nations of a type of by the newer ideas of association in common not contemplated by those who have urged one on activities. legal grounds. Every day the “Associated Govern- A League of Nations whose main purpose is to ments” are dealing with questions of the distribution enforce peace by an extension of legal mechanisms of of shipping, raw materials, food, money and credit, controversy and litigation is idealistic and academic. and so on. Nobody who thinks believes that these It would work in periods of recuperation and quies- problems will be less pressing after peace. On cence; it would break down, in all probability, when the contrary, they will become more urgent in confronted with problems of national expansion and some respects. For there will be the danger of a a redistribution of the centers of effective power. disastrous competition among nations now compelled Taken by itself, it represents simply a consecration by war exigencies into a coalescence. New prob- of the politics of the particular balance of power lems of the distribution of labor, immigration, pro- which obtains at a given time. But an organization duction for exportation will emerge. To anni- of nations which grew out of common everyday hilate or reduce the agencies of international reg- necessities, and which operated to meet the common ulation which already exist would be an act of in- place needs of everyday life with respect to food, credible wantonness. Not to stabilize and expand labor, securing raw materials for the reparation of their scope would be one of almost incredible stu- a devastated world, and so on-an organization pidity. But given such an agency of international which grew out of wants and met them would, regulation, defined and authorized by the Peace Con- once formed, become so indispensable that speedily ference itself, and there exists in effect a new and no one could imagine the world getting on without international type of government. Can anyone be- it. It would go of itself; it would possess the only lieve that once such an agency were in existence it final sanction of any human institution-satisfac- would not inevitably tend to be employed for all tion of acknowledged needs and furtherance of ur sorts of new purposes not expressly contemplated in gent interests. It would generate in time any legal its original constitution? Its very utility for recog- and political formulations and mechanisms which nized needs would render it natural to enlarge its were needed to take care of the controversies and functions to deal with future perplexities of inter- conflicts of interest that would still arise. But But national import. A Hague Tribunal, a legal order- there is all the difference in the world between a ing of international disputes, growing out of and system of courts, laws, decisions, and coercive en depending upon an international organization of this forcements which rests upon an organized system positive and constructive sort, would not be spas- of wants and satisfactions, and which gives that sys- modic, negative, artificial, and in important matters tem added security, and a system which, taking no always too late. It would play the same constant constructive care for common interests, spasmod- role which domestic courts play in internal conflict ically attempts to keep peace by bringing into play of interests. legal devices. JOHN DEWEY. The Lost Singer In the olive Orient, Up and down Jerusalem streets He sang his poems. Now the bayonet is there, And the gun- Maybe on the very corner where they met. And the sun Looks down upon the smoke. Saladin is in the dust, Richard camps on Olivet. She who lived in Magdala, Fishermen of Galilee, Blind and poor from Jericho, Lepers out of Bethany, Children, scholars, thieves- What a motley crew Loved the singing Jew! Where are halo, thorn, and staff, That cloak like Himalayan snow? SCUDDER MIDDLETON. 1918 343 THE DIAL The Economic Guarantees of Peace TO SECURE the kind of guarantees that will assure ernments have themselves taken over much of the a stable peace must become labor's immediate pre- buying. As Mr. Hoover pointed out in a recent ad- occupation. This means that the working-class dress, "the European governments have been com- parties must study the existing structure of interna- pelled to undertake the purchase of their supplies tional relations to discover two things: first, upon both for civil and military purposes. There has what problems necessity dictates cooperation among grown up an enormous consolidation of buying for the nations, either because of actual deficits in the 120,000,000 European people, a phenomenon never world's supply of provisions or because of the palpa- before witnessed in the economic history of the ble inefficiency, gross waste, and expense of a world world." In order that there should be no competi- system of competitive industry; and second, what tive bidding in this gigantic buying enterprise the types of international organization already exist to Allied countries have undertaken to fix prices on cer- cope with these difficult matters. Only with these tain articles; and these prices are effective in this facts in view will the nations be prepared to answer country not only for the buyers from foreign govern- the great question: What shall the League of Na ments but for domestic buyers as well. “We find tions do to make the keeping of peace not merely ourselves,” says Mr. Hoover, “in the presence of a desirable but absolutely essential to the livelihood of gigantic monopoly of buying, just as potent for good each member of the League? or evil as any monopoly in selling, and in many in- In order to show, before attempting an answer to stances either making or influencing prices. There- these questions, that labor has already grasped the fore, not through any theory, but through actual idea of necessity plus common sense as the only ef- physical fact, the price made by this gigantic buyer fective basis of world organization, it is only neces- dominates the market." sary to refer to the Inter-Allied Labor War Aims. The purpose of this control is to secure a distribu- In pointing out the likelihood of a wheat shortage tion on a basis of prior need and fair price—to sup- after the war, this document declares that “sys- ply essential goods to the Allied countries at a cost' tematic arrangement, on an international basis, of not inflated by profiteering. To accomplish this the the distribution of the world's foodstuffs is impera- Allies have created a number of Inter-Allied Pur- tive in order to prevent the most serious hardship chasing Commissions under the Commission Inter- and even possible famine in one country after an nationale de Ravitaillement. On one or another of other." (Italics mine.) Recognition of world-wide these commissions nine of the nations are repre- self-interests as the driving force in the creation of sented; and they have negotiated and fixed prices for world organization could hardly be more explicit; at least twenty-five indispensable war commodities. and this recognition gives practical value to a further in this country, as special agencies of this organiza- review of the progress of international action dur- tion, there are the Allied Provisions Export Com- ing the war. The relation of this review to the pos mission and the commission for the purchase of sibility of permanent peace proposals will be most munitions. In each case the members of these com- clear if we consider in turn the several problems missions buy only after conference with this country, over which international dealings in the past have in order that the price and the distribution of sup- caused trouble and even warfare. These problems plies may be fair to all. are (1) the purchase of raw materials, (2) the sale Obviously this sort of international dealing about of goods into foreign markets, (3) the sale of credit goods and price fixing involves within each country in foreign lands, (4) the export of capital for de a considerable degree of control over industry. Price velopments in foreign lands by foreign capitalists, fixing and commandeering of supplies become more and (5) the movements of population between coun and more frequent, until it is hard to appreciate how tries caused by varying living and working stand- widely the net of governmental control is now ards. Confining ourselves here to the first four of spread. It is facts of this sort which prompt the these problems, let us see to what extent existing British Labor Party to urge: efforts to meet them suggest a method for peace-time We ought not to throw away the valuable experience now treatment. gained by the government in its assumption of the im- The war has forced the extension of purchasing portation of wheat, wool, metals, and other commodities, between the Allied nations to a tremendous scale. and in its control of the shipping, woolen, leather, clothing, boot and shoe, milling, baking, butchering, and other In order to secure adequate supplies of all sorts of industries. The Labor Party would think twice before it commodities from peas to potash, the several gov- sanctioned any abandonment of the present profitable cen- 344 November 2 THE DIAL tralization of purchase of raw material; of the present of these materials wherever they are to be found. carefully organized "rationing,” by joint committees of And this attempt will produce nothing but con- the trades concerned, of the several establishments with the materials they require; of the present elaborate sys- fusion and more bitterness if the peace terms or the tem of "costing" and public audit of manufacturers' ac administrative machinery of the League of Nations counts; of the present salutary publicity of manufacturing provide no formal international apportionment of formation thus obtained . . . of the present rigid price universally needed goods. fixing. The problems that surround the sale of goods in And in our country, to make permanent the pres the markets of the world have an international in- ent degree of coordinated action and public regula- terest for selling agents and workers alike. The tion, the people will have to demand the retention selling organization must be assured of protection to of the War Industries Board and the extension of trade-marks and patents, of favorable financial rela- the powers of the Federal Trade Commission. The tions among the nations, of access to markets on practicability of controlling large scale purchase in equal terms with salesmen of all other countries. the public interest has been established beyond dis- The workers demand assurance that goods are not pute, complicated though the problem is. We know being exported when they are needed at home, and that each commodity has its distinct problems; must that markets are not being forced in a way that puts be treated as a separate, although related, factor. an artificial pressure on them for “cheap labor." We know that enormous savings can be effected if, The workers are opposed to any invidious "trade instead of requiring each great national purchaser of warfare.” Yet all the indications point to the re- coal or cotton, of locomotives, steel rails, shoes, or newal and development of competitive selling on a beef to go into the open market and pay what he larger scale than ever before. In England the Brit- must, we set up joint agencies of purchase and price ish Export Corporation and the British Empire Pro- fixing. Only in this way can distribution take place ducers' organization are only two of the great without extortionate profiteering and with a closer agencies planning to push English trade after the correspondence between the amount of supplies and war. In Germany the Imperial Ministry of Eco- their fair apportionment in relation to needs. nomics has established the Export Trades Company, The fact that the raw materials and goods con- Ltd., “the purpose of which will be to revive the cerning which there have been international negotia- export business in enemy countries." And an Im- tions are for war purposes, in no way weakens the perial Commission for the Transition is, according case for the continuance of such control when the to The London Post, “engaged in collecting statis- war ends. There will after the war be the same tics about supplies of raw material and in making need for conference and agreement upon the fair estimates of the requirements in these by German allocation of raw stuffs that there is today. The industries." need in the future, as now, will be created by a de In our own country there has been no less activity. sire for equally fair treatment for all members of the The passage of the Webb Export Trade Bill has society of nations; by a desire for a fair price for all legalized exporters' associations in which the manu- purchasers; by a desire to eliminate contention over facturers of any article can join to unite in foreign the amount and the cost of raw stuffs that shall be sales campaigns. "International” corporations, cre- sold and removed not only out of the countries now ated to sell goods and credit and to export capital, industrially developed but out of the "backward” are commanding some of the most able brains in countries as well. Whether the governments con- the country. The National Foreign Trade Council tinue to be the principal purchasers or whether this had an impressive and enthusiastic convention in function reverts to large private corporations, the April and no national trade association meets this nations can, if they will continue to control the year without discussing at length its plans for "after extractive industries for social ends. They can with the war.” Of itself this further trade expansion is the same effectiveness as at present, and with equally no cause for regret or anxiety. The more intensive beneficial results in removing causes of international becomes the world's economic interdependence, the controversy, see to it, for example, that Germany more reluctantly will any nation draw out from it has access to coal and iron, Great Britain to wheat and into the unendurable isolation which war inevit- and cotton, Japan to iron and cotton. When we ably imposes. Nevertheless the aggressive efforts for remember the extent to which the Central Powers markets will give rise to delicate situations and have been cut off from sources of raw materials, it strained relations, even if all the doors of the world's is easy to picture the desperate attempt that will be ports are Aung wide open. Opportunity for con- made-is already being made-by capitalists in all ference and adjustment between representatives of the industrial nations to get the fullest possible share the trading nations is essential if the world is to hold 1918 345 THE DIAL even remotely to labor's demand for the development not go this idea one better and create a World Tariff of each nation's resources "for the benefit not only Commission to which the whole subject shall be of its own people, but also of the world.” There turned over for study, pending the results of which must, in obedience to this dictate, be some world con no preferential tariffs shall be instituted without the trol of export, some supernational decision as to the approval of all the nations? limits beyond which the cultivation of markets shall It is when we come to consider the sale of credit not be pressed. And there is evidently need for and the export of capital, however, that we see the another Berne Trade-Mark Convention to settle major occasion for a conflict of interest—whether upon further protective measures in regard to trade- among the capitalists of the several nations or among marks and patents. the nations themselves it is hard to say. The ad- A further example of the way in which a common justment of spheres of influence and investment areas need points the way to a common organization is has carried with it in the past either a parade of force afforded in the gold exchange situation, which be or a commencement of hostilities. Yet far from comes greatly complicated as the volume of trade trade contemplating any withdrawal from these areas after increases in every direction. Speaking in Cincinnati, the war, the financiers who play the game on a world Mr. C. E. McQuire of the International High scale are planning greater enterprises than ever. Commission said that commercial relations could be Their source of greatest profit is not the sale of effectively promoted by administrative agreements goods but the sale of creditor in its latest phases in regulation of financial transactions: the sale of goods on terms that require the purchase The Central Executive Council (of the Commission) of credit to finance the purchase of goods. And it undertook to furnish a basis for a treaty providing for is this organized source of profit derived from a close an international gold clearance fund. . Thereby any interrelation of the sale of goods and credit which gold transactions may be expeditiously and inexpensively settled without the actual transportation of gold. This will be abandoned with greatest reluctance and with draft treaty is under consideration in a number of coun the fiercest opposition. tries and in one has reached the preliminary stages of Moreover there are inexorable forces in England negotiation. and America which require the export of surplus That mutually satisfactory relations among the capital to develop every sort of industry in com- nations also demand some regulation of shipping munities economically less mature and productive. is becoming increasingly clear. For war pur- In the absence of control over export of American poses the Inter-Allied Shipping Committee is allocat- capital, its owners are almost sure to find greater ing tonnage, both neutral and Allied, to the various profit in industry abroad than at home. Every in- countries, and by this dictation is automatically reg- ulating the kind and amount of export and import profits tax, every wage increase—these will all tend crease in income taxes, the retention of the excess between the nations. Yet in addition to this we have an elaborate system of licensing all exports able in countries exercising little regulation. The to lessen profit at home in comparison to that obtain- from the United States, and there is a growing list extended flow of capital abroad will tend to keep of embargoed imports. All of which is undertaken the rate of interest up at home—which will add to with special and immediate ends in view ; but it is the overhead burden on the workers. Yet if the of no little value for us to realize that these several agencies of public control may all be pointing toward opposite course is pursued the same result will ob- tain. Without domestic regulation capital will make some method of after-war world regulation of ex- big returns; it will not squander the entire surplus ports, selling agencies, and shipping sold goods. Nor can we be blind in this situation to the crit- further chances of investment. Whatever we do at in luxuries; it will turn to foreign countries for ical part that tariffs may play in upsetting the nor- home, the export of capital promises to continue on mal course of commodity exchange. The elaboration a greater and greater scale. There is only one way of preferential and reciprocal tariffs can obviously to secure protection for the public interest in this work great mischief in the world trade situation; situation. We should control the export of capital can, and probably will, keep alive animosities that and control the terms of its use in other countries. need no fostering. To the solution of the tariff That both of these things can be done is one of the problem America should come with humility. We things we have learned from the war. Our War have never been able to set our own house in order Finance Corporation will have considerable influ- in these matters. Yet we have made a beginning; ence in determining the direction of the flow of capi- we have a Tariff Commission, purely advisory in tal; and American control of the German invest- function to be sure, whose duty it is to know the ments in this country has already demonstrated pos- difference between costs at home and abroad. Why sibilities in regulating the use of "alien" capital in a 346 November 2 THE DIAL foreign country. To undertake these two jobs on a tude. But this very fact supplies the best possible supernational scale will be a colossal enterprise-but reason for the sort of pluralistic treatment I have it is the enterprise above all others which will pro been giving the subject of world organization. I am mote international harmony. After the war the fis- advocating functional organization; and this means cal problems of the world will in the public interest the consideration of problems singly, each upon its demand handling democratically and "in the grand merits and in relation to vital needs. The less manner.” wieldly absolutes—the League of Nations, the I am dealing here in almost cursory fashion with World Parliament—assume under realistic analysis problems of literally staggering size. Let no one a more practical form. They frighten us less with minimize the seriousness of any undertaking which their vague enormity. The world becomes broken contemplates the building up of international gov- up into the many aspects it really has. And as we ernment. Yet the world can obviously proceed no view the growth of concrete and going international faster than we can get our minds around these bodies during the war, we realize that world forces problems. It is this fact which supplies a legitimate are capable of manipulation and control. We begin excuse for oversimplification. The difficulties are to see that labor's insistence upon guarantees of per- unquestionably amazing in their complexity, baffling manent peace may be less Utopian than they appear. in their interrelation, and appalling in their magni- ORDWAY TEAD. The Technique of Polyphonic Prose Miss Lowell can always be delightfully counted its known and unchangeable limitations, a verbal, an (upon to furnish us with something of a literary nov- esthetic, and even a metrical craftsmanship of a high elty. She has a genius for vivifying theory. No order. Whether viewed technically or not, her work sooner, for example, had she uttered the words is always, and particularly to an artist, intriguing "Free verse!” (which previously in the mouth of and suggestive: this much one can safely say in ad- Mr. Pound had left us cold) than we closed about vance. When we begin however to assume towards them as a crowd closes upon an accident, in a passion her work that attitude which consists in an attempt of curiosity; and if ultimately some of us were a little disappointed with the theory more shrewdly spective of time, it will appear to posterity, we to see the contemporary as, later, through the per- inspected, we could be thankful at least that it had spective of time, it will appear to posterity, we left us Miss Lowell's poems. So now, with the pub- change our ground somewhat. Novelty must be dis- lication of Can Grande's Castle (Macmillan ; $1.50) counted ; and exquisite tool-work must be seen not as -"four modern epics," as the publishers term if through the microscope but in its properly ancil- them—Miss Lowell bids fair to stampede us anew lary position as a contributing element in the artist's under the banner of "polyphonic prose." This is an total success or failure. This is in effect to judge astonishing book; never was Miss Lowell's sheer en as we can of the artist's sensibility and mental char- ergy of mind more in evidence. Viewed simply as a acter—not an easy thing to do. The judge must see piece of verbal craftsmanship it is a sort of Roget's over the walls of his own personality. Fortunately Thesaurus of color. Viewed as a piece of historical esthetic judgment is not entirely solipsistic, but is in reconstruction it is a remarkable feat of documenta- part guided by certain esthetic laws, vague but none tion, particularly the longest of the "epics,” the the less real. story of the bronze horses of San Marco. Viewed Miss Lowell asserts in her preface that polyphonic as poetry, or prose, or polyphonic prose—or let us prose is not an order of prose. Let us not quarrel say, for caution's sake, as literature-well, that is with her on this point. The important questions are: another question. It is a tribute to Miss Lowell's fecundity of mind that one must react to her four first, its possible effectiveness as an art form; and second, its effectiveness as employed through the prose-poems in so great a variety of Miss Lowell has always been outspokenly a temperament of Miss Lowell. She says: champion of the theory that a large part of an artist's Metrical verse has one set of laws, cadenced verse equipment is hard work, patient and unimpassioned another, polyphonic prose can go from one to the other in the same poem with no sense of incongruity. Its only craftsmanship. This is true, and Miss Lowell's own touchstone is the taste and feeling of its author. . . Yet, poetry can always be counted upon to display, within like all other artistic forms, it has certain fundamental 1918 347 THE DIAL 4 principles, and the chief of these is an insistence on the introduces a really narrative theme-narrative, that absolute adequacy of a passage to the thought it em- bodies. Taste is therefore its determining factor; taste is, in the sense that it involves real dramatis per- and a rhythmic ear. sonae, in the persons of Nelson and Lady Hamilton But all this is merely equivalent to saying that any -and in consequence the reader's interest is a good deal better held. It would be still better held how- expression of the artist is inevitably self-expression, "as if one threw the nerves in patterns on a screen.' ever if the protagonists had been conceived less as The real touchstone of a work of art is not, ulti- gaudily sheathed mannequins, gesticulating fever- mately, the taste or feeling of the author (a singu- ishly in a whirl of colored lights and confetti, and larly unreliable judge) but the degree to which it more as human beings. It is intended to show them "gets across," as they say of the drama, to, let us as puppets, of course, but that effect would hardly have been diminished by making them psycholog- say, an intelligent audience. And here one may properly question whether in ically more appealing. In Hedge Island, Guns as their totality Miss Lowell's prose-poems quite "get Keys, and Bronze Horses the unifying themes are still more tenuous: the supersession of the stagecoach across. They are brilliant, in the esthetic sense; by the train, Commodore Perry's voyage to Japan, they are amazingly rich and frequently delightful in the travels of the four horses of San Marco. All incident; they are unflaggingly visualized; they are, of them are acute studies of societal change. One in a manner, triumphs of coordination. And yet, feels in all of them the impressiveness of the con- they do not quite come off. Why is this? Is it the fault of Miss Lowell or of the form? A little of ception, but in the actual execution the impressive- each; and the reasons are many. Of the more ob- ness has partially escaped. One is, in fact, less often vious sort is the simple but deadly fact that without impressed than fatigued. exception these four prose-poems are too long. Not And this fatigue, as above intimated, is due not too long in an absolute sense, for that would be merely to the lack of humanly interesting narrative ridiculous, but too long, first, in relation to the (as would be added by the introduction of a char- amount and nature of the narrative element in them, acter or group of characters who should enlist our and second, in relation to the manner, or style, in style, in sympathies throughout) but also to the nature of the which they are written. Parallels are not easy to style which Miss Lowell uses. For here Miss find; but one can perhaps not outrageously adduce Lowell, led astray by love of experiment, has made, Flaubert's Herodias and Salambo as examples of in the opinion of the present reviewer, a series of fundamental errors. success in what is very much the same, not form, but The style she has chosen to tone of art. Miss Lowell, like Flaubert, attempts a use, whether regarded with a view to rhythm or to very vivid and heavily laden reconstruction of strik- color-distribution, is essentially pointillistic. Now Miss Lowell should have known that the pointillistic ing historical events. No item is too small to be re- created for its effect in producing a living and sensu- style is, in literature, suited only to very brief move- ous veridity. But there are two important differ- ments. A short poem based on this method may be ences. In Flaubert this living sensuousness is nearly brilliantly successful; Miss Lowell has herself always subordinated to the narrative, is indeed proved it. A long poem based on this method, even merely the background for it; whereas for Miss though sustainedly brilliant, and perhaps in direct Lowell this sensuous reconstruction is perhaps the ratio to its brilliance, almost inevitably becomes dull. In her preface Miss Lowell says that she has taken main intention. And furthermore, whereas Flaubert for the basis of her rhythm the long cadence of ora- employed a prose of which the chief purpose was that torical prose. In this however she is mistaken. She it should be unobtrusively a vehicle, Miss Lowell has an inveterate and profoundly temperamental and employs a prose bristlingly self-conscious, of which hence perhaps unalterable addiction to a short, ejacu- an important purpose is stylistic and coloristic latory, and abrupt style—a style indeed of which the brilliance. most striking merits and defects are its vigorous curt-/ The defects that arise from these two differences ness and its almost total lack of curve and grace. are very serious. They combine to rob Miss Lowell This is true of her work whether in metrical verse, of the fruits to which sheer adroitness of craftsman- free verse, or prose; it is as true of The Cremona ship might otherwise have entitled her. Put briefly, Violin as of The Bombardment. This style, obvi- these poems are over descriptive. When one con ously, is ideal for a moment of rapid action or ex- siders their length, the narrative element is much treme emotional intensity. But its effect when used too slight; and not only that, it is too disjointed. passim is not only fatiguing, it is actually irritating. Narrative description, even though able, is not Its pace is too often out of all proportion to the pace enough. In Sea-Blue and Blood-Red Miss Lowell of the action. One feels like a horse who is at the 348 November 2 THE DIAL same time whipped up and reined in. The restless furor of disturbance, both of thought and of style. ness is perpetual, there is no hope of relaxation or Again, refrain should be sparely used, adroitly va- ease, and one longs in vain for a slowing down of ried and concealed; and the counterpoint of thought, the movement, an expansion of it into longer and if it is not to become monotonous, must be a good more languid waves. One longs, too, for that deli- deal subtler than it is, for instance, in Bronze cious sublimation of tranquillity and pause which Horses. All these artifices are used to excess, and comes of a beautiful transition from the exclamatory the upshot is a style of which the most salient char- to the contemplative, from the rigidly angular to the acteristic is exuberance without charm. “Taste" musically curved. and “rhythmic ear” too frequently fail. And one is This misapplication of style to theme manifests merely amused when one encounters a passage like itself as clearly on the narrowly esthetic plane as on the following: the rhythmic. Here again one sees a misuse of Such a pounding, pummelling, pitching, pointing, piercing, pointillism, for Miss Lowell splashes too much pushing, pelting, poking, panting, punching, parrying, color, uses color and vivid image too unrestrainedly pulling, prodding, puking, piling, passing, you never and too much at the same pitch of intensity. The It is hard to regard this as anything but tyronism. result is that the rate of esthetic fatigue on the These are the main features of the artistic incom- reader's part is relatively rapid. So persistent is pleteness of Can Grande's Castle. One could ana- Miss Lowell's coloristic attitude, so nearly unvaried lyze it further, of course-one thinks, for example, is her habit of presenting people, things, and events of Miss Lowell's habit, when tempted to use a in terms of color alone, that presently she has re- simile, of comparing the larger thing to the smaller, duced one to a state of color blindness. Image kills as the sea or the sky to a flower; the effect of which image, hue obliterates hue, one page erases another. is not at all what is intended, and very unpleasant. And when this point has been reached one realizes A simile may be successful in point of color, and yet that Miss Lowell's polyphonic prose has little else to fail because of its ineptitude on another plane, as by offer. Its sole raison d'être is its vividness. suggesting rigidity when liquidity is desired, or mi- One wonders, indeed, whether Miss Lowell has nuteness when it is desired to suggest spaciousness. not overestimated the possibilities of this form. It But this is elementary, a minor point, and it is time is precisely at those points where polyphonic prose to return to our starting place, and to reiterate what is more self-conscious or artificial than ordinary has perhaps in this prolonged analysis been lost sight .. prose—where it introduces an excess of rhyme, as of; namely, that even what is relatively a failure for sonance, and alliteration—that it is most markedly Miss Lowell is none the less brilliant, and would) inferior to it. Theory to the contrary, these shifts suffice to make the reputation of a lesser poet. Can from prose to winged prose or verse are often so Grande's Castle is a remarkable book, a book which abrupt as to be incongruous and disturbing. But everyone interested in the direction of contemporary disturbance as an element in esthetic attack should be poetry should read, whether for its own sake or for subordinate, not dominant—the exception, not the its value as the test of a new form of art. rule. Miss Lowell's polyphonic prose is a perpetual CONRAD AIKEN. The What do you see, Child of the Sun? I see a race that is just begun. Why are your eyes so full of light? Because I come from pools of night. What did you see beneath the waves ? I saw a world of weeping slaves. Was that a reason for delight? It was through this that I gained sight. What do you see, now you are free? I see the world that is to be. As each wave rose, I saw a crown By eager upstretched hands pulled down; Vision As each crown sank, confused cries And tempest thunders tore the skies. Where the green wave had reared its head Were pools of crimson blood instead; But from each blood-encrusted wave U prose a spirit, shining, brave; The joy of peace was in his eyes, His wings were shot with changing dyes, And in his wake the waters ran And made a pathway for each man- Each man and all that are to be, No longer bound, but glad and free. ALICE CORBIN. 1918 349 THE DIAL The Modern Point of View and the New Order II. THE STABILITY OF LAW AND CUSTOM IN SO FAR as concerns the present question, that is mentary form, have stood over in immutable per- to say, as regards those standards and principles fection until our time—a monument more enduring which underlie the established system of law and than brass. custom, the modern point of view was stabilized These principles are of the nature of habits of and given a definitive formulation in the eighteenth thought; and it is the nature of habits of thought century; and in so far as concerns the subsequent forever to shift and change in response to the chang- conduct of practical affairs, its constituent principles ing impact of experience, since they are creatures of have stood over without material change or revision habituation. But inasmuch as they have once been since that time. So that for practical purposes it is stabilized in a thoroughly competent fashion in the fair to say that the modern point of view is now eighteenth century, and have been drafted into fin- some one hundred and fifty years old. It will not ished documentary form, they have been enabled to do to say that it is that much behind the times, be stand over unimpaired into the present with all that cause its timeworn standards of truth and validity are stability that a well devised documentary formula- a very material factor in the make-up of that estab tion will give. It is true, so far as regards the lished scheme of things which is commonly spoken conditions of civilized life during the interval that of as “our time.” That such is the case is due in has passed since these modern principles of law and great part to the fact that this body of principles custom took on their settled shape in the eighteenth was stabilized at that time and has therefore stood century, it has been a period of unexampled change over intact, in spite of other changes that have taken swift, varied, profound, and extensive, beyond ex- place. It is only that the principles which had been ample. And it follows of nece ample. And it follows of necessity that the prin- proved and found good under the conditions of life ciples of conduct which were approved and stabilized in the modern era up to that time were at that time in the eighteenth century, under the driving exi- held fast, canvassed, defined, approved, and stabil- gencies of that age, have not altogether escaped the ized by being reduced to documentary form. In complications of changing circumstances. They have some sense they became the written constitution of at least come in for some shrewd interpretation civilized society from that time forth, and so became in the course of the nineteenth century. There have inflexible, after the fashion of written constitutions. been refinements of definition, extensions of applica- In the sight of those generations who so achieved tion, scrutiny and exposition of implications, as new the definite acceptance of these enlightened modern exigencies have arisen and the established canons principles, and who finally made good their formal have been required to cover unforeseen contingencies; installation as self-balanced canons of human con but it has all been done with the explicit reservation duct, the principles which they so arrived at had all that no material innovation shall be allowed to touch the sanction of Natural Law impersonat, dispas- the legacy of modern principles handed down from sionate, indefeasible, and immutable; fundamentally the eighteenth century, and that the vital system of and eternally right and good. That generation of Natural Rights installed in the eighteenth century men held these truths to be self-evident"; and they must not be deranged at any point or at any cost. have continued so to be held since that epoch by all those people who make up the effectual body of It is scarcely necessary to describe this modern modern civilization. And the backward peoples, system of principles that still continues to govern those others who have since then been coming into human intercourse among the civilized peoples, or line and making their claim to a place in the scheme to attempt an exposition of its constituent articles. of modern life, have also successively been accepting It is all to be had in exemplary form, ably incor- and (passably) assimilating the same enlightened porated in such familiar documents as the American principles of clean and honest living. (Christendom, Declaration of Independence, the French Declara- as a going concern of civilized peoples, has continued tion of the Rights of Man, and the American Con- to regulate its affairs by the help of these principles, stitution.; and it is all to be found set forth with all as being a competent formulation of the aspirations the circumstance of philosophical and juristic scholar- of civilized mankind. So that these modern princi- ship in the best work of such writers as John Locke, ples of the eighteenth century, stabilized in docu- Montesquieu, Adam Smith, or Blackstone. It has IS is P SO in fro ab dist sub rule WI I so Wh . Beca Wha I saw Wast It was What I see th As each By eager 1918 351 THE DIAL hamper trade or curtail the profits of business—for practical effect, more nearly a body of ungraded the modern era has turned out to be an era of busi and masterless men than any earlier generation has ness enterprise, dominated by the claims of trade known how to be. and investment. In point of formal requirements, these restrictions imposed on concerted action "in In this modern era, as well as elsewhere and in restraint of trade" fall in equal measure on the other times, the circumstances that make for change vested interests engaged in business and on the work and reconstruction have been chiefly the material ing population engaged in industry. So that the circumstances of everyday life-circumstances af- measures taken to safeguard the natural rights of fecting the ordinary state of industry. These have ownership apply with equal force to those who own changed notably during the modern era. There has and those who do not. “The majestic equality of been a progressive change in the state of the indus- the law forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep trial arts, which has materially altered the scope and under bridges or to beg on the street corners.” But method of industry and the conditions under which it has turned out on trial that the vested interests in men live in all the civilized countries. Accordingly, business are not seriously hampered by these restric as a point of comparison, it will be to the purpose to tions, inasmuch as any formal restriction on any call to mind what were the material circumstances, concerted action between the owners of such vested and more particularly the state of the industrial arts, interests can always be got around by a formal coali- which underlay and gave character to the modern tion of ownership in the shape of a corporation. The point of view at the period when its constituent prin- extensive resort to corporate combination of owner ciples were found good and worked out as a stable ship, which is such a marked feature of the nine and articulate system, in the shape in which they teenth century, was not foreseen and not taken into have continued to be held since then. account in the eighteenth century, when the con The material conditions of industry, trade, and stituent principles of the modern point of view found daily life during the period of transition and ap- their way into the common law. The system of proach to this modern ground created that frame of Natural Rights is a system of personal rights, among mind which we call the modern point of view, and which the rights of ownership are paramount; and dictated that reconstruction of institutional arrange- among the rights of ownership is the right of free ments which has been worked out under its guidance. disposal and security of ownership and of credit Therefore the economic situation which so underlay obligations. and conditioned this modern point of view at the The same line of evasion is not available in the period when it was given its stable form becomes same degree for concerted action between persons the necessary point of departure for any argument who own nothing. Still in neither case, neither as bearing on the changes that have been going for- regards the owners of the country's wealth nor as ward since then, or on any prospective reconstruc- regards the common man, can these restrictions on tion that may be due to follow from these changed personal freedom of action be said to be a serious conditions in the calculable future. On this head, burden. And any slight mutilation or abridgment the students of history are in a singularly fortunate of the rule of self-help in their economic relations position. The whole case is set forth in the works has been offset by an increasingly broad and liberal of Adam Smith, with a comprehension and lucidity construction of the principles of self-direction and which no longer calls for praise. Beyond all other equality among men in their civil capacity and their men Adam Smith is the approved and faithful personal relations. Indeed the increasingly exacting spokesman of this modern point of view in all that temper of the common man in these countries during concerns the economic situation which it assumes as this period has made such an outcome unavoidable. its material ground; and his description of the state By and large, in its formal vindication of personal of civilized society, trade, and industry, as he saw it liberty and equality before the law, the modern point in his time and as he wished it to stand over into the of view has with singular consistency remained in- future, is to be taken without abatement as a com- tact in the shape in which its principles were petent exposition of those material conditions which stabilized in the eighteenth century, in spite of were then conceived to underlie civilized society changing circumstances. In point of formal com and to dictate the only sound reconstruction of civil pliance with their demands, the enlightened ideals and economic institutions according to the modern of the eighteenth century are, no doubt, more com- plan. monly realized in practice today than at any earlier But like other men, Adam Smith was a creature period. So that the modern civilized countries are of his own time, and what he has to say applies to now, in point of legal form and perhaps also in the state of things as he saw them. What he de- 350 November 2 THE DIAL all been sufficiently canvassed, through all its dips, servative turn, who take an interest in concerting spurs, and angles, by the most competent authorities, measures for holding fast that which once was good, who have brought their best will and their best in the face of distasteful facts. abilities to bear on its elucidation at every point, The vested right of ownership in all kinds of with full documentation. Besides which, there is no property has the sanction of the time-honored prin- need of recondite exposition for the present purpose, ciples of individual self-direction, equal opportunity, since all that is required by the present argument is free contract, security of earnings and belongings- such a degree of information on these matters as is self-help, in the simple and honest meaning of the familiar to English-speaking persons by common word. It would be quite bootless to find fault with notoriety. these reasonable principles of tolerance and security. At the same time it may be to the purpose to Their definitive acceptance and stabilization in the call to mind that this secular profession of faith eighteenth century are among the illustrious achieve- enters creatively into that established order of ments of Western civilization; and their roots lie things which has now fallen into a state of havoc deep in the native wisdom of mankind. They are because it does not meet the requirements of the obvious corollaries under the rule of Live and Let new order. This modern plan specifically makes Live-an Occidental version of the Golden Rule. place for certain untoward rights, perquisites, and Yet in practical effect those vested rights which rest disabilities which have in the course of time and blamelessly on these reasonable canons of tolerance shifting circumstance become incompatible with and good faith have today become the focus of vexa- continued peace on earth and good-will among tion and misery in the life of the civilized peoples. men. Circumstances have changed to such effect that pro- There are two main counts included in this mod visions which were once framed to uphold a system ern-eighteenth century-plan which appear unre of neighborly good-will now run counter to one an- mittingly to make for discomfort and dissension other and work mischief to the common good. Any under the conditions offered by the New Order of impartial survey of the past one hundred and fifty things: national ambition, and the vested interests years will show that the constituent principles of of ownership. Neither of the two need be con- this modern point of view governing the mutual demned as being intrinsically mischievous. Indeed, it rights and obligations of men within the civilized may be true, as has often been argued, that both have nations have held their ground, on the whole, with- served a good purpose in their due time and place; out material net gain or net loss. It is the ground at least there is no need of arguing the contrary. of Natural Rights, of self-help and free bargaining. Both belong in the settled order of civilized life; Civil rights and the perquisites and obligations of · and both alike are countenanced by those principles ownership have remained substantially intact over of truth, equity, and validity that go to make up this interval of a hundred and fifty years, but with the modern point of view. It is only that now, as some slight advance in the way of Live and Let Live things have been turning during the later one hun at certain points, and some slight retrenchment at dred years, both of these have come to yield a net other points. So far as regards the formal stipula- return of hardship and ill-will for all those peoples tions in law and custom, the balance of class in- who have bound up their fortunes with that kind of terests within these countries, has on the whole not enterprise. The case might be stated to this effect, been seriously disturbed. In this system of Natural that the fault lies not in the nature of these un Rights, as it has worked out in practice, the rights toward institutions, nor in those principles of self- of ownership are paramount; largely because the help which underlie them, but in those latter-day other personal rights in the case have come to be a facts which stubbornly refuse to fall into such lines matter of course and so have ceased to hold men's as these forms of human enterprise require for their attention. perfect and beneficent working. The facts, partic So, in the matter of the franchise, for instance, ularly the facts of industry and science, have outrun the legal provisions more nearly meet the popular the provisions of law and custom; and so the scheme ideals of the modern point of view today than ever of things has got out of joint by that much, through before. On the other hand the guiding principles no inherent weakness in the underlying principles of in the case have undergone a certain refinement of law and custom. The ancient and honorable prin interpretation with a view to greater ease and se- ciples of self-help are as sound as ever; it is only curity for trade and investment; and there has, in that the facts have unwarrantably not remained the effect, been some slight abridgment of the freedom of same. Such, in effect, has been the view habitually combination and concerted action at any point where spoken for by many thoughtful persons of a con an unguarded exercise of such freedom would 1918 351 THE DIAL hamper trade or curtail the profits of business—for practical effect, more nearly a body of ungraded the modern era has turned out to be an era of busi and masterless men than any earlier generation has ness enterprise, dominated by the claims of trade known how to be. and investment. In point of formal requirements, these restrictions imposed on concerted action "in In this modern era, as well as elsewhere and in restraint of trade" fall in equal measure on the other times, the circumstances that make for change vested interests engaged in business and on the work and reconstruction have been chiefly the material ing population engaged in industry. So that the circumstances of everyday life-circumstances af- measures taken to safeguard the natural rights of fecting the ordinary state of industry. These have ownership apply with equal force to those who own changed notably during the modern era. There has and those who do not. “The majestic equality of been a progressive change in the state of the indus- the law forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep trial arts, which has materially altered the scope and under bridges or to beg on the street corners." But method of industry and the conditions under which it has turned out on trial that the vested interests in men live in all the civilized countries. Accordingly, business are not seriously hampered by these restric as a point of comparison, it will be to the purpose to tions, inasmuch as any formal restriction on any call to mind what were the material circumstances, concerted action between the owners of such vested and more particularly the state of the industrial arts, interests can always be got around by a formal coali- which underlay and gave character to the modern tion of ownership in the shape of a corporation. The point of view at the period when its constituent prin- extensive resort to corporate combination of owner ciples were found good and worked out as a stable ship, which is such a marked feature of the nine and articulate system, in the shape in which they teenth century, was not foreseen and not taken into have continued to be held since then. account in the eighteenth century, when the con The material conditions of industry, trade, and stituent principles of the modern point of view found daily life during the period of transition and ap- their way into the common law. The system of proach to this modern ground created that frame of Natural Rights is a system of personal rights, among mind which we call the modern point of view, and which the rights of ownership are paramount; and dictated that reconstruction of institutional arrange- among the rights of ownership is the right of free ments which has been worked out under its guidance. disposal and security of ownership and of credit Therefore the economic situation which so underlay obligations. and conditioned this modern point of view at the The same line of evasion is not available in the period when it was given its stable form becomes same degree for concerted action between persons the necessary point of departure for any argument who own nothing. Still in neither case, neither as bearing on the changes that have been going for- regards the owners of the country's wealth nor as ward since then, or on any prospective reconstruc- regards the common man, can these restrictions on tion that may be due to follow from these changed personal freedom of action be said to be a serious conditions in the calculable future. On this head, burden. And any slight mutilation or abridgment the students of history are in a singularly fortunate of the rule of self-help in their economic relations position. The whole case is set forth in the works has been offset by an increasingly broad and liberal of Adam Smith, with a comprehension and lucidity construction of the principles of self-direction and which no longer calls for praise. Beyond all other equality among men in their civil capacity and their men Adam Smith is the approved and faithful personal relations. Indeed the increasingly exacting spokesman of this modern point of view in all that temper of the common man in these countries during concerns the economic situation which it assumes as this period has made such an outcome