that the excuse of this
change and make sacrifices on its behalf. Before our
war can be used now, as then, for an attempt to
policeman can be effective there must be a law to
crush social revolution everywhere. Many naive
which he compels obedience. The enforcement of
observers look piously shocked when it is suggested
peace means, in the last analysis, the enforcement of a
that a war begun for democracy is ending in a con-
certain law. What is that law? Our first task scious attempt to destroy all forms of radicalism.
is legislative, not penal. To illustrate concretely. It
Yet the following quotation is not from some Bour-
is agreed that France is to have Alsace-Lorraine ; bon royalist journal, but from The New York
England, the German colonies; Poland, the Polish Evening Sun:
provinces. If the new "owners” care to 'exclude If such a tendency (revolution] spreads through the de-
Germany from getting any raw materials whatever
feated and disaster-crazed German army, the most terrible
consequences to civilization are to be feared in the next
from Lorraine, Morocco, Africa generally, Poland,
year or two. It may come to the point where the Ally
int is their affair. It is the "law.” Result: on Powers and the United States may be compelled to lend


1918
425
THE DIAL
aid to the German Government in restraining the whirl chanical vigor of the Kipling-Service school; drama
wind of popular wrath and preventing too great excesses. has substituted spies for crooks and has forgotten
Obviously it is not to the interest of the world at large
that the reconstruction of the German State and the sub-
mere human nature; biography, one of the glories of
stitution of democratic rule for autocracy should be per-
English literature, has dwindled away; belles lettres
mitted to degenerate into a reign of terror or a regime have all but disappeared. To every count in so
of ruin. Whether the capacity to hold down the revolu-
sweeping a statement there are of course brilliant
tionary wave to sane limitations will remain in the broken
and discredited political leaders who are responsible for
exceptions. Under Fire established the reputation
the war and the debacle may be doubted. They may
of Henri Barbusse and drew along with it the revi-
have to implore outside aid to prevent the supplementing
sion and translation of his earlier L'Enfer. The
of outside chastisement by domestic frenzy, resulting to war discovered to us Andreas Latzko and Robert
gether in irreparable calamity. There may remain no
choice to the Allies save to pacify the country and turn
Graves, a soldier-poet whose Fairies and Fusiliers
it over to a sobered and stable popular government in-
is equally indifferent to radical experiment and to
spired by the judgment of the citizens, not by the passions
mechanical prosody. Philosophy, if not so preten-
of a mob.
tious as sometimes, still keeps its self-respect in Ber-
Only one observation needs to be made on this trand Russell's Mysticism and Logic and in Gil-
shameful proposal. We entered this war to crush bert Murray's Religio Grammatici. In the field of
German autocracy; we did not enter it to shoot political theory there are, among other exceptions,
workingmen revolting against their government in the uncompromising conviction of Gilbert Cannan's
the streets of Munich or Berlin; we did not enter
Freedom and the unflinching realism of Walter
it to help form an international strike-breaking
Weyl's The End of the War. Sometimes a novel-
union. As far as revolution in Germany goes, we
ist -as Frank Swinnerton-remains artist enough
entered the war primarily with the hope of stimulat-
to disdain either prostituting his characters to the
ing just such a revolution. After stimulating it, are
spiritual claims of war or employing the sword to
we now to be told that our real task is to suppress it?
cut his Gordian knots. Biography, too, has lately
This would indeed be the final irony.
given us Lytton Strachey's Eminent Victorians. But
such exceptions only illuminate the prevailing waste
AMONG BOOKLOVERS The OUTBREAK OF WAR
of mediocrity, revealing all too clearly the monoto-
raised a gust of prediction that this vast material,
nous configuration of a desert of books whose authors
this sharp stimulant would round off all the literary
have reacted to the infinitely complex reality of this
careers which in those days seemed to be at loose
war in some half-dozen stereotyped ways. Here is
ends, and that it would moreover disclose a large
another task of after-the-war reconstruction—the
rehabilitation of literature and its restoration to dig.
company of Miltons otherwise mute and inglorious.
We expected to come into a war literature limited nity after the atrocities of martial invasion.
in its variety only by the extreme number of ways SeldoM DOES A PUBLIC LIBRARY BOOK EVER SLIP
in which the human spirit can react to an engrossing
reality. Now, in the midst of a book season from
through the routine of cataloguing, labeling, and
which the war has crowded nearly everything but issuing with its edges still uncut-with its pages un-
itself, we find our prediction ludicrously wide of the
defiled by the prosaic paper knife of an unfeeling
mark. With only one or two exceptions, the war has
assistant. On the rare occasions when this does hap-
clinched no reputation the world was beginning to
pen it brings a thrill of pleasure to the real book-
herald in 1914, though it has upset many which then
lover who chances to discover it. Of course the
seemed safely established ; and, with only a few more
logical thing to do would be to offer up the volume
exceptions, it has discovered no fresh talents of dis-
on the altar of efficiency by directing someone's at-
tinction. Instead of the rich variety we anticipated, doesn't do that sort of thing.
tention to the oversight. But the real booklover
we have a few clumsy molds into which war-time
doesn't do that sort of thing. He feels something
letters have poured themselves for four years: the
of the pride of ownership-something of the trustee-
propaganda of justification, of morale (with its ship of a literary heritage—as he carries the book
attendant superstitions of consolation), and now
home, there to turn leisurely through its pages with
of reconstruction has absorbed—and more often than
his own ivory or silver handled knife, stealing peeps
not discredited—our contributions to history, to phi-
at tempting paragraphs, happy in the knowledge that
losophy and religion, to the social sciences, and even
these pages have never been perused before. Such
a book is like a bloom unsevered from the stem: it
to many of the so-called pure sciences, while it has
is bright and clean and undrooping. Unprofaned by
destroyed the integrity of fiction and tainted much
pencil, unsm
smudged by thumb, it yields its message
of what has been written about the fine arts ; undi- joyfully. What a pity that the library can't leave
gested or perfunctory war journalism has taken the boon of cutting the leaves to the first reader
possession of travel and reminiscence, until the reader always. But there is the danger that the first
flounders in a morass of diaries, letters, and memoirs reader may be the unloving reader, the impatient
– "war books"-indistinguishable except by their reader who jabs with hairpin or slashes with pen-
jackets; verse has pretty much divided between a knife. After all, 'twere better to make an initial
strained experimentalism and the monotonous me sacrifice than risk an initial sacrilege.


426
November 16
THE DIAL
Communications
We can best understand the significance of this
fact when we realize that the collapse of the Central
IDLE-MINDEDNESS AND RECONSTRUCTION
Empires was more an economic collapse than a mili-
tary collapse. In fact, army officers returning from
Sir: I have read with much interest Mr. Freder- France tell us the German army is not yet beaten,
ick’s article [in The Dial for October 19] and can and that it would take from one to two years more
agree in a large measure with it. I think his vision for us to beat them, provided they did not run short
is broad and his recognition of the problems to be of supplies of some sort. There is no question that
solved quite in accordance with the exigencies of the the military strength of Bulgaria, Turkey, and Aus-
situation. The one and only difficulty I see in carry- tria was sapped by the failure of their economic
ing out his proposition is the selection of the men strength. It is of vast importance that we should
to act on the committees. If they are selected from learn this lesson while it stands before us, and that
men who believe that the business methods of the we should build our economic system of the future
past are correct, the new business system as organized in such a manner as to develop the maximum of
will be only slightly modified from the old business economic strength, which can only be developed by
system. In other words, we shall still have a busi- cooperation. Cooperation cannot be established with-
ness for profits rather than a business for production. out mutual confidence, and a feeling on the part
Unless these committees can be dominated by people of our cooperators that each is getting the just
who believe that the good of the community is super- reward of his labor. This involves not only the
ior to the good of any class, and are willing to elimination of special privileges as such, but the
organize a new business system on those lines, the elimination of secret business agreements.
details of how the committees are constituted or what If we can insert into our new business and eco-
they do will not matter very much. If on the other nomic policy that secret business agreements of any
hand these committees recognize that human rights kind are detrimental to the community, and are
come before property rights, that production comes therefore to be eliminated, we shall have the base
before profits, that the good of the community is of a cooperative economic system.
superior to the good of any individual or class, then I trust you will be willing to accept this as less
the details will rapidly arrange themselves.
a criticism than a supplement to Mr. Frederick's
From these few statements the conclusion follows article.
H. L. GANTT.
irresistibly that the study of idle-mindedness and its
New York City.
elimination are more important than the study of
efficiency and its increase. If we could bring all
SWORDS INTO PENS
the members of the community up to a degree of
efficiency approximating that which is being attained Sir: It is nothing less than amazing to see a great
by some, the change in our industrial conditions portion of our American press suggesting that the
would be so great in a few years as to be almost inevitable peace negotiations should be left wholly
unbelievable.
in the hands of our own and the Allied generals.
You naturally ask how I know this. My reply There can of course be no doubt that the purely
is that for the past three years we have been studying military armistice must be dictated by the command-
idle-mindedness rather than efficiency, and while we ers in the field. But the plain implication of much
have so far developed only what might be called of the recent cry in the American press— "Leave
crude methods for so doing, our results have been it to Foch”_has been that the terms of peace them-
most remarkable.
selves should be left to the military commanders.
Moreover we have had the cooperation of the An incredible number of our editorial writers have
intelligent workers and managers everywhere, and been picturing the frock-coated diplomatists as people
the opposition only of those managers and workmen willing, even anxious, to deprive the armies of the
who were aware of their inability to hold their posi- full fruits of their victories. Not only present mili-
tions and earn the salaries which they were being tary guarantees but future policy might much more
paid.
safely be left in military hands. This is indeed ironi-
The study of idle-mindedness, with the develop- cal from the very writers who a few short months
ment of methods for its elimination, is the great ago were bitterly assailing Germany for allowing
change which the war has produced in our work. General Hoffman at Brest-Litovsk to overrule the
To be sure, many people have been willing to accept civilian Von Kühlmann. For if one thing is certain,
this principle as an emergency war measure. To us it is that the ultimate peace treaty must be signed by
it has no such significance, but is the base on which
our duly constituted civil authorities. When the
our new industrialism must be reared after the war. sword has won its way, the pen shall complete the
If we were obliged to do this to win the war, we work; when the soldier has triumphed, the statesman
shall be obliged to continue doing it to keep the war shall with wisdom and (as we hope) with modera-
won; and thać nation which does it most intelli tion speak not only for an army, but for a people,
gently, other things equal, will become the economic for a world of people. It is the aim of the German
leader of the world.
General Staff, or has been in the past, to beat every


1918
427
THE DIAL
he signing
collapse
C012
ficers
mps:
let de
be
'
pen into a sword; it shall now be our endeavor to
Foreign Comment
carry to a relentless conclusion the idea that every
sword is to be beaten into a pen. With victory in
LITERATURE AFTER THE WAR
sight, if not already here, shall we turn aside from
this democratic course to say to the Ludendorffs
What will be the effect of the war on literature ?
and the Hindenburgs, "After all, you were right”? The correspondent of The New York Globe and
For they never were. They can indeed smile in tri The Chicago Daily News sends a dispatch from
umph if in the hour of our repudiation of them, we Stockholm wherein he quotes from the Swedish
celebrate our victory by imitating their spirit and magazine Literature.
magazine Literature. The editors asked various
temper.
E. J. MAYER.
writers to express their opinions. H. G. Wells
answered:
New York City.
I believe that the war will have its chief significance
for literature through interest shifting from the poetry
SYNGE, CONRAD, AND MR. STELLE
of personal experience to the poetry that is contained in
humanity's common destiny. In the time to come we shall
SIR: I note your review of Land's End by Wilbur probably be less inclined to busy ourselves with indi-
D. Steele, in which it is stated that I rather prefer viduality and in a higher degree think of how individuals
Mr. Steele as an artist to Synge and Conrad. As a
are affected by the mighty currents of thought and feeling
that will flow through the races.
matter of record, I wish to point out that I have
never said, hinted, or thought anything so uncritical.
Dr. George Brandes was especially bitter:
The assumption of the reviewer is gratuitous, and Most of the literature that has come to my notice during
such a statement, if I had made it, would have the war has been propaganda literature, which goes out
appealed, I am sure, to Mr. Steele's sense of humor
to place the enemy in the most shameful light and itself in
as well as to that of the public. Nevertheless, I
the most flattering aspects. The significance of these
works, if they have any, is practical, not artistic or liter-
still maintain that Mr. Steele is an admirable artist, ary. In my own view, the war has dragged back hu-
to whom your reviewer might have devoted with manity a century or more. It has exterminated young
justice the space which he occupied in considering
vigor by the 100,000, the young men from whom a renewal
of spiritual life perhaps might otherwise have been ex-
my infinitely less important prefatory note.
pected. It has dried up Europe's economic resources and
EDWARD J. O'BRIEN.
plunged nations into bottomless debt. By its systematic
slander, by a partly bought, partly fanatic press, it has
Bass River, Massachusetts.
stultified Europe. By its hate, produced by outrages and
slander, it has poisoned the soul life of the masses. By
[REVIEWER'S NOTE: The reviewer did not say that
its fearful hypocrisy in the name of self-righteousness it
has lessened the general stock of love of truth that has
Mr. O'Brien preferred Mr. Steele to Synge and been laboriously acquired by the human race. By daily
Conrad as an artist, but for his "sensitive fidelity to mass murder and mad waste of money on unprofitable
the more abiding romance of ordinary life.” The and unproductive enterprises it has impoverished, stupe-
preface is partly devoted to a contrast between this
fied, poisoned. I, for my part, expect extremely little of the
literature that will arise from a soil which is nourished
quality of Mr. Steele's art and the more remote by youths' blood, politicians' lies, and newspaper filth.
backgrounds of Synge and Conrad. This contrast
Carl Laurin's opinion follows:
would be entirely pointless were Mr. Steele not given
an artistic significance of their own rank. The
I have not succeeded in detecting any change in belles-
lettres attributable to the war, but I suppose that art and
reviewer did Mr. O'Brien the compliment of think-
literature will develop much as before. Some people
ing that there was at least this logic in his admira think that the cubists will soften the angles of their
tion. Mr. O'Brien wrote (italics mine):
worst quadrilaterals under pressure of the calamities of
Mr. Steele is a romantic realist, who refuses to escape
the times; others that one will not sup so much with
ladies as one did in the spring of 1914. I find it very
from life, but contents himself with making a truce with
hard to see any direct influence on literature even in the
it. In this respect he is to be contrasted with
French Revolution. The same interest in the drama with
Synge, though there is much resemblance in other ways
a theme from ancient Rome that one had in Louis XVI
between the two writers. To Synge the Aran Islands
times in the Little Trianon prevailed certainly throughout
were a refuge from civilization, and his art was almost a
the Revolution and during Napoleon's time, but, most
protective coloration against life.
typical for the bloodthirsty phase of the Revolution, was
and :
the interest in the sentimental and the jejune.
Conrad sets man against an eternal background remote Incidentally, a note by Mr. Clement Shorter in
from common experience. Mr. Steele's preoccupa his literary column in a recent London Sphere fur-
tion is with a more generally shared background, in
nishes a kind of pungent comment, especially in
which wonder is born of ordinary things, whose strange-
ness has been forgotten through constant surface famil-
view of Dr. Brandes' fear that the war has per-
iarity.
manently estranged peoples. He says:
How can the reviewer do justice to Mr. Steele when It may be worth while noting here that although
the latter is preceded by the blaze and glory of Mr. the war has lasted over four years, Hamlet is still being
O'Brien's prefatory note? It may be "infinitely less performed at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin, Charleys
Tante, under which we recognise our old friend, Charlie's
important," but its impressiveness inevitably pales
Aunt, at the Thalia, and Sherlock Holmes at the Apollo.
whatever its light falls upon.]
All these are advertised daily in the Berliner Tageblatt.


428
November 16
THE DIAL
Notes on New Books
murderer is so original that it is a pity to have it
squandered as an incident in a story that is not
FIFTH AVENUE. By Arthur Bartlett Maurice. primarily a murder mystery. The novel is so short
Dodd, Mead; $2.50.
as to leave the impression of a waste of admirable
To Fifth Avenue, unfurling northward decade material. Had the author foregone the murder, she
by decade like a stair carpet in which the pattern would have had a well-written story of Long Island
repeats itself, Mr. Maurice has delegated himself country-house and Fifty-ninth Street studio life,
the role of chronicler, and the result of his labors with four interestingly contrasted characters. Had
is a well-written, well-proportioned sketch, enliv- she concentrated on the murder, she would have had
ened with reminiscence and varied with judicious a mystery of the most baffling and exciting character,
quotation. He has gone back to the beginning of the one which could have been strung out through a
last century, unraveled the early pattern of the whole book. As it is, the story fails to satisfy.
famous thoroughfare, and then followed a historic Virtue is fittingly rewarded in the faithful little wife
sequence down to the Avenue's crimson-bannered who stands by her husband to the bitter end of his
present. He has filled in the framework with some ordeal. But the author has suggested motives so
of the coloring of the early days, touches of dress much more thrilling that the reader feels slightly
and discussion and deportment, and ballasted the balked of what, he can argue to himself, was justly
narrative with plenty of names and dates. But with due him.
out discounting the value of what Mr. Maurice has
done, one cannot help wishing that his interpretation THE MIRTHFUL LYRE. By Arthur Guiter-
of Fifth Avenue as it exists today were more ade man. Harper; $1.25.
quate and less formal. In other words, the author
“Life is a tragedy to him who feels: a comedy
has written a handbook which falls far short of being to him who thinks." Age has not staled the flavor
a heart-book. The Fifth Avenue of Philip Hone-
of this epigrammatic truth. It is the more convinc-
the “Knickerbocker Pepys”—and of Ward McAllis- ing when one examines so-called “humorous verse."
ter—the coiner of the "Four Hundred”—have an For unless the author happens to be a thinker as
undeniable appeal, but they do not compensate for well as a rhymer, the jingles he produces prove him
Mr. Maurice's failure to interpret the Fifth Ave- the merest sentimentalist. It is the more regrettable,
nue of today. And this present Avenue—the one
when one considers the amount of verse to which
which Granville Barker touched somewhat drably in Arthur Guiterman attaches his name, that he is not
Souls on Fifth—really intrigues the pen with its
a more mirthful liar. The jacket of his latest
myriad varying moods and incongruous fascinatiens. volume praises the author's "taste and skill as a
We wish Fifth Avenue as Mr. Maurice has put it poet.” An exquisitely adequate phrase. So might
between covers contained more of the exhilaration
one recommend the taste and skill of a dressmaker,
of sunlit distances from the roof of a bus, more of or that of the carpenter who fits up the neat dog-
the restless stir of eddying humanity at the crossings, kennel next to the garage—the only difference being
more of the poetry of a hansom wheeling over the that one would not be offended by sentimentality in
glistening asphalt, more of the snug slam of limou- the carpenter or the dressmaker. Here and there
sine doors, of the tuneless twanging of street pianos, however Mr. Guiterman does strike a really funny
of the ceaseless stir of traffic. Even the joys of
note. His Aversions are to be sympathized with;
"window shopping” ought not to go by default. But his sonnet sequence in the manner of Shakespeare,
all this perhaps fell without the scope of Mr. Mau- Milton, and Mrs. Browning, on Afternoon Tea has
rice's intention. To chronicle is one thing; to inter-
pret is another. This volume is attractively printed, fragrance of a distant cup, never quite attained to.
an elusive if agreeable character, reminiscent of the
and contains a number of charming drawings by
His child poems are the happiest, from the little girl
Allan Gilbert Cram.
who wants
Josselyn's Wife. By Kathleen Norris.
Somebody made of meat,
Doubleday, Page ; $1.40.
And who can laugh and cry and eat
And make believe, and make a noise,
If Mrs. Norris had been willing to be less melo-
to his rhyme In Defense of Children, in which the
dramatic, or more so, she would probably have writ-
author declares that he has known no child in
ten a better novel. She starts with an interesting all his life "that ate its ice-cream with a knife!"
Golden Bowl situation—an old father and his young There is nothing novel in Mr. Guiterman's work;
wife, the charming son and his demure Ellen. The but one forgives him this when he handles a trite
inevitable gravitation occurs; but instead of develop- subject with the picturesque vividness bestowed on
ing the complexities of the situation, the author
Our Weddings:
hurries it into a climax in a shocking murder, seem-
ingly parricide. In the search for the murderer and Long since, when Ursa Major was a cub,
When mammoth-steak supplied our frugal larder,
the trial of the son, Mrs. Norris has the materials
I wooed your maiden fancy with a club-
for an excellent detective story. The identity of the (Thank Heaven that I did not hit your harder !)


1918
429
THE DIAL
The SMALL Place. By Elsa Rehmann. Put clearing his throat. Fanny Godwin's complexion
nam; $2.50.
was “like that of boiled rice." Mary Godwin is
If Miss Rehmann shall have helped to arouse at
made to say that “Mr. Shelley is too much of a poet
least a desire toward making the garden a premedi-
not to make love to every woman he meets." Mr.
tated design rather than a haphazard accident, she Harvey tracks Mary to the grave of her mother.
will have served a worthy purpose. The day of the The girl's pedestrianism must have been exceptional,
amateur flower garden is, or ought to be, remote.
for we read that she “walked daintily,” that she
No longer are a box of red geraniums, a spade, and lifted her dark skirt and trod mincingly,” that she
a misdirected quest for "a bit of nature" enough “climbed delicately a fence," and that she “vaulted
to create, in one's back or front yard, a picturesque upon a marble slab.” This last is a not inapt descrip-
contribution to the physical appearance of the com-
tion of what Mr. Harvey has done. He has, it ap-
munity. Just as the contractor and the owner must,
pears, "vaulted upon a marble slab.”
in questions of design, willingly give way to the su THE NEW DEATH. By Winifred Kirkland.
perior training of the architect, so the gardener
Houghton Mifflin ; $1.25.
housewife, no matter how much she may “just love
flowers," must leave their correct and successful dis-
It is difficult to estimate precisely the intellectual
tribution to the landscape architect. He deals, of casualties which are the inevitable accompaniments
course, with more than the floral department. The of war. But it is clear that the frustration consists
general scheme—the laying out of paths and en in something more than the number of poets, paint-
trances, the surrounding fences, the foliage, its mass ers, and musicians killed. There is surely sufficient
ing and growth—all come under his jurisdiction. The tragedy in the wiping out of a whole generation of
fact that Miss Rehmann has limited her problems to young modernity in France, in the desolation of the
the small country house makes her exposition particu- English universities, and to a lesser degree of our
larly helpful to the average suburban dweller. Her own. But the casualties most ominous for our intel-
choice of examples—all of them the work of experi- lectual future are those suffered by the living rather
enced landscape architects-gives the collection au than the dead. There is something perilous as well
thority; and her wisdom in illustrating practically as pathetic in the spectacle of those setting them-
every point she makes with excellent photographs selves up as our prophets who are so blinded by
enables the layman to visualize her suggestions with hate or tears that they cannot even see. Nor is it
the least amount of effort. She offers a concise less distressing to see so many sincere souls devoting
handbook, not too botanical, not too architectural, themselves to luxuriant and futile sentimentalism
to all those who are able to perceive that it takes not who might, under a less acute emotional strain, have
only pride and love of the decorative but also the spent their energies and ardors in the promotion
technical assistance of a trained expert to make of of genuine and germane ideals.
even a small domain a thing of beauty.
The New Death is a singularly apposite illustra-
tion of that spiritual confusion which, growing
SHELLEY'S ELOPEMENT. By Alexander Har-
directly out of the war, arrogates to itself a novel
vey. Knopf; $2.
authoritative insight. Advertised as "a profoundly
consoling book," it offers all the consolation that is
One takes up this book in the spirit in which one
might "listen in” during a telephone conversation, coherent requires a high degree of courage where
possible from fervid fiction. To be candid and
hoping possibly to hear something intimate; one
part of the logic of the situation is bitterness and
lays it down as one might hang up the receiver, find- disillusion ; this book offers the cheaper remedy of an
ing that the eavesdropping has been merely tire-
exalted romanticism. It has all the seductiveness of
This attempt to cast the elopement of the mysticism and all its characteristic weaknesses. It
poet-or rather the wrangles leading up to it-into
is hushed, intense, ecstatic. It breathes a solemn
fictional guise becomes simply an unending succes ardor. It is aglow with revelation:
sion of pictures of Shelley munching bread and
raisins, of the Godwins hurling dishcloths and impre- be the greatest inspiration of everyday energy, the strong-
It is a new illumination, a new death, when dying can
cations at one another's heads, and of dull talk gen est impulse to daily joy. . For a little while death has
erally. It is like nothing so much as a prolonged come into its own, as the great enhancer, the great en-
game of “button, button, who's got the button?”–
richer of life.
with Shelley substituted for the button, and the "Sunk in science,” the author tells us, we had come
query cast in the future tense. Mr. Harvey labors to identify death with dissolution, and saw in war a
under the impression that this “most romantic epi- hateful thing because it cut short with a terrible
sode in literary history” was carried on in the mood finality vision and growth and achievement. But
of defunct Bowery melodrama. His puppets "fairly the war has taught us otherwise—at least it has
hiss,” they “shriek," and they dialogize through their taught our author otherwise. Our war aims, it
teeth thus: "Woman, how dare you?" and "Mon appears, have never been justly appraised or ade-
ster! Give me back my child.” William Godwin quately expressed. Death, we learn from this
can't refer to his financial embarrassment without intense and tearful book, is the be-all and the end-
some.


430
November 16
THE DIAL
all, the supreme object for which we were fighting. to the more limited group who have yet to learn
It does not seem to occur to the author that war the significance of such terms as the subconscious,
may be as unfortunate as it is necessary. Because introversion, and sublimation. Dr. Emerson him-
it is required to make the world a better place to self is very chary of technical phraseology. If he
live in that millions of men should die, it would takes anything for granted, it is too gross an ignor-
not seem to follow that dying itself thereby becomes ance. He aims to show the functionally nervous how
a delectable and ultimate object. But it does for they may effect a cure by conscious mental readjust-
Miss Kirkland. In nearly two hundred pages of ment. The book is readable and well organized.
solemn and portentous gossip she fairly revels in the Equally popular in intention, and far more loose
beauties and blessedness of dying. She discovers in arrangement, is Miss Call's Nerves and the War.
exquisite flavors and possibilities, and (as quoted Her religious bias is all but fatal to the scientific
above) finds in death the essential joie de vivre. interest of her remarkably cheerful volume. She
The old view of dying that made us seem to ourselves handles with equal simplicity such various and com-
puny and ephemeral beings, tossed by chance into a brief plicated matters as shell shock, chastity, and the will
consciousness, restricted all our free growth here and to use the bayonet. Her infallible remedy for the
hereafter. It was essentially a maladjustment of living nervous troubles engendered by the nature of modern
to dying that retarded all genuine progress... The
supreme problem of the war is death. Science has warfare is "obedience to law," the economy of con-
had its turn. :: Spiritual facts must be spiritually centration and that of relaxation, with special em-
investigated.
phasis upon the latter. Whereas Dr. Emerson
And crowning logic of all:
defines insanity as “false social self-consciousness"
and concludes that love, the unifying power of
No science can convince us that we have no soul when
we feel it suffer so.
religion or of philosophy, is essential to a sound soul,
One might dismiss the whole book as grave and
Miss Call defines the purposes of God in the war
garrulous rhetoric, if it were not so striking an
and calls upon the soldier obediently to fulfill them.
instance of our war pathology. Ever since 1914
Such superficial writing is the more to be con-
we have been deluged with these sentimental laud- demned in a world wherein the consolations of re-
ings of horror and destruction. It does not make ligion must yield to those of psychotherapy if we
are to have a citizenry genuinely responsive to the
our war aims one whit less shining and sincere to
recognize that their attainment involved untold social good and resistant to social and individual ills.
calamity. We were fighting that life might be freer,
fuller, and more companionable. It is unedifying
ENGLAND'S DEBT TO INDIA: A Historical
to becloud and glorify the brute facts of death Narrative of Britain's Fiscal Policy in India.
and disease and destruction, those very facts which By Lajpat Rai. B. W. Huebsch ; $2.
we were fighting to make impossible for other gen-
Lajpat Rai's book is an extremely useful work,
erations. Probably no one more than the soldier
albeit rather dangerous. Useful, because it attempts
would resent this palliation of the evils of war.
to analyze certain unsolved economic and social prob-
Unquestionably our attitude toward death, as well
lems which have confronted the British Government
as life, has become more considered and consequen-
tial.
Miss Kirkland's book is one among many
in India and which demand careful study; danger-
ous, because superficial readers may conclude that
testimonies to our preoccupation with the old vital
because of mistakes in the past, Great Britain has
questions that have been revitalized by war.
It is a
forfeited all claim to maintain her control of India
testimony likewise to the mental confusion and dis-
order which the distress has brought upon us.
in the future. The indictment is clearly drawn up.
Of
book is probably the best possible. It is a pity that of British trade and manufactures regardless of the
its type of romanticist consolation Miss Kirkiand's Lajpat Rai contends that the whole economic struc-
ture of India has been remodeled for the advantage
she does not devote so exquisite a style to genuine effect upon the natives. The cotton industry, which
idealizations, passionate but intelligent contributions
first saw the light in India, has been deliberately
to the perfection of the world we are hoping for after
throttled for the benefit of Manchester manufactur-
the war.
ers, and Indian fiscal policy has been so shaped
NERVOUSNESS. By L. E. Emerson. Little,
as to build up the textile industries of Lancashire
Brown; $1.25.
and "crush the beautiful fabrics of India." The
shipbuilding industry has declined; as far as mining
NERVES AND THE WAR. By Annie Payson
operations are undertaken they redound to the advan-
Call. Little, Brown; $1.25.
tage only of British capitalists; agriculture, the
Among the books, written for popular consump greatest of all Indian industries, has been crushed
tion, which deal with nervous disorders these two are under a weight of impossibly high taxation. As for
illustrative of the use and abuse of the author's privi- famine, the curse of the land, it is ascribed to the
lege. Dr. Emerson's simple presentation of the plati- extreme poverty of the inhabitants, which in turn
tudes of psychiatry, though it is addressed to all those results from the stupidity and greed of the British
who have ever been nervous, will be of interest only Government.


1918
431
THE DIAL
“One of the most remarkable and interesting disclosures of a personality ever
made in English. A book that contains some of the most delightful
and stimulating and challenging reading that has appeared in many a
day."-N. Y. Evening Post.
The Education of
Henry Adams
"It is impossible to give an adequate idea of the charm of Henry Adams
book. Already it is being recognized as one of the few great autobiographies.
None but a broad man, keenly alive and superbly eloquent, could have com-
bined such wit, satire, insight, study and intellectual honesty. It is worthy of
a great member of a great family." —Detroit Sunday News.
“For the autobiography of Henry Adams | “One of the most entrancing books of the
we have waited for twelve years.
It is a
year and of the century. The entertaining
book of unique richness, of unfor-
incidents, the dramatic narrative, the
gettable comment and challenging
sparkling wit, the pervasive humor
thought, a book delightful, whimsi-
and the indescribably keen analysis
cal, deep-thinking, suggestive, a
of innumerable interesting person-
book greatly worth the waiting for.
alities will make it a veritable treas-
It is a book that every American
ure house of joy to the general
should read."--New York Times.
reader."-New York Tribune.

TOVI DIENU
RIEN
per-
“An entrancing volume which
opens for a moment the covers of
that volume of real history which
somehow never gets written. No
thoughtful American man or woman can
af-
ford to disregard it.”—Boston Transcript.
“Not many men of the past genera-
tion enjoyed such opportunities of
watching the drama of life, and
haps none of them excelled him in
the power of penetrating beneath the sur-
face of things.”—The Unpopular Review.
“The most important American biography of the Fall. This is no ordinary biography,
and no ordinary book of observations on men known and ideas entertained. If its half-
comic satire reminds us of Carlyle, its iconoclasm is akin to Samuel Butler's. But it is
more than a book of reflections, it is a book of impressions-of facts, even though facts
stamped with the peculiar mental bias of the observer. Mr. Adams presents himself
analytically, with humorous detachment. He presents his age similarly. He gives us
random reflections on art, education, teaching, women, everything of intellectual interest.
His views at times may be unnecessarily perverse. But for piquancy, the book will
hardly be excelled, for the mind of the author blends the restless inquisitiveness of the
new age with the sobriety and-for one cannot help discerning it-earnestness of the old.
A rare book which shakes you, tosses you about as on a spear-point, wins you-at times
by its sheer poetry-informs you, almost overwhelms you, and incessantly delights you.
As a monument of perverse humor the book has few rivals."-Springfield Republican.
$5.00 NET
BOSTON
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
NEW YORK
When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL.


432
November 16
THE DIAL
case.
That India was formerly highly prosperous the tory evidence to prove that prosperity would result
author brings little serious evidence to show. And from this particular kind of autonomy. It seems
the clearest proof of the most intense prosperity more likely to result from the broader imperial out-
would be false argument for the ill effect of British look which almost necessarily will characterize Brit-
rule. Post hoc and propter hoc are not to be con ish policy after the war.
fused. That England has drawn advantage from
the possession of India, no one will deny. Unques-
UNDER SAIL. By Felix Riesenberg. Macmil-
tionably the industrial revolution was fostered by
lan; $2.50.
the flow of precious metals from the East; the raw The anatomy of a sailing vessel is brimful of po-
products of India as well as her markets played an tential dramatic values. No one can hold the slight-
important role in the development of British com est doubt of that—at least not since the dawn of
merce and manufactures in the nineteenth century. Conrad, in whose sea romances the component parts
But it can hardly be said that Lajpat Rai proves his of a ship become component parts of the plot.
His method generally is to present opinions Whether you fully grasp the terminology does not
for and against British rule culled from the writings so much matter; you cannot fail to be moved by his
of such men as Hyndman and Digby on the one handling of it. This is not preliminary to contrast-
side and Strachey on the other. The arguments ing Conrad and Felix Riesenberg, which would be
of those who favor his own thesis naturally appear a gratuitous absurdity-a hitting below the water
in the stronger light; the statistics which he adduces line. But there is one thing which the latter might
are in general too slight to weigh very heavily. --and should have learned from Conrad, and that
With such incomplete evidence before us, few will be is the discreet utilization of the vernacular of sea-
willing to accept his charges at their face value. craft. If Under Sail is to be taken merely as a
At the same time the testimony cited, so far as it seaman's book for seamen, well and good; but if it
goes, is sufficient to cause us to hesitate before sweep- aspires to beguile the general reader as a narrative
ing the author's contentions lightly aside. And we
of adventure, as a graphic depiction of life before the
are the readier to give him a fair hearing inasmuch mast in the waning days of the sailing ship, then one
as he seems to be more interested in the welfare of cannot help regretting that it is so overladen with the
Indian peoples than in the propagation of revolution; routine of seamanship that richer elements of the
he does not prejudice his argument by ranting nation- story suffer a rather disastrous partial eclipse. It is
alist invective and he is ready to confess that British as if Barney Oldfield were to essay a book about
rule has its brighter side.
automobile racing, and then cram it with tire trouble
But this bright side he passes over with a single and clutch and carburetor adjustments. The reader
page of grudging approbation. He forgets complete- of Under Sail is not stirred by page after page of
ly that if India had not fallen under British control such accurate but baffling chronicle as:
her fate would inevitably have been conquest by some
other European power.
Whether her lot under
The cables were unshackled, and the ends stoppered
abaft the wildcats. Canvas coats were put on them, just
French rule would have been happier or more pros over the chain pipes to the locker. "Jackasses” were
perous is questionable; in all likelihood she would then bowsed into the hawse holes for fair, taking the
have been drained completely dry in the vain effort "tails" to the windlass. With the ground tackle secured,
to prolong the life of the ancien régime. Had she
the "cat" and "fish" were unrove, and this gear stowed
fallen to the ill-regulated despotism of the Russian
away in the fore peak.
Czars in the nineteenth century, or had she come
When a man falls overboard, it should be possible
under the perfectly efficient and mechanical autoc to convey that every effort was made to rescue him
racy of Germany in the twentieth, India might con without setting down that “the main spencer was
ceivably sigh for the slipshod but comparatively hauled out and reefed spanker set while we braced
liberal methods of the British. From such a fate sharp forward.” So much "tops'l, main t'gan'sl, jib,
Great Britain has saved her, and also from the fate and stays'ls" is no better than so much Greek to the
of civil war, which would have attended any regime landsman. In fact Greek would be preferable to
of non-interference by European powers. Lajpat these elisions, for if you don't know Greek, you
Rai, in considering how England has repaid her debt know you don't; but here you have a lurking suspi-
to India, forgets that she has given to the Indian cion that you might be able to recognize the words-
nationalities what lay in the capacity of no other if only their teeth hadn't been knocked out. The au-
nation to give, nor in that of the states of India thor takes you to sea—and leaves you there, becalmed
herself-peace, combined with an increasing liberty in the doldrums of a too technical terminology.
to conduct their own affairs.
Aside from this defect, Under Sail is the straight-
Wherein England has failed, her failure probably away account of a voyage from New York round
has been the converse of that which we should expect Cape Horn to Honolulu and return, depicting in un-
from Germany; she has not developed the resources forced narrative the incidents of departure, of storms
of India to their full power. That the remedy is to at sea, of fisticuffs and clashes with superiors, and
be found in the type of home rule suggested by the of the general rough routine and discomforts of a
author is doubtful; certainly he adduces no satisfac- long period away from port. There are some inter-


1918
433
THE DIAL
BOOKS WITH
PURPOSE
Published
Ву
OP
Association
Press
The
Discriminating
Reader
Publication Department
International Committee
YMCA
LARGE-SCALE BOOKS
Christian Ethics in the
World War
By W. Douglas Mackenzie, D.D.
Cloth $1.00
As the individual is protected from crime not by
willingness on this part to submit to assault and rob-
bery, but by yielding the original right of self-defense
to the State, so the nation: of the world are learning
in and through the World War that security against
aggression is to be won not by a duel between the
two, but by yielding the act of justice up to the league
of nations.
The Law of Social Justice
By Hugh Evander Willis
Cloth $1.00
This book is written to set forth the truths of Chris.
tianity in a way which the author hopes will help to
present them as a program for the new social order.
There are many who believe that there is a new social
order about to conie. The teachings of Jesus ought
to be the program for this social order.
will find our Autumn list to his liking. Our books
this Fall are selected with extraordinary care.
They are fewer but better.
g The Children of Franco and the Red
Cross, by June Richardson Lucas, tells what our
Red Cross is doing for the French children re-
turned from German captivity, an untouched phase
of the war. 17 illustrations. Net $1.50.
g The Woman Citizon, by Mary Sumner
Boyd, is the plainest, simplest, most get-at-able
book yet published on civics and suffrage for
women. With an introduction by Carrie Chapman
Catt. Net $1.50.
9 The True Story of Alsace-Lorraine,
by Ernest A. Vizetelly, is a sound, accurate survey
of a vexed question bound to be of first import-
ance in the coming peace negotiations. Net $4.00.
I Montenegro in History, Polltics and
War, by Alexander Devine, clearly sets forth the
growth of that kingdom-its historical back-
ground, its present politics and its hopes for the
future. Net $1.50.
g Thinkers on problems of reconstruction will
find valuable material in the five volumes of The
New Commonwealth Series (The World of
States, by C. Delisle Burns; The Church
in the Commonwealth, by Richard Roberts;
Freedom, by Gilbert Cannan; Women and
the Sovereign State by A. Maude Royden;
and The State and the Child, by W. Clarke
Hall) which tell Americans where the younger
English thinkers stand on after-the-war problems.
Each, net $1.00.
9 For younger readers: The entire Bible is re-
told, simply and clearly, by Helen Ward Banks, in
Stokes' Wonder Book of the Bible.
Twelve pages in color and 45 in black-and-white.
For children of from 7 to 15 years. Net $2.50.
g A remarkable volume for children of from 12
to 18 years is in the Days of the Guild,
bv L. Lamprey. In telling of little apprentices
who worked for master craftsmen of long ago, it
teaches much about the beginnings of our arts and
crafts. There are 4 illustrations in color and 12
in black-and-white.
g In an exciting story of the travels and ad-
ventures of two American children, Twin Trav-
elers in South America, Mary H. Wade
unfolds the wonders of that continent, for boys
and girls of from 8 to 15 years. There is an in-
teresting map and 25 photographic illustrations.
g At all bookshops. Send for 'full descriptive
circular, gratis.
Morals and Morale
By Luther Halsey Gulick, M. D.
Cloth $1.00
Shortly before his recent sudden death, Dr. Gulick
returned from overseas. This book, which describes
his experiences, with the American Expeditionary
Forces, deals especially with the relation of morality
to fighting efficiency.
The Democratic Movement
in Asia
By Tyler Dennett
Cloth, illus., $1.50
Two extensive tours through Japan, China, the Philip-
pines, Malaysia, and India supplied the author with
his material, and a thoroughly impartial and alert atti-
tude of mind gave his observations their value. These
chapters present reasons for the faith that democracy
is making definite headway in the East and indicate
the principal forces that are stimulating progress
toward liberty.
Buy from your Book Store or from Us
ASSOCIATION PRESS
347 Madison Ave.
New York City
FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY
443 FOURTH AVENUE
NEW YORK
When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL.


434
November 16
THE DIAL
war.
esting sidelights on the Hawaiian capital as it ap- heroine, intimate companions from childhood until
peared in 1898, on the eve of the Spanish-American college separates them, carefully conceal from each
Mr. Riesenberg was an ordinary seaman on other knowledge of the existence of a spark of passion
this voyage, and he has set down a conscientious between them, and that the boy does not utter a
personal record of it, leaving out nothing---not even syllable until a legacy of $20,000 a year unseals his
the unsavory practices of the Chinese cook. Such "lips. The letter heralding this unsealing reaches the
ceremonials as the choosing of the watches, holyston- girl two days after her marriage to a wealthy man,
ing the deck, and initiating sailors who are crossing whom she does not love (of course), and to whom
the equator for the first time are rendered in a she had been engaged only one week, and who is
matter-of-fact manner which gives them a certain assassinated five years later, thus clearing the way
authentic humor. The illustrations, it may be for that union which you knew all along was des-
remarked in passing, appear to have been withdrawn tined to terminate the book. This intervening mar-
from life.
riage, if it means anything at all, means something
in relation to the girl's love for her girlhood com-
SERBIAN FAIRY TALES. Translated by Elodie panion. But Mrs. Martin practically ignores it,
L. Mijatovitch. McBride; $1.60.
dodges it by means of one of those facile five-years-
later elisions. This is the author's most fagrant
To catch a whiff of the true flavor of these tales
flouting of her obligation, not to her public—for as
you must divest yourself of all adult conceptions.
You must read them in the spirit of a child; for if we have said, it doesn't mind—but to her art.
In the course of the narrative, there is some
you insist on reading them as an adult, you will
be irritated by the too flagrant violations of what sketchy delving amid sociological and educational
goes by the name of common sense. The theme
tendencies, but no one—with the exception of those
who recline in hammocks-is in danger of being
which runs throughout these tales is the strengthen-
ing of the righteous weak against the evil strong, the
bowled over by this excursion.
overcoming of supernatural enemies by a magic key
THE CHILDREN OF FRANCE AND THE RED
to greater power. The stories seem to have been
Cross. By June Richardson Lucas. Stokes;
conceived by a people who grew up with their back
$1.50.
to a mighty danger and with their face to a fire
which promised safety and light. But these tales
FRED MITCHELL'S WAR STORY: Three Years
in the War Zone.
are not distinctly Serbian. There is nothing Slavic
By Frederick Mitchell.
about them. And that, indeed, is as it should be,
Knopf; $1.50.
for fairies and magic are the properties of the chil The Doctor's Part. By James R. Church.
dren of the whole world.
Appleton; $1.50.
There is a lull in the publishers' fighting fusil-
MAGGIE OF VIRGINSBURG. By Helen R. Mar lade. Instead of books volleying hot from the
tin. Century; $1.40.
trench or winging from the sky, we are being inun-
A partial suspension of what may be termed the
dated by an output of somewhat calmer mien, fore-
heart's reasoning faculty is one of the inalienable
shadowing the work of repair and rehabilitation.
attributes of most fiction readers. With few excep-
This non-combatant section of our contemporary
tions, they no more think of consulting their hearts war literature is far from reflecting inaction how-
in the presence of a novel than they would think of
Even the by-products of fighting are strenu-
consulting their watches in the presence of a hostess.
ous, and one does not lead a quiet life even when
This explains why fiction writers are enabled to
one has been forcibly removed from the front to a
dwell upon distractions at the expense of obligations;
German detention camp. Three recent volumes
why they can carry their burden part way uphill,
indicate the scope of non-combatant authorship.
then drop it when it gets heavy, and bound lightly
Mrs. Lucas' book undoubtedly is of widest appeal,
over the summit without it—and yet few will suspect
embodying as it does a rather personal series of let-
that the job has been shirked. It also explains why
ters which tell what is being accomplished toward
not alone the factory run of fiction but much of a
bringing happiness into tiny lives which war has
higher quality can be so essentially machine-made
brushed aside into misery and suffering. This story
as Mrs. Martin's Maggie of Virginsburg.
of the maimed, motherless waifs of France is one
The roots of Mrs. Martin's story are in that soil
that a woman can tell best, and Mrs. Lucas has
which has yielded so bountifully to her pen. And so
given full rein to her sympathies. At the same
long as her narrative stays in the Pennsylvania
time, she reveals what is being done in the way
Dutch country, which has given her her best ma-
of intelligent relief work. "It's terribly real, this
terial, it shares the ready skill of her other fiction. feeling over here of the great debt we owe, and it
But when she cuts loose from this environment she comes out constantly in ' unexpected places,” says
becomes involved in effects which are woefully defi the author; and her book adds considerably to one's
cient in reality. For one thing, Mrs. Martin would conception of just what that debt is.
have us believe that her waif-hero and her waif Quite different—and even more personal—is the
ever.


1918
435
THE DIAL
New Texts
For the S. A. T. C.
GREATER EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS
By A. LAWRENCE Lowell, President of Harvard University
$1 50 Postpaid
The most complete account of the governments of England,
France, Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary.
MANUAL OF MILITARY GERMAN
By F. W.C.LIEDER and R. W. PETTENGILL, Instructors in
German in Harvard University
$1.00 Postpaid
Grammar has been treated in the shortest possible space;
word-lists and tibles give a variety of information about all
branches of military service; and unique reading extracts tell
of the actual fighting in the first years of the War.
IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS
THE ARMY AND THE LAW. By Garrard
Glenn, Associate Professor of Law, Colum-
bia University. A consideration of the
legal relations between soldier and civilian
in war time and in peace. 12mo., cloth,
197 pages. $1.75 net.
A PROPHECY OF THE WAR. By Lewis Ein-
stein, formerly in United States Diplomatic
Service, with a Foreword by Theodore
Roosevelt. 12mo., cloth, 94 pages. $1.00
net.
AMERICAN CITY PROGRESS AND THE
LAW. By Howard Lee McBain, Professor
of Municipal Science and Administration,
Columbia University. 12mo., cloth, 269
pages. $1.50 net.
DYNAMIC PSYCHOLOGY. By Robert Ses-
sions Woodworth, Professor of Psychology,
Columbia University. 12mo., cloth, 210
pages. $1.50 net.
NATIONAL IDEALS AS EXPRESSED IN
THE LITERATURE AND PHILOSO.
PHIES OF THE WARRING PEOPLES
Ready March 1st.
Professors Bliss PERRY, H. C. BIERWIRTH, JAMES H.
WOODS, R. F. ALFRED HOERNLE, and Captain ANDRE
MORIZB have been appointed from the Harvard Faculty to
prepare a volume suitable for the third term work of the War
Issues coure Their anthology will adequately exhibit national
ideals, ambitions and policies. This will be a most interesting
volume both for the student and for the general reader,
Inquire for these volumes at your bookseller's
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
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436
November 16
THE DIAL
Fred Mitchell volume, with its sober, straightaway tended for him) would be encouraged by this pre-
recital of incidents in France during the momentous sentation of it, although those who care for it might
early days of the war. The transformation of the enjoy the better reproductions in spite of their in-
jockey, with his horses and his hounds, into a cog herent lack. After all, black and white drawings
in the spontaneous defensive war machine of France lend themselves more freely to this kind of treatment
makes interesting reading. The story has simplicity than marble masses, “the hole and the lump.” But
and sincerity, and a matter-of-fact way of telling it is something of an achievement to have gotten out
which enhances its value. Mitchell had entry even the latter book at this time. One hopes that
through the lines as they tightened toward Paris, the publishers will care rather to increase the num-
and his experiences were varied and—enlightening. ber of scholarly appreciations, of cheap and suggest-
In Colonel Church's book we have a concise recital ive reproductions, such as the Beardsley book, than
of the work of the medical branch of the army, to pander to the taste of culture-hunting igno-
concluding with a glimpse of the Red Cross achieve-
ramuses, as in the Rodin volume.
ments in the redemption of the disabled. To those
interested in this field the volume will prove most
acceptable. Nevertheless one can hardly second the
Books of the Fortnight
publisher in calling it an "inspiring story": it is alto The following list comprises The Dial's selec-
gether too freely clinical for that.
tion of books recommended among the publications
received during the last two weeks:
THE ART OF AUBREY BEARDSLEY. By Arthur
American Problems of Reconstruction. A sym-
Symons. The Modern Library, Boni and
posium. Edited by Elisha M. Friedman. 12mo,
Liveright; 70 cts.
471 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $4.
The ART OF RODIN. By Louis Weinberg. Instincts in Industry. By Ordway Tead. 12mo,
The Modern Library, Boni and Liveright; 70
222 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.40.
cts.
The English Middle Class. By R. H. Gretton.
Arthur Symons' essay on the art of Aubrey 8vo, 238 pages. Macmillan Co. $3.50.
Beardsley is worth reprinting, if only for the sake The People of Action: A Study in American Ideal-
of that passage which concludes:
ism. By Gustave Rodrigues. Translated by
His world is a world of phantoms, in which the desire
Louise Seymour Houghton. 12mo, 250 pages.
of the perfecting of mortal sensations, a desire of in Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
finity, has overpassed mortal limits, and poised them, so Alsace-Lorraine: Past, Present and future. Ву
faint, so quivering, so passionate for Aight, in a hopeless
and strenuous immobility. . . They have put off the
Coleman Phillippson. Illustrated, 8vo, 327
common burdens of humanity, and put on that loneliness pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $8.
which is the rest of the saints and the unrest of those Occasional Addresses: 1893 to 1916. By H. H.
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spirituality and craftsmanship and satire-they are Sir William Ramsay: Memorials of His Life and
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1918
437
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438
Novembe
THE DIAL
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Why We Went to War, by Christian Gai
study of the political phases of the world war i
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out The Army and the Law, by Garrard Glenn,
André Chéradame's The Essentials of an End
associate professor of law in the University.
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A new edition of Arthur Morrison's Tales of
lishing Selma Lagerlöf's Gösta Berling's
Mean Streets, with a preface by H. L. Mencken, The text of the English translation, which appe
is to be issued this month by Philip Goodman.
in London in 1894 and is now out of print, has
Twenty-one plays, from Sheridan to Galsworthy edited and corrected by Hanna Astrup Larson,
and Dunsany, have been gathered together by Mont- eight chapters which were omitted in the B1
rose J. Moses to be issued as Representative British
edition have been restored in a translation by V
Dramas: Victorian and Modern. The volume is to
Swanston Howard.
be published soon by Little, Brown and Co.
The Macmillan Co. have reprinted in a s
A fully illustrated reprint of an early edition of
volume, illustrated in color and in half-ton
Edward Lear's Book of Nonsense, to which More
Indian artists, Rabindranath Tagore's Gitai
Nonsense has been added, has recently been pub-
the religious poems for which he received the N
lished by Thomas Y. Crowell.
prize, and its sequel Fruit Gathering ($2.50).
The First Time After, a chapter of Dorothy Can-
book also includes the W. B. Yeats preface, wr
field's Home Fires in France (Henry Holt and Co.),
has been translated into French and incorporated
in 1912. One need not go the length of Mr. Y
into a volume of selections of modern prose for use
enthusiasm, nor take too seriously the Tagore
in the high schools of France.
in order to find these translations readable and
A. Safroni-Middleton, author of A Vagabond's readable. The illustrations—and notably thos
Odyssey, has written another picture of the primitive Abanindranath Tagore-add to the attractivene
life of the Southern Pacific Islands, which will be a volume excellently adapted to serve as a gift.
published this month by Dodd, Mead and Co. under Gertrude Atherton was much younger when
the title Wine Dark Seas and Tropic Skies.
wrote her tale of adventure for boys, The Val
D. Appleton and Co. announce for immediate Runaways (Dodd, Mead; $1.25), which has
publication John Bach McMaster's The United been out of print. It was a good idea to give i
States in the World War, and The Writing and the world again; for it is a jolly story of
Reading of Verse, by Clarence E. Andrews. Edith
breadth escapes in the romantic surroundings
Wharton's new war novel, The Marne, is scheduled
Old California in Mexican times. The tal
for early December issue from the same press.
neither cluttered nor ridiculous; it moves swi
Publication rights on Songs of the Plains, by Edna
Worthley Underwood, have been taken over from
and is graphic enough to amuse any mind that I
Sherman, French and Co. by the Four Seas Co., old-fashioned adventure. No amateur could w
who brought out Mrs. Underwood's translation of
so good a story so audaciously of the thriller t
Songs of Hafiz. They announce for early publica- The reader keeps noticing what a remarkable mi
tion Mrs. Underwood's collection of Famous Stor it would make. Had there been movies in the c
ies from Foreign Countries.
when she wrote this book, Mrs. Atherton must
Corn From Olde Fields: An Anthology of Old tainly have been annexed.
English Poems, from the Fourteenth to the Seven-
teenth Century, compiled by the Honorable Eleanor
Contributors
Brougham, is announced for immediate publication
by the John Lane Co., who are also to bring out two Isaac Goldberg, editor of The Stratford Jouri
other volumes of verse: The Vagabond and Other is the translator of Six Plays of the Yiddish Thea
Poems from "Punch,” by R. C. Lehman, and a First and Second Series (Luce) and of Sholam A:
collection of war poems, Forward, March! by An Mottke, the Vagabond (Luce), and The God
gela Morgan.
Vengeance (Stratford). The Four Seas Co. h
Three new titles are soon to be added to E. P.
announced three volumes of translations by A
Dutton and Co.'s Library of French Fiction: Jac- Goldberg: Drabkin and Other Tales, by Da
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Eleanor Stimson Brooks; Nono, by Gaston Roup- and Brazilian Tales; and B. W. Huebsch is shor
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the. Seine, by Fernand Vanderem, translated by
to bring out Mr. Goldberg's translation of Th
George Raffalovich. The series is under the edi- Plays by David Pinski, Second Series.
torial direction of Barnet J. Beyer, a former lec-
The other contributors to this number have p
turer at the Sorbonne.
viously written for The DIAL.


