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di
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MAY 16 1899 Hoffer, 5,1890.
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MAY 16
THE DIAL
erce
.
.
.
.
Vol. X. MAY, 1889. No. 109. to every student of social questions. Between
the covers of the volume are contained facts
gathered from all available sources, which may
CONTENTS.
startle the merely theoretical economist who
rarely puts his head beyond his door, and
PROFIT SHARING. W. H. Ray ...... 5
whose methods of reasoning and argument have
THE INDUSTRIES OF JAPAN. F. W. Gookin. 9 been deductive as a geometrical demonstration.
MAINE ON INTERNATIONAL USAGES. Jas. O. To obtain these facts five Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity men— Messrs. Bemis, Shaw, Warner,
RECENT EDUCATIONAL BOOKS. Edward Play-
Shinn, and Randall—divided the United States
fair Anderson ............. 13
into territories so small that each could make a
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ......... 16
careful and exhaustive study of coöperation
Hamerton's Portfolio Papers., Smith's Foreign Vis-
within the limits apportioned him. Thus are
itors in England. - Morley's English Writers; Vol.
treated, in separate chapters, the coöperative
experiments in New England; in the Middle
IV., The Fourteenth Century.- Miss Morgan's An
States, by which seem to be meant New York,
Hour with Delsarte.- Lunt's Across Lots.-- Hill's
Pennsylvania, and New Jersey ; in the North-
Our English.-- Waters's William Shakespeare Por-
trayed by Himself.- Hubbard's and Carrett's Cata-
west, including Minnesota, Wisconsin, and
logue of the “Barton Collection” in the Boston Pub-
Iowa ; in the West, i. e., in the states of Ohio,
lic Library.
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Kansas,
and Nebraska, the Mormon settlements in
TOPICS IN MAY PERIODICALS ....... 19
Utah, California ; and in Marvland and other
BOOKS OF THE MONTH. ......... 19 Southern states. The scholarly men who have
compiled these facts and figures have been wise
enough not to obtrude a theory based upon
PROFIT SHARING.*
their investigations. The work is a monu-
Strikes, lock-outs, the cries of children, the
ment of labor, and will prove of invaluable ser-
vice to future investigators. Had arguments
curses of men, angry mutterings of an anarch-
istic band, like the low thundering pre-
been made and conclusions definitely stated,
there would of necessity have been in the read-
monitions of a rising storm, signify some
trouble with existing industrial conditions.
er's mind a suspicion that all the facts obtain-
The uppermost problem is the labor problem.
able were not presented. The work of formu-
What is that? In brief it is this: How
lating and defending a theory could not suc-
shall there be a more equitable division of the
cessfully be so largely coöperative as the labor
results of productive industry between em-
of accumulating statistics : that task would be
ployer and employee? If anyone thinks this
better delegated to a single writer. Two truths
definition begs the question, he would better
are clearly enough demonstrated. The first is
not spend his time in reading this article, or
that productive coöperation cannot at present
the works that serve it as a timely text.
succeed in this country to any general extent,
First on the list is the volume of Johns
because it is too radical a change from the
Hopkins University Studies, “ A History of
existing industrial system, and because it
Coöperation in the United States.” Did this
leaves out of account that important and in-
university need to justify its existence, its case
creasingly important productive factor, the
would be sufficiently pleaded by this single
entrepreneur, or manager. The second fact
volume. By such a work it reflects honor
made obvious by a perusal of these pages is
upon itself and does a service of great worth
that social regeneration is not to be sought
through revolution and anarchy, but through
* HISTORY OF COOPERATION IN THE UNITED States.
and along with a moral regeneration which
Johns Hopkins University Studies, Vol. VI. Baltimore : N. shall make the grasping monopolist a moral
shall amonge with
Murray, Publication Agent.
SHARING THE PROFITs. By Mary Whiton Calkins, A.M.
| impossibility as he is now a moral monstrosity,
Boston : Ginn & Co.
and shall make that individuality whose key-
PROFIT SHARING BETWEEN EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE.
A Study in the Evolution of the Wages System. By Nicholas
note is “ each for all ” not an accepted theory ·
Paine Gilman. Boston: Houghton, Miftin & Co.
but an accomplished fact.
sity be all the lok of for suc-


THE DIAL
[May,
TUTUS
The little pamphlet of less than seventy pages, and only the average man is properly re-
written by Miss Calkins, an instructor in munerated for his time. Piece-work can not
Wellesley College, is an excellent hand-book generally take the place of time-work, because
for the general reader who wishes to inform it involves the necessity of more extensive
himself concerning a few of the most promi- superintendence. Under the piece system the
nent experiments in profit sharing, and to get efficient laborer is rewarded for his efficiency ;
some idea of the ethical and economic princi- but the incompetent, aided by labor organiza-
ples upon which the argument of profit sharing tions, demands time wages, notwithstanding the
is based. Illustrations of practical operation unfairness, as the only means by which he may
are drawn, with a single exception, from gain a sufficient livelihood. The sliding scale
foreign sources; particularly the Maison | has been attempted and abandoned.
Leclaire, the Bon Marché, and the Familestère For more than forty years, profit sharing
at Guise. The portions of the monograph has been employed in France with marked suc-
which will be read with the most interest are cess. What does profit sharing propose to do?
the last part of Chapter I., in which the It proposes to increase the quantity and im-
writer assumes that profit sharing directly in- prove the quality of the product, to lessen the
creases, indirectly increases, and regulates pro expense of superintendence, and to give to the
duction ; and Chapter VI., where objections to laborer a larger share than he at present re-
profit sharing are discussed. The value of the ceives of the results of his labor. If profit
pamphlet is enhanced by the addition of a sharing can be shown to do what it professes to
bibliography of profit sharing.
be able to accomplish, it should everywhere
The latest and most noteworthy book is that supplant the present wages system. Human
by Mr. Gilman. It differs materially from nature is both energetic and lazy, ambitious
either of the works just mentioned. It and self-satisfied, possessed of a desire to re-
does not treat, as does the Johns Hopkins vol form and of an unthinking helplessness engen-
ume, of coöperation ; it is confined to profit dered by laissez faire. On the whole, this
sharing, and while giving all the examples of complex thing we call human nature will put
profit sharing mentioned in the “ History of forth more effort to secure increased comforts
Coöperation," it adds many others. Mr. Gil or enlarged leisure. The workman, once as-
man makes no assumptions, takes nothing for sured that the results of augmented skill, or
granted. He treats the subject from the rapidity, or faithfulness, may be secured to
economic standpoint; and while he clearly himself and not given to an employer, is cer-
states his own views and conclusions, he is evi tain to increase his effort. So far forth he
dently singularly free from the curse of either comes under the influence of the same motive
preconceived and biassive notions or an arro that actuates the employer,—the most powerful
gant belief that his conclusions are final. As of all motives, that of self-interest. Each does
may be inferred, therefore, Mr. Gilman's point his best, each watches carefully himself and
is scientific, and by his treatment of the sub his neighbor. There is less waste, more econ-
ject he compels one to believe that there is an omy; less talk, more work; less indifference,
earnest attempt to know and tell the truth. more thoughtful consideration of quality as
Beginning with a striking and not generally essential. There can be but one result: larger
perceived analogy between product sharing, product united with improved quality. As a
which was formerly customary to a large ex matter of fact, if testimony is needed, it is at
tent in New England in agriculture, which still hand in great abundance. It is of one sort, so
obtains in the fisheries industry, and is “the far as this question goes. Even those firms
natural method of rewarding labor in primi that have abandoned profit sharing after a brief
tive times and fundamental industries," the trial, assert that the material results of labor
author proceeds to a discussion of the wages were enlarged and improved. Not only is this
system in all its various forms. He claims that true, but the increased value of the product of
it is a great advance over the system of former a given force of workmen during a given time
days, because of its general—nay, universal accrues partly to the employer, largely to the
applicability to the existing conditions of in employee. Herein their interests are identical.
dustrial life. The present system has some From this it follows that profit sharing tends
disadvantages, in that time wages afford to reduce to a minimum the difficulties between
insufficient remuneration to the good work- employer and laborer. The friction of the
man, too large pay to the inferior employee, past has arisen from a sense of alienation of