unavoidable. its material ground; and his description of the state By and large, in its formal vindication of personal of civilized society, trade, and industry, as he saw it liberty and equality before the law, the modern point in his time and as he wished it to stand over into the of view has with singular consistency remained in- future, is to be taken without abatement as a com- tact in the shape in which its principles were petent exposition of those material conditions which stabilized in the eighteenth century, in spite of were then conceived to underlie civilized society changing circumstances. In point of formal com and to dictate the only sound reconstruction of civil pliance with their demands, the enlightened ideals and economic institutions according to the modern of the eighteenth century are, no doubt, more com- plan. monly realized in practice today than at any earlier But like other men, Adam Smith was a creature period. So that the modern civilized countries are of his own time, and what he has to say applies to now, in point of legal form and perhaps also in the state of things as he saw them. What he de- 352 November 2 THE DIAL scribes and inquires into is that state of things which of the needy; a dubious expedient. Profits (includ- was to him the "historical present"; which always ing interest) are justified as a reasonable remunera- signifies the recent past, that is to say, the past as it tion for productive work done, and for the labor- had come under his observation. saving use of property derived from the owner's past As it is conventionally dated, the Industrial Revo labor. The efforts of masters and workmen alike lution took effect within Adam Smith's active life are conceived to be bent on turning out the largest time, and some of its more significant beginnings and most serviceable output of goods; and prices are passed immediately under his eyes; indeed it is re competitively determined by the labor-cost of the lated that he took an active personal interest in at goods. least one of the epoch-making mechanical inventions Like other men, Adam Smith did not see into the from which the era of the machine industry takes its future, beyond what was calculable on the data date. Yet the Industrial Revolution does not lie given by his own historical present; and in his time within Adam Smith's "historical present,” nor does that later and greater era of investment and financial his system of economic doctrines make provision for enterprise which has made industry subsidiary to any of its peculiar issues. What he has to say on business was only beginning to get under way, and the mechanics of industry is conceived in terms de only obscurely so. So that he was still able to think rived from an older order of things than that ma of commercial enterprise as a middle-man's traffic in chine industry which was beginning to get under merchandise, subsidiary to a small-scale industry on way in his own lifetime, and all his illustrative in the order of handicraft, and due to an assumed pro- stances and arguments on trade and industry are pensity in men "to truck, barter, and exchange one also such as would apply to the state of things that thing for another." And what he could not help was passing, but they are not drawn with any view seeing of the new order of business enterprise which to that new order which was then coming on in the was coming in was not rated by him as a sane out- world of business enterprise. growth of that system of Natural Liberty for which The economic situation contemplated by Adam he spoke and about which his best affections gath- Smith as the natural (and ultimate) state of in ered. In all this he was at one with his thoughtful dustry and trade in any enlightened society, con contemporaries. ducted on sane and sound lines according to the That generation of public-spirited men went, per- natural order of human relations, was of a simple force, on the scant data afforded by their own his- structure and may be drawn in few lines-ne torical present, the economic situation as they saw glecting such minor extensions and exceptions as it in the perspective and with the preconceptions of would properly be taken account of in any ex their own time; and to them it was accordingly haustive description. Industry is conceived to be plain that when all unreasonable restrictions are of the nature of handicraft; not of the nature taken away, "the obvious and simple system of of mechanical engineering, such as it has in effect natural liberty establishes itself of its own accord." and progressively come to be since his time. It is de To this "natural" plan of free workmanship and scribed as a matter of workmanlike labor, "and of trade all restraint or retardation by collusion among the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which it is business men was wholly obnoxious, and all collusive commonly applied.” It is a question of the skilled control of industry or of the market was accordingly workman and his use of tools. Mechanical inven execrated as unnatural and subversive. It is true, tions are “labor-saving devices,” which "facilitate there were even then some appreciable beginnings and abridge labor.” The material equipment is the of coercion and retardation-lowering of wages and ways and means by manipulation of which the work limitation of output—by collusion between owners man gets his work done. "Capital stock” is spoken and employers, who should by nature have been com- of as savings parsimoniously accumulated out of the petitive producers of an unrestrained output of goods past industry of its owner, or out of the industry of and services, according to the principles of that those persons from whom he has legally acquired it, modern point of view which animated Adam Smith by inheritance or in exchange for the products of and his generation (but coercion and unearned gain his own labor. Business is of the nature of “petty by a combination of ownership, of the now familiar trade," and the business man is a "middle man” corporate type, was virtually unknown in his time. who is employed for a livelihood in the distribution So Adam Smith saw and denounced the dangers of of goods to the consumers. Trade is subsidiary to unfair combination between “masters” for the ex- industry, and money is a vehicle designed to be used ploitation of their workmen, but the modern use of for the distribution of goods. Credit is an expedient credit and corporation finance for the collective con- 1918 353 THE DIAL trol of the labor market and the goods market of those essentially romantic notions of untrammeled course does not come within his horizon and does initiative and rationality that governed the intellec- not engage his attention. tual life of the era of Enlightenment which was then So also, Adam Smith knows and denounces the drawing to a close. use of protective tariffs for private gain. That means It is logically due to follow that the same general of pilfering was familiar enough in his time. But principles of knowledge and validity will presently he spends little indignation on the equally nefarious undergo a revision of the same character, where they use of the national establishment for safeguarding have to do with those imponderable facts of human and augmenting the profits of traders, concession- conduct and those conventions of law and custom aires, investors, and creditors in foreign parts at the that govern the duties and obligations of men in cost of the home community. That method of tax- society. society. Here and now, as elsewhere and in other ing the common man for the benefit of the vested times, the stubborn teaching that comes of men's interests has also grown to more formidable propor- experience with the tangible facts of industry should tions since his time. The constituent principles confidently be counted on to make the outcome so of the modern point of view, as accepted, advisedly as to bring on a corresponding revision of what is or by oversight, by Adam Smith and his generation, right and good in that world of make-believe that supply all the legitimation required for this lar- always underlies any established system of law and cenous use of the national establishment; but the custom. The material exigencies of the state of in- means of communication were still too scant, and dustry are unavoidable, and in great part unbending; the larger use of credit was too nearly untried, as and the economic conditions which follow immedi- contrasted with what has at a later date gone to ately from these exigencies imposed by the ways and make the commercial ground and incentive of im means of industry are only less uncompromising perialist politics. Therefore the imperialist policies than the mechanical facts of industry itself. And of public enterprise for private gain also do not come the men who live under the rule of these economic greatly within the range of Adam Smith's vision of exigencies are constrained to make their peace with the future, nor does the “obvious and simple system” them, to enter into such working arrangements with on which he and his generation of thoughtful men one another as these unbending conditions of the take their stand comprise anything like explicit state of the industrial arts will tolerate, and to cast declarations for or against this later-matured chicane their system of imponderables on lines which can be of the gentlemen-investors who have been managing understood by the same men who understand the the affairs of the civilized nations. industrial arts and the system of material science which underlies the industrial arts. So that, in due Adam Smith's work and lifetime falls in with the course, the accredited schedule of legal and moral high tide of eighteenth century insight and under- rights, perquisites, and obligations will also pres- standing, and it marks an epoch of spiritual achieve- ently be brought into passable consistency with the ment and stabilization in civil institutions, as well ways and means whereby the community gets its as in those principles of conduct that have governed living. economic rights and relations since that date. But But it is also logically to be expected that any it marks also the beginning of a new order in the revision of the established rights, obligations, per- state of the industrial arts, as well as in those ma quisites, and vested interests will trail along be- terial sciences that come directly in touch with the hind the change which has taken effect in the ma- industrial arts and which take their logical bent terial circumstances of the community and in the from the same range of tangible experience. So it community's knowledge and belief with regard to happens that this modern point of view reached a these material circumstances; since any such revision stable and symmetrical finality about the same date will necessarily be consequent upon and conditioned when the New Order of experience and insight was by that change, and since the axioms of law and beginning to bend men's habits of thought into lines custom that underlie any established schedule of that run at cross purposes with this same stabilized rights and perquisites are always of the nature of point of view. It is in the ways and means of in make-believe; and the make-believe is necessarily dustry and in the material sciences that the new built up out of conceptions derived from the accus- order of knowledge and belief first comes into evi tomed range of knowledge and belief. Outworn dence; because it is in this domain of workday facts axioms of this make-believe order become supersti- that men's experience began about that time to take tions when the scope and method of workday knowl- a decisive turn at variance with the received canons. edge has outgrown that particular range of precon- A mechanistic conception of things began to displace ceptions out of which these make-believe axioms are 354 November 2 THE DIAL constructed; which comes to saying that the under Since the underlying principles of the established lying principles of the system of law and morals are order are of this make-believe character—that is to therewith caught in a process of obsolescence say, since they are built up out of the range of con- “depreciation by supersession and disuse." By a ceptions that have habitually been doing duty as the figure of speech it might be said that the community's substance of knowledge and belief—it follows in the intangible assets embodied in this particular range nature of the case that any reconstruction of insti- of imponderables have shrunk by that much, through tutions will be made only tardily, reluctantly, and the decay of these imponderables that are no longer sparingly; inasmuch as settled habits of thought are seasonable, and through their displacement by other given up tardily, reluctantly, and sparingly. And figments of the human brain-a consensus of brains this will particularly be true when the reconstruction trained into closer consonance with the latter-day of unseasonable institutions runs counter to a settled material conditions of life. Something of this kindand honorable code of ancient principles and a stub- something in the way of depreciation by displace- born array of vested interests, as in this instance. ment, appears now to be overtaking that system of Such is the promise of the present situation, and such imponderables that has been handed down into cur is also the record of the shift once made from medie- rent law and custom out of that range of ideas and val to modern times. It should be a case of break ideals that had the vogue before the coming of the or bend. machine industry and the material sciences. THORSTEIN VEBLEN. An Imaginary Conversation GOSSE AND MOORE and plenty of it, and an outlook on life in strict MOORE. conformity with his style. OORE. Why here's tea, Gosse; you'll have a cup Gosse. Smollett is no doubt a most unseemly with me? Gosse. You've detained me already a long while, still exercises on the English novel, I would have writer ; but in view of the influence he exercised and and my wife is expecting me with your message that you consider him more carefully than you seem in- you have kindly promised to come and entertain our clined to do, for Smollett was not only the trans- visitors. lator of Gil Blas but the master builder of this MOORE. But, my dear friend, you promised to hear me out, and just as we arrive at the interesting from Spain, a country he says he had traveled and special kind of novel of adventure. It came to him part of the story you say you must go, puzzling me knew inside out and from end to end. I should be rather than helping me, throwing a rope to a drown- inclined to regard this as an overstatement, and to ing man and withdrawing it before he reaches the think that the spirit and form alike of Don Quixote bank. There are Johnson's Rasselas and Gold- escaped him. The picaresque novel smith's Vicar of Wakefield to speak about, but MOORE. Before we go any further will you tell these works need not detain us long; neither is sig- nificant of the novel of family life that was prepar- me in what the picaresque novel consists? Gosse. I think I can define it. In the picaresque ing-Rasselas not at all, The Vicar of Wakefield novel the reader is entertained by a quickly changing barely so. And the next writer of notoriety, if not spectacle-scenes tacked together, it hardly matters of importance, is one of whom I know little, his how loosely, the object of the writer being to amuse titles only and some passages, and shall be beholden the reader with what is passing before his eyes, to you for some information regarding Roderick regardless of what has happened before and what Random, Peregrine Pickle, and Humphrey Clinker may happen afterwards. In one chapter we are in -titles that do not make show of the poetic, serious a thieves' kitchen, and in the next we are taken literature we are in search of, presaging rather across the street to hear a young man paying court abundant horseplay and obscene jests. to a young woman or to watch couples assembled GOSSE. Smollett didn't avoid either. But have But have for dancing or any other spectacle that may please you never read Smollett? the lively fancy of the author to exhibit for our MOORE. To say that I have read him would be pleasures. A thing that I'd like to draw your at- untrue, and to say that I have not read him would tention to is that Gil Blas passed through France be nearly as untrue. My memory of him is gusto without leaving, I may say, a trace on French litera- 1918 355 THE DIAL ture—a point that criticism has very strangely caused the birth of a boy who not only did not care passed over in silence, or very nearly in silence to to listen to The Lay of the Last Minstrel but liked influence our literature profoundly; and it would Marmion even less and preferred the billiard table be interesting, so it seems to me, if you were to trace to The Lady of the Lake. He certainly brought a this influence adown the long road leading from volume of Burke's speeches to the billiard room and Smollett to Dickens. It penetrated into Ireland. laid it before me, pointing out a particularly dull We find it in Lever and Lover, in Handy Andy for passage on which he challenged me to produce a instance. gloss; and although it was always impressed upon MOORE. All you say moves me so deeply that I me that children must tell the truth, the confession cannot fail to remember it, and my contribution to that Macaulay was as antipathetic to me as Burke the criticism advised by you will be that what did seemed to aggravate the offense. You too, Gosse, happen might have been predicted. A great psychol- suffered from your father's ideas; we all do, and ogist of races who was a great esthetician as well having written more juvenile poetry than I, and would have been able to say: "The French, having kept up a closer interest in poetry than I have been a sense of synthesis, will not be attracted to the able to do, you can tell more explicitly how you suf- picaresque novel; but the English, being without this fered from your father's literary appreciations. You sense, will be drawn to it like flies to a honeypot." have not forgotten, none of us have, how impressed And now, is there anybody between Smollett and our parents were by the prices paid to Scott for Walter Scott worthy of our consideration ? poems; and I think that you mention in your History Gosse. Nobody of importance, none that may of English Literature that £1,000 was paid for The impede the flights of your fancy. Lay of the Last Minstrel and £4,000 for Marmion. MOORE. Then I'll pick up the story of the novel Gosse. Abbotsford was an expensive place to where I left it: the Georgian house created a demand keep up. for drawing-room entertainment, and Fielding fell MOORE. And it was kept up by living in sin al- in with the humor of our first drawing-rooms acci ways, unintermittent sinfulness, as is proven by the dentally. He was followed by Johnson and Gold Waverley Novels. A great sinning house it was, smith, who wrote stories, hoping of course that their and Scott continued to sin against the Holy Spirit stories would please somebody; the desire of an after the crash as before; indeed the crash seems to audience does not imply willingness on the part of have taught him nothing, for he tried to write off the author to write anything he thinks the public his debts, thereby accepting the morality of the will buy; Smollett may have made a good deal of grocer as applicable to the artist, a mischievous sur- money by writing, but he wrote to please himself, I render to the false doctrine that there is but one think-in the main. Literature had not yet become morality adapted to all circumstances--an absurd a trade. Walter Scott made it one. A hideous thesis which cannot be upheld in view of the dif- name, a name for an ironmonger or a grocer. I hope ferent codes enjoined upon the priest and the soldier. you're susceptible to names, Gosse, and believe them That these are in conflict nobody will deny if he be to be potent influences in the development of men's allowed time to reflect, and there are still some lives, for I do; and if you don't, you'll begin to feel amongst us who on being driven into a corner will as I do at the sound of the name of John Milton, a concede that the grocer must not make love to the name that rings out like a musical motive with all tallow chandler's wife, it being certain that by so the career of the man in it; whereas Walter Scott is doing he will lay himself open sooner or later to a a flagrant example of the evil influence of a name, charge of sanding the sugar. It is upon such shades the Walter being responsible for the faint romantic as these that the vast social structure is built up, flavor and the Scott for the stern man of business as a friend of mine foresaw fully the other day who sands the sugar. His name was always anti when he withdrew his manuscripts and refused to pathetic to me; even in the days when I listened to have any further dealings with his agent who had my father reading The Lay of the Last Minstrel put his wife aside to live with his clerk. The agent aloud I could not keep out of my mind the image of was answered rightly in my opinion when he re- an amiable grocer counting the jingling couplets off proached the novelist with having done likewise ; the on fingers full of sand and sugar. I do not say that morality of the artist, said the novelist, is not to be I may not have articulated and developed the primi- confused with the morality of the agent. The agent tive image later in life, but my aversion from Scott being the intermediary between the artist and the at the age of ten so alarmed my father that I fancy, public must be a man of irreproachable morals. from something my mother said to me, that about Don't you see? Of course the poor man saw, but this time his talk expatiated in fear lest he had the spell of Aphrodite was upon him. 356 November 2 THE DIAL Gosse. “Lo the white implacable Aphrodite.” We can only know the successful author through But we're straying from the questions at issue. our common humanity; and I am inclined to think Moore. Only from Scott to the literary agent. that everybody writes to please himself, and that Abbotsford! A literary agent would have rejoiced in although the writer may know his books are not so the vocables: “Abbotsford,” he would say, “is a name good as the books on the shelves above him, he will to conjure with”; and I can hear him in imagination continue to take pleasure in his own work, with a muttering on the terrace, “Sir Walter must have sigh of regret perhaps that it isn't better. It is pos- money to keep it up, and by a judicious management sible that you yourself heave a sigh after reading of the serial rights from New Zealand it can be Landor's dialogue between Helen and Achilles, but done, and it must be done, for the public likes its for that you do not destroy your manuscript, and author to live in towers.' There were towers, this being so you should be able to put yourself in the Gosse, at Abbotsford, or Scott's literary agent would position of the most inferior writer amongst us and not have allowed him to take the place. I have for understand that he too, as much as Landor, writes fotten the architecture but there must have been as well as he can and takes pleasure in it. towers, for nothing else but the upkeep of the towers MOORE. I believe you're right. I remember a could have compelled a man to continue rhyming friend in the old days saying to me, “I know that the romantic page morning after morning. I could not write like Ibsen and I wouldn't if I Gosse. But are you sure that in speaking about could.” He was a successful dramatist who .. Scott you have not dropped into subterfuge, evasion, Gosse. Who liked to please his public just as you or (shall I say it?) humor? I seem to miss the fine like to please yours. direct simple thinking you regret never having met MOORE. You're a better psychologist than I in an English novel. I would ask you, in your own thought for, Gosse, and your last admonitions con- interest, mind you, so that when you sit down to tain signs and traces of the mind that wrote Father write your essay it shall be with a clear mind em and Son. bracing every aspect of your intricate and difficult Gosse. Every man writes what pleases him to subject, if some of what I believe to be a sincere write, nor is the choice given to us. Scott could not aversion from Scott's poems and novels (I presume breathe the pure air of Mount Ida-calm heights the novels fail to please you almost to the same ex where the intellect sits enthroned. tent as the poems) may not be attributed to Abbots MOORE. Amid snows unassailed even by eagles' ford and Scott's attempt to live on literature as the talons. Vocal sculpture over against marmoreal barons of the Middle Ages lived upon forays. You But Landor could descend at will into a do not think that the free mind so essential to liter boudoir and be witty. You remember no doubt how ature could be maintained in Abbotsford? You delightfully the Duchess de Fontaigne talks to Bos- think, and far be it from me to say that you do not suet and will agree with me that Balzac has little think rightly, that better literature is as a rule pro to show as true, or Ingres anything more beautiful. duced by them that lived from garret to garret; and But do you remember her who gazes across melan- that the obscure life and death is often followed by choly Flemish lands dreaming her soul away in an apotheosis. dreams of one in Paris-dreams that she herself is Moore. I never liked the name, a big armchair only faintly aware of—a delicate breathing only name that seems to forecast the poems and the novels. audible to the attentive ear? But I urge no fault. Gosse. And that being so, is it not true that we I was meditating on the beautiful things that few are prone, all of us, myself as well as you, to take ever see or hear. Time can do nothing. It is not a further step and to affirm that the writer who likely that Pater's and Landor's readers will in- makes money writes for money? MOORE. The works of our successful authors do crease; but there will always be a few. You know not allow us to believe that they wrote to please the prophecy—arriving early and staying late. All themselves, and to do them justice they do not pre- the same the thought is a sad one that the next gen- tend that their works could interest anybody who is eration may be more concerned with my writing not more debased than themselves. than with Landor's or Pater's, and merely because Gosse. I am not certain that what you say is they are inferidr. Ah, there is the sting. true; but an inquiry would lead us far from the task Gosse. Does your distress extend to my writings? in which we are engaged, nor should we ever arrive MOORE. No, Gosse, I hadn't thought of yours, at any clear knowledge of the psychology of success but I'm sure you would shed the last drop of your ful authorship through inquiry, for the authors we blood to make Landor and Pater known to the next have in mind could not tell us even if they would. generation. seas. 1 1918 357 THE DIAL Gosse. I wonder if you would shed the first drop sassination; it exceeds his fell and ferine account of of yours. But we're wasting time. Coleridge's mutterings as the poet shuffled across the Moore. Wasting time! Are you then so eager terrace muttering, "Subjective, objective." But you to return to Scott, who never seems to have suffered must not go, Gosse, till you've heard Mr. Waverley from writer's cramp? It was my father's wont to in a love scene. I opened the book this morning. tell that Scott wrote for three or four hours every Gosse. And it opened at the page you are going morning, and spent the afternoons on horseback to read to me. How very remarkable. a mode of life that seemed to me disgraceful, the MOORE. romantic page requiring in my ten year old imagina “Forgive me, Mr. Waverley. I should incur my own tion all the poet's life, as the cocoon requires all the heavy censure did I delay expressing my sincere con- viction that I can never regard you otherwise than as a silkworm's. It was some years after that my dis- valued friend. I should do you the highest injustice did like of forays and joustings suited to the family I conceal my sentiments for a moment-I see I distress reading was stirred up again by an engraving in you, and I grieve for it, but better now than later; and which a benevolent gray-haired old gentleman sat O! better a thousand times, Mr. Waverley, that you should feel a present momentary disappointment than the under a purple curtain, pen in hand, not writing, long and heartsickening griefs which attend a rash and nor thinking—for when a man thinks his counte- ill assorted marriage!" “Good God! But why should you anticipate such con- nance empties, losing all expression. Scott was not sequences from a union where birth is equal, where thinking, there was little time for thinking; he was fortune is favourable, where, if I may venture to say so, writing off his debts at the time, and had given an the tastes are similar, where you allege no preference, where you even express a favourable opinion of him hour to a portrait painter. His right hand held the whom you reject ?” gray goose quill while his left hand caressed the in “Mr. Waverley, I have that favourable opinion, and so trusive head of a deerhound. I saw another por- strongly, that though I would rather have been silent upon the grounds of my resolutions, you shall command trait later, after my father's death, and my misgiv- them, if you exact such a mark of my esteem and con- ings were increased by the empty yellow face, as fidence." insipid as a turnip, that Raeburn discerned as the I have often heard you lament the ineptitude of real author of Ivanhoe. the female novel, but can you say, hand on your Gosse. It might be as well to leave out deduc- heart, that it is possible to discover in the serial tions drawn from personal appearances. You've story published in The Servant Girls' Magazine a been painted a great many times, and I'm not certain page more inept than that I have just read-more that some of your portraits might not lead to some removed from human thought and feeling, more unfavorable interpretations of the value of your trite, calling up no image unless that of two sleek, writings. But we'll say no more on this point, but rotund, inoffensive little animals that-but I see I will return to the prose narratives. Of course Ivan- hoe was put into your hands and you were bidden Gosse. It is not so much our opinions that divide to read it. us as our tempers—yours allows you to speak with Moore. Ivanhoe, Burke's Speeches, Macaulay studied disrespect of one who once occupied the are enduring memories of an unhappy childhood. highest position in literature to which a man can But I liked The Bride of Lammermoor. The ro attain. You know that Balzac was a great admirer mantic prediction : of Scott, and the fact makes the change that has When the last heir to Ravenshood to Ravenshood shall come over public taste regarding the Waverley ride Novels incomprehensible, to me at least. I have To woo a dead maiden to be his bride, He shall stable his steed in the Kelpet's flow listened to your reading of a declaration of love that And his name shall be lost for evermo', doubtless moved our grandfathers and grandmothers finds an echo in most hearts (in every heart), for to tears, and heard your comment that it reminded the note is a true note, seldom struck and often you of nothing unless perhaps the almost mute and sought; and Carlyle could not have been indifferent wholly unnecessary guinea pig. And what aggra- to its appeal though he makes little of it, telling in vates my position is that I cannot say truthfully that his vindictive essay how the romantic page being I feel what you have read is not ridiculous. finished, Scott donned a green jerkin and mounted Moore. There are many more. a palfrey and prepared to go away hunting; but one Gosse. If you will allow me to continue a little morning a pig could not be persuaded to leave the while longer I will draw your attention to a matter hounds, and Sir Walter had to intervene, cracking about which you may find it convenient to speak in his whip to the amusement of his retainers. Car your essay; that though we admire Shelley's poetry lyle's account of the episode amounts almost to as we are unable to admire the poetry Shelley admired. distress you. 358 November 2 THE DIAL He admired Byron and I'm afraid that nobody will uity is altogether fair to Scott or to any modern be able to explain to us how it was that Shelley's writer-modern life being so different from ancient exquisite ear took pleasure in the versification of the life? Do you think that Vergil would have under- Bride of Abydos, Lara, The Corsair, and Childe stood Miss Austen? Harold. This admiration and Goethe's are incom MOORE. You have put an interesting question for prehensible unless we allow that Byron possessed which I am obliged to you, and my answer will fall qualities in 1820 that he does not possess in 1918. out naturally in the course of the conversation. I admit that it is not easy to believe that texts must Pride and Prejudice was published many years after be regarded as les petits vins du pays—wines that it was written. How many ? lose their flavor after a certain number of years Gosse. Fourteen years; and you can reckon on but if we do not raise or lower poetry to the level her to support your contention that the literature of the wine list, how are we to explain the loss and that interests the next generation is not written for gain? Whereas Byron has lost Shakespeare has money. gained ; like the fine wines of Bordeaux he seems to MOORE. Scott's centenary must have fallen flat, have gathered flavor and aroma, and is today a for I remember nothing of it; but I have a very dis- greater poet than he was in the Elizabethan days. tinct memory of the articles that celebrated Miss Moore. Excellently well said, Gosse; we know Austen's. Praise there was in plenty, and if the that Shakespeare was rough on the palate in 1603, writers of the articles could not discover the quali- and that for more than fifty years Beaumont and ties that stirred their enthusiasm, it was because they Fletcher retained their supremacy. were not themselves writers of prose narrative. It Gosse. After the Restoration they began to lose may be said that nobody understands anything so their fragrance and have continued to lose it; and intimately as the craft he practices. The praise was if some writers come down to us deteriorated, why all right and very pleasing to me, who was neverthe- should we find it hard to believe that others have less puzzled and unable to explain how the gentle- gained? And since change for better or worse is men could have written so much and said so little, observable in all, is it certain that any writer is des the subject being Miss Austen, about whom so many tined to be read as long as there are readers in Eng- interesting things might be said. I should not have land? The romantic movement swept Pope away, wished them to omit the obvious fact that Miss and no reputation was more securely established than Austen was a delightful writer, who described the his. Who shall say that another change will not society of which she was part and parcel; it must be sweep Wordsworth and Shelley out of favor ? said of course, but it was not easy to see why this MOORE. So you think, Gosse, there is no standard very trite appreciation should be expanded into many of taste, and that the mere caprice of a generation is columns when so much remained unwritten about accountable whether it admires Scott or Balzac? this delightful writer who . . . and so on. After Gosse. Do you think there is one? having mentioned for the tenth time that she de- MOORE. I think I find one in antiquity. Vergil, scribed the society of which she was part and parcel, Horace, and Catullus would stare at us very blankly I should have liked the critics to point out that Miss if we were to rouse them from their sleep to ask their Austen was the inventor of a new medium of literary opinion of Quentin Durward, and it requires no expression—which is the truth and no more than great effort of the imagination to discover the very the truth; the truth is always strange and it will no words with which Apuleius would answer us. He doubt come as a surprise to the critics, but confute would say, “In my day there was a great deal of it who may: Miss Austen was the inventor of the Christianity creeping about and we did not think formula whereby domestic life may be described ; much of it, but we did not think it would lead you and every one of us without exception, Balzac and into an admiration of such dullness as Scott." But Turgenev as much as Mrs. Henry Wood and Apuleius and Longus, Vergil, Catullus, Horace, Anthony Trollope. Homer, Sophocles, and Aristophanes would take off Gosse. A perfect blossom. Her craft their hats to Shakespeare. Every one of them would MOORE. A great deal has been written about her understand Hamlet and Macbeth and Lear. The craft, which we must allow to be good, wonderfully Tempest would enchant them; and they would ap- good when we rer good when we remember that it was she who dis- preciate all our great prose writers: Landor, De covered the method and got more out of it than Quincey, Pater. Why, therefore, should they fail Giotto did out of his. It is not too much to say to understand our narrative prose if there be any that she was her own potter, decorator, vintager; worth in it? and that her jars were mostly well shapen, the paint- Gosse. But do you think that an appeal to antiq ing witful, and the wine excellent, without doubt 1918 359 THE DIAL the purest our island produces a delicious wine, sudden. The passage I'm going to read is hurled, wholesome, palatable, one that can be drunk with as it were, at the reader without preliminary intima- pleasure by all, especially by men and women of tions to make the best he can of it, with the result letters, by whom it is especially recommended. that he makes nothing of it and falls to thinking Though divided on all other points, it seems we are whatever does all this nonsense mean? A state of united on this, and were not my rooms too small to soul cannot be conveyed in a speech, and in a speech contain the entire sodality it would have pleased me delivered by somebody whose acquaintance we have to invite all here and put a certain matter to the only just made; and I confess that I thought we were vote—the only certain way of settling anything going to have Waverley over again when I read: but as that is impossible I have taken upon myself "Of his sense and goodness," continued Eleanor, "no the responsibility of speaking in the name of the one can, I think, be in doubt who has seen him often sodality: we are agreed that if the great dead were enough to engage him in unreserved conversation. The excellence of his understanding and his principles can be to reawaken, the Austen wine might be offered to concealed only by that shyness which too often keeps him Vergil, Catullus, Horace, Longus, Apuleius, and silent. You know enough of him to do justice to his Petronius Arbiter without fear that they would run solid worth. But of his minuter propensitics, as you call them, you have, from peculiar circumstances, been kept to the window making wry faces. It is many years more ignorant than myself. He and I have been at times since I have read Pride and Prejudice, but the two thrown a good deal together, while you have been wholly engrossed on the most affectionate principles by my principal characters, Mr. Collins and Elizabeth, are mother. I have seen a great deal of him, have studied still clear to me. Mr. and Mrs. Bennett still keep his sentiments, and heard his opinions on subjects of a place in my recollection, and unless my memory literature and taste; and, upon the whole, I venture to pronounce that his mind is well informed, his enjoyment retains the good and forgets the false, this book of books extensively great, his imagination lively, his tends towards the vase rather than the washtub, observation just and correct, and his taste delicate and which is rare in English novels; but it will be safer pure. His abilities in every respect improve as much upon 'acquaintance as his manners and person. At first for me to speak to you of Sense and Sensibility, sight, his address is certainly not striking; and his per- which I read lately, for in that work it often seemed son can hardly be called handsome, till the expression of to me that Miss Austen is at her best and at her his eyes, which are uncommonly good, and the general sweetness of his countenance is seen. At present, I know worst. Her subject is what is known as “County" him so well, that I think him really handsome; or, at and her narrative opens, as it should open, in a large least, almost so. What say you, Marianne ?" commodious house situated in the middle of a park "I shall very soon think him handsome, Eleanor, if I don't now. When you tell me to love him as a brother as far as possible from the highroad. And the I shall no more sce perfection in his face than I do now in moment chosen is propitious. Mrs. Dashwood's hus- his heart." Eleanor then tried to explain the real state of the case band has just died; Mrs. Dashwood and her daugh- to her sister. “I don't attempt to deny,” said she, “that ters are going to leave their ancestral hall for a I think very highly of him, that I greatly esteem, that I cottage in Devonshire; and the son and heir is like him." minded to give them a considerable sum of money, Marianne here burst forth with indignation: “Esteem him, like him, cold-hearted Eleanor, oh worse than cold- for they have not been left well off; three or four hearted, ashamed of being otherwise. Use those words thousand pounds are mentioned, but the heir's wife again and I'll leave the room this moment." thinks three or four thousand pounds too large a It cannot be denied that this runs Mr. Waverley sum; a long discussion ensues and by successive very close; the difference is that Miss Austen had stages the proposed sum is reduced until at last a few something in her mind which she wanted to get out insignificant presents are considered sufficient. as quickly as she could. She is in the position of a The heroine of Sense and Sensibility is Marianne, man who speaks too quickly for his audience to and Miss Austen's intention is to present a highly follow his thoughts. Scott was merely producing strung romantic girl who believes the time for love copy for the printer. The opening of Sense and is twenty or before, for at two and twenty young Sensibility is not only hurried, it is confused by the women have passed the bloom of youth; and Mari inclusion of a scene that nobody would wish away; anne is of course certain that whosoever loves once the talk between the heir and his wife is not, strictly can never love again. Now it seems to me that in speaking, in the subject, and we find ourselves forced setting forth the mental attitude of her young people into the admission that it would be better if the Miss Austen falls into something like the senten pages had been reserved for a more shapely exposi- tiousness of Mr. Waverley unwittingly, for she was tion of the characters of Marianne and Eleanor. not sufficiently practiced in her craft to see that the The omission of the scene between the heir and his mere writing of a long passage for Eleanor to speak wife would have been a great loss, but we should to her sister fails to put the reader in possession of have understood Marianne when she bids good-by the fact that Elcanor represents sense. It is all too to Northlands and have sympathized with her. 360 November 2 THE DIAL “Dear, dear Northlands (she asks) when shall I cease failed me when I saw the scene rising up in the to regret you! When learn to feel at home elsewhere! Oh! happy house, could you know what I suffer now in narrative, and I prayed that it might not come to viewing you from this spot, from whence perhaps I may pass. But she was the first, a Giotto among women, view you no more! And you, ye well-known trees! you and when she wrote there was no prose narrative will continue the same. No leaf will decay because we are removed, or any branch become motionless though we for her to learn from. It is so easy for us to avoid can observe you no longer! No, you will continue the these mistakes. A writer of inferior talent (shall we same; unconscious of the pleasure or the regret you occa say Maupassant?) would have known that the scene sion, and insensible of any change to those who walk under your shade! But who will remain to enjoy you?” could not be written, for there are scenes in life that This sententiousness (or is it sensibility ?) is con- cannot be written even if they can be proved to have tinued for about forty pages and is not dropped happened. The writer must choose what can be until the sisters go with their mother to the Devon written; and a worse exhibition of skill than this shire Cottage, and our attention has relaxed consid- scene is not discoverable in literature. The young erably; but Miss Austen regains it when a young man apologized, blubbered, and went away, and with his disappearance from the book my faultfind- man appears whom Marianne recognizes as the one ing ends. she has been craving for ever since her girlhood, and within a very few weeks she is convinced that he is Remember that the theme of the book is a dis- the only one worth living for. At last the theme appointment in love; and never was one better writ- becomes clear and we perceive that the author's in- ten, more poignant, more dramatic. We all know how terrible these disappointments are, and how tention is that Marianne shall be cheated of her they crush and break up life, for the moment reduc- desire, and marry in the end a man whose years once seemed to put him among those that can no ing it to dust; the sufferer neither sees nor hears, but walks like a somnambulist through an empty world. longer hope to inspire passion. Passion alone is valid, so Marianne thinks, and we comprehend the So it is with Marianne, who cannot give up hope ; scheme, which is that the young man must break and the Dashwoods go up to London in search of the with her; it is essential to the story that he should, young man; and every attempt is made to recapture and how to bring the rupture is a problem, I said, him, and every effort wrings her heart. She hears one that will put the skill of the narrator to the of him but never sees him till at last she perceives finest test. The story will begin to creak in its joints him in a back room and at once, her whole counte- if the greatest care be not taken. In about three nance blazing forth with a sudden delight, she would weeks the young man expresses a desire to leave the have moved towards him instantly had not her sister neighborhood, and the reason he gives for his return caught hold of her--and in the page and a half that follows, Miss Austen gives us all the agony of pas- to London is not satisfactory; indeed his manner sion the human heart can feel. She was the first; alarms Marianne, and her disquiet is increased by none has written the scene that we all desire to write many little incidents. So far so good, but the ques- tion has to be answered: Is the author to take the as truthfully as she has, and when Balzac and reader into her confidence and tell that the young orately, but never with greater result. In Miss Turgenev rewrote this scene, they wrote more elab- man has flirted with Marianne merely to pass the orately, but never with greater result. Austen the means are as simple as the result is amaz- time away, his thoughts being fixed on a rich mar- ing. A young girl of twenty, jilted, comes up to riage; or is the author going to keep the secret from London with her mother and sister, and she sees the reader, thereby appealing to the sense of curiosity which is in everyone? Strange as it may seem, Miss her lover at an assembly; he comes forward and addresses a few words more to her sister than to her- Austen chose to appeal to the curiosity of the reader, self within hearing of a dozen people, and it is here and we are well advanced in the novel before we that we find the burning human heart in English hear that the young gentleman has succeeded in ally- prose narrative for the first and, alas, for the last ing himself to money. The motive of curiosity seems time. to me to lie a little outside of her art, and it would Miss Austen's imagination has not spent itself in have been better for her to have taken the reader this supreme scene. She can develop her motive, and into her confidence and told that the young man the narrative is continued amid gossiping women was seeking a rich marriage and had no intention coming and going into the house taken for the sea- of applying his life to the worship of a poor girl; son; the drawing-room is never empty; in and out and later on Miss Austen's inexperience in her craft the visitors come and go asking questions about leads her into a blunder that cannot be condoned. Marianne's marriage. Each of these questions is She brings back the young man, after his marriage, like a burning knife thrust into the girl, and she has to tell Eleanor that he is very sorry—and my heart to keep a steady face upon it all. She has to bear 1918 361 THE DIAL with it all, listening to the chatter till she wishes herself dead, at all events in some silent world, and what is so admirable is that while the reader's heart is wrung with pity for the girl, the reader is amused by as good chatter as has ever been written—and a great deal of good chatter has been written by the great writers, for the power of writing chatter is the signed manual of the great writer. Perhaps the French word “bonnement” will explain my meaning better; "chatter," being an abstract word, does not express as much as "bonnement.” The word “bonne- ment" is associated with the showman, and the word recalls to our mind the rapid, almost incoherent, talk of the man who stands at the end of the booth cry- ing, “Walk up, walk up, and see my show!" Rabelais was a great master of patter, and next to him is Shakespeare. Balzac too could write good patter; but Mrs. Jenning's patter in Sense and Sensibility is as good as any. She sometimes, it is true, includes an important statement in the patter, one that is necessary for the comprehension of the narrative; and this to me is a mistake, for the pleas- ure we find in patter is merely the pleasure of words rapidly run together. You have not read Sense and Sensibility for a long while, Gosse, and will let me read some of Miss Austen's patter. "Well, my dear, 'tis a true saying about an ill wind, for it will be all the better for Colonel Brandon. He will have her at last; ay, that he will. Mind me, now, if they ain't married by Midsummer'. Lord! how he'll chuckle over this news! I hope he will come tonight. It will be all to one a better match for your sister. Two thousand a year without debt or drawback-except the little love- child, indeed; ay, I had forgot her; but she may be 'prenticed out at small cost, and then what does it signify? Delaford is a nice place, I can tell you; exactly what I call a nice old-fashioned place, full of comforts and con- veniences; quite shut in with great garden walls that are covered with the best fruit trees in the country; and such a mulberry tree in one corner! Lord! how Char- lotte and I did stuff the only time we were there! Then there is a dovecote, some delightful stewponds, and a very pretty canal; and everything, in short, that one could wish for: and, moreover, it is close to the church, and only a quarter of a mile from the turnpike road, so 'tis never dull, for if you only go and sit up in an old yew arbour behind the house, you may see all the carriages that pass along. Oh! 