1918
439
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DEC 1 2 1913
Why the Wilson Peace Policy May Fail
THE DIAL
A FORTNIGHTLY
VOL. LXV
NEW YORK
NO. 778
NOVEMBER 30, 1918
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Why the Wilson Peace Policy May Fail. A European Liberal 459
THE FOURTEEN POINTS AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS John Dewey 463
British LABOR AND RECONSTRUCTION
G. D. H. Cole 465
THE BETRAYAL OF HENRY ADAMS
Robert Morss Lovett 468
Will You STEP INTO MY GRAVE, SIR? Verse
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COMPTON MACKENZIE
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502
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Southerner-to read, mark, ponder, and inwardly
digest. The book is well thought out, well Quality Street
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planned, and well written."
Illustrations by Walter Tittle. $2.00 net.
On Our Hill
History
By Josephine Daskam Bacon Jefferson Davis By Armistead C. Gordon
Kate Douglas Wiggin says:
“It has charm, solidity, and a certain fairness
and poise which befits this moment in our na-
“A winsome, beguiling book sprinkled with wit
tional history. One sees in it the Jefferson
and leavened with wisdom. No child's book this,
Davis who will ultimately emerge from the pages
but one with a flavor all its own; one to be kept
of unbiased historical study."-Edwin O. Alder-
close at hand and read more than once."
man, President of the University of Virginia.
Illustrated. $2.00 net.
Thomas Jefferson
By Prof. David Saville Muzzey of Columbia Univ.
“Dr. Muzzey does not pretend to disclose any
hitherto unknown facts about Jefferson, but he
does review the known fact temperately, im-
By Katharine Hooker
partially and with a study that commends his
work to all who would have a just conception
"Almost like an echo from the past comes this of one of the foremost founders of the Re-
fascinating volume on the 'Byways in Southern public."-New York Tribune.
Tuscany.' Charmingly illustrated with sketches Other volumes in preparation. Each $1.50 net.
in black-and-white and photographs in half-
tone. Miss Hooker's impressions and descrip- Social Process
tions of Southern_Tuscany make a fascinating
appeal."-Boston Transcript.
By Prof. Charles Horton Cooley
İllustrated. $3.50 net.
An illuminating examination of the processes of
the evolution of society.
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In the Wilds of
South America
Six years
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British Guiana, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, By Prof. Edgar James Swift
and Brazil
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By Leo E. Miller
counsel of the sort that many a reader may ap-
of the American Museum of Natural History.
preciate and employ."--Newark News.
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It is a wonderfully informative, impressive, and
Byways in Southern
Tuscany
Psychology and the
often thrilling narrative in which savage peoples The Shorter The New Testament
which forms an infinitely readable book and one
of rare value.
With 48 full-page illustrations and with maps
$4.50 net.
A new translation which gives in simple, digni-
fied, modern English those parts of the New
Testament which are of the most practical value
today.
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The Wyeth Edition of
The Mysterious Island
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Of all the books of the great enchanter of ad-
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perhaps the one which is most enthralling for
every page with irresistible humor, with illumi-
the readers of to-day.
nating philosophy, with human nature wearing
Tilustrated in Colors.
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motley, yet as starkly revealed as Adam in Eden.
One of the most authentic masterpieces of this
year's fiction."-New York Tribune. $1.35 net.
By Louis Dodge
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derest than anything which has yet been pro-
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ture out of bedtime stories for children. If his
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charm of Creole temperament and speech. It is it will not be because it is unworthy of such dis-
a winning tale of beauty and sympathetic appeal tinction."-Phila. Public Ledger.
to the heart."-New York Tribune. $1.50 net. Illustrated in color by Paul Bransom. $2.00 net.
The Book of Bravery
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"The alluring train of the eternal vagabond runs retold and interpreted them, arranging them ac-
thru it all, and lends witchery and idealism to cording to an ascending scale of bravery.
the scenes. The entire narrative is suffused in a
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rare and peculiar atmosphere of artistic charm."
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The Big Game
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that for clean amateur athletics, which Tom
Kerry plays in this new book by “Fair Play."
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It is fully as exciting as “The Fullback," and it
leads up to the biggest game' of all-- The War.
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the romance writer."-New York Tribune.
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Children of the Dear
chanced to meet, on their journey from the
Pacific coast to live with unknown relatives in
the East.
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Cotswolds
Treasure Island
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By Robert Louis Stevenson
Mrs. Harker here presents, with the charm that Mr. George Varian, the illustrator, is the son of
characterizes all she writes, the people of the a sea-captain and followed the sea himself in his
beautiful Cotswold region. Among the stories youth. He has caught the real atmosphere of
are “Mrs. Birkin's Bonnet,” “At Blue House the tale and his drawings add materially to the
Lock,” “A Cotswold Barmaid,” “Fuzzy Wuzzy's interest of this imaginative romance of adven-
Watch," "A Giotta of the Cotswolds," etc.
ture. Illustrations in color by GEORGE VARIAN.
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BOOKS
READINGS IN THE ECONOMICS OF WAR
By J. MAURICE CLARK, Associate Professor of Political Economy, University of Chi-
cago; WALTON H. HAMILTON, Professor of Economic Institutions, Amherst College;
and HAROLD G. MOULTON, Associate Professor of Political Economy, University of
Chicago. 708 pages, cloth ; $3.00, postage extra (weight 2 lbs. 8 oz.).
This book interprets the war in its economic aspects, and outlines its significance for
future organization of industrial society. The following chapters should be read in
connection with reconstruction activities: "War's Lessons in the Principles of National
Efficiency," "Economic Factors in an Enduring Peace," and "After-the-War Problems."
READINGS IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
By L. C. MARSHALL, Professor of Political Economy and Dean of the School of Com-
merce and Administration, University of Chicago. 1,106 pages, cloth; $3.50, postage
extra (weight 4 lbs.).
This volume consists of several hundred carefully selected and edited articles which to-
gether form a study of the structure and function of modern industrial organization.
The fact that all phases of the subject are discussed, each by an expert in his particu-
lar line, renders the book unexcelled in usefulness.
A HISTORY OF SUFFRAGE IN THE UNITED STATES
By KIRK HAROLD PORTER. 272 pages, cloth ; $1.25, postage extra.
The author presents a panoramic picture of the entire United States and carries the
reader rapidly on from decade to decade without getting lost in the details of local his-
tory. The books throw new and interesting light on conditions of which histories give
but scant hint.
THE RELATION OF JOHN LOCKE TO ENGLISH DEISM
By S. G. HEFÈLBOWER, Washburn College. 260 pages, cloth; $1.00, postage extra.
The author presents evidence to prove that the several widely accepted historical opin-
ions regarding the relation of Locke and English Deism are wrong, and that the two
are related as co-ordinate parts of the larger progressive movement of the age.
THE NEW ORTHODOXY
By EDWARD S. AMEs, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Chicago. 138
pages, cloth; $1.00, postage extra (weight 12 oz.).
The war marks the beginning of a new epoch in Christianity. Religion is gaining in
reality and in sanity, and also in vision and incentive. The foundations of the new
orthodoxy do not rest in man's superstition or in his credulity, but in his heroism, his
kindliness, and his imagination.
THE LIFE OF PAUL
By BENJAMIN W. ROBINSON, Professor of New Testament Literature and Interpreta-
tion, Chicago Theological Seminary. 264 pages, cloth; $1.25, postage extra (weight 1
1b. 14 oz.).
The most important results of recent discovery and research are embodied in this com-
pact, lucid biography. In Paul is seen the same spirit which today impels men to start
out for other lands to give their all that the nations may have liberty and light.
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We Strongly Recommend the Purchase of These Important Books for Gifts
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
The Great Novel by VICENTE BLASCO IBANEZ
Author of "THE SHADOW OF THE CATHEDRAL," etc.
Authorized Transla BECAUSE it is unquestionably the broadest based of all pictures of the
tion by
war, showing the national characters of the peoples at war, the beginnings
of the great struggle and the way in which the world responded to Ger-
CHARLOTTE
many's challenge. It is a clearer record of the actual situation than
volumes of history will give, and is being widely purchased as a book to
BREWSTER
keep for the purpose of preserving such a record. Everywhere it is being
JORDAN
described by the best critics as "the greatest novel produced by the war."
The New York Evening Post says:
“ 'The Four Horsemen of the
Twentieth Edition Apocalypse' is a great story of the war; it is a vivid example of char-
acter portrayal and analysis. But it is even more than this, it is a
$1.90 net radical shaking off of Teuton dominance."
SALT
or,
The Education of Griffith Adams
By CHARLES G. NORRIS
A Novel of vital in BECAUSE it is a vivid picture of an American boy's experience under
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terest, especially, per- marriage and parenthood. Whatever conclusion the reader comes to,
haps, to all parents. whether he decides that Griffith Adams' difficulties were due to some defect
in his family life, or in the ideas fostered-or neglected during his edu-
cation, or to a deeper national indifference to discipline and lack of whole-
Fourth Edition
hearted moral earnestness, wherever the cause is sought, the story is found
intensely absorbing. It is rolling up a wave of public opinion which must
$1.50 net
have effect in determining the course of education in the future. "The
most interesting that I have read this year, and for a many a year, for
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Far Away and Long Ago History of My Early Life
By W. H. HUDSON
Author of "The PURPLE LAND," "Idle Days in PATAGONIA," etc.
BECAUSE it has an unusual combination of fascinating qualities. "If
ever a man of genius employed the English language in writing about
nature this is he. We remarked upon the unsurpassed beauty of his 'Idle
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painting of most un-
work, and yet we hesitate to say that any other work, even from his pen,
quite equalled this. He has crowded those remote and immense regions
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strange experiences in shown us again how marvellous a vehicle of expression is our much-
abused yet still imcomparable English language."—New York Tribune.
the Argentine pam-
pas.
Add to beauty of style, and the breadth of his novel subject, the book's
With portrait.
revelation of a fine personality and it is easy to understand the comment of
The New York Times: "Here and there in his books, W. H. Hudson has
$2.50 net
made reference--always enchantingly—to his boyhood in South America.
But we have waited eagerly for just what we have here—a book sug-
gestive, picturesque, unusual, beautiful-worth waiting for truly, greatly
worth reading, and reading again."
For sale at all Bookstores. If not obtainable from your dealer order direct from
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1918
44
THE DIAL
Take this List with you when selecting Books for Gifts
You are urged by the Government to both Shop and Ship early.
ON PSYSCHIC PHENOMENA
Life After Death
By JAMES H. HYSLOP
Discusses the nature of life after death rather than the
fact of it which he regards as proved.
$2.00
On the Threshold of the Unseen
By SIR WILLIAM F. BARRETT
"The best work in English on psychic phenomena" is
the verdict of those who know.
$2.50
The Reality of Psychic Phenomena
By W. J. CRAWFORD
A record of delicate psychical experiments which fore.
cast remarkable psychical discoveries.
$2.00
By the Same Author
Hints and Observations
For those investigating the phenomena of spiritualism.
$1.25
PLAYS
Representative Plays of
American Dramatists
By MONTROSE J. MOSES
In three volumes, covering the entire dramatic history
of this country. Vol. I. ready, $4.00. Vol. II. and
Vol. III. in preparation.
The Social Plays of Arthur Wing Pinero
Edited by CLAYTON HAMILTON
Vol. I. –The Second Mrs. Tanqueray; The Notorious
Mrs. Ebbsmith. $2.00. Vol. II.-The Gay Lord
Quex; Iris. $2.00. In preparation : Vols. III. and IV.
POEMS
Lanterns in Gethsemane
By WILLARD WATTLES
The distinctive strength of these poems is in their
sense of the reality of Christ's nearness.
$1.50
The Old Huntsman
By SIEGFRIED SASSOON
"No English poet of late, with the exception of Walter
de la Mare," has a purer strain of magic."-Boston
Transcript.
$2.00
The War Dog
By EDWARD PEPLE
A dog-a poem--a croix de Guerre.
50c
Friendly Rhymes
By JAMES FOLEY
Distinguished by the genial humor felt in his “Boys
and Girls," etc.
$2.00
Certain American Faces
By CHARLES LEWIS SLATTERY, D.D.
Sketches of American spiritual leaders from intimate
personal knowledge. With portraits of Phillips Brooks,
William James, Josiah Royce, Dr. Peabody, Dr. Nash,
A. V. G. Allen, Bishop Whipple and others. Ready
shortly.
$1.50
The Temple
By W. E. ORCHARD
A Book of Prayer "expressing the divine hunger for
spiritual life.---Times.
$1.25
Leaves in the Wind
By “ALPHA OF THE PLOW"
Essays on any interest of the moment written for
enjoyment and most enjoyable.
$2.00
“I Heard a Voice" or The
Great Exploration
By A KING'S COUNSEL
A series of messages received through a period of a
year, and a half through the planchette and automatic
writing.
$2.50
How to Speak with the Dead
By SCIENS
A book of simple, practical directions for the wider
practice of spiritual communication.
$1.50
MYSTICISM, ETC.
The Theory and Practice
of Mysticism
By CHARLES M. ADDISON
"The best introduction to mysticism for the general
reader in existence."--The Churchman.
$1.50
Practical Mysticism
By EVELYN UNDERHILL, author of "Mys-
ticism"
A helpful guide for those who wish a more satisfying
sense of unseen realities. New edition.
$1.50
From the Watch Tower
By SIDNEY KLEIN
A demonstration of man's power to withdraw his
spirit above humdrum distractions.
$2.50
"LITTLE” BOOKS OF VALUE
The Great Expectancy
By MARGARET PRESCOTT MONTAGUE
By the author of "Home to Him's Muvver," etc. 35c
The Beloved Captain
By DONALD HANKEY
Every leader of men in field or factory should be given
this.
50c
When Chenal Sings the Marseillaise
By WYTHE WILLIAMS
“Reveals the soul of France and thrills the American
reader."— Transcript.
50c
Man's Supreme Inheritance
By MATTHIAS ALEXANDER
Foreword by Prof. John Dewey.
Dr. J. H. Jowett calls it "a very arresting exposition
of a theory and method which would redeem the in.
dividual from the mastery of non-intelligent forces in
his life."
$2.00
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You are urged by the Government to both Shop and Ship early.
BOOKS FOR THE JUNIORS
beginning with the youngest
FICTION
We Others By HENRI BARBUSSE
As moving in its totally different vein as his supremely
truthful "Under Fire.
$1.50
Ducky Daddle's Party
By BERTHA PARKER HALL
A story easily followed in pictures. 30 full-page plates.
$1.25
Under Fire By HENRI BARBUSSE
"Barbusse gives the thing itself-War," says ROBERT
HERRICK in THE DIAL. 14th Edition.
$1.75
Mothers' Nursery Tales
By KATHARINE PYLE
Old-time stories told with new magic. 7 color-plates
and 40 other illustrations by the author.
$2.50
A Ride on a Rocking Horse
By R. A. MARSHALL
A charming story and quaintly colored pictures. 24
color-plates and other illustrations.
$1.50
Faery Tales of Weir
Original and delightful fairy tales. Frontispiece in
colors and 25 pen drawings by Katharine Pyle. $2.00
A Dreamer Under Arms
By F. G. HURRELL
Men are reading it increasingly, liking it, and recom-
mending it.
$1.50
A Student in Arms
By DONALD HANKEY
First series in its eighteenth edition; second series in
its sixth edition.
Shows that "though war may blight and burn, it sancti.
fies as well as destroys."-Spectator. Each, $1.50
The Garden of Survival
By ALGERNON BLACKWOOD,
author of "The Wave," etc., who has never expressed
more beautifully spiritual possibilities that are the birth.
right of the soul.
$1.25
The Promise of Air
By ALGERNON BLACKWOOD,
Has in it the thrill of sensing wonders not quite yet
material realities.
$1.50
Before the Wind By JANET LAING
Charming romance, ingenious detective story, amusing
satire all in
$1.50
Bugs and Wings and Other Things
By ANNIE W. FRANCHOT
Fascinating stories with frontispiece in colors by JESSIE
Wilcox Smith. 8 color-plates and 25 pen drawings by
HARRISON CADY.
$1.50
one.
A Boy of Bruges
By E. & T. CAMMAERTS
Child-life in Belgium Edited by FLORENCE CONVERSE.
$1.50.
STORIES OF ADVENTURE
The Lost Nation
By EVERETT MCNEIL
How could a nation be "lost"-survive unknown?-be
found again?
Illustrated. $1.60
The Trail of the Cloven Foot
By A. HYATT VERRILL
Gold-mine hunting in Central America.
Illustrated. $1.60
The Scarecrow By G. RANGER WORMSER
Quite unusual—with a haunting touch of eerie ghost-
liness.
$1.50
The Little Girl Who
Couldn't-Get-Over-It
By ALFRED SCOTT BARRY
"Whimsical pathos and tender humor, cleverly com-
pounded."- New York Tribune. 3rd edition. $1.50
The New Warden
By MRS. DAVID G. RITCHIE,
author of "Two Sinners." Social life in war-time
Oxford.
$1.90
The Shadow of the Cathedral
By VICENTE BLASCO IBANEZ
Until “The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" the
best work of this first of Spanish novelists. Trans-
lated by MRS. W. G. GILLESPIE. New edition ready
shortly.
$1.60
FOR THE OLDER YOUTH
Boys' Book of Chemistry
By CHARLES RAMSAY CLARKE
Experiments on which are based a good understanding
of up-to-date chemical discoveries.
$2.00
1
The Library of French Fiction
Edited by BARNET J. BEYER, sometime lecturer at the Sorbonne, Paris.
A series of Translations of French Novels illustrating the life and manners of modern France.
JACQUOU THE REBEL
NONO
TO APPEAR
OTHERS
By EUGENE LE ROY
By GASTON ROUPNEL
IMMEDIATELY
TO FOLLOW
Translated by ELEANOR STIMSON BROOKS Translated by BARNET J. BEYER
$1.90
$1.60
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1918
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Take this List with you when selecting Books for Gifts
You are urged by the Government to both Shop and Ship early.
American Problems of Reconstruction
A national symposium on the Economic and Financial Aspects. $4.00 net.
Edited by Elisha M. FRIEDMAN with a Foreword by FRANKLIN, K. LANE, Secretary of the Interior.
Part I. A PERSPECTIVE OF THE PROBLEM. Contributors: Elisha M. Friedman, Alexander D.
Noyes, George W. Perkins.
Part II. EFFICIENCY IN PRODUCTION. Contributors: George Otis Smith, Willis R. Whitney, A. A.
Potter, Allen Rogers, Frank B. Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth, Charles M. Schwab, Bernhard
C. Hesse, Louis B. Wehle, William B. Colver.
Part III. ADJUSTMENTS IN TRADE AND FINANCE. Contributors: Ray Morris, Charles J. Brand,
Emory R. Johnson, Edwin J. Clapp, 0. P. Austin, Chauncey Depew Snow, Henry E. Cooper, Robert
L. Owen, Francis H. Sisson.
Part IV. PROGRAMS," MONETARY AND FISCAL. Contributors: Irving Fisher, E. W. Kemmerer, Frank
A. Vanderlip, E. R. A. Seligman, Frederick A. Cleveland.
"A pioneer work sure to be in wide demand.
Its contributors keep to such general topics as
efficiency in production, adjustments in trade and finance, monetary and fiscal programs, yet within
this broad framework there is ample room for discussion of the country's mineral and chemical
resources, its railroad and shipping problems, international commerce, foreign exchange and foreign
investments, scientific management, capital and labor and a host of questions looking to the pro-
motion of industrial efficiency."- Boston Herald.
i
Getting Together with Latin America
By A. HYATT VERRILL
Author of "The Book of the West Indies." A clear,
competent treatment of trade conditions in Latin
America.
$2.00
Creative Impulse in Industry
By HELEN MAROT
On so educating the workers as to lead them to enjoy
work and avoid turning them into mere machines. $1.50
Britain After the Peace
Revolution or Reconstruction
By BROUGHAM VILLIERS
A sane effort at showing how the change from war to
peace conditions may be made swiftly without dis-
turbance.
$2.50
Girls' Clubs
By HELEN J. FERRIS
The National Board of the Y. W. C. A. and other
leaders in work among girls recommend this book as
an invaluable help.
$2.00
The Kingdom of the Child
By ALICE M. HERTS HENIGER
A brilliant discussion of the principles of educational
dramatics, as developed by the author.
Illustrations. $1.50
Municipal Housecleaning
By WILLIAM PARR CAPES and JEANNE R.
CARPENTER
Experience of American cities on street cleaning and
disposal of waste.
$6.00
American Soldiers' and Sailors' Diary
Arranged by MARY PARKER CONVERSE
for the convenience of men in either branch of the
service or in the Y. M. C. A.
60c
Alsace-Lorraine
By COLEMAN PHILLIPSON
Author of "International Law and the Great War,"
"Termination of War and Treaties of Peace," etc. A
clear, concise and strictly impartial presentation of a
thorny problem soon to be finally settled. $8.00
The Secret Press in Belgium
By JEAN MASSART
Author of "Belgians Under the German Eagle." A
lively account of the "probibited" publications which
exposed and ridiculed German rule in Belgium. $1.50
The British Navy, what it
is, and what wo owo to it
The Silent Watchers
By BENNET COPPLESTONE
Exceptionally valuable, for besides being authoritative
it conveys the spirit of the British Navy.
$2.00
The Near East from Within
By
A most thorough exposé of Germany's methods of secret
control in Turkey, the Balkans, etc. Cheaper ed. $1.50
Last of the Romanofs
By CHARLES RIVET
A vivid, accurate account of the conditions leading to
the Russian Revolution.
$3.00
A Village in Picardy
By RUTH GAINES
Introduction by Pres. Wm. A. Neilson, Smith College.
An account of the Red Cross work of the Smith College
Relief Unit in France.
Illustrated. $1.50
America at the Front
By FULLERTON L. WALDO
Lively sketches of many phases of the life of Americans
enroute, in training camps and at the front. New
edition just ready.
$2.00
*
*
*
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The
Scandinavian
Classics
22
“The series is, in its dignified simplicity, a beautiful testimony to a liter-
ary solicitude which we hitherto have not been accustomed to associate with
modern American culture.
This undertaking is not in the least
forced, but just well done."
-August Brunius, the Swedish critic.
Two volumes are issued annually. The following eleven are now ready :
Comedies by Holberg
Marie Grubbe. A Lady of the
Three most characteristic plays by “The
Seventeenth Century
Molière of the North," the first great mod The first of J. P. Jacobsen's two great psy-
ern in Scandinavian literature.
chological novels.
Poems by Tegner
Arnljot Gelline
"Frithiof's Saga” and other poems by the
In this verse romance Björnson has found
lyrist who revealed the beauty of Swedish
the most “daring and tremendous expres-
sion for the spirit of Old Norse paganism.
literature to Longfellow.
Poems and Songs by Björnstjerne
Anthology of Swedish Lyrics
A wonderful array of lyric achievement is
Björnson
revealed in this volume of Swedish verse,
A catechism of Norwegian patriotic ideals.
from 1750 to 1915, collected and translated
by Charles Wharton Stork.
Master Olof
Gösta Berling's Saga-Part I
Strindberg's historical-religious drama,
whose hero has been called “as uncompro-
Selma Lagerlöf's first romance, which won
her immortal fame among world writers.
mising at moments as Ibsen's Brand, but
This translation is based upon the excellent
more living than he.”'
British translation by Lillie Tudeer, now
out of print. It has been carefully edited
The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson by Hanna Astrup Larsen, the translator of
Mythical tales of the North written by a
Jacobsen's Marie Grubbe, and the eight
chapters omitted from Miss Tudeer's ver-
master of Old Norse Prose.
sion have been added in masterly translation
Modern Icelandic Plays
by Velma Swanston Howard.
“Eyvind of the Hills" and "The Hraun Gösta Berling's Saga-Part II
Farm" by Jóhann Sigurjónsson, the young Containing the last chapters in the career
dramatist of Iceland.
of the profligate poet-priest of Värmland.
The Price of Each Volume is $1.50
The American-Scandinavian Foundation
25 West 45th Street, New York
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1918
457
THE DIAL
Gifts of
of Distinction and Character
The Friendly Gift to the True Friend—a Book
SIX SUGGESTIONS AT ANY BOOKSTORE — MAY WE SEND OUR FULL LIST OF FALL BOOKS?
AUTHOR
BOOK
SUBSTANCE
Lytton Strachey
EMINENT
VICTORIANS
8vo, 6 portraits, $3.50
Sir Arthur
Quiller-Couch
STUDIES IN
LITERATURE
8vo, $2.50
Washington Irving
LETTERS TO
HENRY
BREVOORT
8vo, two vols. in one,
$3.50
Henry Brevoort
LETTERS TO
WASHINGTON
IRVING
8vo, two vols. in one,
$3.50
An amazingly clever historical and bio-
graphical study of Cardinal Manning,
Florence Nightingale, General Gordon,
Dr. Arnold, and some incidental portraits.
"A brilliant and extraordinarily witty
book-masterly and subtle. There is
something almost uncanny in the author's
detachment."- London Times.
Here the editor, novelist, poet, critic and
professor, well known as a most versatile
and distinguished man of letters, takes
one of his refreshing rambles into old
fields and new. His is a literary criticism
always enlivened by fresh viewpoints.
These letters (published for the first time
in a popular edition) were written by
Irving between the years 1807-1843.
They treat of the social, literary, dra-
matic life of the period, and first hand,
of Aaron Burr's trial, the War of 1812,
etc.
This and the volume above are sold
separately, but make a charming set.
Brevoort's letters, written to Irving in
the early half of the nineteenth century,
show their author to be quite as distin-
guished a letter-writer, at least, as his
more famous friend.
This distinguished work, a worthy com-
panion to the Cambridge History of Eng-
lish Literature (now complete in 14
vols.) is to be in three volumes. Volumes
1 and 2 now are ready.
Vol. 1: Colonial and Revolutionary Literature
-Early National Literature, Part I.
Vol. 2: Early National Literature, Part II, and
Later National Literature, Part I.
A discussion of the moral aspects of the
peace problem and of retributive justice,
as an indispensable element, by the dis-
tinguished author of "The Evidence in
the Case," "The War and Humanity,"
etc. He shows clearly why the German
power must be crushed.
EDITORS
William Peterfield Trent,
M.A., LL.D.
John Erskine, Ph.D.
Stuart Pratt Sherman,Ph.D.
Carl Van Doren, Ph.D.
THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
AMERICAN
LITERATURE
3 vols., large 8 vo,
$3.50 each
James M. Beck,
Ph.D., LL.D.
THE RECKONING
12mo, $1.50
NEW YORK
2 West 45th St.
Just WEST of 5th Ave.
ALL BOOKSELLERS
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
Publishers
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LONDON
24 Bedford St.
STRAND


2
November 30
THE DIAL
Selected for a War Christmas
LIPPINCOTT
BOOKS
DROIT
MONTRRAL
PHILADELPHIA
LONDON
ESMERALDA
or Every Little Bit Helps
1792
1918
By NINA WILCOX PUTNAM and NORMAN JACOBSEN
Illustrated in color and black and white. $1.00 net.
This is a patriotic tale, up to the minute, startling and delightful, that no
American will want to miss.
What Did Esmeralda Do?
FOR SALE AT ALL
She couldn't sew, she couldn't knit,
BOOKSTORES
She couldn't make a comfort kit;
What did Esmeralda do?
J B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
She filled the ranks, she manned the tanks,
And drew the shekels from the banks;
For what she did, this hypnotizer,
Made men rush off to fight the Kaiser.
The Springtide of Life—Poems of Childhood
FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
By ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE
Keineth
With a Preface by Edmund Gosse.
Illustrated by ARTHUR RACKHAM
By Jane D. Abbott. The best of
8 color plates and many illustrations in the text. $3.00 net.
modern American home life, is
Edmund Gosse has carried out a plan once made by the poet, to gather his portrayed in this wholesome girls'
poems on childhood in one volume, and Arthur Rackham has interpreted them book. The enchantment of this
exquisitely.
delightful story lingers long in
the memory of the fortunate girl
Clear the Decks!
reader. Illustrated. $1.25 net.
A Tale of the American Navy Today. By “COMMANDER"
The American Boy's
20 Photographic Illustrations. $1.50 net.
A thrilling tale of our navy boys in action-based on fact. Thousands of Engineering Book
our American boys are today living the life of the hero of this book.
was written by a U. S. Naval Officer during off hours in actual naval service.
By A. Russell Bond. Following
A wholly enthralling story of American naval activities is here described a boy's natural bent to construct,
the fun, the dangers, the everyday life, the encounters with the enemy.
the author trains his youthful
readers to do real men's work in
The Romance of Old Philadelphia
miniature, at almost no cost from
materials easily available. A book
By JOHN T. FARIS, Author of "Old Roads Out of Philadelphia” boys will revel in. 250 diagrams.
100 Illustrations. Octavo. $4.50 net.
$2.00 net.
The fact that Philadelphia was the center for a long period of the colonial
life of the nation gives this volume a historical appeal to all Americans. The American Boys' Book of Signs,
illustrations are of the most varied and interesting character.
Signals and Symbols
Decorative Textiles By GEORGE LELAND HUNTER By Dan Beard. Every kind of
580 Illustrations in color and halftone; handsomely bound. $15 net.
code - transmission fascinatingly
described by the veteran boy.
The first comprehensive book on decorative textiles for wall, floor, and fur:
lover :-Indian, forester, animal,
niture coverings. A perfect reservoir of combinations and schemes old and
tramp, secret organization, Morse
new. The illustrations are remarkable for both quality and quantity, showing
Telegraph, Navy, deaf and dumb,
texture values as they have never been shown before. A magnificent work.
etc. 350 illustrations by the
author. $2.00 net.
The Historical Nights Entertainment
By RAFAEL SABATINI
$1.75 net. General Crook and the
Scenes already famous through great foreign writers, portrayed with rare Fighting Apaches
skill in the form of thirteen short stories, each culminating in the dramatic
happenings of a night.
By Edwin L. Sabin.-ANOTHER
TRAIL BLAZER!-A stirring
The Submarine in War and Peace
tale of adventure with General
Crook, the redoubtable Indian
By SIMON LAKE, M.I.N.A.
Illustrated $3.00 net.
fighter. Actual history is the
The foremost inventor of the day along submarine lines gives an interesting
basis for this thrilling tale. Jim,
my Dunn, who aided General
authoritative account of the development, present, past and future, of under-
Crook, will be the envy of every
sea craft, with many suggestions for inventors. It is scientifically accurate, live "American Boy. Illustrated.
yet not at all technical.
$1.25 net.
The Business of the Household
Gulliver's Travels
By C. W. Taber
Illustrated. $2.00 net. (Stories All Children Love Series)
Everything affecting home government thoroughly treated: heating, lighting,
By Jonathan Swift. Lilliputians
housing, insurance, pleasures, etc. A book every housewife, home economics
and Giants amuse and enliven
teacher and pupil should have.
the imagination of children now,
as they have always done. Miss
Passed As Censored
Kirk's inimitable color illustra.
tions in this new edition make
By Captain Bertram M. Bernheim, M.R.C.
$1 25 net.
the book a constant delight to
An unusual war book--the original letters of one of the fighters in France,
young and old. Illustrated. $1.35
vivid, human, real. They tell of the superhuman efforts of the S. O. R.
net.
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1918
45
THE DIAL
Case of the United States Against Germany
As Set Forth by
JAMES BROWN SCOTT, A.M., J.U.D., LL.D.
President of the American Institute of International Law,
Major and Judge-Advocate, U. S. Army
IN THREE VOLUMES_BASED ON OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
Diplomatic Correspondence Between the United States and Germany
392 Pages.
Net $3.50
CONTAINS the diplomatic correspondence between the United States and Germany.
This correspondence forms the background for all the President said and wrote to Germany
and is in a very real sense the case of the United States against Germany.
A Survey of International Relations Between the United States and Germany
516 Pages. Net $5.00
CONSIDERS, in narrative form, each issue as an episode and discusses it in the light of
the correspondence, the practice of nations, and the views of publicists, including those of
Germany. Over 100 pages of translations from German authorities showing the German
conceptions of the state and international law are given.
“In this admirable survey Dr. Scott has given us the most comprehensive and most thoroughly
documented exposition of the relations of the United States to the Great War which has been
published.
It is throughout scholarly in its method and workmanlike in its execution.”-Hon.
David Jayne Hill in the American Journal of International Law.
*
*
President Wilson's Foreign Policy
Messages, Addresses, Papers 438 Pages. Net $3.50
CONTAINS the messages, addresses and papers of President Wilson, stating in his own
words, every principle which, before and since our entrance into the war, he has deemed
essential to a just and permanent settlement of the issues involved.
"In a brief explanatory note to each successive paper or address—the full text of which is re-
produced—he makes its particular relation to the rest amazingly clear. Each annotation is a marvel
of brevity, relevancy and scholarship. Without ever being argumentative, without even departing from
the impartial, judicial tone that characterized his previous works, Mr. Scott has contrived to present
the vital sources of contemporary American history in a manner that will educate, interest and inspire
every true American.”—Philadelphia Press.
James Madison's Notes of Debates
in the Federal Convention of 1787
and their relation to a more perfect Society of Nations
By JAMES BROWN Scott
Ready Shortly
In 1787 the American States found it necessary to form a closer union than that which existed
under the Articles of Confederation. The formation of the United States of America was the result
and the Peace Conference to meet soon should have like success if it takes counsel of experience and
considers the proceedings of the Federal Convention. This volume shows in simple and narrative form
the steps by which the “many interests” in 1787 were reconciled.
At all Booksellers or from the Publishers
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
A M ER I CAN B R A N C H
THIRTY-FIVE WEST THIRTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK
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454
November 30
THE DIAL
HOLIDAY
GIFT BOOKS
1918
LITTLE BROWN & CO.
"All Star” Fiction
Biography and Travel
Out of the Silences
By Mary E. WALLER
Author of The Wood-carver of 'Lympus
A virile romance of the present day with its
scenes laid in Canada.
$1.50 net
Our Admirable Betty
By JEFFERY FARNOL
Author of The Broad Highway
A joyous and vigorous romance of the period
of The Broad Highway.
$1.60 net
Woodrow Wilson :
An Interpretation
By A. MAURICE Low
A keen and impartial analysis of the character
and motives of the President as revealed by his
speeches, writings and statesmanship. $2.00 net
George Westinghouse:
His Life and Achievements
By FRANCIS E. LEUPP
The biography of one of America's greatest
inventors that reads like a romance. $3.00 net
The Golden Road
By LILIAN WHITING
A resume of the varied experiences of one of
America's best known women of letters, gath-
ered along “The Golden Road” of life, at
home and abroad.
$3.00 net
My Chinese Days
By GULIELMA F. ALSOP
With its background of oriental colors, customs
and mystery, this is a volume of really wonder.
ful vignettes of Chinese life, by a
physician.
$2.00 net
The Zeppelin's Passenger
By E. PHILLIPS OPPENHEIM
Author of
The Pawns Count, The Kingdom of the Blind
Another German spy
story--more audacious
than any Mr. Oppenheim has heretofore writ-
ten.
$1.50 net
woman
Virtuous Wives
By OWEN JOHNSON
Author of The Salamander
A highly interesting and truthf story of mar-
ried life in New York that every woman will
wish to read.
$1.50 net
Books on the War
Skyrider
TINITAT
By B. M. BOWER
Author of The Lookout Man
A cowboy who becomes an aviator is the hero
of this new story of western ranch life.
$1.40 net
Books on the Drama
Representative
British Dramas:
Tales of War
By LORD DUNSANY
Wonderful vignettes are these tales of the
great European tragedy, and all bear the stamp
of Lord Dunsany's artistry and sense of
romance.
$1.25 net
The Cradle of the War
The Near-East and Pan-Germanism
By H. Charles Woods, F.R.G.S.
The latest authoritative book on Bulgaria, Tur.
key and the Balkans, based on intimate firs:-
hand knowledge of the Near-East and its
rulers. With valuable maps and illustrations.
$2.50 net
Heroes of Aviation
By LAURENCE LA TOURETTE DRIGGS
Authentic stories of the famous French, Ameri-
can, English, Italian and Belgian aviators, by
an authoritative writer.
$1.50 net
Nerves and the War
By ANNIE Payson CALL
A timely and appropriate volume on the econ-
omy of nerve force, by the author of Power
Through Repose.
$1.25 met
Victorion and Modern
Edited by MONTROSE J. Moses
Contains the complete text of twenty-one plays
from Bulwer-Lytton down to Galsworthy and
Dunsany. 873 pages.
$4.00 net
Little Theater Classics
Volume I
By SAMUEL A. Eliot, JR.
Contains five classic one-act plays of rare merit
adapted for “Little Theaters," or for stay-at-
home readers.
$1.50 net
Published by LITTLE, BROWN & COMPANY, Boston, Mass.
mu
TIL
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1918
455
THE DIAL
Four Really Great Books on the War
Biology
Sir Theodore A. Cook says in a
twelve - page
review in “ The
Nineteenth Century”: “It is to
such courageous and honest ex-
pressions of opinion as Dr. Nico-
lai's book that the world will very
largely owe our freedom from the
Prussian Peril.”
The New York Times doubts if
any other book on the causes of
the war has equalled this one in
"scholarly thoroughness, depth of
investigation, breadth of view,
ability to summarize and interpret
events and ease and readableness
of presentation."
The
of War
By Dr. G. F. Nicolai
At once a terrible exposé and indictment of the
German Military party and 'so profound and vital
an explanation of the causes and consequences of war
that thoughtful people in these trying times may find
in it solid ground upon which to stand. By the
famous Professor of Physiology of the University of
Berlin who was compelled to flee his country in an
aeroplane for writing it.
8vo., 594 pages. $3.50
The Roots of the War
By William Stearns Davis
(In collaboration with William Anderson and Mason W. Tyler)
This book, by three professors of the history faculty
of the University of Minnesota, outlines the circum-
stances that made possible Germany's inconceivably
daring attempt to achieve at one, or, at most, two
or three ruthless and gigantic strokes of the sword,
the establishment of a world empire. It covers espe-
cially European history from 1870-1914.
Seventh edition. With maps. $1.50
Stakes of the War
By Lothrop Stoddard and Glenn Frank
It gives a clearly outlined summary of the facts of
race, trade, and territory that will come up for
settlement at the great peace table; the facts, for
instance, about Belgium, Alsace-Lorraine, Schles-
wig-Holstein, Finland, Czecho-Slovakia, the Uk-
raine, Italia Irredenta, Yugo-Slavia, Poland, Meso-
potamia, the German War Colonies, etc., etc.
13 political, racial and territorial maps. $2.50
America in the War
By Louis Raemaekers
An inspiring picture panorama of American history
in the making by the supreme artistic genius discov-
ered and developed by the war. M. Raemaekers,
who early threw his whole heart into the cause of
the Allies, has grasped the psychology of America.
The text is as remarkable in its authorship as the
cartoons.
Quarto, boxed. $5.00
Heartily endorsed by Ex-President
William H. Taft, Charles W. Eliot,
Elihu Root, Lyman Abbott, Wins-
ton Churchill, Oscar S. Straus,
Frank S. Streeter, Boston Tran-
script, New York Times, Brooklyn
Eagle, Review of Reviews, San
Francisco Bulletin, and others.
Each of the 103 cartoons is faced
with a page of text by William
Dean Howells, Booth Tarkington,
Senator Lodge, W. J. Bryan, James
W. Gerard, John Burroughs, Ad-
miral Peary, George W. Cable,
David Bispham, Edwin Markham,
and others.
At All Bookstores
Published by
THE CENTURY CO.
353 Fourth Avenue
New York City
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456
November 30
THE DIAL
GIFT BOOKS FOR DIAL READER SMININO
The Religion of a Man of Letters
By GILBERT MURRAY
This brilliant exposition of the religion of a broad-minded liberal shows how in scholarship itself
there may be a deeply religious element. “We can imagine no better kind of spiritual fortifica-
tion for these times.”—Chicago Evening Post.
$1.00 net.