1889.]
THE DIAL
interests. Could each see the real identity of of the stockholders, many of whom were not
interest which profit sharing illustrates or em informed of the true condition of affairs, and
phasizes, the day of strikes and lockouts would most of whom, outside of the managing firm,
soon be past. In but two noteworthy instances were utterly out of sympathy with a profit
has serious trouble arisen between a firm and sharing system. In consideration of these mis-
its workmen, after the adoption of profit shar takes, any of which might have proved fatal
ing. Messrs. Brewster of New York, carriage to the success of the plan, we are justified in
manufacturers, after two and a half years of saying that the failure was not caused by any
profit sharing, abandoned the system on account defect in the plan of profit sharing
of a strike of their men, who were urged to One feature of profit sharing, which seems
this action by the labor agitation of May, 1872. to Mr. Gilman essential to its success, is that
The men struck at a time when $11,000 was of general stability of the wages paid. In an
about to be paid as bonus, and thus forfeited especially prosperous time, neither interest on
by a two weeks' strike $19,000 in wages and capital nor wages should greatly rise ; nor in
homes. It was a strange - freak,” to use the season of commercial distress should interest
expression of one of the partners. It is at or wages considerably fall, though the bonus
least so far an abnormal case that it can hardly paid to labor and capital may decrease or even
be admitted as evidence against profit sharing. be cut off entirely. Sharing the profits is not
The other instance of abandonment occurred a universal panacea for industrial disorders.
after so long a trial that it probably has had | It is, however, rational to suppose that it will
much influence in delaying a general adoption be very likely to bring about peace between
of the new system. The Messrs. Briggs, coal master and workman, because it is really a
miners, after years of contention with the partnership without the absurd condition of
labor organizations, contending against suspic brainlessness that has characterized most at-
ion and even hatred of their men, in 1865 tempts at industrial coöperation.
adopted profit sharing. The workmen dis There are other reasons why general adop-
trusted the managers and opposed their plans. tion of profit sharing would be a step in ad-
During the six years that followed, however, vance of the present wages system. “Wages
the success of a plan which paid to the stock are paid from the product of labor ” is no
holders an annual dividend of twelve and a half longer so heterodox as when Henry George
per cent. and to the laborers a bonus of two was the only man who dared to say that
and a half per cent. of the invested capital, or “ Wages are not drawn from capital, but pro-
about six per cent. on the wages, made the duced by labor.” Three services claim re-
firm enthusiastic believers and the men willing muneration in every industry : capital, manage-
coöperators in the new plan. The change ment, labor. Each is helpless without the
to the employers was largely financial, to the other. Whether combined in a single indi-
employees moral. Instead of enemies, they vidual, or divided among three parties, each
became the friends of the firm. Owing, how is entitled to its full share of resulting profits.
ever, to depression of business and other mis By custom, the manager and workmen are paid
fortunes, it became necessary in 1874, after in stipulated amounts. This stipulation does
two years of great prosperity and exceptionally not deprive the manager of an increased re-
high earnings, to reduce the wages. The re ward, in case of unusual success secured by un-
duction was accepted only after a four weeks' usual effort. Is there any reason in justice
strike. Then followed a fight against the why the third industrial factor should be de-
union, which was so bitter that the miners prived of his share of the surplus which may
were compelled finally to choose between the | remain after the proper remuneration of the
union and the firm. The choice was what capitalist and entrepreneur ? If it be objected
might be expected ; and profit sharing in the
might be explicerie
tion
that the laborer is ruled out from a division of
Whitwood collieries was at an end. The mis profits that remain after the stipulated interest,
takes of the firm were three in number: Dur management, salaries, and wages have been
ing the days of prosperity they paid wages paid, because he assumes no risk, it is
higher than the prevailing rate ; when wages answered, that if he makes especial effort to
and bonus to labor were diminished there was secure a larger or improved product he as-
not a corresponding diminution in the rate of sumes risk to the extent of the extraordinary
bonus to capital; the payment of bonus to above the ordinary effort, and is in equity en-
labor was made dependent upon an annual rate / titled to his proportionate share of any


THE DIAL
[May,
extraordinary profit, just as he bears his pro- could not, in the nature of things, well be pro-
portionate part of the loss in case his unusual posed by the laboring class. They lack the
effort produces no more than the ordinary breadth of view and the wise considerateness
returns. So far as the laborer is by any to make the proposal of equal weight when
industrial system deprived of his due, to that coming from them. Is it expecting too much
degree is the system wrong ; so far as by any if we hope that these very qualities which the
industrial system the workman is given what workmen as a class lack may come to them as
is justly his, to that degree is the system right. a part of the education in economy, foresight,
That profit sharing is an improvement upon independence, and manliness, which must come
the simple wages system, in so far that it is along with a general recognition of their part-
more equitable, seems incontestable.
nership rights in the profits accruing in part
It remains to consider some of the objec- from their labor ?
tions that may be urged against profit sharing Another objection, which is more serious
as a system. That it is an innovation is no perhaps, though still not inherent in the plan,
grounds for rejection; that it is to so large an is found in the very general method of limit-
extent looked upon by the workingmen with ing the “ participation,” as it is called, to a
suspicion is no argument against it, though | portion of the employees of the establishment.
that feeling justifies careful investigation as to The qualification varies; the fact of limitation
its cause. It is easy to say, but hard to prove, is almost universal. The most common con-
that any plan brought forward by the master dition is in the term of service. In the Pills-
would be hesitatingly accepted by the men, yet bury Mills a man must have been in the
it is doubtless true enough. Perhaps the hesi employ of the firm five years, to be a
tancy of the men to adopt profit sharing is not participator; in the N. O. Nelson Manufactur-
lessened by the very frank declarations of the ing Co., of St. Louis, six months is the re-
employer, that he desires profit sharing because | quired period of service. In many other cases
it increases his profits and results in a peace only those who are chosen by the company for
that is very desirable to him. The laborer especial reasons are admitted to participation.
who has learned to consider his employer's and An instance of this sort is that of Messrs. Rand,
his own interests antagonistic, at once asks, McNally & Co., of Chicago, who employ, ac-
" If this plan is so good for the employer, can cording to Mr. Gilman, six hundred persons,
it be equally good for me?” Unselfishness and but admit to a share of the profits only forty-
philanthropy have not yet become the ruling seven. These forty-seven are paid, according
motives of men's lives. Not yet does a plan to Mr. Gilman, “ some $20,000 a year, which is
recommend itself to the mind of the shrewd equal to ten per cent increase on their sala-
business man, or secure his approval, if it only ries.” Many of these employees are in “ very
proposes a more generous allotment of profits comfortable circumstances." One would think
to the workmen in his employ. An apprecia- they might be. If $20,000 is a ten per cent
tion of this truth, more or less vague, inclines increase, the original salaries of these forty-
the workman to hold aloof from this new seven men must be $200,000, or an average
fangled notion. If the men, as the employers annual salary of $4,255, without the additional
say, work much better, more carefully and ten per cent. We doubt if any establishment
rapidly, and thus of course accomplish more in the country employing six hundred men
under this system, may not profit sharing be has on its pay-roll fifty men each of whom
after all a new invention, like the labor-saving receives $4,200 per annum as wages. The re-
machines, to get more from the men, to employ port of this house makes one a little suspicious
fewer laborers, and thus throw upon the already of some other figures given in the book of Mr.
overstocked market a yet larger force of un-Gilman—though its main facts cannot be
occupied laborers who would gladly barter doubted.
their services for starvation wages? It would The most radical objection to profit sharing
appear that this objection does not lie deeper is that it is exceedingly hard to make the
than the surface. Profit sharing would not fit workman a co-partner to any extent without
perfectly in the present order of things; it is giving him the partnership right to examine
not intended to do so. It rather aims to es the books and accounts, and publish to the
tablish a new system than to add to the old. world, if he so please, the status of the busi-
It invites the laborer to increased effort, but ness. This difficulty is not insuperable. It
also to increased share in the product. It demands a separate discussion, however. The
rather aims to old. world, This difficulty
ission, ho


1889.]
THE DIAL
solution of the problem may lead to an entire of the treaty ports made the study of it pos-
change in industrial life.
sible in the land wherein it reached its highest
In - The Forum ” for September, 1887, in development, was not originated within the
an article which was the seed plant of the empire of the Mikado, but was an importation
present book, containing as it did the enuncia from China. Owing to the unreliability of
tion of principles which have here been elabo the early records, it is not known when the in-
rated and illustrated, Mr. Gilman said: tercourse between the two countries began ;
“The thought is to-day familiar that human progress but by the middle of the sixth century of our
is in a spiral, rather than a straight line. Mankind, era the peculiar civilization of China, which
has, in a fashion, to return upon its track in order to
had its roots in India, was flowing onward in
reassert a sound principle that has been rejected or
abandoned in the zeal for novelty. After a time of
a vast and steady stream, through Korea to the
great change it discovers some weakness in the new Land of the Day's Beginning. Buddhist mis-
position arrived at in its progress ; and still advancing, sionaries were the pioneers, and their converts
it takes up again in its spiral course an attitude and po-
the active promoters, of this great movement.
sition more like that of former times. But it is on a
Buddhism was the vehicle which gave to Japan
higher level, and it retains the abiding value of the re-
cent advance.”
Chinese writing and literature, Chinese phil-
Product sharing and profit sharing are
osophy, Chinese art, Chinese medicine and
analogous. After the wages system we may
jurisprudence, Chinese state polity, social cus-
come back to something like that which pre-
toms and industrial methods. Before its civili-
ceded it, but on a higher level. Evolution
zation became crystallized, and its power di-
carries us up. If profit sharing be socialism,
minished by the ravages of Tartar conquerors,
let us try it. A socialism that makes the
the Middle Kingdom was a great fountain-
burden-bearer better, stronger, freer, because
head from whence wave after wave of influence
it gives him a fair share of what he creates,
spread over Korea and Japan, and stamped
cannot be bad. Profit sharing will not solve
upon them characteristics which, their own de-
the labor problem ; but if it make the employer
velopment arrested in turn, they retained al-
more considerate and less greedy, and the work-
most unchanged until the present day, when
man more prudent and faithful, it is worth the
they are beginning to crumble away through
while. The labor union needed is the union of
contact with Western ideas and institutions.
capital and labor. The political economy
It is difficult for us to realize now how little
needed is not that which teaches that compe-
we knew about Japan prior to the expedition
tition, terrible and relentless, inakes a con-
of Commodore Perry. Only thirty years ago
stant death in life, but rather a nobler ethics
Sir Rutherford Alcock, then on his way there
which emphasizes the fundamental principle of
as the representative of the British Govern-
Christian socialism—the principle to which the
ment, had no clearer idea of the country to
world owes all of good it has—that he who
which he was accredited, than “a cluster of
would lose his life for others shall save it.
isles on the farthest verge of the horizon, ap-
parently inhabited by a race grotesque and
W. H. RAY.
savage.” After the downfall of the Tokugawa
Shogunate a few years later, and the removal
THE INDUSTRIES OF JAPAN*
of restrictions upon foreign intercourse, there
The unique position held by Japan among
was revealed to the world a sociological phe-
the nations of the world is perhaps more widely
nomenon akin in its interest to that which would
recognized than generally understood. Every-
undoubtedly be presented if the supposition
body is familiar with the fact that during two
that the moon is inhabited by a race of men
centuries and a half its inhabitants shut them-
similar to ourselves should some day be proved
selves out from all but occasional and superfic-
to be true and a means be devised for placing
ial intercourse with foreign barbarians. It is
us in communication with them. For the
also well, though not so widely known, that the
Chinese civilization is in many respects the
system of civilization which has interested the
antithesis of our own.
rest of the world so deeply, since the opening
In response to the popular demand for in-
formation, it is not surprising that all classes
* THE INDUSTRIES OF JAPAN. Together with an Account of visitors to Japan-scholars and diplomats,
of its Agriculture, Forestry, Arts, and Commerce. From
Travels and Researches undertaken at the cost of the Prus-
merchants, government employees, and globe-
sian Government. By J. J. Rein, Professor of Geography in trotters—should have hastened to print their
the University of Bonn. With forty-four illustrations and
three maps. New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son.
| impressions of this strange people, and with an