'tis a nice place! A butcher hard by in the village, and the parsonage-house within a stone's throw. To my fancy, a thousand times prettier than Barton Park, where they are forced to send three miles for their meat, and have not a nearer neighbour than your mother. Well, I shall spirit up the Colonel as soon as I can. One shoulder of mutton, you know, drives another down. If we can but put Willoughby out of her head !" Here endeth the first conversation. GEORGE MOORE. The Moral State The unique apology which Mr. Alfred E. Zim- of the personal tragedies of the war, together with mern gives for his volume, Nationality and Govern the fine serenity of style which can come only from ment (McBride ; $3)—that it is not a book in the so rich a background of historical precedent and true sense of the word, but a collection of articles example as it was our right to expect of the author and lectures written at different times during the of The Greek Commonwealth. past few years"-is fortunately not justified. For Commonwealth, indeed, is the keynote of Mr. although it is true that the book is not a unified Zimmern's thought. Consequently he takes issue whole and that it does not present a single and well with the whole theory of nationality in so far as that rounded thesis, it has an inner consistency of attitude theory means that the limits of any national culture and a high provocative quality, both in form and are the limits of the sovereignty and authority of substance, which give it great value as an aid to the state in which the particular nationality is in- interpretation. It is no small tribute to Mr. Zim cluded. He quotes Lord Acton's analysis in 1862: mern's clarity of intellect and persuasiveness of style The greatest adversary of the rights of Nationality is that a book admittedly a collection of random papers the modern theory of nationality. By making the State should maintain so definite a method of approach to and the nation commensurate with each other in theory it reduces practically to a subject condition all other na- the multitude of those complex problems which to tionalities that may be within the boundary. It cannot day lay claim to our bewildered attention. Further admit them to an equality with the ruling nation which constitutes the State, because the State would then cease more, a few general contentions do appear in the to be national, which would be a contradiction of the variety of arguments and discussions. These general principles of its existence. According, therefore, to the contentions are of supreme importance, since they are degree of humanity and civilization in that dominant body which claims all the rights of the community, the an attempt to formulate the main ethical issues in- inferior races are exterminated or reduced to servitude, volved in the present conflict by arms. Mr. Zim or outlawed, or put in a position of dependence. mern presents them with the fine detachment which In other words, since the boundaries of a state are can come only from a deep feeling of the poignancy not the boundaries of a language or a people, almost 362 November 2 THE DIAL any number of national cultures can be included colored maps, it is difficult to focus anger upon within that state. This theory equally justifies the abstractions; to curse at shadows. Because the political philosophy of an Austria-Hungary and a State can be used as an instrument of aggression, it British Empire. Mr. Zimmern is unflinching in does not necessarily follow that it ought to be used drawing this conclusion. He believes neither in the as an instrument of salvation. It is, after all, an theory of “self-determination,” nor in the formula, instrument for good or ill—it is not of itself either behind which is so much revolutionary passion, of good or ill. It hasn't a soul which can be lost or "no annexations." Both are muddle-headed and saved. saved. It is in essence a scheme of organization unrealistic. But if, then, there is no difference in whereby power can be allocated and brought effect- philosophical questions of polity between the British ively to play. To endow it with the human virtues Empire and, let us say (for the question of nation- of wickedness and goodness is merely to become ality is here best illustrated) the Austro-Hungarian anthropomorphic at precisely the point where myth- Empire, why the present quarrel between them?ology is most dangerous. We are still hypnotized The difference arises, if I do not mistake Mr. by words: praise or blame have no meaning when Zimmern's view, not from any abstract question of attached to other than human men and women. It political organization, but from the differences in the is considered infantile to anathematize the lightning exercise of the proper functions of the State. Here which strikes our house ; equally, to rail at that State we strike the fundamental contention. which crushes our hopes, or to eulogize that which To Mr. Zimmern, the State is not merely a type furnishes us with justice and freedom, is of no par- of organization, an instrument of convenience; it is ticular danger so long as we recognize that we are an ethical entity. It can act, as an individual acts, dealing only in symbols. The trick of personaliza- either well or ill. Somewhere Mr. Zimmern speaks tion is as old as the race, and language itself serves of “the unique corporate individuality of social still to clothe the dark forces, which we cannot face groups.” It is the duty of the State to act in the unaided, with the familiar Aesh that is our ultimate interests of the common weal, to become, in a word, reality. When, however, we make of our symbols a commonwealth. The sin of Austria-Hungary, as "corporate individualities" to which our affections of Germany and Turkey, lies not in her inclusion of and loyalties can be attached as to our dog, our several nationalities within her boundaries but in her friend, our parent, then we are likely to experience attitude toward them. Except for the Germans and the final disillusion. The State, as I see it, is like Magyars—the dominant races—they have been a machine which makes the color and texture of our treated as subjects instead of as citizens with equal clothing; if we do not like our clothing, or if our rights. Annexation for Germany means extension neighbors object to it, then we can alter the ma- of power; for England, extension of trusteeship. Of chine, or smash it, or build a new one. It is our course in contrasting the British idea of empire with servant; not our master. For between the Prussian the Prussian idea, Mr. Zimmern is quite aware that worship of the State as such and Mr. Zimmern's he somewhat overpaints the lily of English benef- adoration of the Commonwealth designed for ser- icence. Yet historically, at all events, he is on the vice instead of power it is difficult to discern any whole correct-in his description of the facts. A real cleavage of principle. Both visions are apoca- deeper question arises from his assumption that this lyptic, and both reflect the qualities of the men who general idea of the moral State—what, as Mr. experienced them: in one case selfishness and jeal- Zimmern is quite aware, foreign critics call English ousy and cruelty; in the other, luminous intelligence cant and hypocrisy-has been part of the conscious and genuine kindliness. Our choice must be deter- purpose and tradition of Great Britain. If convic- mined, as must all choices of ethical preference, by tion and intensity could make it such, then this book judgment from an argument ad hominem. of Mr. Zimmern's would answer our question At bottom one might describe this attempt of Mr. Zimmern's as a search for some ultimate object But is the State an entity which can be properly of loyalty. The Puritan tradition refuses to be endowed with moral attributes at all? The instinc- frustrated. Our new duty is to the Commonwealth. tive anger of the world is concentrated today—and None of us today needs to be told how miserably the justly—not upon that multiform Leviathan which is Church has failed us; the younger generation has given the general descriptive term of Germany, but been, as far as religion is concerned, pretty thor- upon specific individuals. It is probably a healthy oughly uprooted. To die for the glory of the Lord instinct which makes the common run of us get seems today not merely inglorious but absurd. We indignant not at an idea but at the particular people have become tolerant in all things except irrelevan- who embody it. In spite of the caricaturists and cies. We search for a new faith. Some believe they for us. 1918 363 THE DIAL have found it in nationality. Here one can thor it has more human tang and savor than the churchly oughly subscribe to Mr. Zimmern's penetrating and faiths of a barren and godless age. wise analysis of a modern fallacy. He points out the Yet it is a symbol which in all probability the morbidity of the heightened national feeling which new world upon which we are entering will re- is the inevitable by-product of political oppression; pudiate. There will be confusion and bitterness he shows in deft phrase how a man's original self- following this war, and in all likelihood a sharp respect of race cannot safely be denied. reaction away from all kinds of bloodless abstrac- With equivalent power and sureness he shows the tions, the State among them. It is odd that Mr. danger which comes from the atrophy of the feeling Zimmern, who has written in this book with such of nationality in a materialistic country like our own. insight about labor and the unmitigated evils of a (A criticism, by the way, which he has somewhat soulless industrialism, should not himself have modified since our entrance into the war.) Now the guessed the answer to his search. Unless we raise State, which is in one sense narrower, is in another up more nationalistic passions than the fury of this broader than the nationality, for it includes it. To war might normally be expected to allay, the new this State, this Commonwealth, Mr. Zimmern world will regard the State or the World State-a would have us attach our deeper affections and League of Nations as an instrument of convenient loyalties. It is the carrier of a precious tradition, organization. There will be few cryptic worships. an entity with a soul and purpose, a stimulation of Men will attach their loyalties to those whom they our highest activities. In a word, it is Mr. Zim love, and will find their happiness in their work. mern's personal compensation for those consolations In the long run it cannot be found elsewhere. For which conventional religion has denied him. It lacks whatever we permanently cherish must have in it the self-centeredness which is characteristic of na- the rhythm and color of daily life and daily desire. tionalistic feeling; it conceives its task more broadly; HAROLD STEARNS. From an Older Time THOSE OF US who began our reading careers after tioned authority Mr. Howells, that incredible gen- 1900 are inclined, perhaps unjustly, to neglect the ius who had come from humble Ohio to capture school of excellent writers who delighted the youth the Brahmin citadel itself, and—when the kings of our fathers and mothers. The eighties and nine had been gathered to their fathers—to reign in ties saw a very deliberate and serious attempt to royal Cambridge himself. Mr. Howells himself found a "national" American literature, and that was never consciously sectional; he conveyed the attempt deserves far more respect and investigation simple homeliness of that naive middle-class age from those of us who pretend to be still wanting which got itself recognized everywhere as broadly that very thing than we usually give it. The ap and pervasively "American." But it was in his proach to this enterprise was sectional but not sep- mellow art and under his pontifical blessing that the aratist, sectional in the sense that if each great school felt itself sustained and encouraged. region—New England, Virginia, the Tennessee Of all these writers, Mr. Cable is the only one mountains, Louisiana, California, the Western who continues to produce novels of the same quality plains—were fittingly embodied in fiction, their dis and with the same motive. Those of his school who tinctive types of personality and ways of speech artis are not dead, have earned an honorable retirement tically presented, the federated picture would pro- in other fields. Lovers of Louisiana (Scribner; duce us a veritable American contemporary litera $1.50) comes to us from this fine veteran of seventy- ture, comparable in depth of life and beauty of five, with his unmistakable characteristics, after a lit- pattern to the French and Russian material that erary career of much more than forty years. And, we were beginning to admire. With this motive as if to show his perennial vigor, he has not gone more or less at the bottom of their hearts, writers lazily back to his Creole life of the past, but writes like Miss Jewett, Miss Wilkins, G. W. Cable, Bret. his romance about a very modern New Orleans of Harte, Hamlin Garland, Thomas Nelson Page, and the last three or four years. This gives him the oppor- James Lane Allen worked conscientiously to catch tunity to show the Creole life in all its unfading and fix the distinctiveness of the life that each one charm, in the beautiful flower of a Rosalie Durel, knew. And over this school presided with unques in the courtliness and finesse of her banker father, 364 November 2 THE DIAL and even in the wickedness of her wonderfully pretty nearly the entire life of a turbulent and proud named cousin Zéphire. And it enables him to con Southern community in its welter of personal and front and then to mingle with this inexhaustible political feuds and aspirations to develop its sudden- Creole theme the other molding element of modern ly discovered resources. No mere apologia could New Orleans, the rather stiffly admirable Philip have been so convincing. Castleton, with his sociological modernity and his But in Lovers of Louisiana the reader who missed critical love for the South. It is rather an aston the artist in Mr. Cable would have a better case. ishing thing for so veteran a novelist to do—to keep Philip rarely becomes more than an abstraction. If so much of the old flavor of romance and yet pour he is not exactly priggish, he is little more than a so much intellectuality into his work. The interest voice calling upon his great city to lead the South of the feat almost disarms our criticism of the artis to modernity. He comes back from Princeton to tic creation. take his place in the public life of the city. He gives Mr. Cable has always blended his romance and a course at Tulane in political history. He delivers sociology. From many of his contemporaries we before a Negro society an address which is taken by could excusably have acquired our current legend his proud Creole rival for the hand of Rosalie as an that his generation was serenely oblivious of “social apology for being a white man. He heads the problems.” But we could never have got it from Grand Jury, and menaces the mysteries of Creole him. From the very first he seems to have seen clairvoyants and quadroon girls. In his high- the South as an impartially criticizable society as minded courtship of Rosalie he invades the precincts well as the beloved Dixie of romance. And it was of the finest Creole families closed till then to ideas, the South's very energetic dislike to be looked at in and not only saves her father from bankruptcy any such light that sent him long ago to make his but wins him to a larger tolerance. Philip is always home in Massachusetts. If it was his upbringing less a lover, less even a reformer, than he is a walk- in ante-bellum New Orleans that gave him his ten ing idea of what Mr. Cable would like the effective der love of her picturesque life, it must have been modern Louisianan young man to be. Even when his Northern, and perhaps his partly German heri-, he secures his Rosalie Durel-her whom he has once tage, that gave him a fatally critical sense of the identified with his city, and his city with her-our poisons that continued to beset the South's conva romantic interest is less stirred by their union than lescence of reconstruction. To my Northern mind by that of the two touching old figures behind them, he seems the fairest of critics, with a justice that is the grandmère and the Judge, who find their belated sincerely tempered by love. His defense of the happiness after forty years. freedman, those pamphlets he wrote in the eighties The romance that is embodied in Rosalie and her about the “silent South” and the post-slavery prob- family scarcely compensates for the abstractions of lems, are restrained in tone and earnest with a Philip and the Castletons. Of course she is utterly high-minded persuasiveness. Only a South that charming, and charming in a more vigorous and in- would stand for nothing but a servile adulation of telligent way than Mr. Cable's other Creole hero- its ways could resist such a prophet. He spoke as a ines, such as the Nancanous. Her creator spares lover of Dixie, but it was just that plea Dixie us much of the enormity of dialect, and is thus able would not listen to—that only through political to save both her and her really admirably drawn fairness to the Negro would the South be released father from that belittling and patronage which from the clutch of its “Negro problem.” seems the inevitable effect of dialect on the modern In this latest novel Philip Castleton is Mr. taste. In this book Mr. Cable's phonetic atrocities Cable's attitude personified. Those Southerners who are so much milder than usual and his conversations do not complain about Mr. Cable's strictures on so much briefer as to bring his story completely with- the South put their complaints against him on the in the range of what, I take it, is our demand today. ground that he is too much the sociologist at all Nothing cuts off his school from us quite so much times and too little the artist. I do not know as that lavish cultivation of dialect. Our whether he wrote John March, Southerner (1894) simply balks at untangling the paragraphs of a to prove his impartiality. But it happens that this character like Narcisse in Dr. Sevier, so that that story, with its pugnacious and chivalrous young hero youth, who is so obviously intended to be a most of reconstruction and its rascally Negro politicians amusing and winning figure, falls as flat as a is one of his best novels. Mr. Cable was artist Petrouchka who has lost his sawdust. Mr. Cable enough to draw vivid portraits which were the re seems well aware of this change of taste. Lovers verse of special pleading for the sociological ideal of Louisiana is brief and pointed in its style. It isms he had been expressing. Into that book he got has few of those leisurely wastes of conversation eye 1918 365 THE DIAL which that school copied Mr. Howells in pouring erty and family pride have a significance that a out upon us. Mr. Howells himself was saved by younger novelist would be inclined to yawn over. the fact that even in his most prairie-like stretches For the mere situation of these two families (not there is always a faint amusingness, in its transcript, hostile, still unmingling, though each represents its of the literal banality of life. The other writers kind of aristocratic best in the fascinating life of are seldom so fortunate. When they use dialect they New Orleans) would have been motif enough. produce books which will, I think, become progress- He would not have felt so much the need of elabo- ively unreadable. ration. There would have been more to understand Mr. Cable's romance is still old-fashioned, how of the people themselves and less of the too neat ever modern his literary manner may have become. intermingling of their objective fortunes. His generation also followed Mr. Howells in what Lovers of Louisiana therefore helps us to under- H. L. Mencken calls a "kittenishness" in all stand, I think, the limitations of that "national” references to love. Lovers of Louisiana sounds school of fiction. For our interest today is vaguely stilted ; deprived of the flow of conversation, the in "life" itself rather than in the distinctive trap- romance is a little bare and angular. For a short pings of life, picturesque as they may be. We like book, it has a bewildering ingenuity of plot. So to understand characters from their cradles to their short a story will scarcely carry so much interweav graves. We pry around the intimacies of their ing of themes without fatiguing the reader, and souls in a way that seems almost ribald in the light fatiguing him justifiably. . At times the meaning al of these scrupulous older novelties. It is not even most sinks out of sight under the weight of the “American" life we are after. We are on a restless financial intrigue, and of the influence of the young search for "human life,” almost as the thing in people's romance upon the shy reunion of their elders. itself. We feel a craving to look beyond and through Here are not only a Creole grandmother and an the particular type or the odd individual to some "English" grandfather who should have married calm, immemorial current of personal truth. Any years before, but were kept apart by social prejudice. deliberately sectional portrayal comes to seem dan- There is also a broken love-match between Rosalie's gerously near an 'exploitation. The novelist is ex- father and Philip's mother, which was prevented by ploiting his material, digging out his marketable ore the same beloved Aunt Castleton who now works instead of making his human landscape reveal some against Philip's suit. Add to this a financial com significant veracity. This is the difference between plication in which the Castletons rather quixotically books like John March, Southerner and The Grand- issimes. In the latter one feels the exploiting touch. attempt to make up to the Durels the losses suffered But fundamentally, to Mr. Cable's honor, it must be by the embezzlements of the wicked cousin Zéphire, said that he does not deserve that stigma. He has rival suitor for Rosalie's hand, and get the aid of an felt deeply enough about his land to be its sound ex-slave of the Durels as well as a Scotch banker and bravely passionate counselor. And he has been who intrigues ceaselessly to bring Rosalie and Philip artist enough not to let either this idealism nor his together. Weave into this the realization that this own very strict personal moralism impede his por- indebtedness stands between Rosalie and Philip, and you produce a network that at times baffles trayal of all the sweetness and gayety of that life in- your telligence. To the author these intricacies of prop- which his youth loved. RANDOLPH BOURNE. Connoisseurship or Criticism Probably no one has hitherto imagined placing to is shown there, in his description of his problems, and gether the names of Mr. Bernard Shaw and Mr. the reader's response to his methods, quite as much Bernard Berenson, and I confess the justification for as in the actual solving of the problems. doing so here is a slight one. It would appear, The book is made up of problems-questions of nevertheless, if I let the present lines run along to attribution, of date, of differentiation amongst paint- an essay on The Importance of Prefaces. No one ers of the Sienese School, who have only received is unfamiliar with the importance of Mr. Shaw's the study they deserve in comparatively recent years. prefaces, and no one should read Mr. Berenson's Mr. Berenson confesses that the absence of an essay Essays in the Study of Sienese Painting (F. F. Sher on the relations between Sienese art and the arts man; $3.65) without first studying the pages which of the Far East, which he was prevented from com- precede the essays themselves. The author's ability pleting in time for this volume, "leaves it a more 366 November 2 THE DIAL purely professional and technical one than he could shows himself to be in the Siena gallery, they will have wished." The average reader, even if a lover not easily take him down from his pinnacle, even in of the entrancing art of Siena, will readily join with the face of unworthy pictures to which his name has Mr. Berenson in his regret, and perhaps even accept been attached. And yet even such students will the terms of it as a permission to leave the volume welcome more light on the subject. and others like it to that very special public which Among connoisseurs a defense of Mr. Berenson's is prepared by native talent and acquired experience essays can only provoke the smile of indulgence that to follow the intricacies of the debate in which the is the part of superfluous efforts. But there are few author engages with Dr. Sirén over the authorship critics today who see other possibilities in their pro- of the Marriage Salver in the Boston Museum, or fession than the popular-rubbish article so nearly the relative claims of Matteo di Giovanni and universal in the newspapers and minor magazines on Guidoccio Cozzarelli to the production of various one hand, and the archeological title-searching of pictures which are discussed. experts on the other. And so, as most of us have As “professional and technical" as such matters had enough for a lifetime of unintelligent attacks on are, we need not however dismiss them and the book the modernists, and even more banal puffery of aca- as something beyond the powers of the ordinary demic and commercial successes, we have become student of art. He must, it is true, have equipment pretty well resigned to the quietude of the profes- to follow the argument: he must have the enormous sional and technical reviews, and accept the settling equipment of the critics themselves if he is not to be of questions of detail, which occupy the present vol- taken by surprise through the citation of some work ume, as the main business of the critic. The enor- he has never heard of and which is capable of chang mous success of Mr. Clive Bell's Art is largely due ing the whole line of argument. And who but a to his exhilarating reminder that connoisseurship is man of the rarest opportunity and complete leisure only an incidental part of the critic's office. Mr. can track the all-but-forgotten Little Masters Berenson is very good-humored about the weariness through obscure hill towns, provincial cities of with which the reader may listen to his arguments, France, and private collections from Baltimore to but he is sure enough of a public which wants more Vienna? Mr. Berenson does well, in his preface of them to continue the kind of writing which has again, to "beg the student, even when not perfectly engaged him for the past ten years or so. He will convinced by his arguments, to believe in his con have that public as long as museums and collectors clusions.” It is the wiser course, for the time being keep adding more works by the minor artists of the anyhow, and will enable the reader to enjoy with the past—the great works being always less on the mar- critic the zest of his researches and the ingenious ket, and so less discussed. And the vanishing point fitting together of fragments which reconstitute some of the lines of third, fourth, or fifth-rate works lost personality of the quattrocento. whose authorship awaits discovery is at a horizon Does the game at times seem scarce worth the that we shall never reach. candle? If it does, then play it the harder, for your It is easy to go too far with such an argument. admission or even your doubt shows that you need The picture acquired by the Fogg Museum, for to look more closely at these Sienese; they are so whose painter Mr. Berenson finds the name Ugolino beautiful that to one who has spent much time in Lorenzetti, is not a fifth-rate work but a beautiful their company no amount of effort seems too great and important one; to remind us by reproduction of for the attainment of a better acquaintance with the great Duccio Nativity in Berlin is a service we them. I do not urge the value of any and all truth must esteem. But there are far bigger ones that the simply for the dignity that inheres in it. But in critic may render. Let us hope that in the essay on such a case as the one I instanced-Mr. Berenson's the relations of Sienese art and the arts of the Far probing into the relative positions of Matteo and East, which Mr. Berenson is meditating, he pro- Guidoccio—we have not so much the reconstruction poses to get us out of the desert of the specialists and of a minor painter, as the freeing from inferior work into the fertile country of the major problems of long attributed to him of one of the real masters art. He has at times given proof of his interest in of Sienese art. As long as we judge Matteo di Gio modern art, and if it is too much to ask that he vanni by the less skilful and less intense pictures of pursue that subject, at least there are broad phases his follower, we have a distorted idea of him. To of the significance and relationships of the old be sure, most students are by this time aware of the schools which have never been well discussed. He looseness with which attributions were given before will find a ready audience if he will approach such the days of scientific criticism, and when they have themes. once seen Matteo as the exquisite and great man he WALTER Pach. THE DIAL CLARENCE BRITTEN GEORGE DONLIN HAROLD STEARNS SCOFIELD THAYER In Charge of the Reconstruction Program: JOHN DEWEY THORSTEIN VEBLEN HELEN MAROT SHALL THE SAME NEWS DISPATCHES COME, IN A it considers its own. Shall we witness a similar few months or even weeks, from Berlin which re phenomenon in Germany—the sudden growth of a cently came from Sofia-news dispatches portraying class more afraid of its own disillusioned proletariat Bolshevist uprisings against the government? On than of a victorious foreign army? Between defeat July 14 such a question would have seemed absurd. in an imperialistic war and a domestic revolution, Today it is significant of the tremendous and far who can doubt what reaction will choose? Presi- reaching social and political changes which have dent Wilson has himself stated that the war has taken place in such short time that the question is raised up forces too strong for any statesman to con- not only not considered absurd, it is actually being trol, and in very truth we are today at one of those asked. Lord Milner has already asked it. Evi- dramatic periods in history when no one can confi- dently the leaders of the German Majority Social- dently say what dark and swift passions have not ists are anxiously asking it. As early as last been aroused. Naivete is one of the most engaging September Vorwärts of Berlin was depicting the qualities of all conventional foreign-office officials. horrible results of a “break through” on the western But shrewder minds are already alarmed at the pros- front, and it is somewhat curious that even then it pects of a Bolshevist Germany. We have cited Lord was the internal consequences of a military debacle Milner as one example. The recent news dispatches which chiefly concerned the editor. from neutral capitals highly praising the “political Instead of war outside our frontiers there is war at home, good sense and ability” of the German Majority trenches in the streets, machine-guns in the houses, Socialists is but another straw indicative of the way corpses of men, women, and children on the pavement. the wind is blowing. Perhaps in a few months we The food supply now entirely fails. There is no more shall observe a campaign of adulation of Philip coal, and in consequence no light, no trains, industry comes to a standstill, hundreds of thousands die, a spirit Scheidemann as the man of the hour in Germany, of madness takes possession of the survivors, revolts comparable to the campaign of adulation of Keren- break out, and an attempt is made to crush them with sky. If we do—and certainly events are moving bloody force. rapidly in that direction-in all probability a dis- An overdrawn and extreme picture, you say. Pre- illusion exactly like the disillusion which followed cisely, but overdrawn and extreme for a purpose. the revelation of Kerensky's weakness will follow And that purpose is hardly naive; it is not merely the revelation of Scheidemann's weakness. Once the to strengthen the morale of the “field grays” by tiger of exploited labor has tasted the blood of vic- showing what disastrous consequences would ensue tory, its appetite grows by what it feeds upon. Am- from a weakening of the defensive spirit at the front. bassador Gerard tells us that if a revolution ever That may have been a subsidiary purpose, but it is does come in Germany, it will make the Russian now safe to assert that it was not the main purpose. revolution look like a Sunday school picnic. In For a considerable period it has been clear that the any event, the future for Germany is ominous. For German Majority Socialists have been maneuvering if one thing is certain about this war, it is that its for high stakes—for control of the German govern- conclusion will not bring it to an end. Just in pro- ment itself. Diplomatic information is united on portion as the charge that Germany was a feudalism the assertion that the German middle classes-what has been true, by just so much can we measure the might be described as the moderate industrial and coming bitterness of the struggle between its classes. commercial and financial classes are determined to There is, of course, the chance of a reaction towards gain a speedy peace no matter what price is paid for a “Defense of the Fatherland” movement like that it. They are quite willing to employ any ally for of 1813, but that chance is slim. Defeat on the that purpose, even the German Socialists, who no battlefield is not the only penalty autocratic nations longer are averse to describing themselves as the one will pay for the criminal adventure of this war. force in Germany capable of preserving "law and The dry rot of domestic class warfare seems also order” on the conclusion of peace. The world has to be an inevitable part of their punishment. But already seen in Russia a striking example of how an shall the democratic nations escape? In proportion expropriated moneyed and landed class will not as they scorn to adopt the autocratic spirit and scruple to ask for foreign aid in order to regain what methods of their enemies. 368 November 2 THE DIAL EVIDENTLY SOMETHING IS THE MATTER WITH THE meagerness of our own work in the field of light modern scheme of industrial enterprise. There are music. The ordinary “musical comedy,” with its feverish attempts in all the nations where the institu vaudeville extravaganza, its glucose tunes, and its tion of modern industry exists to try out some new thin wit, has been saved from destruction only by method or to hold on to old schemes. We shall pres the imperishable freshness and pulchritude of our ently have the chance to regard the several nations chorus girls: without them, we should have been as industrial experimental stations, for no two seem forced by sheer ennui to demand a more intelligent bent on the same policy of organization. If the form of entertainment. For the field of light music Majority Socialists of Germany is to be the majority can be almost indefinitely expanded, and there are working-class party when the war is over, it seems many theatrical genres for which light music alone clear that the German idea of bureaucracy and state is appropriate. There is the operetta of the Lecocq management of industry will take a new lease on type, the witty burlesque of the Gilbert and Sullivan life. In striking contrast to the German state of type, the farce with music, the revue. The last has mind toward industrial organization, it is interesting been highly developed on the Continent; in America to find that the workers of Australia, who have the yearly Follies and Passing Show are our closest been responsible for the development of state capi- approach to that combination of satire, horseplay, talism and bureaucratic management in that coun and syncopated jingles which make the first-class try, have swung completely away from their de revue almost a specific art form. The farce with pendence on politics and legislative reforms to music, too, has been well developed with us, for syndicalism; to the One Big Union of our own American playwrights are apt at farce and pro- I. W. W. Naturally the trade union organization ducers find it easier to procure isolated songs and and activity in Australia is receiving opposition. dances than an entire homogeneous score like that, Mr. E. E. Keep, president of the Employers' Fed- say, of The Chocolate Soldier. But our lack of even tolerable operettas and witty burlesques is appalling. eration of Melbourne, Victoria, is agitating for the When we do have a composer of ability and keen suppression of the movement, which he says is spend- ing or proposing to spend in the next year £83,000 shall we find the author to write the book for his sense of orchestration, like Victor Herbert, where in propaganda. score? Nowhere do our pioneer qualities reveal Should labor again get into political power and endeavor themselves more strikingly than in our attempts at to put these ideas into practice, it will be a disaster as tragic to industry in Australia as the Bolshevikist ascend operetta. For good operetta is like old wine-it is ency in Russia. dry and sparkling and is poured from somewhat While Mr. Keep is opposing trade union organi- musty bottles. The composer and the librettist must zation in Australia, Mr. Ernest J. P. Benn, Chair- be sophisticated and urbane. There must be a sus- man of the Industrial Reconstruction Council, is picion of mockery in the sentiment and a touch of carrying on agitation for the complete organization burlesque itself in the music. Operetta is the musi- of workers as well as all other factors participating cal counterfoil to that artificial comedy which in British industry, and the establishment of a na- Charles Lamb described with humorous discern- tional Parliament of Trades. Again we find that the ment. industrial organization of the Soviets of Russia does not follow either the theory of the trade union, the William JAMES HAS GIVEN CLASSIC EXPRESSION industrial union, the political socialist, or, needless to to that feeling of despair and ennui which affects say, the British Parliament of Trades. It has sprung the normal man when he visits a model community. out of the necessity of meeting a situation. The It is like one's feeling of hopelessness before the per- organization for this reason closely follows the actual fect child. Perhaps for the most of us there had functioning of the producers. It is unhampered by been small hope of ever seeing an entire community theories, ulterior purposes, or interests. No wonder afflicted with such dull, idyllic sinlessness. But to- that the Germans, including the German Scheide- day there is a living example of just such a com- mann Socialists, are horrified at an unabashed in- munity for all to see; and many are. That ex- dustrialism crossing the border without the clothing ample is Washington, where never before in human of theory or other discretions. history has the task of being wicked been made so difficult. Long, long ago the city was made dry, The death Of A. C. LECOCO, THE COMPOSER OF and the merry tinkle of the ice in the whiskey glass light opera and more particularly of Girofle-Girofla has yielded these many months to the soft crash of of happy memory, does more than stir recollections straw on the soda fountain. Recently because of the of the melodious conventional three-act operetta, influenza epidemic, all theaters and movie houses sentimental and gay, which did so much to make the have been closed; there is literally no place to go last twenty years of the nineteenth century a ro but home-if you have a home, for Washington is mantic and engaging era. It recalls again the the original habitat of the rent profiteer and one is 1918 369 THE DIAL always on the move. Restaurants close at nine- what arbitrary to those who are ever keeping their thirty in the evening, and there would be no special axes sharp against the classicists. Yet somehow the point in staying in them anyway. Public meetings ancient humanism, divorced from the immediacies of are prohibited. “Stagger” hours have been insti- scientific discovery and experiment, seems today in tuted—whereby one department goes to its work the crowded hatred of strife a more healing and a half hour earlier than another, thus relieving the gracious doctrine than it did in the first days of July congestion of the street cars—and there is not even 1914, when the concepts of creative practicality were the cheerful community sociableness of the crowded regarded as the surest instruments for the establish- ment of the social millennium. trolley. Stores open at ten o'clock, and buying has been reduced to the thoroughly uninteresting and The WAR SERVICE OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY thoroughly praiseworthy task of purchasing neces- Association has been allotted $3,500,000 of the sities. Everybody is really busy, and loafing has become a lost art. One never sees a friendly mur- $170,500,000 asked for during the welfare drive which begins November 11. The amount would der, as in Chicago; or a cheerful drunken brawl, as seem small if it were intended to be more than a in New York; not even a lynching. The city goes cash supplement to the stream of donated books on the even tenor of its purposeful way, reserving that have been pouring into the Association's reser- all its belligerency for the well-known Central voirs since its first call. For the Service is now Powers. Cynics aver that if liquor were reintro- fully occupied with what must be its most valuable duced, the city would forget all about the war and function—the supplying of reading matter to hos- bitter defeat would await our armies. This is prob- pitals and Red Cross houses. Of these, one hundred ably a libel, for Washington has carefully preserved and forty-nine have already been equipped with one vice. One can still smoke. But nobody wants libraries. The allotment from the Welfare Chest to_who ever heard of angels smoking in Paradise ? will be used to extend this equipment and to buy such books as are not otherwise provided, since PRESERVATION OF THE STUDY OF LATIN HAS RE the Service (unlike the caretakers of a certain sort cently been advocated with great force by M. A. of donated library) believes in making the supply Meillet, a professor at the Collège de France. This meet the demand, not the demand the supply. The distinguished philologist sees in the linguistic diver- cash supplement, therefore, is essential. Meanwhile sity of modern Europe one of the strongest forces the stream of book donations must not be permitted making for Continental disunity. The war will in to subside. Books, no less than men, suffer an ac- all Tikelihood intensify rather than lessen the move- celerated wear and tear at the front; and the Asso- ment for the adoption of separate languages by small ciation's ideal—for every man in service a book in nationalities-a movement which has been going on service demands an uninterrupted flow of rein- for over a half-century with accelerating speed and forcements. Nearly every booklover has on his intensity. If the unity of European civilization is shelves worthy volumes that have outlived their to be maintained unbroken, some common bond must usefulness for him but would sell for only a ridicu- be discovered or revived. It is disconcertingly true lous fraction of their value to the right readers. that however sympathetic we may be to this linguis For all such books the Service has the right readers. tic decentralizing movement on political grounds, Probably the booklover will never again have so culturally speaking the ideas expressed in these new good an opportunity to put his shelved books back literatures are for the most part the common stock to work for him. There is demand for nearly every of modern thought. M. Meillet is probably correct kind of reading-entertainment and distraction to in thinking that for cultural purposes the old and lighten the first hours in hospital, serious literature widespread languages are sufficient. Consequently to indulge tastes acquired in civil life, educational the adoption of a new language by a small people is and technical works to fill this enforced leisure with as likely to erect barriers between that people and preparation for a return to civil life. Whoever has the outside world as to enrich its own peculiar heri- experienced a reading famine in hospital will send his books to France to help relieve the monotony tage. To counteract this centrifugal tendency M. Meillet suggests that the study of Latin should be of convalescence among our soldiers. If he has not books, he would do well to act upon the Associa- maintained. A knowledge of Latin shows the rela- tion's suggestion that he give their price to the tionship of the Romance languages to each other and War Chest. of the Romance languages as a whole to English and German. But primarily a knowledge of Latin A PRINTER'S ERROR IN THE DIAL FOR OCTOBER enables one to discern those ideas which are the com- 19 omitted the publisher's name from a review of mon heritage of European civilizations as a whole. Colette Baudoche, by Maurice Barrés. It is pub- Just why M. Meillet should have chosen Latin for lished in America by the George H. Doran Co., this purpose of linguistic unification may seem some at $1.50. 370 November 2 THE DIAL Communications do not broaden and deepen them. If they are broadened and deepened they do it themselves, by the INCOMMUNICABLE LITERATURE force of hidden aspirations, by natural mental growth. Those who are stupid, except in extraordi- Sir: Francis Bacon was given to tripartite analy- nary instances, will remain stupid ; the man who ses. If his subjects did not fall naturally into three was brilliant once is now unchanged. Knowledge sections he so treated them that they seemed to. can be imparted in limited quantities, a dead and "Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for useless, uninspired knowledge of the anatomy of ability,” he said judicially, looking about him at the certain poetry and prose. But whatever apprecia- revival of learning. Having undertaken an examina tion of the masters your student may show in your tion of this statement lately, I am forced to the con presence he has capacity for in your absence. You clusion that we in modern America who study liter- may amuse him and yourself by what you say; the ature—especially English literature-do so for none time in class may pass pleasantly enough; but you of these reasons. Not for delight; the students find cannot add a cubit to his understanding. George it drudgery. Not for ornament; it is a disgrace to Bernard Shaw is always himself; so is William Cow- seem, outside the classroom (and in it, too, for that per; so are Janet, and Fred, and Algernon. The matter) to know much of the great masters of prose boy who loves literature will read it in the library; or poetry, or to manifest a power of expression. the others suffer many purposeless and grilling hours. Not for ability; wherein shall it result to the mate As well attempt to explain orthodox Christianity to rial profit of any of us, save the pale priests who pass a Buddhist, as the flower of literature to the uninter- along the lamp, to know there were two Wartons? ested. He cannot understand, and he does not There is a friend of mine who would say that we wish to. We are tilting against a mill—a huge, have gone beyond the Baconian exposition, that we bellyless, soulless organization, compact of dullness, study literature for its effect of broadening and custom, and immutable law. We may tear a flange, deepening the character. Let his students beware but there is no possibility of convincing. of him. Let them become more human, let their It is evident that I am pessimistic this morning. sympathies have wider scope, at their own peril. I have overstated my case. Is there no hope for us? It will ruin them for business. They will be failures I once asked a friend if he had read The Theory in this progressive civilization if they forget him of the Leisure Class. “Why, no," he retorted; "why not quickly, and all the dangerous nonsense he has should I? All of my friends have read it. It per- taught them. Indeed, he does alarm them; the meates the atmosphere in which I live.” Perhaps classics alarm them; we all do; and they take over- professors are, in a vague way, makers of atmos- elaborate precautions lest they be softened and made phere-as has been so often less flatteringly hinted gentle by the speculations of the great minds of the by sundry college journals. We read; we under- world. Instinctively self-protective, they steel them- stand; we fulminate. Who knows by what devious selves against all prophets of the humanities. Usu- and shadowy trails civilization and culture are ad- ally it is a needless defense. They are already vanced? There is little enough progression on the isolated and immune. Only those who have ears high road. Our recognized output is sugared can hear-and they have been hearing all along. stupidity; but the plant may be worth maintaining It is self-evident to the man who has corrected for its by-products. themes for many classes that the creative faculty MAXWELL ANDERSON. in any one student remains practically static, and Whittier, California. that there are no visible results from methods the most varied, the most drastic, the most conscientious. THE SOCIALIST PLATFORM No student has ever learned under my instruction to spell, or punctuate, or build a sentence. Nobody Sir: This year as never before the Socialist Party can teach these things. The original cryptogram lays claim to the radical vote. In Europe this claim of letters is transferred to us in childhood, and after- has long been a commonplace; the young radical is wards we puzzle over it alone. He who can spell of course a Socialist, whether of the right or left. In at the beginning remains able to spell at the end; Great Britian the rule still holds good under new he who could punctuate at first can punctuate still; terminology-Fabians, Labor Party, and so on. In he who early in life can narrate, describe, and America indeed the reign of Mr. Gompers has cleft analyze retains his power. Our students in compo- a wide gulf between the radical and any practicable sition grow, flourish, and die aloof from our aid, labor party, but as far as Socialism is concerned the integral, sufficient to themselves, relying upon chance inertness of so many radicals proves again that the and whatever innate ability they possess. In the American is a non-political animal. realm of literature the conditions are similar. The "American Socialism is so doctrinaire," he com- same lad who in high school precociously under- plains. Strange indeed as coming from the well- stood the sonnet on Westminster Bridge will in the informed radical! “Doctrinaire," indeed, to the university find subtle meanings and interplay of man whose Socialism is learned from the abstrac- thougeht in the series to the River Duddon. We tions of the corner soap-boxer; "doctrinaire,” per- 1918 371 THE DIAL haps, to the college student whose "Socialism 1" Socialists do not desire that Germany should receive ends with Marx and Engels—but hardly to the all the benefits of the war, and in demanding a mature radical who has followed the party platforms responsible government for our enemies we put in and tactics since 1900. a plea for America as well. It is in view of these platforms and accomplish The program of the British Labor Party has ments that we believe our party to furnish the only justly provoked the admiration of the liberal world. possible political affiliation for the radical who looks We point with pride to an American Congressional beyond win-the-war shibboleths to the coming re Platform, later than the British and profiting by construction. The old arguments against Socialism it, yet to the student of American Socialism a di- have been shattered by the administration. “Busi rect development of the "immediate demands" of ness incentive" has been thrown to the winds; “in past platforms. Striking demands Striking demands of the interna- dividual liberty" has has been shelved for the period tional portion of the program are the representation of the war. That old anti-Socialist romance, The of labor and suppressed races and nationalities at the Scarlet Empire, bids fair to be outdone in a regime peace conference, and the organization of a world where the motorist is no longer master of his own federation with legislative as well as judicial powers gasoline, the housewife of her own sugar-bowl, or to obviate disputes and to settle such disputes as arise. the letter writer of his own correspondence. In addition to the call for government ownership Aside from the plunge into socialization and state of public utilities and basic industries, always present control which has proved possible the wildest dreams in the Socialist Platform, a far-seeing succession of of Utopian Socialism, a convincing argument has demands is made for measures of present reform: been given to our "immediate demands" for work a national policy on unemployment, including a permanent ing-class reform. “It cannot be done" was the old system of employment agencies; the development of voca- reply to our every proposition, and the tax rate and tional education; the organization of a construction serv- ice to carry on public works and to provide apprenticeship debt limit were held up as impassable barriers. We for returning soldiers and other workers seeking per- have now learned however that nothing is financially manent employment on the land or in the exploitation of impossible, that private property exists in strict sub natural resources the encouragement of agri- ordination to public need, and that what the cultural cooperation; the enactment of laws prohibiting child labor; social insurance; war profits taxation of majority wills can be done irrespective of precedent. 100%; income and inheritance taxes progressing to 100%; Yet there is danger in this plunge toward social taxation of unused land at full rental value. It proposes control. The Republicans see it, and helplessly the acquisition by the government of all banks essential block the wheels; the Democrats prefer not to see it, to business and industry and complete democratic control of credit and finance. trusting all to the steering of an able executive; the Marxians alone can meet the menace advisedly as A section new to the American platform is that the long-expected State Socialism. The socialization which deals with civil liberties. Demand is made which has come upon us is clearly the form that has for the literal interpretation of the civil liberties existed in Germany since Bismarck, characterized provisions of the Constitution, for the suppression of by centralization, military purpose, and disregard of mob violence by the federal government, for the re- individual rights. The advantage is efficiency; the peal of the post office censorship of the press, for the danger lies before us in what we know of Germany restriction of the application of the Espionage Act, today. We cannot avoid this development; our for the repeal of legislation restricting freedom of "doctrinaire" Marxists have long foretold it; and speech. The German radical has long consented to efficiency has come to stay. There is but one escape restriction of civil liberty; the British radical has -to turn State Socialism into Social Democracy. refused to accept such a restriction. The American This transformation can be made by concrete radical must choose between German submission and measures of two classes. The first of these tends Anglo-Saxon protest, and the one political vehicle toward industrial democracy. To quote from the for this protest in 1918 is the Socialist Party. new Socialist Congressional Platform: If, then, the Socialist Party in 1918 is doctrinaire, the aims of the Allies are doctrinaire. Democracy Self-government in industry is the first essential of a truly democratic nation, and the only guarantee of real and self-determination-are these mere echoes of the freedom for the workers. eighteenth century revolution, when the overthrow The demand is made, therefore, for the right of of kings was the gateway to liberty; or are they to government employees to organize and strike, and be interpreted in specific terms, translated into the the principle of industrial unionism is endorsed. twentieth century and the new world? The old A second group of demands looks toward a more parties have conjured by these words—the Socialists complete political democracy: amendment of the give them concreteness and the push of revolution. Constitution by majority vote, the abolition of If there exists a political party in the United States more worthy of the support of the radical, we the Senate, the application of the initiative and ref- erendum to federal legislation, and most daring of challenge him to bring it forward. all—the responsibility of the President, his cabinet, JESSIE WALLACE HUGHAN. and the courts to Congress and the people. We Brooklyn, New York. 372 November 2 THE DIAL Notes on New Books act. In his attempt to get away from the conven- tions of the theater, M. Rolland forgot the dramatic THE FLAME THAT Is FRANCE. By Henri significance out of which they grew. The result is Malherbe. Century; $1. that instead of the vices of a solidified, mechanical After Barbusse, there is a certain temerity in production, the author has gone to the other ex- translating for English readers any other French treme and given us plays in which the chief protag- book which deals directly with impressions of the onist is the people—and we have a massive struc- war. For Le Feu gave you the impression of look- ture, but gelatinous. Rolland's instinct for defining ing straight through the language into the war expe- character goes far toward saving these otherwise rather clumsy dramas. Hulin, Danton, Desmoulins rience itself. The literary medium became a clear glass, and the narrator's art made you almost forget interest of these plays goes back to the French, and are drawn with power and precision. The historic that you had not experienced yourself all that he had to tell you. In contrast to such a book, the literary material for the student rather than the mere spec- lights up the Russian, Revolution. But they are medium of M. Malherbe's impressions is distress- ingly apparent. On no page does he let you forget of the volume is the introduction by the translator, tator of drama. Not the least interesting portion that he is writing about the war in an effort to con- Barrett H. Clark. vey to you his sense of its vastness, austerity, and horror. There is everywhere a self-consciousness, a sense of the craftsman's straining. The little book Two Towns—One City. By John F. Mac- is unpretentious enough. It purports to be nothing donald. Dodd, Mead; $2. more than a series of notes written hurriedly as the The title refers to London and Paris: the author, author caught significant things. But his little vi- who died before his book was published, was a news- sions of Death and Love have too much the air of paper man who loved both. From an essentially being composed. He is sincere enough, but he does journalistic point of view he chronicled the events not flow. In a few paragraphs however he does and portrayed the tendencies that seemed to indicate express poignantly what war means to the "intellec even before the war that Londoners and Parisians tual" in its midst. It is hard to forget sentences like had much in common, and that they had a spiritual the following: kinship. He succeeded admirably in transferring the emotions of the day to these papers, and in trans- To be a soldier is to be a naked blade. It means to strip oneself of illusions, to stifle one's memories. It lating racial reactions in terms of these emotions. means to keep oneself single and strong for a sacred duty, His sketches of the two cities in the second year of for a sacrifice bitterly accepted. It is to make oneself the war are concerned with the attitude of the dry, forceful, fit, a fierce and solitary, soul from which people, the observations of journalists and politicians, the charms and amenities, the arts and all the peaceful and the changed conditions arising from the tighten- graces of human society have ebbed away. ing of military and civil regulations. They are The FOURTEENTH OF JULY, AND DANTON. dramatic and humorous in turn, always human, and By Romain Rolland. Holt; $1.75. always interpretative of the best traditions of both peoples. Mr. Macdonald was an excellent propa- Written some twenty years ago, these plays by M. gandist; indeed, if one may speak in terms of pota- Rolland have very literally an historic rather than a tions, the book is one long draught of entente dramatic interest. They were the fruit of the effort cordiale. of the author and a group of his associates to found a people's theater, in accordance with a decree of THE THREE-CORNERED HAT. By Pedro A. the Committee of Public Safety of 1794: de Alencon. Knopf; $1.25. 