The Life of Lamartine
by H. REMSEN WHITEHOUSE
The first complete life of the great
French poet-statesman in any lan-
guage, illuminating not only Lamar-
tine's activities as poet and statesman,
but his famous affairs of sentiment
One of Them
by ELIZABETH HASANOVITZ
The story of a girl emigrant from
Russia and her life in the garment
factories of New York. “Something
of the power of Gorky, Dostoyevsky,
and other Russian writers who are
gripped by the somber side of life is in
this book.”—The Outlook. $2.00 net.
as well.
2 vols. Illustrated. $10.00 net.
THE EDUCATION OF HENRY ADAMS
“The most important American biography of the “One of the most entrancing books of the year
fall. If its half-cosmic satire reminds us of Carlyle, and of the century. The entertaining incidents,
its iconoclasm is akin to Samuel Butler's. Mr. the dramatic narrative, the sparkling wit, the per-
Adams presents himself analytically, with humor vasive humor, and the indescribably keen analy-
ous detachment. For piquancy the book will sis of innumerable interesting personalities will
hardly be excelled. A rare book, which informs make this autobiography a veritable treasure
you, almost overwhelms you, and incessantly de house of joy.”—New York Tribune.
lights you."-Springfield Republican.
$5.00 net.
Life and Letters of Joel Chandler Harris
Reminiscences of Lafcadio Hearn
by JULIA COLLIER HARRIS
by SETSUKO KOIZUMI (Mrs. Hearn)
“The author has achieved something like a A fresh, vivid and intimate portrait by Hearn's
veritable masterpiece—a fitting memorial to a Japanese wife. "Reading this slender, haunt-
man who gave much gladness to the world.”— ing book has given me a new and precious
New York Tribune. Illustrated. $3.50 net. sympathy with Lafcadio Hearn.”—Chicago
Formative Types in English Poetry
Daily News.
$1.00 net.
by GEORGE HERBERT PALMER
The Joys of Being a Woman
In this book Chaucer, Spenser, George Her- .
by WINIFRED KIRKLAND
bert, Pope, Wordsworth, Tennyson and "Essays written with such decided charm
Browning are studied both for their contribu and delicate humor that they cannot fail to
tions to the technique of verse and their in delight those who enjoy this type of writing.”
Auence as portrayers and moulders of their -Baltimore Sun. An ideal gift for almost
times.
$1.50 net. any woman.
$1.50 net.
The Development of the United States Modern and Contemporary European History
by MAX FARRAND
by J. SALWYN SCHAPIRO
“Professor Farrand has written a very un-
There is no better book for the man or woman
usual book
such as has not hitherto who wishes to follow intelligently the progress
appeared dealing with American history.
of the peace conference than this brilliant po-
A delightful book to read, and a most illumi litical, social and economic history of the last
nating and instructive book to study.”— century from Waterloo to the summer of 1918.
Theodore Roosevelt in The Outlook. $1.50 net.
With 27 maps. 14 in color. $3.50 net.
FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
Uncle Remus Returns
The Trail Book by MARY AUSTIN
by JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS
Museum animals and Indians "come alive" and
Ten newly discovered Uncle Remus stories
tell listening children stories of the great trails.
showing “Brer Rabbit” at his funniest. A per-
Just the gift for any child who likes "The .
fect gift for children of every age and taste.
Jungle Book." Milo Winter color pictures.
Illustrated. $1.35 net.
$2.00 net.
The French Twins
Lone Bull's Mistake
by LUCY FITCH PERKINS
by JAMES WILLARD SCHULTZ
Pierre and Pierrette live underground in shell Author of "With the Indians in the Rockies.”
torn Rheims. A brave, inspiring tale. Draw-
A stirring tale of the Blackfeet Indians.
ings by the author.
$1.25 net.
Illustrated. $1.35 net.
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK CONTACT CTIAM
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1918
457
THE DIAL
For Sale at All
Booksellers
Company, New York These are Appleton Books
THE MARNE An Interesting Short Novel by EDITH WHARTON
One of those extraordinary character studies which
have made Mrs. Wharton a leader among American
novelists—the story of a boy who at fourteen is
taken over the original battlefield of the Marne and
who four years later takes part in the great Ameri-
can victory at Chateau-Thierry.
In a stirring romance of an American boy's love
and sacrifice for France, Mrs. Wharton shows how
the attitude toward the war of luxury-loving Ameri-
cans was transformed from that of apathy and un-
concern to whole-hearted, self-sacrificing support.
A splendid gift book.
$1.25 net.
Prussian Political Philosophy
By WESTEL W. WILLOUGHBY
The political principles which made Germany a
menace to democracy.
$1.50 net.
Unchained Russia
By CHARLES E. RUSSELL
A striking and accurate account of chaotic Russia
—its conflicting parties and their aims—its leaders
and its possible future.
$1.50 net.
An Ethical Philosophy of Life
By FELIX ADLER
A philosophy growing out of the experience of
over forty years spent in active social service.
2d Printing. $3.00 net.
Pyschic Tendencies of Today
By ALFRED W. MARTIN
Does modern materialism deny immortality? Read
Dr. Martin's deductions in this discussion of the
various aspects of the new psychic movements.
$1.50 net.
Professor JOHN BACH MCMASTER'S Important Historical Volume
THE UNITED STATES IN THE WORLD WAR
The distinguished historian gives in this book the and the various circumstances which made our entry
facts regarding America's participation in the war. inevitable. A complete political history from the
In his intensely interesting and readable style, Pro American standpoint, from the beginning of the war
fessor McMaster tells of the events in this country to April, 1918. This is the most timely and authorita-
following Germany's declaration of war in Europe tive book on the subject that has yet appeared.
8vo, with map, $3.00 net.
American Negro Slavery
Camps and Trails in China
By Roy CHAPMAN ANDREWS and YVETTE BORUP
ANDREWS
The thrilling account of a 2,000 mile trip through
Yunnan.
Profusely illustrated. $3.00 net.
By ULRICH B. PHILLIPS
A spirited and popular story of American negro
slavery and of life and conditions in the South.
$3.00 net.
The Woman Citizen
By HORACE A. HOLLISTER
A general survey of woman's status and achieve-
ments in the various fields of service. $1.75 net.
Mexico from Cortez to Carranza
By LOUISE S. HASBROUCK
A brief history of our belligerent Southern neigh-
bor from the early Aztec time to the present.
Illus. $1.50 net.
Our Winter Birds
By FRANK M. CHAPMAN
An introduction to the study of birds. With col-
ored end papers and other illustrations. $1.00 net.
The Little Democracy
By IDA CLYDE CLARK
The development of the community organization
in its various phases.
$1.50 net.
THE RISE OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN REPUBLICS
As Told in the Lives of Their Liberators
By WILLIAM SPENCE ROBERTSON
How the independence of the South American republics was attained, revealed in this stirring account
of the seven men who conceived and directed the various revolutions. Illustrated, 8vo, $3.00 net.
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458
November 30
THE DIAL
JOAN AND
H. G. Wells' New Novel
PETER
“Never has Mr. Wells spread for us such a gorgeous panorama :: A living story, a vivacious
narrative imperturbable in interest on every page, always fresh and personal and assured.”—The Dial.
"Mr. Wells at his highest point of attainment. An absorbingly interesting book
summate artistry
here is Wells the story teller, the master of narrative."-N. Y. Eve. Sun.
"Mr. Wells' finest achievement
one of the most significant books of the year.”—Phila.
Press. $1.75.
Novel readers must not miss Zona Gale's brilliant story, BIRTH ($1.60), or Zoe Beckley's new novel A CHANCE
TO LIVE ($1.60). Eden Phillpotts" novel, THE SPINNERS ($1.60), is another new story of unusual merit.
con-
.
.
.
THE ARTHUR RACKHAM
THE CHILDREN'S HOMER
ENGLISH FAIRY BOOK
Padraic Colum's New Book
Arthur Rackham's New Illustrations
With illustrations by Willy Pogany
The old English fairy stories retold by Flora
Annie Steel and beautifully presented in
The adventures of Odysseus and the tale of
colors by the foremost illustrator. $2.50. Troy combined for the first time and retold
Special Limited Edition $15.00.
for young readers.
$2.00.
When you're in the bookstore, ask for Carolyn Wells' EVERYCHILD'S MOTHER GOOSE ($2.00)--no other
edition
so beautifully illustrated. The pictures in Padraic Colum's THE BOY WHO KNEW WHAT
THE BIRDS SAID ($1.50) were made by one of the few artists who have lived with the fairies. The spirit and
ways of the sea are in a book entitled UNDER SAIL by Felix Riesenberg ($2.50).
was
ever
UNDER ORDERS
GIRLS OF '64
Harold S. Latham's New Book
Mr. and Mrs. Knipe's New Story in
THE GIRL PATRIOT SERIES
"A book which boys will love to read and A story of girls in the Civil War.
which their elders will heartily approve their “In the whole country there are no better
reading."-N. Y. Tribune. Ill. $1.35.
writers for girls than the Knipes.” $1.35.
Every boy will say THAT YEAR AT LINCOLN HIGH_($1.35) by Joseph Gollomb is “great stuff. Give him
also F. L. Darrow's THE BOY'S OWN BOOK OF GREAT INVENTIONS ($2.50) and give his sister Miss
Ashmun's new story about ISABEL CARLETON'S FRIENDS ($1.35).
THE VILLAGE: RUSSIAN
RECOLLECTIONS OF A RUSSIAN
IMPRESSIONS Ernest Poole's New Book DIPLOMAT By Eugene de Shelking
The narration of Mr. Poole's own experi Significant revelations of European royalty
ences in a Russian village during the Revo and diplomats by the former Secretary of the
lution. III. $1.50.
Russian Legation at Berlin. Ill. $2.50.
Get John Masefield's new book THE WAR AND THE FUTURE ($1.25). It reveals the soul of England as
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THE DIAL
A FORTNIGHTLY
Policy
May Fail
Why the Wilson Peace
The PRESIDENT'S various pronouncements have involve at least a form of association which includes
made clear enough the type of international reorgan small states as well as great, considerable limita-
ization for which he stands as the outcome of the tions to national independence and sovereignty as we
war: a liberal League of Nations, broadly demo now know them, equality of economic opportunity in
cratic in type, based upon the self-determination and the backward and undeveloped territories of the
democratic representation of peoples, and equality world, and, by way of machinery, an international
of economic rights and opportunity as between great parliament representing peoples—all great parties-
states and small. Such an international order ex as much as governments, managing the affairs of the
cludes, on the one side, a mere Alliance of a few nations in the open and making changes, as and when
great states enforcing a policy upon which they shall the need arises, in the international conditions which,
have decided in diplomatic secrecy; and on the other unchanged, lead to war.
unchanged, lead to war. Just as perpetual legisla-
a Bolshevist International asserting the Dictatorshiptive change is the price of orderly progress within
of the Proletariat.
the nation, so must it be in the international field.
It is here suggested that the liberal policy will fail, What are the conditions sine qua non for the success
caught between the two fires of reaction and Bolshe of such a plan? They pretty obviously include:
vism. Incidentally, it will collapse largely by rea (1) A general faith in it. If the four great
son of the failure of public opinion in America to powers-America, Britain, France, and Italy—now
realize the issues involved, and to support the Presi- arranging the peace do not believe that such a
dent-a failure in part due to the ban placed by League can sufficiently insure their military security
the repressive measures of the Administration itself and economic future, they will resort to one or both
upon any real discussion, during the war, of the of two courses: they will come to "private arrange-
wider issues involved.
ments" among themselves; or they will demand "ma-
Mere acquiescence in the phrase "League of terial” guarantees in the shape of strong naval and
Nations” of course means nothing. An alliance military forces, strategic frontiers, territory with
of a few great states, the machinery of which is a raw materials, preferential tariff arrangements de-
conclave of ambassadors sitting in secret, with a signed to make their nations or empires self-sufficing.
vague court of arbitration in the background, can Either course would be fatal to the liberal form of
be called a League of Nations. The Holy Alliance League. For special or secret arrangements even
was such a League, and so called. Indeed a League to be suspected will prompt counter arrangements
of Nations for the Maintenance of Perpetual Peace of like character. And territorial and military com-
was one of the great topics of the Congress of Vienna petition means (a) rivalry among the Allies them-
a hundred years ago.
The discussions went on selves; (b) violations of the principle of nationality
pretty much in the same terms that they go on today. or the rights of lesser states; (c) illiberal forms of
And the League which was finally formed had the government due to the needs of constant military
support of a powerful monarch who was a sincere preparedness. Thus, aggrieved or victimized nations
and deeply religious lover of peace, but who hap- would be opposed to the new settlement and the
pened honestly to believe (in a sense very rightly) League which attempted to make it permanent. The
that political democracy was incompatible with the military type of state and its discipline would accen-
maintenance of international peace. The obstacles tuate the popular ferment everywhere. Any League
to the realization of his dreams were quite as much which contained forces so disruptive would be bound
revolting American colonies, popular revolutions, and sooner or later to break up. We see here how the
the assertions of nationality and human right, as the element of "faith” works. Lack of faith in it would
ambitions of dynasts.
justify itself, for the disruptive forces would be
Any democratic and liberal League of Peace, to directly born of that lack. In the same way, real
achieve the ends outlined by Mr. Wilson, must belief in it would equally justify itself, for states-


460
November 30
THE DIAL
men would not .then make those claims for "ma tions, strong prejudices, just and righteous anger-
terial" guarantees which cause the disruptive rivalry. which more frequently than anything else perhaps
It is an illustration of the working of political prag makes men unjust—are to defer to the President's
matism.
program, those forces must not be able to use the
(2) An honest offer of the Allies to protect the
President's political opponents for the purpose of
due rights of a democratized Germany, and to ac paralyzing his action in foreign affairs.
cord her equality of economic treatment in the mat I suggest that none of these conditions of success
ter of access to raw materials, the sea, and so on. If is present in sufficient degree, and that the forces
Germans find that the new League will not so pro opposed to the American policy are now beyond
tect their rights, they will take their own measures America's control.
of protection. And those measures, in the case of a Take the first point: the existence of a general
solid block of a hundred million folk, now-after belief in the feasibility of the system of international
the disintegration of both Russia and Austria—the relationship proposed by Mr. Wilson. All admit
strongest single state in continental Europe, will that it will be extremely difficult to achieve. If
constitute the menace of the future Europe. A it is ever to be realized by the conscious efforts of
Socialist Russia may in the future turn with more men, in the face of the powerful feelings and forces
sympathy to a Socialist Germany than to a bourgeois working for the maintenance of the old order, it can
America, and a close Russo-German understanding, only be by the aid of those who have the faith that
due to a common need for protection, be one of the moves mountains—for mountains will have to be
developments of tomorrow. The much feared inclu moved. That means that the idealism and passion of
sion of Germany in the League has nothing really the reformer, the revolutionary, must play its part.
to do with “trusting" her, but consists in making He alone has enough faith in the new to discard the
her an offer of protection after she shall have ful old. The radicals and reformers of Europe have
filled the conditions of the peace. That offer should during the war been the keenest supporters of Mr.
be made not because we can trust Germany but be Wilson's policy. But he will be deprived of that
cause without it we certainly cannot.
support at the peace settlement for two reasons:
(3) In the new partition of Turkey, Asia, and First, the special circumstances of war (including
Africa, surrender by the protecting powers of all the need for administrative ability) have given gov-
special privilege and preferential treatment for them ernmental power into the hands of conservatives,
selves in favor of the principle of equality of treat the type of the successful business man—who have
ment for the whole world. Otherwise there can be used their positions to consolidate their present posi-
nothing resembling equality of opportunity for weak tion of influence; and they have taken that power
and powerful. The economic stimulus to, perhaps from radicals. And second, the fear felt by European
real need of, conquest will remain.
radicals that at a pinch Mr. Wilson would yield to
(4) No partition of Russia under the guise of
the reactionaries—a fear induced by his acts, as dis-
continued military occupation for the purpose of
tinct from his words, in such things as open diplo-
resisting German “peaceful penetration" or as the macy, Russian intervention, passports for Labor
result of our decision that since she "is not ready for delegates, and one or two other matters. This has
Socialism" we shall forbid her to try the experiment.
led very many to look to Bolshevism, rather than
A new Drago Doctrine, denying the right of Euro-
to liberalism, as the one road to real reorganization.
pean governments to enforce the payment of bonds
Note what has happened in England—as an illus-
by military occupation, must be applied to Russia. tration of what has happened in France and Italy as
A League of Nations opposing Socialism, or other well, in differing degrees. The people before the
forms of economic democracy, in the greater part of
war had elected a government which was Liberal
the Slav world, would be a twentieth century dupli- and Radical. This government, without process of
cation of the nineteenth century Holy Alliance, election, is during the war replaced by one drawn
which set itself against the rising current of its time mainly from the right wing of the Conservative
by forbidding, experiments in political democracy Party. It is true that there may be an election
(notably in South America). The twentieth cen-
again before the Peace Conference. But, with the
tury alliance of our Great Powers would be as blind press for four years under close governmental con-
as was that of the nineteenth century to new forces trol, all Radical organizations under suspicion, some
stirring in the world.
of them broken up, it will not be humanly possible in
(5) Decisive support in American public opinion
a bare month for Radicalism, just forming into new
for the policy of the President. If the influence of groups and parties, to stem the momentum of the
great political parties in Europe, firmly rooted tradi more solidly organized and drilled conservative


1918
461
THE DIAL
its way.
forces. America will not deal at the peace table take the ground that it is an affront to limit her new
with the New Europe, which does believe in the sovereignty over Alsace-Lorraine by embarrassing
President's policy, but with the Old Europe, repre conditions concerning German access to ore fields.
sented in the person of elderly, extremely conserva And she will take a similar position with reference
tive men, honestly skeptical about the League of to Morocco and any territory, in Asia Minor that
Nations—men who have risen to power and pros may fall to her share. England on similar grounds
perity under the old order, and who instinctively and will want a free hand in the German colonies, in
on general principles resent any fundamental change Mesopotamia, in Egypt; so that if Lord North-
in it. Many of them are men who have succeeded cliffe, Mr. Lloyd George, and Mr. William Hughes
in politics by shrewd appeal to the nationalist pas carry the day in the future fiscal policy of the British
sions and traditions, which blaze most fiercely in Empire, British trade shall secure satisfactory and
war time. It is not from these that will come any thumping preferences therein, with no embarrassing
real offer of protection to a democratized Germany peace conditions to prevent it. Italy has a whole
—which is the second prerequisite condition enumer host of knotty points which the party of “sacred
ated above. We shall be dealing with the very egoism” will certainly demand shall be settled in
human and excusable passions of retaliation of coun-
tries that have suffered incredibly at the hands of the One of the greatest problems of all-greatest in
enemy-a passion which, already naturally fierce, its effect upon the future history of human society——
in the circumstance has been deliberately exploited will be the general attitude to the Russian Revolu-
for political purposes. The peace terms, depriving tion. The Congress of Vienna determined to thwart
Germany of the raw materials of Alsace and Silesia the doctrines of the French Revolution. The new
so necessary to her industrial life, will be such as Congress of Versailles will certainly attempt to
to bear so hardly upon the next generation that re thwart the doctrines of the Russian. It is undeni-
sistance is sure to develop and to make Germany able that the Revolution has robbed millions of hon-
the center of alliance with Slavic states whose differ est Frenchmen of their savings, and that the eco-
ences preclude solid union among themselves. (They nomic penetration of Russia by Germans may place
have already violent differences and the Union of the that country dangerously under German influence.
Free Nations of Central Europe has already broken Certain Russian groups-monarchist, Cadet—which
down.)
recently were looking for German aid are now be-
Such territorial readjustments as the retrocession lieved to favor our intervention. It will therefore
of Alsace-Lorraine might not militate against future be far better for the future of safe and sane democ-
peace if the Free Trade elements in the European racy-and of Russian bonds—that the early steps
governments had been strengthened by the war. But of Russians in self-government and self-determina-
the nationalist passions of war have strengthened tion should be guided by their elder brothers, the
the protectionist and imperialist parties, and will practical means to that end being the partition of
make impossible the third condition enumerated the country between the great Allied powers for
above: equality of opportunity for the whole world temporary—but necessarily prolonged-military
in the backward territories, including those to be occupation. Japan, who has been to the forefront in
acquired by the Allies in Turkey, Asia, and Africa. the policy of intervention, will of course loyally
Mr. Lloyd George, the arch-Radical, has already share the self-sacrifice by shouldering her part of the
capitulated to the imperialists and has already pro White Man's Burden in its latest form, and fitting
nounced for a preferential empire. If carried out, the Slav race for democracy upon Western models.
this will put the lesser states and all the outside As to the last point: the use of political opposition
world at an economic disadvantage in something to the President by the extremer parties in Europe
like a fourth of the world's area. It is in flagrant to defeat his policy. Take an instance. If France
contradiction to the President's own interpretation forbids German access to Lorraine ore, there can
of his own condition about equality of economic be no workable League of Nations; and there will be
opportunity. Add to this the disagreement with ref war in the future. Suppose the President attempts
erence to Freedom of the Seas, and the readily ex to secure France's adhesion to his policy of equality
cited prejudices which the very words' will arouse of access to raw materials by making the granting of
in Conservative circles in England, and one may financial aid to France subject to her subscription
judge what chances of acceptance there are for the to that policy. Does anyone suppose that American
President's conditions.
opinion would understand his move and support him
The question will not of course be presented in sufficiently to resist the kind of appeal which we
clear-cut terms of opposing doctrine. France will can imagine Colonel Roosevelt making? The Amer-


-56
November 30
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
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462
November 30
THE DIAL
ican public would know but one thing: as between Germany. That offer will never be made unless
heroic France and evil Germany, the President was public opinion is able to see in some measure why,
"siding with Germany." We are dealing here per- though these atrocities may be true, the German
haps with a special quality of the American popular people may still be human beings capable of cooperat-
mind. Considerations which demand discipline of ing with a democratic world. The failure to recog-
righteous indignation seem harder for Americans nize that truth may yet wreck the whole attempt at
than for other folk. If lynching is possible in this a League of Nations. But it is literally true to say
country, it is because of this simplification of psy that while the press and pulpit day in and day out
chology; to object to lynching is almost a defense resounded with dreadful elaborations of atrocities,
of rape. Lynching exists not because the American carrying the inevitable conclusion that the German
is cruel but because his indignation at crime runs people are as bad as the German Government, how
away with him. The argument from atrocity has many American papers would during the last year
been so developed that we shall find a generation have dared to print an argument upholding the dis-
hence, when all really responsible for the atrocities tinction
upon which the President has insisted?
are dead, a hundred million folk asked, in the name They could not do so without defending in some
of eternal principles of righteousness, to pay in harsh measure the German people, and the Espionage Act
conditions of life for offenses which they did not reads that “whoever by word or act shall
sup-
commit.
port or favor" the enemy shall be liable to imprison-
We touch here perhaps the deepest moral forces ment for twenty years. Sentence against Mr. Wil-
working against the President's policy. Ever since son's thesis has already gone by default. No one
the country entered the war there has been steadily dared defend it.
developing a temper and attitude wholly inimical There was just one chance of assuring in Ameri-
to its declared internationalist purposes. The oppo can opinion a balance of moral forces which would
sition has just recently become more clearly defined make it possible to obtain wide support for a policy
by the action of the Republican Party, and its exist which looked to removing the deeper causes of those
ence and danger admitted by the fact of Mr. Wil German evils which menace the world. And that
son's own appeal for a Democratic Congress. But was to insure the very freest expression possible
the opposition to Mr. Wilson's internationalism (never very free in war time however legislative
goes far beyond party lines. It is the result of penalty is removed) of the liberal and Christian
nation-wide moral forces acting in just the way that attitude toward these things, so that within the mass
similar forces acted in England to paralyze the Lib there should exist–in the religious organizations,
erals in that country, to destroy governments made and among radicals and internationalists—consider-
up of men of the type of Grey, and to give the coun able centers of influence standing for “the second
try over to the influence of men of the type of Lord thought" as opposed to the first. But the preserva-
Northcliffe and Mr. Lloyd George.
tion of that modicum of ballast has been exceedingly
From the first day of the war there opened a
hard and dangerous, all but impossible, as every
violent campaign against Mr. Wilson's policy-none liberal journalist knows. We get this monstrous
the less violent or effective because those who came paradox: a government exercising a power of control
under its influence were not aware that they were over news, information, the mind of the nation, un-
repudiating Mr. Wilson's principles, or because their paralleled in history, and the net result of the exer-
repudiation was the result, not of any consciously cise of that power is to create a state of feeling which
analyzed argument, but of a general state of mind renders impossible the very policy for which the
and temper. And, absurd and paradoxical as the government stands.
statement may sound, the repressive measures of the It is true of course that the blunders of an admin-
Administration-Espionage and Sedition Acts—di istration are only contributory. The ultimate causes
rectly aided this campaign, to such an extent indeed lie deeper and are concerned with the fact that lib-
that they made it a penal offense to defend the policy erals, democrats, internationalists too often have
which the President was enunciating.
not individually the courage of their opinions, and
Take one example among many possible ones. dare not in war time testify to the faith that is in
The President again and again has insisted upon
them. Things which are said commonly enough in
distinguishing between the German people and the private no one dare pronounce in public. But the
German Government--not from any feeble senti-
net result of these reticences and repressions is the
mentality, but because if the League of Nations is situation which confronts the President today.
ever to be a fact it must, during the Peace Confer To summarize: The American policy of a League
ence itself, offer entrance into it to a democratized of Nations will demand for its success profound


1918
463
THE DIAL
faith in its practicality and need. Its execution will
in the early stages—likely to determine its later life
-be in the hands mainly of the most conservative
elements in Europe, who quite frankly have but the
faintest faith in it. Its success also demands an
offer of protection to a democratized Germany. It
will be intrusted to conservative and often avowedly
anti-democratic statesmen, who have replaced demo-
cratic statesmen by appealing to the very natural
hate of the whole German race.. - Its success de-
mands equality of economic opportunity in the unde-
veloped areas and a greater measure of international
economic freedom than the world has yet known.
The governments before which the policy will come
for judgment are drawn largely from parties pledged
to economic preferences, which are in flat contradic-
tion to this principle, and who are advocates of self-
sufficing protectionist empires that would be fatal
to any developed economic internationalism. If the
League is not to be a Holy Alliance opposing experi-
ment in industrial, as the former Holy Alliance op-
posed experiments in political, democracy, Russia
must be given a free hand to be as Socialistic as she
pleases, even to the extent of repudiating her public
debt. All the governments with which America
will deal are in favor of intervention for the sup-
pression of extreme Socialism, and one at least is at
present determined that the payment of Russian
coupons shall be secured at whatever cost of inter-
ference in Russian affairs. And all these European
parties now know that they can look for support in
their opposition to Mr. Wilson's policy to Mr.
Wilson's own political rivals in America.
Only a political miracle can give success to Amer-
ican policy in those conditions. Perhaps it may hap-
pen-political miracles have happened under Presi-
dent Wilson.
It is not the object of the present writer to sug-
gest what should be the American relation to the
above conditions. He merely calls attention to them.
A EUROPEAN LIBERAL.
Fourteen
and the League of Nations
The
Points
ONE HAS ONLY to study the fourteen conditions be found to run the gamut from those which abso-
of peace set forth by President Wilson in his speech lutely require an international agency with legisla-
of January 8 to be convinced of two things: in the tive and administrative powers to those which can
first place, they primarily concern the conditions of be finally settled by the peace treaty itself. Inter-
a permanent peace rather than merely the conditions mediate are those which can formally be determined
of peace with Germany at the present time; and by the Peace Conference, but which require a per-
secondly, they cannot be effectually realized in detail manent international body to insure that the formal
without the continuing support of an international settlement becomes an enduring actuality. A study
organization which shall be administrative in char of the fourteen conditions from this point of view
acter, and not merely judicial. The first considera- will, I think, justify the following conclusion: there
tion concerns us here only as it is bound up with are but two matters which the peace treaty itself
the second. The future historian will point out the can finally adjust. These are the righting of the
extraordinary detachment of President Wilson from wrong done France in respect to Alsace-Lorraine,
exclusive preoccupation with immediate war issues. and the readjustment of the frontiers of Italy,
He will note that, while the articles from VII to Next come the problems of restoration affecting
XIII are concerned with territorial issues which all the territories invaded by the Central Powers.
grow immediately out of the alignments of the war,
These would not of course demand a permanent
even these are framed within a statement of world international commission. But the work to be un-
issues which might (substituting the name of some dertaken will certainly cover a period of years, and
other country for that of Russia in article VI) have it will involve many points that cannot be com-
been laid down at any time of peace in a discussion pletely covered in advance by any written agree-
of fundamental guarantees of world peace. He will ment. If the work of restoration is to be done
then observe that these specific war aims appear as intelligently and in a way which will not leave
illustrations of the general principles by means of behind it disputes and sore points, it will require
matters which have been made urgent in the course mixed commissions involving the cooperation of
of the war.
statesmen, economists, physicians, engineers and
Looking in detail at the contents of the fourteen technicians of all sorts. Since not all questions
articles in their bearing on the question of the dom which will arise can be treated as mere matters
inant character of a League of Nations, they will of practical detail, the deliberations of these com-


464
November 30
THE DIAL
missions will have to be supervised by some kind economic rivalries, it is harder yet to avoid the con-
of international council.
clusion that it will remain the tinder-box of Europe
Trenching more directly upon the issue of a unless a comprehensive and impartial international
permanent international government is the matter government undertakes for a considerable time the
of international covenants and guarantees. These supervision of the development of institutions which
are specifically mentioned in the case of the Balkan shall insure an adequate adjustment of rights in this
States, the Dardanelles, and the new independent enormously delicate situation.
Polish State. They are certainly directly implied The strong prejudice against external intervention
in the reduction of armaments, and in cooperation in domestic affairs is justified as long as the theory
to secure for Russia an "unhampered and unembar of isolated and independent sovereign states prevails
rassed opportunity," to say nothing of “assistance of in practice. But the United States, at least, has been
every kind that she may need and may herself largely in the war precisely because it is realized that
desire.” For convenience and brevity of discussion, the dividing line between domestic institutions and
these concerns may be summed up in the problems foreign policies has become wholly artificial. It was
of nationality and of restoration of order compatible precisely the autocratic domestic institutions of Ger-
with freedom in eastern and southeastern Europe. many which drew us into what, in its origin, was
Nothing has brought international relations to a purely European war. So far as concerns the
greater disrepute from the standpoint of law than United States, the war was either an evil job which
the tendency to write certain guarantees into treaties had to be undertaken from stern necessity, or it was
of peace and then fail to furnish any methods for a war for such intervention in the “internal" affairs
making these "guarantees” effectual. In part this of Germany as will guarantee us against the recur-
is due to the Pickwickian piety which, when “seri rence of any such catastrophe. The logic of this
ous” matters are out of the way, may overcome in situation demands such friendly oversight of the
a moment of sentimental relief even a congress of affairs of other states from which world-wide con-
professional diplomats. But in greater measure it flagrations might spring as will forestall wars in
is due to the fact that as affairs now stand—that the future. And since the United States has no
is, without a permanent international executive body intention of becoming a crusading Don Quixote of
—the attempt to enforce such guarantees might in- nations, this demand means precisely a permanent
directly threaten the peace of the world. An earnest international government whose powers shall be
effort from any quarter would be regarded as having
executive and administrative than
back of it some interested nationalistic motive, and judicial.
would array against it all of the nations on the other It remains to speak of those two articles among
side of the Balance of Powers, even if their own the fourteen which imply, in the most open fashion,
national interests were in no way involved. It is a League for economic purposes that is concerned
much safer to treat the guarantee written into the with permanent regulation of those economic affairs
treaty of peace as a scrap of paper than to run the which cause wars. These are the third and fifth
risk of dropping a spark into a heap of inflammable articles, dealing respectively with the removal of
international material.
trade barriers and the establishment of an equality
Take the case of Roumania and the problem of of trade conditions, and with the impartial adjust-
a guarantee of civil rights to the Jews. On the ment of all colonial problems. It is possible for
face of it, it is a simple matter. But then we dis opponents of the President to interpret the third
cover that it is a question of internal political article as an academic proclamation of the abstract
constitution. The great landowners control the principle of free trade, and to interpret the fifth
politics of Roumania through controlling the fran-
as applying merely to the German colonies which
chise. The cities and industrial centers are discrim have been seized during the war. But no such
inated against. The Jews are mainly in the latter
limitations will accord with the principles of the
places. To give them the necessary rights would
declaration of February 11 regarding the adjust-
involve giving political rights to others who are
ments most likely to bring a peace that will be per-
now disenfranchised. so as to secure the supremacy
manent and that shall not "perpetuate old elements
of the landed aristocracy. It is hard to see how an
of discord and antagonism that would in time be
adequate guarantee for the Jews is to be secured
short of a shift of the center of internal gravity in
likely to break the peace of Europe and consequently
the whole country. When one considers the medley of the world.” In the concluding portion of this
of nationalities in eastern Europe and the inheritance
discussion these points will be taken up.
of exacerbations along with religious differences and
JOHN DEWEY.
even
more


1918
465
THE DIAL
British Labor and Reconstruction
BYAN
Y AN OBSERVER not vitally concerned in the future Whether the Trade Union Congress or the Primrose
of his country and of the world, considerable amuse-
League is the more conservative body may well be the
topic of debate in high Tory quarters, but a mere Liberal
ment might be extracted from what is misleadingly would not find much to choose between them. The Con-
called in Great Britain “Reconstruction.” I say gress is terribly afraid of doing anything that might
Great Britain rather than the United Kingdom be-
cause scandal, or that some antiquary might find to be
not in accordance with a worm-eaten precedent. If there
cause I believe that in Ireland the word is unknown. is to be any progress in consequence of this war, it will
In Great Britain, at any rate, all kinds of well not come from the Trade Union Congress, which is timid
and ill meaning persons have for years been making
and time-serving, and much more audacious men than
your half-baked Trade Union delegates will be needed
all kinds of lavish promises about the new heaven to give the world a shove forward. . . It makes one
and the new earth that are to be created after the marvel exceedingly that the reactionary newspapers
should represent this uninspired and dead-alive Trade
war. They have promised us a Change of Heart
Union Congress as an engine of revolution. The dele-
on the part of workmen and employer alike, a New gates may, perhaps, regard themselves as very terrible
Spirit in industry and in industrial relations, a
fellows as pioneers, but a Liberal like myself would be
quite willing to see them all hanged, drawn, and quartered
Brotherhood of the Trenches which will readily if their enterprise is adequately represented in their
transform itself into a Brotherhood of the Work feeble resolutions and debates.
What it all comes to is that we are to go on as we are
shops.
going, and all that is ascertained is what most of us
Of course it may be that all these great good had taken for granted—that working men, like the rest
things are really upon us, only waiting for their of us, prefer to leave the responsibility for doing any-
thing definite to somebody else.
appearance until the clouds of war are dissipated.
But it must be said that there is so far singularly
What amount of truth there is in this indictment
little evidence of their approach. To all appear-
we shall be better able to see at a later stage in this
ance nearly all sections of the community are either
article. Here it is enough to note that there is
tacitly assuming or openly preparing for the restora-
undoubtedly in the British Labor movement a large
tion of the pre-war industrial and economic system
conservative element, among both officials and rank
without substantial change. There will be differ-
and file, and that this element is plentifully repre-
ences of course : the strength of economic and indus-
sented in such a body as the Trades Union Congress.
trial organization among both workers and em-
To a considerable extent this conservatism arises
ployers will have very greatly increased; there will
not from an active desire to preserve the existing
be a strenuous effort on the part of employers, at
order but from defects of thought and imagination.
least, to maintain after the war the new methods
Indeed the fundamental reason for the absence in
of production and the war-time freedom from Trade England of any real and comprehensive policy
Union regulations, and, on the part of Trade
of Reconstruction lies mainly in defects of thought
Unions, to maintain war-time rates of wages; and
and imagination. Upon certain specific and sec-
whatever happens, the position of women both in
tional after-war problems—the "capture of German
industry and in society will have been materially trade,” the improvement of capitalist organization,
changed for the better. These however are inessen-
the maintenance of increased production—a section
tials, if the economic system is regarded as a whole,
of the community has concentrated a good deal of
important as they are in themselves. So far as the thought; but the fundamental questions, the general
fundamental principles on which our economic sys-
principles on which Reconstruction policy as a whole
tem is based are concerned, it is safe to say that
should be based, have either been forgotten or have
nowhere outside the ranks of Labor is there evidence
been left largely to men whose good will is innocent
of any widespread desire for a change.
of any power of practical application. This applies
"Outside the ranks of Labor," did I say? Even
not only to the Labor movement; it applies to every
class and section of the community.
in the ranks of Labor there are still very many who
have neither the imagination nor the courage to
In fact we are setting about to "muddle through”
Reconstruction as we “muddled through” the earlier
envisage the coming of new conditions widely differ-
ent from those of yesterday. One evidence of this
stages of the war, and the likelihood is that, after
fact must suffice. A then Liberal newspaper, The
as during the war, we shall learn our lessons only
Daily Chronicle, sent a special correspondent to the
out of bitter experience and chaos. For the lack of
Trades Union Congress at Derby in September. clearly formulated general principles is resulting in
The following is the impression which he carried a paralysis of our efforts, even in relation to the
away from the Congress :
most immediate problems. We are finding that,


466
November
THE DIAL
until we have decided upon what principles we economic organization which exist and act, in
mean to proceed, we cannot proceed at all.
main, independently of the State.
The fact that we are governed—and governed In the second place, Labor and the New So
inevitably-by a Government whose main preoccu Order is not, in any real sense, the policy of Britis
pation is the war necessarily aggravates these defects Labor. It is a program which has received, inde
in our national preparedness. The War Cabinet the official endorsement of the Labor Party C
has no time to formulate general principles of after- ference; but it is essentially something accepted
war policy, and having been constituted for quite a Labor and not something devised and believed in
different end, would be most unlikely to agree on Labor. It is in effect a series of resolutions draft
such principles if it had the time. Nor has the and proposed by Mr. Webb, and accepted in defa
formation of a sort of emergency Cabinet for Home of an alternative program. But such an acceptar...
Affairs greatly improved the position; for this Cab- does not go deep; and it is safe to say that, even to
inet is subject to the veto of the real Cabinet, and the majority of Labor candidates, Mr. Webb's
in the absence of agreed principles it is usually felt Memorandum means and counts for very little.
that the safest course is to do nothing drastic. The This is not to say that there is any alternative
result is a half-paralysis of the State machinery for policy which can claim to be the policy of British
Reconstruction, and this paralysis readily and in Labor. There is not; and the fact that there is not
evitably communicates itself to outside bodies. accounts for Mr. Webb's easy triumph. My whole
Even so, we might be saved if any influential point is that Labor, as an organized body whose
section among us had clear principles and an em strength has greatly increased during the war, is
bracing policy. Much could be done without the largely prevented from using the strength by the
Government, or to force the Government's hand, in fact that it cannot translate its aspirations into a
such a case.
But the plain fact is that no section practical policy. New ideas are everywhere at
is in this position and that most certainly the work; but no idea has yet won sufficient mastery
Labor movement is not.
to enable it to be expressed in terms of a united
Here a question will no doubt arise. Has not policy for the Labor Movement.
the Labor Party proclaimed a most comprehensive If I am right in saying that neither British Labor
policy in its Memorandum on Labor and the New nor the British Government has a policy, what of
Social Order ? On this, two things require to be the British employers and capitalists? They too
said-first that Labor and the New Social Order
are disunited; but all the indications show that they
is not comprehensive in the right sense, because it are at least considerably nearer the foundation of a
leaves out of account the most vital aspirations in policy than either Labor or the Government. The
the world of Labor, and secondly that it is not, in Reports of the Departmental Committees appointed
any real sense, the policy of the Labor movement.
to advise upon future commercial and industrial
The most vital forces that are stirring in British policy in the various industries, and the Reports of
Labor today are not so much political as economic. Lord Balfour of Burleigh's Committee on Com-
The most important problems for British Labor mercial and Industrial Policy, in general show, by
after the war are also economic in character, and the relative unanimity of their conclusions, that
center round the control of the new industrial there are at least the makings of a common policy
forces which have been mobilized during the war. among employers. "Trustification," or at least con-
Not merely the pledges to restore Trade Union solidation, of industry is everywhere in evidence.
rights, which have been made again and again by There is a strong movement, fostered by most Gov-
the Government, but the very facts of industry call ernment departments, toward the greater centraliza-
for a new orientation and a new organization of the tion of industrial control and the formation of strong
Labor movement. To the human implications of and representative employers' organizations claiming
these facts the Memorandum on Labor and the New to speak "in the name of the trade.” Government
Social Order is largely blind. It is not a statement encouragement to this movement arises largely from
of a new program to fit the new conditions, material considerations of war-time convenience. It is easier
and spiritual; it is a clear and well-expressed re and more efficient for the Food Minister or the
phrasing of an old policy—the policy of the Fabian Ministry of Munitions or the Board of Trade to
Society and of Mr. Sidney Webb. Eminently prac deal with a representative employers' association or
tical in its proposals, it is nevertheless vitiated by combine than with a number of isolated firms. But
the fact that it turns for help always to the State, these developments will not cease with the war, and
and ignores or underestimates the vital forces of the great improvement in the organization of capital


1918
467
THE DIAL
on its trading and commercial side will undoubtedly ing from his trade by his less skilled rival; men fear
be maintained.
the competition of women; crafts and sections are
Nor are these developments confined to the busi- jealous of their independence. These differences
ness side of capitalist organization. There has also would vanish before a really compelling unity of
been a great strengthening of employers' associations idea and purpose; but, as we have seen, this is just
formed to deal with Labor questions, while the great what is lacking. Consequently, while some progress
new central organization open to all sectional asso has been made among the iron and steel workers, the
ciations--the Federation of British Industries has woodworkers, the post office employees, and in cer-
a clearly formulated, if largely secret, policy on both tain other groups, the movement toward concentra-
labor and commercial questions.
tion on the side of Labor has lagged in its actual
On its commercial side, the new policy of capital- achievement far behind the parallel movement
ism has been well described as “Administrative Pro among employers.
tectionism,” employing as its methods not merely the Thus at every point we are brought up sharply
tariff, but still more the subsidy and other forms of against the fact that British Labor has no clear
protection for “key" or nascent industries. On the common policy.
Labor side, the policy is directed to the casting down The results of this situation are, to say the least
of all "restrictions on output" imposed by Labor- of it, unfortunate. Capital knows what it wants,
but not necessarily of parallel restrictions imposed and presses the Government for decisions in its
by employers themselves—the maintenance of war favor. The Government sometimes grants its de-
time methods of standardization, and the continued mands, and still more often half commits itself to
employment on a large scale of semi-skilled and
a verbal promise. On the side of commercial policy,
unskilled labor.
Capital has received many half-promises; but few
On the important question of State control it is of these have yet reached the stage of fulfilment.
not so clear what the policy of the employers will be. Labor, on the other hand, has made few demands
There is no doubt that, if we reckon by numbers, the in the sphere of after-war policy, unless the Labor
great mass of employers will urgently demand the Party's program is to be regarded as a demand. It
removal of war-time State control, with its accom has, on the other hand, so far offered an obstacle to
paniment of rationing and in some cases "costing," the adoption by the Government of the employers'
at the earliest possible moment. But it is not certain labor policy. Even in such matters as industrial
that this will be in all cases the policy of the largest demobilization we are still by no means prepared for
and most influential manufacturing firms, who are peace; and in relation to wider questions of in-
beyond doubt better served under State control than dustrial reconstruction almost nothing has been done.
their smaller and less influential competitors. It is The Whitley Report, thus far the Government's
probable that certain large interests will demand, in sole contribution to this problem, has so far hardly
connection with the removal of restrictive State affected the vital industries, and does not seem likely
control, the continuance of State assistance to in to affect them, at least for some time to come.
dustry and the placing in the hands of representative then, the Government hoped that the Whitley Re-
trade associations, which they will dominate, of con port would absolve it of responsibility for industrial
siderable public power in such matters as rationing resettlement, and place responsibility upon the Joint
and industrial organization.
Industrial Councils of employers and Trade Union-
If the concentration of capitalist organization is ists which it was proposed to create, that hope has
the most marked feature of war-time development been disappointed. The problem of industrial rela-
on the side of the employer, it is also a marked tions after the war still remains unsolved, and in
feature on the side of Labor. In the Trade Union many industries employers and Trade Unions are
movement there is certainly a large preponderance still facing each other warily—the employers with
of opinion in favor of closer coordination of effort ,a policy which Labor will not in any case accept, and
and greater union of forces. This movement toward Labor armed principally with a negation, or at least
concentration has, however, serious obstacles to face. with demands which have not yet been clearly formu-
The law puts in the way of Trade Union amalga- lated and expressed.
mations obstacles which are difficult to surmount. To leave my conclusion there would however
Financial difficulties arising out of differences in produce far too forlorn an impression of the indus-
benefits, contributions, and reserve funds, and other trial situation. It looks as if any post-war settlement
vested interests stand in the way. But the most im- of industrial problems will have to be improvised
portant hindrance to real unity lies in the lack of in a hurry when the circumstances force a settlement.
a common policy. The skilled craftsman fears oust But it is possible that in this improvisation the new
If,


3
468
November 30
THE DIAL
forces at work in the world of Labor will find a but the hope lies in the emergence from this partial
means of expression. I have not discussed these anarchy of a new order. The making of this new
new forces in the present article because I have been order depends upon a new vision and a common idea
here concerned rather to clear the ground for a of Trade Union purpose and of the principles which
subsequent exposition of their character.
should animate Labor's policy in Reconstruction.
The old forces which have ruled, and still nom-
And, finally, the getting of this new vision depends
inally rule, the Trade Union movement are "played
out”! The new forces which are at work have not
upon the ability of the new forces in the world of
yet succeeded in so organizing themselves as to take
Labor to sink inessential differences and to turn from
their place. Until they do so British Trade Union- criticism and destruction to responsibility and con-
struction.
ism will inevitably present many anarchic features,
G. D. H. Cole.
The Betrayal
of Henry Adams
It was a primitive little world into which Henry Henry Adams began his education with a very
Adams was born, February 16, 1838. Nor was he concrete apprehension of the corner of the earth
born at the center of it-rather at the circumfer into which he was born. He describes the New
ence of civilization, in Boston, Massachusetts. The England of the early nineteenth century explicitly
entire purpose of his life as expressed in the remark- and concretely:
able volume before us (The Education of Henry The atmosphere of education in which he lived was
Adams, Houghton Mifflin ; $5) was to get to the colonial, revolutionary, almost Cromwellian, as though
center of that world, to understand the forces which
he were steeped, from his greatest grandmother's birth,
in the odor of political crime. Resistance to something
controlled it, to become intellectually cosmopolitan. was the law of New England nature: the boy looked out
And yet though he went to and fro in the world, on the world with this instinct of resistance; for number-
and lived in its great capitals, and consorted with its
less generations his predecessors had viewed the world
chiefly as a thing to be reformed, filled with evil forces
leaders, and above all tried to synthesize its deepest to be abolished, and they saw no reason to suppose that
knowledge, he remained always a New Englander. they had wholly succeeded in the abolition; their duty
There is something pathetic in the wistful attitude of
was unchanged. That duty implied not only resistance
to evil, but hatred of it. Boys naturally look on all force
Henry Adams, standing always a little aloof from as an enemy and generally find it so, but the New Eng-
the world, puzzled and disconcerted. There is
lander, whether boy or man, in his long struggle with a
stingy or hostile universe, had learned also to love the
something tragic in his halting progress as he limps pleasure of hating; his joys were few..
along, consciously behind and striving to catch up. Politics as a practice, whatever its professions, had
No man was ever more keenly aware of failure than
always been the systematic organization of hatreds, and
Massachusetts politics had been as harsh as the climate.
Henry Adams, and no man ever confessed it more The chief charm of New England was harshness of con-
conscientiously. No one has ever tried more scrup trasts and extremes of sensibility—a cold that froze the
ulously to fathom the secret of the curse of sterility. hating--one's self if no better victim offered—was not its
blood, and a heat that boiled it-so that the pleasure of
The first, and perhaps the strongest, impression rarest amusement; but the charm was a true and natural
which the reader receives from the book is that of
child of the soil, not a cultivated weed of the ancients.
The violence of the contrast was real and made the
the intense isolation of the writer. Not Robinson
strongest motive of education. The double exterior nature
Crusoe on his island seems more utterly alone. And gave life its relative values, winter and summer, cold and
as the methods by which Robinson Crusoe mastered
heat, town and country; force and freedom marked two
his situation and built a life for himself are typical
modes of life and thought, balanced like lobes of the brain.
Town was winter and confinement, school, rule, disci-
of the whole effort of humankind to build the ma pline; straight gloomy streets, piled with six feet of snow
terial habitation of civilization out of the raw
in the middle; frosts that made the snow sing under
wheels or runners; thaws when the streets became dan-
material of nature, so the method of Henry Adams
gerous to cross; society of uncles, aunts, and cousins who
in the far more difficult task of building an intel-
expected children to behave themselves, and who were
not always gratified; above all else, winter represented
lectual habitation out of the vast accumulation of
the desire to escape and go free. Town was restraint,
knowledge is likewise typical. As Crusoe's story is law, unity. Country, only seven miles away, was liberty,
an allegory, so to Henry Adams his whole experience diversity, outlawry, the endless delight of mere
impressions given by nature for nothing, and breathed by
of life became symbolic. A New Englander of the boys without knowing it.
nineteenth century, he found the only name for his And further, Adams had a clear perception of
conception of that experience in the great super the fact that this provincial world was further nar-
stition of his age-Education.
rowed for him by the fact that he was of a race
sense


1918
469
THE DIAL
peculiar and apart by virtue of the excess of those they paid for it with their lives wasted on battle-
qualities which gave New England its distinction. fields, or in misdirected energies and lost oppor-
He realized that the characteristic mark of all the tunities."
Adamses had been their inherited quarrel with the His second educational possibility was in the
conventional organization of the bourgeois society unique culture of the community. Though his
about them represented by State Street-a quarrel father suffered a certain ostracism in pro-slavery
which had gone on for a hundred and fifty years and Boston, along with Dana and Charles Sumner, yet
"had again and again broken out into riot, blood Edward Everett was his uncle, and Peter Chardon
shed, personal feuds, foreign and civil wars, whole- Brooks, the richest man in New England, his grand-
sale banishments and confiscation, until the history father. Through another uncle, Nathaniel Froth-
of Florence was hardly more turbulent than that of ingham, minister of the First Church, he was con-
Boston.” This opposition was vividly brought be nected with the eminent group of Unitarian clergy-
fore the boy's mind by the long battle of John men who represented the religious interest of the
Quincy Adams in Congress for the abolition of slav time. He was, of course, sent to Harvard College,
cry, and by the part of his father, Charles Francis where his name was a passport to everything the
Adams, in the founding of the Free Soil Party. He institution had to offer. He was led towards Con-
comprehended the difference between the Adamses cord for a time by the influence of James Russell
and the Websters, the Everetts, the Winthrops—a Lowell. “Concord seemed to him at one time more
difference which he phrased as that between Quincy real than Quincy.” Yet these local advantages
and Boston. “Quincy had always been right for proved to Adams worse than useless—a series of
Quincy represented a moral principle—the principle deceptions. He records his disillusionment with the
of resistance to Boston. . . If State Street was sterile philosophy of the Unitarians:
wrong, Quincy must be right! Turn the dilemma
That the most powerful emotion of man next to the
as he pleased, he still came back on the eighteenth sexual should disappear, might be a personal defect of
century and the law of Resistance; of Truth; of
his own; but that the most intelligent society, led by
the most intelligent clergy, in the most moral conditions
Duty; and of Freedom. He was a ten-year-old he ever knew, should have solved all the problems of
priest and politician.”
the universe so thoroughly as to have quite ceased making
With this inheritance behold Henry Adams start-
itself anxious about past or future
seemed to him
the most curious social phenomenon he had to account
ing out on his quest. Like the ancient worthies, for in a long life.
Josophat, Rasselas, Candide, he set out from his
Harvard did little more for him. The tools he
walled garden to view the world with the object of
needed to shape his own education for the twentieth
understanding it. And like Candide he represents
century, as he came to see later, were a knowledge
himself in the present volume as keeping an open of French, German, Spanish, and mathematics and
and trusting mind, as relying on the world to reveal
it was a matter of recurring regret that they were
itself. One thing he asked and one only-education,
not put or forced into his hand. All his life he
guidance, preparation to live in the world that was
lamented, like many another New Englander, the
coming to be. And his experience, as he half humor absence of the pentecostal gift of tongues. Even
ously records it, may be summed up in a single word Lowell failed him in the end. "From him the boy
-betrayal.
got no revolutionary thought whatever-but he got
The first of the educational possibilities which good-humored encouragement to do what amused
Adams recognized was that of his family_easily the him, which consisted in passing two years án Europe,
first in reputation in America. As a child he half after finishing the four years of Cambridge.”
thought he owned the White House, and took for This was Adams' next adventure. The faith in
granted that he would some day live in it. "A Pres- Germany, cultivated by Carlyle and Emerson, was
ident was a matter of course in every respectable strong in the fifties, and to Germany Adams went,
family.” One thing indeed his birth did for him in with the indulgence of his parents, "to begin at a
giving him the social freedom of the world, but of German university the study of Civil Law-al-
definite guidance from his immediate family he got though neither he nor they knew what Civil Law
little. "The family was more an atmosphere than was or any reason for his studying it.” This second
a positive influence.. His father's business in life experiment in formal education succeeded no better
was to get past the dangers of the slave power," than the first. His first lecture on the subject of
and he adds somewhat bitterly: "The task done, his choice was his last. “He had thought Harvard
he might be content to let his sons pay for the College a torpid school, but it was instinct with life
pilotage ; and it mattered little to his success whether compared with all that he could see of the University
--


470
November 30
THE DIAL
of Berlin.” He modestly stepped down to the Gym most perfect educational courses in politics and
nasium, thinking at least to learn the language. More diplomacy that a young man ever had a chance to
disillusionment. “The German University had pursue,” under the most costly tutors in the world,
seemed a failure, but the German High School was Lord Palmerston, Lord Russell, Mr. Gladstone.
something very near an indictable nuisance.” He Especially in regard to Gladstone "one asked one's
listened to music and one day surprised himself by self painfully what sort of lesson a young man should
being able to follow the movement of a symphony. have drawn for purposes of his education from this
“He could not have been more astonished had he world famous teaching of a very great master."
suddenly read a new language... A prison-wall And forty years later, in reading Russell's and
that barred his senses on one great side of life, sud Gladstone's letters, he came to the conclusion that
denly fell of its own accord, without so much as his “they made a picture different from anything he
knowing when it happened.” For the rest he was had conceived, and rendered worthless his whole
glad to escape from Berlin to Rome, of which he painful diplomatic experience.”
has only this to say: "Perhaps Henry learned After the war, Henry Adams' method of educa-
something in Rome, though he never knew it and tion changed. Instead of taking hand actively in
never sought it.”
the process as experimenter, he became a spectator.
Henry Adams' next teacher was action, and his In London he viewed the opening scientific renais-
schoolroom the American legation at London, where sance which had begun with the Origin of Species,
Charles Francis Adams was minister during the and fancied that he might get the best part of Dar-
Civil War. As his father's private secretary he winism from geology, "a science which suited idle
shared to the full the anxious business of those minds as well as though it were history." Return-
fateful days. The Adams family landed at Liver- ing to America, he devoted himself to observations
pool, to be met by news that England had recog of political life in Washington. This was that
nized the belligerency of the Confederacy. They lowest period of American political morality, when
went up to London “a family of early Christian the miasma left by the war infected every circle, even
martyrs about to be flung into an arena of lions.” the highest. Henry Adams wrote up the Gold
Then followed the negotiations with the hostile Conspiracy of 1869, and he and his older brother
English Cabinet over the Trent affair, over the Charles Francis Adams described the cognate scan-
sailing of the Confederate privateers, over Glad dal of the Erie Railroad in Chapters of Erie. Adams
stone's public announcement that Jefferson Davis had no doubt that the filthy trail of Jay Gould and
and the Southern leaders had made a nation, and Jim Fisk led to the Treasury Department if not
finally over the delivery of the rams, built in a Scotch to the White House itself. At all events, such men
shipyard, to the Confederate navy—which final dis as he found in Washington were altogether inferior
pute was terminated by Charles Francis Adams' let as teachers to those at whose feet he had sat in
ter to Lord John Russell: “It would be superfluous London. "When he raised his eyes to the loftiest
in me to point out to your lordship that this is and most triumphant results of politics—to Mr.
war.” This is by far the most generally interesting Boutwell, Mr. Conkling, or even to Mr. Sumner-
part of the autobiography; Henry Adams was a he could not honestly say that such an education,
close witness of history in the making, but he main even when it carried one up to these unattainable
tains through his record of these momentous events heights, was worth anything." The theory of bio-
his own singular point of view. What was the logical progress, of which he had gained a glimpse in
outcome of this experience in terms of his own London, seemed an utter illusion. “That two thou-
education? Disappointing as usual. For one thing sand years after Alexander the Great and Julius
"he thought · that he was going to a friendly Caesar, a man like Grant should be called—and
Government true to the anti-slavery principles should actually and truly be—the highest product
which had been their steadiest profession. . He of the most advanced evolution, made evolution
was, like all Bostonians, instinctively English.” ludicrous." Of all the regions traversed by Henry
But the London of the Civil War, where “the belief Adams, this of Washington in 1869 is the dreariest,
in poor Mr. Lincoln's brutality and Seward's feroc and his pen fairly drops bitterness. He is a New
ity became a dogma of popular faith" shook this England Dante, sorely in need of an Inferno.
principle of racial nationality. “The beginning of From this disillusionizing spectacle of the world
a new education tore up by the roots nearly all that he was rescued by President Eliot, who made him
was left of Harvard College and Germany." He Assistant Professor of History in Harvard College,
pictures himself following anxiously "one of the he meanwhile to continue his journalistic labors as