10
[May,
THE DIAL
alacrity often in inverse ratio to the worth of estry, and Agricultural Industries. It is by far
their remarks. Fortunately there were among the most valuable portion of the book, most of
those early upon the ground a number of men the data having been derived from the author's
of marked ability, exceptionally well qualified personal observation. Japanese Agriculture in
for the work of investigation. To their untir general, Food Plants, Plants of Commerce,
ing zeal are we indebted for nearly all of the Cattle Raising and Stock Growing, Forestry,
good and reliable contributions to the rich lit- the nature and use of the more important Forest
erature about Japan. Many, however, as are Trees and other useful Japanese woods, and
the books on the various subjects included under Gardening, are all considered in turn, and are
the general head, the really valuable ones are followed by a chapter on the Acclimatization
comparatively few. Among them must be and Extension of Japanese Ornamental and
ranked the two volumes in which Prof. J. J. Useful Plants in Europe. Contrary to the
Rein has recorded the results of his researches. generally prevailing impression, Prof. Rein
In conformity with a commission from the does not find that the soil of Japan is unusu-
Prussian Minister of Commerce, he spent the ally fertile. Vegetation depends more upon
years 1874 and 1875 in Japan, “ for the pur climate than upon the nature of the soil ;
pose of studying and giving an account both and thus it is that although less than twelve
of the trade of Japan and of the special per cent of the entire surface of the Empire
branches of industry there carried to so high is used for the cultivation of field products, the
a degree of perfection.” Six years after his food supply is ample for the population of 37,-
return the volume of “ Travels and Researches" 000,000. Compared with Germany, the area
was published in Germany; and an English of cultivated arable land is to population as 11.5
edition was issued in 1884. The work con- to 47.2. This remarkable showing is attributed
tained the best accounts extant of the geology, to the method of farming, and to the frequency
physical geography, topography, climate, flora and certainty of the rainfall, and the long
and fauna of Japan, and valuable chapters on uninterrupted summer heat. Although the
the history, ethnography, and religions of the Japanese peasant neither understands nor
Japanese people. Now, after a further interval applies the principle of rotation, by most care-
of five years, the second volume is given to the ful tillage, including subsoil working and re-
public. In it we have the results of Prof. peated fertilization of the growing crops, the
Rein's study of the “ Industries of Japan.” | annual yield is kept from diminishing and the
How carefully this book has been prepared island from becoming exhausted. And yet Jap-
indicated by the author, who states that since his anese agriculture is far less scientific than the
return from Dai Nippon, fourteen years ago, he methods followed in Europe and America.
has devoted to the task of working up the mate How largely the transportation question
rial which he had collected, “ the greater part of enters into the profitable cultivation of
the time and strength left him by the duties of land is strikingly demonstrated by the
his profession.”
fact cited by Prof. Rein that the cost of
Prof. Rein entered upon the discharge of his carrying rice, which is the highest priced
duties in Japan in the painstaking and meth agricultural product of Japan, amounts to the
odical way characteristic of the German scien market price of the grain itself by the time it
tist. Considering the wide range over which has been carried only twenty miles, and on the
his observations were extended, the fulness and poorer highways it does not bear a transporta-
accuracy of his report, comprising, as it does, tion of five miles. To a similar state of things
a multitude of details in regard to almost may be attributed the preservation of the
every topic touched upon, is very remarkable. forests, which cover about forty-one per cent
That it is not equally ample in all directions, of the entire area of Japan ; and in estimating
is true; but of this he appears to be fully con the probable effect of the introduction of rail-
scious, and it could hardly be otherwise. The ways and other modern facilities for building up
faults are chiefly omissions, not errors. Taken commerce and despoiling nature of her beauty,
together,—for although published with sepa this should not be overlooked. Eighteen per
rate titles the two volumes really constitute a cent of the whole, or nearly one-half of this
single book,—we have in them a treasury of woodland area, is under cultivation, principally
well-arranged information, much of which can to supply the necessary building material, the
not be found elsewhere. More than half of mountain forests being too difficult of access on
the volume is devoted to Agriculture and For- | account of the lack of good roads, though other


1889.]
11
THE DIAL
conditions of traffic have their influence also. practical knowledge of the various processes.
It is significant that the bare ridges of hill This incident is mentioned to show the thor-
country and mountain side classed as desert oughness with which his investigations were
land amount to more than a third of the total prosecuted. At the same time all the mater-
area. These, too, it is thought, were once ials used were carefully examined and analyzed,
covered with forests ; but having been denuded and afterward during his travels in the interior
of them, the heavy rains had free course, and considerable time was given to observing the
robbed them of their compost matter, so that methods used in cultivating the lac tree and
neither natural nor cultivated forests are likely gathering the raw product. As a result of this
to cover them again. With these facts in view, patient care we have a treatise which is more
Prof. Rein does not hesitate to say that he complete than the best previous account the
considers the protection and cultivation of the Parliamentary Blue-book by Consul Quin. Of
forests of the utmost importance to the welfare the four pages devoted to historical facts con-
of the Japanese nation.
cerning the Japanese lacquer industry, it may
The chapter on Silk-growing is among the be stated that this branch of the subject and
most valuable in the volume ; but it is beyond also the artistic qualities of the work have been
the scope of this review to follow the author in much more fully treated by other writers.
the consideration of the many topics with which | Considering its importance, the Textile in-
he deals. The second section of the book is dustry receives far less than its proportionate
devoted to a brief account of the Mining in- share of attention, and the chapter on the
dustries, which are much less important than subject appears to be mainly a compilation
might appear from the fanciful statements of from other works. No mention is made of
early travellers. In the third section, which printed fabrics and the peculiar processes em-
treats of the “ Art Industry and Related Occu | ployed in their manufacture. Nor is anything
pations,” Prof. Rein ventures on ground much said about the use of stencils, by means of
better explored than that which is the subject which the Japanese contrive to produce very
of the first part of the volume. Many of the | complicated effects, rivalling free brush-work.
topics have been more extensively and Information in regard to the manipulation of
adequately treated by other writers. Of this these, and also as to the method of mounting the
fact he is not unaware, and therefore confines loom for the production of intricate patterns
his observations principally to the scientific for brocades and damasks, would have been
side, and to the description of the technical and very welcome. Embroidery may be said not
manipulatory processes. There is a preliminary to be considered at all, since it is dismissed in
chapter on Japanese Art Industry in general, less than thirty lines. Wood and ivory carv-
in which occurs the following: “ In all sur ing also are but cursorily treated. In the
face decoration the use of arabesques and | artistic use of metals the Japanese have no
other ideal curved ornamentation falls far be superiors, and many interesting details are
hind the conventionalizing of straight lines.” given concerning materials and processes. One
The German edition of the book is not at hand of the most curious of these is an account of a
for comparison, but it is fair to presume that peculiar decarburising process, by which the
this novel use of a much-abused word is charge surface of a cast-iron kettle or pot receives a
able to the translator. Even Walter Crane or structure like that of soft iron or steel, and can
Lewis F. Day would probably “fall backward then be worked upon with the hammer, chisel,
with surprise" if asked to conventionalize a and burin. Inlaid vases executed by this
straight line.
method, by Komai of Kioto, have been de-
The first five months of Prof. Rein's stay in scribed by Audsley and other writers, who
Japan were spent principally in the study of erroneously speak of them as made of wrought
lacquer work, and the forty pages which he de iron, believing inlaid work on cast iron to be
votes to this industry are especially valuable, an impossibility. Anything more than a mere
and contain much information that is new. outline of a subject so extensive was of course
Having set up a chemical laboratory at Tokio, impossible in a single chapter ; but there are
he engaged the services of two experienced some rather singular omissions. Much of the
lacquerers, arranged a workshop under their beauty of Japanese cast-iron ware is due to
direction, and kept a journal giving an account the fact that instead of multiplying the objects
of all the work, in which he took an active by the use of patterns formed to draw,” wax
part himself, for the purpose of gaining a | models are employed as in bronze casting.
decarh2018
surface