1. That the Théâtre-Français shall henceforward be Our Anglo-Saxon fiction is not given to dealing solely dedicated to productions given by and for the people at stated intervals each month. very extensively with the cruder forms of amorous purpose. The novel since Tom Jones has had to 2. That the building shall bear the following inscription on its façade: People's Theatre; and that the various make up in elaborate characterization and invention troupes of actors already established in the Paris theatres of types for what the decencies of the age have shall be requisitioned in turn to act in these popular pro demanded it sacrifice in the way of the endlessly ductions, which are to take place three times in every decade. amusing old motifs of intrigue and pursuit. Our reading public may be pardoned for forgetting that M. Rolland conceived the idea that the Revolution man may want woman enough to pursue her in a itself furnished excellent material for such produc- thoroughly wicked, determined, and delightful way tions, and designed a "sort of epic comprising ten that would be pragmatically impossible for Mr. Stu- plays," dealing with the progress of the Revolution art P. Sherman's ordinary honest citizen going about up to the Girondin proscripts, when "it devours it- his business in the market-place. This little Span- self.” Two of this series are here printed. It is ish tale would be piquant enough anywhere, but fairly obvious that they read better than they would against the background of our respectable tradition 1918 373 THE DIAL it is irresistible. The plot of the naughty old Corre feels how ill the British school fares in a comparison gidor against the miller's wife, and the delicious un with those of the Continent. Humphry, while a ravelings of the farce in a scene that would have minor member of his school, is sufficiently typical to done honor to Molière, make up a story that is classic warrant such a reflection. His life in England and in its sparkle and wit. The author tells us that he in India; his connections with celebrated personages; first got it from an ignorant goatherd, who enter and the numerous letters, which form an unusually tained a party with it. It is an ancient tale, and he complete record of his career and surroundings, fur- heard many versions of it from the picaros of the nish ample material to his biographer, who has farms and hamlets of Spain. “The basis of the mat spared no pains in bringing out the interesting sides ter is always the same,” he says, "tragi-comic, wag of it. gish, and terribly epigrammatic, like all those dra- matic lessons with a moral of which our people are so EXPERIMENTS IN PSYCHICAL RESEARCH. By enamored." He has rescued it from the embellish- John Edgar Coover. Stanford University ments of vulgarity into which it often fell, and has Press; $4. made it truly “delicious, discreet and beautiful,” as he first heard it from the lips of his goatherd. Let The issues of "psychical research" have been no one think that "delicious" means “immoral.” No treated in such a dilettante fashion that the mere size of Mr. Coover's work-with its more than 600 people enamored of a moral ever got a more thor- oughly satisfactory ending to a tale. The two vir- quarto pages crowded with curves, tables, and cal- culations will correct the baneful impression that tuous wives are completely vindicated; the wicked Corregidor is brought to utter confusion and ridicu- the layman may safely enter where the expert treads lous humiliation; and the miller, after his trials, most cautiously. The central issue is "telepathy"; shows virtue again justified of her children. The for with that hypothesis relegated to the limbo of Anglo-Saxon reader can enjoy it all with the clearest myth, all the elaborate beliefs including it and tran- of consciences. And the introduction, by Jacob S. scending it crumble in a superstitious heap. An Fassett, Jr., the translator, acquaints him with a ample endowment has enabled Mr. Coover to de- Spanish writer who must have been one of the most vote three years at Stanford University to a truly fascinating of men and authors. scientific research-patient, minute, discerning, criti- cal yet sympathetic. The net issue is negative. There is no "telepathy." The actual success found LIFE AND WORKS OF OZIAS HUMPHRY, R.A. in the attempt to transfer the simplest ideas tallies By George C. Williamson. Limited edition. with the estimates ascribable to chance. Nor does John Lane; $25. the utterly futile hypothesis that some gifted spirits If you own a picture by Ozias Humphry (1743- have a power denied to better balanced mortals fare 1810) or if you want to buy one or sell one, this any better. So far as they submit themselves to the is a book for you to have. The relationship of the same conditions (which many refuse) they prove as size and expense of such a volume with the im negative as less presumptuous mortals. The ap- portance of its subject is only to be explained along parent evidence for the belief is complex. Subcon- such lines as I have just suggested. Without the scious hints, faint suggestions, fallacies of memory, collector of English pictures and, especially, without intentional, hysterical, and unintentional deception, the dealer in them, a tome of the dimensions of this and particularly the similar functioning of similar one would be out of the question, not alone today minds account for the excess of success above failure, with labor and materials costing what they do, but when chance should make them alike. For this rea- at any time. son Mr. Coover has made a special study of these Ozias Humphry painted miniatures that rank habits, and an illuminating one. Teachers do not well with those of the English school of the eight- grade students, judges do not sentence culprits, as- eenth century; occasionally in a drawing in san tronomers do not estimate transits of stars, people guine he reaches a point where fine and delicate do not report their ages according to the neutral craftsmanship is supported by a genuine love of char fact, but color them by number-habits. In brief, we acter; but as a rule he and his patrons were satisfied have all become expert in reading between the lines by a pretty conventional performance. To look at of faces and intentions, of words and gestures, of his best work is to sympathize with the pride which miens and expressions. Through this tendency, Englishmen have in their country, in the beauty of aided by coincidence, and strengthened by the mis- their women, and in the sturdiness of their men. But leading interest in successes and the ignoring of dull Humphry bears witness also, through the quality of failures, as well as by the persistent primitive habit his painting and through his portrayal of his sitters, to interpret all things from stars to omens as per- to the less admirable sides of English character-its sonally significant, the popular mind has built up a conventionalism, its slightness of real aptitude for system of interpretation which it insists is real; by expression in the graphic arts. Even at his time, Even at his time, such insistence and the support it finds in trained when the country was at its best in painting, one minds subject to the same inclinations, it has com- 374 November 2 THE DIAL pelled psychologists to consider the problem in the Mr. Bell's tone is as bold as if he were speaking terms of popular interest. The verdict is now avail for a majority of the Church. He sounds like a able; it always has been for those with a logical modern St. Thomas Aquinas. In his delving into perspective of the meaning of proof. But it is now life and attempting to apply religion to the actual available in monumental form. If you really wish facts, there is much the same attitude. He suggests to establish “telepathy,” Mr. Coover will show you the medieval theologian, too, in his summing up of what it means, in the way of patient research, to each brief discussion with a stark Thesis, in italics, take even the first steps in such a demonstration. To that no one can fail to understand. His Right after oppose to such evidence a few casual and striking the War is to be a straight proletarian socialism. and obscure incidents that appeal to personal interest His wrong will be almost everything that the rich has always been an unwarranted procedure; it is and respectable classes who support the Church now doubly so now. To suppose that the popular mind consider economically necessary and intellectually will now refrain from rash credulity, or that those established by the tested experience of centuries. who speculate to their own advantage upon this pleasant trait will find their occupation gone, is an THE DESTINIES OF THE STARS. By Svante optimistic psychological conclusion. Mr. Coover's Arrhenius. Putnam; $1.50. volume is rather a heavy weapon to brandish, but its existence is a protection of sanity. The destinies of the stars may be considered by many to be a subject far beyond the finite grasp of the mind; yet since it is the problem of cosmic evolu- RIGHT AND WRONG AFTER the War. By tion, it must of necessity attract our attention. Rev. Bernard Iddings Bell. Houghton Mif- Not many decades ago John Fiske familiar- flin; $1.25. ized the public mind with the philosophical Statesmanlike priests have always realized that the interpretation of the problem. Many essays have Church cannot lead merely by moving heavenward been written on the subject, but none with the and calling upon all men to follow after it. Spirit- profoundness of thought and literary ability of ual leadership consists rather in leaping to the head Svante Arrhenius, Sweden's greatest physical scien- of an idealistic procession that is already on its way tist and philosopher, and Nobel prize winner in somewhere, and convincing its members that what chemistry in the year 1903. His latest book (pub- they really mean and what they are really after is lished in 1915, but only recently translated, because identical with your own message. In these days of of the condition in Europe) is a welcome contribu- the waning Church, when religion in the hands of tion to the list treating the philosophical aspect of Billy Sunday has become a spiritual burlesque show, astronomy. and in the hands of the average minister a mere The book is written in a style easily comprehended bundle of pedestrian moralism and cheap consola- by the average intelligent layman. The opening tions, it requires a good deal of a sprint for the re- chapter deals with the awakening of primitive man's ligious mind to get to the head of any vitally moving mind to a sense of its relationship to the universe line. The stalwart Mr. Bell, however has succeeded (Origin of Star Worship). The practical value of in doing that very thing. He pushes theology, even this awakening was soon demonstrated in the work- the "new" theology, out of the way, and says bluntlying-out of means of measuring time, seasons, and that the Church must preach Jesus “in the terms space. This first chapter gives the historical back- of the new day (the collectivist regime, he means) ground without which no treatise, however well or else perish as a moral influence from the earth." written, can be properly balanced. In the second He outdistances even the Christian Socialists, the chapter Dr. Arrhenius has taken up one of the Peabodys and the Rauschenbusches, and begins flatly largest problems in astronomy today; namely, the with “problems connected with the hunger and the origin and nature of the Milky Way ("Wintry sex urge." What would his spiritual forefathers Way” in Sweden). Way" in Sweden). From the time of the early say to this recognition of the needs of the natural Greeks to the present it has taxed the powers of man, to this tacit claim that it is the task of the astronomers. This chapter, since it discusses prac- Church so to influence society that these needs shall tically all the vital problems of modern astronomy, be satisfied? This diverting theologian follows up is the most interesting to the astronomer. There are his attacks on property, on poverty, even on alms- included cosmological problems from the time of giving of any sort, with a demand that the Church Anaxagoras to that of Kant, and from the time of support feminism, sex instruction, and even, quali- Herschel to the present; Kapteyen's star drifts; fiedly, contraception! The Church, he says, must Pickering's statistics of zones; . Campbell's and envisage the community primarily as a nurturing. Moore's contributions to the study of planetary ne- place for children. It must aid and not compete bulae; and the work of the Mount Wilson Solar with other social movements. In other words, the Observatory. Chapter III treats of the climatic im- Church, to save its soul, must pretty well lose it to portance of water vapor and its employment as a those groups that have a broader vision than itself. geological force in the evolution of the earth's sur- 1918 375 THE DIAL [Based on Official Documents] AMERICA'S CASE AGAINST GERMANY In Three Volumes Edited by JAMES BROWN SCOTT, A.M., J.U.D., LL.D. President of the American Institute of International Law, Major and Judge-Advocate, U.S.A. THE FIRST VOLUMÉ considers, in narrative form, each issue as an episode and discusses it in the light of the correspondence, the practice of nations, and the views of publicists, including those of Germany. Over 100 pages of translations from German authorities showing the German con- ceptions of the state and international law, are given. This volume is entitled :-A Survey of International Relations Between the United States and Germany. Net $5.00 ܝܙ THE SECOND VOLUME contains the messages, addresses and papers of Presiden Wilson stating in his own words, every principle which, before and since our entrance into the war, he has deemed essential to a just and permanent settlement of the issues involved. This volume is entitled :- President Wilson's Foreign Policy – Messages, Addresses, Papers. Net $3.50 THE THIRD VOLUME contains the diplomatic correspondence between the United States and Germany. It is the foundation upon which the other volumes are and must be built. This correspondence forms the background for all the President said and wrote to Germany, and is in a very real sense the case of the United States against Germany. This volume is entitled:- Diplomatic Correspondence Between the United States and Germany. At all Booksellers or from the Publishers OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS sa AMERICAN BRANCH THIRTY-FIVE WEST THIRTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 376 November 2 THE DIAL face. Chapter IV applies the facts of geology thus which he tells have no need to be in the Arnold gained to the stellar system. Its theme, in other Bennett phrase "splashed all over with trowelsful words, is the atmosphere and physics of the stellar of slabby and mortarish” fine writing. bodies. The conditions of the various planets and The book is, naturally, of no value as a contribu- satellites are also discussed, as well as the after tion to the literature of war. Journalism can hardly effect of separation from the original nebulous con aspire to that elevation. But it is highly readable dition. The author is a master in this field because and alive with impressions, and now and then of his knowledge of physical chemistry. touched with apt phrasing, as when he speaks of the The planet Mars has always held both the scien- tendency of all the capitals of western Europe- tific and the popular interest. No planet nor celestial with the exception of Madrid—to be a bit standard- object arouses more human interest. This is due of ized. “No sooner does a fashion start in Paris," he course to the supposed existence there of conditions writes, "than it is copied somberly in London, stren- suitable for the maintenance of life. Arrhenius dis- uously in Berlin—where the specialty is being gay cusses the arguments for and against that supposi- with your teeth clenched-merrily in Vienna, and tion in the light of all the latest available scientific decorously in Stockholm.” knowledge upon the subject. His conclusions are based upon the facts and principles established by THE AMATEUR VAGABOND. By John and the observations of both camps and investigated with Robert Mätter. Doran; $1.50. thoroughness by himself, and his final word is that On the face of this record, it is quite possible to we must revise in their entirety our ideas about circumvent the globe and remain immune to prac- Mars. The belief that there exist color of vegeta- tically everything but conversation. Nearly all the tion, seas, canals, and organic life, "must nowadays impressions received by the protagonist are received take its place in the shadowy realm of dreams.” The through aural channels and transmitted to the last chapter of the book is devoted to a study of the printed page under a guard of quotation marks. The physical conditions of the two inner planets, Mer- cury and Venus (between the sun and the earth), young college man wants to “get away from it all," and the Moon. Naturally the final stage of the grips with the world.” Even worse than that, he to "stand square" on his own feet, and "come to cosmic process is included also. wants to "see all kinds and conditions of people and So brief a survey cannot convey the vastness to live and work and talk to them on their own or the completeness of the evolutionary principles plane and to try to understand them.”. You have involved. No book however has brought this topic already guessed that he wants to "find himself.” of cosmic order, from “birth to death,” so com- pletely within the grasp of the intelligent layman. So he crosses to England on a cattle boat, and there flips a coin to determine whether he will go One who seeks to know the results of the labors of to China or to Australia. Australia wins. As for astronomers, historically and philosophically, can London, "the days and nights were like sections of find no better treatise. a moving picture; he felt himself an observer, look- ing upon life as upon a film, experiencing nothing A REPORTER AT ARMAGEDDON. By Will Ir which touched him closely, thinking all the while win. Appleton ; $1.50. that what he saw was not in reality happening be- In the midst of the mad medley of books which fore his eyes. fore his eyes." As for journey to Australia: insist upon explaining just how the war must be The ship passed Gibraltar, touched at Algiers, and won, and where it must be won, and how victory headed across the Mediterranean for Genoa. There a must be lassoed and tethered and broken to the har- hundred Italian, Austrian, and Spanish emigrants came aboard. Jack endeavored to count the number of children ness of a new era, it is rather a welcome respite to that accompanied them, but the youngsters moved about turn to a volume which looks at the war solely so spryly he was forced to abandon his tally before he through a quick pair of eyes—particularly when the reached the total of seventy-five. eyes are divided by a nose for news. The nose for. Here is the sort of traveler, you will observe, who news is sometimes put out of joint, at the front-to stands more in need of an adding machine than of judge by the product of some of the correspondents eyes. From Australia we trail the vagabond to Van- -but Will Irwin appears to have kept a saneness of couver and thence home in a reminiscent mood. (See vision. Epilogue, page 339.) "I have been wondering what This reporter at Armageddon drops across the I haven't everything clearly thought out yet, but I shall Atlantic to Spain, then into France, thence to Swit have some day. I know this much right now. I am a zerland and Italy. Mr. Irwin contrives to crowd his different boy from the one who left this room last Jan, narrative with much interesting detail, without ap- uary. I have obtained what I went after. I have become acquainted with myself and I know that I have changed. pearing to strive for needless emotional effects. He Yes, for the better. understands the value of a plain, unrhetorical recital With some books, quotation is the kindest criticism. of events and incidents which are quite sufficiently the trip taught me,” he says, voicing a wonder which charged with feeling in themselves. The things of the reader heartily shares. - - 1918 377 THE DIAL Doran Books for Particular Readers The Story of the Sun: 1833-1918 Joyce Kilmer : Poems, Essays and Letters FRANK M. O'BRIEN Introduction by Edward Page Mitchell, Editor of the Sun. As rich, colorful, and racy a picture of the devel- opment of the American scene as could possibly come to hand. Illustrated, 8vo. Net, $3.00 With a Memoir by Robert Cortes Holliday. Collected memorial edition of representative work in various fields. Much new material. Letters of great fragrance and charm. Two vols. 8vo. Net, $5.00 Walking-Stick Papers ROBERT CORTES HOLLIDAY Amiable gossip and good talk. “A volume of essays done in the best classic vein."--New York Evening Post. “Monstrously clever."- James Huneker. "Fresh and zestful."--Meredith Nicholson. 12mo. Net, $1.50 The Title: A Play in One Act ARNOLD BENNETT No more sparkling comedy than this has been written since Oscar Wilde. A courageous satire, of snobbery, graft, and political hypocrisy, with loads of good-natured fun. 12mo. Net, $1.00 The Laughing Willow A Book of Remarkable Criminals H. B. IRVING A fascinating presentation of one of the most extraordi. nary aspects of human nature, by an acute and enthusias- tic criminologist and a brilliant writer. Stories of famous crimes and criminals. 8vo. Net, $2.00 OLIVER HERFORD The merriest book of chuckles that ever slipped from this jovial pen, None of today's celebrities escapes the fun. And as for Kaiser Bill-he would make a weeping willow laugh. 12mo. Net, $1.00 Echoes and Realities WALTER PRICHARD EATON Human and real poems to touch the heart and quicken the mind, by one of our foremost American writers. Themes range from Washington Square to New England hillsides. 12mo. Net, $1.50 Out of the Shadow ROSE COHEN An authentic romance of the miraculous spirtual Ameri- canization of the alien, a work of consummate uncon- scious art by a Russian emigrant girl. Illustrations by Walter Jack Duncan. 8vo. Net, $2.00 An Englishwoman's Home MRS. A. BURNETT SMITH (Annie S. Swann) Will rank with "The Hilltop on the Marne" as a thrilling narrative of the civilian people under the stress of war and its accompanying disaster. 12 mo. Net, $1.35 With Those Who Wait FRANCES WILSON HUARD Tells the story of the Army behind the Army, the women, the children, yes, and the dumb animals—the indomitable France. Illustrations by Charles Huard. 12mo. Net, $1.50 FICTION The Vanished Helga The Island Mystery ELIZABETH F. CORBETT G. A. BIRMINGHAM A rich pleasure to those on the lookout for fine things. "The treatment is pure Birminghamesque, in the familiar A strong unconventional story of a woman whose heart vein of 'Spanish Gold'"-The Spectator. "To hear a had never been touched-and its yielding. wounded man chuckle? Give him "The Island Mys- 12mo. Net, $1.50 tery.'"--London Illustrated News. 12mo. Net, $1.50 Wild Apples The Silent Legion BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE STRAIGHT ROAD" "A portrayal of heroic young manhood such as we have not seen surpassed in all our range of fiction. This en trancing masterpiece."-New York Tribune. 12mo. Net, $1.50 BY J. E. BUCKROSE A novel of heroism at home, delightfully lightened by humorous touches. “The best novel about England in time of war."-British Weekly. 12mo. Net, $1.50 The Soul of Susan Yellam HORACE ANNESLEY VACHELL Another and better "Fishpingle" story of Fancy, a vica. rage parlor maid; “Alferd," a carrier, and Old England taking the field. In Mr. Vachell's opinion his best book. 12 mo. Net, $1.50 The Blue Germ MARTIN SWAYNE The immensely entertaining tale of a germ which defeats old age and disease. "One of the most curiously fasci- nating things for a long while."-London Sketch. 12mo. Net, $1.50 God's Counterpoint J. D. BERESFORD Represents Mr. Beresford at his best-a best not surpassed even in "Jacob Stahl." A dramatic presentation of pro- found truth in abnormal psychology, giving vividness by contrast to the author's superb normality. 12mo. Net, $1.50 The Clutch of Circumstance MARJORIE BENTON COOKE A mystery story of rapid-fire interest, by the author of "Bambi." Secret service and international plots based on fact. 12mo. Net, $1.25 AT ALL BOOKSELLERS GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY -;. Publishers -:- NEW YORK Publishers in America for HODDER & STOUGHT ON When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 378 November 2 THE DIAL OLD TRUTHS AND NEW FACTS. By Dr. sequently makes the splinters fly in the process of Charles E. Jefferson. Revell; $1.25. extrication. These intellectual protagonists some- An outstanding religious leader has constructed how are seldom gifted with the knack of falling into another book, Old Truths and New Facts, to deal ultimate love at first sight; they have to be schooled with Prayer, the Bible, the Church, Missions, and in love. The "family" of Mr. Webster's novel is a Chicago product of wealth a three-generation as- Jesus Christ from the slant of war language. Our sortment with a tradition, and with its narrownesses theological Homer nods and writes without his usual thought or power. neither too emphasized nor too darkly painted. One His points of view are good—those of the liberal religious thinker who family scheme and epitomizes his revolt by falling son of the third generation fails to fit into the takes a sensible social attitude to Christianity, and in love with an anarchist's daughter-a fiery, pas- to the necessity of reinterpreting that great faith to meet our modern needs. But the book lacks incisive family factory and dismay to the family hearth. sionate agitator who spreads disorganization into the thought and prophetic passion, either one of which Their marriage is a failure from the start and drifts should be present in a volume turned loose on an from indifference to tragedy. The author has let economizing war public. himself in for some violent effects toward the climax of his story, but the sincerity of their telling clears OUR ADMIRABLE BETTY. By Jeffery Farnol. them of sensationalism. Meanwhile he shows a fine Little, Brown; $1.60. sense of character, and the conflicts of his narrative The historical romance is by no means dead. Mr. are illuminated with incisive sympathy. There is Farnol still finds the eighteenth century a very prof: nothing casual about his handling of industry, despite itable field. Only he takes it less seriously than did a somewhat journalistic incorporation of materials his forerunners of a dozen years ago, and makes the which are so recent as almost to be newsy. romance the thing, and not the history. When one has a command of the pseudo-archaic English of that LOVE ETERNAL. By H. Rider Haggard. olden time, and can sprinkle one's pages with Longmans, Green; $1.50. "B'gad!" and " 'Od's body" and "Demme," and can When a man has written forty-four novels, his create impossibly ravishing gentlemen in ruffles and vein may be pardoned for running a little thin. But silk-skirted coats of velvet, in worked satin and brocade, with the glossy curls of huge periwigs, there one would scarcely expect from H. Rider Haggard so very bad a story as Love Eternal. His object is is no reason why one should not write an amusing evidently to bring comfort and consolation of a story merely by exposing a divine young creature to the gallant pursuit of a company of these ravishing Aicted by the war. spiritual nature to his unimaginative readers af- But in this enterprise he is gentlemen. It is all the more interesting if one lets forced to introduce an absurd "spiritualism" and a one's beautiful Betty lose her heart to a shabby most unconvincing sacrifice of love. Godfrey, the wounded Major of forty-one who has retired to a bachelor life in his manor house, there to write his young hero, falls into the hands of a medium in History of Fortification in ten volumes. Ripe cher-. hard-hearted clergyman father. The good pastor Switzerland, where he has been sent to school by his ries and a boundary wall furnish the piquant be- with whom he is studying releases him dramatically ginning of the adventure, and the rival lovers give from her wiles and exorcises the devils that lurk the Major some stirring times. Romance unabashed around her. Made independent by the bequest of and extravagant stalks through Mr. Farnol's pages. another spiritualist lady who has taken a fancy to And although the book is so very much of the made him, Godfrey returns home to England, only to be to-order kind, it has the verve and charm of the best samples of that commodity. Once you give yourself torn from his love Isobel by the connivance of his father and hers, the selfish baronet. So they vow over to romance you could do far worse than sur- render to Our Admirable Betty. never to see each other till both the fathers are dead. Godfrey goes to war, is wounded, and gets his Iso- bel at last! She had known from the first that AN AMERICAN FAMILY. By Henry Kitchell "theirs was the Love Eternal.” But he is sent away Webster. Bobbs-Merrill; $1.50. to Africa, takes fever, is visited by his now dead Mr. Webster is no dabbler in the art of fiction, Isobel, and soon joins her "in the Land of that Love and here he has acquitted himself with undeniable Eternal which the soul of Isobel foreknew." The skill. Dealing with the substance of mid-Western medium pursues him with prophecies through life, industrial life-the clash of antagonistic classes and and a ghastly white spirit girl named Eleanor an- of antagonistic ideals—he has given us a thoroughly noys him too. They furnish not only the desirable waked-up novel, a novel which is Wellsian in the thrills, but apparently also the desirable evidence zest with which it tackles sociological problems. of the existence of another life. Those who enjoy And like several of Mr. Wells' heroes, his central the style of the author of The Rosary will find Mr. character attains the wrong marriage first, and sub- Haggard's latest work congenial. 1918 379 THE DIAL Advertisement WHAT IS THE GERMAN NATION DYING FOR? Ву SOME CHAPTER HEADINGS: Why I Wrote This Book. The Cause of the War. Karl Ludwig Krause me. Secret Diplomacy. German Barbarians. EXCERPTS FROM THE BOOK: I must speak out openly in spite of the certainty that coward. ly revenge will be wreaked upon I must speak out or else choke with repugnance and dis- gust. The Germans once for all lost the war in the battle of the Marne in 1914, and they might as well have admitted defeat then and there, since the world would never permit Germany's triumph or the realization of her war aims, which are so deadly to progress, civilization and humanity. Hunger. This is the book of the hour, written by one of Germany's foremost statesmen and au- thors—“at the peril of my life,” as he writes from Swit- zerland, where he fled after the confiscation of his fortune by the German authorities and threats very life. The "Lusitania." Zabern. Flunkey Souls. Why the Germans are Dis- liked. on his The Best Joke of the War. "Gott Strafe England!” Asininities. Bluff. Freedom is now being born as truly as there is eternal justice. England deserves not to be cursed, but to be blessed, for England has, at the cost of in- finite sacrifices, swept aside the obstacles blocking the path of the German people to peace and liberty. The Allied democratic nations are not our enemies. On the contrary, they want to help us drive from our shores all the bloody horror of autocracy. Our Western brothers are not fighting against us, the misguided Ger- man people, but against those who were enslaving and oppress- ing us and who, as though that were not enough, are also trying enslave and oppress other nations. Now that we know that the German Nation is dying, Krause tells us exactly what we want to know about it. His book clearly foresaw that what is happening today—the crumbling of Prussian Junker- dom—was bound to happen. It is as though this book were directly answering the ques- tions we are all now so eagerly asking. Prussian Militarism. Race Hatred. The Crash. Enforced Peace. to The Reckoning. When ordering this sensational book, include these four other new November publications : - THE GERMAN MYTH . $1.00 net BRITISH LABOR AND THE WAR. $1.50 net The Falsity of Germany's 'Social Progress" Claims by Gustavus by Paul U. Kellogg and Arthur Gleason Myers. AMERICANIZED SOCIALISM $1.25 net THE GREAT CHANGE $1.50 net A Yankee View of Capitalism by James Mac Kaye New America After the War by Charles W. Wood BONI & LIVERIGHT, Publishers, 105 W. 40th St., New York City When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 380 November 2 THE DIAL THE COMFORTS OF HOME. By Ralph Ber world in a grain of sand, he readily reduces it to a gengren. Atlantic Monthly Press; 75 cts. pebble in his shoe. He appears to be on more inti- Like the stories of W. W. Jacobs or the verse of mate terms with pain than with poetry, and his James Stephens, this slender volume will vouchsafe attempt to relieve his agonies by screaming in upper- its richest yield if it be read aloud. For the best case letters is more to be pitied than encouraged. reaction it ought to be perused indoors, the ideal Not his despair in the face of a universe which he audience being that to which one is married. How- views as a slaughter-house hidden in a rose-bower ever, those who have not arrived at or who have but the stupidity of his revolt against stupidity is exceeded that state will find ample to enjoy in the condemned. His book is “not poetry in the proper little sheaf of household divertissements. There are sense of the word ... it is a bit of spiritual more than half a dozen of them all in the same autobiography.” It is really an epitome of the help- less wrath of the adolescent for the first time aware mood and manner-and they fall comfortably within the time limits of one sitting. Several of them are of the malignancy of life. Mr. De Casseres is the reprinted from the Contributors' Club of the At- little-boy-who-can't-get-over-it. One wonders if he lantic Monthly. could find release in the free man's worship so The Comforts of Home is by a man, but he has splendidly declared by Bertrand Russell, or whether not restricted himself to the masculine domain. For the only salvation that remains for him is the anni- after an amusing dip into the exigencies of moving hilation he wretchedly contemplates. and getting settled, he passes on to consider the fur- nace—"the monster on the floor of the cellar, im- Books of the Fortnight passive as Buddha, and apparently holding up the house with as many arms as an octopus”—and he The following list comprises The Dial's selec- does not disdain to react to attics, and kitchens, and tion of books recommended among the publications bathrooms, and guest chambers, and open fires. All received during the last two weeks: these sketches are marked with happy turns of Applied Eugenics. By Paul Popenoe and Roswell phrasing, with a style that is informal and personal, Hill Johnson. Illustrated, 12mo, 459 pages. and with undeviating lightness. At no time pre- Macmillan Co. $2.10. tentious, they frequently display a welcome and in Six Red Months in Russia. By Louise Bryant. Il- cisive wit. Only in dealing with plumbers does the lustrated, 12mo, 299 pages. George H. Doran author reveal a fagging inspiration. But plumbers Co. $2. are hardly the stuff to evoke any muse. The Life of Lamartine. By H. Remsen White- house. Illustrated, 8vo, 990 pages. 2 vols. Houghton Mifflin Co. $10. THE SHADOW-EATER. By Benjamin De Cas- Madame Roland: A Study in Revolution. By Mrs. seres. Wilmarth Publishing Co. (1917). Pope-Hennessy. 8vo, 552 pages. Dodd, Mead In a recent issue of The Dial Mr. Aiken defined & Co. $5. the functions of romanticism and of realism as, on Far Away and Long Ago. By W. H. Hudson. the one hand, “to delight with beauty" and, on the Frontispiece, 12mo, 332 pages. E. P. Dutton other, "to amaze with understanding." The latter & Co. $2.50. felicity is less to be expected of those whose primary Religio Grammatici: The Religion of a Man of concern is with the blind forces of emotion rather Letters. By Gilbert Murray. 12mo, 49 pages. than with the lucidities of the intellect. And yet the Houghton Mifflin Co. $1. poet who cares only for beauty betrays it by a lim- Architecture and Democracy. By Claude Bragdon. ited vision, while the realist who ignores it is no Illustrated, 8vo, 200 pages. Alfred A. Knopf. more amazing than are certain successes of instinct $2. ive behavior. Nietzsche's most terrible analyses are Contemporary Composers. By Daniel Gregory scarcely softened by his power over the German Mason. Illustrated, 12mo, 290 pages. Mac- language. Yeats' fluent music is most commanding millan Co. $2. when he catches truth in his net of images. Indeed The Tree of Life. Verse. By John Gould Fletcher. the poet's faculty for revealing the universe would 12mo, 126 pages. Chatto & Windus (Lon- seem to be in inverse ratio to his desire to embrace don). 5s. it. The light of ages is likely to vanish under The Spinners. A novel. By Eden Phillpotts. bushels of metaphysics. 12mo, 479 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.60. These convictions are strengthened by the sigh- Richard Baldock. A novel. By Archibald Mar- ings and shriekings of such a Neo-Nietzschean as shall. 12mo, 415 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. Benjamin De Casseres. Not that he yearns for love $1.50. liness. He seems to take a morbid joy in the leering Can Such Things Be? Tales. By Ambrose Bierce. of lean and filthy specters. Far from seeing the 12mo, 427 pages. Boni & Liveright. $1.50. 1918 381 THE DIAL STILIUS NOCLURG Brentano's BOOK BOOK SELLERS TO THE WORD URORTO NONG NEW.PUBLICATIONS Cim “I visited with a natural rapture the largest bookstore in the world." See the chapter on Chicago, page 43, “Your United States," by Arnold Bennett It is recognized throughout the country that we earned this reputation because we have on hand at all times a more complete assortment of the books of all publishers than can be found on the shelves of any other bookdealer in the entire United States. It is of interest and im- portance to all bookbuyers to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this maga- zine can be procured from us with the least possible delay. We invite you to visit our store when in Chicago, to avail yourself of the opportunity of looking over the books in which you are most interested, or to call upon us at any time to look after your book wants. MEMOIRS OF THE DUKE DE ST. SIMON Complete in six volumes, with over one hundred illustrations. 8vo. Cloth. Vols. I to IV already published. Vols. V and VI now ready. Vol. V, “The Passing of Louis XIV." Vol. VI, “An Infamous Regent's Rule.” Index volume to be pub. lished later. (Volumes may be bought separately.) The pub. lication of this work is one of the literary events of the year. These world-famous Memoirs have been newly translated and carefully edited by an expert, Mr. Francis Arkwright. The Duke de St. Simon, great Noble of France, soldier, courtier, shrewd observer of human foibles and keen reader of character, gives us with vivid and facile pen a hundred and one anecdotes of the Men and Women who played important parts in the age of Louis XIV. (This edition should make the widest of appeals.) Price $3.50 net per volume. THE LYRICAL POEMS AND TRANSLA- TIONS OF PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY Arranged in chronological order, with a Preface by C. H. Her, ford. Sm. 4to. Cloth, gold back and side. Uniform with "Keats' Poems" issued by the same publishers. Price $3.25 net. THE HALO OF GRIEF: A Manual of Com- fort for Mourners By BOLTON HALL. Limp cloth, gilt. A new edition of a work which has been highly appreciated and which has a special appeal in these times. A charming Gift for all seasons. Price $1.25 net. CANDIDE, OR ALL FOR THE BEST By VOLTAIRE. Ilustrated. Limp cloth, gilt top: Price $1.25 net. THE SOCIAL LETTER: A Guide to the Etiquette of Social Correspondence By ELIZABETH MYERS. Illustrated with numerous examples. Price $1.25 net. THE SAVING GRACE: A Comedy in Three Acts By C. HADDON CHAMBERS. Played with great success at the Garrick Theatre, London, and now being performed by the Charles Frohman Company in New York. Price 50 cents net. NEW NOVELS THERE WAS A KING IN EGYPT By NORMA LORIMER. This new novel by the Author of “A Wife Out of Egypt," is the best of her stories. It is a love story, the scenes of which are laid in Egypt, by the eternal Nile, and amid the peace of the desert. A modern tale of a fine romantic flavor. Price $1.50 net. SIR ISUMBRAS at THE FORD By D. K. BROSTER, Author of "Chantemerle," etc. A dash- ing romance of love and adventure in the days following the French Revolution. Price $1.50 net. A ROYAL PRISONER: Being the Further Adventures of Detective Juve in Search of Fantomas, the Master Criminal By PIERRE SOUVESTRE and MARCEL ALLAIN. This vol. ume tells of the daring exploits of Fantomas, in his efforts to get possession of the King of Hesse-Weimar's famous diamond. Price $1.40 net. Special Library Service We conduct a department devoted entirely to the interests of Public Libraries, Schools, Colleges and Universities. Our Library De- partment has made a careful study of library requirements, and is equipped to handle all library orders with accuracy, efficiency and despatch. This department's long experience in this special branch of the book business, combined with our unsurpassed book stock, enables us to offer a library service not excelled elsewhere. We solicit correspondence from Librarians unacquainted with our facilities. A. C. McCLURG & CO. FOR SALE AT ALL BOOKSELLERS. POSTAGE EXTRA. INEW YORK Retail Store, 218 to 224 South Wabash Avenue FIFTH Library Department and Wholesale Offices : AVE 330 to 352 East Ohio Street Chicago When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 382 November 2 THE DIAL Current News Four dramas which have been produced by the Washington Square and other players are to be Walking Shadows, a collection of short stories by published this winter by Egmont H. Arens in the Alfred Noyes, is to be published in this country Flying Stag series. They will appear, one each shortly by the Frederick A. Stokes Co. month, from November to February as follows: Booth Tarkington's collected works are to be The Rope, by Eugene O'Neill; The Poor Fool, by issued in a twelve volume autograph edition by Hermann Bahr; La Cigale, by Lyman Bryson; and Doubleday, Page and Co. Uneasy Street, by Alfred Kreymborg. The publication of a volume of war verses by The Yale University Press has undertaken the Rudyard Kipling, promised for this autumn by publication of a series of fifty volumes of historical Doubleday, Page and Co., has been deferred on ac- narrative under the general title The Chronicles of count of delay in receiving the copy. America. The preparation of the series is under the The Waste Basket, a magazine established last direction of Dr. Allen Johnson, Larned Professor year for the publication of "rejected” manuscript, of American History in Yale University. Ten has announced that it will suspend issue for the volumes are now ready: Elizabethan Sea-Dogs, period of the war. by William Wood: Crusaders of New France, by All of Richard Aldington's poems since Images William Bennett Munro; Pioneers of the Old Old and New are being gathered together and South, by Mary Johnson; the Conquest of New prepared for publication this month by the Four France, by George M. Wrong; The Eve of the Seas Co. under the title of Love and War. Revolution, by Carl Becker; Washington and his Laurence La Tourette Driggs has combined Colleagues, by Henry Jones Ford; The Forty- a history of the American Lafayette Escadrille Niners, by Stewart Edward White; The Passing of with stories of Allied aviators in his Heroes of Avia- the Frontier, by Emerson Hough; Abraham Lincoln tion, soon to be published by Little, Brown and Co. and the Union, by Nathaniel W. Stephenson; and Dr. Adrian, the fourth and last volume in the The American Spirit in Literature, by Bliss Perry. series of novels The Books of Small Souls, by Louis Couperus, is promised by Dodd, Mead and Co. for Contributors the coming week. The translation from the Dutch is by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. Patriotic Drama in Your Town, a handbook for Professor Dewey's article in this number is the first of a series of papers about the League of community pageants and theaters, by Constance Nations. Mackay, is ready for immediate issue by Henry Holt and Co. The Little Theater in the United States, Mr. Tead's article in this issue forms part of a by Miss Mackay, appeared in The Dial for Feb chapter in a book entitled The People's Part in Peace, which Henry Holt and Co. are publishing ruary 28, 1918. Houghton Mifflin Co. announce: The Develop- sometime during the current month. A new volume ment of the United States from Colonies to a World by Mr. Tead, called Instincts in Industry, has Power, by Max Farrand; Formative Types in just been published by Houghton Mifflin Co. In English Poetry, by George Herbert Palmer; and addition to having written many articles on the Songs of Men, a book of verse compiled by Robert problems of labor and organization in industry, Mr. Tead has had much practical contact with and expe- Frothingham. rience in the world of factory and business. He J. B. Lippincott Co. have forthcoming another volume in the series on Philadelphia and its environs, cooperated with the late Robert Valentine in his by John T. Faris, under the title The Romance of work, and assisted in the administration of the Mini- Old Philadelphia Mr. Faris' Old Roads Out of mum Wage Commission of Massachusetts. Philadelphia was reviewed in THE DIAL for No Walter Pach, painter and etcher, was one of the vember 22, 1917. founders of the Society of Independent Artists, and Arnold Bennett's Self and Self Management is helped to organize the International Exhibition of announced for early publication in this country 1913. Mr. Pach has lectured widely on art subjects under the Doran imprint. Other Doran announce- and has contributed to a number of American mag- ments are: The Laughing Willow, by Oliver Her azines and to the Gazette des Beaux Arts. ford; Samurai Trails, by Lucian Swift Kirtland; Alice Corbin is an Associate Editor of the mag- The Worlds and I, by Ella Wheeler Wilcox; and azine Poetry. The New Poetry: An Anthology, A Vision of Victory, by Carl Ackerman. edited by her in collaboration with Harriet Mon- Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, has roe, was reviewed by Conrad Aiken in The DIAL written the introduction to American Problems of for May 3, 1917. Reconstruction, a symposium on the economic, finan Scudder Middleton is the author of Streets and cial, and industrial problems of the after-war period. Faces, a volume of verse published by The Little The volume, which is edited by Elisha M. Fried Book Publisher in 1917. man of the Council of National Defense, is ready The other contributors to this number have pre- for immediate issue by E. P. Dutton and Co. viously written for THE DIAL. 1918 383 THE DIAL Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters KOREAN BUDDHISM BY FREDERICK STARR, PH.D. Professor of Anthropology. The University of Chicago. THI THERE is almost nothing on the subject of Korean Buddhism ac- cessible to English readers. The material for the full study is enormous, but is in Chinese and Korean and mostly in manu- scripts in monasteries. This little volume represents a large amount of work in an almost virgin field. The material is new. It is an au. thoritative but non-technical presentation, accompanied by a large number of interesting illustrations from photographs taken by the author. Price $2,00 Postpaid $2.15 MARSHALL JONES COMPANY, Publishers 212 SUMMER STREET BOSTON. MASS. Translated and Edited by Preserved Smith, Ph. D., and Charles M. Jacobs, D.D. These volumes and their translators need no introduction to stu- dents of the Reformation. Vol. I has been heartily welcomed. Vol. II is now ready. Vol. III is in course of preparation. The English Historical Review says that Dr. Smith's moment- ous plan will be "a treasure-house of 16th century originals more than usually accossible and of great value. There are prefaces where necessary and notes of just sufficient length to explain allusions, Vol. II is a worthy continuation of the plan and is of priceless value, recording the letters of Luther and his contemporaries through the year 1530, and containing two letters never before published. Cloth bound $3.50 a volume Vol. I and II. $6.00 THE LUT ERAN PUBLICATION SOCIETY S. E. Cor. 9th and Sansom Streets, Philadelphia CHICAGO PITTSBURGH NEW YORK AUTOGRAPH LETTERS FIRST EDITIONS OUT OF PRINT BOOKS BOUGHT AND SOLD CORRESPONDENCE INVITED CATALOGUES ISSUED ERNEST DRISSEL NORTH 4 Last Thirty-Ninth Street, Now York ALBERT A. BIEBER Vendor of Rare American Books, Pamphlets, Broadsides At his Rare Book Rooms 200 West 24th Street, New York City Early American Poetry. 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Questions about literary matters answered promptly. We have customers in nearly every part of the globe. Safe delivery guaranteed to any address. Our bookselling experience extends over 80 years. When writing to advertisers please mention Tus DIAL 384 November 2, 1918 THE DIAL DECORATIVE TEXTILES THE BUSINESS OF THE HOUSEHOLD By GEORGE LELAND HUNTER By C. W. TABER A perfect reservoir of combinations and schemes old Everything affecting home government thoroughly and new The first authoritative, comprehensive and treated : heating, lighting, housing, insurance, pleas- thorough work of reference published in any language ures, etc. A book every housewife, home economics on decorative textiles for wall, floor, and furniture teacher and pupil should have Illustrated. $2.00 net. coverings. 577 splendid illustrations in color and half- tone. $15.00 net. ORIGINALITY: A Popular Study of the Creative Mind THE ROMANCE OF OLD PHILADELPHIA By T. SHARPER KNOWLSON A guide to original thinking, ably, assisting in crea. By JOHN T. FARIS tion along all lines in which efficiency is essential. All the fascinating romance of the pioneer settlers' $3.50 net. lives. Much new historical material and a "different" NEW FICTION viewpoint. Period-up to the transfer of capital to Washington. 100 illustrations. $4.50 net. ESMERALDA, or EVERY LITTLE BIT HELPS THE SPRINGTIDE OF LIFE By NINA WILCOX PUTNAM and NORMAN JACOBSEN POEMS OF CHILDHOOD One of the liveliest war novels ever written. A breezy, By ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE humorous story of a girl from a California horse Illustrated by ARTHUR RACKHAM ranch breaking into New York's smartest set and doing her novel "bit” to win the war. Illustrated. $1.00 An exquisite collection of the master's poems of net. childhood. The artist, Arthur Rackham, has caught the spirit of the poet and interpreted it in his delight. CLEAR THE DECKS ful illustrations. 8 color plates and many illustrations By "COMMANDER" in the text. $3.00 net. A thrilling tale of our boys in action-based on fact. The type of "new" book we are all anxious to read. THE SUBMARINE IN WAR AND PEACE Written by a U. S. Naval Officer during off-hours in By SIMON LAKE, M.I.N.A. actual service. Illustrated $1.50 net. The foremost inventor of the day along submarine lines gives an interesting authoritative account of the THE HISTORICAL NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENT development, present, past and future, of under-sea craft, with many suggestions for inventors. It is sci- By RAFAEL SABATINI entifically accurate, yet not at all technical. Illustrated. Scenes already famous through great foreign writers $3.00 net. portrayed with rare skill in the form of thirteen short stories, each culminating in the dramatic happenings of THE WAR AND THE COMING PEACE a night. $1.75 net. By MORRIS JASTROW, Jr., Ph.D., LL.D. FOR BOYS AND GIRLS Author of "The War and the Bagdad Railway." A new kind of Peace Book. The great moral issue of THE AMERICAN BOY'S ENGINEERING BOOK the war and the foundations of a permanent peace set forth in an original manner. $1.00 net. By A. RUSSELL BOND Following a boy's natural bent to construct, the MODERN SHIPBUILDING TERMS author trains his youthful readers to do real men's work in miniature, at almost no cost, from materials easily available. Boys will revel in this book. 250 By F. FORREST PEASE diagrams. $2.00 net. The shipbuilders' and shipworkers' need for a com- plete authoritative reference book is supplied by this AMERICAN BOYS' BOOK OF SIGNS, new encyclopaedia and guide to the use of tools and ship construction. The author is an instructor in the SIGNALS and SYMBOLS Emergency Fleet Corporation. Illustrated. $2.00 net. By DAN BEARD Every kind of code transmission fascinatingly de. NAVIGATION ILLUSTRATED BY DIAGRAMS scribed by the veteran boy-lover: Indian, forester, ani. By ALFRED G. MAYOR mal, tramp, secret organization, Morse telegraph, Navy, deaf and dumb, etc. 350 illustrations by the author. A difficult art simplified for quick but thorough $2.00 net. learning by navy men aspiring to the position of En- sign, or Naval Reserves, as well as Merchant Marine GENERAL CROOK AND THE FIGHTING APACHES Officers. 