1918
471
THE DIAL
.
.
editor of the North American Review. Although of work actually done and still before his eyes, was the
Adams thought that of all his many educations that
highest energy ever known to man, the creation of four-
fifths of his noblest art, exercising vastly more attraction
of school teacher was the thinnest, it is clear that
over the human mind than all the steam engines and
at this time he began those systematic studies which
dynamos ever dreamed of; and yet this energy was un-
known to the American mind. An American Virgin
gave the material on which his mind worked for
would never dare command; an American Venus would
the rest of his life. After six years he resigned, to never dare exist
.. Symbol or energy, the Virgin had
return to Washington and his close companionship
acted as the greatest force the western world had ever
felt, and had drawn man's activities to herself more
with more active friends: Clarence King, the founder
strongly than any other power, natural or supernatural,
of the Geological Survey, John LaFarge, and John had ever done; the historian's business was to follow the
Hay. He wrote his History of the Administration track of the energy; to find where it came from and
where it went to; its complex source and shifting chan-
of Jefferson and Madison. He continued to observe
nels; its values, equivalents, conversions. Adams knew
passing events and became almost interested in the nothing about any of them, but as a mathematical prob-
lem of influence on human progress
all reacted
Free Silver movement of the early nineties. But
on his mind, and he rather inclined to think the Virgin
he resigned himself.
easiest to handle.
In 1893 the issue came on the single gold standard, and Accordingly, in his effort at a scientific reading
the majority at last declared itself, once for all, in favor
of human forces, he set himself to the study of the
of the capitalistic system with all its necessary machinery.
Of all forms of society or government, this was the one
age in which those forces seemed most in harmony,
he liked least, but his likes and dislikes were as anti when man held the highest idea of himself as a unit
quated as the rebel doctrine of state rights. Nothing
in a unified universe. This was the century 1150-
in politics ever surprised Henry Adams more than the
ease with which he and his silver friends slipped across
1250, and the essay took form in Mont-Saint-Michel
the chasm, and alighted on the single gold standard and and Chartres, a Study of Thirteenth-Century Unity.
the capitalistic system with its methods; the protective
From that point he purposed to fix a position for
tariff; the corporations and trusts; the trades-unions and
socialistic paternalism which necessarily made their com-
himself which he could label The Education of
plement; the whole mechanical consolidation of force, Henry Adams: A Study of Twentieth-Century Mul-
which ruthlessly stamped out the life of the class into
which Adams was born, but created monopolies capable
tiplicity. With the help of these two points of rela-
of controlling the new energies that America adored. tion, he hoped to project his lines forward and back-
But if Adams thus resigned himself to accept the ward indefinitely. In the unfolding of this dynamic
play of forces that he could not control, his effort to
theory of history he developed a law of acceleration
understand those forces became ever more passion-
of human energy for which he found a formula
roughly accurate since 1840 in the ratio of increase
ate. He had already seen that history as written in
in the volume of coal power-
the nineteenth century was either antiquarianism or
-a doubling every ten
anecdotage. Under the examples of Froude and
years; before that, a twenty-five or fifty year period
Kinglake he had been ready to accept the notion
of reduplication might serve as a measure back to
"that History, like everything else, might be a field
1400; and before that a longer period, until the
movement became infinitely slight. Such accelera-
of scraps, like the refuse about a Staffordshire iron
furnace.” But the new concepts of science tending
tion might be tested and the ratio more exactly de-
toward a unified view of the world process brought
termined by a study of the works of mankind, but
to his mind the question why human history should
that was a task for the mathematician and for the
not be a part of that unity, and a branch of natural sociological statistician. For Adams it was impos-
sible.
science representing the application of laws govern-
ing force and mass. There is something strangely
To educate-one's self to begin with—had been the effort
of one's life for sixty years; and the difficulties of educa-
pathetic in the effort of Adams' mind to accustom
tion had gone on doubling with the coal output, until
itself to new modes of thought, to move in formulae the prospect of waiting another ten years, in order to
to which it was unaccustomed. Always tragically imagination but slightly.
face a seventh doubling of complexities, allured one's
All that a historian won
obsessed by the thought that he was behind the pro was a vehement wish to escape. He saw his education
cession, Adams tried desperately to catch up. . One complete, and was sorry he ever began it.
of the great forces in the world had been sex, and In these closing chapters of the book there is much
of this he knew himself ignorant, the victim of his of interest to the student of modern life. Adams'
education.
theory did not preoccupy him to the extent of taking
The woman had once been supreme; in France she still
his eyes off the history that was making about him;
seemed potent.
Why was she unknown in America ? on the contrary, it seems to have sharpened his per-
Anyone brought up among the Puritans knew that sex
ceptions. As the close friend of John Hay he was
was sin. In any previous age sex was strength. . At
the Louvre and at Chartres, as he knew by the record a sympathetic observer and collaborator in that


472
November 30
THE DIAL
statesman's comprehensive world diplomacy. He Scientific Concepts, and Karl Pearson's Grammar
was intensely interested in the awakening sex class of Science, as was the Knight of La Mancha's by
consciousness of women. As he grew older "he his romances of chivalry. But to dismiss the matter
found that Early Institutions lost their interest, but thus would be to lose the true meaning of Henry
that Early Woman became a passion. Without un Adams' character. It was a kind of Quixotism
derstanding movement of sex, history seemed to him worthy of a New Englander that led Adams, with-
mere pedantry.” He "felt sometimes convinced that out religion, sex, or science, to try to impose a unity
the Church had been made by the woman chiefly as on the world as complete as the Summa of Saint
her protest against man—that the man had over Thomas Aquinas, to learn the secret of the most
thrown the Church chiefly because it was feminine. potent force the western world had ever felt, to
After the overthrow of the Church, the woman had make himself "an instrument of measure, a barom-
no refuge except such as the man created for himself.
eter, pedometer, radiometer, of thought motion” and
She must, like the man, marry machinery." But in the reactions of man and nature. He scorned the
the presence of this problem, as of all others, he easier way of pragmatic philosophies, and grappled
whimsically confesses his helplessness. “The Mar with the multiplicities of his universe in the spirit
guerite of the future could alone decide whether she of Browning's Grammarian. And he has left a
were better off than the Marguerite of the past; record of his search and struggle and failure, shot
whether she would rather be victim to a man, a through with cynicism, irony, and self-contempt, and
church, or a machine.” One of the most attractive yet as sincere, moving, and significant as any that
passages in this record of his later years is the recol has ever come from New England. One unity he
lection of his delight in youth, and his friendship achieved or rather maintained in the face of betrayal
with two winning and radiant spirits, Bay Lodge without and distrust within himself—a unity of
and Joseph Trumbull Stickney. Of Bay Lodge he attitude as complete as that of Cotton Mather, or
wrote the biography which was published anony- Jonathan Edwards, or John Quincy Adams. Edu-
mously.
cation was in a sense to Adams what religion was
In all this we see the effort after the unattainable,
to them, the one the approved method of our day as
the love of the impossible—the note of Quixotism
the other was of theirs. It was not exactly Adams'
in Adams' mind. And indeed there is something fault that while their faith led them to the City of
fundamentally Quixotic in the way in which Adams' God, Adams' led only to the reductio ad absurdum.
brain was heated by such books as Judge Stallo's
ROBERT Morss LOVETT.
.
Will You
Step
Into My Grave, Sir?
Will you step into my grave, sir? said the digger to the dead:
You will find it quite as restful, sir, as any human bed;
There'll be lilacs at the head of you and violets at your feet,
In June the grass will cover you; and the snow will be your
sheet.
The rain will thrill a song for you, the wind will tell a tale,
The willow roots will wrap your heart and hold and never fail,
And time will soon forget you, and yourself, forgetting time,
Will climb to sun and flash with leaves and fall again and climb.
I will stretch your bones out straightly, and lay you softly down,
And crown the fever of your days with slumber for a crown.
And none shall come to trouble you, and none shall call your name-
You shall not start at sound of love, nor stir at sound of blame.
Will you step into my grave, sir? said the digger to the dead-
It is more soft and quiet, far, than any human bed.
There'll be oak trees at the head of you, and willows at the feet,
The blackbirds will sing for you, the snow will be your sheet.
CONRAD AIKEN.


1918
473
THE DIAL
one
Compton Mackenzie
IT IS UNCOMFORTABLE but true that a living organ-
in their reverence for the verdict of posterity and
ism retains much of the fascination of life, even no trust is thought too sheep-like if only it be put
when exposed upon the dissecting-table and to the in the dispensations of that particular judgment-
instrument of the surgeon. Thus we approach the seat: it is not for us to pass verdict; it is for us to
yet sprouting body of this world of Compton Mac- plead across the centuries, prayerfully, to those more
kenzie with a not unconscious heightening of per competent. In support of this attitude we may note
ception: our fingers itch to have their way with the fact that the subject matter chosen by contempo-
something so indubitably alive. And perhaps our rary writers is likely to be of a nature congenial to
philosophy, ever obsequious, can establish some sort us also, and therefore capable of seducing us into an
of intellectualization of our appetite, and so, as estimate of worth which the artistry itself does not
its way is, edge our lust.
warrant. There is, besides, the evidence that in the
George Moore has told us that good writing like past great artists have not seldom been ignored both
good bronze assumes with the passage of the years by the ruck of their contemporaries and, now and
an enriching patina. There can be no question then—as was Kleist by Goethe-by their peers.
that an extraneous charm is now and then bestowed This indefeasible fact that the coevals of a great
by time upon a literary work, as, for example, that artist do often ignore him, while the next genera-
inestimable naivete which is for us the prevailing tion learns to speak of him with at least lip-rever-
attraction of so much of the literature of the Middle ence, would seem, to who has probed this later
Age, and which, inactive to the medievals them generation and found how little it really cares, rather
selves, comes into being as an esthetic value only to demonstrate how utterly without concern of un-
when these writings are observed with the perspec- distinguished humanity all distinguished art must
tive given by our own sophistication. But surely forever be, than anything more apposite to our argu-
the difference between a bronze and a book is in this
ment. As for Goethe and Kleist-here we have an
respect fundamental: that in the case of the former example of how an artist can be so enveloped in his
both the revealing material and the subject matter own type of work as to be honestly incapable of com-
remain to us forever familiar and therefore wholly prehending even the masterpiece of a different genre.
effective—the substance of bronze and the naked
The question of contemporaneity would indeed ap-
body we do perforce know; while in the case of the pear to be quite beside the point. Thus following
latter the same conditions absolutely do not hold the same Goethe to Italy we find him prostrate
all the scholarship in the world will not make us before the insipid, but classical, Apollo Belvidere,
quite at home among words and idioms to which while amid the grotesque, but insistently real, detritus
s we were not born, and the life of another time in of the Middle Age he walks very erect indeed. As
all its crisply minute detail genius itself cannot to the likelihood of our better judgment being hood-
reconstitute. Thus both the language and the winked by subject matter culled and seasoned in
world of bygone literature, be they never so mani accord with the taste of our own time, here again
festly alive, must for us remain in some part or Goethe's whole-hearted acceptance of that fashion-
other merely potential, always do somewhere de plate Apollo—we might almost borrow his own
pend for their ultimate effect upon some precious favorite word and outrageously turn it against him,
item which, in the alien atmosphere of our own for is there not in the bearing of that gracile neck
intelligence, cannot, so to speak, go off. They have and head a suggestion, barely a suggestion, of the
not the wholly active cogency, the triumphant im artig?-illuminates the difficulty. Surely we can-
mediacy, of the work of our own day. The years not discover in this bric-a-brac deity an imaginative
also have their artillery, and wheresoever this can conception to justify one tithe of Goethe's adulation,
nonade does not efface utterly, it yet does so batter and as surely we must seek not only in the classical
and demolish the irremediable detail of these edi treatment but also in the subject itself for the secret
fices of language as more often than not to leave of Goethe's fall. Let us out with the atrocious fact
them shorn of all their complicated loveliness, bare -the Apollo Belvidere unwittingly embodied the
deponents to the ponderous animosity of time. glänzend ideal, albeit somewhat stripped, of what in
This being so, we at once perceive the fatuity of the eyes of the court-circle of Weimar a sun god and
at least one of that impressive circle of penguin a gentleman muss und soll sein. Having remarked
like follies which dominate our particular epoch. that seventeen centuries in which to grow away
The artists and the critics of our time are at one from a vulgar taste for subject matter could not


474
November 30
THE DIAL
can savor
save Goethe, not even him; you and I, with all his with more exactitude speak of it as a new reel.
tory shown up as so alarmingly seductive, see no Avidly we strain our eyes upon the flickering scene
cause to reserve any special misgiving for the subject and when the firm of Mackenzie introduces an old
matter of those who are, after all, our neighbors. favorite we obediently quiver. Then, too, it flatters
But if there is then no good reason why we cannot our sense of importance to know that by buying
judge of our contemporaries at least as well as of or not buying the scarlett Sylvia we may make or
the past, we have already seen that there are on the mar her matrimonial prospects with that parti, her
other hand the best reasons why we
half-cousin Michael : it is not less pleasant to have
and so appraise the work of our own period better one's finger in the destiny of an imaginary character
than that of any other; and carrying this argument
than in that of a real person.
to its ultimate point-though not, we hope, into the
These books are knit together in the most unex-
realm of the absurd—we may even go so far as to pected and ingenious ways. In Youth's Encounter
state that in some cases it is not after an artist's we had read how Michael, in his ecclesiastical pu-
death, but during his life, that we can speak of him berty, “accompanied Mr. Prout ... to a reception
with most assured finality.
. in honour of the Legitimist Emperor of Byzan-
Hence, our appetite for the living organism some-
tium” and of how “Michael was very much im-
what laboriously justified, we roll up our sleeves pressed by kissing the hand of an Emperor, and even
and with a clear conscience and a keen zest, we more deeply impressed by the Scottish piper who
advance to the dissecting-table and the not yet, we marched up and down during the light refreshment."
hope, wholly dead subject of Compton Mackenzie. ... In Sylvia Scarlett we are the more sharply
This novelist, if we rightly interpret his attitude diverted at encountering once again this identical
toward life, was never a particularly lively one, and Emperor and piper and at seeing them through the
at first blush he might seem to have been, for a bright, unecclesiastical eyes of Sylvia, for the nonce
clinic in vivisection, not well chosen. Yet, despite ravishingly en prince incognito. When we re-read so
the author's negative personality, the atmosphere piquantly humorous a scene as this presentation of
in these books is so thick, the incidents are so multi- the child Sylvia to the Emperor, we must confess
farious, the characters are so myriad, that in setting that Mr. Mackenzie is on occasion remarkably alive.
out to discuss them we have positively the sensation Then we remember another brilliant development of
of disentangling, nay, of disenveloping ourselves in a scene only suggested in Sinister Street. We recall
order first to free our head, and then, with such wits how vainly the knight-errant Michael rang the bell
as we can collect, to speak. And if other novelists, of that Mulberry Cottage wherein was incarcerated
notably H. G. Wells, are ready to immerse us in an Lady Lily: now what is not our excitement at being
even more obviously brawling and seething vat of in this new volume admitted where Sir Michael, for
humanity, nevertheless we are not tempted to relin all his prowess, could not penetrate, and at finding
quish Mr. Mackenzie. For he still has among con within the donjon the immense Mrs. Gainsborough
temporary writers of distinction one characteristic and at learning from her lips that the "ping-ping-
which marks him beyond peradventure as our man. pinging” got even to her nerves, and that she felt
He alone in each succeeding novel—The Passionate herself "coming out in black spots like a domino"?
Elopement antedates the sequence-continues to fol Henry James, in his essay on The New Novel,
low out the ever-widening development of groups pointed out the episodic character of those books
and persons always related to one another. We thus which, up to that time (1914), Compton Mackenzie
experience in his work to a peculiar degree that sen had published: he spoke of "rounded episodes strung
sation of immediacy of contact and of precious on the loose cord as so many vivid beads.” Sylvia
familiarity with the subject matter which we deem Scarlett is even more brazenly an out and out string-
of value; and in a realistic form of art like the ing of episodes, but this new lot of beads is so thump-
novel this fact is surely more obviously important ingly vivid as, we are sure, to enchant the eyes of
than anywhere else at all. So accustomed are we whatsoever barbarous peoples may be ventured
indeed to these beloved figures that only after a among for their bartering. "Why shouldn't you set
moment's reflection should we be astonished at hav out to have an adventure?" ejaculates to herself the
ing recognized not in a new book but upon a new already sea-worn heroine, cast up like her classical
street Mr. Michael Fane or Mr. Ronald Walker. prototype, Mr. Ulysses, only this time upon Sulphur-
These volumes are all merely installments of con- ville, Indiana, a reef none the less grisly because un-
temporary life, though, to be sure, in the case of Mr. noted in the Homeric chart. Why not indeed? we
Mackenzie's latest indiscretion, the cinematographic echo; and if you happen to be the author of a series
Sylvia Scarlett (Harper; $1.60), we might perhaps of novels elaborating the fortune of a group of
..


1918
475
THE DIAL
more or less fictionally related people, then most and often incoherent experience of childhood, Comp-
pertinently, Why not? For whatsoever befalls any ton Mackenzie would find his own last? In the
member thereof does incontrovertibly concern the epilogue to Sinister Street he points out that on the
whole family, and I do not think I overreach myself final page Michael Fane is growing up, "and for me
in speaking of these books as of a family history, his interest begins to fade.” For some of us, I fear,
Such in the last accounting infallibly they are, not the fading, though never obliteration, set in several
only in the dovetailing of incident from volume to hundred pages earlier—this emphatically not from
volume, but also, as we shall see, in a certain blood any weakening in the later centuries of that sustained
resemblance which characterizes, if not everybody work, but quite simply because as a child Michael
mentioned, at least all those who are of Mother was unique, while at Oxford and in the underworld
Mackenzie's especial brood. There being then, as he is one among many.
For other children have
in the annals of all good families, precious little unity always clinging about them an indefinable some-
of plot, we see no reason at all why Mr. Mackenzie thing which foreshadows the inevitably unlovely
cannot afford to spread himself a bit, the expenditure man, a something perhaps not so definite as the ill-
continuing, bien entendu, to be within the same boding legs of the tadpole, and yet not less obvious
multiparous family. In this latest reel, not only are and repellent to the discerning eye, while from such
the beads more than heretofore gaudy, but also they birthmarks these children of Compton Mackenzie
seem, more often than not, to have been chosen for
are blessedly and forever exempt. Those of us who
an exotic quality in their coloring. Our eyes held are not content devoutly to accept such boons as
fast by the palpitant screen, we are willy-nilly flicked gods and novelists bestow, but must forever question
from France to England to France to Italy to Eng- why, will inquire the reason for this unnatural im-
land to Belgium to France to Brazil to the Argentine munity. Let us out with the poor truth: these
to France to Spain to Morocco to England to Italy children are not flesh and blood; they are the decora-
to the United States to England, and as, not yet tive and mobile objects which the mature imagina-
wholly dazed, we remark our much-traveled heroine tion loves to dress up in the sweet guise of childhood.
entering a taxi bound for Charing Cross and God
We may therefore read these smooth pages with the
knows where, abruptly the light goes out. We must happy assurance of not brushing upon the really
be pardoned if our minds as well as our eyes do now tooth and nail quality of childhood.
and then blink. Yet “Sylvia's imagination,' we are
“There is only one tragedy for youth."
told, "was captured by the life she led at Earl's "And that is?”
Court”: so we too glory in this Earl's Court of a "Age,” said the stranger.
world and pray that Mr. Mackenzie, no matter to And in this world of Compton Mackenzie it is even
what fabulous age and wisdom the years ripen him, sadder than in real life that people should grow up.
may never outgrow this youthful penchant toward
Having seen others of this fellowship put on the dull
forays on the outlandish.
apparel of maturity, we cannot but dread the opening
In Sylvia Scarlett her author begot a child after of that next volume which shall, it is intimated, give
his own heart.
us Michael Fane a man. Even though that delicious
Life had always offered itself to her contemplation,
mirage of Mackenzian childhood has long since evap-
whether of the past or of the future, as a set of vivid orated from him, yet youth and Oxford have con-
impressions that formed a crudely colored panorama of
tinued to cover a multitude of sins.
action without any emotional light and shade, the inter-
vals between which, like the intervals of a theatrical Before stepping within that most modern develop-
performance, were only tolerable with plenty of chocolates.
ment of the deus ex machina, the taxicab for Charing
Is it to be wondered at she should so breathlessly Cross, Sylvia takes us into her confidence to the
follow the good counsel of Mr. Gustard: “You extent of stating that she is "off with the raggle-
get out and about, my dear. That's my motto for taggle gipsies.” On divers other occasions in the
the young"? Sylvia is indeed the proper heroine for course of her wanderings she has both spoken and
a tale of adventure, but is she not also a typical child ? chanted the same bit of cheering news. Michael
And is not childhood the most apt field for the dis Fane, too, at a decisively early age, had “made up
play of Mackenzie's own talents? His mind appears his mind in the beeswaxed dining-room that it was
to be without discipline and in the gay sprawling of better to be a raggle-taggle wanderer than anything
his imagination he appears to find complete satisfac else.” The title of Mr. Mackenzie's announced
tion. Such being the case, would it not be clear volume, Sylvia and Michael, supports our expecta-
even though we did not hold as irrefutable argument, tion that Fate has in store for Sylvia, in whatsoever
those unforgotten children, Jenny Pearl and Michael further gavottings the prestidigitatious Mr. Mac-
Fane—that in the depiction of the always disjointed kenzie may even now have up his sleeve, the desirable


476
November 30
THE DIAL
position of Vis à Vis to Michael Fane. Also we must Lily Haden, the sweet whore of Michael's adora-
admit that, with the best intentions in the world, tion, shares with his mother and Magdalen Tower
Mr. Fane has heretofore eminently stuck to the bees the oft-repeated adjectival phrase of “slim and love-
wax. We thus perceive the reason for that gran ly.” No reason is obvious why the limits of this
rifiuto which Sylvia Scarlett in her tout ensemble, corporation should not be indefinitely extended.
we regret to say, discovers. That she may find Not even at Mr. Ziegfeld's Midnight Frolic are
favor with the well-known sweet tooth and patrician we introduced to so many beautiful girls with beau-
stomach of Michael Fane, the Sapphic bitter-ender tiful names; and now and then, with flutterings of
of Sinister Street has now been diluted into a young the heart and for ever so tiny a moment, we are
lady whose favorite pastime is to fancy herself a gipsy. permitted, with a restrained ecstasy, to finger the
"Tell them, my dear, I'm quite simple. I represent the "delicate havoc" of their lingerie. Are they then,
original conception of the Hetaera, a companion. I don't
want to be made love to, and every man who makes love
glossy and strokable as they incontrovertibly are,
to me I dislike."
not also “slim and lovely"? Surely in these Fortu-
Thus, under the exigencies of Mr. Mackenzie's
nate Islands every lady is a Lily; while Mr. Mac-
match-making, we must watch go by the board to-
kenzie himself has the unique distinction of being
gether both our ancient Sylvia and our ancient his-
the only modern chef to have mastered, clever dog
tory. But, sentimental considerations apart, we have
that he is, the recipe for that Greek dish known as
good cause to regret this change in Sylvia; for what leiriopolphanemoné.
might have been that rarest of things, a bona fide
But let not the gentle reader be unduly affrayed :
picaresque novel, has, to save this lady's face, been though in Mr. Mackenzie's troupe the role of prima
unmannerly sacrificed. Despite those three months, donna is so indisputably sung by Aphrodite, yet her
which we knew we could depend on Mr. Mackenzie circumspect manager takes good care never to let
not to throw upon the screen, Miss Scarlett remains her out upon the stage without that she has first
through all her escapades inescapably a lady: we assumed her prophylactic fleshings. For like Charles
knew in advance she would be both at home and a Lovely, the suave hero of The Passionate Elopement,
success in that select boarding-school. Such, even in , Mr. Mackenzie too would seem to have inherited the
the land of make-believe, are the harsh terms of motto Sum decorus. And this passion for propriety
matrimony that Sylvia Scarlett must forever keep goes far deeper than any circumscription he may have
one finger on the home base which is gentility. She put upon that most nimble of heathen goddesses:
plays at being a waif quite as Marie Antoinette once indeed it so permeates this world to the very core
did at being a shepherdess; and we are reminded that that with Beau Ripple we also "could wish for
as, if we may believe porcelain, shepherdesses once
less ordered abandon." The polished floor,
were, so waifs now are and not merely in the the intricate parquet, of this demure society is
cinema-le dernier cri.
never broken through, and consequently we never
Two so opposite women as Pauline and Sylvia breathe the harsh air of earth. Mr. Mackenzie steps
both find that Michael Fane "regards” life more about, now here, now there, with the assurance of a
as a portrait by Van Dyck would do than as a human demi-mondaine in her boudoir: he is blandly un-
being. We ourselves are regretfully aware that he aware that in the meantime his universe has gone
becomes his well-cut flannels, and we are not long irretrievably dinky. It is a world of tumbled chest-
discovering that poses which in satin breeches were nut hair, very fit indeed to be rumpled absently with
entirely delightful, when rehearsed in freshly ironed that feminine absorption which is shared by both
trousers possess a certain quite unaccountable ridi the vaporous Mrs. Fane and our delicious author.
cule. Also we have a shrewd suspicion that all Van But in the end we are cloyed by these too elaborate
Dycks were not in real life unintermittently Van blandishments, these too lush experiences, these too
Dycks. It has been whispered that the great war verdant grasses, these too blue dissolving eyes, and
will discover Michael a diplomat in Bucharest: for everywhere and evermore the too ubiquitous caress
ourselves, we can only observe that we deem Mr. of rose-touched flesh. We accuse Mr. Mackenzie of
Fane eminently suited to a diplomatic career and slapping on his marmalade with a trowel.
that we are convinced he will comport himself be The Passionate Elopement, containing as it does
comingly, be the situation never so Balkan. Yet so quintessential and intriguing a decoction of life
brilliant as may well be his future, we shall find it at an eighteenth century Spa—the burgundy, the
hard to forget that he has upon his past the indelible cockfight, the Pump-Room, and the Chinese Mas-
stain of having ruined the character of Sylvia Scar querade-might, appropriately enough to the period
lett and thus dished what might otherwise have been in question, but more especially because of the highly
a thoroughly corking novel.
polished and frankly artificial style of workmanship,
a
.


1918
477
THE DIAL
at
extreme
corner.
be likened to a piece of genuine lacquer. Our only evil or more romance than he could have gathered
quarrel with Compton Mackenzie is that he has from a slumming trip in a sight-seeing motor bus.
continued in these later volumes, which deal with We can but pity Mr. Mackenzie, who, in this grand
contemporary life, to employ the same lacquer tech- sortie from his ivory tower, has so immeasurably
nique. From Curtain Wells to Sulphurville is a fallen short of attaining those acrid waters of reality
long way and we would he had not traversed it. after which he, like ourselves, must indeed have
We recall the Latin poet's "caelum non animum
ached.
mutant, qui trans mare currunt,” yet with the ad But let us not forget that none are so perverse
dendum, gleaned from these books if from nowhere as those who demand from every work of art that
else, that the traveler, to be a successful one, really same brackish water of unfiltered truth. The works
must so change his heart. In the last analysis Comp- of Compton Mackenzie belong confessedly to the
ton Mackenzie is, however outwardly genteel, at literature of escape, and most precious to our bruised
heart a fantast, and we can, I think, lay it down as souls is the anodyne they so copiously afford.
a general law that, come what may, fantasts ought First the Columbine had pirouetted across and made
never to buy railway tickets to health resorts in a light fantastic entrance into the shadow of the
house the
Presently came the
Indiana. When they not only do so, but also refuse
Pierrot with a lantern swaying atop of a long pole. Up
to adapt their costume to the new environment, the and down the sheet he had danced with incredible agility,
outcome is by no means happy. The laid-on finish
until a Pulcinello shook his bells from the window of the
house, and he floated away gathering giant size as he
of Sylvia Scarlett, though not so damnatorily thick
went. Then came Harlequin, dancing almost more beau-
as that which encases the prodigious and invertebrate tifully than Pierrot, and a quiet murder was done in the
mummy of Sinister Street, would, like most of the
laurel shadows around the house. Pierrot lay dead and
Harlequin, the slim and debonair assassin, had donned
lacquer of today, more accurately be termed a glaze his vizard: Columbine wept awhile until the lights were
or varnish than anything more aristocratic. We turned up, when everybody agreed that the whole per-
itch to unclasp our jacknife and peck out a few
formance was in the best of taste and vastly well executed.
These Columbines and Pierrots and Harlequins are
authentic splinters.
Compton Mackenzie himself appears to have
the Olympians of this unreal world. They fit in
chafed in this unreal world of his own making. His
and out the pages of Mackenzie-pious decadent
that he is not less insistently than do those elder
hero, Michael Fane, reacting against the unnatural
gods and goddesses dominate the hexameters of
estheticism of his life at Oxford, seeks contrast in
Homer. The paragraph I have quoted from The
the strenuous vices of Neptune Crescent and the
Passionate Elopement is but one of many in that
Café d'Orange. Among us mortals evil has always book consecrate to these imponderable deities; to the
been the most obviously real of our experiences, and
bitter tale of Jenny Pearl their antics are a shadowy
we discern that Michael's instinct has here turned
and ironic commentary; it is in the dress of a Pier-
him in the right direction. Also, there is no denying rette that Michael is made to find his long-sought
it, in the search for Lily, Mackenzie has laid hold Lily; while the youthful Sylvia Scarlett is more than
on an essentially romantic subject. Why then does
once assigned to that same role, and it is when so
it all peter out so dismally, and into a mere dull costumed that her grave tremolo wins its way to the
unpleasantness, a splay suggestion of the sinister?
heart of the boy Michael—that Michael Fane
We are told that Michael “could not remember any whom she is fated one day, unrecognized, to love.
period of his life when the speculum of hidden
It is fitting that a man's first book should be his
thought had not reflected that shadow of evil which
most characteristic; for the experience of this world
overcast the manifestations of most ordinary exist-
is provokingly alike for us all, and with its tedious
Yet we ourselves can find in this character, thread we swathe about our individualities until at
as indeed in his creator, no sensation sufficiently in the end we are but so many identical cocoons. Thus
tense to dignify with that powerful word. The in The Passionate Elopement we find many passages
sense of evil, like most other moral qualities, ulti where the author lays emphasis upon the unreality
mately depends for its vitality upon strength of will: of his people and their lives. "Let me tell you that
to sustain that experience of profound thwarting the hearts of the Lovelys are all of a piece--and 'tis
which is to sense evil, we must first have profoundly cardboard.”. “To such cardboard emotions was this
desired. Its absence in our author and his hero lady come.” In Sylvia Scarlett we come upon the
would thus jibe with our other impressions of Mac same word, again deftly employed: "The old gen-
kenzie. Now, whatever else romance may or may tleman forthwith postured with his thin legs like a
not require, there must certainly be, unless it is to cardboard antic at the end of a string." While in
deliquesce into sugar, a real sense of evil. Hence Sinister Street—"All my standards are falling to
Michael's complete failure to experience either more pieces,” thought Michael. "Heroes and heroines
ence."


478
November 30
THE DIAL
are all turning into cardboard. If I don't make some there were without it. Jenny herself could not have
effort to be true to conviction, I shall turn to card grown old, but the increasing disparity between her
board with the rest." In the Passionate Elopement fragile soul and its accumulating burden of experi-
Mackenzie speaks thus of the Assembly where his ence was the true tragedy. As, one by one, that old
hero is to fall in love:
bitch, Time, brought forth her sickening progeny,
The melody to which these marionettes were dancing Jenny Pearl, like King Oedipus, would indeed have
possessed a strange quality Whatever it had of
become an object of pity and fear. The Orient Pal-
definite character lay in the half bashful invitation to
dance, as if some ghostly puppet-master, pale and stately,
ace of Varieties might well have framed the last act:
were beckoning to his performers.
under that merciless calcium, her soul at bay, she
All this is not likely to lead us to take our author's
should have danced on alone.
characters too seriously, nor to make us weep at true
Besides the ballet-girl of Carnival, there is in
love's piteous tale; yet we are satisfied and do not ask Mackenzie's world at least one other real thing,
for more: we do but sit and wonder how vastly well and where Jenny was only an incident, however
the whole performance is executed.
poignant and jagged, Oxford occupies a singularly
Compton Mackenzie is himself a puppet-master central position. Not only are all the males either
and one of consummate art. But upon his carefully just going up or just come down, but the females,
ordered stage and among his tenuous and punctual too, through either marriage or the Oxford theater
marionettes there has strayed one human girl, alive or some other feminine wile, invariably achieve con-
and passionate and tragically, real. Whence came
nection with this great lion of their society. Like
she? From what fire is she a spark? Dear and many other lions, this grave university might seem
ardurous sister of the sun and moon, she burns her
but ill at ease in so assorted a gathering. But, if
way through the murk and fog of London. How we look more closely, we perceive that, instead of
did the astute wire-puller capture her? By what one, there are at least three Oxfords, and that two of
strange quirk of fortune is she obedient to him? It them would have no reason at all to be above hob-
is indeed Carnival where such paradoxes walk. Her nobbing with our novelist, who, on his side, has the
hard and agate-like Cockney idiom cuts and gashes good sense to make no move toward buttonholing
the silken preciosities of Mackenzie, and we do not
that other Oxford which, medieval and intransigeant
regret those lustered surfaces, recognizing in her lan-
and rude, shoulders grimly on through the cluttered
guage the pure gold of life's own mint. She takes and squeaking thoroughfare of our time.
this world so gallantly that we are all her lovers. When a young man matriculates at Oxford, it is
But to think of Jenny Pearl as a woman is crudely by no means to sit at the feet of the Middle Age.
to fumble her personality; it is her privilege, when
To the sharp contrary, he finds himself jammed head
she is most herself, to be without sex, not as the old
foremost into a monstrous hugger-mugger of games,
who are neither man nor woman, but as the child talk, drink, lectures, and motor-cycles. If he be so
who is both. It was foolish of her to wish to have sifted a personality as Michael Fane, books, it is
been born a boy, for in her the perfect grace of true, and the indirect estheticisms of guarded friend-
girlhood was already touched with the fine sufficiency ship, will gradually emerge to play their less dis-
of the male. When Jenny falls in love we somehow hevelled part. Though medieval Oxford, in a dozen
feel it as an artistic error, as a violent profanation philosophies and prayers, is even yet intractably
of her essential being. She should have remained a alive, and though we may, among the intimate
keen and ardent image of youth. The mere thought austerities of Merton, even now track him home
of her loving a man gives us pain: it is to destroy
to the bleak disclosure of Mob Quad, nevertheless,
that valiant posture which has been our heart's the undergraduate, however receptive and intelli-
undoing.
gent, goes on his bright way untouched. For the
If our perhaps too jealous love of this battered Oxford of Duns Scotus is preoccupied by other
heroine makes us regret the advent of any lover at
things, and has concern neither for our transitory
all, then, after we are well rid of Maurice Avery, world nor for those gay fragments of it which so
what do we feel toward the engulfing Mr. Ž. blithely drift between enduring gates.
Trewhella? To have this flower of a book, which
The material Oxford, she of the tattered buildings
might otherwise have been wholly cherished by every and the glittering streams, makes the third of this
gentle heart, so brutally dyed with the carmine of uncouth trinity. How strange that all her serious
a melodramatic close does not encourage speech. We wealth should have been appointed to cup so dry a
shall confine ourselves to pointing out that this faith, and how ironic do we feel the endurance of
ghastly marriage is artistically as unnecessary as those gates and chimes where their lovers pass so
it is humanly offensive: plot and tragedy sufficient quickly! But it is not strange that Compton Mac-


1918
479
THE DIAL
kenzie, himself an Oxford man, should, in the per the thrill of sudden realization we still dabble in the
son of these imaginary figures, return again and same stream of life wherein once floated the violet-
again to the charmed precincts of his own college, crowned city.
there to rest beneath skies heavy with calm and When indeed we fully grasp the character of
there to meditate upon the tarnished pewter of this world that our contemporary has for our de-
waters forever stagnant.
lectation so artfully staged, we recognize how short
The author of Sinister Street is the master of a is the way from Sylvia Scarlett back to the Athens
style at once grave and fluid, and nowhere else could of our history books. For it is not only children that
this nebulous gravity be so appropriate as in describ Mr. Mackenzie forever beholds in the undying
ing “her spires like grey and graceful shapes of sweetness of the past; on the contrary, such turns
mist" and the "immaterial domes" of that "moist out to be his congenital manner of sight: he who,
heart of England." The atmosphere of Oxford is perhaps more richly than any other, is engaged in
indeed so viscous as almost to partake of the nature giving us our own time is thus forced by his inability
of water; nay, there are days when one can have to relish the gritty truth into serving all his people
the sensation, fancifully at least, of crushing it be- and his places garnished with the greens of long ago.
tween one's fingers. If then, to the eye
of
memory, Sylvia and Athens and the Oxford of Michael Fane
her buildings waver and are insubstantial, it is only all subsist together in that region where sentiment
because they amalgamate with that fluidity which is holds unconscious dominion, and whence the sour
their element. In the conveyance of just this wet, realities of our physical being are finally banished;
embodied atmosphere, and of the grave lights and and it is precisely because this world, like this child-
values with which it is impregnated, consists the hood, is not real, but really glamorous, that we read
genius of Mackenzie. When in Plashers Mead- and love him. Not for nothing did Michael find in
perhaps the most perfect, if least diverting, of these an old print of Magdalen Tower, more than in any
books—he chooses an abode for Guy, the choice is a real experience or vision, "the profoundest revela-
garden where “every path had its own melody of tion" of his beloved city; for the world to which
running water.” That in this particular volume Compton Mackenzie's forever tends is that of a dear-
Mackenzie does not venture to quit these water ly cracked and faded and discolored print. We at
meadows might suggest to the cynic the reason for length perceive how tremendously right we were not
the tale's perfection. At any rate, we ourselves do to hesitate to probe for a sane estimate of this yet so
find in the golden haze of Carnival, in the dusty bewilderingly and centrifugally activating genius:
glamour of Sinister Street, and in the too pervading tomorrow we might well have been blind to the
aqueous chill of Plashers Mead, the chief esthetic sweet fault of our author, and, being human, have
value of these three most considerable of his books. gravely mourned the passing of a world which we
Meantime, it is not merely Michael Fane who is now only too well know does not exist.
"an organic part of this tutelary landscape": with The old house overlooked such a wide thoroughfare that
the startling exception of Jenny Pearl, they are all the view, while it afforded the repose of movement,
but shifting nuclei, more or less vaguely perceptible,
scarcely ever aroused a petty inquisitiveness into the
actions of the passers-by. The traffic of the thorough-
in that circumambient atmosphere; and, even when fare like the ships of the sea went by merely apprehended,
they momentarily crystallize, they still remain em-
but not observed. The big bay-window hung over the
street like the stern-cabin of a frigate, and as Michael
bedded in that spongy matrix of stars and mist.
sat there he had the impression of being cut off from
In Sylvia Scarlett, it is true, we do observe a communication, the sense of perpetually leaving life
notable clearing of the atmosphere, but only to dis-
close the wires by which are jigged across the scene
Such a room is peculiarly appropriate amid the life
these agitated marionettes. A discerning producer of a great university, where, so often that we come
like Mr. Mackenzie should not again risk his
scarcely to wonder, even our friends inexplicably
charges in the lucid air of North America. But drop out of view. Yet it is not only at Oxford and
perhaps we need not attribute to this young English-
in the person of Michael Fane that his creator so
man's temerity in having ventured among us the regards existence, and we who voyage with him as
shortcomings of his latest book. That valuable aura
pilot with him forever look astern.
As we gaze
we so greatly miss may well have been brushed aside
from out that gilded port, upon our apprehension
by those rude hands which, riotously at Athens, so
there obtrudes no object vulgarly real: in the past
saith Phemé, destroyed the original manuscript.
there is no vulgar and in the past there is no real.
Having read before of that riotous and violet-
As we muse upon the ornate litter of a recessive
crowned city, we can but feel that whatever we have
world, that sea haze which is almost poetry absorbs
and obliterates all.
lost of atmosphere has been well made up to us by
SCOFIELD THAYER.
astern,


480
November 30
THE DIAL
A Mirror of the Middle
Middle West
No Easterner, born forlornly within the sphere Progressivism. And he wishes us to miss none of
of New York, Boston, or Philadelphia, can pass the symphony orchestras and art institutes that evi-
very far beyond the Alleghanies without feeling dently now begin to grow like grasshoppers on the
that American civilization is here found in the full prairies. He treats himself rather as an expositor,
tide of believing in itself. The flat countryside and he is explicitly informational, almost as if for a
looks more ordered, more farmlike; the Main foreign country. He sometimes has an amusing air
Streets that flash by the car-windows somehow look of having hastily read up and investigated Western
more robust and communal. There may be no less wonders and significances that have been not only
litter and scrubbiness; the clustered houses of the common material in the Eastern magazines, but
towns may look even more Alimsy, undistinguished, matter of despairing admiration on the part of those
well-worn; but it is a litter of aspiring order, a of us who are general improvers of mankind. He is
chaos which the people are insensitive to because naive about the greatness of Chicago, the vastness
they are living in the light of a hopeful future. The of agricultural production, the ravages of culture
East has pretty much abandoned itself to the tides among the middle classes. He is almost the profes-
of immigration and industrial change which have sional Westerner showing off his prize human stock.
overwhelmed it: no one really believes that any Mr. Nicholson does well to begin with the folksi-
thing startling will be done to bring about a new ness of the West. No one who has experienced that
heaven and a new earth. But the intelligence of the fine open friendliness of the prosperous Middle
West seems to live in apocalyptic sociological-not Westerner, that pleasant awareness of the alert and
socialistic, however dreams. Architects and busi beneficent world we live in, can deny that the Mid-
ness men combine half-heartedly to “save New dle West is quite justified in thinking of itself as
York" from the horrors of the Jewish clothing- the real heart of the nation. That belief in the ulti-
trade invasion, but Chicago draws great maps and mate good sense, breadth of vision, and devotion to
sketches of a city-planning that shall make it not the common good, of the "folks back home,” is in
only habitable but radiant and palatial.
itself a guaranty of social stability and of a pros-
Hope has not vanished from the East, but it has perity which implies that things will never be any
long since ceased to be our daily diet. Europe has different except as they slowly improve. Who can
infected us perhaps with some of its world-weari say that we have no Gemutlichkeit in America, when
ness.' The East produces more skeptics and spiritual he runs up against this warm social mixability which
malcontents than the West. For the Middle West goes so far to compensate for the lack of intellectual
seems to have accomplished most of the things, nuances and spontaneous artistic sensibilities?
industrial and political, that the East has been trying Of course the Middle West has to pay for its
to do, and it has done them better. The Middle social responsiveness in a failure to create, at least
West is the apotheosis of American civilization, and in this day and generation, very vigorous and diverse
like all successes it is in no mood to be very critical spiritual types. An excessive amiability, a genius
of itself or very examinatory as to the anatomy and for adaptability will, in the end, put a premium on
physiology of its social being. No Easterner with conformity. The Westerner sincerely believes that
Meredith Nicholson's human and literary experi- he is more averse to conventionality than the East-
ence would write so complacently and cheerfully erner, but the latter does not find him so. The
about his part of the country as Mr. Nicholson heretic seems to have a much harder time of it in
writes about The Valley of Democracy (Scribner; the West. Classes and attitudes that have offended
$2). His self-confidence is the very voice of the against the "folks' "codes may be actually outlawed.
Middle West, telling us what it thinks of itself. When there are acute differences of opinion, as in
This, we say as we read, must be the inner candor the war, society splits into bitter and irreconcilable
which goes with the West that we see with our camps, whereas in the East the undesirable have been
eyes. So we like Mr. Nicholson's articles not so allowed to shade off towards limbo in gradual de-
much for the information they give us as for the grees. When hatred and malice, too long starved
attitudes they let slip, the unconscious revelations of by too much "niceness," do break out from the
what the people he is talking for think important. natural man, they may produce those waves of per-
It is not a book of justification, although he secution and vindictiveness which, coming from a so
would rather anxiously have us take not too seri recently pacifist West, astonished an East that was
ously the political vagaries like Bryanism and no less densely saturated with aliens but was more


1918
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THE DIAL
conversant with the feeling that it takes all kinds conservative, somewhat embittered, little given to
of people to make a world. Folksiness evidently has cooperation; he even needed prodding with his
its dark underlining in a tendency to be stampeded Liberty bonds.
In Mr. Nicholson's pages the
by herd-emotion. “Social conscience” may become farmer becomes a huge problem which lies on the
the duty to follow what the mob demands, and de brain and conscience of a Middle West that can
mocracy may come to mean that the individual feels only act towards him in its best moments like a
himself somehow expressed his private tastes and sort of benevolent Charity Organization Society.
intelligence-in whatever the crowd chooses to do. "To the average urban citizen," says Mr. Nicholson,
I have followed Mr. Nicholson in his speaking "farming is something remote and uninteresting, car-
of the Middle West as if he thought of the region ried on by men he never meets in regions that he only
as a unit. He does speak as if he did, but he does observes hastily from a speeding automobile or the
not really mean it. Much as he would like to believe window of a limited train.”
in the substantial equality of the people in the Valley It would take whole volumes to develop the im-
of Democracy, he cannot help letting us see that it plications of that sentence. Remember that that
is but one class that he has in mind-his own, the urban citizen is Mr. Nicholson's Middle West, and
prosperous people of the towns. He protests against that the farmer comprises the huge bulk of the
their being scornfully waved aside as bourgeoisie. population. Is this not interesting, the attitude of
“They constitute the most interesting and admirable the prosperous minority of an urban minority—a
of our social strata." And he is quite right. Cer small but significant class which has in its hands all
tainly this stratum is by far the most admirable of the non-productive business and political power-
all the middle classes of the world. It is true that towards the great productive mass of the people?
"nowhere else have comfort, opportunity, and aspira Could class division be revealed in plainer terms?
tion produced the same combination." He marvels This Middle West of Mr. Nicholson's class sees
at the numbers of homes in the cities that cannot itself as not only innocent of exploitation, but full
imaginably be supported on less than five thousand of all the personal and social virtues besides. But
a year. And it is these homes, and their slightly does the farmer see this class in this light? He does
more impoverished neighbors, who are for him the not.And Mr. Veblen has given us in one of his
"folks,” the incarnate Middle West. The pro books an analysis of this society which may explain
letarian does not exist for him. The working why: “The American country town and small city,"
classes are merely so much cement, filling in the he says, “is a business community, that is to say it
bricks of the temple-or,' better, folks in embryo, lives for and by business traffic, primarily of a
potential owners of bungalows on pleasant suburban merchandising sort.
merchandising sort. . . Municipal politics is con-
streets. Mr. Nicholson's enthusiasm is for the ducted as in some sort a public or overt extension
college-girl wife, who raises babies, attends women's of that private or covert organisation of local in-
clubs, and is not afraid to dispense with the unattain terests that watches over the joint pecuniary benefit
able servant. It is for the good-natured and public-
of the local businessmen. It is a means
of
spirited business man, who goes into politics because safe-guarding the local business community against
politics in the Middle West has always been con interlopers and against any evasive tactics on the
cerned with the prosperity of the business com part of the country population that serves as a
munity. But about the economic foundation of this host.
The country town is a product and
class Mr. Nicholson sounds as innocent as a babe. exponent of the American land system. In its
Take his attitude towards the farmer. You beginning it is located and developed as an enter-
gather from these pages that in the Middle West
prise of speculation in land values; that is to say it
the farmer is a somewhat unfortunate anomaly, a
is a businesslike endeavor to get something for
shadow on the bright scene. Farming is scarcely
Farming is scarcely nothing by engrossing as much as may be of the
even a respectable profession; "the great grand increment of land values due to the increase of
children of the Middle Western pioneers are not population and the settlement and cultivation of the
easily persuaded that farming is an honorable adjacent agricultural area. It never (hitherto) loses
calling"! He hints darkly at a decay in fiber. this character of real-estate speculation. This affords
Only one chapter out of six is given to the farmer, a common bond and a common ground of pecuniary
and that is largely occupied with the exertions of interest, which commonly masquerades under the
state agencies, universities, to lift him out of his name of public patriotism, public spirit, civic pride,
ignorance and selfishness. The average farmer has and the like."
few of the admirable qualities of the Valley of In other words, Town, in the traditional Ameri-
Democracy. He is not "folksy"; he is suspicious, can scheme of things, is shown charging Country


482
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THE DIAL
all the traffic will bear. It would be hard to find self, must be based on the inflexible reluctance of
a member of Mr. Nicholson's Middle West—that its intelligentsia to any such set of ideas. However
minority urban class-who was not owing bis pros thoroughly Marxian ideas may have saturated the
perity to some form of industrial or real-estate thought of Europe and become the intellectual ex-
speculation, of brokerage business enterprise, or land- plosive of social change, the Middle West, as in this
lordism. This class likes to say sometimes that it is book, persists in its robust resistance to any such
"carrying the farmer.” It would be more like the analysis or self-knowledge. Whenever there is a
truth to say that the farmer is carrying this class. menace of such an intellectual invasion, as in the
Country ultimately has to support Town; and recent war, we get typical protests, like the letter of
Town, by holding control of the channels of credit Vachel Lindsay (in The Dial of September 5),
and market, can make the farmer pay up to the hilt that troubadour of the bourgeoisie, who would spew
for the privilege of selling it his product. And does. out of his mouth all Marxian, even all foreign ideas,
When the farmers, getting a sense of the true work and return to the sacred principles of the Tory
ings of the society they live in, combine in a Non- republicanism of Samuel Adams. It is not that Mr.
Partisan League to control the organism of market Nicholson's attitudes are not true. It is that they
and credit, they find they have a bitter class war are so very much less than the whole truth. They
on their hands. And the authentic voice of Mr. need to be supplemented by analyses set in the terms
Nicholson here scolds them roundly for their rest-
in which the progressive minds of the rest of the
lessness and sedition. In this ferocious reaction of
world are thinking. The intelligent Middle West
Town against Country's Socialistic efforts to give
needs to sacrifice a certain amount of complacency
itself economic autonomy, we get the betrayal of the
in exchange for an understanding of the structure of
social malaise of the Middle West, a confession of
its own society. It would then realize that to read
The Valley of Democracy in conjunction with pages
the cleavage of latent class conflict in a society as
exploitative, as steeply tilted, as tragically extreme
315-323 of Veblen's Imperial Germany and the In-
in its poles of well-being, as any other modern
dustrial Revolution (Huebsch ; $2) is to experience
one of the most piquant intellectual adventures
society based on the economic absolutism of property.
A large part of the hopefulness, the spiritual com-
granted to the current mind.
fort of the Middle West, of its sturdy belief in it-
RANDOLPH BOURNE.
The Modern Point of View and the New Order
IV
FREE INCOME
NDUSTRY of the modern sort-mechanical, special- monly a large volume of man power unemployed and
ized, standardized, drawn on a large scale—is highly an appreciable proportion of the industrial plant
productive. When this industrial system of the new lying idle or half idle. It is quite unusual, perhaps
order is not hindered by outside considerations it altogether out of the question, to have nearly all
will yield a very large net return of output over the available plant and man power running at full
cost-counting cost in terms of man power and capacity even for a limited time. In ordinary times
necessary consumption; so large, indeed, that the unemployment is chronic, being only a question of
cost of what is necessarily consumed in productive
more or less.
work in the way of materials, mechanical appliances, It is, of course, impossible to say how large the
and subsistence of the workmen is inconsiderable net aggregate product over cost would be-counting
by comparison. The same thing may be described the product in percentage of the necessary cost
by saying that the necessary consumption of subsist- in case this industrial system were allowed to work
ence and industrial plant amounts to but an incon at full capacity and with free use of all the available
siderable deduction from the gross output of indus- technological knowledge. There is no safe ground
try at any given time. In fact, so inordinately
In fact, so inordinately for an estimate, for such a thing has never been tried,
productive is this familiar new order of industry and no near approach to such a state of things is to
that in ordinary times it is forever in danger of be looked for under the existing circumstances of
running into excesses and turning out an output in ownership and control. Even under the most favor-
excess of what the market—that is to say the busi- able conditions of brisk times the business situation
ness situation—will tolerate; so that there is com will not permit it. There will at least always be