12
[May,
THE DIAL
This is not mentioned, however ; nor is any have recognized and corrected. These defects
account given of the method termed kata-kiri emphasize the reader's sense of the loss which
bori, by which the makers of iron sword-guards the world has sustained in the death of the
achieve such marvellous results. The chapter eminent lecturer.
on Ceramics gives a general sketch of this The substance of his work shows Maine, in
widely-extended industry, and of some of the this field, the gifted and observant commentator
numerous processes employed. There is also with whom we are already acquainted. He has
a chapter on Cloisonné Enamel, and one con the same broad oversight of the entire subject;
taining miscellaneous information and statistics the same faculty of historical retrospect; the
relating to trade and commerce.
same quick eye for points unobserved by
The illustrations, which are executed by a others, and the same ready apprehension of
number of different processes, are unusually their logical influence upon the development of
good. A combination of heliotype with chromo principles ; the same happy faculty of grouping
lithography is used in several plates with excel events and successions of events, summarizing
lent effect. Especially noteworthy are the their relations, and explaining their status with
illustrations of lacquer work on which the full reference to present results. Those familiar
measure of realistic possibility in the represen- with his previous writings will recognize here
tation is very nearly attained; but the very the tones and inflections of his mental pro-
success achieved is only another proof that cesses, as readily as they might his vocal tones
lacquer is incapable of satisfactory mechanical when reproduced by the phonograph.
reproduction. A confusing mistake has been Prof. Maine's lectures are a final review of
made in mounting plate V upside down, thereby the subject, embodying his own summary and
reversing the relative positions of the illustra- conclusions. He supposes his hearers to have
tions of Tsugaru 'and Wakasa lacquer with re- previously read, or to be presently studying,
gard to the marginal notation.
all the earlier writers and teachers upon Inter-
The work of translation is for the most part national and General Jurisprudence. Under
well done. There are a few minor slips, such the injunction of Dr. Whewell, the work of
as “consulate” for “consul.” More serious this professorship was to be directed towards
is the neglect, in the directions for pronouncing a mitigation of the harshness and cruelties of
the Japanese names according to the prevailing war, and their final extinction. Maine observed
phonetic method, to give the English equiva this limitation loyally, while expressing his
lents instead of the German. On the whole, despair of accomplishing anything in the direc-
however, the faults of the work are too slight tion indicated. Accordingly, about one-half
to be weighed against its merits, and it must of his lectures are devoted to illustrations of
take a leading place as a work of reference on modern progress in eradicating the horrors at-
Japan.
F. W. GOOKIN.
tending ancient warfare, with some suggestions
toward further mitigation; while the other
lectures contain a general retrospect calculated
MAINE ON INTERNATIONAL USAGES.*
to prepare the student for those illustrations
and suggestions. It was the thought of the
This posthumous publication gives fresh
lecturer that Dr. Whewell was too optimistic in
occasion for lament at the untimely death of
expecting this lectureship to be a practical
the late Sir Henry Sumner Maine. His Cam-
agent for ameliorating the hardships of war.
bridge lectures, as Professor of International
He points out how closely the Industrial Expo-
Law on the foundation of Dr. Whewell,
sition of 1851, that triumph of Peace, was
delivered in 1887, are here collected, in an
followed by a series of severe and bloody wars,
appreciative and sympathetic spirit, by two of
so that Europe was “ again full of bloodshed ”;
his executors. That these lectures were in a
and how the vast, ponderous, and expensive ar-
sadly unfinished state, and in no wise fit for
maments of the present day, surpassing all
publication, according to the author's own
their predecessors, indicate "an intrusion of
standard, there is painfully frequent evidence
upon their face. There are numerous instances
war into peace,” even more disappointing than
the late wars themselves to the believers in the
of careless expressions, and several lapses from
ultimate supremacy of peace. So it seems to
his own usual style, which Prof. Maine would
the lecturer that something more powerful
* INTERNATIONAL LAW: A series of Lectures delivered than a “ mere literary agency” is needed to
before the University of Cambridge, 1887. By Henry Sumner
Maine. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
: | reach the ends desired by Dr. Whewell.


1889.]
13
THE DIAL
But there is encouragement in the retrospect | It can scarcely be doubted that these lec-
which Prof. Maine gives us. Starting with his tures, though fragmentary and incomplete,
refutation of the old idea that modern wars will have some such influence as was desired
indicate progress in human depravity, and his by Dr. Whewell. Maine's suggestion of
dogma of “the universal belligerency of primi- | “the universal belligerency of primitive man-
tive mankind,” there is hope to be derived kind” is a thought that may leaven the minds
from every fresh triumph of peaceful conven of many jurists and ministers of war. His
tions, from every year's continued freedom deduction that “ the status of the prisoner of
from general European warfare. The Declara- war is historically descended from the status of
tion of Paris, even though not yet fully agreed the slave,” can scarcely fail to foster, among
upon; the “ Manuals” adopted by various free peoples, the modern tendency toward
nations for the government of their armies in humane treatment of captives. Another fertile
the field, which contain so many rules common suggestion is, that at the battle of Agincourt
to all; the influence of the church in the intro there was but one Englishman present who had
duction of the Truce into warfare ; the well any knowledge of medicine or surgery. The
recognized advance of humanity in captures desire of Prof. Maine, expressed in these pages,
and treatment of prisoners; the effect of the to contribute toward the establishment of a
establishment of powerful empires in keeping permanent international tribunal for the
at peace with each other the distinctive peoples more complete acceptance and enforcement of
which make up these empires ; all these influ these international usages, will doubtless inspire
ences, and their tendencies, are rated by the some other jurist like himself to undertake the
lecturer with such evident satisfaction as to same work. So, later times may observe some
show him less a pessimist than he pretends. of the influence, in our day, upon this subject,
Prof. Maine seems strangely disposed to of the “ mere literary agency” of Maine's
stand by the term “ International Law,” as a lectures, even as the great influence of the
suitable name for the usages adopted by the writings of Grotius is now recognized.
common consent of nations. He fully ap-
JAMES O. PIERCE.
proves the declaration of Lord Coleridge that
“ International Law is an inexact expression,
and is apt to mislead if its inexactness is not
kept in mind," as well as the definition of the
RECENT EDUCATIONAL BOOKS.*
same learned judge," the Law of Nations is that The problem how to reform education, like the
collection of usages which civilized states have problem how to abolish poverty, we have always
agreed to use in their dealings with one with us. No sooner have the sages of one genera-
another.” He carefully points out that it is tion grasped, compressed, and stowed away this
the weakness of this system that “its rules
educational problem, once for all, it may seem to
have no sanction.” Still, he throughout the
them,-in the narrow but convenient box of their
system, than the next generation raises the box-lid ;
lectures speaks of this system and these usages
when, lo! like the fisherman's genie in the Arabian
as - International Law.” It would seem that
Nights, the same gigantic problem looms before
a frank admission that the system is not
“ Law” in the proper and well-understood
* THE MIND OF THE CHILD ; Part II., THE DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE INTELLECT. By W. Preyer, Professor of
modern sense would have been an appropriate Physiology in Jena. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
feature of this new lectureship. It would MEMORY, WHAT IT IS AND HOW TO IMPROVE IT. By
David Kay, author of “Education and Educators," etc.
certainly have relieved the lecturer from all his
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
difficulty of harmonizing Austin's definition of SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION : A History and Criticism of the
- Sovereignty” with that use of the term
vocated by Eminent Educationalists. By John Gill, Pro-
commonly employed by the international jur fessor of Education, Normal College, Cheltenham, England.
Boston: D. C. Heath & Co.
ists, just as a fuller understanding of the actual
NOTES ON THE EARLY TRAINING OF CHILDREN. By Mrs.
division of the powers of Sovereignty among Frank Malleson. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co.
national and local agencies under the American BUREAU OF EDUCATION. Circulars of Information, Nos.
1, 3, 5, and 6, 1888. Washington: Government Printing Office.
political system would have assisted him in
TESTA: A BOOK For Boys. By Paolo Mantegazza. Trans-
harmonizing the divisibility of Sovereignty lated from the Italian of the tenth edition by the Italian class
in Bangor, Maine, under the supervision of Luigi D. Ventura.
under international usage, in the cases of
Boston: D.C. Heath & Co.
si semi-sovereign” states, with the Austinian Business. By James Platt, F.R.S., author of “Morality,"
"Money," * Life," etc. Authorized American edition, re-
definition of the same term under Positive
printed from the seventy-fifth English Edition. New York:
Law.
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Principles. Methods. Organization, and Moral Discipline Ad-
th the
positive