100 line drawings. $1.50 net. By EDWIN L. SABIN JOSEPH PENNELL'S LIBERTY LOAN POSTER A stirring tale of adventure with General Crook, the A splendid record of the technical methods, little redoubtable Indian fighter. Actual history is the basis known here, used to produce one of the finest Liberty for this thrilling tale. Kimmy Dunn, who aided Gen. Loan Posters. A text-book for artists, amateurs, gov. eral Crook, will be the envy of every live American ernments, teachers, and printers. $1.00 net. boy. Illustrated. $1.25 net. THE VIRGIN ISLANDS GULLIVER'S TRAVELS, (Stories All Children Love Series) By THEODOOR DE BOOY and JOHN T. FARIS By JONATHAN SWIFT The fascination of travel and exploration amid won. Lilliputians and Giants amuse and enliven the imag- derful scenery, together with business opportunities in ination of children now, as they have always done. a new land, is given in this splendid description of our Miss Kirk's inimitable color illustrations in this new new $25,000,000 possessions. Profusely illustrated and edition make the book a constant delight to young and maps $3.00 net. old. Illustrated. $1.35 net. HOME AND COMMUNITY HYGIENE KEINETH By JEAN BROADHURST, Ph.D. By JANE D. ABBOTT "A cyclopedia of hygiene."--N. Y. Tribune. Vital The best of modern American home life is portrayed health problems and their solution, disease prevention in this wholesome girls' book. The enchantment of and cure. The author is an expert in her field. Illus this delightful story lingers long in the memory of the trated. $2.00 net. fortunate girl reader. Illustrated. $1.25 net. -AT ALL BOOKSTORES J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PUBLISHERS PHILADELPHIA GROLIER CRAFT 68 PRESS, INC., N. Y. cr Will Russia Defeat Us? THE DIAL A FORTNIGHTLY VOL. LXV NEW YORK NO. 777 NOVEMBER 16, 1918 . . . . . . WILL RUSSIA Defeat Us? Harold Stearns 397 TRIBAL Esthetics Marsden Hartley 399 The LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND the New DIPLOMACY John Dewey 401 CAMOUFLAGED TROOP-Ship. Verse Amy Lowell 403 The Real STOPFORD BROOKE Robert Morss Lovett 404 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF WAR H. M. Kallen 406 The Modern POINT OF VIEW AND the New ORDER, Thorstein Veblen 409 III. The State of the Industrial Arts. Vicente BLASCO IBANEZ Isaac Goldberg 415 The FUNCTION OF RHYTHM Conrad Aiken 417 The Light ESSAY Randolph Bourne 419 LONDON, OCTOBER 14 . Edward Shanks 421 ARRESTMENT. Verse Leslie Nelson Jennings 422 EDITORIALS 423 COMMUNICATIONS: Idle-Mindedness and Reconstruction.-Swords into Pens.-Synge, 426 Conrad, and Mr. Steele. FOREIGN COMMENT: Literature After the War. 427 NOTES ON New BOOKS: Fifth Avenue.- Josselyn's Wife.—The Mirthful Lyre.—The 428 Small Place.-Shelley's Elopement.—The New Death.—Nervousness.—Nerves and the War.-England's Debt to India.-Under Sail.-Serbian Fairy Tales.-Maggie of Vir- ginsburg.—The Children of France and the Red Cross.-Fred Mitchell's War Story.-. The Doctor's Part.—The Art of Aubrey Beardsley.—The Art of Rodin. . . . . . THE DIAL (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published every other Saturday by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc.-Martyn Johnson, President; Scofield Thayer, Secretary-Treasurer-at 152 West Thirteenth Street, New York, N. Y. Entered as Second-Class matter at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., August 3, 1918, under the act of March 3, 1897. Copyright, 1918, by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc. Foreign postage, 50 cents. $3.00 a Year 15 Cents a Copy 86 November 16 THE DIAL * BOOKS FOR GIFTS * THE LOVE OF AN UNKNOWN SOLDIER A Manuscript Found in an Abandoned Dug Out In the trenches a soldier wrote his heart on paper, then van ished. How? No one knows, but he left behind this intimate document-a confession of extraordinary importance to some American girl. Who is she-and where! We publish this secret autobiography in the hope that its message may reach her. The most intriguing mystery, from a literary stand- point, that the war has produced. Cloth, $1.25 net OUT TO WIN PUSHING WATER By LT. CONINGSBY DAWSON, author of "Carry On," By LT. ERIC P. DAWSON, R.N.V.R. "The Glory of the Trenches," etc. Cloth, $1.25 net. Frontispiece. Cloth, $1.00 net. A vivid, prophetic, optimistic and inspiring statement of The story of the British Auxiliary Patrol-the navy of small America's accomplishments in France. craft, the brooms and eyes of the Grand Fleet. GONE ASTRAY ASIA MINOR LEAVES FROM AN EMPEROR's Diary. Cloth, $1.50 net. By WALTER A. HAWLEY, author of "Oriental Rugs," etc. Whether viewed from the standpoint of a personal document Profusely Illustrated. Cloth, $3.50 net. or the result of a lifelong study by a marvellously gifted An interesting and informing account of that little-known part student of character, this story of the Kaiser's obsession of the Near East-Asia Minor-which is destined to occupy for world domination, from boyhood to the present day, an important place in the activities of the world. will prove interesting and illuminating. THE COMING DAWN ROUMANIA A WAR ANTHOLOGY IN PROSE AND VERSE By MRS. WILL GORDON, F.R.G.S. By THEODORA THOMPSON, compiler of "Underneath Profusely Illustrated. Cloth, $3.00 net. the Bough." Introduction by Sir Oliver Lodge. A wonderfully interesting history of Roumania, past and Cloth, $1.50 net. present, with an introduction and two chapters by H. M. Selections from speeches and writings on the meaning and Queen Marie. outcome of the Great War. NOTABLE NOVELS etc. THE ROUGH ROAD TOWARDS MORNING By W. J. LOCKE, author of "The Red Planet," etc. By IDA A. R. WYLIE, author of "The Shining Heights," Third Edition. Cloth, $1.50 net. Third Edition. Cloth, $1.50 net. A truly charming Lockean romance of youth and the great A powerful and absorbing story of a boy's soul seared by the brutal hand of Prussianism. ART AND GIFT BOOKS war. SKETCHES IN DUNELAND Famous Pictures of Real Animals By EARL H. REED, author of "The Dune Country, etc. By LORINDA M. BRYANT, author of "American Pictures With 14 Illustrations. Cloth, $2.50 net. and Their Painters," etc. A really beautiful book of drawings and appreciations of the With 89 Illustrations. Cloth, $1.50 net. wonderland of sand on the wild coasts of Lake Michigan. A companion volume to Mrs. Bryant's popular “Famous Pictures of Real Boys and Girls." CANADIAN WONDER TALES By CYRUS MACMILLAN Just Behind the Front in France With 32 Illustrations in color. Cloth, $4.00 net. By NOBLE FOSTER HOGGSON Folk and fairy tales taken from the lips of Indians, sailors, With 32 Illustrations. Boards, $1.50 net. and habitants of Canada. A graphic description of France in war-time. OF GENERAL INTEREST RUPERT BPOOKE A Memoir by EDWARD MARSH Frontispiece Portrait. Cloth, $1.25 net. The official memoir of this celebrated poet containing many hitherto unpublished letters and a few poems not previously printed. THE GREATER PATRIOTISM Public addresses of the late JOHN LEWIS GRIFFITHS, American Consul-General at London, delivered in England and America. With an introduction by Hilaire Belloc. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 net. CASTING OUT FEAR By the HON. MRS. LIONEL GUEST Boards. 75 cents net. The author sees in Fear the root of all unhappiness and shows how each kind of Fear can be cast out. CORN FROM OLDE FIELDS By the HON. ELEANOR BROUGHAM Frontispiece, Cloth, $1.50 net. An anthology of Old English Poems, from the 14th to the 17th century, many of which are little known. ABRAHAM LINCOLN THE PRACTICAL By FRANCIS GRIERSON, author of "Modern Mysticism," ""The Valley of Shadows," etc. Cloth, $1.00 net. A timely presentation of a new phase of Lincoln's character by an authority on the subject. FORWARD, MARCHI By ANGELA MORGAN, author of "The Hour Has Struck," Cloth, $1.25 net. A volume of poems sounding the note of reconstruction and the new human spirit which must come out of the War. etc. JOHN LANE COMPANY :: :: Publishers :: NEW YORK BUY THESE BOOKS OF YOUR BOOKSELLER When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 1918 387 THE DIAL YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS GEORGES GUYNEMER-KNIGHT OF THE AIR By HENRY BORDEAUX Translated by Louise Morgan Sill, with an Introduction by Theodore Roosevelt The complete story of Guynemer's life and of his thrilling victories in the air is vividly told here by M, Bordeaux. He has written, not only with his usual literary charm, but from a background of intimate acquaintance with the Guy- nemers and with the friends and fellow-aviators of the great French Ace. The translation, made by Mrs. Sill at the request of the author, is most sympathetic. Bound in horizon blue, with a wood-engraved frontispiece in colors by Ruzicka and reproductions of charcoal drawings by W. A. Dwiggins, gilt top, $1.60. MORALE AND ITS ENEMIES By WILLIAM ERNEST HOCKING, Ph.D. Mr. Hocking, who has been lecturing on Morale throughout the North- eastern Division of Army Camps, is especially fitted to discuss our morale under war conditions—the spirit of our men at the front and of the whole country behind them. He has produced a book of great actual value to every loyal American. Cloth, $1.50. JUDICIAL TENURE IN THE UNITED STATES With Special Reference to the Tenure of Federal Judges By WILLIAM S. CARPENTER, Ph.D. A historical study of the conditions upon which judicial office is held in the United States, describing the inferior courts, methods of selecting and removing judges and the political reactions affecting their tenure, and including a summary of the problems involved in securing the tenure of the judicial office at the present time. Cloth, $1.50. CHRISTIAN BELIEF IN GOD A German Criticism of German Materialistic Philosophy By GEORG WOBBERMIN, Ph.D. Translated by Daniel Sommer Robinson, Ph.D. A careful analysis and incisive criticism of that modernized form of German materialism and evolutionism of which such thinkers as Nietzsche and Haeckel are the well-known exponents. Indispensable to all who would understand the thought-world of modern Germany. Cloth, $1.25. THE EFFECT OF DIET ON ENDURANCE By IRVING FISHER, Ph.D. Mr. Hoover's food regulations are a striking confirmation of the recom- mendations for diet made by Professor Fisher before the war on the grounds of hygiene and set forth in this interesting little volume. Cloth, 60 cents. YOUNG ADVENTURE By STEPHEN VINCENT BENET A love of the sea and the beauty of clouds, the adventure of death and the yet more amazing adventure of living, a vital love of color, whether of the Orient or the drugshop, a love of melody, the cool cleansing of rain, strange faces and old memories, are woven into the poetry of this gifted young writer. Paper boards, cloth back, $1.25. 120 College Street, New Haven, Conn. 280 Madison Avenue, New York City When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 388 November 16 THE DIAL Scribner Publications- Plays of J. M. Barrie The Valley of Democracy The People and Activities of the Middle West By Meredith Nicholson “There is but one Barrie, and his name is James! Blessed is he among modern authors, and twice blessed are we that today we can put his plays into our library among the standard volumes that give it tone and attraction." Richard Burton says: WHAT EVERY WOMAN KNOWS. $1.00 net THE ADMIRABBLE CRICHTON. $1.00 net QUALITY STREET. $1.00 net Echoes of War: "The Old Lady Shows Her Medals," "The New Word," "Barbara's Wedding." and "A Well-Remembered Kiss." $1.50 net “In one respect it is the most important book of the year and of a number of years. The one respect is its purpose and its effect. A writer's purpose does not invariably coincide with the effect of his work; here purpose and effect overlap; the two are identical. The purpose is to help America to understand the Americans, and the book does just that."-New York Sun. Illustrations by WALTER TITTLE. $2.00 net Figures from American History On Our Hill By Josephine Daskam Bacon “One of the most difficult things in the world is to portray child life with perfect naturalness and to interpret child nature accurately. It is seldom that a writer succeeds at this often-essayed task so perfectly as Mrs. Bacon has here done."- New York Tribune. Illustrated, $2.00 net The books of this series will deal with figures of conspicuous interest chosen very freely from the whole field of American history, and will be not only thoroughly informative as biographies, but extend also to the freest discussion of character, times, and environment. The first two volumes now published are Thomas Jefferson. By PROF. DAVID SAVILLE MUZZey, of Columbia University. Jefferson Dar'is. By ARMISTEAD C. GORDON. Each, $1.50 net Byways in Southern Tuscany By Katharine Hooker The People of Action "Almost like an echo from the past comes this fascinating volume on the 'Byways in Southern Tuscany. Charmingly illustrated with sketches in black-and-white and photographs in half-tone, Miss Hooker's impressions and descriptions of Southern Tuscany makes fascinating appeal."-Boston Transcript. Illustrated. $3.50 net A Study in American Idealism By Gustav Rodrigues An extraordinarily, penetrating, sympathetic, and wise study of ourse!ves and our institutions, our dearest hopes, our mistakes, our worth as a nation, and our character as individuals, made by a French $1.50 net a man. In the Wilds of South America FICTION Simple Souls By John Hastings Turner “There is not a thing in it that is not delightful, delicious and indescribably precious.—New York Tribune. $1.35 net SIX YEARS OF EXPLORATION IN COLOMBIA, VENEZUELA, BRITISH GUIANA, PERU, BOLIVIA,, ARGENTINA, PARA- GUAY AND BRAZIL By Leo E. Miller of the American Museum of Natural History It is a wonderfully informative, impressive, and often thrilling narrative in which savage peoples and all but unknown animals largely figure, which forms an infinitely readable book and one of rare value. With 48 full-page illustrations and with maps $4.50 net A Runaway Woman By Louis Dodge Captain Rupert Hughes says: “It is as convincingly real as 'Robinson Crusoe, ' " Illustrated. $1.50 net Men of the Old Stone Age Their Environment, Life and Art By Henry Fairfield Osborn President of the American Museum of Natural History. New Edition, $3.50 net Lovers of Louisiana By George W. Cable The New York Tribune says: "There is a full measure of Cable's old-time charm of Creole tem- perament and speech." $1.50 net BOOKS CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL 1918 389 THE DIAL Scribner Publications The Great Adventure Present-Day Studies in American Nationalism By Theodore Roosevelt This volume, dedicated to all who in this war have paid with their bodies for their soul's desire, contains Colonel Roosevelt's most recent expres- sions on the World War. He takes occasion to castigate particularly “parlor Bolshevists,” those self-styled intellectuals who play with treason under the name of internationalism. $1.00 net Soldier Silhouettes on Our Front By William L. Stidger The (Thrilling Experience of a Y. M. C. A. Worker with the A. E. F. It gives what the parents, sisters and wives of those at the front have long craved-a look into the very heart of the soldier. Illustrated, $1.25 net The City of Trouble The Essentials of an Enduring Victory By Andre Chéradame Mr. Chéradame's book points out the possibilities which still exist of deception and trickery in the settlement of the war, and the impossibility of a really lasting and just peace if these lurking dan- gers are not thoroughly comprehended and radically dealt with in the final terms. $1.35 net Petrograd Since the Revolution By Meriel Buchanan Preface by Hugh Walpole This is a narrative by the daughter of Sir George Buchanan, British Ambassador at Petrograd. Miss Buchanan's story begins before the Czar's down. fall-includes, in fact, a dramatic account of the death of the notorious Rasputin and comes down to the departure of the British Ambassador from Petrograd early in the present year. $1.35 net Why We Went to War By Christian Gauss Starting with the "fundamental antagonisms” be. tween German and American thought, it gives a detailed history of the beginning of the World War, based on an examination of the latest evi. dence, such as the writings of Muhlon and Lich- nowski, etc., and goes on to all those developments in the course of the war which culminated in our participation. $1.50 net Fighting the Boche Undergound By Captain H. D. Trounce The first story of mining and sapping. Captain Trounce writes of this strange form of warfare under the trenches and No Man's Land with great clarity and vividness, describing the con- struction of galleries and mines, underground fights, explosions about Neuville, St. Vaast, in Flanders, near Arras, under the Vimy Ridge, etc. Illustrated. $1.50 net The Vanguard of American Volunteers By Edwin W. Morse Our Navy in the War By Lawrence Perry "It is a wonderful and enthralling story that he tells, and one that ought to be read by every American who wants to know what his country's defenders are doing and who is a good enough American to be thrilled by their achievements." New York Times. $1.50 net The stories of that handful of pioneers who blazed the trail for the American soldiers that were to follow. There are chapters on Alan Seeger, Thaw, Victor Chapman, Edmond Genet and Luf- bery, and a score of others who upheld the honor of America in all branches of the Allied service. Illustrated. $1.50 net Present-Day Warfare Crosses of War By Mary R. S. Andrews Poems of war and patriotism by the author of the famous Lincoln story, "The Perfect Tribute." How an Army Trains and Fights By Captain Jacques Rouvier Conditions of warfare in the present day are made clear to the civilians of this country, whose boys are "over there." Illustrated. $1.35 net 75 cents net BOOKS! CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 390 November 16 THE DIAL The Greatest Book That Has Yet Come Out of the Great War THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE By VICENTE BLASCO IBANEZ Authorized Translation by Author of "The Shadow of the Cathedral.” CHARLOTTE BREWSTER JORDAN Dr. S. Parkes Cadman, addressing the Bedford Branch of the Brooklyn Y. M. C. A., has thus analysed the one big novel which the war has produced : “Vicente Blasco Ibanez strikes a deeper note than Wells or any other English-speaking romanticist in 'The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse' .. its story is deeply moving, an epic eluci- dating instead of clouding the painful perplexities men endure. Justice is done to the immortal spirit of France in the day of her trial and her glory. Here you meet the animalistic existence of the rich ranchman of the Argentine Republic; the per- fumed fop of the Boulevards who forsakes the lures of vice and follows the cross of sacrifice; the afflicted parent who groans beneath its load and dies ten thousand deaths in the death of a beloved son; the vain, frivolous woman who saves herself by yielding to the spiritual impulses war creates; the German philosopher with be-spectacled face and long hair who is at once a pedant and a brute; the Russian exile whose vision surveys the awful prospects with a prophetic insight, an inerrant penetration. Nor are these separated personalities and influences loosely woven. The threads of romance on the fabric of facts give color and verisimilitude to the narrative and make it as con- vincing as it is entrancing." From a report in The Brooklyn Eagle. The Press of the Country is Full of Enthusiasm for This Strong Novel THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE . The New York Times Book Review : "Now, for the first time, a recognized master of fiction, who comes of a nation that has so far preserved its neutrality, has chosen the war for his theme. It thus occupies a unique place in war fiction.”—From an editorial. "It gives a new viewpoint from which to see and feel the war.”—From a leading article. The Tribune, New York:- "It is in every page instinct with indescribable fascination. Predictions are rash, we know. But we venture this, that for portrayal at once of the spirit and the grim substance of our time will see no more con- vincing work of genius than this." The Chicago Daily News :- “Here is a big book_big in size and big in conception and execution. It is one of those books worth while people will ask if you have read-an event not to miss." -Richardson Wright. Detroit Sunday News:- “Superlatives are boomerangs, and enthusiasms too often won't stand recording, but the case of Vicente Blasco Ibanez's 'The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse' offers an excep- tion. Months ago this tremendous novel of the war was reviewed from the original on this page with many ardent superlatives. Now it appears again in the translation of Charlotte Brewster Jordan and after a second reading it is possible to notice it even more enthusiastically. Certainly in it Ibanez has ful- filled Sainte Beuve's definition of what a classic should be. ... It enriches the human mind and increases its treasure." The Chicago Tribune :- “The greatest novel the war has produced. Incidentally, it is the most scathing indictment of the German people that has ap- peared in fiction. a masterpiece of characterization.-Burton Rascoe. war A NOVEL TO READ AND TO KEEP AS THE MOST BROADLY BASED AND MOST FULLY INTERPRETIVE RECORD IN FICTION OF INTERNATIONAL VIEW-POINTS ON THE WAR Price $1.90 Postage extra Order at any bookstore or direct from E. P, DUTTON & CO. Publishers, 681 Fifth Avo. NEW YORK When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 1918 391 THE DIAL INHERITANCE Rev. Dr. J. H. JOWETT, M.A., D.D., LL.D., thus expresses his opinion concerning MAN'S SUPREME By F. MATTHIAS ALEXANDER With a Foreword by Professor JOHN DEWEY Dr. J. H. JOWETT writes: "MR. ALEXANDER HAS GIVEN US A WORK OF RARE AND ORIGINAL VALUE. His philosophy unveils a deliverance from the untutored and unintelligent sub- consciousness in which we are all more or less enslaved, and he opens out the prospect of an enlightened subconsciousness through the ministry of conscious guidance and control. Mr. Alexander's philosophy seems to me to be entirely sound. It does not hang in the air; it moves on the earth. He shows how it can be directed to the re-educating of those whose subconscious life is a blind creation. But far better still, he applies it to the education of the young before these perversities have arisen. The large acceptance of his principles would revolutionize the early training in our schools. Here, at any rate, is a very arresting expo- sition of a theory and method which would redeem the individual from the mastery of non- intelligent forces in his life, and bring mind and body into the co-ordinated health of vital fellowship. IT IS A VERY ILLUMINATING BOOK AND ABOUNDS IN VIS- ION AND PRACTICAL SUGGESTION." Professor RICHARD MORSE HODGE, D.D., writes in the New York Times : “No book could have a greater subject nor a better title. Here is a book of basic signifi- cance to physiology, psychology, education, and every sphere of contemporary life. Everyone is interested in his own development and in that of the race. To this problem the author has made a distinct contribution, based upon first-hand information... Par- ents will be especially interested in the chapters on Race Culture and the Training of Chil- dren. The athlete may learn not a little from this book of how to handle himself in his sport. The golfer will appreciate its pages and what they record regarding the position of mechanical advantage and the light they shed by indirect illumination upon the vexed question of why he goes off his game and why he does not improve his play. The plowman should be no less interested in the position of mechanical advantage than the golfer. As a brain worker, however, a man stands to gain most of all.” Professor FRANK GRANGER, D.Litt., M.A., Professor of Classics and Philoso- phy (Eng.): "MR. ALEXANDER HAS MADE AN ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE VERY GREATEST VALUE TO OUR KNOWLEDGE. . . I am obliged for the op- portunity of making acquaintance with the work of so original a thinker. .. One of the most urgent needs of the present time is the profounder analysis of the causes which determine the habitual movements of human beings. In the absence of adequate knowledge in this field, the ground is left open to empirical and one-sided attempts to remedy the obvious disturb- ances of the normal course of human development. Mr. Alexander indeed is concerned with the borderland which both separates and unites mental and physiological processes. Leav- ing for the moment physiological processes out of account, I have been much impressed by what seems to me a most valuable contribution to psychology; a contribution the more needed because, if M. Alexander is working on right lines, we must call a halt to all those who, under various banners and pretexts, have been eliminating recently from edu- cation the elements of conscious control. Mr. Alexander has accumulated a large store of experience and he seems to me singularly successful in giving a clear expression to the important results that have disclosed themselves to him. Read also Professor JOHN DEWEY'S strong foreword in the book itself. Price, $2.00 net Order direct bookstore E. P. DUTTON & CO. Publishers, 680 Firth Ave. When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 392 November 16 THE DIAL Early The Council of National Defense Asks you to Shop and Ship FAR AWAY AND LONG AGO A History of My Early Life by W. H. HUDSON By the Author of "The Purple Land." "Idle Days in Patagonia," "A Crystal Age," etc. Wonderfully vivid word-pictures show the wild life of Argentina as it was seen in the child- hood and youth of an unusually sensitive observer who in mellowed age not only relates but interprets those early impressions, revealing a personality uncommonly attractive, fine and digni- fied. With portrait, $2.50 net. In making further selections of books for gifts examine these Salt, or The Education of Griffith Adams Tho Silent Watchers By CHARLES G. NORRIS By BENNET COPPLESTONE A novel of an American boy's life in American "vital, breezy and breathing" revelation of institutions. $1.50 net. what Britain's Navy is and what we owe to it. $2.00 net. Wo Others (Nous Autres) Tho Near East from within By ... By HENRI BARBUSSE, author of "Under Fire" The clearest, most convincing exposure of Ger- Stories as deeply moving as his famous picture man methods of secret control in Turkey, the of war yet in a totally different way. $1.50 net. Balkans, etc. New and cheaper edition. $1.50 net. Gotting Together with Latin America The Socret Press in Belgium By A. HYATT VERRILL By JEAN MASSART, author of "Belgians Under the German A clear and competent treatment of trade con- Eagle." ditions in Latin America. Accounts of the daring "prohibited" Belgian $2.00 net. periodicals of which the most famous is “La Libre Belgique." $1.50 net. Creative Impulse in Industry By HELEN MAROT Leavos in the Wind By "Alpha of the Plough." Author of "Pebbles on the Shore." An effort to maintain factory "efficiency” with- Essays, leisurely, delightful on a variety of out turning workers into dull machines. widely interesting subjects, tinged with a pleas- $1.50 net. ant humor not in the least superficial. Just ready. Girls' Clubs The Kingdom of the Child By HELEN J. FERRIS By ALICE M, HERTS HENIGER Recommended by the Girls' Work Dept. of the A brilliant expression of the principles of edu- National Board of the Y. W. C. A. as an in cational dramatics, as developed by the author valuable help in organizing and managing clubs. through the Children's Theatre. Illustrated. $2.00 net. Illustrations. $1.50 net. The Lost Nation By EVERETT MCNEIL A lively story of the search for a vanished tribe and its hidden treasures in Mexico. Illustrated. $1.60 net. Tho Trail of the Cloven Foot By A. HYATT VERRILL Exciting adventures which fall to the lot of a party of gold-mine hunters in Central America. Incidentally informative. Illustrated. $1.60 net. Boys' Book of Chemistry By CHARLES RAMSAY CLARKE Simple directions for basic experiments, leading to a genuine understanding of up-to-date chem- ical discoveries. $2.00 net. A Boy of Bruges By E, and T. CAMMERTS Edited by FLORENCE CONVÄRSE A story of boy life in Belgium. $1.50 net. American Problems of Reconstruction A symposium edited by With a Foreword by ELISHA M. FRIEDMAN FRANKLIN K. LANE War Finance Corporation. Secretary of the Interior, Contributors: Frank A. Vanderlip, Prof. Irving Fisher, Charles M. Schwab, and over twenty other experts each writing of some phase of the Economic or Financial situation of which his knowledge is authoritative. $4.00, net. Ordeer direct bookstore E. P. DUTTON & CO. Publishers So Rikth Ave. When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 1918 393 THE DIAL The American Scandinavian Foundation will publish in November, as Volumes X and XI of the Scandinavian Classics, Selma Lager- löf's first great romance which won her world recognition Gösta Berling's Saga By Selma Lagerlöf IN TWO PARTS This translation is based upon the excellent British translation by Lillie Tudeer, now out of print. It has been carefully edited by Hanna Astrup Larsen, the translator of Jacobsen's Marie Grubbe, and the eight chapters omitted from Miss Tudeer's version have been added in masterly transla- tion by Velma Swanston Howard. These two volumes are printed with special care from a new large type, hand set, by D. B. Updike at the Merrymont Press. The edition, as a measure of war economy, is limited to one thousand copies, after printing which the type will be distributed. Kindly order in advance. The price of each volume is $1.50; complete $3.00. The Scandinavian Classics Comedies by Holberg Modern Icelandic Plays Poems by Tegnér Marie Grubbe Poems and Songs by Björnstjerne Arnljot Gelline Björnson Anthology of Swedish Lyrics Master Olof Gösta Berling's Saga I The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson Gösta Berling's Saga II The Price of Each Volume is $1.50 The American Scandinavian Foundation 25 West 45th Street, New York When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 394 November 16 THE DIAL A PLACE OF HONOUR On the Book Shelves of Your Friend A Sumptuous Yet Patriotic Gift! Benjamin Franklin Self-Revealed By W. CABELL BRUCE Two Volumes. Octavo. Over 1,000 pages. $6.00 Net. (Add 8% for Postage) PRESIDENT HIBBEN. “It is much the best and most complete work ever written on Franklin. I feel justified in saying this because I had of Princeton, says : occasion last spring to look up the many works on Franklin preparatory to an address which I had to deliver before the Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.” PRESIDENT ALDERMAN, Work and I am very proud for the university's sake that one "It is clear that you have done a noble, monumental piece of Univ. of Virginia, says: of its sons has so ably and powerfully interpreted a great American philosopher and stateman. The book belongs in every good library in the world.” The Boston Transcript "The volumes throughout are distinguished by keen critical insight and by a deep understanding of human nature, added says: to which are a fine sense of proportion and a literary man- ner which renders the work eminently readable." "An admirable piece of work-every page sparkling with the interest that attaches to a unique character." The Outlook says: The Literary Digest says: "Here are two volumes which, with literary finish, careful accuracy, and critical insight, consider every side of this remarkable man. They abound in citations from Franklin's writings, especially his private letters, and thus reveal his personality as no mere biographical pages could.” The Trustees of Columbia University under the provisions of the Joseph Pulitzer Foundation awarded the $1,000 prize for the “best biography of aching patriotic and unselfish service to the people” to Benjamin Franklin Self-Revealed. the year NEW YORK 2 West 45th St. Just WEST of 5th Ave. ALL BOOKSELLERS G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Publishers When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. LONDON 24 Bedford St. STRAND 1918 395 THE DIAL LIPPINCOTT BOOKS ET AVANT DROIT 1792 1918 ESMERALDA or Every Little Bit Helps By NÍNA WILCOX PUTNAM and NORMAN JACOBSEN Illustrated in color and black and white. $1.00 net. What Did Esmeralda Do? She couldn't sew, she couldn't knit, She couldn't make a comfort kit; What did Esmeralda do? She filled the ranks, she manned the tanks, And drew the shekels from the banks; For what she did, this hypnotizer, Made men rush off to fight the Kaiser. This is a patriotic tale, up to the minute, startling and delightful, that no American will want to miss. FOR SALE AT ALL BOOKSTORES J B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY MONTREAL PHILADELPHIA LONDON FOR BOYS AND GIRLS The Springtide of Life-Poems of Childhood By ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE With a Preface by Edmund Gosse. Illustrated by ARTHUR RACKHAM 8 color plates and many illustrations in the text. $3.00 net. Edmund Gosse has carried out a plan once made by the poet, to gather his poems on childhood in one volume, and Arthur Rackham has interpreted them exquisitely. The American Boy's Engineering Book By A. Russell "Bond. 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Illustrated. $1.25 net. When writing to advertisers please mention The DIAL. 396 November 16 THE DIAL America's spiritual growth is brilliantly depicted in the new novel of T WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE IN THE HEART OF A FOOL By the author of "A Certain Rich Man,” etc. HIS fool said in his heart “There is no God." He made for himself a God of money. Shar- ing in the marvelous growth of our Middle West, he saw in it nothing but a field for his sordid schemes of money getting. But this fool did not represent America-our America whose new ideal of democracy has just been made the creed of the entire world. IN THE HEART OF A FOOL By WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE splendidly carries out the promise of “A Certain Rich Man. It portrays the life of a typical mid- dle western town, from its first settlement on the open prairie to its present state of a flourishing in- dustrial center. Here the spiritual drama of America is played, with its clash of ideals so vividly brought into the light in the throes of the Great War. The final triumph of the new American ideal-social justice, an equal share for all in the higher spiritual life, is boldly proclaimed in a story of most absorbing interest. $1.60 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Publishers NEW YORK When writing to advertisers please mention The Dial. THE DIAL A FORTNIGHTLY Will Russia Defeat Russia is now challenging and will shortly test and democracy and bread-and an economic system our democratic good faith. And if we fail to meet like our own, which we can understand and appre- that test, we shall pay a severe penalty; our coming ciate and do business with. decision as to our treatment of her after the peace Now there are two answers to this sanguine with Germany will determine whether we are to commercial proposal. The first answer is that reap the fruits of victory in a lasting peace or whatever may have been the real reason for our whether in obstinate and passionate stupidity we are military intervention in Russia, the ostensible reason recklessly to throw them away. Nor is this state -the reason avowed by our own government and ment extreme, for even conservative opinion has to which we are bound as a matter of honor, until come to agree that although the war has been won it shall be formally changed—was a reason quite in the West, it may yet be lost in the East. No different. The United States has distinctly stated one questions the momentousness of the issue: the as its belief that military intervention in Russia was dispute is solely over the wisest method of meeting more calculated to bring disorder and chaos to that it. Neither does one question that somehow or unhappy country than to mitigate what disorder other we shall meet it: the only doubt is whether might already exist there. From that position, so or not we shall meet it consciously and with firm far as any statement from our government goes, we democratic purpose. Surely it is not irrelevant to have not yet receded. We consented reluctantly to plead that we examine now, and revise if necessary, a limited degree of military intervention for a single our present policy so that we may not discover our purpose-to protect the Czecho-Slovak troops. That selves in a situation where, through gradual and purpose has already been accomplished. The Soviet but half understood commitments, we find it im Government has formally promised that what few possible either to retreat or to go forward. Czecho-Slovak troops remain in Great Russia, not So long as Germany was a menace, any plea for already under Japanese or Allied protection, will revision or clear statement of our Russian policy be allowed free and uninterrupted passage back to might perhaps justifiably be waived. · But now that their own country, which is now a political as it Germany has been defeated, and along with her the has always been a geographical reality. It may be satellite powers which she dragged to ruin, the time objected that the promises of the Soviet Government has come to ask straightforwardly: What do we are worthless. Possibly, but their foreign minister mean to do about Russia ? When Prussian mili- has already asked the Allies for terms of an armis- tarism has been reduced to impotence, two enemies tice, and one of those terms, with the adequate guar- even greater remain to be conquered—the old enemy antees, could easily be the protection and safe trans- of hunger and its camp follower, anarchy. Russia, portation of the remaining Czecho-Slovak troops to according to the conventional view, contains both the Galician frontier. If the Allies care to deal with these enemies in abundant measure. How are we the Soviet Government at all, the protection of the to win victory over them? The reactionaries and Czecho-Slovak troops will be a comparatively simple enemies of democracy already have their answer matter. What we solemnly said we entered Russia ready—continue the present half-hearted military for, it is now easy to attain. intervention and make it more severe; overthrow It is however the second answer to the proposal the Bolsheviki and restore "orderly" governments; of the reactionaries which comes to grips with the when this has been accomplished, send food and situation. As far as the policy outlined above has economic assistance to rehabilitate the country. been followed, it has failed to work. Only those Meanwhile, of course, root out every trace of Ger so wilfully blind that they will not see have been man influence in that unhappy country. Then the slow to observe that Bolshevism cannot be destroyed skies will be bright, and trade and commerce (with by any such weak instrument as an army. Ger- us, naturally) will flourish. Russia will have peace many could not do it. The further she Aung her 398 November 16 THE DIAL armies into revolutionary Russia, the stronger be Balkans, all the lands included in the old Austria- came the Bolsheviki. The further the Allies pene Hungary, Germany, and now Russia as well. In trate into Russia, the more firmly do the peasants other words, if we follow the logic of our interven- rally to the Bolshevik banner. For Bolshevism is tion in Russia to its conclusion and if the enemy not merely the reign of terror of revolution, as our countries develop signs of Bolshevist socialism, we press would seemingly like to have us believe. Its shall shortly have on our hands the task of feeding roots lie deeper. Whatever its formal tenets of and policing and “giving" political and economic in- faith, it is primarily the philosophy of the under dog. stitutions to practically all of Europe, all of Africa, In Russia and the Near East and the Balkans and and all of Asia. And when we say “we” we can the territory of what used to be Austria-Hungary mean only the United States, England, France, Italy, the under dog is the peasant. His philosophy may and Japan. We are to form ourselves into a Holy be expressed in one word-land. He wants land Alliance against all forms of radical socialism and as the hungry man wants food. It is an irony of embarrassing economic and industrial philosophies. the present situation that a creed which is theoret The world is to be made over in our image, irre- ically a Marxian and industrial socialism has proved spective of whether it wants it or not. Of course in actual practice to be the public expression of a this is absurd and ridiculous. Of course it cannot deep agrarian revolt, to be the offshoot of basic be done. Yet it is precisely the program to which agrarian injustice. If ever the class warfare on we are committing ourselves unless we sharply mod- which it rests should invade a highly organized and ify our policy, as it is most characteristically exhibit- industrialized country say Germany then it ing itself in the case of Russia. This will not be would be in very truth the “proletarian” revolution a League of Nations; it will be a mockery. It will which it is now somewhat too glibly called. And not and cannot endure. Even if we press into service as basic injustice is done not merely to peasants and the German reactionaries--as some papers shame- farmers, the likelihood of its invading other coun lessly suggested when they advocated that Ger- tries is not entirely remote. Already it has spread man troops should not withdraw from the Ukraine, to Bulgaria (in spite of peace); it has shown its Lithuania, Poland, Finland, and the other Baltic teeth in the new Jugo-Slavia and German Austria; provinces until "stable” governments had been there are stirrings even in Hungary. When the carefully left behind-it is doubtful whether the intoxication of the wine of successful nationalism in tenure of such a Holy Alliance could be more than Czecho-Slovakia shall have given way to the more three or four years. The peoples of this country enduring necessities for bread and clothes, it may and France and Italy and England did not, after even appear there. In Germany itself Liebknecht all, sacrifice their blood for the privilege of creating is the greatest of popular heroes, and the Majority this kind of a new balance of power. It is not the Socialists tremble before the approaching specter. type of League of Nations which President Wilson Already, in fact, the revolution in Germany has ever contemplated; it is not what the great bulk of taken a sharp turn to the left. Bolshevism thrives peoples in their hearts really want. We entered the on the disillusions awakened by military defeat. In war to crush the menace of German imperialism. a word, we are confronted with a situation where It is crushed. We have won the war. How long the militarist solution offers no solution at all. We will French or British or Italian or our own troops cannot crush Bolshevism by force of arms. We now in France be content to police three continents can only hold it in leash until it has an oppor in the interests of a specific kind of economic system? tunity to break out again with redoubled force. How long will we here at home, or the families of If we are honest in our wish to exorcise it, we the war-weary soldiers in the countries now asso- must recognize the basic needs from which it ciated with us, wait for the return of our men? If springs. we have to wait until the world is made over, I am The first need is for fair play. No league of afraid it will be a long time. afraid it will be a long time. It will be odd if nations can endure which is not founded on that: a someone doesn't become impatient. The statesmen Holy Alliance may endure temporarily, but no who are now concluding peace ought never to for- league of free nations. It is precisely a Holy Alli- get that the main object of the war has been achieved, ance which the reactionaries of this country and of and that it is neither the wish nor the intention of the Entente countries are already advocating. Con- the great mass of democratic Peoples to be organized sider: we are to police in addition to our normal into an international police force to determine the tasks of caring for Africa, India, China, the Philip- way of life and the conditions of economic and in- pines, and the less stable Central American republics dustrial development for the many nations of the -we are to police and feed Bulgaria, Turkey, the world. 1918 399 THE DIAL For the truth is that the League of Nations must is the test of our good faith and belief in the ability rest upon that kind of fair play which allows a cer and right of peoples to determine their own destiny. tain margin of freedom for every nation-Russia We can afford to be, if not generous, at least sym- included. Nations have different economic habits; pathetic and understanding. It is not the Bolsheviki different degrees of industrial development; differ that anyone cares for or would even plead for, any ent aspirations towards the ideal social life. The more than one would plead for any special political League of Nations is after all a league of nations, party. It is the Soviet Republic that presents us as a society is a community of different individuals: with our problem. First, let us get the truth about as long as the common law is obeyed, as long as the it. We have had our press censored and our news international interest for world peace is properly cut off for so long that not even those best ac- safeguarded by respect for the international author- quainted with Russian conditions today venture to ity, it is certainly the right of different nations, as express any opinion. We are deprived of all the it is certainly to the interest of the world, that they essential facts necessary to make a fair judgment; should not only have their own cultural au we are allowed only dubious documents. But cer- tonomy but that they should try as many social and tain things we do know. We know that the Soviets economic experiments as are consistent with the have done many far-reaching and constructive things. wider necessity for general world peace. We cannot We also know that they have asked to cooperate allow debts to be wantonly repudiated, but who with us in the rehabilitation of the economic and doubts that if Russia were left to free development industrial life of their country. They have offered she would some day restore all she canceled in her to do so in a spirit of fair play. Their official news- hour of agony and humiliation? Democratic, even papers and manifestoes speak of the offers they have radical, nations are in the long run better interna- made, one of the latter concluding “let them (the tional risks than autocratic ones. We cannot allow Allies] help us to reorganize our railways and eco- nations to act as agents provocateurs and stir up in nomic life.' Can we not afford to make the at- ternal trouble in their neighbors' territories, but who tempt? Must we dictate, not only to those who doubts again that Russia would gladly recall all her have been our enemies, but even to those who, in revolutionary agitators in return for the privilege of spite of misrepresentation and slander, are eager being let alone to work out her own experiment? to become our friends? The challenge is real, and We have not been fair to Russia, and it is now we should do well to ponder the answer. We can, high time to begin, if we wish the League of Nations of course, haughtily say no. But it will not be in to be a lasting reality. Because Russia presents typ- this spirit that a real League of Nations can be ically, if in aggravated form, the kind of problem a created, or if created, can endure. League of Nations will constantly confront. Here HAROLD STEARNS. · Tribal Esthetics IN THE LIFE of the American Indian all expression gifts of the centuries on their calm cheeks and brows, symbolizes itself in the form of the dance. It is the and the aristocratic distinction which is so much a solemn high mass of the Indian soul, to which he part of all their actions and appearances, you feel brings his highest gifts for adoration. I have re something of regret that there is an obvious laxity cently seen on two occasions the dance of the corn of interest in old customs and forms. You do not the blessing of the young corn to a bountiful frui feel the tribal sense in the dances, for it is in other tion-which though extremely simple in form is a efficiencies that the tribe is interested, other traits very handsome demonstration of Indian grace and that beguile it, other notions of wealth and order beauty. We owe the presence of these forms in our and gayety. And you know, as you look upon these midst, centuries old, to the divine idea of the neces dances, that you may be one among the rare few sity of survival. It is inherent in all mankind to to have witnessed these fine ceremonials; that soon- want to write its autograph upon the face of the regrettably soon—they will have come to an end; earth before returning to it again, and those who and that if these charming shows shall by sheer hold in any degree to their forefathers' fine insistence survive, there must be other spaces devised traditions of the spirit of preservation feel more in which to perpetuate them, another and more impressively the need of recording them. And as spiritual regime prevailing. you look at the older men of the tribe, and see the The dance is not merely a survival: it is a rare 400 November 16 THE DIAL expression eternalizing itself; it is the draftsmanship wish the world to see too often; it was danced this of the Indian soul insisting on perpetuation. And time as a special concession of the chiefs of the tribe. what seems to the casual and unperceptive eye Its protagonists are two men of excellent physique, to be a wholly barbaric outpouring of excessive and of very gifted powers of expression—the body energy is entirely another thing. It is an organized of each of them painted in halves, one half a warm rhythmic conception and esthetic composition, spirit tawny reddish earth tone with black stripes painted and body harmonized to symbolize certain laws, tigerlike at intervals down the entire right half; faiths, even creeds, since all this tends toward the and the other half a light greenish hue; eyes heavily quality of worship in their so ardent desires. Thus striped with blue and yellow rays, with small dots of the dance is not to these people a form of gay exer red now and then close to them—each holding a cise ; it is wholly a bodily conception of a beautifully strange kind of shield shape, of rich colors, some- lofty spiritual idea. It is the harmonization of every what decorated, with many trappings suspended from muscle of the body toward a rhythmical expression the headdress. Each man is led with a long band of the various ideas that inspire them-war, peace, of multicolored hues by two little girls, the most fruition, among the themes. Even as a spectator you beautiful of that age in the tribe certainly, richly are made to feel that every movement and every costumed also, and beautifully painted. The two vocal variation in song is of impressive significance, children symbolize the fact that since the warring that they are profoundly religious first of all and tribes are now at peace they may be led docilely by last of all and admit of no levity of intention or of little children. laxity of devotion. It is impossible to transmit the splendor and dra- Hence it is, if you are a kind watcher—and you matic intensity of this spectacle, lasting not over are expected to be a kind watcher in the sense of fifteen minutes. It is quite beyond the fluency of being an earnest and interested watcher-that you words to register the precise beauty exhibited there- find yourself witnessing rare and beautiful episodes in. It will suffice to say that when it was finished in the history of a great people, the significance of you had the sense of having been let in upon a bit which you cannot hope to draw to yourself. Seldom of sacred history, something which only a very has one a clear knowledge of their language or small number in the world outside themselves had even of their symbolism, for they speak their own been permitted to witness—for the Indian is essen- tongue among themselves and with extreme rarity tially a secretive person. He is the discoverer of the admit the alien to the world of their ideas and secret and the keeper of the secret. He must be meanings. This is their spiritual aristocracy; they sure of his friend before confiding anything. And do not think us fit for their society excepting in a you also had the feeling that you were witness to one very casual sense, and they are cautious of how far of the most beautiful bits of organized expression you shall be let in to their spiritual halls. it is possible to see, for these two men were unques- During the two days in which I write they are tionably artists of the first degree, and were highly dancing the dance of the young corn, which is danced reverenced by the older men of the tribe for their several tiñhes a summer. It is the July episode- skill in interpretation. There was reverence on the yesterday for the Santiagos and today for the San faces of the younger Indians present, and there was tanas, As in the June episode, the dance was espe serenity on the wrinkled cheeks of the older and cially for the Juans of the tribe, the dance being quietly passing chieftains of the tribe. And as you given before the door of each family of that name. watched the old captain declaiming to them in their In the coming week there will be the dance of the own language as they danced-rhythmical lines of San Domingo Indians; at the end of September, deep beauty of sound—you could only say to your- the dance of Geronimo; at a later date, the famous self that you understood nothing from first to last, snake dance of the Hopis. The Pueblos patriotically but that what your eye beheld was beautiful beyond offered their services for the Red Cross and gave one the reach of words in any language. of their rarest dances on the evening of July 4 at the And through it all you felt that here was the hour of sunset, certainly one of the most beautiful history of your native land enacted for your pleasure, spectacles, brief though it was, which I have ever written in the very language of the sun and the witnessed. moon and the sky, the birds and the flowers, rain and It is called the dance of mercy. It is the dance running rivers, and that it was in this tongue that in its original form, as it has been given during they might surely speak with each other to a perfect the run of the centuries. It has been seen in this understanding. There was the glimpse of this little vicinity but two or three times in twenty-five years. spectacle of a great civilization, probably one of the Apparently it is a dance which the Indians do not finest in history, and soon, or comparatively soon, 1918 401 THE DIAL to pass out of existence, out of the ken of the visible going down of the sun, vastly superior to all the world forever into a religious silence, the dignity of hosts