1918
483
THE DIAL
an indefinitely large allowance to be reckoned for ties are taken to cover ownership of the plant and the
work and substance expended on salesmanship, ad needed working capital; and there has been a slow-
vertising, and competitive management designed to dying prejudice against admitting that anything less
increase sales. This line of expenditures is a neces tangible than these items should properly be included
sary part of businesslike management, although it in the corporate capitalization and made a basis
contributes nothing to the output of goods, and in on which to issue corporate securities. Hence that
that sense it is to be counted as a necessary deduction stubborn popular prejudice against "watered stock"
from the net productive capacity of the industrial which corporation finance had to contend with all
system as it runs. It would also be extremely diffi through the latter half of the nineteenth century.
cult to make allowance for this deduction, since "Watered stock" is now virtually a forgotten issue.
much of it is not recognized as such by the men in Corporation finance has disposed of the quarrel by
charge and does not appear on their books under discontinuing the relevant facts. There is still a
any special descriptive heading. In one way and recognized distinction between tangible assets and
another, and for divers and various reasons, the net intangible; but it has come to be recognized in cor-
production of goods serviceable for human use falls poration practice that the only reasonable basis of
considerably short of the gross output, and the capitalization for any assets, tangible or intangible,
gross output is always short of the productive is the earning-capacity which they represent. And
capacity of the available plant and man power. the amount of capital is a question of capitalization
Still, taken as it goes, with whatever handicap of of the available assets. So that, if the material
these various kinds is to be allowed for, it remains equipment, for instance, is duly capitalized on its
patently true that the net product greatly exceeds earning-capacity, any question as to its being "wa-
the cost.
So much so that whatever is required tered" is no longer worth pursuing, since stock can
for the replacement of the material equipment con be said to be "watered" only by comparison with the
sumed in production, plus "reasonable returns" on cost of the assets which it covers, not in relation to
this equipment, commonly amounts to no more than its earning-capacity. The latter point is taken care
a fraction of the total output. The resulting margin of by the stock quotations of the market. On the
of excess product over cost plus reasonable returns other hand, intangible assets neither have now nor
on the material equipment is due to the high produc ever have had any other basis than capitalization of
tive efficiency of the current state of the industrial earning-capacity, and any question of "water" in
arts, and is the source of that free income which their case is consequently quite idle. Intangible
gives rise to intangible assets. The distinction be assets will not hold water.
tween tangible assets and intangible is not a hard Corporation finance is one of the outgrowths of
and fast one, of course, but the difference is suffi the new order. And one of the effects wrought by
ciently broad and sufficiently well understood for corporation finance is a blurring of the distinction
use in the present connection, so long as no pains is between tangible assets and intangible-inasmuch
taken to confuse these terms with needless technical as both are now habitually determined by a capitali-
verbiage.
zation of earning-capacity, rather than by their
To avoid debate and disgression it may be re-
ascertained cost, and it is difficult, if not impossible,
marked that “reasonable returns" is also here used to draw a hard and fast line between that part of a
in the ordinary sense of the expression, without fur concern's earning-capacity which is properly to be
ther definition, as being sufficiently understood and assigned to its plant and that which is due to its
precise enough for the argument. The play of control of the market. Still, an intelligible distinc-
motives and transactions by which a rough common tion is maintained in common usage, between tan-
measure of reasonable returns has been arrived at gible assets and intangible, even if the distinction is
is taken for granted. A detailed examination of somewhat uncertain in detail ; and such a distinction
all that matter would involve an extended digres- is convenient, so long as too sharp a contrast between
sion, and nothing would be gained for the argument. the two is not insisted on.
According to the traditional view, which was The earning-capacity of the tangible assets is
handed on from the period before the coming of cor presumed to represent the productive capacity of the
poration finance, and which still stands over as an plant, considered as a mechanical apparatus for the
article of common belief in the certified economic production of goods or services; it is presumed to
theories, "capital” represents the material equip- rest on the market value of the mechanical output
ment, valued at its cost, together with funds in hand of the plant. The plant is a productive factor be-
required as a "working capital” to provide materials cause and in so far as it turns to practical account
and a labor force. On this view corporation securi-
the state of the industrial arts now in use the com-


484
November 30
THE DIAL
.
munity's joint stock of technological knowledge. So common fund of knowledge on the product of which
soon, or so far as the plant and its management falls he draws by virtue of his ownership, because he is
short of meeting the ordinary requirements of this likely to be fully occupied with other things—such
current state of the industrial arts, and of making things as lucrative business transactions, for instance,
use of such technologcial knowledge as is commonly or the decent consumption of superfluities.
employed, the whole works ceases by that much And at this point the difference between tangible
to be a productive factor. The productive efficiency, assets and intangible comes in sight, or at least the
and the productive value, of any given item of indus- ground of the habitual distinction between the two.
trial equipment is measured by its effective use of Tangible assets, it appears, are such assets as repre-
the technological knowledge current in the com sent the earning-capacity of any mechanically pro-
munity for the time being. So also, the productive ductive property; whereas intangible assets represent
value of any given body of natural resources-land, assured income which cannot be assigned to any
raw materials, motive power-is strictly dependent specific material factor as its productive source. In-
on the degree in which it fits into the industrial tangible assets are the capitalized value of income
system as it runs.
not otherwise accounted for. Such income arises
This dependence of productive value on conform out of business relations rather than out of industry;
ity to and use of the state of the industrial arts is it is derived from advantages of salesmanship rather
constantly shown in the case of land and similar than from productive work; it represents no contri-
natural resources by the fluctuation of rental values. bution to the output of goods and services, but only
Land and other resources will be more valuable the an effectual claim to a share in the "annual divi-
more suitable they are for present and prospective dend"-on grounds which appear to be legally hon-
se. The like is true for the mechanical equipment, est, but which can not be stated in terms of mechani-
perhaps in a more pronounced degree. Industrial cal cause and effect, or of productive efficiency, or
plant, for instance, is always liable to depreciation even in any terms that involve notions of physical
by obsolescence in case the state of the industrial arts dimensions or mechanical activity.
changes in such a way that the method of work em When the theoreticians explain and justify these
bodied in any particular article of equipment is dis-
returns that go to adroit salesmanship, or "manager-
placed by new and more suitable methods, more ial ability," as it is also called, it invariably turns
suitable under the altered circumstances. In such out that the grounds assigned for it are of the nature
a case, which is of very frequent occurrence under of figures of speech-metaphor or analogy. Not
the new order of industry, any given plant, machine,
that these standard theoretical explanations are to be
or similar contrivance may lose all its value as a set aside as faulty, inadequate, or incomplete; their
means of production. And so also, on the other great volume and sincerity forbid that. It is rather
hand, a given plant, as for instance a given railway that they are to be accepted as a faithful account of
system or dock, may acquire additional productive an insubstantial fact in insubstantial terms. And
value through changes in the industrial system which they are probably as good an account of the equitable
make it more suitable for present use.
distribution of free income as the principles -of the
Evidently the chief, or at least the indispensable, modern point of view will tolerate.
element of productive efficiency in any item of indus-
But while intangible assets represent income
trial equipment or resources is the use which it which accrues out of certain immaterial relations be-
makes of the available technological knowledge; and tween their owners and the industrial system, and
evidently, too, its earning-capacity as a productive while this income is accordingly not a return for
factor depends strictly on the same fact-the usu mechanically productive work done, it still remains
fruct of the state of the industrial arts. And all true, of course, that such income is drawn from the
the while the state of the industrial arts, which the annual product of industry, and that its productive
industrial equipment so turns to account for the
source is therefore the same as that of the returns
benefit of its owner, continues to be a joint stock of on tangible assets. The material source of both
industrial knowledge and proficiency accumulated, is the same; it is only that the basis on which the
held, exercised, increased, and transmitted by the income is claimed is not the same for both. It is
community at large; and all the while the owner not a difference in respect of the ways and means
of the equipment is some person who has contributed by which they are created, but only in respect of the
no more than his per capita quota to this state of the ways and means by which these two classes of income
industrial arts out of which his earnings arise. In are intercepted and secured by the beneficiaries to
deed, the chances are that the owner has contributed whom they accrue. The returns on tangible assets
less than his per capita quota, if anything, to the are assumed to be a return for the productive use


1918
485
THE DIAL
of the plant; returns on intangible assets are a re-
and the special process which it covers may be espe-
turn for the exercise of certain immaterial relations cially productive; but the same article of technologi-
involved in the ownership and control of industry cal knowledge would doubtless contribute more to
and trade.
the total productivity of industry if it were shared
Best known by name among intangible assets is freely by the industrial community at large. Such
the ancient rubric of good-will, technically so called, technological knowledge is an agency of production;
which has stood over from before the coming of the but it is the monopoly of it that is profitable to its
new order in business enterprise. This has long possessor as a special source of gain. The like
been considered the original type-form of intangible applies to patent rights, of course. Whereas monopo-
assets as a class. By ancient usage the term denotes lies of the usual kind, which control any given line
a customary preferential advantage in trade; it does of industry by charter, conspiracy, or combination
not describe a body of benevolent sentiments. Good- of ownership, derive their special gains from their
will has long been known, discussed, and allowed ability to restrain trade, limit the output of goods
for as a legitimate, ordinary, and valuable imma or services, and so "maintain prices.”
terial possession of men engaged in mercantile enter Intangible assets of this familiar kind are very
prise of all kinds. It has been held to be a product common among the business concerns of the new
of exemplary courtesy and fair dealing with custo order, particularly among the larger and more pros-
mers, due to turning out goods or services of an in perous of them, and they afford a rough measure of
variably sound quality and honest measure, and the ability of these concerns profitably to restrict
indeed due to the conspicuous practice of the ordi- production. The very large aggregate value of such
nary Christian virtues, but chiefly to common hon assets indicates how imperative it is for the conduct
esty. Similarly valuable, and of a similarly imma of industrial business under the new order to restrict
terial nature, is the possession of a trade secret, a output within reasonable limits, and at the same time
trade-mark, a patent right, a franchise, any statutory how profitable it is to be able to prevent the exces-
monopoly, or a monopoly secured by effectually cor sively high productive capacity of modern industry
nering the supply or the market for any given line of from outrunning the needs of profitable business.
goods or services. From any one of these a profit For the prosperity of business it is necessary to keep
able advantage may be derived, and they have there the output within reasonable limits; that is to say,
fore a market value. They afford their possessor a within such limits as will serve to maintain reason-
preferential gain, as against his competitors or as ably profitable prices; that is to say, such prices as
against the general body of customers which the state will yield the largest obtainable net return to the
of the industrial arts and the strategic organization concerns engaged in the business. In this connec-
of business throws in his way. After the analogy tion, and under the existing conditions of invest-
of good-will, it has been usual to trace any such spe-
ment and credit, “reasonable returns" means the
cial run of free income to the profitable use of same thing as "the largest practicable net returns."
a special advantage in the market, which is then It all foots up to an application of the familiar prin-
appraised as a valuable means of gain and comes to ciple of "charging what the traffic will bear"; for
figure as an asset of its possessor. But all this goes in the matter of profitable business there is no rea-
to explain how these benefits go to these bene sonable limit short of the maximum. In business the
ficiaries; it does not account for the fact that there best price is always good enough; but, so also, noth-
is produced a net output of product available for ing short of the best price is good enough. Buy
free distribution to these persons.
cheap and sell dear.
These supernumerary and preferential gains, "ex Intangibles of this kind, which represent power
cess profits,” or whatever words may best describe to control the rate or volume of output, are alto-
this class of free income, may be well deserved by gether the most common of immaterial assets, and
these beneficiaries, or they may not. The income in they make up altogether the largest class of intangi-
question is, in any case, not created by the good bles and the most considerable body of immaterial
deserts of the beneficiaries, however meritorious their wealth owned. Land values are of much the same
conduct may be. Honesty may conceivably be the nature as these corporate assets which represent
best policy in mercantile pursuits, and it may also capitalized restriction of output, in that the land
greatly serve the convenience of any community in values, too, rest mostly on the owner's ability to
which an honest merchant is found; yet 'honest deal withhold his property from productive use and so
ing, strictly speaking, is an agency of conservation drive a profitable bargain. Rent is also a case of
rather than of creation. A trade secret may also charging what the traffic will bear; and rental
be profitable to the concern which has the use of it, values should properly be classed with these intan-


486
November 30
THE DIAL
gible assets of the larger corporations, which are due customers; the gains which go to these business con-
to their effectual control of the rate and volume of cerns in this way are net loss to the community as a
production. And apart from the rental values of whole, exclusive of the business concerns and their
land, which are also in the nature of monopoly investors. The resulting question is, therefore, not
values, it is doubtful if the total material wealth whether the rest of the community loses as much as
in any of the civilized countries will nearly equal' the business men gain—that goes without saying,
the total amount of this immaterial wealth that is since the gains of the business men in the case are
owned by the country's business men and investors. paid over to them by the rest of the community
Which evidently comes to much the same as saying in the enhanced (or maintained) price of the prod-
that something more than one-half of the net product ucts--but rather it is a question whether the rest
of the country's industry goes to those persons in of the community, the common man, loses twice as
whom law and custom vest a plenary power to much as the business concerns and investors gain.
hinder production.
The whole case has some analogy with the phe-
It is doubtful if the total amount of this imma nomena of blackmail, ransom, and similar enter-
terial wealth exceeds the total material wealth in prises that aim to get something for nothing; al-
the advanced industrial countries, although it is at 'though it is carefully to be noted that its analogy
least highly probable that such is the case, particu- with these illegitimate forms of gainful enterprise
larly in the richer and more enlightened of these must, of course, not be taken to cast any shadow of
countries—as, for instance, in America or the United suspicion on the legitimacy of all this businesslike
Kingdom, where the principles of self-help and free sabotage that underlies this immaterial corporate
bargain have consistently had the benefit of a liberal capital and its earning-capacity. In the case of
--that is a broad construction. The evidence in blackmail, ransom, and such like illegal traffic in ex-
the case is not to be had in such unambiguous shape tortion, it is known that the net loss suffered by the
as to carry positive proof, for the distinction between
loser exceeds the net gain which accrues to the bene-
tangible assets and intangible is not consistently ficiary, by as much as the cost of enforcement plus
maintained or made a matter of record. So, for the incidental inconvenience to both parties to the
instance, it is not unusual to find that corporation transaction. At the same time, the beneficiary's sub-
bondsrailroad or industrial—which secure their sequent employment and consumption of his "ill-
owner a free income and are carried as an overhead gotten gains,” as they are sometimes called, whether
charge by the corporation, are at the same time a he consumes them in riotous living or in the further
lien on the corporation's real property; which in pursuit of the same profitable line of traffic—all this,
turn is likely to be of less value than the corpora it is believed, does not in any degree benefit the rest
tion's total liabilities. Evidently the case is suffi of the community. As seen in the perspective of
ciently confusing, considered as a problem in the the common good, such enterprise in extortion is be-
economic theory of capital, but it offers no particu- lieved to be quite wastefully disserviceable.
lar difficulty when considered as a proposition in Now, this analogy may be taken for what it is
corporation finance.
worth; "analogies do not run on all-fours.” But
There is another curious question that will also when seen in the same perspective, the question of
have to be left as a moot question, in the absence of loss and gain involved in the case of these intangible
more specific information than what is yet available assets and their earning-capacity falls into something
-more a question of idle curiosity, perhaps, than of like this shape: Does the total net loss suffered by
substantial consequence. How nearly is it likely
How nearly is it likely the community at large, exclusive of the owners of
that the total gains which accrue to these prosperous these intangibles, exceed two hundred per cent of
business concerns and their investors from keeping the returns which go to these owners? or, Do
the output within profitable limits will equal the these intangibles cost the community more than
total loss suffered by the community as a whole from twice what they are worth to the owners ?-the
the incidental reduction of the output? Net produc- loss to the community being represented by the sum
tion is kept down in order to get a profitable price of the overhead burden carried on account of these
for the output; but it is not certain whether the net intangibles plus the necessary curtailment of pro-
production has to be lowered by as much or more duction involved in maintaining profitable prices.
than the resulting increased gain which this business. The overhead burden is paid out of the net annual
like strategy brings to the businesslike strategists. production, after the net annual production has been
The strategic curtailment of net production below reduced by so much as may þe necessary to "maintain
productive capacity is net loss of the community as a prices at a reasonably profitable figure."
whole, including both the business men and their A few years ago any ordinarily observant person


1918
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THE DIAL
would doubtless have answered this question in the control looking to "reasonable profits.” It is neces-
negative, probably without hesitation. So also, any sary at this point to call to mind that the state of
ordinarily intelligent votary of the established order, the industrial arts under the new order is highly
as, for instance, a corporation lawyer, a commercial productive-beyond example.
trade journal, or a trade-union official, would doubt This state of the case, that production in the
less, at that period, have talked down such a question essential industries presumably does not exceed fifty
out of hand, as being fantastically preposterous. per cent of the normal productive capacity, even
That would have been before the war experience be when driven under the jealous eye of public officers
gan to throw light into the dark places of business vested with power to act, is presumably due in great
enterprise as conducted under the new order of part to the fact that these officers, too, are capable
industry. Today—it is to be admitted with such business men; that their past training and present
emotion as may come to hand—this question is one bent is such as has been given them by long, exacting,
which can be entertained quite seriously, in the light and successful experience in the businesslike manage-
of experience. In the recent past, as matters have ment of industry; that their horizon and perspective
stood up to the outbreak of the war, the ordinary in all that concerns industry are limited by the frame
rate of production in the essential industries under of mind that is native to the counting-house. They,
businesslike management has habitually and by de too, have learned how to think of industry and its
liberate contrivance fallen greatly short of produc administration in terms of profit on investment, and,
tive capacity. This is an article of information indeed, in no other terms—that being as near as
which the experience of the war has shifted from their daily work has allowed them to take stock of
the rubric of “Interesting if True” to that of “Com the ways and means of industry. So that they are
mon Notoriety."
still guided, in some considerable part, by considera-
The question as to how much this "incapacity by tions of what is decent, equitable, and prudent in
advisement” has commonly amounted to, may be the sight of conservative business men; and this bias
attempted somewhat after this fashion. Today, necessarily goes with them in their dealings with
under compulsion of patriotic devotion, fear, shame, those ubiquitous, intricate, and systematic disloca-
and bitter need, and under the unprecedentedly tions of the industrial system which have been found
shrewd surveillance of public officers bent on maxi profitable in the management of industry on a foot-
mum production, the great essential industries con ing of competitive sabotage. They still find it rea-
trolled by the vested interests may, one with another, sonable to avoid any derangement of those vested
be considered to approach—perhaps even conceiv interests that live on this margin of intangible assets.
ably to exceed--a fifty per cent efficiency, as counted In so characterizing the situation there is, of
on the basis of what should ordinarily be accom course, no inclination to impute blame to these busi-
plished by use of an equally costly equipment having nesslike officials who are patriotically giving their
the disposal of an equally large and efficient labor best abilities and endeavors to this work of enforc-
force and equally good natural resources, in case the ing an increased production in the essential industries
organization were designed and managed with an and diverting needed labor and materials from the
eye single to turning out a serviceable product, in channels of waste; nor is it intended to cast asper-
stead of, as usual, being managed with an eye single sions on the good faith or the honorable motives of
to private gain in terms of price.
those grave captains of industry whom the officials
To the spokesmen of "business as usual" this rat find it so difficult to divert from the business man's
ing of current production under the pressure of war straight and narrow path of charging what the
needs may seem extravagantly low; whereas, to the traffic will bear. "They are all honorable men."
experts in industrial engineering, who are in the But like other men they are creatures of habit; and
habit of arguing in terms of material cost and me their habit of mind is the outcome of experience in
chanical output, it will seem extravagantly high. that class of large and responsible business affairs
Publicly, and concessively, the latter speak of a that lie som
mewhat remote from the domain of tech-
twenty-five per cent efficiency; in private, and con nology, from that field where the mechanistic logic
fidentially, they appear disposed to say that the rat of the industrial arts, has something to say. It is
ing should be nearer to ten per cent than twenty only that the situation as here spoken of rests on
five. To avoid any appearance of an ungenerous settled usage, and that the usage is such as the busi-
bias, then, present actual production in these essen nesslike frame of mind is suited to; at the same time
tial industries may be placed at something approach that this businesslike usage, of fixed charges, vested
ing fifty per cent of what should be their normal interests, and reasonable profits, does not fully com-
productive capacity in the absence of a businesslike port with the free swing of the industrial arts as


488
November 30
THE DIAL
they run under the new order of technology. Nor is which habitually carries some sixty to eighty large
there much chance of getting away from this situ pages of competitive advertising matter, at a time
ation of "incapacity by advisement," even under when the most exacting economy of work and ma-
pressure of patriotic devotion, fear, shame, and need, terials is a matter of urgent and acknowledged pub-
inasmuch as the effectual public opinion will scarce lic need, with nothing better to show for it than an
ly entrust the conduct of its serious interests to any increased cost of all the goods advertised, most of
other than business men and business methods. which are superfluities. This, too, is only a typical
To return to the argument.
It may be conceded case, duplicated by the thousand, as nearly as the
that production in the essential industries, under businesslike management of the magazines and news-
pressure of the war needs, rises to something like papers can achieve the same result. These are famil-
a fifty per cent efficiency. At the same time it is iar instances of business as usual under the new
presumably well within the mark to say that this order of industry. They are neither extreme nor
current output in these essential industries will extraordinary. Indeed the whole business com-
amount to something like twice their ordinary munity is run through with enterprise of this kind
put in time of peace and business as usual. One- so thoroughly that this may fairly be said to be the
half of fifty per cent is twenty-five per cent; and warp of the fabric. In effect it is an enterprise in
so one comes in sight of the provisional conclusion subreption; but in point of moral sentiment and
that under ordinary conditions of businesslike man conscious motive it is nothing of the kind.
agement the habitual net production is fairly to be All these intricate arrangements for doing those
rated at one-fourth of the industrial community's things that we ought not to have done and leaving
productive capacity—presumably under that figure undone those things that we ought to have done are
rather than over.
by no means maliciously intended. They are only
In the, not unusual, absence of all reflection the ways and means of diverting a sufficient share of
this crude estimate may seem recklessly hasty; per the annual product to the benefit of the legitimate
haps it may even be thought scandalously unflatter beneficiaries. But this apparatus and procedure for
ing to our substantial citizens who have the keep- capturing and dividing this share of the community's
ing of the community's material welfare; but a annual dividend is costly—one is tempted to say
degree of observation and reflection will quickly ease unduly costly. It foots up to, perhaps, something
any feeling of annoyance on that score. So, for like one-half of the work done. And yet, as a busi-
instance, if the account as presented above does not ness proposition it seems sound enough, inasmuch
appear to foot up to as much as the conclusion would as the income which it brings to the beneficiaries will
seem to require, further account may be taken of presumably foot up to something like one-half of
that side-line of business enterprise that spends work the country's annual production.
and materials in an effort to increase the work to There is nothing gained by finding fault with any
be done, and to increase the cost per unit of the of this businesslike enterprise that is bent on getting
increased work, all for the benefit of the earnings of something for nothing, at any cost. After all, it is
the concern for whose profit it is arranged. It may safe and sane business, sound and legitimate, and
be called to mind that there still are half a dozen carried on blamelessly within the rules of the game.
railway passenger stations in such a town as Chicago, One may also dutifully believe that there is really
specially designed to work at cross purposes and no harm done, or at least that it might have been
hinder the traffic of competing railway corporations;
It is reassuring to note that at least hitherto
that on the basis of this ingeniously contrived retard the burden of this overhead charge of fifty per cent.
ation of traffic there has been erected a highly pros- plus has not broken the back of the industrial
perous monopoly in the transfer of baggage and community. It also serves to bring under a strong
passengers, employing a large equipment and labor light the fact that the state of the industrial arts as it
force, and costing the traveling public some millions runs under the new order is highly productive, inor-
of useless outlay yearly, with nothing better to dinately productive. And, finally, there should be
show for it than delay, confusion, wear and tear, some gain of serenity in meditating on how singu-
casualties and wrangles, twenty-four hours a day; larly consistent has been the run of economic law
and that this arrangement is, quite profitably, dupli- through the ages, and recalling once more the reflec-
cated throughout the country as often and on as
tion which John Stuart Mill arrived at some half a
large a scale as there are towns in which to install century ago, that "hitherto it is questionable if all
it. So again, there is an exemplary weekly periodical the mechanical inventions yet made have lightened
of the most widely reputable and most profitable
the day's toil of any human being."
class, with a circulation of more than two million,
THORSTEIN VEBLEN.
worse.


1918
489
THE DIAL
The People's Theater
PICTURE three eminent specialists-one American, he has little to say concerning its past, and nothing
one English, and one French-together in some of its future, but paints an authentic portrait,
hushed antechamber beyond which lies Thalia Mel touched with amiable malice, of what is passing
pomene, near to death by reason of her trafficking under the spotlights in the general latitude and longi-
with lovers, panders, parasites. What news, what tude of Longacre Square. Despite the fact that
hope, we ask of them, for she has been our friend the book represents only a season's crop of maga-
in happier days. Dr. George Jean Nathan makes no zine ephemerae it is full of humor, knowledge, and
pretense at being anything but a diagnostician. He good sense; but the humor is tinctured with acidity,
reports her plight as desperate, but perhaps not be the knowledge highly specialized, and the good sense
yond hope. Although we suspect him of belonging that of Mr. Worldly Wisen in—especially when
to her inner circle, he goes away to supper at the these are contrasted with the gayety, the culture,
Ritz with a smile and a jest directed at the lady's. the spiritual wisdom of Mr. Gordon Craig.
character and the company she keeps. Dr. Gordon Mr. Craig's occasional commentaries on the popu-
Craig declares that she is dead or as good as dead lar theater of Britain and America, from far-dis-
already, and that we are wasting our sympathy and tant Florence-in The Marionette, the little maga-
our time. Accordingly he hurries away to a certain zine that has succeeded The Mask—are quite as
castle in Florence where he has a confinement case witty as Mr. Nathan's, and they are informed with
the expected birth of an infant of whose paternity a wisdom to which the latter will never, attain so
we are not left in doubt. Dr. Romain Rolland long as he continues to circle about the white lights
takes the matter far more seriously. Yes, decidedly of Broadway. Mr. Nathan, in his preface, haz-
there is hope, but only if we will throw all of the ards the opinion that into the popular theater is
old medicines out of the window and administer coming an infusion of young blood, of fresh ideas,
a specific which he has carefully prepared to meet and a new esthetic which may save it from softening
the given case. He leaves the bottle in our hands, of the brain. To Mr. Craig, on the contrary, these
and tiptoes out.
things are in the nature of saline injections to keep
It is in some such figure as this that the varying alive a little longer a body doomed, if not already
points of view of these three men present themselves dead. He abjures every sincere artist who has
to the imagination. Let us examine each of them anything to contribute to withhold the gift, since it
in turn and extract such wisdom as we can. The will immediately be seized upon by the predatory
subject is a vital one; for aside from the joy it brings, powers that own and rule the theater, and turned
the theater, as Mercier declared, “is the most po to account in imparting a factitious Aush of health
tent and direct means of strengthening human rea to a fatally diseased organism. When it is proposed
son and enlightening the whole nation."
to close the London theaters at nine-thirty o'clock
The Popular Theater (Knopf; $1.60) is a sub as a fuel-saving measure, “Why not at eight-thirty ?”
ject which easily lends itself to the note of cynical suggests Mr. Craig. He believes that the theater
humor native to the talent of Mr. George Jean will have to perish in order to be born, and that all
Nathan. But why this parade of sheer futility actors should die of the plague.
why write a book about anything as bad as all that? Mr. Craig so loves the Idea of the Theater that
Why indeed! It is because he is enamored, I am he has exiled himself in order to discover and
enamored, you, dear reader-we, they, he, she-all develop, far from the pestilential atmosphere of the
are enamosed of the Idea of the Theater. It rialtos, what he conceives to be the Art of the The-
holds us, it thrills us, and Mr. Nathan most of all. ater. He claims for the theater an independent
Despite his protestations of boredom, his lethal esthetic, involving the organization of linear and
draughts of Edmond de Goncourt, and the draft on spatial rhythms, a synthesis of space, sound, move-
the back of his neck, we feel sure that each night ment, and light. He would restore the theater to its
he would be nowhere but in his allotted seat, hoping original estate—that of a temple for the symbolical
against hope for the remembered old or some new representation of mysteries; and in place of a master
rapture which only the theater has the power to
of revels he demands, in effect, an artist-priest, "a
arouse. Poor flagellant of Broadway! he loves his man who wants nothing for himslf
but
self-inflicted torture and the echo of his own sardonic nothing short of ALL for the theater."
laughter, which is really a cry of pain.
Mr. Craig is clairvoyant in vision, logical in
Mr. Nathan does not moralize about the theater; thought; he has the high courage to follow where his


490
November 30
THE DIAL
vision leads and to realize his thought in action; a people's theater, were it a theater in the true sense
his position with relation to the theater of the future and not an animated storybook. The circus, melo-
is enviable and secure. But even if we grant him drama, and burlesque are the nearest things we have
ideal conditions and the complete realization of his to a people's theater, and they are far more worthy
dream, it is doubtful if he would ever succeed in of serious consideration than the entertainments upon
making the public eat out of his hand : in so far the discussion of which Mr. Nathan wastes his wit
as he has tried it he has failed.
and good print paper.
The circus is universal in
For Mr. Craig is a fastidious artist, scornful of its appeal, and in more skilful and intelligent hands
democracy; he requires for audience "a pit of kings" might be made a thing of beauty and wonder without
--that is, those sensitive to beauty, like himself. A abating anything of its popular appeal. The great
product of that aborted estheticism which raged in Greek dramas and the Shakespearean plays are in the
England at the time when he was born, he last analysis melodramas pure and simple. As M.
never permitted an ugly plaything by his beautiful Rolland says, “there is no form so difficult and so
mother and beauty oving father; thus was he pre sublime as great poetic medodrama." Burlesque, in
pared for his high destiny, that of developing the the form of the revue, could be made into a criticism
Art of the Theater. Now beauty is something that of life, doing more effectively and more amusingly
the theater of the future cannot do without, but what the newspaper cartoons now do.
neither can it do without poetry, passion, and the But according to M. Rolland, the people's theater
stir of life. These things Mr. Craig is incapable will be different from all these—more beautiful,
of supplying in any form intelligible and acceptable noble, and impressive—while at the same time re-
to the mass of 'humankind. For him there is poetry taining and sublimating the elements that give them
in line and mass, passion in light and color, and the popularity. So far as melodrama is in question,
stir of life in the movement of marionettes; but these elements he agrees with M. Georges Jubin in
such abstractions will never satisfy those simple believing to be “Mingling of pleasing and painful
souls that crave the concrete above all else.
emotions, True realism, Simple morality, and Get-
M. Romain Rolland seems nearer than Mr. Craig ting one's money's worth.” He lays great stress on
to a solution of the problem of the popular theater the possible value of a developed form of historical
by just so much as he appears to be nearer to the drama; he sees possibilities in the rustic drama, and
movement of the modern consciousness. In The in popular legends and tales. He is opposed to the
People's Theater (Holt; $1.35) he shows an aware portrayal of unrelieved misery before the people, as
ness to the changed conditions which, by reason of in Hauptmann's The Weavers and Tolstoi's The
the rising tide of democracy, must govern the the Powers of Darkness—such pieces should be reserved
ater. Mr. Nathan describes the transitional theater, for the rich and idle, to whom they might do some
gives us a snapshot of an edifice at the moment of good. Joy, energy, and intelligence he declares to
its collapse ; Mr. Craig has always in mind the ulti- be the fundamental requisites of the people's theater.
mate theater, when men shall have become as gods M. Rolland's program, it will be seen, savors a
or little children; while M. Rolland concerns him little of "assimilating the public taste in order to re-
self with what he conceives to be the needs of the produce it.” His idea is to synthesize and sublimate
theater of tomorrow-of triumphant democracy: those elements in the theater of the past and of the
The People's Theater is the key to a new art world,
present that survive the severe test he puts them
which art has hardly caught sight of. We have reached to. Mr. Craig disdains such caution and such com-
a parting of the ways, beyond which lies an almost total-
promise—for him the new theater must be really
ly unexplored land. Two or three more venturesome
spirits have gone ahead. But the instinct of the people
In spite of M. Rolland's scholarly analysis,
should have guided these artists. The people speak in spite of his brilliant deductions from known
frankly, and their preferences leave no possible room
premises, I cannot conquer a certain skepticism.
for doubt. But what artist cares in the least what the
public wants? They consider it contemptible not to feel The reason for this is plain when the translator's
contempt for the people.
preface is referred to: these essays were written
And by the people he does not mean the bourgeoisie, some fifteen years ago. This makes them as unre-
but the workers—the long denied. Everyth
Everything that liable as an old map of Europe will be after the
Mr. Nathan has to say about the popular theater
peace conference.
Doubtless M. Rolland knew,
and the psychology of its audiences is doubtless true, or thought he knew, what the people wanted then,
but it is of the bourgeois theater that he is speaking; and what would be good for them; but does he
for that, and our feeble attempts at an esthetic the- know, does anyone know, what they want now?
ater, are the only ones we have to show. Doubt. The men who by millions have gone forth to battle,
less the cinema might be considered in the light of looking death and devastation in the face; the women
new.


1918
491
THE DIAL
who by millions have salted their scant food with when suddenly I noticed standing behind a near-by
tears—have not dramas been enacted before their table and looking fixedly at the stage an American
eyes and experienced in their secret hearts that officer of aviation, with the double wings on his
will render intolerable everything that any save such breast. He was young, hardly more than a boy;
as they themselves may be able to formulate for beautiful as Dionysus, graceful as a faun; but the
their solace or their delight? A mystery surrounds look in his eyes belonged neither to the present, nor
these souls into which we cannot penetrate.
to any past the world has witnessed: it was fixed and
I remember sitting one night last winter-or far—the look of vigil. The soul of him was in some
rather, early one morning—at a table among a com other dimension of space. I have never been able to
pany of friends in New York's most sumptuous and forget this youthful figure, nor the expression of
beautiful pleasure garden, watching the kaleidoscopic
those
eyes. So now, when people talk or write
progress of the Midnight Follies, staged by Joseph about the theater, and “what the public wants” I
Urban and presented by the cleverest entertainers
conjure up his image, and I wonder what he wanted
that big salaries could bribe. Food, wine, tobacco,
then or may be wanting now. Then I know that
grace, beauty, wit, laughter made an intoxicating
all their talk is idle: that only the future can know
the future's needs.
brew. Everyone seemed in an ecstasy of happiness,
CLAUDE BRAGDON.
Destinies and Dynasties
A BOOK
BOOK of the hour that is also a book for the fu here is linear history—which is history made-with
ture is a book of assured fortune, and such is Roger no rest in the transverse complexities of a single hour
Bigelow Merriman's Rise of the Spanish Empire (2 and event—which is history in the making. This
vols., Macmillan; $7.50). It falls in an hour of the is of course a damage; all the vivification of facts is
keen revival of interest in things Hispanic, when demanded of the reader, who must, if he follow the
schools, endowments, merchants, and statesmen are author, retrace his course several times in order to
all, in their varied capacities, endeavoring to bring obtain a comprehensive notion of the face of affairs
the colonial Spains of America within the range of in a single epoch. For the sake of clarity, which
North American sympathies; and it contributes to is achieved, Professor Merriman has analyzed Span-
this movement, as its publishers announce, an “indis ish history into a cluster of episodic developments,
pensable background for the study of Spanish Amer each followed through before returning to its neigh-
ica.” It also falls in an hour when the attention of bor; but the method has necessarily sacrificed that
the whole world is drawn by a terrible fascination to illusion of contemporaneity which makes the imagi-
the problem of imperialism and of the ambition of na native charm and, indeed, the literary greatness of
tions and races to rule their fellow races and nations; histories.
and it affords a study in example of the rise of But its matter is the book, and there is interest
empire--an empire second to none in geographical enough in the plain narrative of facts. As your true
pretension or in grandiosity of motive, and, though historian must, Professor Merriman has conceived
now fated and fallen, related by dynastic ties to the his subject as a story, with a proper beginning and
powers whose vainglory is recorded in daily blood. middle and end, and with a guiding theme, a plot
These two interests alone assure the book's wide properly motivated.
properly motivated. The beginning of the story
reading. Its qualities merit this.
is the career of the legendary Pelayo, who early
Not, let it be understood, that we have here in the eighth century gathered a handful of Visi-
the qualities of literary greatness. The author is gothic Christians to withstand the Saracens, and
far too modest to claim for himself (what his pub- laid the foundations of the Christian state of Astur-
lishers advertise) the character of another Prescott. ias; the end (to be reached when volumes III and
Professor Merriman writes without imagination IV of the work are published) comes with the unity
almost painfully so—and with no obtrusion of phi- of the Iberian peninsula under Philip II, with
losophy. His virtues are the pedagogic virtues of Spain the first state of Europe, and her empire the
comprehensible organization, of clear and straight vastest the world had seen. The plot is the continu-
forward expression, of conscientious scholarship; ity of the effort of the Iberian peoples to clear their
one's sense of the outline is never lost by absorp- home of the Moslem and to carry their conquests
tion in the situation; there are no precipitations out into Africa and beyond the seas; of a struggle for
of time into a past reality. If it may be so put, freedom and a struggle for empire; of the Recon-


1492
November 30
THE DIAL
quest and of the Conquests. And the motive of this course of centuries—this remains to the end as
plot-counterplotted less by the resistance of those mystical a thing as is Germany's expansionist Drang
who suffer conquest, for the most part easily, than today.
by the separatist instincts of the Spanish peoples and To be sure, statesmanlike monarchs looked to the
the meddlesome follies of dynasts—is, interestingly unification of the Iberian states, and ambitious mon-
enough, the imperialistic destinies of the race, its archs aspired to foreign dominions; here were mo-
restless demand for expansion, for a place in the tives, conscious and intelligible, able to employ to
sun, for lordship among men.
With such material their own ends both the worthier and the meaner
and such a theme, who can deny the interest ? impulses of commoner men. But in Spanish history
In the two volumes before us Professor Merriman
as Professor Merriman conceives and portrays it,
carries his story to the end of the reign of Ferdi-
the destinies of the people are as often defeated as
nand, the Reconquest completed, America discov realized by the deeds of the dynasts. Able monarchs
ered, and the die cast for the Hapsburg connections create wide realms and then divide them, for future
of the Spanish throne. Through the long-drawn quarrels, among their children; royal marriages are
medieval moils Spain found herself, more by fum made for the sake of political alliances which are
bling than by conscious policy. The Castilians, shut never realized or pass ephemerally. The dynasts
off east and west by the Catalonians and Lusitan themselves, endeavoring to mold destiny, are but its
ians, north by the Pyrenees, and south by the Moors, toys, or if their deeds bear action it is to their own
were compressed mainly by their own isolation. mischief. The career of Ferdinand and Isabella,
The men of Aragon, and more particularly of Cata to which a volume is deservedly given, is at once the
lonia, turned energetically seaward toward the crux and illustration of Spanish history. A marriage
islands and coasts of the Mediterranean, the foot
carried through every adventurous difficulty at last
of Italy, and the Levant. The happy and chance unites the two most powerful Iberian states, and
union of Ferdinand and Isabella united the two creates a Spain. But the offspring of that marriage,
groups, as it were in one day throwing a hitherto in spite of the careful schemes of the parents, brings
obscure province into the strategic center of Euro a Hapsburg ruler to the Spanish Empire and a per-
pean affairs and thanks to Columbus) giving it the
version of all that destiny had seemed to decree. Cer-
hegemony of new seas and continents. There are, tainly the outcome of the career of the Catholic
indeed, few changes of fortune in history more
kings illustrates one truth before all—that, grant-
obviously adventitious than the series of almost ing with Professor Merriman that a people has
bizarre accidents which in a generation created the
destinies, never should these be trusted to the shift-
greatness of Spain. From the new powers thrust
From the new powers thrusting fortunes which beset dynasties; that way lies
upon her came her unrivalled glories; but with these destruction. It is Professor Merriman's own con-
powers came responsibilities which, little understood clusion that "it was the bitterest irony of fate that
and less prepared for, were to prove her tragedy.
at the very moment when Spain's national unity
Curiously the chance element, obvious as it is, had been attained, her national independence should
is obscured in Professor Merriman's narrative by his
have been lost." Incidentally, this conclusion seems
prepossession with the notion of destiny. Not only to point to a distinction between Reconquest and
is Spain fated to have empire but, even if blindly,
Conquest which is too sharp to be missed. For
she wills empire; from the medieval time onward "national independence" is quite another thing than
this is the unity of her history as he sees it; and it is
is empire, and it is national independence which,
the motive which unites in one movement the
through empire, the Spanish people failed to retain.
struggle for freedom and the struggle for foreign
If there are national destinies, as there are national
dominion. Further, despite his perfunctory refer- aspirations, let them be never linked with the petty
ences to democratic ideals, the historian is clearly affairs of kings.
imperialistic; his sympathies are with the expansion.
It is well in a day such as ours to contemplate the
Almost reasonlessly so, the reader is tempted to
courses of history in the glass of eternity—and the
think, for neither in picture nor in theory is this
past is one with the eternal in its changelessness. No
Spanish will-to-rule once made clear,
reader can turn from The Rise of the Spanish
shown motives enough for the conquests that are
Empire without thanks to its author for the reflection
made—the love of freedom, first and most noble;
it stimulates; within which foremost will stand the
the Crusader's zeal, Christian against Moslem ; com-
clear fact that, whether to make or to mar, men's
mercial ambitions, thirst for plunder, arrogance of
conduct is the key to their fates, human destinies
kings, outlaw adventure; but the imperialistic des-
are human responsibilities.
tiny, supposed to animate all these through the long
HARTLEY BURR ALEXANDER.
We are


1918
493
THE DIAL
League of Free Nations Association
ence.
STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES
THE OBJEC
IE OBJECT of this Society is to promote a more of the entire world that every nation should attain
general realization and support by the public of the its maximum economic development, provided it does
conditions indispensable to the success, at the Peace not prevent a similar development of other nations.
Conference and thereafter, of American aims and The realization of this aim depends upon a gradually
policy as outlined by President Wilson.
increasing freedom of mutual exchange with its re-
The particular aims, such as the liberation of Bel- sulting economic interdependence. It is certain, for
gium, Serbia, Poland, and Bohemia, and their future instance, that if anything approaching equality of
protection from aggression, and America's own fu- economic opportunity as between great and small,
ture security on land and sea, are dependent upon powerful and weak, is to be obtained, the following
the realization of the more general aim of a sounder must be guaranteed for all on equal terms:
future international order, the corner-stone of which
(a) No state shall accord to one neighbor privileges
must be a League of Nations.
not accorded to others--this principle to apply to
. The purposes of such a League are to achieve for
the purchase of raw material as well as to access
all peoples, great and small:
to markets. Equality of economic opportunity
(1) Security: the due protection of national exist does not mean the abolition of all tariffs or the
abolition of the right of self-governing states to
determine whether Free Trade or Protection is to
(2) Equality of economic opportunity.
their best interests.
Both these purposes demand for their accomplish- (b) States exercising authority in non-self-govern-
ment profound changes in the spirit and principles ing territories shall not exercise that power as a
of the older international statecraft. The underly means of securing a privileged economic position
ing assumption heretofore has been that a nation's for their own nationals; economic opportunity in
security and prosperity rest chiefly upon its own such territories shall be open to all peoples on
strength and resources. Such an assumption has equal terms, the peoples of nations possessing no
been used to justify statesmen in attempting, on the such territories being in the same position eco-
ground of the supreme need for national security, nomically as those that possess great subject em-
to increase their own nation's power and resources pires. Investments and concessions in backward
by insistence upon strategic frontiers, territory countries should be placed under international con-
with raw material, outlets to the sea, even though trol.
that course does violence to the security and pros-
(c) Goods and persons of the citizens of all states
perity of others. Under any system in which ade-
should be transported on equal terms on interna-
quate defense rests upon individual preponderance
tional rivers, canals, straits, or railroads.
of power, the security of one must involve the inse-
curity of another, and must inevitably give rise to (d) Landlocked states must be guaranteed access
covert or overt competitions for power and territory to the sea on equal terms both by equality of treat-
dangerous to peace and destructive to justice.
ment on communications running through other
Under such a system of competitive as opposed to
states, and by the use of seaports.
cooperative nationalism the smaller nationalities can The first task is legislative in its nature. The
never be really secure. Obviously Belgians, Jugo- problem is to modify the conditions that lead to war.
slavs, Poles, Czechoslovaks will not be secure if they
It will be quite inadequate to establish courts of arbi-
have to depend upon their own individual, unaided
tration or of law if they have to arbitrate or judge
strength. International commitments of some kind
on the basis of the old laws and practices. These
there must be. The price of secure nationality is have proved insufficient.
some degree of internationalism.
It is obvious that any plan ensuring national secur-
The fundamental principle underlying the League ity and equality of economic opportunity will involve
of Nations is that the security and rights of each a limitation of national sovereignty. It is here par-
member shall rest upon the strength of the whole ticularly that the success of the League will demand
League, pledged to uphold by their combined power
the doing of the “unprecedented things” mentioned
international arrangements ensuring fair treatment by President Wilson. States possessing ports that
for all.
are the natural outlet of a hinterland occupied by
The first concern of a League of Nations is to another people will perhaps regard it is an intoler-
find out what those arrangements should be, what able invasion of their independence if their sov-
rules of international life will ensure justice to all, ereignty over those ports, is not absolute but limited
how far the old international law or practice must by the obligation to permit of their use by a foreign
be modified to secure that end. It is to the interest and possibly rival people on equal terms. States


494
November 30
THE DIAL
possessing territories in Africa or Asia inhabited by as a condition of economic development, then one of
populations in a backward state of development, have the main obstacles to the liberation of subject
generally heretofore looked for privileged and prefer nationalities will have been removed, and the solu-
ential treatment of their own industry and commerce tion of the specific problems of Poland, Alsace-
in those territories. Great interests will be chal- Lorraine, Bohemia, Jugoslavia, and the self-deter-
lenged, some sacrifice of national pride demanded, mination of the peoples of Turkey and Russia, will
and the hostility of political factions in some coun have been enormously facilitated.
tries will be aroused.
The administrative machinery of a workable
Yet if, after the war, states are to be shut out from internationalism already exists in rudimentary form.
the sea; if rapidly expanding populations find them- The international bodies that have already been
selves excluded from raw materials indispensable established by the Allied belligerents—who now
to their prosperity; if the privileges and preferences number over a score—to deal with their combined
enjoyed by states with overseas territories place the military resources, shipping and transport, food, raw
less powerful states at a disadvantage, we shall have materials, and finance, have been accorded immense
reestablished potent motives for that competition powers. Many of these activities—particularly
for political power which, in the past, has been so those relating to the international control of raw
large an element in the causation of war and the sub- material and shipping—will have to be continued
jugation of weaker peoples. The ideal of the se during the very considerable period of demobiliza-
curity of all nations and "equality of opportunity” tion and reconstruction which will follow the war.
will have failed of realization.
Problems of demobilization and civil re-employment
Both President Wilson and Lord Grey have in- particularly will demand the efficient representation
sisted that the creation of a League of Nations must of Labor and Liberal elements of the various states.
be an integral part of the settlement itself. Both With international commissions, and exercising the
have indeed declared that if it is not established at same control over the economic resources of the
that settlement, it is never likely to be.
world, an international government with powerful
The reason is obvious. If the League is not a sanction will in fact exist.
political reality at the time that the territorial read The international machinery will need democrati-
justments come to be discussed ; if, as in the past, zation as well as progressive differentiation of
nations must look for their future security chiefly function. If the League of Nations is not to develop
to their own strength and resources, then inevitably, into an immense bureaucratic union of governments
in the name of the needs of national defense, there instead of a democratic union of peoples, the ele-
will be claims for strategic frontiers and territories ments of (a) complete publicity and (b) effective
with raw material which do violence to the principle popular representation must be insisted upon. The
of nationality. Afterwards those who suffer from first of these is implicit in the principle, so empha-
such violations would be opposed to the League sized by President Wilson, that in the future there
of Nations because it would consecrate the injustice must be an end to secret diplomacy. The second can
of which they would be the victims. A refusal to only be met by some representation of the peoples
trust to the League of Nations, and a demand for in a body with legislative powers over international
material” guarantees for future safety, will set up affairs—which must include minority elements—as.
that
very ferment which will afterwards be appealed distinct from the governments of the constituent
to as proof that the League could not succeed because states of the League. It is the principle which has
men did not trust it. A bold "Act of Political found expression in the American Union as con-
Faith" in the League will justify itself by making trasted with the Federated States of the German
the League a success; but, equally, lack of faith will Empire. If the Government of the United States
justify itself by ruining the League.
consisted merely of the representatives of forty-eight
Just as the general acceptance of the principles of states, the Union could never have been maintained
the League must precede the territorial settlement,
on a democratic basis. Happily it consists also of
so must it precede attempts to reduce armaments.
the representatives of a hundred million people.
'The League should not be, in the first stage, a pro-
The new international government must make the
posal to relinquish arms, but to combine them; it
same provision and deliberately aim to see that all
should be an agreement upon the methods by which
they can be used in common for common security.
the great parties and groups in the various states
The League of Nations is not an alternative to the
obtain representation.
use of force, but the organization of force to the
The assurance of the political, civil, religious,
end that it may be effective for our common pro-
and cultural rights of minorities within states is an
tection.
even more difficult problem. But genuinely demo-
If nations can be brought to realize that they can
cratic parliamentary institutions in the League, en-
in truth look to the League as the main guaranty of suring some expression of minority opinion as well
political security and economic opportunity, that as complete publicity, will be a strong deterrent if
those things do not demand unwilling provinces as not a complete assurance against tyrannical treat-
sources of man power or raw material, nor seaports ment of minorities within its constituent states.