14
[May,
THE DIAL
the world—vast, hazy, ominous, ill-defined as ever. | David Kay's work on “ Memory,” forming Vol-
Never, until the foundations are laid broad and ume VIII. of the International Education Series,”
deep in the very nature of the growing brain and while not like Prof. Preyer's book in embodying a
in the conditions most favorable to its healthy de- piece of original investigation, resembles it in aim-
velopment, will permanent results be secured. So ing to secure a substantial scientific basis, and in
far, most of our educational doctrine has been merely viewing the subject mainly from the physiological
empirical. Whether we have a science of educa- standpoint. In support of each position that he
tion, strictly so-called, is as much in doubt as whether takes, Mr. Kay cites copiously from many well-
we have a science of medicine. In order to prove known authorities,—so copiously, indeed, that fully
that any such science exists as a pure science, we half of the matter in the volume is quoted; and
must show that certain definitely ascertainable re yet, as is pointed out by Mr. Wm. T. Harris, the
sults invariably follow certain conditions. In order editor, in his excellent and discriminating preface,
to make such a science of practical value to us as there is no reference to the labors of Wundt, Waitz,
an applied science, some of the conditions, at least, || Volkman, James Ward, Ebbinghaus, Fechner,
must be such that we can modify and adjust them Meynert, Spitzka, Flourens, Hartwig, or to Ribot's
to secure the results we desire.
“ Diseases of the Memory.” We must bear in
To pave the way for the advent of such a science, mind, however, that the book is not designed as a
much systematic observation of conditions and re special treatise for advanced students of physiol-
sults is necessary; and a better beginning could ogy and psychology, but as a practical and sug-
hardly be made than that described by Prof. Preyer gestive manual for all our school-teachers. This
of Jena in his work on " The Mind of the Child,” partially explains the above-mentioned omissions,
recently translated into English in the seventh and as well as Mr. Kay's frequent lengthy explana-
ninth volumes of the “ International Education tions of familiar physiological facts somewhat
Series.” Prof. Preyer has already carefully re remotely connected with the subject. Mr. Kay's
corded the facts in the development of the senses leading doctrine is that the brain is not the ex-
and the will, and in the volume now under review clusive seat of memory, but that the whole
treats of “The Development of the Intellect.” The body is a storehouse, every nook and corner and
topics discussed in this volume are, “ Thinking cranny of which may be crammed full of rich har-
Without Words," “ Learning to Speak,” « Speech in vests by this faculty. The book is on the whole
the First Three Years,” and “ Development of the well adapted to its purpose as an educational work,
Feeling of Self.” The discussion of these topics, and teachers and students alike will find it a desir-
preceded by the translator's useful conspectus of able accession to their libraries.
Prof. Preyer's observations, and followed by three Prof. Gill's book, while not a brilliant one, pre-
appendixes, make up the book. The author's sents a clear and methodical statement of some of
investigations tend to show that thoughts may be the leading aims and doctrines of great educational
independent of words. “Even before the first thinkers-mostly English—from Roger Ascham
attempts at speaking, a generalizing and therefore to Dugald Stewart. The ideas of these thinkers,
concept-forming combination of memory images however, are not given in their own words, but in
regularly takes place.” “Without memory no the words of our author; for he found that in
intellect is possible. The only material at the dis the brief time allotted him for these lectures, —
posal of the intellect is received from the senses.” not one hour weekly, he could better present the
The first sensations to leave abiding impressions, salient points of each system without quotation.
and hence memories, in the brain, are apparently But, as he says, he has never consciously altered or
those of taste and smell as connected with nursing, colored anyone's views. While Prof. Gill shows that
and then those of touch. Of the remaining senses, he has thoroughly mastered the commonplaces of
sight is the earlier promoter of memory, and hear | education, we look in vain through his pages for
ing the later. Among sights, faces are the earliest reforming enthusiasm or for literary charm. As
remembered. Sounds in great variety are formed evidence of British insularity, it may be mentioned
before words. Separate brain centres are suc that in a book of 312 pages professing to treat of
cessively developed for sounds, syllables, and “Systems of Education,” no account is given of
words. It is possible to study, not only the any modern educational reformer outside of Eng-
development of these language centres in the land, except Pestalozzi and Froebel; while the
healthy child, but also their gradual breaking down name of Rousseau is not once found. The author's
in disease, because we find the same phenomena system of giving lectures on education without cit-
that are observed in the child occurring in retro ing the great writers on the subject is questionable,
grade order in the loss of language by the insane. since it ought to be part of the lecturer's aim to
The spontaneous plays of young children are simply | lead his auditors to read these writers. The book
a series of experiments they perform upon them has a meagre index but no bibliography of its subject.
selves to learn what they can do, and are part of Mrs. Malleson's unpretentious little book entitled
the process of developing the feeling of self, and the Notes on the Early Training of Children," is one that
sense of difference between what is subjective and no thoughtful parent or teacher can read without in-
what is objective.
creased interest and stimulation in the performance


1889.]
15
THE DIAL
of duty. Dedicated to the happiness of children,
these “Notes” are calculated to promote that hap-
piness wherever heeded. Mrs. Malleson discusses,
in a practical and suggestive manner, such topics as
• Infant Life," " Nursery Management," " The Em-
ployment and Occupation of Children,” “Some
Cardinal Virtues," and “ Rewards and Punish-
ments.” The best thing about the book is that it
gives us so unreservedly the thoughts and sug-
gestions that have proved most helpful to the writer
herself. While she has evidently read widely, she
has also put into practice what she has read. We
seem to be listening, as we turn the leaves of her
book, to the conversation of a woman of culture
and refinement who has had practical experience of
the difficult matters of which she speaks, and has
given to her subject long and patient thought.
By no means the least valuable works on educa-
tional topics are those to be found in the “Circulars
of Information " sent out by our Bureau of Educa-
tion at Washington. Numbers one and two for
1888 contain contributions to the educational history
of Virginia and North Carolina respectively; and
this good beginning is to be followed up by the pub-
lication of a series of works on the progress of
education in the other states of the American Union.
The most important contribution to Circular No. 2
is the one by Mr. Herbert B. Adams on “ Thomas
Jefferson and the University of Virginia," while the
subject most fully treated by Mr. C. L. Smith in
No. 3 is the University of North Carolina. In
No. 5 Rev. A. D. Mayo treats of " Industrial Edu-
cation in the South," and in No. 6 we have the
• Proceedings of the Department of Superintend-
ence of the National Educational Association at its
Meeting in Washington, Feb. 14-16, 1888.” Why
is it that no report of these proceedings is forth-
coming until long after the association has held
another annual meeting? Surely there is no suf-
ficient excuse for so much delay.
It may seem somewhat odd to classify “ Testa”.
among educational books, but “ Testa” is in every
way an oddity. It is oddly named, oddly bound, oddly
conceived, oddly dedicated, oddly prefaced, oddly
told, oddly translated, and oddly interleaved with
blank pages for daily good resolutions. Were the
title a proper name or some untranslatable word,
there might be some excuse for not rendering it
into English ; but why not render it “ Mind”? And
yet why should the author call it “ Mind," in the
first place ? A more appropriate title would be
· Tears," for, from the dedication, where
Mantegazza informs us that the book is born from
his tears over the “ Cuore” of De Amicis, to the
very end, we find tears constantly recurring. We
do not know, however, that De Amicis is at all
complimented by Mantegazza's tears, since they flow
just as promptly over Ventura. But surely an
Italian man of letters ought to weep over a friend
who will say, as Ventura does in his preface: “We
are wearied and oppressed by the eternal Dante of
Italy, when that reverend name is an insulting Aag
to the literature now existing, and which is strug-
gling to express a noble truth,” etc. It hardly
seems possible that any language teacher before
Signor Ventura ever conceived the novel idea of
publishing to the world, as a great literary work
destined to supersede Dante, a book for boys,
translated piecemeal by forty of his lady pupils.
But perhaps the oddest thing revealed by this
translation is the contrast between American and
Italian books for boys. Italian juvenile literature,
it would appear, is fully eighty years behind ours.
The stories in this book strongly remind one of
those published in the “ Youth's Companion” at the
beginning of the century. The day of the Rollo books
has passed ; and it is a lesson well learned by
American writers for the young that the moral and
sentimental reflections of the senile mind are not
very interesting to the normal boy. He demands
action, animation, excitement; and this, such writ-
ers as Oliver Optic and Mayne Reid seek to secure
at any cost, even by an unnecessary sacrifice of
truth to nature. But Mantegazza's book is neither
natural nor sensational; it is garrulously moral and
sentimental. American boys would care more for
the book if there was only a boy in it; but Enrico,
the young hero, is not even a little old man—he is
for the most part a mere dummy to serve as a
listener to Uncle Baciccia. Enrico had studied so
hard, we are told, and so late at night, that his
health gave way immediately after the examination
at the end of the year. When the physicians “ de-
clared him convalescent, he was so thin and pale
and weak that he was frightened at his own appear-
ance reflected from the mirror in the salotto."
Among other interesting symptoms attending his
convalescence, we are informed that “ as soon as he
had eaten, he was obliged to lie down because he
felt faint, and yawned, yawned as if he would put
his jaw out of joint.” One often wonders if his
uncle's long monalogues did not bring on a recur-
rence of this most distressing symptom. It is cer-
tain, at least, that readers have been found on whom
they have produced some such effect.
The fact that Platt's “ Business” has passed
through seventy-five editions in England and has
now been reprinted in America is one more bit of
evidence to prove that Matthew Arnold was right
when, in his address on Milton, he spoke of the ris-
ing “flood of Anglo-Saxon commonness” and of
the Anglo-Saxon tendency to worship the average
man, which is now-a-days so fatal to the develop-
ment of all high and rare excellence. While
“ Business” contains much that is true, and also
much that is false or at least pernicious in its ten-
dency, it contains almost nothing that is either the
fruit of personal experience or of original investi-
gation. The aim of the book is ostensibly to teach
young men right business principles ; but what
could be more misleading than to say, as the author
does at the very outset:
“Life is a sharp conflict of man with man, a remorse-
less struggle for existence-an industrial warfare that