of vulgarities with which we, who belong which would be little appreciated in the new years to the newer civilization, befool ourselves. In their to come. And most of all, you could feel the great dance is the tribal esthetic expression of all these beauty of their own esthetic creation, a form evolved dignified significances; their dance is the gesture by themselves out of their own peculiar needs, having of the body which gives the meaning of the centuries, nothing whatever to do with a world so alien to and their songs are the self-created melodies which them in all ways. And when they come to the house they have sung to their deities for these thousands tops to watch their good father, the sun, pass down of years. They have completed their own civiliza- over a trembling horizon on his regally effulgent tion with a beautifully conceived esthetic, and out way, wrapping their cloaks around them, wrapping of this esthetic they have built a conduct that fits themselves obviously away from the contamination of the day and the hour and the moment, beyond even a world so foreign to them you feel with them the reaches of infinity. also that their father is a godlike parent, bringing It is a pity that we who have replaced them them nothing but good, if they but conduct them shall not know them; it is a pity that we who have selves well in his radiance. too much of civilization cannot begin our scheme There is solemnity in the going and the coming of over again upon some such simple lines as they the red men; there is an age to their movements, and have evolved so beautifully. It is a bit pathetic there is the smile of thousands of years in the smile that a form so useful to them shall be forever nothing they confer upon you, a smile natural because it is but a so-called dance of barbarism to us; that we like the free sky under which they live. There is a shall see nothing in their rhythms except an idling of frankness of speech in the glance that runs over you time and a too excessively energetic extravagance. It would be an idle heresy for us to think really of the as they look up and down your person, and a quick perception of character tabulated in their minds corn as a being who can be assisted to fruition by the offering of a dance, and yet it is ineffably beautiful when the instant is gone.) And you rest your jaded and certain in its esthetic effect. It is a life of an- senses in a wealth of eternal meanings that attach ciently splendid ritual, and we of this time have lost to every action of theirs. You feel that at last here the gift of ritual. We are without the power to cele- is a people in accord with the universe, wanting brate the simple experience. We have no ceremony little or nothing from a world of invented subter- for our vision. fuge, being the equal of the very dawn and of the MARSDEN HARTLEY. The League of Nations and the New Diplomacy The Ethics of honor and dignity, the idealization a reversal of moral prestige with respect to these of their assertion and defense, are deeply ingrained two principles would do well to recall that Ger- in the minds of all the ruling classes-whether many has sincerely regarded itself as the idealist their rule is the direct rule of governors or the more among modern nations, and has contemptuously con- efficacious indirect rule of opinion and sentiment. sidered the United States as the materialistic and This morale of pride and fear is most deeply em commercial people. This fact may develop hospital- bedded in all that concerns the relationships of states ity to the recognition that what is morally at stake to one another. In contrast, the ethics of industry is a conflict of ideas and idealizations inherited from and of reciprocal contractual service are lacking in feudalism with those which express the transition prestige. They seem too prosaic, utilitarian, and ma to a democratic ordering of life. This being the terialistic to possess moral status. They lack glam case, it requires only a courageous expression of the our and romance; they are not glorified by the halo newer morale of industry and commerce to insure that reflects historic sacrifice and heroism in their that in time poetry, glamour, and romance will behalf. We cannot easily conceive them as the sub become attached to it also. For these things, import- ject matter of poetry and legend. And so far are ant as they are, are not self-generated nor substan- men from actuation in their conduct by calculation tial. They are adjectival. They will in the proc- of self-interest that nothing which does not become esses of time cluster about any order that commands the stuff of poetry and passion can command full men's practical allegiance and in consequence their allegiance. admiration. Those who are skeptical about the possibility of The decline of democracy in comparative prestige 402 November 16 THE DIAL during the last generation, the relative eclipse into the signs of a class so personally and professionally which it has passed, will be reversed by the outcome set apart that it moves in a high, inaccessible realm of the present war. A war the final outcome of whose doings are no concern of the vulgar mass. which is demonstrably to be determined by the efforts It breathes contempt for publicity because it springs of a nation that entered the war to make the world from contempt for the public. It would maintain safe for democracy will effect a transformation of the privacy which characterizes the intercourse of sentimental valuations. The permanence of this re gentlemen with one another in matters which are versal will depend upon whether the democratic their primary concern. movement gives its own case away by continuing an For the most part the great powers have directly unconscious adoption of the older morale of honor continued with respect to international relations and defense of status, or has the intellectual courage the traditions which developed when the relations of to assert the moral meaning of industry, exchange, states were matters of the personal relations of sov- and reciprocal service. ereigns who owned the states, and when ambassadors These considerations may seem remote from the were the personal representatives of their personal question of the practicability of a League of Nations superiors. It was no iconoclast but an authority in order to end international anarchy. But so to like Sir Thomas Barclay who said of the states- think involves a tremendous underestimation of men of Europe who have controlled foreign policies the practical part played in human life by the imagi- for the last generation: “Present generations who nation and the emotions gathered about it. The have suffered through the incompetency and failure past system is not supported by any rational appeal of their governing classes are not likely to allow to usefulness; its upholders always decry such an themselves to be deluded again as to the realities of appeal as contrary to its proper elevated and noble war compared with those of peace.” But there is no nature. Mere external habit would not sustain it in way of surely remedying this evil state of affairs save the face of constant exhibition of its deficiencies, by transferring the management of international rela- were not the idealizations of emotion enlisted in its tions from men who are completely, subconsciously behalf. Country, fatherland, nation, honor, rights, even more than consciously, committed to an old be- defense, protection, glory, sacrifice: these are words lief-whose minds and hearts are wholly possessed which express the forces which above all else main- by it-over to men whose habitudes of thought tain the established order-or disorder. Against this, have been formed by dealing with the facts of mod- the contrary sentimental idealizations which spring ern industry and the give and take, for common from a certain attempt to give Christianity a mild, interests, of modern commerce. pacifistic interpretation are pathetically helpless. A League of Nations which should be conceived But the old order of ideas is implicated in much primarily in political terms of the old sort would more definite and positivistic ways in the mainte- inevitably leave the older type of diplomatists in nance of the present system. Let anyone seriously control. They are on that ground already; more- ask himself what he understands by diplomacy and over the activities it requires have no drawing power why it is that such disparagement hangs about it, and for men who think spontaneously in terms of the he will see what is meant. Everywhere outside of realities of modern life. For some time to come, the United States, diplomatists have been drawn as in the past, big financiers and men of business from the aristocratic class—that is to say, from pre- cisely that class which has preserved most nearly will largely regulate international relationships for unimpaired the old ethics of honor, dignity, nobility; division of responsibility between them and those the greater part of the time. But there is a constant and purely personal relationships—the class which has preserved in the most intact way the old noble who control the political foreign-offices. The lat- contempt for the impersonal service rendered by ex ter, in acting as agents for the former in times of change of goods industrially and mechanically pro peace, produce situations which carry things beyond duced. It is not diplomacy as an abstraction which the wishes and out of the power of the economic tragically failed the world at a crucial moment. rulers. Something would be gained in clarity and It was concrete human beings, diplomatists, who responsibility by any arrangement which made ex- showed their ignorance of modern forces and their plicit, constant, and formal the power actually incapacity to manage them. wielded by business, and which effectively brought This class of persons manifested all the marks the training and technical ability of its representa- of the old moral order. Secret diplomacy is not a tives directly to bear upon the problems of inter- mere technical device; it is something more than a national intercourse. But such a movement could mere rule of traditional usage. It carries with it all not end at this point. When international com- 1918 403 THE DIAL missions and boards have representatives of big in modern industry and commerce for something business upon them, because their technical training besides personal advantage. No one can afford to is required to handle specific questions, they will also ignore or despise this particular sort of ability and have to seat economists and representatives of labor. training. The decision of the character of the imme- The scope and significance of the questions which diate future in both domestic and international mat- would be turned over to them for adjustment would ters depends first of all upon whether they are constantly grow. Just as the war has led many chiefly used in secret and irresponsible ways for an able and trained business man to put his special personal power and advantage, or whether they are abilities at the disposal of the public interest, so a gradually sublimated by being put to public use in new type of international diplomacy would stimulate behalf of a public interest. the tendency to use the intellectual power generated John Dewey. Camouflaged Troop-Ship Boston Harbor Crashed upon and cut down By a flat impinging horizon. Uprightness, Masts, one behind another, Syncopated beyond and between one another, Clouding together, Becoming confused. A mist of gray, blurring stems Platformed upon horizontal thicknesses. Decks, Bows and sterns escaping fore and aft, A long line of fatness Darker than the fog of masts, More solid, Monotonous gray. Dull smokestacks Plotting lusterless clouds. An ebb-tide Slowly sucking the refuse of a harbor Seaward. The sea is gray and low, But the vessel is high with up-thrusting lines: Hair lines incessantly moving, Broad bands of black turning evenly over emptiness, Intorting upon their circuits, Teasing the eye with indefinite motion, Coming from nothing, Ending without cessation. Drowned hair drifting against mother-of-pearl; Kelp-aprons, Shredded upon a yellow beach; Black spray Salted over cream-gray wave tops. The ferry turns; And there, On the starboard quarter, Thrust out from the vapor-wall of ships: Color. Against the perpendicular: Obliqueness. In front of the horizontal: A crenelated edge. A vessel, grooved and conical, Shell-shaped, flower-flowing, Gothic, bizarre, and unrelated. Black spirals over cream-color Broken at a half-way point. A slab of black amidships. At the stern, Lines: Rising from the water, Curled round and over, Whorled, scattered, Drawn upon one another. Snakes starting from a still ocean, Writhing over cream-color, You hollow into rising water, You double-turn under the dripped edges of clouds, You move in a hundred directions, And keep to a course the eye cannot see. Your terrible lines Are swift as the plunge of a kingfisher; They vanish as one traces them, They are constantly vanishing, And yet you swing at anchor in the gray harbor Waiting for your quota of troops. Men will sail in you, Netted in whirling paint, Held like brittle eggs In an osier basket. They will sail, Over black-skinned water, Into a distance of cream-color and vague shadow- shotted blue. The ferry whistle blows for the landing. Start the engine That we may not block The string of waiting carts. AMY Lowell. 404 November 16 THE DIAL Stopford Brooke The Real IT IS A MATTER of opinion as to which relatives make without adding the pregnant phrase "crowded to the best biographers. Wives are necessarily untrust the doors.” During the years after his return to worthy, for they may seek no dispensation from their London, Brooke was engaged in the form of relig- vows to love, cherish, and obey. Sons are likewise ious speculation based on the proprietary chapel, of under bonds to society, which reckons filial piety which the clergyman takes a lease and in which he among the virtues and graces—and daughters still sublets sittings. Brooke's chapels—first Saint James more so. On the other hand the literary "friend of in York Street, then Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury the family” is almost always patronizing; he takes —were prosperous enterprises, owing to the incum- himself as seriously as the undertaker, and he usually bent's genius for men-pleasing. He pleased royalty has something of the latter's jealousy of his subject. and fashion; he pleased the broad-Church party of On the whole it would seem that sons-in-law make Dean Stanley and Jowett; he pleased skeptical lib- the best biographers. They are intimate, and share erals like James Martineau and Matthew Arnold. the family secrets, and yet they are detached and can The career of the young clergyman was a subject for take the point of view of a man of the world. Their Thackeray; and one of his admirers, whom Mr. relation has taught them tact, and they have learned Jacks quotes, lets slip the name which is at the to accommodate truth to manners. The exception back of our minds as we read, Charles Honeyman- of Boswell is only apparent, for it is clear that John- and adds that Brooke's chapel like Honeyman's was son gave Boswell the sound training of a son-in-law, above a wine cellar. and no less clear that if Johnson had had a daughter The chief interest of the first volume of letters is Boswell would have married her. The great example the naive revelation of Brooke's absorption of the of Lockhart receives confirmation in the Life and culture of his mid-Victorian surroundings. He lived Letters of Stopford Brooke, by Lawrence Pearsall Jacks (2 vols., Scribner; $4.75). Principal Jacks has echoes. As a boy in Ireland he and his brother used by imitation; his intellectual habitation was a hall of told the story of Stopford Brooke's life with intimate feeling and outward dignity. He has in fact rescued to take refuge in the garret of his grandfather's house and read Emerson's essays "night after night his hero from the reputation of being a derived and second-rate journeyman of letters—the Brooke of till we had finished them in the midst of infinite lectures, handbooks, and primers and let him speak discussions carried on till two or three in the morn- out as a free man. He has unfolded a story of ing.” With the same brother he made the stern development and emancipation of which the public intellectual resolve to study In Memoriam “to its at least was ignorant. And he has justified the writ innermost depths and talk of nothing else till they ing of his book: he has convinced us that Stopford have mastered everything it contains.” Naturally Brooke was worthy of his biography. Kingsley, whose career was so like his own, became Stopford Brooke was born in 1832 in Ireland, his model. His first published critique was a eulogy where his father held a petty living. He received of Kingsley's novels in Kingsley's style. It is the his degree at Dublin University, and took orders in voice of the muscular Christian and that of the the English Church, and a London curacy at the age Christian laureate that we hear in this Victorian of twenty-three. The young Irish clergyman- praise of war: handsome, enthusiastic, with good pulpit and parlor So long as selfishness prevails in human nature, so long manners, facile eloquence, and a strain of poetry- will aggressive wars arise; and so long as a true and carried all before him. After a few years of mingled vivid spirit of hatred to the evil strength of Wrong ex- work among the poor in the east of London and play long will there always be found nations who will take among the rich in the west, he became chaplain arms to a man and with one heart protest against the to the Crown Princess of Prussia and the British unholy thing. And in doing this they are morally bene- fitted. The boundaries of justice and injustice are more Embassy in Berlin. After his return to London clearly defined. The nation is given something else but he was frequently called on to preach before the itself and its prosperity to think of. . . If a war be Queen at Windsor, and became one of her chaplains. just, and for noble objects, it will practically do good to the nation who wages it. a protege of Dean Stanley and often preached at Westminster Abbey to crowded houses. It is the voice of Browning that we hear in this: Indeed the crowd became something of an obsession In my sixty-seven years I have only had a whiff of the with Brooke; he rarely mentions his preaching, in joy to be got out of natural beauty. But when I have seen this earth well I'll have a look at other planets and at the numerous letters which Dr. Jacks has preserved, new beauty. He was 1918 405 THE DIAL And he writes to a correspondent: which his contemporaries changed their faiths, he You only of all the people who have spoken to me of my left no record of it, or Dr. Jacks has obliterated it. Browning have recognized how much of myself is in the In truth, it may be thought that the change was so book. gradual that Brooke himself was conscious of it as When he lectures on Mental Culture in 1857— only a natural evolution, a winging out into a larger “The first law of Mental Culture then is Order. life. In any case the real significance was not in The second is Attention. The his change of religious faith, but in the change in third is Faith. The fourth law is Love" social outlook which accompanied it. “He had —we smile at the imitation of Ruskin, with his seven come to regard the Church in 1880 rightly or wrong- lamps of this and that; and when he sets down the ly as on the side of the rich," says Dr. Jacks, "and he portentous list of books he must read, we think of himself stood definitely on the side of the poor." George Eliot's diary and weep. He went in for Above all in importance was the freedom from the Victorian art criticism and became an admirer of world, the flesh, and the devil of men-pleasing that Turner and Tintoretto. He shared the belief in the change brought him. No more Queen's chap- history current in his day. John Richard Green, laincies and sermons in Westminster! Brooke kept who married Brooke's cousin, Alice Stopford, was his chapel and most of his audience for a few years; his intimate friend, and sought his criticism on The thereafter he preached itinerantly, mostly in Uni- History of the English People. Brooke's participa- tarian churches. And though Brooke continued to tion in the Anglo-Saxon enthusiasm found expres lecture on English poets and to publish handbooks sion in his History of Early English Literature. He about his contemporaries, he did not take these labors felt also the scientific interest that followed the as seriously as before. Mr. Chesterton remarks in Origin of Species, attended Huxley's lectures on connection with his book on Browning, "His power Physiology in 1861, and in the spirit of Victorian of dismissing things is beyond praise," and in a compromise—found that: larger sense it was this power that Brooke chiefly nothing helps me more in writing sermons than some exercised in the latter years of his life. Dr. Jacks study of Natural Science. It adds tone to the necessarily says of these years: speculative character of theological writing. They were not spent in conscious effort to improve the He, like Kingsley and George Eliot and the others, occasion, nor to improve the world, nor to improve him- pottered about with a hammer after fossils. But self... They were spent in the realm of absolute more important than this, he shared in the glorious values, in which Brooke as a child of Nature and a lover of beauty had long been at home. legacy of nature feeling which Wordsworth had left to his fellow men, shared it and increased it. The It is to Dr. Jacks' book that we owe our knowl- best of Brooke's letters, and they are very numer- edge of this personality which had silently developed behind the screen of the popular preacher and critic ous, are those in which he gives himself freedom to love and enjoy nature as Wordsworth did. And to -this new man that Brooke put on, who speaks in him, as to Wordsworth, nature became the great in- utterances more vigorous and original than anything strument in his salvation and emancipation. we associate with Brooke of the Primer or the in- For Stopford Brooke freed himself and saved his numerable volumes of sermons. There is something soul. Somehow he broke the bonds which bound of Swift's honesty in this rejection of a favorite him to the commonplaces of his time, and threw hypocrisy: aside the second-hand clothes, intellectual and spirit- As to dying in harness I'm sick of being too ual, which he had picked up so cheaply in the Vic much in harness, and I have no ambition to die working. torian marketplace. His conversion was not dra- Green said "I die learning.” I say, I shall die unlearn- ing, and 'pon my word it's the wiser of the two sayings. matic as St. Francis' was, nor is it told dramatically There is something of Swift's saeva indignatio in as Newman's is. It is part of Brooke's real distinc- this outburst at the wronging of Ireland in 1881: tion that he wrote no Apologia, no spiritual autobi- ography. And his biographer in the volumes before And I have lived to see Gladstone do this! And English and Scotch Liberals cheering and hooting with Conserva- us treats the spiritual drama of Brooke's life with tives and Tories. All the House of Commons hand and noble reticence. The one salient outward event, glove to take away from Ireland the rights of a free people, because they have risen against injustice. Brooke's secession from the English Church in 1880, is hardly emphasized. A letter from the Bishop of There is a courage beyond Swift's in his comment on the attitude of the Church toward Education in London saying what a bishop would say, that if 1908: Brooke couldn't believe the resurrection of Jesus he couldn't believe anything—that is all. If Brooke O how badly, how meanly, the Church has systematically behaved throughout, without one break of decent conduct, passed through the Gethsemanes and Golgothas in in this matter-always trying to evade its just responsi- 406 November 16 THE DIAL bilities, always whining for money, always hating to visits to Homburg for the sake of the cure, he took spend a farthing it desires to get out of the people! I refuge from the world, which in that place was thank God I got rid of the stain of the Church. more than ever impossible to him, and lived in imagi- The old idols come crashing down and he notes native companionship with the spirits of the wells their fall with a trenchancy of phrase that is refresh- —the Elizabeth-Brunnen, the Stahl-Brunnen, and ing. He admits that Kingsley's books "scream." the Louisa-Brunnen. Of the last we have much If he tells you it is five o'clock, it seems as if it were the in the diaries by way of conversations, stories, re- last hour of the world, J. R. Green met him at flections. Macmillan's. "After dinner,” says G, "he marched up In contrast to that fantastic mythopea and down the room like a restless animal, shouting out place this natural magic from Wordsworth's about the living God.” country: Instead of the complacent Victorianisms about war, Past pretty groves ... full of flowers I came at last we have this in 1914: to the spur and crossed over the rocks to the pony track that goes up Langdale Strath. It was a desolate valley. We are right in this war, but what is one to say of a For miles I did not see a single figure, not even a single humanity which after thousands of years can only settle animal. The sound of streams was everywhere, and no the doctrine that Might is not Right at the expense of a other sound except at times a curious crying far up the million lives? mountain, like that of a woman weeping bitterly. I sat But it is Nature which is the chief subject of down under a great dropped crag, which had been splintered by the lightning and the frost, and it seemed Brooke's later letters and diaries. He had taken to me as if the whole world were mist and dream, and Nature as he had the other spiritual gifts of his day. nothing more. The solid mountains, rocks, and hills were as insubstantial as a ghost, and I alone was real. Nature stood always for reality to him, and even in his busiest years of successful preaching and book- This then is the Stopford Brooke whom Dr. Jacks' making he found his retreat from his world of volumes make known to us. But for them we specious philosophy, second-rate literature, and social should never have known the real man-merely the sham into her fastnesses. As years went on he Victorian portrait of a gentleman, correct, conven- lived more and more by himself and in communion tional, commonplace. Dr. Jacks has revealed a man with her. For certain of her aspects he had a genu- far greater than his work, and like Lockhart he has ine passion. Dr. Jacks notes his feeling for running added a personality to the age. water, and it is characteristic that in his yearly ROBERT Morss LOVETT. The Psychology of War Anciently, when psychology was mental phi- by the interrelation of its parts. Such treatment losophy and the stream of consciousness was an im- mnay serve well the soul which priests save, but it can mortal soul, whose faculties were unchangeable and hardly evoke the truth about a living mind, every whose works were foreordained, such a title as J. T. one of whose aspects and conditions is the effect of MacCurdy's The Psychology of War (Luce; causes of which the enduring mechanisms of the 75 cts.) would have been no arrogance. Today, body are only a small part, and the changing setting "the" imparts to psychology a resiliency and hard of things and people and places a very large part. ness from which the mind rebounds; “the” invests For one's mind is what one minds; and the minding the observations which it thrusts forward with a of war differs from other sorts of minding by its pontifical garniture; "the" leads the reader to expect content, not its act. A psychology of war can be only something of the sharpness and flatness of dogma. a general psychology having special bearings on the Nor is he disappointed. Dr. MacCurdy surveys and business of war-making. That business uses the same interprets and reconciles the two latest, and in some instincts, impulses, feelings, wishes, and ideas, inher- ways the soundest, of the many psychologizingsited or acquired, which any other business uses. evoked by the war: those of Freud and his school, Each changes the vague unrest of mere feeling and of Trotter, who has not yet a school. And he which is the original content of consciousness, into adds the observations of William James on the the order and articulation of action and thought "moral equivalents” of war. r. The observations and appropriate to itself by touching it off and estab- influences of these writers receive at his hands how- lishing for it objectives and direction. People with ever a treatment resting on the assumption that musical or mechanical or literary or mathematical the mind of man is a machine wound up, and set minds are not born with them. They acquire them running in a vacuum, as if its character, movement, by becoming habituated, through accident or inten- and mutations were explicable like those of a watch, tion, to minding those things more than any others. 1918 407 THE DIAL A habit of mind is like any other habit, to be got and broken, a trick of attention and appetite. Pro- fessions and crafts and all the vocations of men are habits of minding some things rather than others. Their psychology is no story of a release of inward and autonomous springs. Their psychol- ogy is a story of the interplay and correlation of bod- ily and environmental events, in which the latter are the definitive elements, the quality-giving forces. The more complex and highly organized a society is the truer this becomes, the same man being various- ly engineer or physician or clergyman or soldier, according to what he gets the habit of persistently minding. Only the madman is an exception, and he is an exception because he has lost his mind. And he has lost his mind precisely because he has ceased to mind the world about him, because in him the inner mechanism, once touched off, does unwind itself narrowly, strictly, according to the interrela- tion of its parts. The madman has withdrawn from the world and does in fact live in the vacuum of his own imaginings. Dr. MacCurdy has, I suspect, fallen into the initial fallacy of transferring the as- sumptions of his own art-he is a psychiatrist by pro- fession—to a field in which a number of quite other factors are in play. War is an outcome of the deepest-lying of human forces, and therefore something which cannot be altered by legislation or agreement any more than a man can be kept sane either by force or by promise. Instinct is stronger than reason. And in war times two types of instinct, usually ir- reconcilably at combat in the inner life of man, are reconciled and work in harmony. These are the individualistic lusts and wishes of the primary brute whose behavior and repression are the theme of the Freudians, and the "herd instinct" which is the preoccupation of Trotter. Man by his gregarious nature is doomed to split up into groups, and these groups behave biologically as if they were separate species struggling for existence. Thanks to his herd instinct, which makes man accept the opinions of those immediately around him-herd, or "mob" sug- gestion--only that seems to be right which is done by his group, and an abnormal suspicion of the acts of other groups develops. Thus a state of antagonism develops which is much augmented by the aggressive tendency latent in human gregariousness. The antagonism is cumulative, so that sooner or later a state of extreme tension is reached. At this point, when action of some sort seems imperative, the primitive, unconscious instincts of man assert themselves (as they constantly tend to do) and the herd, finding in this a ready weapon, relaxes its ban, making of blood lust a virtue. Suddenly the indi- vidualistic and social tendencies find themselves working hand in hand-essentially a sublimation-and war with its tremendous energy is unleashed. The behaviour of both the mass and the individual then demonstrates that the herd is playing the role of species struggling for existence. It cannot be objected that war is merely the business of soldiers. Every citizen, male or female, has a share in the spirit of war. All suffer a diminution of egoism, with an added consciousness of the state, and all feel the satisfaction of blood lust, whether it be gained by jabbing a bayonet or devouring descriptions of carnage in the enemy's trenches. It must not be thought that the repression of these primitive tendencies is easily lifted. There is a feeling of horror quite different from fear when a nation is on the brink of war, although with it, some thoughtful introspectionists admit, can be detected a "something" which seems to hope that war will come. This "something,” like the fascination of a horrible spec- tacle, is, of course, the unconscious wish. When it has come as close to consciousness as this, its shadow, as it were, being seen, war is truly imminent, for now the herd antagonism is mightily augmented by the primitive pas- sion for violence. The repressing force which colours war with horror, makes it difficult to kill the first man, and keeps the citizen at home from relishing the tales of carnage until he is "used to it”—this force can probably be related to the loyalty we have to the larger herd, all mankind. At such a time as this, with almost the whole world weltering in blood, it seems hard to believe in the strength of this wider allegiance. Yet it asserts itself with greater strength at the close of every great war, as the revulsion from bloodshed lasting through generations bears witness. Now this summary is an admirable description of one aspect of the moods of nations once war has started. It is altogether irrelevant to the causes which themselves start war and hence to the ending of war. Those are remote from the biological con- ceptions of the struggle of groups for survival and the psychological conceptions of the repression and release of impulses. Warlike relations are no more frequent than peaceful relations between primitive tribes, and the newcomer or stranger is as likely to be worshipped as a god as to be killed as a foreigner. The hypothesis of a primitive blood-lust must be harmonized with the well-known physiological re- vulsion against the sight of blood so common among peoples of all breeds; and the heightening of group- consciousness and group-loyalty and the liberation of repressed impulses are phenomena incident to all contests-games of football or baseball, boxing matches, debates, political campaigns, and commer- cial and sectarian rivalries. They become equally marked in the face of physical disaster, where there are no rivalries whatsoever—as during the San Fran- cisco earthquake, the Halifax explosion and the erup- tions of Vesuvius and Aetna, the floods at Youngs- town and the tidal waves at Galveston. National rivalries and national conflicts evoke the same phe- nomena, of course: they are only instances additional to those enumerated, and as rivalries and conflicts in no way different from them. Hence Dr. Mac- Curdy's conversion of the problem "Do we want to abolish war?” into the problem "Do we want nations?" is futile. In view of the facts, "Do we want nations?" should be restated "Do we want groupings of any kind ?” So put, the question answers itself. So put, it exhibits the confusion on which the book rests—the confusion of the typical 408 November 16 THE DIAL. with the particular. Dr. MacCurdy has outlined easily make war. Thus the mind of Europe showed a very interesting psychology of conflict and disaster in 1914 none of the characteristics Dr. MacCurdy in general; he has not proposed an operable differen describes as preliminary to war. The war was to tial psychology of that particular kind of conflict Belgium and France and England the eventuation we call war. He has not done this, I think, because of the inconceivable. Lichnowsky and Muhlon and there is none to propose, because war is distinguished other Germans of conscience attest beyond question from mere conflict by the dimension of creative and that the assault upon mankind was a conspiracy of organizing action it adds thereto; and it is this the ruling class, which the people of Germany, action, not the conflict nor the “herd-suggestion,” schooled for it as they had been, still met with some- which is the liberating and vitalizing element of the thing of shock. And if this be so with the present war mood. This has been particularly true since the war, which has acquired some of the traits of a war industrial revolution, when the creative background of peoples, of a real revolution, how much the more of destruction began to overshadow destruction it must it have been so in less democratic times! self. Individuality consequently has been expanded And if this be so, the masses of men are in no and enhanced, self-consciousness has been intensified, need of "moral equivalents for war." Organized and the 'stature of men has grown. This is a very society cannot help providing plenty of opportunities different thing from the blind and passing moods and occasions for the generous rivalries of peaceful of "herd-suggestion.” These, in a complicated civil conflict which sufficiently satisfy the instinct war is ization, cannot be sustained, and individuality is of supposed to satiate. The rank and file, left to them- course lost in them. But in objective actions, from selves, would never wage war. Their lives are al- knitting socks to threading rifles, there is a basis ready sufficiently a battle, and they already live both for the expansion of personality and the eleva dangerously enough—in the mines, in the lumber- tion of mood. If the creative effort stimulated by camps, on the roads, in the fields, on the sea, wher- war-and it far exceeds the destructive effort-can ever the basic dirty work of civilization is being be preserved without the incentive of destruction, done. They always live at fighting weight, make the positive values attributed to war can be pre their sacrifices, and pay their toll of life. It is the served without war. That this is not at all impos small leisured class, that lives soft, has never been sible the whole history of democracy attests, for on hungry, and is bored, that requires a moral equiva- the whole democracy has meant at once a liberation lent for war. This is the class that first takes up the of the creative powers of the common man and a war-cry, and that first and last finds in the war decrease in war. The United States and Canada the escapes from self it craves. The reason is that have been side by side for a hundred years without war puts its members to work without marking upon battle, and in the United States all the warring them the stigma its standards attach to manual peoples in Europe have lived side by side in generous labor; their other "moral equivalents"-erotic ad- and, for the most part, creative rivalries. venture, gambling, traveling, hunting big game, all Dr. MacCurdy's analysis demonstrates, I think, the things which are play for the rich and crimes beyond reasonable doubt that there is nothing in for the poor-leave them an unused margin of human nature as such which renders inevitable the energy, and they continue to be bored. But set them combination of conflict and construction which is to work-no work, no food-and their warlike in- war. That consequently legislation and agreement stincts will find satisfaction complete. can prevent it, just as they can prevent other con- In sum: the war-mind is the mind that minds the tingent eventualities. Conflict is perhaps inevitable organized killing of its own species. This type of to human nature, and construction is inevitable. minding is, however, very different from the conflict- The combination of both as war, is not. Certainly minds which are the normal social expression of no one who knows anything about the causes of the combative instincts of men. It is limited to a wars, and particularly about the causes of the pres- small class who have the power to compel other men ent one, would venture the assertion that they were to carry out their purposes. Since it is not the inevi- inevitable to human nature and could not have been table expression of human nature-like, for example, prevented. War is organized killing of one's own matings or food-gettings either the destruction of species. It has no prototype in biology, and no ana this class or the destruction of their power will logue in animal life. The common rivalries of be sufficient to prevent war. The combative and peoples have nothing to do with it; the greed and gregarious appetites of the masses of men are suffi- jealousies of rulers, everything. To accomplish their ciently satisfied in the normal groupings and con- ends they are compelled to dragoon and whip their flicts of the daily life. subjects into military service. Democracies do not H. M. KALLEN. 1918 409 THE DIAL The Modern Point of View and the New Order III. are The STATE OF THE INDUSTRIAL Arts The MODERN point of view, with its constituent ples of law and morals and economic expediency. A principles of equal opportunity, self-help, and free new order of things has been taking effect in the bargaining, was given its definitive formulation in the state of the industrial arts and in the material sci- eighteenth century, as a balanced system of Natural ences that lie nearest to that tangible body of experi- Rights; and it has stood over intact since that time, ence out of which the state of the industrial arts is and has served as the unquestioned and immutable framed. And the new order of industrial ways and ground of public morals and public policy, on which means has been progressively going out of touch with the advocates of enlightened and liberal views have the essential requirements of this established scheme always been content to rest their case. The truths of individual self-help and personal initiative. which it holds to be self-evident and indefeasible are Under the new order the first requisite of ordinary conceived to be intrinsically bound up in an over industrial production is no longer the workman and ruling order of nature, in which thoughtful men his manual skill, but rather the mechanical equip- habitually believed at that time and in which less ment and the processes in which the mechanical thoughtful men have continued to believe since then. equipment is engaged. And this new industrial This eighteenth century order of nature, in the magic equipment and process embodies not the manual name of which Adam Smith was in the habit of skill, dexterity, and judgment of an individual work- speaking, was conceived on lines of personal initiative man, but rather the accumulated technological wis- and activity. It is an order of things in which men dom of the community. Under the new order of were conceived to be effectually equal in all those re things the mechanical equipment-the "industrial spects that of any decided consequence-in intelli- plant"-takes the initiative, sets the pace, and turns gence, working capacity, initiative, opportunity, and the workman to account in the carrying-on of those personal worth; in which the creative factor engaged standardized processes of production that embody in industry was the workman, with his personal this mechanistic state of the industrial arts, very skill, dexterity, and judgment; in which, it was be- much as the individual workman in his time held lieved, the employer (“master”) served his own the initiative in industry, set the pace, and made use ends and sought his own gain by consistently serv- of his tools according to his own discretion in the ing the needs of creative labor, and thereby serving exercise of his personal skill, dexterity, and judg- the common good; in which the traders (“middle ment, under that now obsolescent industrial order men”) made an honest living by supplying goods to which underlies the modern point of view, and which consumers at a price determined by labor cost, and so still colors the aspirations of Liberal statesmen and serving the common good. economists. The skilled workman still is always indispensable This characterization of the “obvious and simple to the due working of this mechanistic industrial system” that lies at the root of the liberal ideals may process, of course, very much as the craftsman's seem too much of a dream to any person who shuns tools, in his time, were indispensable to the work "the scientific use of the imagination"; its impon he had in hand. But the unit of industrial organiza- derables may seem to lack that axiomatic self-suffi tion and procedure, what may be called the "going ciency which one would like to find in the spiritual concern" in production, is now the outfit of industrial foundations of any system of law and custom. In- equipment, a works, engaged in a given mechanical deed the best of its imponderables are in a fair way process designed to turn out a given output of stand- - now to drop back into the discard of uncertified ardized product; it is the plant, or shop. And make-believe. But in point of historical fact it ap under this new order of industrial methods and pears to have stood the test of time and use, so far values it has already come to be a commonplace of as appears on the face of law and custom. popular "knowledge and belief" that the mechani- However, the subsequent course of events has cal equipment is the creative factor in industry, shown no indisposition to depart from this "natural and the "production" of the output is credited to state of man," on the effectual reality of which the plant's working capacity and set down to its the modern point of view rests its inviolate princi account as a going concern; whereas the other fac- 410 November 16 THE DIAL tors engaged, as, for instance, workmen and mater tion to its scope and method, its principles of knowl- ials, are counted in as auxiliary factors which are edge and belief, leads headlong to a mechanistic indispensable but subsidiary. conception of things, ways, means, ends, and values, Under the new order the going concern in pro whether it is called by that name or not. The duction is the plant or shop, the works, not the indi- resulting frame of mind is often spoken of loosely vidual workman. The time, place, rate, and as Materialism. This impersonal character of the material conditions of the work in hand are deter- workday habituation is particularly to be counted on mined immediately by the mechanically standardized wherever the latter-day scheme of mechanical stand- process in which the given plant is engaged ; and ardization takes effect with all that wide sweep and beyond that all these matters are dependent on the massive drift with which it now dominates the larger exigencies and maneuvers of business, largely by centers of population. way of moderating the rate of production and keep- ing the output reasonably short of the productive Since the modern era began, the state of the indus- capacity. The workman has become subsidiary to trial arts has been undergoing a change of type, the mechanical equipment, and productive industry such as the followers of Mendel would call a "mu- has become subsidiary to business, in all those coun- ſtation.” And in the course of this mutation the tries which have come in for the latter-day state of workman and his part in the conduct of industry the industrial arts, and which so have fallen under have suffered a great dislocation. But it is also the domination of the price system. to be admitted that the typical owner-employer of Such is the state of things throughout in those the earlier modern time, such as he stood in the greater industries that are characteristic of the new mind's eye of the eighteenth century doctrinaires- order; and these greater industries now set the pace this traditional owner-employer has also come and make the standards of management and valua through the period of the mutation in a scarcely tion for the rest. At the same time these greater better state of preservation. At the period of this industries of the machine era extend their domina- stabilization of principles in the eighteenth century he tion beyond their own immediate work, and enforce could still truthfully be spoken of as a "master," a standardization of much the same mechanical char a foreman of the shop, and he was invested with a acter in the community at large, in the ways and large reminiscence of the master-craftsman, as known means of living as well as in the ways and means in the time of the craft-guilds. He stood forth in of work. The effects of their mechanically stand the eighteenth century argument on the natural order ardized production, in the way of goods and services of things as the wise and workmanlike designer and as well as in the similarly standardized traffic guide of his workmen's handiwork, and he was through which these goods and services are dis then still presumed to be living in workday contact tributed to the consumers, reach out into the every and communion with them, and to deal with them on day life of all classes; but most immediately and an equitable footing of personal interest. imperatively they reach the working class of the Such a characterization of the capitalist-employer industrial centers. So they largely set the pace who was doing business at the time of the Industrial for the ordinary occupations of the common man Revolution may seem overdrawn, and there is no even apart from any employment in the greater need of insisting on its precise accuracy as a descrip- mechanical industries. It is especially the latter-day tion of eighteenth century facts. But it should not system of transport and communication as it works be extremely difficult to show that substantially such out under the new order-highly mechanical and a figure of an employer-owner was had in mind exactingly scheduled for time, rate, and place—that by those who then argued the questions of wages so controls and standardizes the ordinary life of the and employment and laid down the lines on which common man on mechanical lines. the employment of labor would be expected to ar- The training enforced by this mechanical stand range itself under the untroubled system of natural ardization therefore is of much the same order liberty. But what is more to the point is that which throughout the community as it is within the me is beyond question. In practical fact, almost as chanical industries proper, and it drives to the same fully as in the speculations of the doctrinaires, the outcome-submergence of the personal equation. So employer of labor in the productive industries of that the workday information and the reasoning that time was, in his own person, commonly also by use of which all men carry on their daily life the personal owner of the establishment in which under the new order is of the same general character his hired workmen were employed; and also—again as that information and reasoning which guides the in passable accord with the facts—he was presumed vhanical engineers; and this unremitting habitua- personally to come to terms with his workmen about 1918 4II THE DIAL wages and conditions of work. Employment was That the facts of the new order have in this way considered to be a relation of man to man. That departed from the ground on which the constituent much is explicit in the writings which bear the date principles of the modern point of view are based, mark of this modern Liberal point of view; and the and on which therefore the votaries of the estab- same assumption has continued to stand over as a lished system take their stand—this state of things self-sufficient premise among the defenders of the cannot be charged to anyone's personal account and free competitive system in industry for three or four made a subject of recrimination. In fact it is not generations after that period. a case for personal discretion and responsibility in But the course of events has gone its own way, detail, but rather for concerted action looking to and about that time—somewhere along in the middle some practicable working arrangement. half of the eighteenth century—that type of em ! The personal equation is no longer a material fac- ployer began to be displaced in those industries which tor in the situation. Ownership, too, has been caught have since then set the pace and made the outcome in the net of the new order and has been depersonal- for wages and conditions of work. So soon as the ized to a degree beyond what would have been machine industry began to make headway, the in conceivable a hundred years ago, especially so far dustrial plant increased in size, and the number of as it has to do with the use of material resources workmen employed in each establishment grew con and man power in the greater industries. Owner- tinually larger, until in the course of time the large shíp has been “denatured.” It used to be true that scale of organization in industry has put any relation personally responsible discretion in all details was of man to man out of the question between employ- the chief and abiding power conferred by ownership; ers and workmen in the leading industries. Indeed but wherever it has to do with the machine industry it is not unusual to find that in an industrial plant and large-scale organization, ownership now has of a large or middling size, a factory, mill, works, virtually lost this essential part of its ordinary func- mine, shipyard, or railway of the ordinary sort, very tions. It has taken the shape of an absentee owner- few of the workmen would be able, under oath, ship of anonymous corporate capital, and in the ordi- to identify their owners. At the same time, and nary management of this corporate capital the owing to the same requirements of large-scale and greater proportion of the owners have no voice. mechanical organization, the ownership of the works | In practical fact today, corporate capital is the has also progressively been changing character, so capitalized earning-capacity of the corporation con- that today, in the large and leading industries, the sidered as a going business concern; and the owner- place of the personal employer-owner is taken by a ship of this capital therefore foots up to a claim on composite business concern which represents a com- the earnings of the corporation. Corporate capital bination of owners, no one of whom is individually of this kind is impersonal in more than one sense: responsible for the concern's transactions. it may be transferred piecemeal from one owner to The personal employer-owner has virtually dis another without visibly affecting the management or appeared from the great industries. His place is the rating of the concern whose securities change now filled by a list of corporation securities and a hands in this way; and the personal identity of the staff of corporation officials and employees who exer owner of any given block of this capital need not cise a limited discretion. The personal note is no be known even to the concern, to its administrative longer to be had in the wage relation, except in officers, or to those persons whose daily work and those backward, obscure, and subsidiàry industries needs are bound up with the daily transactions of the in which the mechanical reorganization of the new For most purposes and as regards the order has not taken effect. So, even that contractual greater proportion of the investors who in this way arrangement which defines the workman's relation own the corporation's capital, these owners are, in to the establishment in which he is employed, and effect, anonymous creditors, whose sole effectual to the anonymous corporate ownership by which relation to the enterprise is that of a fixed “over- he is employed, now takes the shape of a statistical head charge" on its operations. Such is the case, reckoning, in which virtually no trace of the relation even in point of form, as regards the investors in cor- of man to man is to be found. Yet the principles of porate bonds and preferred stock. The ordinary the modern point of view governing this contractual investor is, in effect, an anonymous pensioner on the relation, in current law and custom, are drawn on enterprise; his relation to industry is in the nature of the 'old assumption that wages and conditions of a liability, and his share in the conduct of this indus- work are arranged for by free bargaining between try is much like the share which the Old Man of the man and man on a footing of personal understand Sea once had in the promenades of Sinbad. ing and equal opportunity. No doubt, any reasonably skilful economist—any concern. 