1918
495
THE DIAL
Indispensable to the success of American policy Revolution to achieve its own destiny. And in our
are at least the following:
championship, through the Monroe Doctrine, of the
A universal association of nations based upon the
lesser American states, we supported this funda-
principle that the security of each shall rest upon the
mental principle in one hemisphere which we now
strength of the whole, pledged to uphold interna-
urge as a basis for both.
tional arrangements giving equality of political right
In our Civil War, in which we determined
whether in the New World a nation conceived in
and economic opportunity, the association to be based
upon a constitution democratic in character, possess-
liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all
ing a central council or parliament as truly repre-
men are created equal, might endure, we liberated a
sentative as possible of all the political parties in the
race which we had oppressed, and made the union
of free states secure. So now we stand for the
constituent nations, open to any nation, and only
such nation, whose government is responsible to the
greatest measure of autonomy, and for absolute
people. The formation of such an association should
freedom of religion, of civil liberty, of cultural de-
be an integral part of the settlement itself and its velopment of the weaker peoples within the stronger
territorial problems, and not distinct therefrom. It
nations, and of the native peoples of the undeveloped
should prohibit the formation of minor leagues or
regions of the earth.
special covenants, or special economic combinations,
And out of our civil travail through which was
boycotts, or exclusions. Differences between mem-
confirmed our union of free states, which with un-
bers should be submitted to its judicial bodies. Its
fortified boundaries and unantagonistic development
administrative machinery should be built up from stretches from ocean to ocean, we stand for the de-
the inter-allied bodies already in existence, expanded velopment of a League of Nations which shall bring
into international bodies differentiated in function
the free peoples of the earth into a new fellowship,
and democratized in constitution. The effective
which shall settle their disputes by conciliation and
sanction of the association should not be alone the
adjudication, which shall put the economic power
combined military power of the whole used as an
and armed force of the whole against the violators
instrument of repression, but such use of the world-
of justice and the disturbers of peace, and which
wide control of economic resources as would make
shall be open to all nations who subscribe to its
it more advantageous for a state to become and principles and by a full democratic scheme of govern-
remain a member of the association and to cooperate
ment make themselves eligible to such an alliance
with it, than to challenge it.
of free peoples.
So it is that President Wilson was in line with
All the principles above outlined are merely an the great currents of American tradition when he
extension of the principles that have been woven characterized this as a war “to make the world safe
into the fabric of our own national life.
for democracy."
In search of freedom, our forefathers turned their In our Declaration of Independence, our Consti-
faces to the West, set out across the Atlantic, and tution, the Monroe Doctrine, and the Emancipation
laid the foundations of an American common Proclamation, the New World has offered docu-
wealth. Even in the free spaces of the New World ments which have contributed to the organized
they could not attain independence, unity, and freedom of mankind, and in President Wilson's
democracy, in such measure as we now possess them, state papers we have the elements of a new charter.
without struggle. It has remained for our genera At a time when deep-seated forces of reaction would
tion, with these things not wholly achieved, to turn hamper a democratic solution, and assert the old
our faces toward the East and set out overseas across schemes of competitive militarism, of economic wars
the Atlantic to aid the peoples from whom we after the war, of division and bitterness and unhealed
sprang to achieve those things in the midst of the sores, such as will breed further wars and rob this
more rigid social fabric of the Old World, and one of its great culmination, we call on all liberal-
against the forces of despotism, autocracy, imperial- minded men to stand behind the principles which
ism, privilege, and militarism, which found their the President has enunciated, and we invite them to
supreme embodiment in the Prussian scheme of join in fellowship with us for their realization.
world dominion.
In war and in settlement we stand for the prin-
CHARLES A. BEARD
ciples which have shot through each of the great
ALLEN T. BURNS
epochs of American struggle. In our War of the
WENDELL T. BUSH
Revolution, in which we ourselves struck for inde-
STOUGHTON COOLEY
pendence and nationality, we established tradition
WINSTON CHURCHILL
which prompts us to stand for the freedom and
HERBERT CROLY
self-determination of the weaker peoples; for restora-
JOHN DEWEY
tion and reparation for Belgium and Serbia; a united
Stephen P. DUGGAN
and independent Poland; justice to the peoples of
FRANCIS HACKETT
Alsace-Lorraine ; recognition of the Czechoslovaks
NORMAN HAPGOOD
and the Jugoslavs; the freedom of the Russian
J. A. H. HOPKINS


496
November 30
THE DIAL
ALVIN JOHNSON
MARTYN JOHNSON
ARTHUR P. KELLOGG
Paul U. KELLOGG
PAUL MONROE
HENRY R. MUSSEY
W. B. PITKIN
JUDGE WILLIAM L. RANSOM
JAMES HARVEY ROBINSON
Ralph S. ROUNDS
J. S. SCHAPIRO
EDWIN SLOSSON
The foregoing statement has also been endorsed
by:
JOHN G. AGAR
FREDERIC ALMY
MARY BEARD
CHARLES W. BIRTWELL
IDA BLAIR
Rt. Rev. BENJAMIN BREWSTER
John GRAHAM BROOKS
WILLIAM ADAMS BROWN
HENRY BRUERE
REBECCA CALDWELL
JULIUS HENRY COHEN
LINCOLN COLCORD
John R. COMMONS
CHARLES C. COOPER
WALTER DAMROSCH
J. LIONBERGER DAVIS
WILL DURANT
SAMUEL T. DUTTON
L. J. EDDY
S. S. Fels
EDWARD A. FILENE
John A. FITCH
ROSE DABNEY FORBES
Felix FRANKFURTER
ROBERT H. GARDINER
ARTHUR GLEASON
SIDNEY L. GULICK
JUDGE LEARNED HAND
WILLIAM HARD
Dora G. S. HAZARD
SIDNEY HILLMAN
WILLIAM E. HOCKING
HAMILTON HOLT
EDWARD KREHBIEL
CHARLES H. LEVERMORE
EDWARD MORGAN LEWIS
WILLIAM DRAPER LEWIS
ADOLPH LEWISOHN
Owen R. LOVEJOY
ROBERT Morss LOVETT
ISABEL LOWELL
WARREN J. LYNCH
JAMES G. McDonalD
Helen MAROT
JOHN F. MOORS
MARy Cooke BRANCH MUNFORD
MARGARET L. M. NORRIE
HARRY A. OVERSTREET
GEORGE A. PLIMPTON
HELEN S. PRATT
LAWSON PURDY
MICHAEL IDVORSKY PUPIN
Dean HOWARD C. ROBBINS
HENRY W. ROLFE
Rev. John A. RYAN
JACOB H. SCHIFF
Rose SCHNEIDERMAN
ELLERY SEDGWICK
Edwin R. A. SELIGMAN
John R. SHILLADY
MARY KINGSBURY SIMKHOVITCH
JAMES L. SLAYDEN
JOHN S. SINCLAIR
CHARLOTTE HUNNEWELL SORCHAN
NELSON S. SPENCER
Mary W. STILLMAN
DOROTHY WHITNEY STRAIGHT
Harold L. STRATTON
GERALDINE L. THOMPSON
Calvin TOMKINS
GERTRUDE SHERMAN TROWBRIDGE
EDWARD T. WARE
Alice BINSSE WARREN
THOMAS RAEBURN WHITE
[Editor's Note: The foregoing statement of solve and to bequeath its program to the new organi-
principles represents the final formulation of the zation called the League of Free Nations Associa-
views of a considerable number of American liberals tion, the purpose of which is to give as wide publicity
towards those essential points which they consider
as possible to the program and to the general princi-
it imperative to stress if the League of Nations is to
ples therein enunciated, in order that public opinion
become a living reality. Early in the spring of this
may be aroused in favor of them. The League of
Free Nations Association hopes that the foregoing
year a group of editors, university professors, and
manifesto will appeal to all liberal-minded Ameri-
publicists began a series of informal conferences on
the problems of national and international organiza- it will receive their support. It presents in con-
cans, irrespective of any political affiliations, and that
tion to follow the war. The group was called the
crete form the objects for which we have waged
Committee on American Policy. Its tentative reso the war. These objects can be realized only by an
lutions were brought together and coordinated American public opinion vigorously supporting
into a general program for a League of Nations. President Wilson's advocacy of them at the peace
At the last meeting the Committee decided to dis- table.]


THE DIAL
CLARENCE BRITTEN
GEORGE DONLIN
HAROLD STEARNS
SCOFIELD THAYER
In Charge of the Reconstruction Program:
JOHN DEWEY
THORSTEIN VEBLEN
HELEN MAROT
TECHNICALLY, WE ARE STILL AT WAR. AND THE control over the expression of opinion which can
first sentence of the Espionage Act is: “Whoever, make the peace conference a mockery. If the peace
when the United States is at war, shall,” and so on. conference is to write any treaty that will endure,
Now there is small expediency in cherishing illusions, or if it is to create any workable and realistic League
and the chances of the law's being repealed before the of Nations, conflicting interests and desires and
peace treaty itself is signed are, we all know, practi- aspirations must have due representation. Not only
cally nil. But can we hope that—although the law the majority opinion of all countries (and in many
will not be officially repealed—its further exercise, cases we do not even know if the so-called "majority”
now that the abnormal urgencies of war which it opinion is not in fact the opinion of a minority which
was devised to meet have come to an end, will be un has captured the agencies of publicity) must be rep-
officially curtailed? Can we now look forward to resented, but the minority opinion as well. Take a
something like normal conditions of freedom of single instance—Russia. We are about to make a de-
speech and opinion? Will radicals and dissenters cision of first-rate importance for' the future of the
now be permitted to have their say, or must we world: whether we do or do not intend to recognize
expect more orgies of suppression? Are we to be a government whose economic and industrial and
allowed to discuss freely the problems of the peace social structure is radically dissimilar from our own.
treaty in the spirit of the first of President Wilson's Is this decision to be made, as so many other decisions
fourteen points—"open covenants of peace, openly of this war have been made, by an autocratic clique
arrived at”-or is the past year's autocratic control in control of practically all organs of public opinion?
over opinion, patiently endured because of the im- Or is it to be made after free and frank discussion
mediacy of the German menace, to be continued ? in all the countries, where those who disagree as
Now that the military justification for the Espionage well as those who agree with the present policy are
Act has disappeared, is its exercise to be carried on to have full opportunity for expressing their views?
under the justification of preventing the anarchical Frankly, we do not believe it will be possible to
opinions and examples of a large section of Central prevent freedom of discussion in France and Italy
Europe and Asia from filtering in to this, as yet, and England. In the latter country the forthcoming
sound and contentedly "bourgeois" republic? Is the general election will give the opponents of the Lloyd
smoke barrage of “Bolshevism” now to be used to George policies an opportunity to have their full say.
hide the actual suppression of honest differences of In both France and Italy the radical and opposition
opinion and honest opposition to certain policies the press has preserved a fairly wide margin of freedom
Administration may be pursuing? We do not ask of discussion and criticism even in wartime, and now
these questions lightly. The most momentous de- that the armistice has been signed the chances are
cisions in history are now being made, and the group that this radical and opposition press will become
of interests which wish these decisions to be made even more bold and explicit. Europe, in brief, seems
behind the backs of the peoples who will be affected safe for democracy of discussion. But if we are
by them is omnipotent. In all countries, although optimistic about Europe, we must confess that we
to a lesser degree than in the United States, the more are pessimistic about America. The possibilities of
or less chance government in control has possession the formation of any strong liberal public opinion in
of all the means of communication between peoples. favor of a real League of Nations are slight. In-
In all countries there is an official propaganda which deed, it is symbolical of our present state of public
represents the desires of a small, interested group. opinion toward the issues of peace that President
Every sovereign country jealously guards its right to Wilson has elected to attend the preliminary con-
issue passports and to refuse admittance or to wel ferences in Paris. After all, the tragedy of this war
come foreign visitors, and naturally passports are is that his strongest support for the announced liberal
issued to those in agreement with the particular purposes for which America entered the war comes
government's views and those foreign visitors are not from his own country but from the peoples of
welcomed who come to praise rather than to criticize. France and England and Italy, who have acquired
In a word, there has been established in fact, under the humility of wisdom through four years of pain
the pressure of war, a world-wide censorship and and disillusion.


500
November 30
THE DIAL
Foreign Comment
publicists can safely rely as genuine.") Under date
of September 30 the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeit-
A CURIOUS CHOICE
ung says of them:
Out of the same manufactory of forged documents the
Edgar Sisson, who was instrumental in having latest efforts of Entente propaganda have obviously ema-
published in this country the famous "Sisson Docu nated. But in spite of the unfortunate experiences con-
ments,” which purported to show the financial help pected with the earlier revelations, not enough has been
given by the German militarists to the Russian Bol-
learnt for the production of really misleading and plausi-
ble bits of work. Documents, circulars, decrees are found,
sheviki, is to head the official press mission which is which people with even the most superficial knowledge
to accompany the American Peace Delegation to of German affairs would at once perceive had been forged
Paris. We call the choice curious, for inasmuch as
by an amateur. In America, where amongst wide
it has been the French radical and Socialist press
circles of people there is absolutely no knowledge of Eu-
ropean affairs, and where anything can be offered to the
which has been President Wilson's most consistent public at large, perhaps "revelations” of this kind may be
supporter-as has also been the case in other Allied believed to be genuine. It is less intelligible for us that
countries—it was to have been expected that the man
European peoples can allow such nonsense to be put be-
fore them. Perhaps all the documents form part
chosen for head of the press mission would be one of the material the publication of which as "discovered
who could at least command the confidence of that documents" was to have taken place after the overthrow
press. Mr. Sisson does not command it. For in- lof the Soviet Government, as is shown by the disclosures
connected with the subversive intrigues of the English
stance, Le Populaire, which has consistently fought diplomat, Lockhart, and his colleagues. Lockhart's enter-
for President Wilson's policies against the Clerical prise failed; but it would have nevertheless been a pity
if the industry devoted to the manufacture of the docu-
and reactionary press, does not believe in the authen-
ments had been in vain!
However, we venture
ticity of the documents for which Mr. Sisson stands to hope that the author of these archives will have
sponsor. Will it be likely now to have confidence attained greater skill before his next forgeries, for our
in him? Under the title False Documents, Fabri-
barbarism does not prevent us from feeling sincere sym-
pathy with him in his exposure as a laughing-stock.
cated in America Against the Bolsheviks, Le Popu-
laire of October 11 quotes a telegram from the
Italian Avanti:
Communications
The Nouvelles de Russie contains today the amusing
story of the documents which Mr. Sisson bought in Russia,
SHOULD Poets STARVE?
and which were published at Washington, with the object
of proving that the Bolshevists were in league with the
Sir: A charming patroness of poetry, herself a
Germans. Last March, Colonel Robins, representative of poetess of charm, complains of the wages of poets-
the American Red Cross in Russia, warned Radek, repre wages which at present, she says, force them to "face
sentative of the Commissary of Foreign Affairs in Petro-
the grim 'alternative of starving or getting an en-
grad, that Mr. Sisson had bought from the counter-
revolutionaries, for the price of a hundred thousand
grossing and art destroying job.” And she suggests
roubles, certain documents that gave Colonel Robins the 'cases of poignant suffering caused by this condition
impression that they came from a lunatic asylum. Robins -suffering which, far from enriching the poet's art,
told the same story to Arthur Rensen (Ransome?), tends to stifle it altogether."
respondent of The Daily News. Some days after, Robins
related jestingly that Sisson had, at a dead loss, paid a
The lady knows vastly more about poets and
hundred thousand roubles for what he could now get for
poetry than I. Nevertheless I can vouch for the
a penny, these documents being published at the current accuracy of her information as to the wages of poets,
date by the Petit Parisien. Again in March, the informer, for I have received my two, or five, or eight dollars
Sisson, telegraphed these documents to President Wilson;
for verses: save the mark! an editor once sent me a
but, up till then, nobody had dared to publish them. They
now thought the political situation opportune for their
check for seventy-five cents. Truly, the laborer
publication. The Nouvelles de Russie concludes by de who keenly appreciates that he is worthy of his hire
claring that the person who published the documents is will do well to stick to potatoes, or coal, or “best
evidently speculating on the impossibility, for the reader,
sellers,” or some other staple for which the com-
of verifying their authenticity. As soon as we receive
these documents from Moscow, we shall show by concrete
mercial demand is more vigorous than for the soul
examples that Mr. Sisson is a base imposter. We are of beauty embodied in enduring verse.
convinced that Colonel Robins will consider it his duty My purpose is not to question the fact, but to ask
as a gentleman to confirm our assertion.
whether the complaint arising from it is pertinent.
The German press, which might naturally be ex Will poetry itself be advanced if we provide for a
pected to deny the authenticity of the documents, is race of sleek and purring poets? Shall we perhaps
more amused than angry at Mr. Sisson. (Inciden- do better to let our poets starve?
compel
tally, the Committee of Inquiry appointed by Mr. them, for instance, before they are admitted to true
Creel to examine into the authenticity of the docu- poethood, to undergo the pangs of virtuous hunger
ments cannot stomach the two important German and to look upon the wolf when his teeth are sharp?
notes in the collection. It says in its guarded official Far be it from me to venture a dogmatic yes! or
way: "We do not think them to be, in their present no! Arnold Bennett, literature's efficiency expert,
shape, documents on whose entire text historians or in a well-read passage says:
cor-


1918
501
THE DIAL
When he [the author] lays down the pen he ought to bear the same relation to the governments interested
become a merchant, for the mere reason that he has an in the bank as our Federal Reserve notes bear to
article to sell, and the more skilfully he sells it the better
will be the result, not only for the public appreciation of
our government, and to be issued against endorsed
his message, but for himself as a private individual and obligations of any government in the League of
as an artist with further activities in front of him. Nations.
But Schopenhauer, grimly caustic as always, reminds The offering of this suggestion is due to the fact
us of the Spanish proverb honray provecho no caben
that it is the writer's belief that the establishment
en un saco in support of his thesis that
of such a bank would immediately secure one of the
inestimable advantages to be derived from a League
every author degenerates as soon as he begins to put pen
to paper in any way for the sake of gain. The best works
of Nations; and with such harmony existing in the
of the greatest men all come from the time when they had
ideas of Premier Lloyd George and our President
to write for nothing or for very little.
as to a League of Nations, it would seem that such
Yet Shakespeare somehow managed to wax well-to-
a bank could be immediately incorporated by the
do through the poetry of imperishable drama.
governments of Great Britain and the United States.
Is the question of the poet's material reward
Among some of the benefits suggested to be de-
really vital? Is the poet whose thoughts and verses
rived from the establishment of such a bank are:
are worthy to survive, cognizant in the fine frenzy prevention of immediate deflation, disposition of
of composition of his coal bin, whether it be empty;
international obligations, release of banking facilities
or of his belly, whether it be full? Can hardship, for use in the commercial world, the creation of an
any more than prosperity, stifle or stimulate genius? international currency.
Lord Byron never knew the meaning of want.
The writer is in business and business has been
Meredith scarcely knew the lack of it. Would the immediately adversely affected by the cessation of
quality of either man's work have been essentially
hostilities.
I. C. BLANDY.
different if he had been differently circumstanced?
The lady whom I have quoted has herself done
Greenwich, New York.
much to keep us in mind of Whitman's line “To
have great poets there must be great audiences too"
THE LENGTH OF THE Novel
-an economic, or if you please, psychological fact,
Sir: Mr. Shanks' letter about the novel seems
which the potato merchant may paraphrase with his
“To have great potato merchants there must be great restiveness under form and proportion, the old
to be rather British. One gets the old Anglo-Saxon
potato eaters too.
If we have great audiences, is it unlikely that our
Anglo-Saxon resentment over a disciplined work of
art.
poets shall have great rewards? And in the mean-
Of course there are other considerations. It
time, are we likely to find ourselves the gainers by
may
be that there still exists, after all, more leisure,
creating artificial, uneconomic stimuli?
by
more capacity for retirement into the void, than we
realize.
seating our poets in easy chairs and saying, as it
And it may well be that when a man pays
were: “Go to! we have provided that you shall have
his six shillings or more for a novel, he wants his
your lunch and dinner and breakfast without fail,
full measure of words. Of course it is fine and
and your cigarettes and carriage when you want
necessary to "rationalize and substantiate" the "high
them: do you make yourself comfortable and
moments” by "setting them against a detailed back-
straightway write immortal verse!"
ground”; yet selection and compression should play
their part. The novelist may often ask, properly
NEIL M. CLARK.
Winnetka, Illinois.
enough, not, "How much can I put in?" but, "How
much can I leave out?"
An Open LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT
The question really becomes, in general, this:
Shall one plunge into the jungle or the ocean, sur-
Hon. Joseph P. Tumulty,
rounding himself by a vast and vague environment;
Secretary to the President,
or shall one select a detached bit of the universe and
Washington, D. C.
himself surround and master it? The French
mind, product of a long, well-lighted civility, usually
Dear Sir: May I ask you to call to the Presi-
chooses the latter course; the English mind, more
dent's attention the following suggestion as a method recently emerged from the dusky woods, still prefers
of meeting after war conditions?
the former. I regard Turgenev as the novelists'
That an International Reserve Bank be incor- criterion-a man whose work is without peculiarities
porated along the lines of our Federal Reserve Bank,
the bank to be controlled by the nations joining the the fresh and fruitful wilds of the North to fabricate
or excesses, and who brings abundant material from
League of Nations. The bank to have power to
it calmly under the time-tried exacting canons of
issue notes: said notes to be guaranteed jointly and long established and classically disciplined art-prac-
severally by the governments controlling the bank.
tice in Paris.
The bank's operation to be confined solely to busi-
HENRY B. FULLER.
ness of an international character and its notes to Chicago.
.


498
November 30
THE DIAL
YET IF WE CANNOT SPEEDILY EXPECT A RELAXA were let alone. They swear that their life there was
tion of the present rigorous control over American
easy in comparison to this.
public opinion, the least we can hope for is that some
Fellows who came from Camp Sherman last week de-
clined to don the prison garb. [On account of a religious
leniency be now shown to those political prisoners scruple against wearing buttons, presumably because they
who have been sentenced to the ferocious lengths of are from slaughtered animals. Editor's Note.) Two of
from ten to thirty years for having fallen foul of
them persisted. They were beaten into submission and
the Espionage and the Selective Service Acts. The
the clothes were forced on them. For a time one of them
wore his bundle around his neck, refusing to touch it,
very first act of the new German Government was but he, too, was forcibly dressed. It is said that a Cap-.
to grant political amnesty, and a similar generosity tain witnessed the original beating and that he turned
toward our own offenders would now be a popular his back and walked off without interceding. The sentries
act on the part of the Administration. Neutral
to whom he left the job dragged the boys to the bathroom
and treated them to "X's" experience, scrubbing the flesh
papers already comment with irony and not a little of one of them with the ubiquitous galvanic soap and a
ill will at our sentencing inoffensive people like Mrs. coarse scrubbing brush. The water was so cold that the
Stokes to ten years in prison for a few unimportant treated. Yet these conscientious objectors were held under
rest of us spent scarcely three minutes under it and re-
remarks, while the old Prussian Government dared
it for nearly fifteen minutes. Corporal “Y” is being tried
not sentence Karl Liebknecht to more than four for beating up two Russians-Holy Jumpers from Texas-
years, even for the crime of high treason. We are for their refusal to salute and work. He administered one
glad to observe that in the demobilization order of his pummelings in the office of the executive officer who
"conscientious objectors not yet under arrest” come
himself had to stop the struggle, but he is being tried
because his specific act was not authorized. The "hole"
second on the list, although we must admit we are treatment is known by everyone in all its details and is
not certain as to just what this means. But would accepted by the authorities.
it not have been fairer to have freed precisely those Now that the armistice is signed and demobilization
conscientious objectors who are under arrest—those, has actually commenced, what can be said in defense
in a word, who have not hesitated to suffer for their of the continuance of this kind of vindictive persecu-
convictions and beliefs and who, by just that token, tion? We are only laying up for ourselves a fund of
are sincere? When the war is over and the enemy hatred, which must some day spend itself in violence.
aliens who actually plotted against us are released Germany is beaten; shall we celebrate our just tri-
from internment camps, shall those whose only crime umph by adopting our enemies' worst methods
was a difference of opinion still be serving long terms of petty persecution? To ask this kind of question
in our civil or military prisons? The irony of that is not pleasant, but the truth is that anyone who
would hardly be lost on other nations. As a simple sincerely cares about the good name of America must
matter of international good will we cannot treat our
ask it. The whole world is observing us, and observ-
heretics in our present fashion. We cannot afford ing us critically, in this question of amnesty to
to acquire the reputation for intolerance and bigotry political prisoners. The whole world knows of the
which other nations, under the sufferings of war, Mooney case.
The whole world knows of the sen-
have learned to despise. And what is that treatment
tences passed upon a few erratic and foolish-mouthed
we accord our heretics? The following extract from Bolsheviki in New York recently. If Mooney is
a letter from a conscientious objector now in the hanged, or if these political prisoners are not released
Leavenworth Disciplinary Barracks is more eloquent when the treaty is signed, it will be a black mark
than any special pleading:
against us for many a long year to come.
are fed only bread and water, and are handcuffed to their IF IT IS TRUE, AS THE
PUBLISHERS TELL US
cell doors for nine or more hours a day. During the first that the sales of Russian literature have greatly
week they stand with their hands crossed at their breasts,
fallen off since the Revolution, we have another sad
during the second week they hang by their wrists.
instance of how much fashion accounts for what we
The “screws" (sentries) are brutal. I have gone down
with food from the mess hall several times to observe so often ascribe to a rise or an excellence in public
them. The air reeks with curses and foul drule. I have
taste. Just as most of us judge people on almost
not heard these fellows suggest anything nearer a human
every ground except their intrinsic personal quality,
reaction than a bestial laugh at some lewd tale. It fol-
lows that these men handle the prisoners with little gen-
so we judge books from almost every point of view
tleness. "X" has been beaten periodically. I saw him except the literary one. The uppermost fact about
dragged by the collar, choking, across the rough floor of Russia in the public mind at the present time is that
the corridors and the barber shop into the bath.
One
the Russians have betrayed the Alliance and have
sentry knocked him down upon the cement floor, another
fallen to murdering each other. How can books
undressed him with such brutality that he screamed with
pain, and three of them forced him into the shower and
that are Russian retain their congenial savor ? Fur-
scrubbed him with coarse soap.
ther, in that corruption and gloom which we felt
The Russians from Riley came out of confinement yes in those intense modern stories, was there not the
terday, wan and staggering. They have gone to work.
germ of present horror and madness which our
Both are religious objectors. Some of the Russians now
in confinement have gone through the worst experiences
censored newspapers convey so monotonously to our
in jail which the worst Czars had to offer. They say that eyes? Away with every Russian page, lest the
there they were permitted to cook their own food and spirit of these neurotic men infect us with their own


1918
499
THE DIAL
personal and political poisons! So Doestoevsky has the bitter conditions of too many “normal” peace-
to suffer, presumably for the sins of Trotzky, and time eras even the able-bodied and intelligent worker
Tolstoi remains unread as our protest against the discovered that there was literally no place for him
executions in Petrograd. Gorky would perhaps be in the industrial scheme. Under present-and, we
one of the first to suffer our literary ostracism. Yet hope, future-conditions even the injured have their
it would be little short of an atrocity for that marve useful places.
lous autobiography of his to be renounced, or for the
succeeding volumes to be discouraged from coming OBVIOUSLY THE NOVEL SHOULD BE JUST AS
out in this country. Chekhov still seems to appear, short or just as long as is necessary to tell its story
for two volumes of stories are announced for fall and give a convincing sense of the fulness of life. In
publication. Perhaps the publisher has put his the last issue our London correspondent complained
hand to the plough, and so cannot turn back. Or that the English novel is becoming too sketchy, that
perhaps it is that our taste relents towards a writer novelists have been terrorized into an absurd fear of
who is so completely the literary artist and is not boring us, with the result that the theme is not suffi-
tainted anywhere with politics or "views." To ciently substantiated, and consequently does not per-
replace this Russian lapse, what country will assume suade. But does not the novelist's persuasiveness de-
the fashion? Will it be Denmark-or Spain? pend on his manner, on his vitality of imagination,
Ibáñez' translations suggest a beginning for the lat- quite as much as upon his "saturation”? Surely he
ter country, and Nexo and Jacobsen have made us must have a vital imagination if-in the words of
want much more from Denmark. This change in Mr. H. B. Fuller's letter on another page—he is to
literary fashion will mean the opening up of new “surround and master" his chosen material instead of
treasures. The publishers' efforts to exploit new and being surrounded by the universe in the hope of get-
harmless literary territories may bring to those of ting "saturated.” The brilliant and pointed novelist
us who regard books as literature consolation for the can be quite as convincing as the saturated one.
passing of Russia.
But it is clear that he must be briefer. Nothing is
more boring than brilliance in too great a quantity.
The
REHABILITATION OF OUR WOUNDED AND DIS The third-rate novelists who “throw enormous wads
abled soldiers has thrown a glare of light on one of of language” at their large-stomached public are
the most tragic human wastes of our normal peace wise enough to compensate with a complete vacuous-
time industrial methods. If it is possible to restore ness of content. As Mr. Wells has become length-
to a position of useful activity the man who has lost ier, his style has become looser and less pertinent,
an arm or a leg on the battlefield, the question at altogether lazier. You can read 600 pages of him
once emerges, why is it not possible to restore to a with pleasure, because he is constantly taking longer
valuable place in the community life the man who to say less. Arnold Bennett has always known the
has lost an arm or a leg in the workshop or the con- value of the run-on style, and has worked out the
struction camp? The Federal Board for Vocational happiest proportions of length and content. But no
Training at Washington, in its work for the soldiers, one would want Rebecca West or Dorothy Rich-
has naturally been led to think of the future ap ardson or James Joyce in much larger doses. Their
plicability of this work to civilians. As long as a
highly charged imaginations, their originality of
surplus labor supply exists as the margin of poor
emphasis, their precision of phrase and modeling
economic adjustment between production and de- produce all the artistic impression they want in
mand for goods, it is almost inevitable that the in-
small compass. Ulysses is revealing a Joyce who
jured workman will be cast aside, or at best given already needs to be curtailed. The suppression of
the not wholly satisfying benefits of a Workman's The Rainbow saved D. H. Lawrence from the re-
Compensation Act—not wholly satisfying, that is, proach of a vast surfeit of novelistic richness. In
because in the long run the average human being On The Stairs Mr. Fuller succeeded at the brevity
prefers earning his livelihood to being supported. he has long preached, though it may be an arguable
But under the pressure of war necessity for high pro-
question whether that novel improves on the terse
duction and the shortage of labor consequent upon
histories of Lines Long and Short. What happens
the draft, even a man with a major disability is
to a novelist when he tries to increase his subtlety,
worth an attempt at industrial salvage. It is hoped
his brilliance, and his length all at the same time is
that the reconstruction period will see no let-down
shown in Henry James. Brevity is a tribute to in-
in the present demand for every ounce of our indus- telligence, and must be judged by its fruits.
trial and productive strength. If this hope material-
izes, the civilian worker may confidently look for- The Dial for November 16 INCLUDED A COM-
ward to gaining one fortunate by-product from the munication from Mr. H. L. Gantt entitled Idle-
war. The experience and knowledge acquired by mindedness and Reconstruction, in which the word
the work of vocational educators for disabled soldiers “idle-mindedness" was a misunderstanding of the
will be increasingly put at the disposal of civilian manuscript. It should have read "idleness," both in
employers and increasingly utilized by them. Under the title and in the text.


500
November 30
THE DIAL
Foreign Comment
publicists can safely rely as genuine.") Under date
of September 30 the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeit-
A CURIOUS Choice
ung says of them:
Out of the same manufactory of forged documents the
Edgar Sisson, who was instrumental in having latest efforts of Entente propaganda have obviously ema-
published in this country the famous "Sisson Docu nated. But in spite of the unfortunate experiences con-
ments," which purported to show the financial help nected with the earlier revelations, not enough has been
given by the German militarists to the Russian Bol-
learnt for the production of really misleading and plausi-
ble bits of work. Documents, circulars, decrees are found,
sheviki, is to head the official press mission which is which people with even the most superficial knowledge
to accompany the American Peace Delegation to of German affairs would at once perceive had been forged
Paris. We call the choice curious, for inasmuch as
by an amateur. In America, where amongst wide
it has been the French radical and Socialist press
circles of people there is absolutely no knowledge of Eu-
ropean affairs, and where anything can be offered to the
which has been President Wilson's most consistent public at large, perhaps "revelations” of this kind may be
supporter-as has also been the case in other Allied believed to be genuine. It is less intelligible for us that
European peoples can allow such nonsense to be put be-
countries—it was to have been expected that the man
fore them. Perhaps all the documents form part
chosen for head of the press mission would be one of the material the publication of which as “discovered
who could at least command the confidence of that documents” was to have taken place after the overthrow
press. Mr. Sisson does not command it. For in- /of the Soviet Government, as is shown by the disclosures
connected with the subversive intrigues of the English
stance, Le Populaire, which has consistently fought diplomat, Lockhart, and his colleagues. Lockhart's enter-
for President Wilson's policies against the Clerical prise failed; but it would have nevertheless been a pity
if the industry devoted to the manufacture of the docu-
and reactionary press, does not believe in the authen-
ments had been in vain!
However, we venture
ticity of the documents for which Mr. Sisson stands
to hope that the author of these archives will have
sponsor. Will it be likely now to have confidence attained greater skill before his next forgeries, for our
in him? Under the title False Documents, Fabri-
barbarism does not prevent us from feeling sincere sym-
pathy with him in his exposure as a laughing-stock.
cated in America Against the Bolsheviks, Le Popu-
laire of October 11 quotes a telegram from the
Italian Avanti:
Communications
The Nouvelles de Russie contains today the amusing
story of the documents which Mr. Sisson bought in Russia,
SHOULD POETS STARVE?
and which were published at Washington, with the object
of proving that the Bolshevists were in league with the
Sir: A charming patroness of poetry, herself a
Germans. Last March, Colonel Robins, representative of
poetess of charm, complains of the wages of poets-
the American Red Cross in Russia, warned Radek, repre wages which at present, she says, force them to “face
sentative of the Commissary of Foreign Affairs in Petro the grim 'alternative of starving or getting an en-
grad, that Mr. Sisson had bought from the counter-
revolutionaries, for the price of a hundred thousand
grossing and art destroying job.” And she suggests
roubles, certain documents that gave Colonel Robins the 'cases of poignant suffering caused by this condition
impression that they came from a lunatic asylum. Robins –suffering which, far from enriching the poet's art,
told the same story to Arthur Rensen (Ransome ?), cor tends to stifle it altogether."
respondent of The Daily News. Some days after, Robins
related jestingly that Sisson had, at a dead loss, paid a
The lady knows vastly more about poets and
hundred thousand roubles for what he could now get for
poetry than I. Nevertheless I can vouch for the
a penny, these documents being published at the current accuracy of her information as to the wages of poets,
date by the Petit Parisien. Again in March, the informer, for I have received my two, or five, or eight dollars
Sisson, telegraphed these documents to President Wilson;
but, up till then, nobody had dared to publish them. They
for verses: save the mark! an editor once sent me a
now thought the political situation opportune for their
check for seventy-five cents. Truly, the laborer
publication. The Nouvelles de Russie concludes by de who keenly appreciates that he is worthy of his hire
claring that the person who published the documents is will do well to stick to potatoes, or coal, or “best
evidently. speculating on the impossibility, for the reader, sellers,” or some other staple for which the com-
of verifying their authenticity. As soon as we receive
these documents from Moscow, we shall show by concrete
mercial demand is more vigorous than for the soul
examples that Mr. Sisson is a base imposter. We are
of beauty embodied in enduring verse.
convinced that Colonel Robins will consider it his duty My purpose is not to question the fact, but to ask
as a gentleman to confirm our assertion.
whether the complaint arising from it is pertinent.
The German press, which might naturally be ex Will poetry itself be advanced if we provide for a
pected to deny the authenticity of the documents, is race of sleek and purring poets ? Shall we perhaps
more amused than angry at Mr. Sisson. (Inciden- do better to let our poets starve?
compel
tally, the Committee of Inquiry appointed by Mr. them, for instance, before they are admitted to true
Creel to examine into the authenticity of the docu- poethood, to undergo the pangs of virtuous hunger
ments cannot stomach the two important German and to look upon the wolf when his teeth are sharp?
notes in the collection. It says in its guarded official Far be it from me to venture a dogmatic yes! or
way: "We do not think them to be, in their present no! Arnold Bennett, literature's efficiency expert,
shape, documents on whose entire text historians or in a well-read passage says:


1918
501
THE DIAL
When he (the author] lays down the pen he ought to bear the same relation to the governments interested
become a merchant, for the mere reason that he has an in the bank as our Federal Reserve notes bear to
article to sell, and the more skilfully he sells it the better
will be the result, not only for the public appreciation of
our government, and to be issued against endorsed
his message, but for himself as a private individual and obligations of any government in the League of
as an artist with further activities in front of him. Nations.
But Schopenhauer, grimly caustic as always, reminds The offering of this suggestion is due to the fact
us of the Spanish proverb honray provecho no caben
that it is the writer's belief that the establishment
en un saco in support of his thesis that
of such a bank would immediately secure one of the
inestimable advantages to be derived from a League
every author degenerates as soon as he begins to put pen
to paper in any way for the sake of gain. The best works
of Nations; and with such harmony existing in the
of the greatest men all come from the time when they had ideas of Premier Lloyd George and our President
to write for nothing or for very little.
as to a League of Nations, it would seem that such
Yet Shakespeare somehow managed to wax well-to-
a bank could be immediately incorporated by the
do through the poetry of imperishable drama.
governments of Great Britain and the United States.
Is the question of the poet's material reward Among some of the benefits suggested to be de-
really vital? Is the poet whose thoughts and verses
rived from the establishment of such a bank are:
are worthy to survive, cognizant in the fine frenzy prevention of immediate deflation, disposition of
of composition of his coal bin, whether it be empty;
international obligations, release of banking facilities
or of his belly, whether it be full? Can hardship for use in the commercial world, the creation of an
any more than prosperity, stifle or stimulate genius? international currency.
Lord Byron never knew the meaning of want.
The writer is in business and business has been
Meredith scarcely knew the lack of it. Would the immediately adversely affected by the cessation of
quality of either man's work have been essentially
hostilities.
I. C. BLANDY.
different if he had been differently circumstanced ?
The lady whom I have quoted has herself done
Greenwich, New York.
much to keep us in mind of Whitman's line "To
have great poets there must be great audiences too"
THE LENGTH OF THE NOVEL
-an economic, or if you please, psychological fact,
Sir: Mr. Shanks' letter about the novel seems
which the potato merchant may paraphrase with his
"To have great potato merchants there must be great
to be rather British. One gets the old Anglo-Saxon
restiveness under form and proportion, the old
potato eaters too."
If we have great audiences, is it unlikely that our
Anglo-Saxon resentment over a disciplined work of
art.
poets shall have great rewards? And in the mean
Of course there are other considerations. It
time, are we likely to find ourselves the gainers by
may be that there still exists, after all, more leisure,
creating artificial, uneconomic stimuli?
by
more capacity for retirement into the void, than we
seating our poets in easy chairs and saying, as it
realize. And it may well be that when a man pays
were: “Go to! we have provided that you shall have
his six shillings or more for a novel, he wants his
your lunch and dinner and breakfast without fail,
full measure of words. Of course it is fine and
and your cigarettes and carriage when you want
necessary to "rationalize and substantiate" the "high
them: do you make yourself comfortable and
moments” by "setting them against a detailed back-
straightway write immortal verse!"
ground”; yet selection and compression should play
their part. The novelist may often ask, properly
Neil M. CLARK.
Winnetka, Illinois.
enough, not, "How much can I put in?" but, "How
much can I leave out?”
AN OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT
The question really becomes, in general, this:
Shall one plunge into the jungle or the ocean, sur-
Hon. Joseph P. Tumulty,
rounding himself by a vast and vague environment;
Secretary to the President,
or shall one select a detached bit of the universe and
Washington, D. C.
himself surround and master it? The French
Dear Sir: May I ask you to call to the Presi- chooses the latter course; the English mind,
mind, product of a long, well-lighted civility, usually
more
dent's attention the following suggestion as a method recently emerged from the dusky woods, still prefers
of meeting after war conditions?
That an International Reserve Bank be incor- criterion-a man whose work is without peculiarities
the former. I regard Turgenev as the novelists'
porated along the lines of our Federal Reserve Bank,
or excesses, and who brings abundant material from
the bank to be controlled by the nations joining the
the fresh and fruitful wilds of the North to fabricate
League of Nations. The bank to have power to
it calmly under the time-tried exacting canons of
issue notes: said notes to be guaranteed jointly and long established and classically disciplined art-prac-
severally by the governments controlling the bank. tice in Paris.
The bank's operation to be confined solely to busi-
HENRY B. FULLER.
ness of an international character and its notes to Chicago.
.


502
November 30
THE DIAL
1
Notes on New Books
and of how his observation of the French has con-
vinced him of the importance of educating women.
SHAVINGS. By Joseph C. Lincoln. Apple-
Through all their accounts of other things, the war
ton; $1.50.
echoes like the throb of distant drums. For quiet
To borrow a rural and somewhat agrarian figure,
effectiveness nothing in Kipling's earlier work excels
the incident of the Indian soldiers who took the
here is a great deal of shuck but mighty little nub-
rosary of a French child, blown to pieces by a shell
bin. Mr. Lincoln has committed himself to the
as she tended her grandfather's cow, and exacted
belief that wherever two or three old men are gath-
ered together in a spirit of garrulousness, there is a mingle as naturally as the Book of Judges mingles
one German life for each bead. Pathos, and humor
novel. And having struck a profitable vein in the
savagery and sublimity; everywhere are shrewd
depicting of gentle, talkative Cape Cod folk, he
flashes of description and characterization.
seems to have settled down with no apparent desire
to vary the ingredients. Reading Shavings you get
THE TITLE: A Play. By Arnold Bennett.
the same impression that you do in those homes
Doran; $1.
where the practice of laying straw beneath the car-
pet still prevails: you are continually aware of the Mr. Bennett gives the impression of being able to
padding. More than that, you are continually con go on a lark with more tenacity and purposeful-
scious of the mechanism of mellowness. Mr. Lin ness than any other contemporary writer. He is
coln's old men strive for their thin humorous sallies relentless in his versatility—and successful. Most
with the unquenchable determination of college wits writers have to be told to abide their particular
who have a reputation to maintain. They meander genre, but what can be done with an author who is
and chuckle and spin philosophy and emit figures of equally popular with a serious trilogy, a light novel,
speech—not so much for the purposes of the novel philosophy, political speculation (although, we be-
as for the purposes of the novelist. The puppet- lieve, The New York Times reproached him here
strings are poorly concealed. Shavings may be un for abandoning his proper metier), a travel book,
hesitatingly commended only to those who enjoy a and plays? It is not exactly a case of preference
sustained, wholesome, and altogether conscious either. When Mr. Bennett does shake off the Bal-
drawl.
zacian mud of the Five Towns, he does it so de-
terminedly and whole-heartedly that he fairly wins
THE EYES OF Asia. By Rudyard Kipling.
the right to soar with wings, if he chooses. Yet he
Doubleday, Page ; $1.
does not so much choose a literary form as assimi-
late it. And if in The Title the wings are a bit
To say that a book has Rudyard Kipling's name
on its title page is to say that it is well written. No fragile, and if what should have been a capital high
comedy turns out to be only a capital high farce,
time need be spent on discussions of style; all that is
Mr. Bennett himself never makes the mistake of
required is a brief statement of its subject matter.
confusing his mood or shifting his tempo. He warns
The Eyes of Asia is Mr. Kipling's latest develop- the players in his introductory note: “This comedy
ment of the vein which he first touched in his cock-
has to be played lightly throughout, in the comic
sure youth, when he wrote In Black and White, and
to which he has subsequently returned once or twice spirit.” This has a rather solemn ring to it, and
on the whole it is a little grandiose, for if literary
with deeper insight, notably with In the Presence-
distinctions have any meaning at all The Title
the vein, that is, of the Indian tale, not told ob-
must be called a farce and not a comedy. We have
jectively or from the white man's point of view, but
implied that it should have been the latter, and the
through the eyes of the natives themselves. It is as
author himself is to blame for this reproach. There
if Mahbub Ali had told the story of Kim. In the
Presence was a Sikh soldier's account of King Ed- play, and we wish that they didn't have to be ex-
are some very fetching and jolly characters in the
ward's funeral; this latest little volume shows us
the present war as seen by Indian soldiers who have other words, if Mr. Bennett were not so devilishly
the present war as seen by Indian soldiers who have ploited by so ingenious and amusing a fable. In
served in France. A crippled Rajput, decorated for
heroism in action, writes to a friend his impressions
clever in devising his plot, he might spend more time
of the English and the war; an Amritsar Sikh dic-
on some of his characters. But from the salable
point of view—and Mr. Bennett is shrewd in such
tates (with delightful side remarks to the Sahib things—the plot is too good to lose. It is the story
who acts as his amanuensis) a letter to his farmer of Mr. Culver's vain attempt to refuse a title in the
brother, telling of the French people and their nobility, offered by a grateful English Government.
methods of agriculture; an Afghan family beyond Mrs. Culver is all for accepting it; his boy just
the Border receives a letter from the eldest son, down from school swears that his father's accepting
mingling impressions of France with minute advice the title will ruin his political future; his daughter
as to the conduct of a blood feud; and a homesick is a bantering opportunist.
Mussulman of the Punjab writes to his mother of Culver has a rather bad time of it, much to the
what he has learned about the value of sanitation, audience's delight (The Title is being played in


1918
503
THE DIAL
אורים
ותמים
LVX ET
VERITAS
THE HISTORY OF HENRY
FIELDING
By Wilbur L. Cross, Ph.D.
The first adequate biography ever written of the
greatest English novelist. Mr. Cross here gives
from fresh sources a brilliant and definitive ac-
count of Fielding's literary career. 3 volumes,
cloth, photogravures and facsimiles, $15.00.
DUTCH LANDSCAPE ETCHERS OF
THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
By William Aspenwall Bradley
Describes completely, for the first time in Eng-
lish, the development of an art in which the
Dutch were real pioneers and displayed their
ability as etchers to the greatest advantage.
Cloth, illustrated, $1.50.
THE FORGOTTEN MAN
and Other Essays
By William Graham Sumner, LL.D.
Edited by Albert Galloway Keller, Ph.D.
The fourth and last volume of Sumner's col-
lected essays, containing chapters on the philos-
ophy of strikes, tariff reform, American ships,
the coöperative commonwealth, and other eco-
nomic subjects. Cloth, $2.50. Complete set of
4 volumes, $10.00.
GEORGES GUYNEMER
Knight of the Air
By Henry Bordeaux
TRANSLATED BY LOUISE MORGAN SILL
INTRODUCTION BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT
"We shall have many more tributes to Guy-
nemer. We may have none more true and touch-
ing than this."—New York Tribune. "Henry
Bordeaux tells the story with infinite charm and
tenderness.”—Christopher Morley in the Phila-
delphia Evening Ledger. Bound in horizon blue,
gilt top, illustrated, $1.60.
RELIGION AND THE WAR
By Members of the Faculty of the Yale
School of Religion. Edited by E. Hershey
Sneath, Ph.D., LL.D.
In order to combat the widespread German
theological propaganda and aid in maintaining
our ideals and morale, the case of the Christian
attitude in the war and in reconstruction is vig-
orously stated here. Cloth finish boards, $1.00.
A GRAY DREAM AND OTHER
STORIES OF NEW ENGLAND LIFE
By Laura Wolcott
Stories of meager, unknown lives, hidden away
among the New England hills, and of childhood
days in 1830, written by one who knew New Eng-
land and shared its life for more than eighty
years. Cloth, $2.25.
A CENTURY OF SCIENCE IN
AMERICA
With Special Reference to the American Journal
of Science, 1818-1918
EDITED BY EDWARD SALISBURY DANA, Ph.D.
Issued as a memorial of the centennial of the
American Journal of Science, this volume con-
tains the Silliman Lectures delivered at Yale Uni-
versity in 1918 as well as other chapters on the
progress made since 1818 in the various branches
of science. Cloth, illustrated, $4.00.
OUR MANY-SIDED NAVY
By Robert W. Neeser
"Not only is he a close student of, and an
acknowledged authority on, naval affairs,
what he tells us is based on personal experience
and observation. . . . Copiously illustrated
and written in a familiar yet engaging style.”—
The Nation. (Second Printing.) Cloth, $3.00.
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
120 College Street, New Haven, Conn.
280 Madison Avenue, New York City
When writing to advertisers please mention Tu DIAL.