16
[May,
THE DIAL
has succeeded the old warlike struggle, but a hard Greater than all recorded miracles have been performed
hand-to-hand fight all the same, in which men of great- | by the pen."
est skill and perseverance still defeat their fellows, as
After so much of Carlyle, compare the original
in the olden time.”
remarks that immediately follow :
There are instances of such “ remorseless” strug-
“In commercial life, also, the pen is very powerful.
gles ; there are men who go into business as they | By advertisement and circular, buyers can be reached
would have gone—had they lived a few centuries in every parish, and in all parts of the world."
earlier-into freebooting or buccaneering; but is
this the ideal, are these the models, to hold up before
EDWARD PLAYFAIR ANDERSON.
the eyes of young men for imitation? Is it
really true that all business life—to say nothing of
life in general-consists in the effort to cut the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
throats of one's rivals? On the contrary, has it |
Under the title “ Portfolio Papers," the Messrs.
not been proved again and again, to the honor of Roberts Brothers issue in book form a series of
human nature, that so far from “ remorselessly”.
articles contributed at various times by Mr. P.
struggling for the trade of some honorable but un-
G. Hamerton to the “ Portfolio" magazine. The
fortunate business man lying prostrate on the brink
essays have been selected for this volume with re-
of failure, his fellows have generously stood by
ference to their permanent interest; and, while not
him, have made sacrifices in his behalf, and have
in Mr. Hamerton's lighter vein, will be, for the
set him on his feet again? Legitimate success in
most part, acceptable to general readers as well as
business does not consist in ruthlessly ruining rivals,
to art students and amateurs. The volume opens
but in sagaciously discerning and efficiently supply with five short biographical sketches of artists
ing the growing and varying needs of the public.
(Constable, Etty, Chintreuil, Guignet, and Goya)
The only true basis for the success of one man is
which are excellent reading and constitute the best
the advantage of all.
part of the book. The paper on Goya will be a
Books of commonplaces and petty maxims, like
surprise to those who are familiar with the general
“ Business," if they affect men at all, must tend to tone of Mr. Hamerton's writings. While it is thor-
make them commonplace and petty, or else to keep
oughly readable, and contains some good thoughts,
them so; and it is to such persons that the style of
it shows a marked departure from the tolerant and
this book is adapted. We find everywhere through
liberal spirit which usually informs the author's
the book instances of the commonest rhetorical vices
work. Mr. Hamerton's violent dislike for Goya
such as are corrected in our elementary schools ;
the man seems to us to unduly influence his esti-
and once, at least, on pp. 81-2, we find evidence
mate of Goya the artist. The paper abounds in
of a vice that is considered more reprehensible.
such bits of Carlylean invective as,—“ Not so, his
The writer wants to quote so much from Carlyle
mind did not rise to any pure or elevating thought,
that it would not look well to put it all in marks of
it grovelled in a hideous Inferno of his own--a dis-
quotation, and he therefore omits these little indexes
gusting region, horrible without sublimity, shape-
of literary morality. Or are we to conceive that
less as chaos, foul in color and forlorn of light,'
our author is old enough and wise enough to have
peopled by the most violent abortions that ever
anticipated Carlyle's “ Sartor Resartus”? Both
came from the brain of a sinner. . Enough
Carlyle and he say:
has been said to show that Goya had made himself
“Produce, produce ! were it but the pitifulest, infini a den of foulness and abomination, and dwelt
tesimal fraction of a product, produce it in God's name.
therein, with satisfaction to his mind, like a hyena
'Tis the utmost thou hast in thee? out with it then! Up,
amidst carcases.” Really, this is very unlike Mr.
up! Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with
Hamerton; and the reader will reflect that respect-
thy whole might.' "Work while it is called to-day, for
the night cometh wherein no man can work.'”
able critics have pronounced Goya a worthy suc-
cessor of Velasquez. In this paper the author's
I give Platt's punctuation, because that is the
indignation quite carries him away, even in matters
only point in which he differs from Carlyle. To
foreign to his obnoxious subject. - What is fame?”
dovetail this purple patch with one from the next
he asks. “ It is nothing but a noise made by talk-
page of the “ Sartor Resartus,” our author intro-
ers and writers; and if other talkers and writers
duces these two brief sentences: “Work in well-
were to be cowed by it into a respectful silence,
doing. Do not say you have no tools ;” and then
they would be like watch-dogs afraid to bark be-
he goes on without quotation marks :
cause other dogs had barked in the next farm. ..
“ Why, there is not a man or a thing alive but has The opinions of artists may seem at first somewhat
tools. The basest of created animalcules, the spider
more formidable because an artist knows something
itself, has a spinning jenny, and warping mill, and
practical and positive; but a little reflection would
power loom within its head. Every being that can live can
convince the most timid that he may live in serene
do something. This let him do. Tools ! Hast thou
not a brain, furnished, furnishable with some glimmer-
independence of their opinion also if he likes, for
ings of light, and three fingers to hold a pen withal ? whatever one artist paints or says, you can always
Never, since Aaron's rod went out of practice, or even | find another of equal rank to declare in plain terms
before it, was there such a wonder-working tool. I that he is an idiot or something worse.” Bitter


1889.]
THE DIAL
truths these, and bitterly expressed. Besides the the river-side in order to remove the temptation
five biographical sketches, there are seven brief which would inevitably assault a Londoner at sight
essays—two under the head of “ Notes on Æsthet of the water.” Another disciple of Sir John
ics," four short treatises on the fine arts, and an Mandeville, commenting upon the national gravity,
* Imaginary Conversation" on book-illustration. asserts that “There are families of them who have
Mr. Hamerton's style is admirable-clear, fuent, never laughed for two or three generations.” The
unaffected; while his accurate knowledge of the | Abbé Le Blanc, a very shrewd observer, is inclined
graphic arts, combined with a rare catholicity, and to look upon the boasted liberties” of Englishmen
respect for the opinions of others, render him the as a delusion. “They believe they enjoy liberty,"
safest of guides—safer, we would say, than Mr. he says, “ because they have the word for a device;
Ruskin, who, though a man of genius, is inferior but those who find themselves invested with
to Mr. Hamerton in the ability to rightly appraise power, by feeding the rest with chimerical ideas,
the views of an opponent. In his “ Notes on find means to really enslave them.” The matter
Æsthetics," the author refutes Dr. Leibreich’s | in this little book is not always fresh, but it
theory on " the effects of certain faults of vision is generally worth re-reading. The author, Mr.
on painting, with special reference to Turner.” Dr. Edward Smith, has done his work judiciously, and
Leibreich, starting from the fact that there is in for one thing is to be specially commended : with a
some people a yellowing of the lens of the eye, a thoughtful regard for the shortness of human life,
physical defect causing them to see objects yellower he has compressed into about two hundred tiny
than they are, argues that in the work of an artist pages material that he might easily have inflated
so affected the prevailing tinge would be yellow. Ob into a quarto.
viously, the truth of this theory must entail serious
consequences in art criticism. Our author, how-
PROFESSOR HENRY MORLEY's resignation of
ever, observes that the painter views his canvas and
his professorship at University College, London, will
the colors on his palette with the same eye with
| result, it is to be hoped, in the more rapid issue of
which he viewed nature ; and that the yellow will
his - English Writers, an Attempt toward a History
be supplied in the same proportion to both,—thus of English Literature," the fourth volume of which
equalizing matters. It is astonishing that Dr. Lei-
is now before us (Cassell). This volume deals
breich himself had not thought of this. It is a
wholly with the fourteenth century, of which it does
pleasing characteristic of Mr. Hamerton that, though not complete the survey. It opens with an interest-
himself of the winner temple” of art, he is on the
ing account of "The Romaunt of the Rose,” which
best of terms with those who are not; a fact that Chaucer translated, and of Petrarch and Boccaccio,
has rendered his writings so important a factor in whose influence over Chaucer was so notable. All
refining the tastes of his countrymen, and in de-
roads lead to Rome, and in the fourteenth century
veloping in them that sense for the beautiful in
beautiful in | all roads lead to Chaucer- or if they do not they
which they are confessedly deficient. We bespeak
are hardly worth travelling. Professor Morley is a
for - Portfolio Papers ” a kindly reception.
little like those adventurous guides who, under a
pretense of a short cut, decoy travellers from the
A RACY little book entitled “ Foreign Visitors in trodden paths into trackless and barren regions
England” (Elliott Stock, London) is made up of a where no food is. Fortunately, the knowing reader
curious melange of comments--shrewd and shallow, soon learns to make forced marches through Mr.
thoughtful and whimsical, witty and absurd—culled Morley's deserts. It is but fair to add that there
by an Englishman from memoirs of foreigners who are numerous oases. But it is beginning to be plain
have visited his country during the past three that the work as a whole is tiresome without being
centuries. The volume presents an astonishing scientific. As a repertory of facts, it will always
diversity of opinion as to the English character- remain valuable ; and many will read its careful
although it must be confessed the general estimate summaries of famous or forgotten works, who would
is not a flattering one. One gentleman (whose per never read the originals. No one need look to this
sonal equation must be regarded as a very serious author, however, for much critical insight, or for the
one) says: “ The English are so cunning and penetrating remarks by which really great critics
faithless that a foreigner would not be sure of his | light up a subject. For example, Mr. Morley will
life among them. A Briton is not to be trusted on have it that John Gower, to whom he devotes some
his bended knees.” The French travellers quoted ninety pages, is a man of genius. The reader of
seem to have been deeply interested in what they the ninety pages will probably have enough of
were pleased to term the “ national melancholy," Gower; possibly he will turn with relief to Mr.
regarding it as a disease, and holding it responsible | Lowell's vigorous damnation of the droning old
for the peculiarities of the people. In consequence versifier. On the other hand, the reader will be
of this disease” the English were for a long time interested in the chapter on Langland and his
thought to be singularly prone to suicide ; and a “ Vision of Piers the Plowman,” and will be glad to
certain Mr. Grosley—undeterred by the fate of hear that there is to be more about Long Will” in the
Ananias-solemnly assured his countrymen that in next volume, which is promised speedily. A sixth
London " care is taken to block up the avenues to | volume, to be published this year, will bring the his-