404 November 16 THE DIAL Stopford The Real Brooke IT IS A MATTER of opinion as to which relatives make without adding the pregnant phrase “crowded to the best biographers. Wives are necessarily untrust the doors." During the years after his return to worthy, for they may seek no dispensation from their London, Brooke was engaged in the form of relig- vows to love, cherish, and obey. Sons are likewise ious speculation based on the proprietary chapel, of under bonds to society, which reckons filial piety which the clergyman takes a lease and in which he among the virtues and graces—and daughters still sublets sittings. Brooke's chapels—first Saint James more so. On the other hand the literary "friend of in York Street, then Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury the family” is almost always patronizing; he takes -were prosperous enterprises, owing to the incum- himself as seriously as the undertaker, and he usually bent's genius for men-pleasing. He pleased royalty has something of the latter's jealousy of his subject. and fashion; he pleased the broad-Church party of On the whole it would seem that sons-in-law make Dean Stanley and Jowett; he pleased skeptical lib- the best biographers. They are intimate, and share erals like James Martineau and Matthew Arnold. the family secrets, and yet they are detached and can The career of the young clergyman was a subject for take the point of view of a man of the world. Their Thackeray; and one of his admirers, whom Mr. relation has taught them tact, and they have learned Jacks quotes, lets slip the name which is at the to accommodate truth to manners. The exception back of our minds as we read, Charles Honeyman- of Boswell is only apparent, for it is clear that John- and adds that Brooke's chapel like Honeyman's was son gave Boswell the sound training of a son-in-law, above a wine cellar. and no less clear that if Johnson had had a daughter The chief interest of the first volume of letters is Boswell would have married her. The great example the naive revelation of Brooke's absorption of the of Lockhart receives confirmation in the Life and culture of his mid-Victorian surroundings. He lived Letters of Stopford Brooke, by Lawrence Pearsall by imitation; his intellectual habitation was a hall of Jacks (2 vols., Scribner; $4.75). Principal Jacks has echoes. As a boy in Ireland he and his brother used told the story of Stopford Brooke's life with intimate to take refuge in the garret of his grandfather's feeling and outward dignity. He has in fact rescued house and read Emerson's essays "night after night his hero from the reputation of being a derived and second-rate journeyman of letters—the Brooke of till we had finished them in the midst of infinite discussions carried on till two or three in the morn- lectures, handbooks, and primers—and let him speak out as a free man. He has unfolded a story of ing.” With the same brother he made the stern development and emancipation of which the public intellectual resolve to study In Memoriam “to its at least was ignorant. And he has justified the writ- innermost depths and talk of nothing else till they ing of his book: he has convinced us that Stopford have mastered everything it contains.” Naturally Brooke was worthy of his biography. Kingsley, whose career was so like his own, became Stopford Brooke was born in 1832 in Ireland, his model. His first published critique was a eulogy where his father held a petty living. He received of Kingsley's novels in Kingsley's style. It is the his degree at Dublin University, and took orders in voice of the muscular Christian and that of the the English Church, and a London curacy at the age Christian laureate that we hear in this Victorian of twenty-three. The young Irish clergyman- praise of war: handsome, enthusiastic, with good pulpit and parlor So long as selfishness prevails in human nature, so long manners, facile eloquence, and a strain of poetry- will aggressive wars arise; and so long as a true and carried all before him. After a few years of mingled vivid spirit of hatred to the evil strength of Wrong ex- work among the poor in the east of London and play ists and a righteous sense of the mightiness of Right, so long will there always be found nations who will take among the rich in the west, he became chaplain arms to a man and with one heart protest against the to the Crown Princess of Prussia and the British unholy thing. And in doing this they are morally bene- fitted. The boundaries of justice and injustice are more Embassy in Berlin. After his return to London clearly defined. The nation is given something else but he was frequently called on to preach before the itself and its prosperity to think of... If a war be Queen at Windsor, and became one of her chaplains. just, and for noble objects, it will practically do good to He was the nation who wages it. a protege of Dean Stanley and often preached at Westminster Abbey to crowded houses. It is the voice of Browning that we hear in this: Indeed the crowd became something of an obsession In my sixty-seven years I have only had a whiff of the with Brooke; he rarely mentions his preaching, in joy to be got out of natural beauty. But when I have seen this earth well I'll have a look at other planets and at the numerous letters which Dr. Jacks has preserved, new beauty. 1918 405 THE DIAL . And he writes to a correspondent: which his contemporaries changed their faiths, he You only of all the people who have spoken to me of my left no record of it, or Dr. Jacks has obliterated it. Browning have recognized how much of myself is in the In truth, it may be thought that the change was so book. gradual that Brooke himself was conscious of it as When he lectures on Mental Culture in 1857– only a natural evolution, a winging out into a larger "The first law of Mental Culture then is Order. life. In any case the real significance was not in The second is Attention. The his change of religious faith, but in the change in third is Faith. The fourth law is Love" social outlook which accompanied it. “He had —we smile at the imitation of Ruskin, with his seven come to regard the Church in 1880 rightly or wrong- lamps of this and that; and when he sets down the ly as on the side of the rich,” says Dr. Jacks, “and he portentous list of books he must read, we think of himself stood definitely on the side of the poor.” George Eliot's diary and weep. He went in for Above all in importance was the freedom from the Victorian art criticism and became an admirer of world, the Aesh, and the devil of men-pleasing that Turner and Tintoretto. He shared the belief in the change brought him. No more Queen's chap- history current in his day. John Richard Green, laincies and sermons in Westminster! Brooke kept who married Brooke's cousin, Alice Stopford, was his chapel and most of his audience for a few years; his intimate friend, and sought his criticism on The thereafter he preached itinerantly, mostly in Uni- History of the English People. Brooke's participa- tarian churches. And though Brooke continued to tion in the Anglo-Saxon enthusiasm found expres lecture on English poets and to publish handbooks sion in his History of Early English Literature. He about his contemporaries, he did not take these labors felt also the scientific interest that followed the as seriously as before. Mr. Chesterton remarks in Origin of Species, attended Huxley's lectures on connection with his book on Browning, “His power Physiology in 1861, and in the spirit of Victorian of dismissing things is beyond praise," and in a compromise—found that: larger sense it was this power that Brooke chiefly nothing helps me more in writing sermons than some exercised in the latter years of his life. Dr. Jacks study of Natural Science. It adds tone to the necessarily says of these years: speculative character of theological writing. They were not spent in conscious effort to improve the He, like Kingsley and George Eliot and the others, occasion, nor to improve the world, nor to improve him- pottered about with a hammer after fossils. But self. They were spent in the realm of absolute more important than this, he shared in the glorious values, in which Brooke as a child of Nature and a lover of beauty had long been at home. legacy of nature feeling which Wordsworth had left to his fellow men, shared it and increased it. The It is to Dr. Jacks' book that we owe our knowl- best of Brooke's letters, and they are very numer- edge of this personality which had silently developed ous, are those in which he gives himself freedom to behind the screen of the popular preacher and critic love and enjoy nature as Wordsworth did. And to -this new man that Brooke put on, who speaks in him, as to Wordsworth, nature became the great in- utterances more vigorous and original than anything strument in his salvation and emancipation. we associate with Brooke of the Primer or the in- For Stopford Brooke freed himself and saved his numerable volumes of sermons. There is something soul. Somehow he broke the bonds which bound of Swift's honesty in this rejection of a favorite him to the commonplaces of his time, and threw hypocrisy: aside the second-hand clothes, intellectual and spirit. As to dying in harness.. I'm sick of being too ual, which he had picked up so cheaply in the Vic much in harness, and I have no ambition to die working. torian marketplace. His conversion was not dra- Green said “I die learning." I say, I shall die unlearn- ing, and 'pon my word it's the wiser of the two sayings. matic as St. Francis' was, nor is it told dramatically as Newman's is. It is part of Brooke's real distinc- There is something of Swift's saeva indignatio in this outburst at the wronging of Ireland in 1881: tion that he wrote no Apologia, no spiritual autobi- ography. And his biographer in the volumes before And I have lived to see Gladstone do this! And English and Scotch Liberals cheering and hooting with Conserva- us treats the spiritual drama of Brooke's life with tives and Tories. All the House of Commons hand and noble reticence. The one salient outward event, glove to take away from Ireland the rights of a free people, because they have risen against injustice. Brooke's secession from the English Church in 1880, is hardly emphasized. A letter from the Bishop of There is a courage beyond Swift's in his comment on London saying what a bishop would say, that if the attitude of the Church toward Education in 1908: Brooke couldn't believe the resurrection of Jesus he couldn't believe anything—that is all. If Brooke O how badly, how meanly, the Church has systematically behaved throughout, without one break of decent conduct, passed through the Gethsemanes and Golgothas in in this matter-always trying to evade its just responsi- 406 November 16 THE DIAL bilities, always whining for money, always hating to visits to Homburg for the sake of the cure, he took spend a farthing it desires to get out of the people! I refuge from the world, which in that place was thank God I got rid of the stain of the Church. more than ever impossible to him, and lived in imagi- The old idols come crashing down and he notes native companionship with the spirits of the wells their fall with a trenchancy of phrase that is refresh- -the Elizabeth-Brunnen, the Stahl-Brunnen, and ing. He admits that Kingsley's books "scream.” the Louisa-Brunnen. Of the last we have much If he tells you it is five o'clock, it seems as if it were the in the diaries by way of conversations, stories, re- last hour of the world. J. R. Green met him at Macmillan's. “After dinner," says G, "he marched up flections. In contrast to that fantastic mythopea and down the room like a restless animal, shouting out place this natural magic from Wordsworth's about the living God.” country: Instead of the complacent Victorianisms about war, Past pretty groves ... full of flowers I came at last we have this in 1914: to the spur and crossed over the rocks to the pony track that goes up Langdale Strath. It was a desolate valley. We are right in this war, but what is one to say of a For miles I did not see a single figure, not even a single humanity which after thousands of years can only settle animal. The sound of streams was everywhere, and no the doctrine that Might is not Right at the expense of a other sound except at times a curious crying far up the million lives? mountain, like that of a woman weeping bitterly. I sat But it is Nature which is the chief subject of down under a great dropped crag, which had been splintered by the lightning and the frost, and it seemed Brooke's later letters and diaries. He had taken to me as if the whole world were mist and dream, and Nature as he had the other spiritual gifts of his day. nothing more. The solid mountains, rocks, and hills were as insubstantial as a ghost, and I alone was real. Nature stood always for reality to him, and even in his busiest years of successful preaching and book- This then is the Stopford Brooke whom Dr. Jacks' making he found his retreat from his world of volumes make known to us. But for them we specious philosophy, second-rate literature, and social should never have known the real man-merely the sham into her fastnesses. As years went on he Victorian portrait of a gentleman, correct, conven- lived more and more by himself and in communion tional, commonplace. Dr. Jacks has revealed a man with her. For certain of her aspects he had a genu- far greater than his work, and like Lockhart he has ine passion. Dr. Jacks notes his feeling for running added a personality to the age. water, and it is characteristic that in his yearly ROBERT Morss LOVETT. The Psychology of War Anciently, when psychology was mental phi- by the interrelation of its parts. Such treatment losophy and the stream of consciousness was an im- may serve well the soul which priests save, but it can mortal soul, whose faculties were unchangeable and hardly evoke the truth about a living mind, every whose works were foreordained, such a title as J. T. one of whose aspects and conditions is the effect of MacCurdy's The Psychology of War (Luce; causes of which the enduring mechanisms of the 75 cts.) would have been no arrogance. Today, body are only a small part, and the changing setting “the” imparts to psychology a resiliency and hard- of things and people and places a very large part. ness from which the mind rebounds; “the” invests For one's mind is what one minds; and the minding the observations which it thrusts forward with a of war differs from other sorts of minding by its pontifical garniture; "the" leads the reader to expect content, not its act. A psychology of war can be only something of the sharpness and flatness of dogma. a general psychology having special bearings on the Nor is he disappointed. Dr. MacCurdy surveys and business of war-making. That business uses the same interprets and reconciles the two latest, and in some instincts, impulses, feelings, wishes, and ideas, inher- ways the soundest, of the many psychologizings ited or acquired, which any other business uses. evoked by the war: those of Freud and his school, Each changes the vague unrest of mere feeling and of Trotter, who has not yet a school. And he which is the original content of consciousness, into adds the observations of William James on the the order and articulation of action and thought "moral equivalents" of war. The observations and appropriate to itself by touching it off and estab- influences of these writers receive at his hands how- lishing for it objectives and direction. People with ever a treatment resting on the assumption that musical or mechanical or literary or mathematical the mind of man is a machine wound up, and set minds are not born with them. They acquire them running in a vacuum, as if its character, movement, by becoming habituated, through accident or inten- and mutations were explicable like those of a watch, tion, to minding those things more than any others. 1918 407 THE DIAL A habit of mind is like any other habit, to be got egoism, with an added consciousness of the state, and all and broken, a trick of attention and appetite. Pro- feel the satisfaction of blood lust, whether it be gained by jabbing a bayonet or devouring descriptions of carnage fessions and crafts and all the vocations of men in the enemy's trenches. It must not be thought that the are habits of minding some things rather than repression of these primitive tendencies is easily lifted. others. Their psychology is no story of a release There is a feeling of horror quite different from fear when a nation is on the brink of war, although with it, of inward and autonomous springs. Their psychol some thoughtful introspectionists admit, can be detected a ogy is a story of the interplay and correlation of bod- "something”, which seems to hope that war will come. This "something,” like the fascination of a horrible spec- ily and environmental events, in which the latter tacle, is, of course, the unconscious wish. When it has are the definitive elements, the quality-giving forces. come as close to consciousness as this, its shadow, as it The more complex and highly organized a society is were, being seen, war is truly imminent, for now the herd antagonism is mightily augmented by the primitive pas- the truer this becomes, the same man being various- sion for violence. The repressing force which colours ly engineer or physician or clergyman or soldier, war with horror, makes it difficult to kill the first man, according to what he gets the habit of persistently and keeps the citizen at home from relishing the tales of carnage until he is “used to it"—this force can probably minding. Only the madman is an exception, and be related to the loyalty we have to the larger herd, all he is an exception because he has lost his mind. And mankind. At such a time as this, with almost the whole he has lost his mind precisely because he has ceased world weltering in blood, it seems hard to believe in the strength of this wider allegiance. Yet it asserts itself to mind the world about him, because in him the with greater strength at the close of every great war, as inner mechanism, once touched off, does unwind the revulsion from bloodshed lasting through generations bears witness. itself narrowly, strictly, according to the interrela- tion of its parts. The madman has withdrawn from Now this summary is an admirable description the world and does in fact live in the vacuum of of one aspect of the moods of nations once war has his own imaginings. Dr. MacCurdy has, I suspect, started. It is altogether irrelevant to the causes fallen into the initial fallacy of transferring the as- which themselves start war and hence to the ending sumptions of his own art-he is a psychiatrist by pro- of war. Those are remote from the biological con- fession—to a field in which a number of quite other ceptions of the struggle of groups for survival and factors are in play. the psychological conceptions of the repression and War is an outcome of the deepest-lying of human release of impulses. Warlike relations are no more forces, and therefore something which cannot be altered frequent than peaceful relations between primitive by legislation or agreement any more than a man can be tribes, and the newcomer or stranger is as likely to kept sane either by force or by promise. Instinct is stronger than reason. be worshipped as a god as to be killed as a foreigner. And in war times two types of instinct, usually ir- The hypothesis of a primitive blood-lust must be reconcilably at combat in the inner life of man, are harmonized with the well-known physiological re- reconciled and work in harmony. These are the vulsion against the sight of blood so common among individualistic lusts and wishes of the primary peoples of all breeds; and the heightening of group- brute whose behavior and repression are the theme consciousness and group-loyalty and the liberation of the Freudians, and the "herd instinct" which is of repressed impulses are phenomena incident to all the preoccupation of Trotter. contests—games of football or baseball, boxing matches, debates, political campaigns, and commer- Man by his gregarious nature is doomed to split up into groups, and these groups behave biologically as if they cial and sectarian rivalries. They become equally were separate species struggling for existence. Thanks to marked in the face of physical disaster, where there his herd instinct, which makes man accept the opinions are no rivalries whatsoever—as during the San Fran- of those immediately around him_herd, or "mob" sug- gestion-only that seems to be right which is done by cisco earthquake, the Halifax explosion and the erup- his group, and an abnormal suspicion of the acts of other tions of Vesuvius and Aetna, the floods at Youngs- groups develops. Thus a state of antagonism develops town and the tidal waves at Galveston. National which is much augmented by the aggressive tendency latent in human gregariousness. The antagonism is rivalries and national conflicts evoke the same phe- cumulative, so that sooner or later a state of extreme nomena, of course: they are only instances additional tension is reached. At this point, when action of some sort seems imperative, the primitive, unconscious instincts to those enumerated, and as rivalries and conflicts in of man assert themselves (as they constantly tend to do) no way different from them. Hence Dr. Mac- and the herd, finding in this a ready weapon, relaxes its Curdy's conversion of the problem "Do we want to ban, making of blood lust a virtue. Suddenly the indi- vidualistic and social tendencies find themselves working abolish war?" into the problem "Do we want hand in hand-essentially a sublimation—and war with nations?" is futile. In view of the facts, "Do we its tremendous energy is unleashed. The behaviour of both the mass and the individual then demonstrates that want nations ?” should be restated "Do we want the herd is playing the role of species struggling for groupings of any kind ?" So put, the question existence. It cannot be objected that war is merely the business of soldiers. Every citizen, male or female, has answers itself. So put, it exhibits the confusion on a share in the spirit of war. All suffer a diminution of which the book rests—the confusion of the typical 408 November 16 THE DIAL. with the particular. Dr. MacCurdy has outlined easily make war. Thus the mind of Europe showed a very interesting psychology of conflict and disaster in 1914 none of the characteristics Dr. MacCurdy in general; he has not proposed an operable differen- describes as preliminary to war. The war was to tial psychology of that particular kind of conflict Belgium and France and England the eventuation we call war. He has not done this, I think, because of the inconceivable. Lichnowsky and Muhlon and there is none to propose, because war is distinguished other Germans of conscience attest beyond question from mere conflict by the dimension of creative and that the assault upon mankind was a conspiracy of organizing action it adds thereto; and it is this the ruling class, which the people of Germany, action, not the conflict nor the "herd-suggestion,” schooled for it as they had been, still met with some- which is the liberating and vitalizing element of the thing of shock. And if this be so with the present war mood. This has been particularly true since the war, which has acquired some of the traits of a war industrial revolution, when the creative background of peoples, of a real revolution, how much the more of destruction began to overshadow destruction it must it have been so in less democratic times! self. Individuality consequently has been expanded And if this be so, the masses of men are in no and enhanced, self-consciousness has been intensified, need of "moral equivalents for war." Organized and the stature of men has grown. This is a very society cannot help providing plenty of opportunities different thing from the blind and passing moods and occasions for the generous rivalries of peaceful of "herd-suggestion." These, in a complicated civil conflict which sufficiently satisfy the instinct war is ization, cannot be sustained, and individuality is of supposed to satiate. The rank and file, left to them- course lost in them. But in objective actions, from selves, would never wage war. Their lives are al- knitting ks to threading rifles, there is a basis ready sufficiently a battle, and they already live both for the expansion of personality and the eleva- dangerously enough—in the mines, in the lumber- tion of mood. If the creative effort stimulated by camps, on the roads, in the fields, on the sea, wher- war-and it far exceeds the destructive effort-can ever the basic dirty work of civilization is being be preserved without the incentive of destruction, done. They always live at fighting weight, make the positive values attributed to war can be pre their sacrifices, and pay their toll of life. It is the served without war. That this is not at all impos- small leisured class, that lives soft, has never been sible the whole history of democracy attests, for on hungry, and is bored, that requires a moral equiva- the whole democracy has meant at once a liberation lent for war. This is the class that first takes up the of the creative powers of the common man and a war-cry, and that first and last finds in the war decrease in war. The United States and Canada the escapes from self it craves. The reason is that have been side by side for a hundred years without war puts its members to work without marking upon battle, and in the United States all the warring them the stigma its standards attach to manual peoples in Europe have lived side by side in generous labor; their other “moral equivalents”-erotic ad- and, for the most part, creative rivalries. venture, gambling, traveling, hunting big game, all Dr. MacCurdy's analysis demonstrates, I think, the things which are play for the rich and crimes beyond reasonable doubt that there is nothing in for the poor-leave them an unused margin of human nature as such which renders inevitable the energy, and they continue to be bored. But set them combination of conflict and construction which is to work—no work, no food and their warlike in- war. That consequently legislation and agreement stincts will find satisfaction complete. can prevent it, just as they can prevent other con- In sum: the war-mind is the mind that minds the tingent eventualities. Conflict is perhaps inevitable organized killing of its own species. This type of to human nature, and construction is inevitable. minding is, however, very different from the conflict- The combination of both as war, is not. Certainly minds which are the normal social expression of no one who knows anything about the causes of the combative instincts of men. It is limited to a wars, and particularly about the causes of the pres- small class who have the power to compel other men ent one, would venture the assertion that they were to carry out their purposes. Since it is not the inevi- inevitable to human nature and could not have been table expression of human nature-like, for example, prevented. War is organized killing of one's own matings or food-gettings-either the destruction of species. It has no prototype in biology, and no ana- this class or the destruction of their power will logue in animal life. The common rivalries of be sufficient to prevent war. The combative and peoples have nothing to do with it; the greed and gregarious appetites of the masses of men are suffi- jealousies of rulers, everything. To accomplish their ciently satisfied in the normal groupings and con- ends they are compelled to dragoon and whip their flicts of the daily life. subjects into military service. Democracies do not H. M. KALLEN. 1918 409 THE DIAL The Modern Point of View and and the New Order III. THE STATE OF THE INDUSTRIAL Arts THE HE MODERN point of view, with its constituent ples of law and morals and economic expediency. A principles of equal opportunity, self-help, and free new order of things has been taking effect in the bargaining, was given its definitive formulation in the state of the industrial arts and in the material sci- eighteenth century, as a balanced system of Natural ences that lie nearest to that tangible body of experi- Rights; and it has stood over intact since that time, ence out of which the state of the industrial arts is and has served as the unquestioned and immutable framed. And the new order of industrial ways and ground of public morals and public policy, on which means has been progressively going out of touch with the advocates of enlightened and liberal views have the essential requirements of this established scheme always been content to rest their case. The truths of individual self-help and personal initiative. which it holds to be self-evident and indefeasible are Under the new order the first requisite of ordinary conceived to be intrinsically bound up in an over industrial production is no longer the workman and ruling order of nature, in which thoughtful men his manual skill, but rather the mechanical equip- habitually believed at that time and in which less ment and the processes in which the mechanical thoughtful men have continued to believe since then. equipment is engaged. And this new industrial This eighteenth century order of nature, in the magic equipment and process embodies not the manual name of which Adam Smith was in the habit of skill, dexterity, and judgment of an individual work- speaking, was conceived on lines of personal initiative man, but rather the accumulated technological wis- and activity. It is an order of things in which men dom of the community. Under the new order of were conceived to be effectually equal in all those re things the mechanical equipment—the “industrial spects that are of any decided consequence-in intelli plant”-takes the initiative, sets the pace, and turns gence, working capacity, initiative, opportunity, and the workman to account in the carrying-on of those personal worth; in which the creative factor engaged standardized processes of production that embody in industry was the workman, with his personal this mechanistic state of the industrial arts, very skill, dexterity, and judgment; in which, it was be much as the individual workman in his time held lieved, the employer (“master”) served his own the initiative in industry, set the pace, and made use ends and sought his own gain by consistently serv of his tools according to his own discretion in the ing the needs of creative labor, and thereby serving exercise of his personal skill, dexterity, and judg- the common good; in which the traders ("middle ment, under that now obsolescent industrial order men") made an honest living by supplying goods to which underlies the modern point of view, and which consumers at a price determined by labor cost, and so still colors the aspirations of Liberal statesmen and serving the common good. economists. The skilled workman still is always indispensable This characterization of the obvious and simple to the due working of this mechanistic industrial system” that lies at the root of the liberal ideals may process, of course, very much as the craftsman's seem too much of a dream to any person who shuns tools, in his time, were indispensable to the work "the scientific use of the imagination"; its impon he had in hand. But the unit of industrial organiza- derables may seem to lack that axiomatic self-suffi tion and procedure, what may be called the "going ciency which one would like to find in the spiritual concern”in production, is now the outfit of industrial foundations of any system of law and custom. In equipment, a works, engaged in a given mechanical deed the best of its imponderables are in a fair way process designed to turn out a given output of stand- - now to drop back into the discard of uncertified ardized product; it is the plant, or shop. And make-believe. But in point of historical fact it ap under this new order of industrial methods and pears to have stood the test of time and use, so far values it has already come to be a commonplace of as appears on the face of law and custom. popular "knowledge and belief” that the mechani- However, the subsequent course of events has cal equipment is the creative factor in industry, shown no indisposition to depart from this "natural and the “production” of the output is credited to state of man," on the effectual reality of which the plant's working capacity and set down to its the modern point of view rests its inviolate princi account as a going concern; whereas the other fac- 410 November 16 THE DIAL rate, and tors engaged, as, for instance, workmen and mater tion to its scope and method, its principles of knowl- ials, are counted in as auxiliary factors which are edge and belief, leads headlong to a mechanistic indispensable but subsidiary. conception of things, ways, means, ends, and values, Under the new order the going concern in pro whether it is called by that name or not. The duction is the plant or shop, the works, not the indi- resulting frame of mind is often spoken of loosely vidual workman. The time, place, as Materialism. This impersonal character of the material conditions of the work in hand are deter- workday habituation is particularly to be counted on mined immediately by the mechanically standardized wherever the latter-day scheme of mechanical stand- process in which the given plant is engaged ; and ardization takes effect with all that wide sweep and beyond that all these matters are dependent on the massive drift with which it now dominates the larger exigencies and maneuvers of business, largely by centers of population. way of moderating the rate of production and keep- ing the output reasonably short of the productive Since the modern era began, the state of the indus- capacity. The workman has become subsidiary to trial arts has been undergoing a change of type, the mechanical equipment, and productive industry such as the followers of Mendel would call a "mu- has become subsidiary to business, in all those coun- ation.” And in the course of this mutation the tries which have come in for the latter-day state of workman and his part in the conduct of industry the industrial arts, and which so have fallen under have suffered a great dislocation. But it is also the domination of the price system. to be admitted that the typical owner-employer of Such is the state of things throughout in those the earlier modern time, such as he stood in the greater industries that are characteristic of the new mind's eye of the eighteenth century doctrinaires, order; and these greater industries now set the pace this traditional owner-employer has also come and make the standards of management and valua- through the period of the mutation in a scarcely tion for the rest. At the same time these greater better state of preservation. At the period of this industries of the machine era extend their domina- stabilization of principles in the eighteenth century he tion beyond their own immediate work, and enforce could still truthfully be spoken of as a “master,” a standardization of much the same mechanical char a foreman of the shop, and he was invested with a acter in the community at large, in the ways and large reminiscence of the master-craftsman, as known means of living as well as in the ways and means in the time of the craft-guilds. He stood forth in of work. The effects of their mechanically stand- the eighteenth century argument on the natural order ardized production, in the way of goods and services of things as the wise and workmanlike designer and as well as in the similarly standardized traffic guide of his workmen's handiwork, and he was through which these goods and services are dis then still presumed to be living in workday contact tributed to the consumers, reach out into the every- and communion with them, and to deal with them on day life of all classes; but most immediately and an equitable footing of personal interest. imperatively they reach the working class of the Such a characterization of the capitalist-employer industrial centers. So they largely set the pace who was doing business at the time of the Industrial for the ordinary occupations of the common man Revolution may seem overdrawn, and there is no even apart from any employment in the greater need of insisting on its precise accuracy as a descrip- mechanical industries. It is especially the latter-day tion of eighteenth century facts. But it should not system of transport and communication as it works be extremely difficult to show that substantially such out under the new order-highly mechanical and a figure of an employer-owner was had in mind exactingly scheduled for time, rate, and place—that by those who then argued the questions of wages so controls and standardizes the ordinary life of the and employment and laid down the lines on which common man on mechanical lines. the employment of labor would be expected to ar- The training enforced by this mechanical stand range itself under the untroubled system of natural ardization therefore is of much the same order liberty. But what is more to the point is that which throughout the community as it is within the me is beyond question. In practical fact, almost as chanical industries proper, and it drives to the same fully as in the speculations of the doctrinaires, the outcome—submergence of the personal equation. So employer of labor in the productive industries of that the workday information and the reasoning that time was, in his own person, commonly also by use of which all men carry on their daily life the personal owner of the establishment in which under the new order is of the same general character his hired workmen were employed; and also-again as that information and reasoning which guides the in passable accord with the facts—he was presumed mechanical engineers; and this unremitting habitua- personally to come to terms with his workmen about 1 1918 411 THE DIAL wages and conditions of work. Employment was That the facts of the new order have in this way considered to be a relation of man to man. That departed from the ground on which the constituent much is explicit in the writings which bear the date principles of the modern point of view are based, mark of this modern Liberal point of view; and the and on which therefore the votaries of the estab- same assumption has continued to stand over as a lished system take their stand—this state of things self-sufficient premise among the defenders of the cannot be charged to anyone's personal account and free competitive system in industry for three or four made a subject of recrimination. In fact it is not generations after that period. a case for personal discretion and responsibility in But the course of events has gone its own way, detail, but rather for concerted action looking to and about that time—somewhere along in the middle some practicable working arrangement. half of the eighteenth century—that type of em The personal equation is no longer a material fac- ployer began to be displaced in those industries which it tor in the situation. Ownership, too, has been caught have since then set the pace and made the outcome in the net of the new order and has been depersonal- for wages and conditions of work. So soon as the ized to a degree beyond what would have been machine industry began to make headway, the in conceivable a hundred years ago, especially so far dustrial plant increased in size, and the number of as it has to do with the use of material resources workmen employed in each establishment grew con and man power in the greater industries. Owner- tinually larger, until in the course of time the large shíp has been "denatured.” It used to be true that scale of organization in industry has put any relation personally responsible discretion in all details was of man to man out of the question between employ the chief and abiding power conferred by ownership; ers and workmen in the leading industries. Indeed but wherever it has to do with the machine industry it is not unusual to find that in an industrial plant and large-scale organization, ownership now has of a large or middling size, a factory, mill, works, virtually lost this essential part of its ordinary func- mine, shipyard, or railway of the ordinary sort, very tions. It has taken the shape of an absentee owner- few of the workmen would be able, under oath, ship of anonymous corporate capital, and in the ordi- to identify their owners. At the same time, and nary management of this corporate capital the owing to the same requirements of large-scale and greater proportion of the owners have no voice. mechanical organization, the ownership of the works In practical fact today, corporate capital is the has also progressively been changing character, so capitalized earning-capacity of the corporation con- that today, in the large and leading industries, the sidered as a going business concern; and the owner- place of the personal employer-owner is taken by a ship of this capital therefore foots up to a claim on composite business concern which represents a com- the earnings of the corporation. Corporate capital bination of owners, no one of whom is individually of this kind is impersonal in more than one sense: responsible for the concern's transactions. it may be transferred piecemeal from one owner to The personal employer-owner has virtually dis another without visibly affecting the management or appeared from the great industries. His place is the rating of the concern whose securities change now filled by a list of corporation securities and a hands in this way; and the personal identity of the staff of corporation officials and employees who exer owner of any given block of this capital need not cise a limited discretion. The personal note is no be known even to the concern, to its administrative longer to be had in the wage relation, except in officers, or to those persons whose daily work and those backward, obscure, and subsidiàry industries needs are bound up with the daily transactions of the in which the mechanical reorganization of the new concern. For most purposes and as regards the order has not taken effect. So, even that contractual greater proportion of the investors who in this way arrangement which defines the workman's relation own the corporation's capital, these owners are, in to the establishment in which he is employed, and effect, anonymous creditors, whose sole effectual to the anonymous corporate ownership by which relation to the enterprise is that of a fixed “over- he is employed, now takes the shape of a statistical head charge” on its operations. Such is the case, reckoning, in which virtually no trace of the relation even in point of form, as regards the investors in cor- of man to man is to be found. Yet the principles of porate bonds and preferred stock. The ordinary the modern point of view governing this contractual investor is, in effect, an anonymous pensioner on the relation, in current law and custom, are drawn on enterprise; his relation to industry is in the nature of the 'old assumption that wages and conditions of a liability, and his share in the conduct of this indus- work are arranged for by free bargaining between try is much like the share which the Old Man of the man and man on a footing of personal understand Sea once had in the promenades of Sinbad. ing and equal opportunity, No doubt, any reasonably skilful economist—any 41 2 November 16 THE DIAL . certified accountant of economic theory-could suc product over cost, counting cost in terms of man cessfully question the goodness of this characteriza- power and material resources; and under the estab- tion of corporate capital. It is, in fact, not such a lished rule of self-help and free bargaining this description as is commonly met with in those theories margin of net product has come to rest on produc- of ownership and investment that trace back to the tive industry as an overhead charge payable to anony- formal definitions of Ricardo and Adam Smith. Nor mous outsiders who own the corporation securities. is this description here set down as a formal defini There need be no question of the equity of this ar- tion of corporate capital and its uses, nor is it de- rangement, as between the men at work in the indus- signed to fit into that traditional scheme of concep tries and the beneficiaries to whom the overhead tions that still holds the attention of the certified charge is payable. At least there is no intention here economists. Its aim is the less ambitious one of to question the equity of it, or to defend the arrange- describing, in a loose and informal way, what is ment against any question that may be brought. the nature and uses of this corporate capital and It is also to be remarked that the whole arrange- its ownership, in the apprehension of the common ment has this appearance of gratuitous handicap and man out of doors. He is not familiar with the recon hardship only when it is looked at from the crude dite wisdom of the past, or with subtle definitions; ground-level of tangible performance. When seen but he knows something of the subtleties of the mar in the dry light of the old and honest principles of ket, the crop season, the blast-furnace and refinery, self-help and equal opportunity, as understood by the internal-combustion engine, and such like hard the substantial and well-meaning citizens, it all and fast matters with which he is required to get casts no shadow of iniquity or inexpediency. along from day to day. The purpose is only to bring So, without prejudice to any ulterior question out, without undue precision, what these interesting which may be harbored by one and another, the phenomena of capital, investment, fixed charges, and question which is here had in mind is quite simply the like may be expected to foot up to in the un as to the production of this disposable margin of schooled reflections of the common man, who always net product over human cost. The relevant facts comes in as "the party of the second part" in all are neither particularly obscure nor particularly elu- these maneuvers of corporation finance. He com sive; only, they have had little attention in the monly has no more than a slender and sliding grasp argument of economists and politicians. The parti- of those honorable principles of certified make tion of incomes is apparently more easily understood believe that distinguish the modern point of view by them, and a more engrossing subject of argumen- in all that relates to property and its uses; but he tation than the production of goods. This would be has had the benefit of some exacting experience particularly true for these economists and politicians in the ways of the new order and its standards of who are well imbued with the legalistic spirit of the reckoning. By consequence of much untempered modern point of view. experience the common man is beginning to see these It is known to all, even to the most safely guarded things in the glaring though fitful light of that persons who do not come in contact with industry mechanistic conception that rates men and things or production, that industry will always turn out on grounds of tangible performance, without much something in the way of a net margin of product afterthought. As seen in this light, and without over human cost-over human effort and necessary much afterthought, very much of the established sys consumption. It holds true as far back as the rec- tem of obligations, earnings, perquisites, and emolu ords have anything to say. It is evidently a ques- ments appears to rest on a network of make-believe. tion of the productivity of the industrial arts. Men Now, it may be deplorable, perhaps inexcusable, at work turn out a net product because they know that the new order in industry should engender how and are interested in doing it, and their output habits of thought of this unprofitable kind; but then, is limited by the industrial methods which they have after all, regrets and excuses do not make the out the use of. come, and with sufficient reason interest today cen But the industrial system of the new order will ters on the outcome. work at the high rate of efficiency of which it is capable only under suitable conditions. It is a To come to an understanding of the source and comprehensive system of interdependent working origin of this margin of disposable revenue that now parts, organized on a large scale and with an exact- goes to the earnings of corporate capital, it is neces ing articulation of parts—works, mills, railways, sary to come to an understanding of the industrial shipping, groups and lines of industrial establish- system out of which the disposable margin of revenue ments, all working together on a somewhat deli- Productive industry yields a margin of net cately balanced plan of mutual give and take. No 1918 413 THE DIAL one member or section of this system is a self-suffi amount by which this actual production exceeds its cient industrial enterprise, even if it is true that no own cost, as counted in terms of subsistence, and one member is strictly dependent on any other one. including the cost of the necessary mechanical equip- Indeed no one member or section, group, or line of ment; this net product will then approximately coin- industrial establishments, in this industrial universe cide with the annual keep, the cost of maintenance of the new order, is a productive factor at all, except and replacement, of the investors or owners of as it fits into and duly gives and takes its share in capitalized property who are not engaged in produc- the work of the system as a whole. Such exceptions tive industry, and who are on this account some- to this rule of interlocking processes as may appear times spoken of as the “kept classes.” Indeed, it on first examination are likely to prove exceptions in would seem that the number and average cost per appearance only. They are backward trades and capita of the kept classes, communibus annis, affords occupations which have not had the benefit of the something of a rough measure of the net product Industrial Revolution and do not belong under the habitually derived from the community's annual new, mechanistic order of industry; or they are production. trades, occupations and works devoted to the con The state of the industrial arts therefore is the sumption of goods or to the maintenance of the rules indispensable conditioning circumstance which deter- governing the distribution and consumption of mines the productive capacity of any given commun- wealth, as, for instance, menial service, police service ity; and this is true in a peculiar degree under this and the apparatus of the law, the learned professions new order of industry, in which the industrial arts and the fine arts. have reached an unexampled development. The It is also of the essence of this industrial system same decisive fact may also be described as "the com- and its technology that it necessarily involves the munity's joint stock of technological knowledge.” industrial community as a whole, its working popu- This common stock of technological knowledge de- lation and its material resources; and the measure cides what will be the ordinary ways and means of its successful operation is determined by the of industry, and so it decides what will be the effectual teamwork of its constituent parts. Evidently character and volume of the output of product which the total output of product turned out under this a given man power is capable of turning out. The industrial system, the "annual production," or the working community is a productive factor only by "annual dividend," is the output of the total com virtue of, and only up to the limit set by, the state munity working together as a balanced organization of the industrial arts which it has the use of. These of industrial forces engaged in a moving equilibrium of course are obvious facts, which it should scarcely of production. No part or fraction of the com be necessary to recite, except that they are habitually munity is a productive factor in its own right and overlooked, perhaps because they are obvious. taken by itself, since no work can be done by any This body of technological knowledge, the state segment of the community in isolation from the rest; of the industrial arts, of course has always continued no one plant or works would be a producer in the to be held as a joint stock. Indeed, this is the sub- absence of all the rest. The total product is the stance of the community's civilization on the ma- product of the total community's work. terial side, and therefore it constitutes the substantial The question of productivity and net productivity core of that civilization. Like any other phase or may, therefore, be stated in general terms to the element of the cultural heritage, it is a joint posses- following effect: The possible or potential produc- sion of the community, so far as concerns its custody, tive capacity of any given community, having the exercise, increase, and transmission; but it has disposal of a given complement of man power and turned out, under the peculiar circumstances that material resources, is a matter of the state of the condition the use of this technology among these industrial arts, the technological knowledge which civilized peoples, that its ownership or usufruct the community has the use of; this sets the limit, has come to be effectually vested in a relatively determines the "maximum" production of which the small number of persons. community is capable. The actual production in The machine technology requires for its working such a community will then be determined by the a large and specialized mechanical apparatus, an extent to which the available technological effi ever increasingly large and increasingly elaborate ciency is turned to account; which is regulated in material equipment. So also it requires a large and part by the intelligence, or education of the work- diversified supply of material resources, both in raw ing population, and in greater part by market condi- materials and in the way of motive power. It is tions, which decide how large a product it will be only on condition that these requirements are met profitable to turn out. The net product is the in some passable fashion that this industrial system 414 November 16 THE DIAL will work at all, and it is only as these requirements to the owners of the indispensable material means are freely met that the machine industry will work of industry. The outcome is, in effect, that these at a high efficiency. At the same time the settled owners have equitably become the sole legitimate principles of law and usage and public policy handed beneficiaries of the community's disposable margin down from the eighteenth century have in effect of product above cost. decided, and continue to decide, that all material These are also simple facts and patent, and they wealth is, rightly, to be held in private ownership, should seem sufficiently obvious without argument. and is to be made use of only subject to the unham- They have also been explained at some length else- pered discretion of the legally rightful owner. where. But this recital of what should already Meantime the highly productive state of the indus be commonplace information seems necessary here trial arts embodied in the technological knowledge for the sake of a more perspicuous continuity in the of the new order can be turned to account only present argument. To many persons, perhaps to the by use of this material equipment and these natural greater proportion of those impecunious persons who resources which continue to be held in private owner are sometimes spoken of collectively as "the common ship. From which it follows that these material man,” the state of things which has just been out- means of industry, and the state of the industrial arts lined may seem unfortunate. And further reflection which these material means are to serve, can be on the character and prospective consequences of this turned to productive use only so far and on such arrangement is likely to add something more to the conditions as the rightful owners of the material common man's apprehension of hardship and inse- equipment and resources may choose to impose ; curity to come. Therefore it may be well to recall which enables the owners of this indispensable ma- that this state of things has been brought to pass terial wealth, in effect, to take over the use of these not by the failure of those principles of equity and industrial arts for their own sole profit. So that self-help that lie at the root of it all, but rather the usufruct of the community's technological knowl by the eminently unyielding stability and self-suffi- edge has come to vest in the owners of such material ciency of these principles. It is not due to any inher- wealth as is held in sufficiently large blocks for the ent weakness or shiftiness in these principles of law purpose. and custom, which have faithfully remained the same Therefore, by award of the settled principles of as ever, and which all men admit were good and equity and self-help embodied in the modern point sound at the period of their installation. But it is of view, the owners of the community's material beginning to appear now, after the event, that the resources—that is to say the investors in industrial inclusion of unrestricted ownership among those business—have in effect become “seised and possessed rights and perquisites which were allowed to stand of” the community's joint stock of technological over when the transition was made to the modern knowledge and efficiency. Not that this accumulated point of view is likely to prove inexpedient in the knowledge of industrial forces and processes has further course of growth and change. passed into the intellectual keeping of the investors Unrestricted ownership of property, with inheri- and been assimilated into their mentality, even to tance, free contract, and self-help, is believed to the extent of a reasonably scanty modicum. It have been highly expedient as well as eminently equi- remains true of course that the investors, owners, table under the circumstances which conditioned civi- kept classes, or whatever designation is preferred, are lized life at the period when the civilized world made quite exceptionally ignorant of all that mechanics up its mind to that effect. And the discrepancy of industry whose usufruct is vested in them; they which has come in evidence in this later time is are in effect fully occupied with other things, and traceable to the fact that other things have not their knowledge of industry does not, and need not, remained the same. The odious outcome has been extend to any rudiments of technology or industrial made by disturbing causes, not by these enlightened process. It is not as intelligent persons, but only principles of honest living. Security and unlimited as owners of material ways and means, as vested discretion in the rights of ownership were once interests, that they come into the case. The excep rightly made much of as a simple and obvious safe- tions to this rule are only sufficiently numerous to guard of self-direction and self-help for the common call attention to themselves as exceptions. As an man; whereas, in the event, under a new order of intellectual achievement and as a working force the circumstances, it promises to be nothing better than state of the industrial arts continues, of course, to a means of assured defeat and vexation for the be held jointly in and by the community at large; common man. it equitable title to its usufruct has in effect passed THORSTEIN VEBLEN. 