504
30
THE DIAL
November
London with great success). · Of course the oppor- improve the text. Francis Watt is an accomplished
tunities are frequent for poking fun at the whole antiquarian—at least an accomplished virtuoso; but
system of honors, at the Government, and at snobs in this volume he is more a pedant than a humanist,
in general, and of course Mr. Bennett makes the despite his earnest attempts to be the latter ex-
most of them. They are good-natured and have clusively.
no barbed malice in them: indeed, we understand
that the British Government has bought large num Six RED MONTHS IN RUSSIA. By Louise
bers of the play in its book form and has distributed Bryant. Doran; $2.
them to the various camps for the amusement of the
If Miss Bryant is a journalist who wears her
soldiers. Thus does a liberal Government subsidize
heart on her sleeve, and if her book, Six Red Months
attacks upon itself! Yet we could have done with in Russia, is a somewhat sketchy and not too well
out many of the epigrams (“Only the simple-minded written volume, it has the virtues of its defects-a
believe that honours are given to honour. Honours
are given to save the life of the Government. Hence youthful eagerness and zest and a boundless faith
in the Revolution. The author is honestly and
the Honours list.") to have had more of Mrs. Cul- frankly a pleader for the Bolsheviki, whom she re-
ver. Perhaps Mr. Bennett will put her into a new
gards as composing the one political party in Russia
play. If he does, and if it is the Mrs. Culver we
which has the support of the great mass of the Rus-
know in The Title, our author will have to try his sian people. This partisanship, fortunately, does not
hand at still another genre. For Mr. Culver mitigate her reporter's gift for accurate observation,
properly can move and have her being only in the and her book is exceedingly valuable as a straight
milieu of Barrie whimsicality. We hope Mr. Ben- record of fact. When one surveys the amount of
nett will attempt it. For then certainly he would
mean-spirited and lopsided special pleading that
have achieved the ultimate in literary flexibility, has been brought forward against the Bolsheviki in
Meanwhile only a very mean-spirited critic would
the guise of "objective” books, Miss Bryant's vol-
deny that The Title is great fun.
ume, even had it no intrinsic merits (and it most
certainly has), would come as a healthy and much
CANTERBURY PILGRIMS AND THEIR WAYS. needed corrective. The almost naive enthusiasm
By Francis Watt. Dodd, Mead; $3.50.
and freshness of her approach is a welcome contrast
The title of this rather pretentious book is mis-
to the conventional kind of muddy vituperation.
leading: one expects to find in it a more or less com-
After all, the first essential for understanding a
prehensive account of the customs, habits, and cir- situation, as for beginning an argument, is to be fair
cumstances surrounding the medieval pilgrimage to one's opponent. If Miss Bryant stands up so
to the tomb of Saint Thomas à Becket, last Catholic straight in being fair to the Bolsheviki that she
martyr of England. There are, to be sure, chapters slightly leans over backward, her volume as a
which acquaint the reader with some of these cus-
whole has a more honest and downright qualitỹ than
toms, and scattered here and there are curious facts has any recent book on her subject. She lived
which help to illumine the England of Chaucer. through the weeks before, during, and after the
The first four chapters are devoted to an account of Bolsheviki uprising against the Kerensky regime
the brilliant and stubborn prelate whose assassina- lived through, that is, literally, and not by clinging
tion at Canterbury by certain hot-blooded favorites
timorously to the American Red Cross and Em-
of Henry II gave the Catholic Church an oppor-
bassy. She risked her life; she interviewed the
tunity to prolong its fast-loosening hold in England. organizers and leaders personally; she was on the
“inside” of every movement; she saw from the eyes
People who are fond of taking history in small and
of the people themselves. Here her original ro-
leisurely doses will enjoy this part of the book, as
mantic sympathy enabled her to see the facts as a
they will also the chapters on Chaucer, on Canter-
more cold blooded observer could never have suc-
bury and the Cathedral. Most of the volume how- ceeding in doing. For the Bolsheviki uprising was
ever is given over to retracing, with an exactitude essentially a great proletarian adventure, and only
that is frequently tiresome, the various roads and those who do not inwardly shudder when they come
towns favored of old by those who made of Canter- into intimate contact with grimy realities, only those
bury an English Mecca. The author knows his who can see the bloom of genuine aspiration beneath
subject thoroughly: every stick and stone, shrine and the dirt of violence and confusion are adequately
well is noted, its history told with unction and relish. equipped to interpret, or even fairly to observe, a
But it is the kind of knowledge that sits best in the new kind of mass and social overturn. The most
brain of a scholarly guide who might be conducting impartial of reporters cannot, when all is said and
a party in person through the region: in a book done, escape the bias of their own temperament: the
most of whose readers have never been and can point of importance here is that Miss Bryant's bias
never hope to be within thousands of miles of Can- is in the right direction. Six Red Months in Russia
terbury this knowledge is not only confusing, it is is a book one does not recommend merely for its
positively distressing; nor does the absence of maps own sake-in spite of the hasty writing, there are


1918
505
THE DIAL
The Boreham Cult is Growing.
Join his American Readers.
ESSAYS BY F. W. BOREHAM
THE SILVER SHADOW
F. W. Boreham touches nothing which he does not adorn with the sparkling brightness of a Fourth
of July Roman candle. His books of essays have already won for him a wide popularity in England
and he is rapidly being discovered in America.
THE GOLDEN MILESTONE
One reviewer said of Boreham's essays: “Australia seems to some of us over the edge of the hori,
zon, outside of the world wherein we live, and for such a book to come out of that far-away and
unknown land, singing and flashing its way into our hearts, bringing quaint conceits, genuine wis-
dom, and stimulating ideas, almost takes our breath away.'
THE LUGGAGE OF LIFE
There is a quaint humor that always plays about the horizon of Boreham's thought like heat light-
ning. You had better read him aloud, for if you don't the family will keep interrupting you all the
while to ask what the joke is. If you have a confirmed taste for human nature and like to look on
it through lenses of humor and sympathy-get acquainted with Mr. Boreham.
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE HILL
AND HOME AGAIN
Of one of the Boreham books the London Quarterly Review said: “A most suggestible person is this
Tasmanian essayist. To him every event and object is suggestive: wherever his glance strikes it
ricochets to something else. His eye is like the poet's, which sees a poem hanging on the berry
bush; like Shakespeare's, to which the whole street is a masquerade when he passes by. An expert
deriver of thoughts from things and illustrator of ideas by things is Boreham. He has the gift of
Vision."
12mo. Cloth binding.
PER VOLUME, NET, $1.26, POSTPAID.
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506
November 30
THE DIAL
some very moving and poignant passages of impres- less after infinite labor Hale's personality and
sionistic description—but on much stronger grounds. achievement do manage to loom through the ham-
When so great a decision for our own and the pering mists. In the end we see him clearly as an
world's future as that involved in answering the engaging combination of the individualist and the
question whether we shall cooperate with or fight socially minded feeler and thinker. Deeply interested
Soviet Russia is hanging in the balance, it is our duty in his ancestry, he must have felt that he was quite
to obtain all the material possible for making a fair unlike the folk he dealt with most of the time, de-
judgment. Americans owe it to themselves, after spite his spiritual kinship with all men. Schools he
the deluge of misinformation about Russia in the disliked, as a boy, because they imposed upon the
daily press, to read a book which presents the other individual, and he was educated at home, in the John
side of the case. Miss Bryant presents the other Stuart Mill fashion. Later, when preparing for the
side clearly and dramatically.
ministry, he insisted again on private study. On the
other hand he developed early a social interpretation
The OREGON MISSIONS. By James W. Bash-
of the function of the Church not in his day so com-
ford. Abingdon Press; $1.25.
mon as now; and he became, as survivors of his gen-
This is a carefully written history of the winning in manifold public affairs in Boston and the nation,
eration very well remember, a public figure, active
of the Oregon Country; its author seeks to chronicle
rather than a parochially-minded pastor. The South
the just share of this romantic venture falling to
Church offered in those days an excellent oppor-
each protagonist in those far off 54-40 or Fight” tunity for a churchman of his views. At bottom he
days. It is a subject many historians have treated
with opinions so diverse as to amount to recrimina- parish extended to the general public. He was not
was a gentle, great-hearted, wise minister, whose
tions. Most are coming to agree that in the early,
fundamentally a writer, despite the fact that he be-
warped perspective altogether too much significance
gan to publish at the age of fifteen and kept on pub-
was attached to Dr. Whitman's romantic ride.
Bishop Bashford finds that many historians have
lishing abundantly all his life. He was, indeed,
underestimated, and in some cases depreciated, the
rather disturbed that “when a man has worked sixty
work of the Methodist pioneer, Jason Lee. 'Says years in the hope of bringing in the Kingdom
his preface:
still nineteen persons out of twenty should think of
him as the author of one, two, or three stories."
It is due to Methodism that one of her greatest heroes Regarding the inception of his most famous story,
should be reclaimed from the unfair estimate in which
A Man Without a Country, Professor Hale has
Bancroft's portrayal leaves him and placed before the
world in his true proportions.
little to report that is new. The two large volumes
Hence the motivus scribendi—to aureate Lee. It
are beautifully printed and illustrated.
is greatly to the credit of the Bishop that he does
not do so at the expense of others, except that he
OUR HUMBLE HELPERS. By Jean Henri
allows Whitman's fading ghost about fifty per cent
Fabre. Century; $2.
meed, for which he has ample historical support.
THE HUMAN SIDE OF ANIMALS. By Royal
When we have apotheosized a Methodist, a Baptist,
Dixon. Stokes; $1.75.
or any other “ist” in these days when we are trying FAMOUS PICTURES OF REAL ANIMALS. By
to think of men as citizens instead of as denomina Lorinda Munson Bryant. Lane; $1.50.
tional appanages, we have still to face the fact that
Jason Lee used bad judgment and alienated himself
Assuming that animals are as "human” as Mr.
Dixon thinks they are, and assuming that their role
from those early settlers who should have recognized
in art is justification for such a book as Mrs.
his greatness of personality and followed his leader-
Bryant's, we still believe that they would prefer
ship.
rather to be interpreted as the French naturalist in-
terprets them than by the somewhat oblique methods
THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF EDWARD EVERETT
of the other two writers. For Fabre dignifies his
HALE. By Edward E. Hale, Jr., 2 vols.
material by the simplicity of his story, but the others
Little, Brown; $5.
are willing to belittle their material for an ulterior
The life is swallowed up by the letters in The purpose. Dixon, in particular, conceives nature as
Life and Letters of Edward Everett Hale. In the a peg for his moral.
case of an outwardly uneventful--and inwardly not The volume of the Frenchman, though intended
highly eventful—life like Hale's, it is surely best to primarily for young people, may well recruit many
separate the journals, letters, and so on from the run- , of its readers from grown-up ranks. It will per-
ning narrative and commentary. If the letters are haps add nothing to the luster of the naturalist's
not separated, at least they should be carefully win- fame, but its wealth of material and insight insure
nowed; but Professor Hale piously errs on the side its value. Barnyards will never be the same to one
of inclusion. When biographers learn measure, then who has turned through its pages. Fabre lends dis-
indeed shall the world be a queer place. Neverthe- tinction to the lowly hen, and can even intrigue one


1918
507
THE DIAL
Books of Timely Interest
IMPORTANT NEW BOOKS for READING and GIVING
the glorious adventures of
tyl ulenspiegel
By Charles De Coster
This book, called by Camille Lemmonier. “The Bible of the
Flemings, is an epic, novel of the Flemish race during the
Sixteenth Century, when Belgium was suffering the yoke of
Spain very much as she has been suffering the yoke of
Germany. The hero, Tyl Ulenspiegel, is a hero of the
people, a type of the inexhaustible democracy of the Flemrish
race which is immortal through continual betrayal. Tyl
journeys about Flanders with the verve and boisterous
humor of a character from Rabelais, but there is also a
tender side to his character, and his true love for the_maiden
Nele makes a delightful idyll of youth. Among Belgians
the author has achieved a reputation as being the writer of
the national epic of Flanders, and the closing passages of
the book, though written some forty or fifty years ago, read
as though they might have been produced by some exiled
Belgian patriot and visionary of today. Charmingly illus-
trated from 16 full-page woodcuts by Albert Delstanche.
$2.50 net
the man with the
club foot
By Valentine Williams
The tale of an Allied soldier's daring invasion of the enemy's
country and his fight against the German spy system led by
its evil genius, the man with the club foot. "If you ever
had your doubts as to what was meant, precisely, by the
adjective ‘gripping, read 'The Man with the Club Foot'
Gripping means that your hair rises on end at
the first chapter and does not subside until the tale is done."
--Philadelphia Public Ledger.
$1.50 net
the islandorintrigue
IMPRESSIONS OF THE KAISER By Dr. David Jane Hill
Doctor Hill knows the Kaiser as few Americans
have ever known him. During the years when he
represented this country at Berlin he was in al-
most daily contact with either the Kaiser himself
or his ministers. And beyond this he has a full
and scholarly knowledge of the background
against which the world's greatest tragedy is now
being enacted. To denounce any man, however
evil he may be, is often as ineffecive as it is easy.
To let that man reveal himself through his own
acts and words, is the worthi and more con-
vincing method of showing him to the world as
he really is. This is what Doctor Hill has done
in these pages. No man ever had so great an
opportunity as the Kaiser. No man has ever
failed more completely in the realization of his
opportunity. That is the author's conclusion.
Illustrated. Regular 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
THE KAISER AS I KNOW HIM By Arthur N. Davis
"It is an illuminating and fascinating book Mr.
Davis has written, disclosing, as it were, by chats
'in the wings' the true character of the vain-
glorious protagonist of an evil drama.”—The New
York Times.
"For all his characterizations of the Kaiser and
the German people the author gives chapter and
verse of evidence, in a book which is so well
written as to be very pleasant reading and is
filled with timely interest from beginning to end."
-The New York Tribune. Illustrated. $2.00
THE WAR IN THE CRADLE OF THE WORLD
By Eleanor Franklin Egan
The author of this important and most timely
book is virtually the only civilian who has been
allowed to enter the British war zone in Meso-
potamia since the beginning of the military opera-
tions there. Traveling from Bombay she was
received at Basra by Major-General Sir George
MacMunn under whose protection she went up
the Tigris and followed with the aid of maps the
whole course of British operations. Arriving at
Bagdad the author became the guest of General
Maude, and was shown everything of importance
in that whole region. This visit terminated with
the tremendous tragedy of the death of General
Maude. Then followed two months in Mesopo-
tamia which are here described, giving details of
the country and the conditions under which the
British Expeditionary Force lived, worked and
fought Illustrated. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.00
FROM BERLIN TO BAGDAD By George A. Schreiner
“The author was a keen and discriminating ob-
server, and he has the precious faculty of not
merely describing in interesting fashion the things
that he saw, but also making clear their sig-
nificance. The volume is from beginning to
end of intense interest, and of high value, as a
straightforward, unvarnished record of events
and conditions in the East."—New York Tribune.
“He is always fascinating when he describes
events and experiences
a veteran corre-
spondent
nothing can feaze him."--The
N. Y. Evening Post.
Illustrated. $2.00
By Isabel Ostrander
No one who has read "Suspense" will need to be told that
this new novel by Isabel Ostrander is a mystery tale. А
lonely island-a gang of unscrupulous adventurers, an ap-
pealing hero and heroine-these the author has woven into
a story as thrilling, and as adventurous as the proverbial
Supreme Court judge could wish. First edition exhausted
on publication. Second edition on press. $1.50 net
nationality and government
By Alfred E. Zimmern,
Author of "The Greek Commonwealth."
This book written by a trained historian who is equally
opposed to Prussianism and to “self-determination" seeks to
restate the principles of the Allies and to apply them un-
shrinkingly to domestic and international problems. $3.00 net
government and the war
ambulance:
1
By Spenser Wilkinson
Essays upon the nature of war, the true pacifism, the funda-
mental bases of conflict with Germany, and other aspects of
what has been called the political strategy of the war.
$1.60 net
a captive on a behind the
german
wheel of a
raider
war
By F. G. Trayes
Dr. Trayes, formerly prin-
By Robert Whitney Imbrie
cipal of the Royal Normal
A picturesque and lively
chronicle of what one
College at Bangkok, was American saw and
did
a passenger on the steam-
while "ambulancing at the
front." Mr. Imbrie saw
ship, Hitachi Maru, which
service as an ambulancier
was captured by the Ger-
in France and in the
man Raider, Wolf. For
Balkans where he was
five months the passengers
decorated with the Croix
shared the varied fortunes de Guerre for distinguished
of their captors. The re-
service. His adventures
markable experiences of
were unusual and he tells
the author are here told
of them with rare charm
in simple and vivid and vivacity.
narrative. $1.25 net
Illustrated. $1.50 net
Send for "The 1918 Guide to Bookland"
Robert M. McBride & Co., Pablishers, Union Sq., New York
a
HARPER & BROS. Established 1817
NEW YORK
When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL.


508
November 30
THE DIAL
with a discussion of biddy's gizzard. As for dogs
As for dogs the dust of archives but that he knows the litera-
and cats, you find yourself reading about these ture of the country under discussion and realizes the
familiar domestics as though they dwelt thousands importance played by the pen as well as by the sword.
of miles from your fireside. With Fabre, facts Indeed he emphasizes particularly that importance
possess fascination sufficient to conjure with. and shows how much of the country's development
Dixon starts out with a thesis—"the existence of may be traced in the work of the various writers,
real mental and moral faculties among our four- especially the poets. Quoting from the play Patria,
footed friends”-and with this held ever in view, by the national poet Guerro Junqueiro, he asks his
he levels his lance at the word "instinct,” and hesi- British reader to imagine a British prophet of
tates at nothing. "Man delights in thinking of nationalism writing such an indictment as the fol-
himself as only a little lower than the angels," he lowing lines:
says. “Then why should he not consider the ani-
New worlds I sought, new spaces broad and long,
mals as only a little lower than himself?” Having But not the more to worship and be wise.
asked the question, he answers it, backing up his A cruel greed hurried my feet along,
contention with all manner of evidence. Even
The pride of conquest made my sword-arm strong
And lit the light of madness in my eyes.
newspaper claims are considered authentic corrobora-
I shall not wash the blood I then did spill,
tion. Before he finishes, he has given animals "a With tears of twice ten thousand centuries.
definite innate knowledge and desire to advance Especially is the book valuable for its extensive
educationally,” a “definite language,” a “surprising
treatment of Young Portugal—a rejuvenating spirit
knowledge of medical and sanitary laws," a soul and
that has been latent for centuries and that faces with
a future life. The Old Testament, he finds, con-
confidence the new Portugal which will emerge
tains "much stronger evidence to the immortality of
animals than it does to the immortality of man.
after the war. Vast problems of finance, illiteracy,
It must be conceded that Mr. Dixon has done hand- Young tells us in this book, the problems will be met
and religion are in store for it; and from what Mr.
somely by his clients: every S. P. C. A. should have
and solved.
a copy of his book.
It cannot be said that Mrs. Bryant started with
a fixed purpose so much as with a fixed routine.
THE QUEST OF THE FACE. By Stephen
Her object has been to assemble the paintings and
Graham. Macmillan ; $1.75.
sculpture of all ages in which animals appear. This The clue to this book is probably in the first line
is a queer thread upon which to string a book, but of the prefatory note: “The Quest of the Face was
the volume may beguile juvenile readers. Its effect my last writing before entering the army.” In a
upon one adult has been a sense of scurrying through series of beautiful word tableaux the author seeks to
a picture gallery in Toad Hall.
clothe before us that inarticulate yearning of every
human heart—the sweet-bitterness of the elusive
PORTUGAL, OLD AND YOUNG: An Historical something which everyone feels and no one defines.
Study. By George Young. Oxford Press; The book is as elusive as its subject matter, but this
$2.25.
of course is its very charm. The mystic quality of
If one wishes to know Portugal quickly and to
life takes an infinite number and diversity of shapes
know it well, especially with reference to the prin- and forms, but there is a unity through it all, and all
ciples that brought the nation into the war on the -the saint, the drunkard, the student, the beggar,
side of the Allies, he can do little better than read the artist, and St. Simeon Stylites—seek a face. The
Mr. Young's admirable book. The author's an vision of each resembles in spirit the face the artist
thology of Portuguese poetry revealed him as a beholds before the rhapsody of creating. “We are
highly sympathetic spirit capable of communicating all seeking a face. Some seek it desperately, others
his literary enthusiasm; this historical record shows seek it ever hopefully, some forget and remember
him in more sober light perhaps, but his intense
and forget and remember again..."
interest in his subject is no less contagious. For-
merly secretary of the British Legation in Portugal,
SIMPLE Souls. By John Hastings Turner.
he was admirably situated for the proper pursuit of
Scribner; $1.35.
his studies, and it is plainly evident from his results
that the work was done with fervor. First of all With democracy loose in the world of fiction one
Mr. Young writes with a style that carries the can imagine with what apprehension the peerage
reader along with very little effort from page to page
must regard literary Bolshevism. Every duke is
and from age to age. He has a keen eye for national certainly destined to a cockney bride! But if ro-
foibles and virtues; he has a sense of humor; a sense
mantic after-the-war adjustments are made with
too of alliteration that at times forces the reader the originality displayed by Mr. Turner in Simple
to divert his attention from the historical narrative Souls, neither peerage nor public will complain. It
and comment mentally upon the writer's verbal vir is too much to ask any reader to take our word that
tuosity. The author moreover is not so laden with there is any further originality in the story of a


1918
509
THE DIAL
The General Education Board
SONNICA
By VICENTE BLASCO IBANEZ
(Authorized translation by Frances Douglas)
An historical novel of great power of the Siege
of Saguntum, by the author of "THE FOUR
HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE.”
“Brilliantly drawn, with sure touch and an
abundant, even an amazing, knowledge, admirably
constructed, full of color and movement, rich in
contrasts, rich, above all, in that effect of reality
which belongs only to the best among historical
novels, this translation from the works of the
noted Spanish writer, Ibanez, is a very unusual
book."--New York Times.
$ 1.35 net.
Tin Cowrie Dass
By HENRY M. RIDEOUT, author of "Far Cry,”
"Key of the Fields,” etc.
A dramatic story of the lost heir to an obscure
East Indian kingdom. A story that is sure to
satisfy the most demanding lover of good mystery
and adventure.
$1.25 net.
61 Broadway, New York City
announces the publication of the
SURVEY OF THE GARY SCHOOLS
in eight parts, as follows:
The Gary Schools : A General Account
By Abraham Flexner and Frank P. Bachman
207 pages and appendix-25 cents
Organization and Administration
George D. Strayer and Frank P. Bachman
128 pages and appendix—15 cents
Costs
Frank P. Bachman and Ralph Bowman
82 pages and appendix-25 cents
Industrial Work .
Charles R. Richards
122 pages and appendix—25 cents
Household Arts
Eva W. White
49 pages-10 cents
Physical Training and Play
Lee F. Hanmer
34 pages-10 cents
Science Teaching
Otis W. Caldwell
About 75, pages and appendix--10 cents
Measurement of Classroom Products
Stuart A. Courtis
About 350 pages and appendix-30 cents
The first part will be issued about November 20;
the remaining parts in succession at brief inter-
vals. Any part will be sent postpaid on receipt
of the amount above specified.
Africa and the War
By BENJAMIN BRAWLEY
This intensely alive volume discusses the over-
whelming importance of Africa in the war settle-
ment, and the direct bearing of this upon the
present questions affecting the Negro in the
United States. The author speaks a pertinent
word about the tremendous economic importance
of the disposition of the German African colonies.
$1.00 net.
Old Glory and Verdun
The Society of Friends
(QUAKERS)
By ELIZABETH FRAZER
This book consists of the most interesting and
vivid experiences of Miss Frazer's work with The
American Red Cross right up to the front lines
on the Western Front; also her narrative with
the saviour of VERDUN on that famous battle-
field who, with his heroic resistance, withstood
the frantic onslaught of the Huns. Miss Frazer
also describes her experiences with the Americans
and French during the critical and glorious mo-
ments at Château Thierry.
$1.50 net..
Rush-Light Stories
By MAUD CHAPIN
These stories are unusual and charming in style.
They have the atmosphere of many of the French
classics. Frontispiece in four colors. $1.35 net.
BOOKS at:-144 East 20th Street, New
York; Friends Book Store, Rich-
mond, Ind.
SCHOOLS at:-Union Springs, N. Y.;
George School, Pa.; Vassalboro,
Me.; Spiceland, Ind.; Plainfield,
Ind.
COLLEGES at: -Haverford, Pa.; Guilford
College, N. C.; Wilmington, Ohio;
Earlham, Ind.; Oskaloosa, lowa;
Wichita, Kans.; Central City, Neb.;
Newberg, Ore.; Whittier, Calif.
DUFFIELD AND COMPANY
211 WEST 33-ST NEW YORK
Information at Mt. Kisco, N. Y.
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510
November 30
THE DIAL
duke and a shop-girl. We were ourselves pro Dostoevsky's stories—with her unrepressed affec-
foundly skeptical. At first we read because of the tion and her fresh intelligence. No one knows
.whimsicality of a duke's discussing dreams with a better than Dostoevsky the tortured labyrinths of
waif in the Zoo. When the young woman declared wounded amour propre. In Notes from Under-
that she preferred silly books; that "good books ground he traces the sufferings of a sensitive youth
don't seem human"; that she liked "books where as he turns this way and that, through spitefulness,
people love each other ridiculously, and do foolish, hatred, exalted feeling, human friendliness, as his
romantic things they'd get six months for”
relentless ego chases him through an environment
the human response was too strong. We accepted in which he can never feel power. The scene with
Molly in spite of preconceived prejudice. If the the young prostitute is a remarkable piece of in-
reader will take our advice he will straightway look sight. The rest of the stories are infinitely pathetic.
up Molly and her duke and follow their romance. A Faint Heart portrays a weak youth who cannot
Mr. Turner has those qualities which characterize endure the happiness of betrothal. The last story-
both Locke and Snaith at their rare best; Simple Mr. Prohartchin—is concerned simply with the ill-
Souls is a brilliant first book.
ness and death of a poor, worthless old man, in a
sordid boarding house, surrounded by his uncompre-
THE MADMAN. By Kahlil Gibran. Knopf; hending fellow lodgers. Yet in its way the story
$1.25.
is as extraordinary as Romains' The Death of a
Nobody. Only the theme is here the muffled con-
It is not strange that Rodin should have hoped
Aict between the living and the dying, the resent-
much of this Arabian poet. For in those parables
ment of these primitive souls at a sick and half-
and poems which Gibran has given us in English mad old man, the hopeless indignity of death. It
he curiously seems to express what Rodin did with shows the power of Dostoevsky in making tragic
marble and clay. Both sculptor and poet show an significance out of the most worthless material, of
imagination which goes to the mountains and the seeing in every scrap of human experience some
elements for strength, a desire to give human things revelation to move the heart as no other writer can
a universal quality, a mellow irony, and a love of
move it.
truth which is not afraid of platitudes. Rodin com-
pared Gibran to William Blake. But the parables
Books of the Fortnight
collected in The Madman are more reminiscent of
Zarathustra's maskings and unmaskings, of the long
The following list comprises The DIAL's selec-
rising rhythms of Tagore. The English language
tion of books recommended among the publications
fit medium for work of this nature.
received during the last two weeks:
It is too angular, too resisting to hold the meanings The Biology of War. By G. F. Nicolai. Trans-
which Oriental literature crowds as thickly and lated by Constance A. Grande and Julian
dazzingly as jewels on an encrusted sword-hilt. It Grande. 12mo, 553 pages. Century Co. $3.50.
would be interesting at least to see what a French A Republic of Nations: A Study of the Organization
translator would make of these poems:
of a Federal League of Nations. By Raleigh
C. Minor. 12mo, 316 pages. Oxford Uni-
For what is there can quench a madman's thirst but
his own blood? I was dumb—and I asked wounds of versity Press. $2.50.
you for mouths. I was imprisoned in your days and The A B C of the Federal Reserve System. By
nights—and I sought a door into larger days and nights. Edwin Walter Kemmerer. Svo, 182 pages.
And now I goas others already crucified have gone.
And think not we are weary of crucifixion. For we must
Princeton University Press. $1.25.
be crucified by larger and yet larger men, between greater In the Heart of a Fool. A novel. By William
earths and greater heavens.
Allen White. 12mo, 615 pages. Macmillan
Co. $1.60.
WHITE NIGHTS. By Fyodor Dostoevsky. Birth. A novel. By Zona Gale. 12mo, 398 pages.
Macmillan ; $1.50.
Macmillan Co. $1.60.
The American edition of the admirable Garnett Free and Other Stories. By Theodore Dreiser.
translation of Dostoevsky has got down to the 12mo, 369 pages. Boni & Liveright. $1.50.
shorter stories, but the seven collected in this volume A Book of the Sea. An anthology. Selected by
show the same amazing qualities as the long novels. Lady Sybil Scott. 12mo, 472 pages. Oxford
They are simpler in motive; but they have the same University Press. $3.
rich tide of feeling, the same beautiful candor of The Path on the Rainbow: An Anthology of Songs
experience. White Nights, called somewhat con and Chants from the Indians of North America.
temptuously by the author "a sentimental story from Edited by George W. Cronyn. 12mo, 347
the diary of a dreamer," is a ravishing tale of first pages. Boni & Liveright. $1.50.
love and its tragic loss. Nastenka is the same warm, Colors of Life. Verse. By Max Eastman. 16mo,
utterly real, young girl we meet in so many of 129 pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $1.25.
never seems


1918
511
THE DIAL
PRINCETON
UNIVERSITY
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512
November 30
THE DIAL
A Selected List of Books for Christmas
The Dial offers herewith its annual selection of new books for gifts and holiday reading. The list,
which has been compiled from volumes now available in the bookstores, is restricted to works-chiefly in
creative literature, belles lettres, and the arts—which are calculated to appcal to the general reader; and it
is of course suggestive rather than final. The references between brackets are to issue and page of reviews
in The DIAL. (Some of the more attractive juveniles will be noted in the next issue.)
BIOGRAPHY
The Education of Henry Adams: An Autobiography.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $5. (Nov.30 :466]
Far Away and Long Ago: A History of My Early Life. By
W. H. Hudson. Illus. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50.
Eminent Victorians. By Lytton Strachey. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $3.50. [July 18:54]
Portuguese Portraits. By Aubrey F. G. Bell. Illus. Long-
mans, Green & Co. $1.75. [Oct.19:318]
Life and Letters of Joel Chandler Harris. By Julia Collier
Harris. Illus. Houghton Mifflin Co. $3.50.
Tho Letters of Anne Gilchrist and Walt Whitman. Edited
by Thomas B. Harned. Doubleday, Page & Co. $2.
Rupert Brooke: A Memoir. By Edward Marsh. Illus. John
Lane Co. $1.25. [Sept.19:204]
Reminiscences of Lafcadio Hearn. By Setsuko Koizumo
(Mrs. Hearn). Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.
GENERAL LITERATURE
Pavannes and Divisions. By Ezra Pound. Alfred A. Knopf.
$2.50. [Oct.19:306)
Colour Studies in Paris. By Arthur Symons. Illus. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $3. [Sept.5:170)
Letters and Leadership. By Van Wyck Brooks. B. W.
Huebsch. $1. [Sept.19:205]
Studies in the History of Ideas. Edited by the Department
of Philosophy of Columbia University. Columbia Uni-
versity Press. $1. (Sept.19:218]
Personality and Conduct. By Maurice Parmelee. Moffat,
Yard & Co. $2.
The Valley of Democracy. By Meredith Nicholson. Illus.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $2. (Nov.30:478)
Fifth Avenue. By Arthur Bartlett Maurice. Illus. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $2.50. (Nov.16:428)
Steep Trails. By John Muir. Illus. Houghton Mifflin Co. $3.
Camps and Trails in China. By Roy Chapman Andrews and
Yvette Borup Andrews. Illus. D. Appleton & Co. $3.
Jungle Peace. By William Beebe. Illus. Henry Holt & Co.
$1.75.
Wasp Studies Afield. By Phil and Nellie Rau. Illus.
Princeton University Press. $2.
Our Humble Helpers. By Jean Henri Fabre. Illus. Cen-
tury Co. $2. [Nov.30:506]
Walking-Stick Papers. By Robert Cortes Holliday. George
H. Doran Co. $1.50. [Nov.16:419]
The Comforts of Home. By Ralph Bergengren. Atlantic
Monthly Press. 75 cts. [Nov.2:380)
FICTION
Gösta Berling's Saga. By Selma Lagerlöf. Translated by
Lillie Tudeer and Velina Swanston Howard. 2 vols.
American-Scandinavian Foundation. $3.
Marie Grubbe. By Jens Peter Jacobsen. Translated by
Hanna Astrup Larsen. Boni Liveright. $1.50.
(Sept.5:167]
Joan and Peter. By II. G. Wells. Macmillan Co. $1.75.
[Sept.19:215]
God's Counterpoint. By J. D. Beresford, George H. Doran
Co. $1.50.
Sylvia Scarlett. By Compton Mackenzie. Harper & Bros.
$1.60. (Nov.30:471]
Tarr. By Wyndham Lewis. Alfred A. Knopf. $1.75
[Oct.5:261]
My Antonia. By Willa S. Cather. Illus. Houghton Mifflin
Co. $1.60.
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. By Vicente Blasco
Ibáñez. Translated by Charlotte Brewster Jordan. E.
P. Dutton & Co. $1.90. [Nov.16:415)
Sónnica. By Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Translated by Frances
Douglas. Duffield & Co. $1.35. [Nov.16:415)
Lovers of Louisiana. By George W. Cable. Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons. $1.50. [Nov.2:363)
An American Family. By Henry Kitchell Webster. Bobbs-
Merrill Co. $1.50. [Nov.2:378)
The War-Workers. By E. M. Delafield. Alfred A. Knopf.
$1.50.
Simple Souls. By John Hastings Turner. Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons. $1.35. (Nov.30:508]
The Legend of the Glorious Adventures of Tyl Eulenspiegel.
By Charles De Coster. Illus. Robert M. McBride & Co.
$2.50.
White Nights, and Other Stories. By Fyodor Dostoevsky.
Translated by Constance Garnett. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
[Nov.30:510)
The Eyes of Asia. By Rudyard Kipling. Doubleday, Page
& Co. $1. (Nov.30:502)
Home Fires in France. By Dorothy Canfield. Henry Holt
& Co. $1.35. (Oct.19:320]
We Others. By Henri Barbusse. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
Can Such Things Be? By Ambrose Bierce. Boni & Live-
right. $1.50. (July 18:49]
Battles Royal Down North and Harbor Tales Down North.
By Norman Duncan. 2 vols, Illus. Fleming H. Revell
Co. $1.35 each.
Tales of War. By Lord Dunsany. Little, Brown & Co. $1.25.
DRAMA AND THE STAGE
The Betrothal: A Sequel to The Blue Bird. By Maurice
Maeterlinck. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50.
Plays. By J. M. Barrie. 4 vols. What Every Woman
Knows; The Admirable Crichton; Quality Street ($1
each); Echoes of War: Four Short Plays. ($1.50).
Charles Scribner's Sons.
The Title. By Arnold Bennett. George H. Doran Co. $1.
[Nov.30:502)
Exiles. By James Joyce. B. W. Huebsch. $1. (Sept.19:201)
Five Somewhat Historical Plays. By Philip Moeller. Alfred
A. Knopf. $1.50.
The People's Theater. By Romain Rolland. Translated by
Barret H. Clark. Henry Holt & Co. $1.35. (Nov.30:489]
POETRY
A Book of the Sea, Selected by Lady Sybil Scott. Oxford
University Press. $3.
The Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse. Edited by W. S.
Braithwaite. Small, Maynard & Co. $2. [Sept.5:165]
The Path on the Rainbow: An Anthology of Songs and
Chants from the Indians of North America. Edited by
George W. Cronyn. Illus. Boni & Liveright. $1.50.
The Poems of François Villon. With the essay by Robert
Louis Stevenson. John W. Luce & Co. $1.75. [July
18:58]
The Springtide of Life: Poems of Childhood. By Algernon
Charles Swinburne. Edited by Edmund Gosse. Illus.
by Arthur Rackham. J. B. Lippincott Co. $3.
Gitanjali and Fruit_Gathering. By Rabindranath Tagore.
Preface by W. B. Yeats. Illus. Macmillan Co. $2.50.
[Nov.16:438)
The Lyrical Poems of Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Translated
by Charles Wharton Stork. Yale University Press.
$1.25. [July 18:73]
Fairies and Fusiliers. By Robert Graves. Alfred A. Knopf.
$1. [Sept.19:214)
Motley, and Other Poems. By Walter de la Mare. Henry
Holt & Co. $1.25. [Sept.5:165)
Ardours and Endurances. By Robert Nichols. Frederick
A. Stokes Co. $1.25. [July 18:70]
On Heaven and Poems Written on Active Service. By Ford
Madox Hueffer. John Lane Co. $1.25. (Nov.16:417]
The Charnel Rose, and Other Tales in Verse. By Conrad
Aiken. The Four Seas Co. $1.25.
Can Grande's Castle. By Amy Lowell. Macmillan Co.
$1.50. (Nov.2:346)
Japanese Prints. By John Gould Fletcher. Illus. Four
Seas Co. $1.75. (Sept.5:165]
Cornhuskers. By Carl Sandburg. Henry Holt & Co. $1.30.
(Oct.5:263)
THE ARTS
Giotto and Some of His Followers. By Osvald Sirén. 2
vols. Illus. Harvard University Press. $12. [Sept.19:209]
Essays in the Study of Sienese Painting. By Bernard Beren-
son. Illus. F. F. Sherman. $3.65. (Nov.2:365]
Outlines of Chinese Art. By John Calvin Ferguson. Uni-
versity of Chicago Press. $3.
Frank Duveneck. By Norbert Heermann. Illus. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $2.
The Art of Aubrey Beardsley. By Arthur Symons. Illus.
Boni & Liveright. 70 cts. (Nov.16:436)
Architecture and Democracy. By Claude Bragdon. Illus.
Alfred A. Knopf. $2.
The Meaning of Architecture. By Irving K. Pond. Illus.
Marshall Jones Co. $2. (Aug.15:105)
Beyond Architecture. ..By A. Kingsley Porter. Illus. Mar-
shall Jones Co. $2. (July 18:74]
The Small Place. By Elsa Rehmann. Illus. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $2.50. [Nov.16:429)
Contemporary Composers. By Daniel Gregory Mason. Illus.
Macmillan Co. $2.
The Music of Spain. By Carl Van Vechten. Illus. Alfred
A. Knopf. $1.50.
How Motion ictures Are Made. By Homer Croy.
Illus.
Harper & Bros. $4.


1918
513
THE DIAL

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514
November 30
THE DIAL
or form."
Current News
inent contributors on Chinese subjects. Since the
review, can only be instituted and continued if there
The Jargon of Master François Villon, translated are enough subscriptions to guarantee expenses, he
by Jordan Herbert, is shortly to appear under the asks that all who are willing to subscribe for the
Houghton Mifflin Co. imprint.
first year communicate with him as early as possible.
John Lane and Co. have recently issued new edi. The subscription rate will be $9 (Mexican) or 30s,
tions of Stephen Leacock's Sunshine Sketches and of payable upon receipt of the first issue.
Letters
Lawrence J. Burpee's Among the Canadian Alps. should be addressed to S. Couling, Shanghai, China.
Boni and Liveright have forthcoming British In spite of the paper shortage new magazines of
Labor and the War, by Paul U. Kellogg and Arthur the arts continue to make their appearance. In
Gleason, and Americanized Socialism, by James October appeared Volume I, Number 1 of Youth:
MacKaye.
Poetry of Today, which is edited in Cambridge,
Alfred A. Knopf is publishing this week Carl Massachusetts, by Royall Snow, Jack Merten, and
Van Vechten's The Music of Spain. The work Donald B. Clark, and which will essay to present
includes chapters on Valverde's The Land of Joy, the world's current poetry "as an interacting whole."
George Borrow, and Mary Garden.
It has a board of corresponding editors which in-
The Reference Department of the Pratt Institute cludes: England, John Gould Fletcher; France,
Free Library of Brooklyn and New York has com-
Therese Bonney; Spain, Professor J. D. M. Ford;
piled for general distribution a Bibliography of India, Ananda Coomaraswamy; China, Sophia
Technical Books for 1917.
Chen. These correspondents will supply articles
Among the forthcoming books of the University about, and translations of, notable contemporary
of Chicago Press are The Relation of John Locke poetry abroad. The Editors plan also to publish
to English Deism, by S. O. Heffelbower, and The the best available poetry in English, without "edi-
Nature of the Relationship Between Ethics and torial prejudice for or against the work of any school
Economics, by C. E. Ayres.
Finally, there is a board of Associate
The French Government has recently asked for Editors
Editors at American colleges—which includes,
permission to translate American Ideals, edited by among others, Grace Hazard Conkling, John Ers-
Norman Foerster and W. W. Pierson, Jr. (Hough- kine, Stephen Vincent Benét, Maxwell Anderson,
ton Miffin). The volume is to be circulated in and Katherine Lee Bates—whose duty it will be to
France as a means of acquainting French readers bring college poets into contact with the magazine
with American political ideals.
in order to facilitate the publication of the best
The Tree of Life, by John Gould Fletcher, which undergraduate verse. Altogether a worth-while, if
came from the press of Chatto and Windus (Lon- rather staggering, program--one which will be
don) last month, made its appearance simultaneously amply justified by even a moderate success. The
with the English publication, by Constable, of the October issue contains poems by Edwin Arlington
poet's earlier volume, Goblins and Pagodas, which Robinson, Amy Lowell, Witter Bynner, John Hall
appeared in this country in 1916.
Wheelock, and others; an article on The Young
G. P. Putnam's Sons have in train for early pub- Poets of England, by Mr. Fletcher; and an essay
lication the following historical works: The Great on Li Po, by S. Foster Damon. The subscription
Century of French History, by Jacques Boulanger; rate is $1 per year.
The Empire, Part II of A Short History of Rome, From Washington, D. C., comes the first issue of
by Guglielmo Ferrero; Janet P. Trevelyan's Short The Chameleon, edited by Lewis Barrington and
History of the Italian People; and Life in Poland James Dee Richardson at 130 East Capitol Street.
Before the Prussian Invasion, by Laura de Gozdawa The Chameleon is an illustrated anthology and rec-
de Turczynowicz.
ord of the arts in Washington and "reflects the color
About November 30 the Marshall Jones Com- of its surroundings"-more of the color perhaps than
pany will publish The League of Nations Today of the significance. The subscription rate is $1.50.
and Tomorrow, a book containing the results of a
study made by Ralph S. Rounds and H. M. Kallen,
Contributors
a subcommittee appointed by the New York Com-
mittee on American Policy. The Statement of G. D. H. Cole has been a member of that small
Principles adopted by this group of university men group of English intellectual radicals who, for the
and publicists, and by them bequeathed to the League past ten years, have been working out a new eco-
of Free Nations Association, is printed in full-with nomic organization known as Guild Socialism. The
the names of its signers and an editorial account of most readable as well as one of the most competent
its history-on pages 493-6 of this issue of The of discussions on the subject is Mr. Coles' Self Gov-
DIAL.
ernment in Industry. The article appearing in this
The compiler of The Encyclopaedia Sinica, Mr. issue of The Dial is the first of two by Mr. Cole
S. Couling, plans to begin the publication of a on the position of British Labor and Reconstruction.
monthly or bi-monthly sinological review in China The other contributors to this number have pre-
next February. He has secured a number of prom- viously written for The DIAL.


1918
515
THE DIAL
The World Tomorrow
Luther's Correspondence and Other
Contemporary Letters
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Translated and Editea
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These volumes and their translators need no introduction to stu-
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Vol. Il is now ready. Vol. III is in course of preparation.
The English Historical Review says that Dr. Smith's moment-
ous plan will be "a treasure-house of 16th century originals more
than usually accessible and of great value. There are prefaces
where necessary and notes of just sufficient length to explain
allusions.
Vol. II is a worthy continuation of the plan and is of priceless
value, recording the letters of Luther and his contemporaries
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published
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DR. TITUS M. COAN, 424 W. 119th St., New York City

THE LEADING REVIEWS
The Nineteenth Century and After
Fortnightly Review, Contemporary Review; any one, $5.00; any two, $9.50; the three, $13.50. Blackwood's
Magazine, $3.50; Quarterly Review, Edinburgh Review, Blackwood's and one quarterly, $7.50; with two,
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16
November 30, 1918
THE DIAL
NIGHTS IN
LONDON
By THOMAS BURKE
Author of Limehouse Nights, etc.
$1.50 net
“Packed with London's
beauty and mystery.”
-London Daily News
"Of war books, 'Home
Fires in France' is most
likely to endure for its
truth, its humanity and its
literary value."
- The Nation
THE PEOPLE'S PART IN PEACE
By ORDWAY TEAD
$1.10 net
A stimulating programme for the reconstruction of international eco-
nomic and industrial life by a League of Nations.
JUNGLE PEACE By WILLIAM BEEBE
"One of those rare books," says Col. Theodore Roosevelt in The New
York Times, "which represent a positive addition to the sum total of
genuine literature.”
3rd printing. Illus. $1.75 net
RAPHAEL PUMPELLY'S
REMINISCENCES
Profusely illustrated
2 vols. $7.50 net
"Two volumes of the most exciting, amusing, and enchaining narra-
tive of recent years."—New York Evening Post.
THE HOME BOOK OF VERSE
B. E. STEVENSON, Ed.
The third edition revised and enlarged.
4,096 pages. India paper, boxed, one vol., cloth, $10.00 net; 1 vol., leather, $14.00 net;
2 vols. cloth, $12.50 net; 2 vols, leather, $25.00 net.
FICTION
YOU'RE ONLY YOUNG ONCE
By MARGARET WIDDEMER, author of "The Wishing
Ring Man"
3rd printing. $1.50 net
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misanthrope who doesn't."—New York Tribune.
STRAYED REVELLERS
By ALLEN UPDEGRAFF, author of "Second Youth”
$1.50 net
“One of the cleverest satires of a decade," says The Living Age. Also
an amusing comedy and a romance of parts.
ALMANZAR By J. FRANK DAVIS $1.00 net
The adventures of a negro house-boy down in “San Antone." Gen-
uine humor--a chuckle to the page.
FIRECRACKER JANE
By ALICE CALHOUN HAINES
$1.50 net
A romance of Pershing's days in Mexico.
NEW BOOKS FOR BOYS
THE DOGS OF BOYTOWN
By WALTER A. DYER, author of "Pierrot, Dog of Belgium"
With many illustrations, $1.50 net
"All that a boy will want to know about dogs and threaded through
this wonderful textbook on dogs is the story."-New York Evening Sun
Home
Fires
in
France FIRECRACKER JANE
Ву
Dorothy
Canfield
4th printing
$1.35 net
“Everything that happens to
anybody in this book has hap.
pened to somebody in France of
whom I have had personal
knowledge."
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THE GUN. BOOK, for Boys and Men
Profusely illustrated
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Withdraw from Russia!
THE DIAL
A FORTNIGHTLY
VOL. LXV
NEW YORK
NO. 779
DECEMBER 14, 1918
.
WITHDRAW FROM Russia!
The Editors 525
SURVIVOR. Verse
Maxwell Bodenheim 528
RUSSIA AND THE AMERICAN PRESS
S. M. 529
The Soviet AT WORK.
Albert Rhys Williams 531
A STORY-TELLER'S HOLIDAY
J. S. Watson, Jr. 534
A LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND ECONOMIC FREEDOM
• John Dewey 537
The New FORCES IN BRITISH LABOR
G. D. H. Cole 539
SAUCE FOR THE GANDER AND SAWDUST FOR The Goose Mary Vida Clark 541
The Modern POINT OF VIEW AND the New ORDER Thorstein Veblen 543
V. The Vested Interests.
AN APOSTLE TO THE CIVILIZED
Herbert J. Seligmann 550
The Hire LEARNING IN AMERICA
Charles A. Beard 553
MORALS AND ART FROM THE WEST
Randolph Bourne 556
DUBLIN, NOVEMBER 16 .
Ernest A. Boyd 558
EDITORIALS
561
.
.
.
564
566
.
COMMUNICATIONS: True Information from Russia Is Needed.-Trade Union Philology.
FOREIGN COMMENT: Original Decrees of the Soviet Government.
Notes On New BOOKS: The Crack in the Bell.—Karma.—Japanese Fairy Tales.-Mo-
tives in English Fiction.—Social Process.—The Delphic Oracle.—The Fabric of Dreams.-
The Course of Christian History.—The Responsible State.—The Sad Years.—Songs to
A. H. R.—Twenty.-Elizabeth's Campaign.-How Motion Pictures Are Made.
568
The Dial (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published every other Saturday by The Dial Publishing
Company, Inc.—Martyn Johnson, President-at 152 West Thirteenth Street, New York, N. Y. Entered as Second-
Class matter at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., August 3, 1918, under the act of March 3, 1897. Copyright,
1918, by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc. Foreign Postage, 50 cents.
$3.00 a Year
15 Cents a Copy