18
[May,
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tory down to the invention of printing. When the sense to which those unfortunate adjectives have
central and commanding eminence of the fourteenth been degraded. Those who have used his admir-
century, Chaucer, shall have been surveyed, we able Rhetoric know him as one of the simplest of
shall be better able to judge of the whole perspective writers, and as a clear and sensible thinker. “ Our
of Mr. Morley's extensive work.
English ”consists of five chapters, treating with racy
instructiveness of English in schools, in colleges,
IN “ An Hour with Delsarte” (Lee & Shepard), in newspapers and novels, in the pulpit, and in con-
Miss Anna Morgan endeavors to explain, as briefly versation. The author is not only an excellent
and clearly as possible, the general theory upon writer, but also an excellent quoter; we praise him
which “ Delsartism" is founded, and to turn to when we say that the quotations are as original as
practical account those principles of the system anything in the book. His unconventional point of
which bear directly upon the study of elocution. view may be suggested by the following sentence :
Unfortunately, M. Delsarte, who was unquestionably “ When we read that the letters of Mr. Day—the
a thinker of some force and originality, failed to man who talked like his own · Sanford and Merton'
put his scheme into a stable and coherent form. Of -were written as fast as his pen could move, and
such facts, however, as may be gathered from his nevertheless, are so rhetorical as 'to give the idea
manuscripts and from the recollections of those who of their being composed with great care' we are
were his immediate pupils, the present author has thankful that we are not obliged to read them."
made tolerably good use. Her book contains many
good suggestions, and a system of exercises that
IN “ William Shakespeare Portrayed by Him-
should be of especial benefit to students of elocution. self” (Worthington), Mr. Robert Waters purls on,
Miss Morgan, whose hortatory and didactic style is to the length of 350 pages, to prove that Shake-
suggestive of the professional teacher, shows to bet- | speare was not Bacon but Prince Hal. We notice
ter advantage in the portions of her work devoted on the reverse of the title-page the words “all
to practical instruction than in her excursions into rights reserved.” It is difficult to conjecture just
the field of Delsartian subleties. In her anxiety | what these rights may be. We. hope that Mr.
to do full justice to the memory of the founder of Waters does not intend to prosecute all the good
her favorite cult, she has attributed to him the dis people who, like him, find innocent amusement in
covery” of certain elementary philosophical tenets | playing fast and loose with the meaning of Mr.
that Thales himself might have borrowed from the Bacon-Shakespeare-Plantagenet ? What would be-
ancients. In appraising “ An Hour with Delsarte,” come of Shakespeare literature? We venture to
however, the modest claim implied in the title is to suggest a theme worthy of the pen of a Waters or
be considered ; and we should say that Miss Morgan
of a Donnelly. It is this : the great dramatist
gives us all that she promises. The volume prophesied in numberless places, the modern com-
which is very tastefully bound and clearly printed-
mentators who affront his light with their smoky
is furnished with twenty-three full page illustrations lanterns. We will not infringe upon Mr. Waters's
by Rose Mueller Sprague and Marian Reynolds,
right to develop this discovery, which is quite as
that, with two or three exceptions, are nicely done.
brilliant as his own, or Donnelly's, or poor Delia
Bacon's. We content ourselves with indicating a
UNDER the title of “ Across Lots” the D. Loth passage in “Cymbeline " wherein the master marks
rop Co. issue in book form a reprint of a series of out the method to be pursued :-
magazine articles by Horace Lunt. As the title of “Loves counseller should fill the bores of hearing,
the volume implies, the papers are descriptive of
To the smothering of the sense."
country rambles indulged in by the author—who is “ Love's counseller” is obviously the poet of
a close, and, in a way, a sympathetic observer. Mr. / “ Venus and Adonis ;” the bores" are the modern
Lunt is imbued with the spirit of the naturalist, and gentlemen whose occupation it must be to “ smother
has acquired a store of curious information regard the sense” of the poet. The phrase " of hearing”
ing the animal life of New England woods and doubtless contains a covert reference to the acoustic
fields, which he imparts in a pleasing and unaffected properties of long ears.
style. The volume is attractively bound, and merits
the approval of lovers of out-of-door life.
The “ Barton Collection” in the Boston Public Li-
brary is known to all collectors of choice books in this
PEOPLE who feel a little “ shaky” about their country and also in Europe. Mr. Thomas P. Barton,
English, or who would like for any reason to ascer-
residing in New York, began the collection more than
tain what are the present accepted standards of ex fifty years ago, and with ample means carried on the
pression, may perhaps find Mr. Adams Hill's “Our
pursuit and capture of treasures, with all the enthusiasm
English ” (Harper) more useful than the formal
of a genuine bibliophile, until about the year 1866.
He died three years later. His great passion was for
Rhetorics. They will certainly find it more en-
Shakespeariana. He sought not only the best books in
tertaining. The fact that the author happens to be
the best editions, but the best copies, in large paper and
the Boyleston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at
uneut, if they existed, and he put them in luxurious
Harvard need affright no reader. Professor Hill is binding. He searched for the early Shakespeare quartos,
neither rhetorical nor oratorical, in the offensive and secured a wonderful collection. His four early


1889.)
THE DIAL
Samoa, Life in. S. S. Boynton. Overland.
Samoa, Our Relations to. G. H. Bates. Century.
Samoa, “Tuscarora's" Mission to. Century.
Soldiers' Memorial Services. Century.
Sportsmen, Western. F. Satterthwaite. Harper.
Tears. J. T. L. Preston. Atlantic.
Temperance Legislation. C. W. Clark. Atlantic.
Tolstoy, Leo. Eugene Schuyler. Scribner.
Trans-Balkal. Geo. Kennan. Century.
Washington's Luncheon in Elizabeth. Mag. Am. History.
Western Soldiers. Henry King. Century.
Winanishe, Land of the. L. M. Yale. Scribner.
folios are immaculate, and cannot now be duplicated.
He collected the early editions which followed the folios
and illustrated them with autographs and portraits.
He had also a taste for the early English drama, and
for the French, Spanish, and Italian dramatic writers
and early chroniclers. The department of early voyages
and travels he also took in, and indulged in DeBry,
Purchas, and Hakluyt. Besides these acquisitions, he
made a scholar's general library. His widow, in order
that the library might be kept together and might per-
petuate the name of her husband, in 1873 sold the en-
tire collection to the Boston Public Library at a nomi-
nal price, on the conditions that it should be kept in a
room by itself ; that no book should be taken from the
library ; that a catalogue should be prepared ; and that
it should be known as the “ Barton Collection.” In 1880,
a catalogue of the Shakespeare portion of the library was
published, as Part I.; and now Part II., called “Miscel-
laneons," is issued, which includes all of the Collection
not Shakespearian in its character. It is a royal octavo
volume of 631 pages, and is printed in a typography
befitting the subject matter. Mr. James M. Hubbard
prepared the part relating to Shakespeare, and Mr. José
Francisco Carret has prepared the miscellaneous part.
The subjective and cross references are very full.
Titles of books, dramas, poems, etc., appear in the
alphabetical arrangement, as well as authors, making
the work a valuable contribution to bibliography. The
work is “ Published by the Trustees," and presumably
may be bought.
Adest::Jr. Century:
Books, Coöperativan Royce.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
May, 1889.
Agnosticism. Henry Wace. Popular Science.
Agriculture, Professional. J. K. Reeve. Harper.
Applause, Abuse of. P. G. Hubert, Jr. Century.
Australasia. Josiah Royce. Atlantic.
Banks, Coöperative. D. C. Wells. Andover.
Beet-Sugar. A. H. Almy. Popular Science.
Botanical Gardens. F. Hoffman. Popular Science.
Brandywine. John Fiske. Atlantic.
Bryce's " American Commonwealth." Andover.
Clausius, Rudolf. Popular Science.
Convict-Island of Brazil. J. C. Branner. Popular Science.
Diabolism and Hysteria. A. D. White. Popular Science.
Drama, American. Brander Matthews. Harper.
Educational Books. E. P. Anderson. Dial.
Eggs. P. L. Simmonds. Popular Science.
Egypt, Missions in. C.C. Starbuck. Andover.
England, Our Separation from. L. Seers. Andover.
Freight-Car Service. Theo. Voorhees. Scribner.
Glass-Making. C. H. Henderson. Popular Science.
Gobi Desert. F. E. Younghusband. Popular Science.
Harrisons in History: Mag. Am. History.
Horses, Trotting. H. C. Merwin. Atlantic.
Indiana's First Settlement. Mag. Am. History.
International Usages, Maine on. J. (, Pierce. Dial.
Ireland, Monasteries of. Chas. De Kay. Century.
Japan, Church Union in. Andover.
Japanese Industries. F. W. Gookin. Dial.
Jerusalem. E. L. Wilson. Century.
Labor Problem, Conciliation in. Overland.
Lawyer in Politics. F. G. Cook. Atlantic.
Lincoln. Hay and Nicolay. Century.
Mars. G. P. Serviss. Popular Science.
Masters, Old Italian. W.J. Stillman. Century.
Meadow Mud-Hole, A. C. C. Abbott. Harper.
Millet, Jean François. Wyatt Eaton. Century.
Mugby School, Science at. J. E. Taylor. Pop. Science.
Oak Hill. Mrs. M. J. Lamb. Mag. Am. History.
Paris Exposition. W. H. Bishop. " Atlantic.
Photography. John Trowbridge. Scribner.
Profit Sharing. W. H. Ray. Dial.
Realists in Prose Fiction. Wilbur Larremore. Orerland.
Reality. F. H. Johnson. Andover.
Royal Academy. F. Grant. Harper.
Russian Social Life. Eugène de Vogüé. Harper.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[ The following list includes all books received by THE DIAL
during the month of April, 1889.]
BIOGRAPHY-HISTORY.
Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte. By Louis Antoine
Fauvelet de Bourrienne. With Anecdotes and Illustra-
tive Extracts from all the most Authentic Sources.
Edited by R. W. Phipps. Veu and Revised Edition. In
4 vols. Numerous Illustrations. 12mo. Gilt top. Un-
cut Leaves. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $5.000.
Life of General Lafavette. With a Critical Estimate of
His Character and Public Acts. By Bayard Tuckerman.
In 2 vols. With 2 Portraits. 10mo. Dodd, Mead & Co. $3.
Life and Times of the Right Hon. John Bright. By
William Robertson, author of "Old and New Rochdale."
With Portrait. 12mo, pp. 604. Cassell & Co. $1.50.
Henry the Fifth. By the Rev. A. J. Church. 16mo, pp.
155. “English Men of Action ” Series. Macmillan &
Co. 60 cents.
David Livingstone. By Thomas Hughes. 16mo, pp. 208.
"English Men of Action" Series. Macmillan & Co. 60 cts
The Washington Centennial Souvenir, By Frederick
Saunders, author of “Salad for the Solitary and the
Social." Illustrated. Large 8vo, pp. 41. Paper. Thos.
Whittaker. 23 cents.
The History of Ancient Civilization. A Hand-book
Based upon M. Gustave Ducoudray's “Histoire Som-
maire de la Civilisation.” Edited by Rev. J.Verschoyle,
M.A. Illustrated. 12mo, pp. 295. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.75.
The Leading Facts of French History. By D. H. Mont-
gomery. With Maps. 16mo, pp. 321. “The Leading
Facts of History” Series. Ginn & Co. $1.23.
The Story of Phoenicia By George Rawlinson, M.A.,
author of "The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient
Eastern World." Illustrated. 12mo, pp. 336, “The
Story of the Nations" Series. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50.
Historical Memorials of Canterbury: The Landing of
Augustine, the Murder of Becket, Edward the Black
Prince, Becket's Shrine. By Arthur Penryhn Stanley,
D.D., late Dean of Westminster. Illustrated. 2d
American from the 11th London Edition. 12mo, pp. 361.
A. D. F. Randolph & Co. $1.30.
The Counter Reformation. By Adolphus William Ward,
Litt. D. Fep. Syo, pp. 203. "Epochs of Church His-
tory." A. D. F. Randolph & Co.' 80 cents,
LITERARY MISCELLANY.
Lost Leaders. By Andrew Lang. 12mo, pp. 226. Uncut.
Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50).
My Autobiography and Reminiscences. By W. B. Frith,
R.A. Vol. II. 12mo, pp. 333. Harper & Bros. $1.30.
An Author's Love: Being the Unpublished Letters of
Prosper Mérimée's “Inconnu." 12mo, pp. 335. Uncut.
Macmillan & Co. $1.30.
My Religion. By Count L. V. Tolstoï. Translated from the
French by Huntington Smith. 12mo, pp. 274. Paper.
T. Y. Crowell & Co. 50 cents.
Essayes of Montaigne. Translated by John Florio. Edited
by Justin Huntley McCarthy. With two Portraits. In two
volumes. 32mo. - The Stott Library." London :
David Stott. $1.50.
Chopin, and other Musical Essays. By Henry T. Finck,
author of "Romantic Love and Personal Beauty.'
12mo, pp. 273. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50,
Solitarius to His Dæmon. Three Papers by Charles Ed-
ward Barnes. 12mo, pp. 237. Uncut. Parchment-paper
Binding. Willard Fracker & Co. 50 cents.
Romances of Real Life. By Leigh Hunt. 2 vols. 16mo.
Roberts Bros. Each vol., 75 cents.