1918 415 THE DIAL . Vicente Blasco Ibáñez A Full View of Blasco Ibáñez, the Spanish novel- strange thrill of actual participation. So absorbed ist whose war story The Four Horsemen of the does the writer become in this part of his tale that Apocalypse (Dutton; $1.90) and historical novel we are drawn into it with him, and almost uncon- Sónnica (Duffield; $1.35) have recently been trans sciously. lated into English, looks more like a composite photo For instance, both The Four Horsemen of the graph than a clear portrait. The versatile author, Apocalypse and Sónnica deal primarily with war, now approaching his fifty-second birthday, has lived the first with the eventful days of the Marne, the a life of multifarious activity. He knew, as early second with the siege of ancient Saguntum by Hanni- as his eighteenth year, the ignominy of political im bal; yet in each the author is, so to speak, contem- prisonment-an ignominy that he doubtless looked porary with his subject. In each he describes war upon as glory; he knew, as early as his thirty-first as the horrible thing it is; not for him the prettified year, the recompense of fame, when he wrote his pictures of gold braid and gold medals. At Sagun- remarkable tale The Cabin, which later crossed the tum you starve with the besieged, you behold them borders of Spain and appeared in the Revue des reduced to the verge of cannibalism, you walk with Deux Mondes under the suggestive title Terres the heroic defenders of the city into the communal Maudites and this year became accessible in Eng- funeral pyre rather than surrender to the indomi- lish (Knopf; $1.50). He has pleaded his radical table Celtiberian. At Saguntum too, in the volup- causes in person as well as in print, has been exiled, tuous days before the coming of war, you revel in pardoned, acclaimed leader of the Republican party the orgies of Sónnica the courtesan, and it is a of his nation, and has represented it in the Cortes; - tribute not only to the author's powers of recon- he has translated portly tomes upon portly subjects, structing a past civilization, but also to his virtuosity, directed his own publishing house (through which he that the scenes in Sonnica's abode of pleasure are has been of vast assistance in disseminating new drawn with an equal measure of realism and actu- ideas), and has achieved an international reputation ality. Blasco Ibáñez has a fondness for wealth of based upon a steady succession of novels. Including detail, but rarely does he overdo it, as in some his latest work, the voluminous Mare Nostrum, passages of Mare Nostrum. Turn from Sónnica which has not yet been put into English, the novels to The Four Horsemen and you are face to face alone run to about seventeen, with two more—Venus with contemporary warfare in all its horrors of body Dolorosa and Los Enemigos de la Mujer (The Ene and soul. Here, as in the earlier novel of war, mies of Woman)-in preparation. For a literary For a literary the description rises to interpretation. The mud and career which began only about 1894 and which has blood of the trenches becomes almost visible; the included travels and endless translations, not to characters themselves, rather than acting against a speak of an ever growing history of the present war, background of war, become merely a detail of the his labors have been prolific, yet characteristically vast mechanism. In this respect the Spaniard stands Spanish in their versatility. easily in the forefront of those who have written Both the life and the writings of this energetic of the present conflict. He is the Vereschagin of the personality have been devoted to the same high pur- modern war novel. pose-the abolition of all enemies to progress and Mare Nostrum does for warfare upon the sea freedom. In his attitude toward Church and State, what The Four Horsemen does for it on land. Its toward the bullfight or the evils of drink, toward author was from the very first imbued with a strong the self-blighting ignorance of the very people for pro-Ally sentiment. Long a lover of France and whom he has fought, he has been frank and fearless. republicanism, and long devoted to Zola, from whom Naturally such propagandist dynamism shows in he probably drew his descriptive skill, he naturally his works, which possess the defects of their quality. let this triple love appear in his later works. Mare But they have the virtues too. Blasco Ibáñez is, Nostrum is at once an indictment of the German U- above all things, a writer of intense, radiant power. boat methods and a trumpet call to Spain. In its He is quick to respond to the picturesque, whether interpretative description of the Mediterranean Sea animate in the folk of his beloved Valencia or inani as a background for the action, he has written pages mate in that nature which he has endowed with worthy of a Hugo; this part of the novel is epic meaningful life. At his best he triumphs in scenes in its effect. demanding epic description, until we The weakness of Blasco Ibáñez lies in characteri- whelmed with the sense of actuality and feel a zation. This is not so evident in his earlier as it are over- 416 November 16 THE DIAL has become in his later novels. Take, for instance, with fuel. His country is neutral and he sees no so absorbing a tale as The Cabin, which suffers wrong in it. He is destined however to have his from a rather stiff translation into English but eyes opened to the scope of his acts. which is none the less superior both to The Four As in the case of the preceding novel, the revela- Horsemen and to Mare Nostrum as a work of art. tion comes to him through his son, who is blown up Although it has been objected that the persons of on board ship by one of the very submarines that The Cabin are types, yet there is such a throbbing he has provisioned. Freya, the German spy, is intensity in their presentation that we forget, as drawn in the most melodramatic fashion. She is a we read, to inquire into the matter. Again, take movie "vampire" of the first class, almost a carica- what French and Italian critics look upon as the ture. Yet it is plainly to be seen that the author Spaniard's masterpiece, Cañas y Barro (Reeds and meant her seriously. As so frequently in this writer, Mud), which is as yet unknown in our tongue. This. the best characterization appears in the secondary like the preceding tale, belongs to the regional novel. personages. a genre that has received much attention in Spain. The later novels reveal another tendency, in because of the well-defined characteristics of the vari which, alas, the Spaniard is not alone. He spins his ous parts of the country and the peculiarities of per yarns out to inordinate length. Mare Nostrum in son and place to which they give origin. Here, as in particular is filled with a wealth of oceanographical The Cabin, it may be objected that the persons are detail, combined with snatches of history, that clearly types rather than characters, yet the case for effective do not belong in the book, however informative they characterization is by no means weak. A re-reading may be. This is all the more to be deplored on of such novels as these makes one ask whether the account of the superlative beauty of some of the real field for their author is not in the regional passages devoted to the Mediterranean. There is no novel rather than in the more profitable, but less doubt, in one reader's mind at least, that these later artistic, tales of war as exemplified in The Four tales were written in altogether too great haste. Horsemen and Mare Nostrum. One of the disadvantages of writing war books Agreeing at the outset that The Four Horsemen while the war is in progress is that the possibility of the Apocalypse and its successor were written in of their being rendered anachronistic by the advance a worthy and triumphant cause, let us also agree not of the conflict inspires in the author a greater impa- to be therefore blind to their artistic defects. The tience than usual to get his book out as soon as pos- Four Horsemen suffers from two serious drawbacks sible. in this respect. Not only is the characterization Yet for all his faults, Blasco Ibáñez exercises over weak, but the interest of the novel shifts at a crucial the reader a fascination that could not be effective point from one protagonist to another. At first we but for the presence of high talent. Other novel- are led to believe that the tale will concern chiefly ists are more expert in characterization, yet they Julio Desnoyers and his married sweetheart. Neither attract us far less. Other writers manage a plot of these is distinguished for any depth of mind, with greater consistency, yet we follow them with yet the war suddenly makes self-sacrificing models of diminished ardor. There is in all this man does a them. Such a transformation may be true; in fact, vehemence that carries us along even over page after under the enormous stress of contemporary warfare page of detail for detail's sake. And although in it must have been so in countless instances. Yet in a choice of subject he seems to yield quite readily to novel it is not enough to state the conversion; it should have been prepared, however slightly. Once the crowd, there is no such concession in the matter of style. He has a habit of extended indirect dis- Julio goes to war the author centers his attention and ours upon Julio's aged father, who having in 1870 course, for instance, as if to avoid direct quotation. He run away from military service in France, has re- possesses a love of historical lore and of minutiae turned from South America a wealthy man, only to in description. He likes to write long chapters, find himself face to face with another and a greater that could easily be split into shorter and more imme- His son's death in a sense redeems his own diately effective ones. previous desertion. Throughout, of course, the pur- The secret of his power may lie in the projection pose is plain; take away the marvelous pages of of his dynamic personality upon all he does. This description however, and the story is not only trite lover of the glory that was Greece and the glory but ill managed that is France, this hater of ancient Rome (as dis- Similar artistic evils beset Mare Nostrum. Ulises, played in Sónnica) and of contemporary Germany, a Spanish shipowner, is intrigued by Freya, a fasci is a good fighter, a passionate lover, a colorful cham- nating beauty, into supplying German submarines pion, an embodiment of the new Spain, or at least, war. 1918 417 THE DIAL of one of the phases of the new Spain. And if the reader wishes to know the best that Ibáñez has done in the modern novel, let him turn, after perusing the great descriptive passages of these latest works, to such a tale as The Cabin or to Cañas y Barro. Here are no pages of padding, no inartistic projecting of purpose through plan, no shifting of interest, no excessive agglomeration of detail, no jerking of man- ikins. Here is thesis subordinated tomor, better still, fused with-art; here is atmosphere, insight, power, proportion. Here is the real Blasco Ibáñez. ISAAC GOLDBERG. The Function of Rhythm the pas- IN N THE PREFACE to his new book of poems, On found in prose, some check must be used lest the Heaven (Lane; $1.25), Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer excitation arising therefrom, whether pleasurable or remarks: painful, exceed desired bounds. Rhythm is to act The greater part of the book is, I notice on putting it as a narcotic. "The co-expression of something regu- together, in either vers libre or rhymed vers libre. I am lar, something to which the mind has been accus- not going to apologize for this or to defend vers libre as tomed in a less excited state cannot but such. It is because I simply can't help it. Vers libre is the only medium in which I can convey any more inti- have great efficacy in tempering mate moods. Vers libre is a very jolly medium in which sion by an admixture of ordinary feeling. to write and to read, if it be read conversationally and Only by way of incidental emendation did Words- quietly. And anyhow, symmetrical or rhymed verse is for me a cramped and difficult medium-or an easy worth suggest that in some cases meter might "con- and uninteresting one. tribute to impart passion to the words." This is per- One recollects, further, that Mr. Hueffer has in the haps to put the cart before the horse. Mr. Hueffer, past been also insistent, in theory and in practice, on on the other hand, while equally regarding or appear- the point that poetry should be at least as well ing to regard meter as a subsidiary element, raises written as prose-that, in other words, it must be a different and subtler objection to it. In common good prose before it can be good poetry. Taken with a good many champions of free verse he feels together, these ideas singularly echo a preface written that free verse is better than symmetrical verse for one hundred and twenty odd years ago—Words the conveyance of more intimate moods. This is a worth's preface to the Lyrical Ballads. In the plausible and intriguing theory. At first glimpse appendix to that volume Wordsworth, it will be it seems only natural that in a freer and more discur- recalled, remarked that in works of imagination sive medium the poet should find himself better able the ideas, in proportion as they are valuable, whether to fix upon the more impalpable nuances of feeling: in prose or verse, "require and exact one and the But a steadier inspection leaves one not quite so same language.” And throughout he insisted on sure. If one can convey subtler moods in free verse doing away with all merely decorative language and than in symmetrical verse, might one not logically on using the speech of daily life. argue that prose could be subtler still than either? On the matter of meter or rhythm, however, the And we should have reached the conclusion that two poets are not so entirely in agreement as they poetry should employ, to reach its maximum effi- might appear to be. They are in agreement, it might ciency, not only the language but also the rhythms be said, just in so far as they both seem inclined of prose—in other words, that it should be prose. to regard the question of rhythm as only of minor The logic is perhaps not impeccable; but it is or incidental importance. “Metre,” said Words- ' sufficiently strong to suggest the presence of some worth, "is only adventitious to composition.” Mr. error. If prose could convey subtler emotional Hueffer, as is seen above, candidly admits that he moods and impressions than poetry, why write avoids the strictest symmetrical forms because to use poetry? We suspect however that the reverse is them well is too difficult. Do both poets perhaps true, and that it is poetry which possesses the greater underestimate the value of rhythm ? In the light of and subtler power of evocation. But the language the widespread vogue of free verse at present, it is a is, largely speaking, the same in both. And conse- question interesting to speculate upon. And Mr. quently we must assume that this superior quality Hueffer's poems, which are excellent, afford us a of evocativeness or magic which we associate with pleasant opportunity. poetry has something to do with the fact that, more Wordsworth's theory as to the function of rhythm artfully than in prose, the language is arranged. was peculiar. He believed that as poetry consists And this arrangement is, obviously, in great part a usually in a finer distillation of the emotions than is matter of rhythm. 418 November 16 THE DIAL This brings us back, accordingly, to the after poems in which the theme is equally delightful and thought in Wordsworth’s appendix to the Lyrical effective on the first reading, that poem of the two Ballads—the idea that meter may impart "passion” which develops the theme with the richer and more to words. The truth of this seems irrefragable. perfect complexity of technique will longer afford When a poet, therefore, discards rhythm he is dis- pleasure in re-reading. It is, in other words, of carding perhaps the most powerful single artifice more permanent value. of poetry which is at his disposal--the particular Mr. Hueffer confesses in advance that he prefers artifice, moreover, which more than any other enables a less to a more complex form of art. As a matter the poet to obtain a psychic control over his reader, of fact Mr. Hueffer is too modest. When he speaks to exert a sort of hypnosis over him. Rhythm is of free verse he does not mean, to the extent in which persuasive; it is the very stuff of life. It is not sur it is usually meant, verse without rhythm. At his prising therefore that things can be said in rhythm freest he is not far from a genuinely rhythmic which otherwise cannot be said at all; paraphrase a method; and in many respects his sense of rhythm fine passage of poetry into prose and in the dishevel- is both acute and individual. Three poems in his ment the ghost will have escaped. A good many book would alone make it worth printing: Antwerp, champions of free verse would perhaps dispute this. which is one of the three or four brilliant poems They would fall back on the theory that, at any rate, inspired by the war; Footsloggers, which though certain moods more colloquial and less intense than not so good, is none the less very readable; and those of the highest type of poetry, and less colloquial On Heaven, the poem which gives the volume and more intense than those of the highest type of its name. It is true that in all three of these poems prose, could find their aptest expression in this form Mr. Hueffer very often employs a rhythm which is which lies halfway between. But even here their almost as dispersed as that of prose; but the point to position will not be altogether secure, at least in be emphatically remarked is that he does so only theory. Is any contemporary poetry more colloquial by way of variation on the given norm of move- or intimate than that of T. S. Eliot, who is predomi- ment, which is essentially and predominantly rhyth- nantly a metrical poet? It is doubtful. Metrical Metrical mic. Variation of this sort is no more or less than verse, in other words, can accomplish anything good artistry; and Mr. Hueffer is a very competent that free verse can, and can do it more powerfully. artist, in whose hands even the most captious reader What we inevitably come to is simply the fact that feels instinctively and at once secure. Does he at for some poets free verse is an easier medium than times overdo the dispersal of rhythm? Perhaps. metrical verse, and consequently allows them greater There are moments, in Antwerp and in On Heaven, efficiency. It is desirable therefore that such poets when the relief of the reader on coming to a force- should employ free verse. They only transgress fully rhythmic passage is so marked as to make him when they argue from this that free verse is the finer suspect that the rhythm of the passage just left was form. This it is not. not forceful enough. Mr. Hueffer is of a discursive The reasons for this would take us beyond the temperament, viewed from whatever angle, and this mere question of rhythm. When Wordsworth re leads him inevitably to over-inclusiveness and mo- marked that one could re-read with greater pleasure ments of let-down. One feels that a certain amount a painful or tragic passage of poetry than a similar of cutting would improve both Antwerp and On passage of prose, although he mistakenly ascribed this Heaven. as altogether due to the presence of meter, he never Yet one would hesitate to set about it oneself. theless touched closely upon the real principle at issue. Both poems are delightful. Mr. Hueffer writes with For compared with the pleasure derived from the gusto and imagination, and—what is perhaps rarer reading of prose, the pleasure of reading poetry is among contemporary poets—with tenderness. On two-natured: in addition to the pleasure afforded Heaven may not be the very highest type of poetry- by the ideas presented, or the material (a pleasure it is clearly of the more colloquial sort, delightfully which prose equally affords), there is also the more expatiative, skilful in its use of the more subdued purely esthetic delight of the art itself, a delight tones of prose—but it takes hold of one, and that is which might be described as the sense of perfection enough. One accepts it for what it is, not demand- in complexity, or the sense of arrangement. This ing of it what the author never intended to give it- arrangement is not solely a question of rhythm. It that higher degree of perfection in intricacy, that is also concerned with the selection of elements in more intense and all-fusing synthesis, which would the language more vividly sensuous and with the have bestowed on it the sort of beauty that more per- more adroit combination of ideas with a view to set- manently endures. ting them off to sharper advantage. Given two CONRAD AIKEN 1918 419 THE DIAL The Light Essay PERHAPS ERHAPS IT is hardly fair to relegate the light you the impression that life has no more adventures, essay to the less creative forms of literature, to see and he ought to be as diverting as his youth and it as journalism dressed up, as it were, for a literary naivete will let him. The first requirement of the party. Yet when you have begun to identify “crea- light essay is that it should amuse you. To be tive" writing with novels, verse, and drama you find amused is to experience one of the really great pieces yourself belittling the essay as scarcely more than of good fortune in life. The trouble with most a subterfuge, an illegitimate method of securing the pretended amusement is the suddenness of your literary sensation without doing the genuine literary deflation. Mere wit and anecdote go out like a work. You suspect that the light essayist is a per candle in the wind. But the good essay does not son who was born without the narrative style and stale. You leave it refreshed and in a nice glow the poetic gift, who has not had enough adventures of pleasedness, and its flavor follows you. So that or does not understand life well enough to write it is this quality of amusingness that finally saves stories, and lacks the divine fire for verse. In spite the light essay from the non-creative reproach. But of the august examples of the essay which our pro all the more ghastly are the efforts that fail. The fessors slowly brought us to admire, most of us light essay is a truly perilous thing. would rather be a Maxim Gorky than a Lamb, or Mr. Holliday does not fail. Almost every page is have written The Brook Kerith than the Sketchbook amusing, and amusing in so simple a way that it of Washington Irving. American writers especially rather astonishes you. He does not overload like seem to be compensating for their lack of novelistic Strunsky, and yet he is not thin. When you find talent by a striking artistic capacity for the light yourself turning back to get the exact words in essay. They do not, like the protean Mr. Chester- which he describes the departure of the Whartons ton, simply toss it in as one of the many things they and Henry James from the Scribner shop, or the can do. They found whole literary careers on it. call of Chesterton, or the expensive girls at the art But you always feel something lacking, even in the exhibition, you decide that it was no mistake to piquant petulance of Miss Repplier, the sly charm capture these papers from the journals for which of Dr. Crothers, the urbanity of Mr. Sedgwick, and they were written, and put them between the covers even in the inexhaustibly witty fooling of Simeon of a book. To be sure, Mr. Holliday gives your Strunsky. Just the last vivifying touch is absent. mind no run for your money. He seems to have You feel that it is proper that most of these writers no particular convictions, and he has not a touch are middle-aged, and most of their readers too. of scholarliness. His motto is: “It is a very pleasant The youthful light essayist is usually a painful thing to go about in the world and see all the phenomenon. He is apt to be ostentatiously bright. people.” Scrubwomen and "bartenders in very low The middle-aged mind is legitimately mellow, and places,” as well as policemen, are among those people its self-consciousness is rather pleasant. We know whose conversation he values. He shares with you that it has ruminated over and is aware of a lot the romance of the fish-reporter's life. He delights of things that happened before we were born. But in the thunder of the trucks on Hudson Street. He vivid green shoots can't be mellow. The young loiters on upper Broadway, hunts lodgings, and takes essayist is afraid you will think he is unsophisticated, you behind the scenes of the book reviewer's sorry while the middle-aged doesn't much care if you life. And with all his informality of language and do. And youth's idea of being whimsical is usually mood he always manages to escape both cheapness to nose about among the irrelevant, and be very and self-consciousness. bold with the trivial. The youthful essayist usually I don't know how much of Mr. Holliday's appeal develops into the professional anecdotalist, with an comes from the fact that he is so charmingly one active mind that is harnessed up to no real thinking of the submerged, observing the world from behind but can only stream off from itself a futile current the counter of a bookshop or a reporter's desk, or of amusing incident. from the anonymous sidewalk. Here is no respect- When Mr. Robert Cortes Holliday, therefore, ability to maintain. He is neither a gentleman nor a in his Walking-Stick Papers (Doran; $1.50), de- preacher nor a maiden lady nor even a playgoer, scribes himself as a "pale, spectacled, middle-aged as most American 'essayists are. He is not dignity young man" you are prepossessed in his favor. A unbending and rather obviously in the act of play. middle-aged young man ought to write pretty good This irresponsible obscurity has so many advantages light essays. He ought to be mellow without giving that you wish he had endowed his papers occasion 420 November 16 THE DIAL ally with more mind. Not the least amusing touch stuffing of a sofa-pillow to rest your head against. is his dedication to "three fine men"-Brownell, And yet Mr. Van Vechten's intentions are evidently Belloc, and Cortissoz, three tough knights of reac all for the light essay for the bright unconventional tion if there ever were any. Mr. Holliday is the Mr. Holliday is the sauntering about the musical, dramatic, and literary cat looking at these kings. He admires them be fair. But like the others of his school, his gustatory cause "they represent to my mind the best things capacities are too enormous. He can swallow any going; the pure milk of the word.” Well, it is amount of bad plays, and any number of pseudo-deca- fortunate for him that the mysterious processes of dents like Edgar Saltus and Erik Satie. When he animal chemistry transform the purest milk into chooses out Feydeau and Mirbeau and Avery Hop- strange new forms of tissue and blood. In these wood and Philip Moeller to praise in the theater, papers there is not the faintest trace of the style, you feel that hatred of puritanism has thrown his attitudes, or opinions of these “fine men.” Is this taste, as it has that of Mencken's, askew. His the adorable naivete of a young man who admires essay In Defense of Bad Taste argues in favor without in the least comprehending, or who is so of sincerity, and that is good, But the trouble with genuinely humble that he does not even imitate? his school, with the Menckens and the Nathans, is So perhaps it is lucky he has left out the mind, and not that their taste is bad but that it is all disinte- given us his diverting pictures of celebrities in the grated. They mire themselves in facts because their solemn business of buying books, and of succumbing learning is not assimilated to their tastes. Neither to his Literary Levities in London. are their tastes harmonious with each other. These Mr. Holliday is not one of those writers who critics appreciate the second-rate, not because they do believe that to do a light essay all one needs is a not know any better, but because the whole slant of light subject. Mr. Carl Van Vechten is. So in their judgment has tended to take up the defense The Merry-Go-Round (Knopf; $2) he writes on of whatever the puritan mind most violently objects Music and Cooking, De Senectute Cantorum, and to. They have, one feels, let their taste be deter- then stuffs his pages with the most deplorably indi- mined rather by negativing the puritan than by gestible facts and anecdotes imaginable. For he is positively asserting a strong modern harmony of of that school of which James Huneker is the grand appreciation. father and H. L. Mencken the honored immediate Mr. Van Vechten however deserves some mitiga- sire. They are a curious crowd. They combine tion of these strictures. He is always as sprightly the utmost ferocity of conviction against the aca as his intellectual dough will allow him to be. demic and the puritanical with a pedantic fondness Where he can resist the clutch of facts, as in the for the ragbag of facts. They are, or have been, little piece called Au Bal Musette, he is graphic and most of them, musical and theatrical critics or invet- amusing. Here he has the light essay trembling on erate reviewers. And it is, of course, good for crit the very verge of the short story, and you find him ics to be erudite. As reviewers their minds require writing with a power that you wish he would oftener and receive continual fertilization of after-the-play avail himself of. He leaves the impression elsewhere suppers and convivial glasses. Their paradise is of a talent that has been somewhat coarsened either Munich, that dowdy city of heavenly beer, bad art, by too much use or by a following of minor prophets. good music, and a German king's idea of Greek What saves him in the end is the freshness and architecture. In their friendly intercourse there warmth of his appreciations. The Impressions of must be much barter of facts and anecdotes. And the Theater, the notes on Mimi Aguglia, Isadora one cannot write description, or praise and blame, Duncan, and the Spanish dancers of The Land of interminably. So into their writing, little by Joy are fine pieces of discerning admiration. In a little, the facts do creep, the mere historical rubbish merry-go-round of criticism it is, after all, this fine of the profession, and you get light essays like those cordiality of liking that the reader himself warms to. of Mr. Van Vechten, delineating every instance Just as Mr. Holliday wins us by his sense of the where musicians and food have come into contact, pleasantness of the world, so Mr. Van Vechten or reciting lists of the musical comedies he saw in wins us by his feeling, all theories put aside, for the his younger days. Or you get pages strewn with downright delight of dramatic genius. And at their felicities like this: “Sophie Arnould, one of the most celebrated actresses of the Eighteenth century, died best both of these young American writers do lift the light essay out of that disparaged level of non- in poverty at the age of 63, and there is no record creation, and make it not only truly amusing but of her burial place." imaginatively artistic as well. There are, of course, minds like that. But to read their work is as uncomfortable as taking out the RANDOLPH BOURNE. 1918 42 1 THE DIAL London, October 14 IR READ RECENTLY in a volume by a distinguished proud of them as Englishmen. In the second place, and vivacious American critic, whom I like so much psychology, which was the child of the novelists, has that I may’even end by respecting him, a paper on like so many modern children taken to bringing its The Great American Novel; and my blood is fired to parents up to date. Modern advances in the science rivalry. No lesser subject than The Great English of the mind have given a real stimulus to the writing Novel shall content me. of fiction; and though this stimulus has resulted I think however that what Mr. Huneker meant so far mainly in much disorder and extravagance, it by the phrase was a novel (still in the womb of time) has produced good results already and will produce which should express the whole of the American Re-' better. A good many persons in England sneer at public even as Balzac expressed (or failed to express the antics of the psychoanalysts; and I admit that -it depends on the point of view) the whole of the there seems to be something about the Freudian France of his time. I ask nothing so portentous: I doctrine which turns its followers occasionally into shall be quite happy with a good novel, even if it only buffoons. It may, too, promise to explain much more expresses an eccentric family in an obscure corner than it is capable of explaining; but to reject it on of a provincial town. those grounds is merely to own oneself incapable To my mind the English novel is passing through of distinguishing between good results and bad. a stage of ferment which can hardly fail to produce Advances in psychology are possible, not illusory, something really good. To be sure, we have our things. Stendhal really does tell us more about fine, established, elder writers already. Mr. Hardy the workings of the mind than the Gesta Roman- no longer abides our question; Mr. Conrad is a orum; and the methods of psychoanalysis promise to great man; and if the position of Mr. Wells and tell us more still. For my part, I rejoice to hear my Mr. Bennett is not unquestionable, at all events I friends babbling about the Censor and Introverts do not think it is open to profitable questioning at and Extroverts and the Undifferentiated Function. the moment. But if we move ten or twenty years It delights me to see Mr. J. D. Beresford clinging further down we see a welter of reputations half grimly through three hundred odd pages to the tail made and barely begun which will really repay of the Unconscious. Sometimes I am extremely examination. My opinion is that there is now a bored and sometimes I think they are grossly in greater number of English writers trying their error; but I bear with them gladly, knowing that utmost, to the exclusion of all other considerations, they are taking psychoanalysis out of the hands of to compose good novels than has ever existed before. the doctors and bringing it from the asylum into the Let me name as many as I can remember: J. D. street. God forbid that I should seem to belittle Beresford, Ford Madox Hueffer, Frank Swinnerton, the importance of psychoanalysis in the asylum. If D. H. Lawrence, Compton Mackenzie, F. Brett my aunt takes it into her head that she is a rabbit Young, Viola Meynell, J. M. Murry, Katharine and can only live in a hutch, I am grateful to the Mansfield, E. M. Delafield, Ethel Mayne, Rebecca alienist who discovers that this illusion is due to the West, and Norman Douglas. I do not pretend that long suppression of her religious sense, and can re- this list is exhaustive; but, to use a disrespectful move it. But I shall also be grateful to the creative phrase, what a menagerie it is! Neither do I pre artist who, in the more important business of explain- tend that all of these writers are equally good; but ing normal humanity, can tell me why I turned I .do assert that all are writers of keen sensibilities, viciously on my best friend and wounded him almost good intellects, and technical accomplishments, and beyond forgiveness, or why tonight, without dis- that all are trying to produce artistically justifiable coverable cause, when the news from the front is books rather than books which will sell. good and my bank balance beyond reproach, I am Apart from the general ferment which is passing sad and feel that I live in a gray and hateful world. throughout our literature, I think two main factors This last passage is perhaps a trifle egotistic- are at work here. In the first place, the vision of psychoanalysis takes one that way. Let me return the technically perfect and harmonious novel is still as much as I can to the objective. The modern novel near to us and still unrealized. It stimulated the is moved by these forces which make for strength nineties; but the nineties somehow never did pro- and excellence. It is also affected a good deal, I duce anything as good as Flaubert. Henry James believe, in the minutiae of its composition by the and Mr. Conrad were divine exceptions; and any copiousness and excellence of modern verse. way we felt rather humbly thankful for them than derives from the lyrists more color, cleaner and It 422 November 16 THE DIAL closer diction, greater condensation, and more vivid- The novel is the fullest and most discursive form of ness of feeling than it had before. But it has one literary art that exists. It is its business to give serious defect, which, unless it is overcome, will us high moments certainly, but also to rationalize go far to nullify all its advantages. and substantiate those moments by setting them It is too sketchy. The average length of the novel against a detailed background. The lyric and the has steadily declined for many years; and in spite drama convince us by lightning flashes of imagina- of certain examples to the contrary, it continues to tion; the novel must persuade. And when the decline. It is quite extraordinary how this fact has novelist does not allow himself enough room, he escaped recognition as something hostile to proper does not persuade. He offers us sketches instead development. We are all-novelists and critics of finished pictures. He does not sufficiently satisfy alike-biased not by our own feelings, but simply our powers of attention and apprehension; and at the by a ridiculous fear of ridicule in favor of brevity. end he leaves us with a sense of something lacking. The novelists have been terrorized into an absurd I said that there were examples to the contrary; anxiety to avoid boring us, and when one of them and I find them in Mr. Compton Mackenzie and does run over five hundred pages we all mechanical- Mr. Wells. Here you have a fertile and vigorous ly shrug our shoulders and behave as though he had faculty of invention which illuminates every side set us a perfectly impossible task. But these pro- of the chosen theme and uses up every scrap of the tests are all really purely mechanical. No one dis chosen material. I do not think they are perfect likes length in a good novel, and well the best sellers novelists. Neither of them has the poetry of Mr. know it. Sir Hall Caine, Miss Marie Corelli, Brett Young or the intellectual strictness of Mr. “Richard Dehan," and the rest throw enormous Swinnerton; but in their exuberance and breadth wads of language at their public; and the public of enterprise they make most of their contemporaries accepts it all and craves for more. Mr. Swinnerton look like pale creeping ghosts. And unless their however and Miss West creep modestly about, at contemporaries realize this and make up their minds tenuated shadows of their proper selves, quite unable to let themselves go, the great age of the English to understand that anyone can endure more than novel, which I do feel to be a possibility, will per- eighty or a hundred thousand words from them haps be postponed for a generation or more. at a time. And the result of this is quite obvious. EDWARD SHANKS. Arrestment once I will no longer seek—I am tired and blind. My hands are shadows that the shadows bind. And yet each year the blind leaves push and peer From iron boughs. I cannot say the trees Have sought, or ceased, or known uncertainties. I sent myself too far, perhaps. . I found There is no way to follow to its star The light that breaks in crystal on the ground. There are no distances: I cannot see Beyond the line of poplars at my door. All is a mist-a gray vacuity. And now the tremulous poplars bud inore! It is like music, like a pastoral horn Sounding across old chasms. There is born A delicate color somewhere in my brain An ecstasy made clear and visible. The poplars draw their rigid parallel Against the gray; but I have traveled far To trace all starlight to a single star. Beauty is but a sickness of the mind- And yet, and yet I cannot say the trees Have sought, or ceased, or known uncertainties; Or answer what the roots of poplars find. LESLIE Nelson JENNINGS. THE DIAL CLARENCE BRITTEN GEORGE DONLIN HAROLD STEARNS SCOFIELD THAYER In Charge of the Reconstruction Program: JOHN DEWEY THORSTEIN VEBLEN HELEN MAROT Although ALL THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION Espionage Act, promptly quashed where not intim- returns have not been tabulated at the time of our idated from speaking. The Administration prac- going to press, it is already indicated with a fair de- tically told us that free speech and free opinion gree of certainty that the Republicans have won for would have to be waived during the period of the the next Congress a slim majority in the Senate and war, in the interest of national unity. Of course a somewhat larger comparative majority in the the opposition gladly acquiesced, for it was perfectly House. Even the more astute political prophets are willing to have anything liberal buried as quickly surprised at the result. Many predicted that-as does as possible. It was quite prepared to, and as later seem to be the case in David I. Walsh's election events proved, did identify free speech and free in Massachusetts the President's appeal, uncon opinion with sedition and treason. The practical re- ventional as it may have been, would win the general sult, of course, was that the only speech and opinion support of the voters. But whatever the final figures which could be uttered or written freely was re- may be, the striking increase in Republican votes is actionary speech and opinion. After a year or more indisputable and the party is justified in claiming of this perfectly unnecessary and shameful reign of on the whole, a victory. The Dial is not a political terror over anybody who dared to think differently party organ in any sense, but it will not attempt to from the easily swayed majority, the President issued conceal its disappointment at the fact that the coun an appeal to the voters to support him in a policy, try did not choose to back President Wilson defi- especially in a peace policy, which was the diamet- nitely and decisively in his policies both of war and rical opposite of everything that the public had been of peace. However, one point is certainly overlooked reading in the newspapers and magazines, or hearing by those liberals who are now wringing their hands in the streets and homes, or seeing in our national in despair and claiming that reactionism has com institutions of light and leading, the moving-picture pletely triumphed and that sanction has been given houses. It had in sober truth reached a point in this for a punitive as distinguished from a reconciliatory country where to support the President literally was peace. The international issue entered very little considered almost identical to pro-Germanism. Small into the present campaign. Certainly the issue of wonder if the voters repudiated at the polls a policy the League of Nations did not even impinge on the which all the practical acts of the Administration consciousness of the majority of voters. How could had taught them to despise. But the Administration it? The Administration itself never raised the issue cannot now complain of what has happened to it. of the kind of peace it advocated—a Wilson peace, You cannot eat your cake and have it too. You as against a Lodge and Roosevelt peace-until a few cannot educate public opinion one way and then days before election, when it was too late for any- expect it to support you on the basis of a merely thing except futile partisan strife. But the Admin- personal and what most people believed—mistakenly, istration went further. Not only did it not raise of course-a merely partisan appeal. We frankly the issue, it did everything it could to prevent any prefer a Wilson to a Roosevelt peace. So, we think, discussion about terms of peace on a liberal basis. do the majority of the American people, or at least The very people who would have been glad to sup- port and give publicity to President Wilson's liberal so they would, if they had been allowed to discuss the issues of the war freely. Even today we believe ideas were prevented from writing and speaking. The 'violent and vindictive and militaristic spokes that a majority of the American people prefer a real men, on the other hand, were given carte blanche, League of Nations to a war ending in the old kind and for over a year—ever since the passage of the of balance of power. But if the voice of the polls Espionage Act, in a word—we have been given an seems to dispute this optimism (as certainly the Re- exhibition of how public opinion can be molded and publican leaders will now try to make it appear), guided towards a reactionary end. We never did where can the responsibility lie but at the door have a liberal press in this country even worthy to of the Administration itself? Certainly if ever it lick the boots of the English liberal press or, for was proved that the right of free speech and free that matter, the French or Italian liberal press, and assemblage was imperative in war time, this election what little we did have was, on the passage of the has proved it. 424 November 16 THE DIAL Two WO ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLIE THE AMERICAN AT one side of the border, a people living in a rich titude towards peace-assumptions which may yet country whose population of forty million is no wreck the prospects of a better world order. They larger than it was a hundred years ago, with an im- are: mense overseas empire and vast reserves of raw (1) The primary thing necessary for the mainte- material which they do not need; across the border, nance of peace is the organization of force to sup- living on a poor soil, a rapidly expanding population of seventy, eighty, in a few years a hundred million, press the wilful wrongdoer. War is caused by evil deprived of raw material vitally necessary to their nations' using their armies for a cause which they livelihood. Has France the "right" to say that for know to be wrong. They must be suppressed and the purposes of peaceful industry no German shall made to abide by what is right, which is quite easy mine ore in Morocco, or buy palm oil in the Congo? to determine. What conferred the "right"? Again, certain of (2) Since this is a righteous nation, it is in favor the new states we are recognizing need outlets to of peace. It goes without saying. There is noth- the sea. Czecho-Slovakia will be absolutely land- locked. Jugo-Slavia may find it needs ports which ing that this country can do to promote peace Italy, for military and naval reasons, may claim, except to be so strong that evil nations will fear or that its trade demands access to undoubtedly Ital- to attack it, and that it can be ready to use force ian ports, which access on equal terms Italy refuses. on the side of righteousness. Result: a conflict in which Jugo-Slavs passionately Because some such attitude as this is so general, lead- believe the right is on their side. But the law is on Italy's. The conflict becomes embittered with tariffs ers of the type of Messrs. Taft and Roosevelt may and discriminations until finally a German-Jugo- very successfully—and with the best intentions in the world-wreck the President's efforts towards Slav understanding develops into an alliance. Ukrainia quarrels with Poland (she is now doing the beginnings of a new world order. The main problem of peace is not how to organize repression so), and a German-Ukrainian alliance develops. but how to change the conditions which lead to war, Jugo-Slavia starts a war against Italy on the cry even as between nations which are not inherently of right of access to the sea"; Ukrainia against Po- evil. The problem of war did not begin when the land on the cry of “right of access to raw materials." Both tomorrow will be German cries. The present world took up arms against the Germans. Most of the Allies have fought one another bitterly, and may law is certain. But on which side is the right? fight bitterly again (perhaps in alliance with Ger- What is the League to Enforce Peace going to do many), and the peace problem is to prevent happen- about it? America not concerned? Then why is ing in the future what has so often happened in Colonel Roosevelt today so busy redrawing the map the past. Most nations when they fight do not be- of Europe in every speech he makes and settling lieve themselves in the wrong. Generally they Generally they And if Americans are ready to enforce certain laws the destinies of precisely the countries mentioned? believe themselves passionately in the right. War is not generally a conflict of clear wrong against on Italy, France, and England, are they ready to clear right; it is more often what the Greek declared accept them themselves—in the Isthmus, in the Phil- it to be, a conflict of two rights. If the old condi- ippines, in our commercial relations with Mexico and Central and South America ? Until we have tions are perpetuated, war will be inevitable, because the old conditions bore, and will bear again, most answered such questions in our own minds, and are unfairly in favor of some nations and against others. ready to pay the price that the answer demands, we have not made our contribution to the permanent Arbitration or an international court is in these circumstances generally useless, because all that a peace of the world. court can do is to judge on the basis of the old law HISTORY TEACHES FEW LESSONS. and practice, and that has proved utterly inadequate. The EXAMPLE Our first task is to determine how the old rules shall of the French Revolution is utterly lost on the mod- be changed, to what extent we will agree to that ern Bourbons who believe