518
December 14
THE DIAL
MR. HUEBSCH offers seven volumes of distinguished poetry that
represent authentic contribution to modern letters. Making due
allowance for the exaggeration to which advertisers are disposed,
readers may feel assured that each book has a genuine reason for
existence and possesses claims to survival.
THIS MARK ON
GOOD BOOKS
Here are the seven surprises :
suave
By JAMES JOYCE: Chamber Music ($1.00).
and the melodic charm of that volume! The prophecies
A lyric sequence as delicate as a piece of Sèvres; for Miss McLeod's future were justified by her second
utterly unlike what you might expect from the author book, Swords for Life; and now she presents a volume,
of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Does it fuller and deeper, shot with the poignancy of greater
not interest you that Arthur Symons should have said personal experience, yet as rich in its lyric quality
of Chamber Music: “They are like a whispering clavi and as true rhythmically as her earlier collections. It
chord that some one plays in the evening when it is was not blindly that Masefield, W. L. George and
getting dark. They are full of ghostly old tunes that
others nominated her for the future.
were never young and will never be old, played on an
By JUDITH GAUTIER (JAMES WhitALL, TRANS-
old instrument. They are so slight, as a drawing of
Whistler is slight, that their entire beauty will not be
LATOR): Chinese Lyrics ($1.00).
discovered by those who go to poetry for anything but One must rhapsodize about these echoes from the
its perfume”? Others might be quoted, but is this not mediæval Orient! The perfection of a Chinese ivory
enough to suggest the fragrance that you may enjoy? is suggested by these
transliterations of
(This is the only authorized edition of Chamber Music.) quaint Asiatic poets. And there is a delightful prelude
By LOLA RIDGE: The Ghetto ($1.25).
that tells what poets and poetry meant in ancient
Chinese civilization, how the writers courted public
The title of this book will recall to readers the slight favor and how their work was saved for posterity by
shock of astonishment with which they observed a
Imperial favor. Those were Emperors!
poem, several pages in length, in an issue of the New
Republic early this year. With that poem, The Ghetto, By ALTER BRODY: A Family Album ($1.25).
Miss Ridge burst on the world, and this collection seals In an introduction to this volume Mr. Louis Untermeyer
her claim to a place among the real poets of the day. (and whose assessment will find wider confirmation?)
Her passion for righteousness, her burning revolt and
says:
her sensitiveness to beauty fall into an effortless form
Everywhere in these pages one sees the impress of an
that is real art.
alert and original mind, of imagination fed by strength-
By JEAN STARR UNTERMEYER: Growing Pains
ening fact; of sight that is sharpened by insight.
($1.00).
It is a personal magic that pervades these young and
passionate pages-a magic that even more haunting
A volume of introspective poetry that is both intensely
for being human.
probing and strangely passionate by one of the most
unflinching of the younger group. With a searching
IN PREPARATION
honesty and an instinct for the illuminating word that
By D. H. LAWRENCE: Look! We Have Come
is unusual, this poet's work is, according to Miss Amy
Lowell, “full of a strong and almost stern sentiment."
Through ($1.50).
These poems will be cherished and reread not so much Always a poet, even in his prose, as readers of Sons
for their sculptural outlines and verbal loveliness as for and Lovers, The Prussian Officer and Twilight in Italy
their universal rhythm that will everywhere evoke a know, his gift of expression finds an unusually happy
throbbing response.
medium in verse. The volume called Amores only
By IRENE RUTHERFORD MCLEOD: Before Dawn
foreshadows the passion to which Lawrence gives free
rein in this new book, this record of a man's love-
($1.25).
life-the crisis and the fulfillment. An almost painful
Who that read Songs to Save a Soul failed to be gift to the poetry of love that will be especially sig-
thrilled by the ebullient youth, the spiritual rebellion nificant to students of psychoanalysis.
Those who like to give poetry as holiday gifts and who have no prejudice against an occasional hazard are
invited to send a check for the volumes selected. The purchase may be made of good booksellers or of the pub-
lisher who will send the parcel c. o. d. if desired.
B. W. Huebsch 225 FIFTH AVENUE New York City
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1918
519
THE DIAL
An Interesting and Diversified
Holiday List for Readers of Good Books
THE PRESTONS
1st printing November 15th
2nd printing December 3rd
In her new story of the everyday life of an average American family as told by a typical American
mother, MARY HEATON, VORSE has given us a highly humorous book, yet with the deeply significant
background of human psychology with which Mrs. Vorse's many readers have become so familiar.
"For breadth of understanding, accuracy of observation, fidelity of reporting it is not easy to think
of an American novel that transcends it. 'The Prestons' is a memorable book that will have 50,000
readers.—The N. Y. Sun of Dec. 1.
$1.50
The Penguin Series
Americanized Socialism:
A Yankee View of Capitalism
The publishers think that this timely volume by
James MacKaye, author of “The Economy of Happiness,"
will create more discussion than any book on Socialism
that has been written in the last few years. Many ortho-
dox Socialists may not like it, but it will be hard for any-
one to disagree with its premises and conclusions. $1.25
This new series comprises works of distinguished liter-
ary merit that have never before been published in book
form. Additional titles will be added from time to time.
The four titles just published are GABRIELLE DE
BERGERAC by HENRY JAMES, undoubtedly the finest
novel of Henry James' earlier period; KARMA by
LAFCADIO HEARN, the first story giving the author's
account of his own love; JAPANESE FAIRY TALES by
LAFCADIO HEARN, a collection of delightful children's
stories; and IOLANTHE'S WEDDING by HERMANN
SUDERMANN, a new love story by the author of "The
Song of Songs."
$1.25 each
The Great Change
The Modern Library
This book by Charles W. Wood of the New York
World should be of special interest to readers of the
DIAL. “The Great Change" is chiefly a series of inter-
views, but it is not a symposium. It is a single theme.
It is the story of what America had to do in order to
win the war, with a clear-cut demonstration of what must
follow if America is to keep the war won. It is a recon-
struction book of first importance.
$1.50
Fourteen new titles have just been added to this series,
making sixty-four in all. Some of the new titles are
Woodrow Wilson's public papers edited by Albert Bush-
nell Hart, “McTeague" by Frank Norris, Poems of
Francois Villon, John Macy's “The Spirit of American
Literature," D'Annunzio's "The Flame of Life.” The
DIAL says "There is scarcely a title that fails to awaken
interest. This series is doubly welcome at this time.”
70c per volume
The
Path on the Rainbow
Now in 2nd printing
Gift books have been more or less condemned for this season because so many of them are very
expensive reprints of books that can be obtained in so many cheaper editions. "The Path on the Rainbow"
is a handsome gift book of hitherto unpublished literal translations of the poetry of American Indians,
edited by George Cronyn and with introductions and appreciations by Mary Austin and Constance Lindsay
Skinner. The book is decorated throughout by J. B. Platt.
$1.50
At all bookstores. If ordered from the publishers add 100 postage per volume.
BONI & LIVERIGHT, Publishers, 105 W. 40th St., New York City
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520
December 14
THE DIAL
The American
Scandinavian Review
Yule Number
COME UNTO ME. Cover Design ..
By Einar Jonsson
A powerful and unique conception of the spirit of peace hovering over the world,
done by the artist for a church in Iceland, reproduced for the Review in colors
and gold.
A GLIMPSE OF MODERN DANISH ART ..... · By Maurice Francis Egan
A charming and sympathetic essay by our late minister to Denmark, with repro-
ductions on dull coated art paper illustrating the works of Willumsen, Zahrtmann,
Eckersberg, Thorvaldsen, Einar Nielsen.
DANNEVIRKE.....
By Frode C. W. Rambusch
The old rampart Dannevirke, Opus Danorum, is still visible in southern Slesvig.
It once ran straight across the isthmus and formed the bulwark where the Danes
held the “Huns” at bay from the time of Charlemagne till the days of Bismarck.
The last bloody battle was fought there in 1848. Though abandoned in 1864,
it may be restored in the coming peace.
OUR FIRST UNSOLICITED TREATY.
By Adolph Burnett Benson
When Franklin and Count de Creutz signed the treaty between the United States
and Sweden it was more than a bargain of diplomats; it was the hand of fellow-
ship from the oldest of free nations in Europe to the youngest republic in the
New World.
THE BIRD-CATCHERS ....
· By Hans Aanrud
A Christmas story by one of the most national and original of Norwegian writers.
"To Germany it is of greater consequence to have Slesvig overlooked than to
retain Alsace-Lorraine. To the rest of the world it should be one of the crucial
points of the treaty. Germany may retrocede Alsace-Lorraine, compromise or
surrender everything conquered on the Adriatic and in the Balkans, agree to a
free Poland and an independent Bohemia; but with a strangle hold on Slesvig and
the Kiel Canal and with command of the Russian hinterland, Germany wins the
war."-Slesvig Forum.
In the Yule Number of the AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN REVIEW-Now Ready
SUBSCRIPTION BLANK
TO THE AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN REVIEW,
25 West 45th Street,
New York, N. Y.
GENTLEMEN: Please find enclosed my cheque for $2.00 for which send me the AMER-
ICAN-SCANDINAVIAN REVIEW, beginning with the Yule Number (The January-
February Number). It is understood that not less than six and not more than nine
numbers will be published in 1919.
Name....
Street Number...
City. ...
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1918
521
THE DIAL
Gösta
Berling's
Saga
By Selma Lagerlöf
IN TWO PARTS
This romance of the profligate poet-priest Värmland was Selma Lager-
löf's first novel and the work that won for her world recognition.
The translation is based upon the excellent British translation by Lillie
Tudeer, now out of print. It has been carefully edited by Hanna Astrup
Larsen, the translator of Jacobsen's Marie Grubbe, and the eight chapters
omitted from Miss Tudeer's version have been added in masterly transla-
tion by Velma Swanston Howard. These two volumes are printed with
special care from a new large type, hand set, by D. B. Updike at the
Merrymont Press. There is an introduction, a map, and a bibliography of
Selma Lagerlöf's works.
The price of each volume is $1.50; complete $3.00
The Scandinavian Classics
Comedies by Holberg
Modern Icelandic Plays
Poems by Tegnér
Marie Grubbe
Poems and Songs by Björnstjerne
Arnljot Gelline
Björnson
Anthology of Swedish Lyrics
Master Olof
Gösta Berling's Saga I
The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson Gösta Berling's Saga II
Price $1.50 each
The American Scandinavian Foundation
25 West 45th Street, New York
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522
December 14
THE DIAL
The Unpopular Review
on its inception five years ago, said:
There are afloat such an unprecedented number of agreeable fallacies, that there is
great need for the dissemination of some disagreeable truths, and this Review expects to
do enough of that to make it unpopular among that large majority of the public which is
fond of the agreeable fallacies.
The chief ones are, among the tax-paying class, that they can afford to be indifferent
to the other class; and among too many of both classes, vague notions that something
can be had for nothing; that it is unnecessary to better the man in order permanently
to better his estate; that the march of progress should be timed to the pace of the slow-
est; that policies can rise higher than their sources; and that wisdom can be attained
by the counting of noses.
As fast as these fallacies can be removed, so fast will the non-taxpayers tend to
become taxpayers, and the gulf between the two classes to close. Upon that process
depends the economy and stability of the republic.
But in front of these issues soon came the more
immediate issue of the War, and the Review printed
the following, which still leads its prospectus:
SOME THINGS IN WHICH WE ARE TRYING TO DO OUR BIT
In disarming Germany - and, after that's done, everybody
else, except an international police.
In securing to all nationalities the right to choose their own
governments and affiliations.
In making trade free.
In securing the rights of both organized labor and the individ-
ual workman, which involve on the one hand recognition of the
Trade Unions, and on the other, of the Open Shop.
In cleaning up and bracing up literature and art.
In modernizing and revivifying religion.
Lord Bryce has lately written:
I am delighted to hear that you are going to "carry on” with the UNPOP., and trust
that the end of the war will relieve you from some of the difficulties which must now
press upon you. Here the difficulty about paper has become so great that our news-
papers are reduced, even the biggest of them, to a mere shadow of their former selves,
and I should have thought that you might, without injuring the claims of the UNPOP.
upon the great bulk of your readers (who, after all, are the élite of your people),
have reduced its size and selected only the very tip-toppest of the articles for publication.
75 cents a number
$2.50 a year
(Canadian, $2.70; Foreign, $2.86)
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 19 MEW YORKTREF
LONDON: WILLIAMS AND NORGATE
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1918
523
THE DIAL
W. H. HUDSON'S Marvelous, Unique Autobiography
FAR AWAY AND LONG AGO
By W. H. HUDSON, Author of "The Purple Land," "Idle Days in Patagonia," etc. With Portrait, $2.50
“Mr. Hudson has not depended on his vivid external life for the main interest of this
book. He has told us simply and sincerely the story of a soul as well as the tale of a boy's
adventures on the Argentine pampas. His book is of extraordinary interest psychologically
as well as from the point of view of the lover of outdoor life. Mr. Hudson's earliest recollec-
tions are of those immense South American pampas, of a house shaded by tall ‘ombu' trees,
of gauchos and horses and cattle. To his father's ranch came the strangest visitors, Spaniards,
wandering Englishmen.. Perhaps the most valuable chapter in Mr. Hudson's present
book is that entitled 'A Boy's Animism. Animism, of course, is the sense of something
supernatural, something alive, in nature.
The author is a poet and a scientist and a
psychologist. From whatever viewpoint he may be speaking he is equally sincere. And so,
both as a record of a wild land, as a sidelight on such characters as Rosas, the dictator, and
as a story of a man's inner life and religious struggle, this biography possesses that definitive
value which only the biographies of a few men have possessed, and then only by reason of
an utter sincerity.”—LLEWELLYN Jones in The Chicago Evening Post.
NEW AND OLD By EDITH SICHEL. With an Introduction by A. C. BRADLEY.
To those who have known Miss Sichel only through her writings—as an authority on the French Renaissance,
or in review columns of the Literary Supplement of the London Times, this book will come as a revelation of
personality. She becomes a companion whose society is made delightful by, her buoyancy, and gaiety, her spon.
taneous and sometimes exuberant flow of wit and humor, her quick and vivid intellect, the width and keenness
of her interests.
With portrait, $5.00
THOMAS WOOLNER, R. A. His Life in Letters By his Daughter, AMY WOOLNER.
The famous sculptor of the Pre-Raphaelite group, himself a poet of exquisite achievement, numbered, among
his friends almost all the distinguished writers and artists of his day. An interesting book, full of curious sidelights.
Illustrated. $6.00
EARLY ENGLISH ADVENTURERS IN THE EAST By ARNOLD WRIGHT.
Its chapters bring into prominence the personalities of those daring adventurers who first established them.
selves at the end of the 16th and all during the 17th century, as traders in the East. It was the great age of
the merchant adventurer seeking fortune by enterprise and wit, and, for varied interest and picturesqueness, there
is no more fascinating period than this in the whole of the Empire's past
Illustrated. 8vo. $4.00
The British Navy, what it is and what we owe to it.
THE SILENT WATCHERS BY BENNET COPPLESTONE. $2.00.
Just now when the British navy has had its day of triumph it is worth while to know not merely,
something of its mechanical equipment, but the underlying spirit which has kept family names on the navy roll
since the days of Drake.
COMPARATIVE EDUCATION Edited by Prof. PETER SANDIFORD, University of Toronto.
A study of the Educational System in each of six representative countries, namely, The United States,
Germany, England, France, Canada, Denmark. With full Bibliographies, statistical Tables and Diagrams.
Just Ready
STUDIES IN ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY (Animal and Vegetable)
Nearly Ready
By Arthur E. Baines, Consulting Electrician, Author of "Electro-Pathology and Therapeutics," etc. With
thirty-one original drawings in color, illustrating electrical structure of Fruits and Vegetables, by G. T. Baines,
and other illustrations.
STUDIES IN ELECTRO PATHOLOGY By A. WHITE ROBERTSON. Illustrated. Ready shortly
The author aims to show that in both toxic and deficiency diseases the loss of natural electrical equilibrium
precedes and determines the pathological changes and that electrical diffusion inaugurates cellular failure.
ALSACE-LORRAINE-Past, Present and Future By COLEMAN PHILLIPSON.
Author of "International Law and the Great War," "Termination of War and Treaties of Peace.”
"Scholarly dispassionate non-partisan
information bearing on all sides of the subject. The author seeks
a solution, not by force, but in terms of justice and self-determination of the inhabitants." —Springfield Union.
8vo, $8.00
THE BOOK OF THE WEST INDIES By A. HYATT VERRILL,
$3.00
Oi great interest both to those who enjoy readable travel books and those seeking information as to these islands.
THE HILL-TOWNS OF FRANCE By EUGENIE M. FRYER.
$2.50
Illustrated with pen-drawings by Roy L. Hilton, besides most attractive full.page plates from photographs.
A gift that will be especially appreciated by any who have friends in France.
THE MORTE d'ARTHUR OF SIR THOMAS MALLORY AND ITS SOURCES
By VIDA D. SCUDDER, Professor of English Literature at Wellesley College.
Cloth. 8vo. $4.00
THE OLD HUNTSMAN AND OTHER POEMS By SIEGFRIED SASSOON. $2.00
Even had, we not Masefield's and Thomas Hardy's testimony that Mr. Sassoon has won high place as a poet,
these verses, all stamped with the new viewpoints opened by the war, would place him 'in the ranks of those who
have achieved.
For sale at all Bookstores, or if unobtainable from your dealer may be ordered direct from
ALL PRICES NET
681 FIFTH AVE.
POSTAGE EXTRA
E. P. DUTTON & CO.
NEW YORK
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524
December 14
THE DIAL
LVX ET VERITAS
ES
אודים
ותמים
WORLD POWER AND EVOLUTION
By Ellsworth Huntington, Ph.D.
Author of "Civilization and Climate."
Dr. Huntington's interesting theories regarding
the influence of climate upon human affairs are
here applied, in the light of his latest researches,
to the momentous problems growing out of the
war. Cloth, illustrated, $2.50.
AUTHORITY IN THE MODERN
STATE
By Harold J. Laski
Political obedience is the ground of Mr. Laski's
discussion. He examines the main theories of the
state in the light of certain famous personalities
and political events, emphasizing the unsatis-
factory character of any political attitude which
does not consider the relation of obedience to
freedom. Cloth, $3.00.
MORALE AND ITS ENEMIES
By William Ernest Hocking, Ph.D.
Morale, the invisible force behind war-making,
is also the invisible force behind peace-making.
As a philosopher by profession with an unusual
gift of psychological insight and through his ex-
perience as director of the courses on Morale in
the Northeastern Division of Army Camps dur-
ing the summer of 1918, Mr. Hocking has been
able to produce a book of extreme actual value
for the reconstruction now coming with peace.
Cloth, $1.50.
HUMAN NATURE AND ITS
REMAKING
By William Ernest Hocking, Ph.D.
“Closely reasoned, illustrated by fine feeling,
and presented with an engaging lucidity and liter-
ary grace, the book will be found especially read-
able in these days of world-wide interest in
reconstruction.”—The Survey. Cloth, $3.00.
CURRENTS AND EDDIES IN THE
ENGLISH ROMANTIC
GENERATION
By Frederick E. Pierce, Ph.D.
Traces the various literary groups that formed
and scattered in England between the outbreak
of the French Revolution and the rise of Tenny-
son, the mutual effect of authors on each other,
and the influence on them of environment, race,
and old and new literary traditions. Cloth, $3.00.
GEORGES GUYNEMER: KNIGHT
OF THE AIR
By Henry Bordeaux.
Translated by Louise Morgan Sill.
"Has the epic character that a writer of M.
Bordeaux's gifts would naturally be able to im-
part to it.
It is no
mere record of daring
deeds. Translated in English which pre-
serves the finish, flexibility and measured flow'of
the original
.. The Yale University Press
has chosen a delicate and handsome binding for
the book."-Springfield Republican. Illustrated,
$1.60.
DANTE
By Henry Dwight Sedgwick.
An interpretation of the spiritual values of the
Divine Comedy and its inherent popular appeal.
Boards, $1.50.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH
AND ITS INHABITANTS
By Ellsworth Huntington, Ph.D., Richard
Swann Lull, Ph.D., Joseph Barrell, Ph.D.,
Charles Schuchert, LL.D., and
Lorande Loss Woodruff, Ph.D.
Ranges from a conception of the universe to
the climatic changes which have influenced the
growth of civilization and the formation of racial
mentality. Cloth, $2.50.
THERE'S PIPPINS AND CHEESE
TO COME
JOURNEYS TO BAGDAD
By Charles S. Brooks.
“Leisurely, whimsically clever essays, remi-
niscent of Lamb and bygone days. The
illustrations are delightfully quaint and fitting.”
New York State Library Bulletin. Cloth back,
$2.00 each.
AFTERGLOW
By James Fenimore Cooper, Jr.
With a Foreword by Henry Augustin Beers, M.A.
Poems by the novelist's great-grandson, who
died at Camp Dix last February. Paper sides,
cloth back, $1.00.
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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THE DIAL
A FORTNIGHTLY
Withdraw from Russia !
ON
n March 15, 1917 the news of the abdication ments had promised to the Russian people and never
of the Czar was flashed round the world. Demo had secured the Bolsheviki did secure. The previous
cratic nations rejoiced; and America, itself founded governments had promised publication of the secret
on a revolution, sent its sympathy and greeting to treaties, division of the land--and peace. They
the people of Russia who had burst through the fulfilled none of their promises. But almost the first
chains of centuries of black oppression. Less than act of the new Bolshevik Government was the pub-
a month later we ourselves entered the war against lication of the secret treaties. The decree on land,
Germany. We had suffered very little either in -dividing the estates according to promise-
property loss or in human life; indeed our neutrality which we publish on another page (see Foreign
had brought us prosperity. Russia, on the contrary, Comment), was the first official act of the new
had suffered all things: betrayal at the front, unpre government, and together with the decree on peace
cedented slaughter of her soldiers, disorganization, made great political capital for the Bolshevik Party.
unemployment, famine, disease. Her army was go- Although Lenin apologized at the time for the
ing to pieces. It was not the time for the Allied haste with which the decree on land was brought
nations to urge her to continue the war against out, its main provisions were later adopted by the
Germany—a war which, Bolsheviki or no Bolshe- All Russian Congress of the Soviets. Peace with
viki, Constituent Assembly or no Constituent As- Germany was also procured, first by an armistice
sembly, counter-revolution or no counter-revolution, and finally by the ratification of the treaty of Brest-
it was physically impossible for her to undertake. Litovsk on March 16, 1918-ironically enough
Yet the Allied nations did urge her, and as a result within one day of one year after the beginning of the
of their urging the disastrous advance into Galicia Revolution itself.
was begun. It ended in perhaps the greatest retreat Following the Bolshevik success, what the whole
in history. And new, strange voices began to be course of events and policy has shown is that for the
heard in Russia, voices which asked President Wil- first time in the history of the modern world we are
son precisely what he meant by his phrase a world confronted with an economic revolution instead of
"safe for democracy,” voices which challenged the a merely political revolution. The Soviet Govern-
aims of the Allies. Russia, these voices said, wanted ment might have been captured by any one of the
a peace with “no annexations, no indemnities, and many political parties of Russia, the Mensheviki,
the right of all peoples to determine their own the Right Social Revolutionary Party, even the Left
destiny.” It was a magic phrase. The Allied na Communist Party (which accuse both Lenin and
tions could ignore it no longer.
Trotzky of being "reactionaries”!), and so on.
We cannot give in detail the tragic history of the was as a matter of fact carried by the Bolshevik
summer and autumn of 1917. But the main out Party, which, in spite of reports to the contrary,
lines of that history, as far as Russia is concerned, gained in strength as time went on and today, after
are clear. Not once, but again and again, did the over a year of its rule, has behind it the majority
Kerensky government appeal to the Allied nations support of the Russian people and can actually hope
for a revision of war aims. Not once, but again
in the coming spring to have a Red Army of per-
and again, were the Russian people promised that haps three million soldiers ready to lay down their
revision. Yet the revision was never made. The lives in its defense. Why? What is the vital
secret treaties (known about all over Russia) were principle of the Bolsheviki that keeps them so long
never repudiated. And inevitably the Bolsheviki in power? From what background do they spring?
came into power, as much from the blundering of
What do they want?
the Allied nations and from their unwillingness to
Although these questions deserve detailed answers,
subscribe to the tenets of real democratic peace as we wish to state, for the sake of clearness, our
from any other reason. What the previous govern belief concerning the chief points. Russians regard
It


526
December 14
THE DIAL
on
us, as well as many others in Western nations, as Allied Governments recognized the Soviet Govern-
political infants. They are not content with what ment instead of attacking it, and had they given it
we glibly call democracy. Their hopes and aspira- the cooperation and assistance which it asked, it is
tions are centered on a greater experiment than safe to assume that fully nine-tenths of the present
merely representative government. They are intense "Red Terror" would not have occurred. Recently,
ly communistic, more so than the people of any other moreover, thanks to Allied intervention, the Bolshe-
country. They want actually to abolish the whole viki have become so strong in their internal grip on
institution of private property. They want to create
the situation that they are now in a sufficiently
a government which is entirely a people's govern secure position not to need to employ the harsher
ment, a government of the workers and the poor measures of the “Red Terror.” The brain worker
peasants. They will, if they can, abolish the capital- and the petit bourgeois are no longer to be op-
ist class. Contrary to report, they bear no ill will pressed, but propitiated. The further the armies of
against the intellectuals as a class, although they the Allied Governments march into Russia the
recognize the basic truth of the psychology of the stronger becomes the movement towards reconcilia-
intellectual class; that is, they regard the intellec tion within the country.
It is an ancient phe-
tuals as parasites the so-called capitalist nomenon. Before the foreign enemy domestic dif-
class. Yet they hold the professions and the ferences vanish-all become Russians. Well could
arts in high honor. Their program for universal Trotzky state that he could have afforded to pay
education is extensive, and is not confined to merely one hundred thousand roubles for every Japanese sol-
vocational training. The Soviet Government has dier landed on Russian soil. The blundering policy
encouraged individual artists, subsidized theaters of the Allied Governments has not only evoked the
and the ballet and the opera. It has reprinted the Bolsheviki-if continued, it will make all Russia
great classics of literature in inexpensive form for
support them.
everybody. It recognizes the need for technical And yet this mad policy has been followed in
experts and for discipline of all kinds. Funda- spite of the many attempts that the Soviet Govern-
mentally, however, it is interested in maintaining a ment has made to cooperate with the Allied Govern-
workers' government, supported, as Lenin so elo ments. There was always what one might call an
quently phrased it in a speech before the Moscow undercurrent of flirtation with the Allied Govern-
Soviet, by "the regular march of the iron battalions ments. For us there was open friendship: even the
of the proletariat."
more fanatical recognized the difference between a
One point more, perhaps, needs emphasis. The medieval autocracy like Germany and a liberal
universality of the stories in the daily press about republic like ourselves. Before the Brest-Litovsk
the “Red Terror” and the mass murder of the bour- treaty Trotzky requested the American Army to
geois class demands corrective. In the first place, send him officers to instruct the Red Army and to
there was no “Red Terror" before the invasion of put it in a position to fight Germany again. He
Russia by Allied troops. In the second place, the requested the English to send him English naval offi-
executions are not irresponsible murders, but de cers to take charge of the Black Sea Fleet in order
liberate measures of self-defense, such as any govern that it might not fall into the hands of the Germans.
ment in similar circumstances, threatened both by He even accepted the proffered help of a few French
internal and external enemies, invariably adopts. officers then in Russia, who, according to reliable
In the third place, the number of them has been witnesses, not only did not train the Red Army, but
grossly exaggerated. In the fourth place, they do abused the confidence given them to get information
not begin to equal the indiscriminate slaughter of which was later put at the disposal of the Czecho-
Soviet officials practiced by the invading troops Slovak troops. After the treaty of Brest-Litovsk
(principally the Czecho-Slovaks) whenever they are was signed it was imperative, of course, that appear-
successful in overthrowing a local Soviet. In the ances should be kept up with Germany. Yet the
fifth place, plots against the Central Soviet Govern- Soviet Government's appeal to the Allies for co-
ment have been persistent and unscrupulous, both operation was constant. During February they re-
on the part of the disgruntled Russians who have quested an American railway expert to take charge
been expropriated or who have a political axe to of the technical details of the Russian railroads, and
grind and on the part of foreign governments, de a little later they informally proposed to give us the
sirous of the overthrow of the present regime. In
In right to purchase ore and other raw materials (to
a word, the Soviet Government has adopted the con purchase it exclusively, in spite of the fact that these
ventionally harsh method of suppressing the at were just the things needed then by Germany) in
tempts to instigate civil war in Russia. Had the exchange for shipments of American goods to Rus-


1918
527
THE DIAL
sia. Liberal exchanges of Russian raw materials for put the Soviet Government in a false light. When
food were guaranteed. Time after time the Soviet a really first-rate analysis of what the Soviet Gov-
Government made direct and indirect offers of com ernment is doing is published-like The Soviets
mercial cooperation. And usually they signified at Work by Lenin-we are informed by Postmaster
their complete willingness to renew the war against General Burleson that it is unmailable. But the
Germany (for they never hesitated to describe the worst of all is the fashion in which the news about
treaty of Brest-Litovsk as no other than a robber's Allied intervention is distorted. We are led to be-
peace) as soon as the army could be reorganized lieve that Allied troops landed in Vladivostok to
and supplied with necessary munitions and equip restore “law and order," to put down the rule of an
ment. Not one of these many offers was acknowl anarchical minority and to substitute a democratic
edged, much less accepted. There seemed to be a government. It is false. There was quiet and the
preconcerted plan not to recognize the Soviet Gov- best of law and order at Vladivostok when Allied
ernment under any circumstances and no matter troops landed. The Soviet had the support and
what they offered. Since the armistice with Ger affection of the people. The Allied troops did not
many they have themselves offered an armistice to the set up a democratic government: they set up a re-
Allied nations. More: according to the Daily News actionary dictatorship. We are prepared to prove
of London, Litvinoff, the representative until re that in every case where Allied troops have invaded
cently of the Soviet Government in England, has Russian soil they have overthrown the popular gov-
formally offered any concessions to the Allied na ernment and set up a temporary government resting
tions—including payment on the national debt by for its support on foreign bayonets, a government
what gold is in Russia and by liberal concessions—in reactionary and in some cases even frankly monarch-
return for recognition of the Soviet Government by ist. It is safe to say that the average Ameri-
the Allied nations—and peace. But so far the con can citizen would be thoroughly shocked at know-
sistently and sincerely friendly advances of the Sovieting the kind of imperialistic and anti-demo-
Government have been ignored.
cratic game which is being played by our own
Possibly one reason for this has been the star and our Allies' armies in Russia. These are facts
chamber method of conducting our diplomatic rela and we think it high time that they be told. We
tions with the Soviet Government. If public do not believe that our own Government wants the
opinion in the various Allied countries—ourselves restoration of the monarchy in Russia or that it
included—had ever had any opportunity whatever would support a demonstrably unpopular govern-
to discuss any of these offers, the situation today ment forever. The Ameriean Government would
might be different. But the news from Russia, par like to see in Russia a liberal and commercial re-
ticularly since the Bolsheviki have had control, has public like ourselves—a quiet, respectable govern-
been notoriously false. The stories of massacre and ment with which we could do business. Undoubt-
anarchy are, of course, largely for effect, and are edly. But what we should like and what we are as
not to be taken seriously. The real truth about a matter of cold fact getting are two widely different
them is well illustrated in the article in this issue things. It is no secret that powerful parties in Japan
signed S. M. It is also well known that the are advocating the unostentatious annexation of large
various governmental censorships, principally the sections of Siberia, and that they have no interest in
British, have suppressed actual news messages seeing any stable popular government arise east of
sent by accredited correspondents of accredited the Urals. It is no secret that England trembles for
news associations from Moscow and Petrograd Persia, Afghanistan, and India, and that the Tory
-messages sent by men who were not them party would gladly crush the Russian Revolution if
selves Bolsheviki at all, but simply honest journal- it exhibited any tendency towards proselytism in for-
ists.
And many are the stories of events by "eye- eign countries (as it has). It is no secret that a cer-
witnesses" who saw no more than the inside of a tain section of French governmental opinion cares
hotel in Stockholm. Not a word of the constructive not a fig what sort of a reactionary government there
work being done by the Soviet Government has is in Russia, provided only it is a government that
been given out by the press. Such simple docu- will immediately repay the foreign loan. In a word,
ments as we publish on another page, for example, our intervention in Russia may have been undertaken
(see Foreign Comment) are practically unknown. . with the best of intentions, but the practical situation
All that we are allowed are silly stories about new with which we are faced today is either to support
decrees on marriage and free love, issued (where reaction and imperialism or to withdraw our
rarely authentic) by irresponsible groups striving to troops. Russian intervention has become for Amer-


528
December 14
THE DIAL
ica a tragic anachronism since the defeat of Ger We have fought for freedom, and as the President
many. We have neither a national nor an interna- has said, the undictated development of all peoples.
tional interest which today legitimately sanctions the We demand that Russia have her fair chance at that
presence of our troops on Russian soil. It is false freedom and self-development, and that if we are in
to our traditions to be fighting a workingman's no position to direct or guide the actions of other
republic, even if we do not approve of its form or its nations with respect to her we at least shall leave her
manners. It is not in accordance with any doctrine free to work out her own destiny. Let a war which
of American national policy for us to be engaged has not been declared by the nation we are fighting,
in crushing a revolution or in crucifying the hopes or by ourselves, cease. And let those representatives
and aspirations of a great and mighty people. It of Russia who speak for the majority of the Rus-
is really difficult to believe that this is the same sian people and not for interested cliques of in-
country which in Washington's time almost had a triguers have a voice and a hearing at the peace
civil war because this government refused to inter conference.
vene in the French Revolution, on behalf of the We demand that freedom of communication with
revolutionists. And not even the most severe critics Russia be at once restored, and that the whole truth
of the present leaders of the Soviet Government have be permitted to appear without let or hindrance in
said one-tenth as bitter things as were said of our periodicals; that the motives back of interven-
Robespierre and Marot in their day. No; to help tion, be they either political or economic or what
crush a revolution is not in accordance with the not, be given to the American people in order that
real American tradition.
they may have full knowledge and may of them-
For that reason we demand of our Govern selves determine whether or not they are willing to
ment that our troops now in Russia be immedi back up the present intervention in Russia and what
ately withdrawn. We are asking no more than is the logical further activity implied by that inter-
British Labor and French Labor and Italian Labor vention. We demand that the open diplomacy for
have already officially demanded of their govern which the President has declared be practiced with
ments. We are asking no more than President respect to Russia. We demand, in a single word,
Wilson has again and again promised to the Russian the truth. We have lived for the last year in a
people—“We are fighting," said the President in
poisonous atmosphere of lies and slander and in-
his communication to the Provisional Government trigue and double-dealing. As Americans, who
of Russia on June 9, 1917, "for the liberty, the honestly believe that we speak for the sober second
self-government, and the undictated development of thought of this country and for those who have no
all peoples, and every feature of the settlement that organ of publicity or appeal, we demand that once
concludes this war must be conceived and executed and for all the clean wind of the truth be allowed
for that purpose.” We are asking no more than to sweep away the false conceptions and interested
would ask, if they knew the facts, and do ask, those propaganda which have infected the country. We
who are aware of them, the soldiers who entered this
demand of our Government a clear formulation and
war inspired by an honest ideal to defeat the menace
simple, honest statement of its Russian policy. We
of German autocracy and to bring freedom to the
demand that that policy be based on the facts and
oppressed peoples of the world. Those who have
given their lives on the battlefields of France will
not on lies, that that policy be American and Ameri-
can alone.
rise to reproach us if we are now false to our trust.
THE EDITORS.
Survivor
In the rustling summer of your
heart
Where limpid butterfly-emotions
Are tangled in sun-strands, and all is tinged with young loves,
There grows an old, twisted tree.
He seems to wonder how he came
To all the light and warmth that whisks endlessly past him.
He is an old, half-withered sorrow,
And he bears for your skipping joys a sad friendliness.
MAXWELL BODENHEIM.


1918
529
THE DIAL
Russia and the American Press
Russia has always been a land of mystery, a the people, either in the literal or in the figurative
terra incognita, to us. During the reign of the sense, do not understand their psychology, do not
czars our knowledge of that country was limited to know their history and their heroic struggle for
stories of bureaucratic corruption, brutal oppres freedom. They come there with a mental equip-
sion, and Jewish massacres. Occasionally Stephen ment sufficient perhaps for a breezy account of a
Graham, of British fame, treated us to a eulogy of divorce trial or an enthusiastic report about a smash-
the autocratic regime which, he maintained, was ing home-run, but utterly and sadly inadequate for
best calculated to keep in proper place the many the comprehension of so tremendous an upheaval.
millions of ignorant and vodka-drinking peasants Unable to grasp the significance of the great social
who worshiped their "Little Father," the God- phenomenon, they dwell of necessity upon the minor
appointed head of State and Church.
details, the discordant and petty elements, which
When the Russian Revolution broke out, and the they pick up on the fringes of the Revolution. Thus
selfsame peasants, garbed in soldiers' and sailors' uni- it happens that a murder or a plain hold-up is mag-
forms, raised a heavy hand against their "beloved" nified to the proportions of anarchy and terror, and
Czar and with one mighty stroke swept out all the tearful recital of a dispossessed aristocrat is
vestige of his malevolent rule, we were told tales taken as a proof of the country's lawless state. To
of anarchy and chaos, of the mistreatment of "inno the total lack of intelligent understanding on the
cent” army officers in the prisons of Kronstadt, of part of some is added the prejudice and bigotry of
the burning of manor houses by infuriated peasants, others who strenuously oppose any and all radical
and were constantly impressed with the belief that innovations which tend to undermine the citadel of
the Russian people were not ripe for self-govern- conservatism. These are constitutionally unable to
ment. The Bolshevik propaganda among the army, see any good in the Russian Revolution which does
which met with great success because of the blunders
not work out in accord with the editorial views of
of Allied diplomacy, the weakness of the Provisional
their respective papers. Some of them have spent
Government, the general disorganization in the
years in Russia, hobnobbing with the Czar's officials
country, and the war-weariness of the masses (who and receiving their Russian news while sipping
are not interested in the acquisition of the Darda-
nelles or the freedom of the seas), was conveniently
champagne in the cozy atmosphere of a well-
and thoughtlessly branded as German ; and this appointed room, and they were shocked beyond the
prevented any true understanding of the whole hope of recovery when the unshaven and noisy
movement. The very word “Bolshevik” sounded Petrograd Council of Workmen's and Soldiers'
mysterious and threatening, but no one saw fit to
Deputies demanded a public statement of Allied
explain its meaning. And when these same Bolshe-
war aims and declared for "peace without annexa-
viks came into power, and in spite of the frequent tions or indemnities, and self-definition of peoples."
prophesies about their imminent downfall continued The advent of the Bolsheviks completed their men-
in power—much to the disappointment and chagrin tal derangement, so that since November 1917 they
of the false prophets-our newspapers became a sort have been able to see nothing but red. Their optic
of clearing-house for abuse, calumny, falsehood, and sense has been so perverted that a political amnesty
other attributes of impotent rage, lavishly heaped they view as a general massacre; and their loss of
upon them by their conscious and unconscious reasoning capacity is evidenced by their readiness
enemies.
to confirm any rumor, no matter how wild and
For, really, what do we know about present-day improbable, if only it is in line with their sad
Russia, her form of government, and the purposes delusion.
of her rulers? Barring advance information about There are also those, of the yellow kind, who in
massacres of the bourgeoisie, which somehow do order to please the editor or to satisfy their own
not come off, and repeated predictions that millions craving for the sensational send grossly exaggerated
are going to die for lack of food and fuel, which or deliberately lying stories. As an illustration the
prediction the millions stubbornly refuse to bear out, following may serve. Some time ago a New York
what news do we get from that country? Prac- daily published a story by its Russian correspondent
tically none. Our correspondents in Russia, with about a certain Peters, the President of the Moscow
one or two exceptions, do not speak the language of Commission for the Suppression of Counter-Revolu-


530
December 14
THE DIAL
tion, who, as the story ran, “signed death warrants they do not show partiality in the matter of execu-
day and night until he dropped from sheer physical tions, and accord similar treatment to their own
exhaustion.” The story was embellished with a few comrades when the latter commit crimes which,
personal characteristics which portrayed the unfor- according to the Bolshevik legal code, are just as
tunate victim of the correspondent as a most blood- heinous as treason. Hans Vorst, the Moscow corre-
thirsty monster in human form. Diligent inquiry spondent of the Berliner Tageblatt, whose descrip-
has disclosed that the Bolsheviks have a grim habit
tion of the activity of the Extraordinary Commission
of publishing the lists of people executed for state
was reprinted in the New York Times of December
and other offenses, and that at the time the corre-
1, says:
spondent above referred to was in Russia the great-
It should be mentioned that the Extraordinary Com-
missions proceed with the same severity as against the
est number of persons executed in a single day in bourgeoisie against the abuses and dishonesty among the
Moscow was twenty-three. While this number
Soviet officials themselves. Among the lists of those shot
one occasionally runs across reports like this: "Commis-
may be large enough to impress anyone with the
sary X. Y. Z., for drunkenness and misconduct," or
seriousness of the anti-Bolshevik movement in Rus “Y. Z., member of such and such Soviet, for drunkenness
and other crimes." The list is already lengthy of the
sia (which movement, it must be noted, appears to Soviet officials who have been shot for bribery and
be confined to the former nobility and property extortion.
owning class), it can readily be seen that Peters Our total ignorance of conditions in Russia and
scarcely dropped from “physical exhaustion” after our hunger for news from that country explain the
affixing his signature twenty-three times. On other avidity with which we swallow all interviews with
days he was required to sign twelve, or eight, or five former Generals, erstwhile Princes, and British
death warrants, which to a revolutionist who has merchants who “escape” from Petrograd or Moscow
experienced the "discomforts” of the Czar's prison in a first-class compartment of the wagons-lits and
regime and who is fighting against its restoration is
vie with one another in their recitals of the blood-
a mere bagatelle. He has risked his life in the battle curdling deeds of the murderous Bolsheviks. One
of these fortunate individuals was asked in the
against autocratic tyranny and he rightly considers
midst of his narrative for a definition of Bolshevik,
that its champions must either win or perish. The
and he replied that the root of the word meant
following, which is reprinted from the official Mos-
"chaos.” The reporter was much satisfied with this
cow Izvestia of July 13, is a typical announcement of
learned definition and recorded it for the public's
the sort that one occasionally reads in the Russian
information.
press:
May one suggest that in this era of reconstruction,
During the night of July 12, by order of the Extraor-
when various policies are put forward--from the
dinary Commission for the Suppression of the Counter-
Revolution, ten leaders of the counter-revolutionary
radical program of the British Labor Party to the
organization, the Union for the Salvation of the Father very conservative proposal of the American Manu-
land and the Revolution, were shot. The reasons for this
execution are that recent reports from the provinces state
facturers' Association to lower wages and extend
that agents of the above-named organization instigated working hours—the American press would be
partial armed outbreaks against the Soviet Government.
These reports, combined with the fact, recently estab-
greatly benefited by the abolition of yellow journal-
lished, that the chief staff of this organization was work ism and a slight change in the personnel of its
ing out a plan for a general armed uprising, have
foreign correspondents? Europe is shaken by a suc-
extremely aggravated the situation, especially in view
of the latest events.
cession of revolutions. Empires and dynasties are
Experience has shown that the imprisonment of mem crumbling to the dust. In place of autocracy and
bers of this criminal society does not attain the purpose,
as, possessing an enormous amount of money, this society
feudalism democracies are set up. Great mass move-
organizes their escape from the prisons, and they continue ments are shaking the very foundations of the mod-
their criminal activity. The armed mutiny which was in
the process of preparation threatened also the lives of
ern political and economic order. Intelligent ob-
many people among the peaceful population, and, there servation and fair discrimination are essential to a
fore, the Extraordinary Commission for the Suppression
of the Counter-Revolution decided to exterminate the
proper understanding of the developments in the
counter-revolutionary organization at the very root and Old World, so that the New World may learn the
treat the leaders as open enemies caught with arms in
their hands. The following persons, all former officers,
lesson of history and not repeat the mistakes of the
have been executed: 1. General Popoff. 2. B. Pokrovsky.
past. And the raising of the intellectual level of our
3. Sidoroff (alias Aveyeff). 4. Dushak. 5. Kolenko. 6.
correspondents in Europe, particularly in Russia,
Rosenfeld (alias Rosanoff). 7. Olgin (alias Gertzik).
8. Ilvovsky. 9. Belooussoff. 10. Floroff.
would be an important step in the educational re-
construction of this country.
In justice to the Bolsheviks it must be said that
S. M.


1918
531
THE DIAL
The Soviet at Work
Seventeen
EVENTEEN DAYS after we left the great Red salary for any official of the new Russian Govern-
Commune of Petrograd, looking out towards the ment was fixed at 500 roubles a month. The
Atlantic, the Trans-Siberian express was gliding members of the Vladivostok Soviet, with the stu-
along the waters of the Golden Horn of the Far dent Soochanov at their head, pointing out the lower
East, carrying us into Vladivostok, looking from its cost of living in the Far East, voluntarily scaled
hilly promontory out into the Pacific.
theirs down to 300 roubles a month. After this,
It was in a world of Soviets that we had moved when any workman felt within him the itching de-
across the great, slow, northern-flowing rivers, the sire for a fatter pay-envelope, the question of his
Urals, the Taiga forests, and the steppes. The fellow-worker was: “Do you want to get more than
trainmen spoke of their Soviet; the peasants of Lenin or Soochanov ?" This logic was unanswer-
theirs; the miners at Anjarnaya had greeted us with able.
great red banners in the name of theirs. We had As soon as the workmen found the factories
conferred with the Soviet of Central Siberia and the really in their hands there came a change in their
Far East Soviet. It seemed as if the whole world minds. Under the Kerensky regime they had
was taken up with this new organ, and as we tended to elect a foreman for his leniency. Under
stepped from the train at Vladivostok we were to their own government, the Soviet, they began to
find the Soviet there an exact replica of the one we elect as foremen those who put discipline into the
had left at Petrograd, seven thousand miles away shop and raised the production. The first time I
at the other end of the line.
met Krasnoschekoff, the head of the Far East
There is no more remarkable phenomenon in all Soviet, he was talking pessimistically about the in-
history than the fact that in a week after the Revo dustrial outlook: "For every word I say to the
lution one sixth of the earth's surface should in bourgeoisie against their sabotaging, I say ten words
every city and village burgeon forth with this new to the workingmen against their slackness. But I
sort of governmental apparatus; that it should mani believe the change is coming.” When I saw him the
fest its worth, strike its roots deeper and deeper, last of June he was in a happy, jubilant mood.
crowd out all rivals, resist the shock of every at The change had come, and in six factories he said
tack, and after fifteen months hold undisputed con that they were producing more than ever before.
trol from the Arctic Ocean on the north to the In the so-called "American Works” the wheels,
Black Sea on the south, from Narva upon the frames, and brakes of cars, shipped from the United
Finnish Gulf to Vladivostok here on the Yellow States, were assembled and the cars sent out over
Sea.
the Trans-Siberian Railway. Under the Kerensky
All along the Trans-Siberian line the Soviets were regime these shops had been hotbeds of trouble, one
at work upon the staggering problems that had disturbance following close on the heels of another.
fallen on them. The armies of unemployed were The 6,000 workmen on the payroll were turning
swarming in all the streets.
out but 18 cars a day. The Soviet Committee closed
The dislocation of industry following the war
the plant down and then completely reorganized the
and the Revolution, the demobilization of twelve shops, reducing the force to 1800 men. In the
million soldiers, and the arbitrary shutting of fac-
underframe section, instead of 1400 there were now
tories by their owners all combined to fill the cities
with the workless. The Soviets saw the menace to
350; but, by means of short-cuts, introduced by the
workers themselves, the output of that department
their existence in these idle hands and started in to
open up the factories. The management was lodged
was increased. Altogether, the 1800 men on the
with the workingmen themselves and credit was
new payroll were turning out 12 cars a day—an
furnished by the Soviet. Under the Kerensky re-
efficiency increase of more than 100 per cent per
gime, workman's control had often proved dis-
astrous. One of the causes was the constant de One day I was standing with Soochanov on the
mand for more and more pay. The bewildered hills overlooking the shops. He was listening to the
cabinet ministers were at their wits' ends to find a clank of the cranes and the stamp of the trip ham-
way to stop this cry for ever higher and higher wages. mers ringing up from the valley.
The Soviet however stopped it at once. The leaders “That seems to be sweet music in your ears,” I
first tried wage limitation on themselves. By de- said.
cree of the Central Russian Soviet the maximum "Yes," he replied, "the old revolutionists used to
man.


532
December 14
THE DIAL
make a noise with bombs, but this is the noise of the abroad. They then set to work changing the ma-
new revolutionists."
chinery and speeding it up. Many machines and
The strongest ally of the Soviet was the Union ships were brought in for repairing. When a par-
of Miners. It organized the unemployed into little ticular contract was not completed at the end of
Soviets of 50 and 100, equipped them, and sent them the eight-hour day the foreman would give a state-
out to the mines along the great Amur. These ment about the condition of the work and the
enterprises were highly successful. Each man was number of extra hours required. Then the men,
turning out on an average of from 50 to 100 roubles taking new pride in the speediness of the work,
worth of gold and other ore per day. The question often voted to stick by the job, even if it took all
of pay arose. One of the miners unearthed the night. With this went a vote of increase of pay
slogan: "To every man the full product of his for the foreman.
labors.” It at once achieved a tremendous popu-
Under the old administration most of the workers
larity among the miners, who declared their loyalty had had to spend from one to three hours in coming
to this fundamental Socialist principle; nothing, they to the factory. Only the old officials had quarters
said, could induce them to depart from it. But the convenient to the Port. The Committee immedi-
Soviet held a different view. There was a dead- ately started the building of new quarters for the
lock. Instead of taking recourse to the historic workers. A host of new devices were introduced to
method of settling the dispute by bombs and troops, promote the saving of time and to prevent the wast-
the workingmen fought it out on the floor of the ing of energy, with the consequent elevation of the
Soviet and the miners capitulated to the logic of esprit de corps. The long line of employees, waiting
their comrades. Their wages were fixed at about in turn to receive their pay envelopes, was abol-
15 roubles per day with a bonus for extra produc- ished by appointing one man to receive the pay for
tion. In a short time twenty-six poods (there are
every two hundred.
36 pounds in a pood) of gold were accumulated at They had an unfortunate experience in the selec-
headquarters in Habarovsk. Against this they were tion of one of these men, who was so constituted that
preparing to issue paper money. The seal was a he could resist everything but temptation. Having
sickle and a hammer, and the design showed a received the two hundred pay envelopes, he started
peasant and a worker clasping hands and the riches out to distribute them and then thought better of it.
of the Far East streaming out over the world. No one knows how it happened. Part of the men
One of the white elephants to which the Soviet said it must have been some devil of a bourgeois
fell heir was the Voenna Port (Military Port). It who whispered into the ears of this weak comrade
was a huge plant built for military and naval pur and drove from his mind all thought of his family,
poses, and a monument to the inefficiency of the Old his shop, his Soviet, and the Revolution. At any
Regime. It carried on its payroll as fine a line of rate he was found later beside some empty vodka
grafting officials and favorites as ever decorated an bottles with his pockets empty too. When he re-
establishment of the Czar. The barnacles on the covered from his happiness he was brought before the
ships of the volunteer fleet were a consequence of shop committee and charged with breach of Revolu-
those upon the payroll. The Soviet immediately tionary honor and treason to the Voenna Port. The
scraped these eminent barnacles off its payroll. The Grand Session of the Revolutionary Tribunal was
Committee retained the services of the old manager held in the main shop with the 1500 men on the
of the Port as Chief Technician. For these prole- jury. The verdict was "Guilty!" The Committee
tarians recognized the necessity of experts, that they then proposed that the jury should vote on one of
were not to be found in their own ranks, and that the three following sentences: (1) Summary dis-
they must pay the price for them. Some of these missal and blacklisting, so that the culprit would
bourgeois administrators received a salary five or be effectually barred from all further employment.
ten times greater than any of the commissaires. For (2) Dismissal, but the payment of his wages to his
the first time the working-class set out to buy brains wife and children continued. (3) Pardon and re-
in the same way as the capitalist class had done here- instatement. They voted for proposition number
tofore.
two, thus attaching a definite stigma to his derelic-
The Committee took upon itself the task of shift tion and at the same time sparing his family from
ing the production from implements of war to im- suffering. But this didn't bring back the money
plements of peace. They introduced a system of to the unfortunate two hundred. The men voted,
strict accounting. This showed that the new plows thereupon, to take the loss upon themselves. The
and weights were being produced at a much higher loss of the two hundred was evenly distributed
cost than the same articles could be imported from among the whole fifteen hundred.


1918
533
THE DIAL
.
The verdict of the working-class upon the Soviet of their own fate, rulers of their own life, is the
as an institution is that it has made good. Towards reason why the workmen cherished their Soviet and
the mistakes and failures of the Soviet the attitude
why they had been ready to die for it. And this
they take is the same a man takes towards his own loyalty is not merely loyalty to an institution which
mistakes and failures-a very lenient one.
gives them higher wages and shorter hours. It has
Out of their experience the workers have gained a social and spiritual content.
confidence. They went far enough to know that I remember a session of the Vladivostok Soviet
they can organize industry. Having passed through when one of the Right was making a furious attack
the period of strife and discouragement, they began upon the Soviet at a time when the food rations had
to feel a sense of elation at their own successes. been limited. “The Bolsheviks promised you lots of
They would have been still more elated had it not things,” he said, “but they didn't give them to
been for their enemies, who were constantly hatching you, did they?. They promised you bread, but
some new conspiracy to kill their Soviet.
where is it? Where is the bread that
?"
Just as things were running well in the shop, the The words of the speaker were drowned in a storm
men were compelled to drop their tools and take up of whistles and hisses.
their rifles; the railroads, instead of carrying food The devotion of the Russian workman to the
and implements, were compelled to carry ammuni Soviet is not based solely upon the material returns
tion and troops. The workmen, instead of strength- that are given to him. It has given him other
ening and extending the new State apparatus, had values: a very human government—a government
to rally to the defense of the ground