20
(May,
THE DIAL
The Pleasures of Life. Part II. By Sir John Lubbock, Treatise on Co-operative Savings and Loan Associa-
Bart., M.P. 16mo, pp. 280. Macmillan & Co. 60 cents. tions. Including Building and Loan Associations, Mu-
Fairy Tales in Prose and Verse. Selected from Early and tual Savings and Loan Associations, etc. Appendix con- .
Recent Literature. Edited, with Notes, by William J. taining Laws, Precedents, and Forms. By Seymour
Rolfe, A.M, Litt. D. Illustrated. 10mo, pp. 187. Dexter, 12mo, pp. 299. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25.
Harper & Bros. 36 cents.
Marriage and Divorce in the United States: As They
POETRY.
Are and as They Ought to Be By D. Connors, S.S.J.E.
16mo, pp. 266. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
Through Broken Reeds. Verses by Will Amos Rice. Prisoners of Poverty Abroad. By Helen Campbell,
16mo, pp. 143. Charles H. Kilborn. $1.25.
author of “Prisoners of Poverty.” 12mo, pp. 248.
The Afternoon Landscape. Poems and Translations. By Roberts Bros. $1.00.
Thomas Wentworth Higginson. 16mo, pp. 106. Long The Tramp at Home. By Lee Meriwether, author of " A
mans, Green & Co. $1.00).
Tramp Trip." Illustrated. 12mo, pp. 29. Harper &
The Amaranth and the Beryl. An Elegy. By Charles Ed Bros. $1.25.
ward Barns, author of Solitarins to His Dæmon." 12mo,
REFERENCE.
pp. 248. Uncut. Parchment-Paper Binding. Willard
Fracker & Co. 50 cents.
Word Studies in the New Testament. By Marvin R.
Horace. The Odes, Epodes, Satires, and Epistles. Trans-
Vincent, D.D. Vol. II, The Writings of John, The Gospel,
lated by The Most Eminent English Scholars and Poets. The Epistles, The Apocalypse. Svo, pp. 607. Charles
including Ben Jonson, Milton, Dryden, etc. 12mo, pp.
Scribner's Sons. $1.00.
392. Uncut. "The Chandos Classics." F. Warne &
Catalogue of the Barton Collection, Boston Public Li-
Co. 75 cents.
brary. In two parts: Part I. Shakespeare's Works and
From Darkness to Light. An Easter Poem. By Mrs. E. Shakespeariana; Part II, Miscellaneous. 4to, pp. 858,
B. Tallmadge. Square 18mo. Paper. Chicago: J. D.
Paper. * Published by the Trustees of the Boston Public
Tallmadge. 25 cents.
Library.
The Choral Book. For Home, School, and Church. Trans- | A Manual of Historical Literature. Comprising Brief
lated by Friedrich Zuchtmann and Edwin L. Kirtland.
Descriptions of the Most Important Histories in English,
Svo, pp. 96. Boards. Ginn & Co. 70 cents.
French and German, together with Practical Suggestions
as to Methods and Courses of Historical Study for the Use
FICTION.
of Students, General Readers, and Collectors of Books.
The Open Door. By Blanche Willis Howard, author of By Charles Kendall Adams, LL.D. Third Edition.
"One Summer." 12mo, pp. 436. Houghton, Mifflin & 8vo, pp. 720. Harper & Bros. $2.50.
Co. $1.50.
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and
Greifenstein. By F. Marion Crawford, author of “Mr. Yerushalmi, and the Medrashic Literature. Compiled by
Isaacs." 12mo, pp. 357. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
M. Jastrow, Ph.D, Part III. 4to, pp. 95. Boards. G.
The Two Chiefs of Dunboy: or, An Irish Romance of the
P. Putnam's Sons. $2.00.
Last Century. By J. A. Froude. 12mo, pp. 156. Charles Cassell's Complete Pocket-Guide to Europe, Revised
Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
and Enlarged. 32mo, pp. 497. Flexible Cover. Cas-
Far in the Forest. A Story. By S. Weir Mitchell, M.D.,
sell & Co. $1.50.
LLD., Harv., author of " Hephzibah Guinness." 12mo,
| National Academy Notes and Complete Catalogue Sixty-
pp. 298. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
fourth Spring Exhibition National Academy of Design,
Alan Thorne. By Martha Livingston Moodey. 12mo, pp. New York. Edited by Charles M. Kurtz. Illustrated.
367. D. Lothrop Co. $1.25.
16mo, pp. 150. Paper. Cassell & Co. 50 cents.
The Alpine Fay. A Romance. From the German of E.
RELIGION-CHRISTIAN SCIENCE.
Werner. By Mrs. A. L.Wister. 12mo, pp. 360. J. B.
Lippincott Co. $1.25.
Christian Doctrine Harmonized and Its Rationality Vin-
Stories of the Seen and the Unseen. By Margaret 0. dicated. By John Steinfort Kedney, D.D., author of
W. Oliphant. 12mo. Roberts Bros. $1.25._
“ The Beautiful and the Sublime.” In 2 vols. Large
The Last of the Macallisters. By Amelia E. Barr, author 8vo. Gilt Top. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5.00.
of “ Jan Vedder's Wife." 12mo, pp. 304. J. B. Lippin The Way: The Nature and Means of Revelation. By John
cott Co. $1.25.
F. Weir, M.A., N.A. 12mo, pp. 430. Houghton, Mif-
John Charaxes: A Tale of The Civil War in America. By Alin & Co. $1.75.
Peter Boylston. 12mo, pp. 289. J. B. Lippincott Co.
A Plain Argument for God. By George Stuart Fullerton.
81.25.
10mo, pp. 110. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.00.
The Mouse-Trap and Other Farces. By W. D. Howells. Living Questions. Studies in Nature and Grace. By
Illustrated. 12mo, pp. 184. Harper & Bros. $1.00.
Warren Hathaway. 12mo, pp. 365. Fords, Howard &
The Little Pilgrim. Further Experiences. 16mo, pp. 190.
Hulbert. $1.25.
Roberts Bros. 60 cents.
Studies in the Out-Lying Fields of Psychic Science.
A Venetian Study in Black and White. By Charles By Hudson Tuttle, author of “ Arcana of Nature."
Edward Barns. 12mo, pp. 172. Parchment-paper. Un-
12mo. pp. 250. M. L. Holbrook & Co. 31.25.
cut. Willard Fracker & Co. 50 cents.
Condensed Thoughts about Christian Science. By Dr.
reamer of Dreams. A Modern Romance. By the William H. Holcombe. 16mo, pp. 53. Sixth Edition.
author of “ Thoth.” 12mo, pp. 250. Paper. Åpple Paper. Chicago: Purdy Pubig Co. 25 cents.
ton's "Town and Country Library.” 50 cents.
Mental Healing, Dr. George F. Foote on. With a History
A Man of the Name of John. By Florence M. King, and Mode of Treatment. 16mo, pp. 32. Paper. Chi-
12mo, pp. 185. Paper. Cassell's “Rainbow Series." cago: Purdy Pub'g Co. 25 cents.
25 cents.
The Man From the West. A Novel Descriptive of Ad-
TRAVELS.
ventures from the Chapparal to Wall Street. By a Wall Notes of My Journey Round the World. By Evelyn
Street Man. 12mo, pp. 245. Paper. "Echo Series." Cecil, B.A. 15 Full-page Illustrations. Svo, pp. 207.
Pollard & Moss. 50 cents.
Uncut. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.00.
Rented- A Husband. By Voisin. 12mo, pp. 299. Paper. From Japan to Grana
u Japan to Granada. Sketches of Observations and
Cassell's “Sunshine Series.” 50 cents.
Inquiry in a Tour Round the World in 1887–8. By Jas.
The Country Cousin. A Novel. By Francis Mary Peard, Henry Chapin, Ph.D., author of "The Creation."' 8vo,
author of "Madame's Grandaughter." Svo, pp. 371. pp. 325. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
Paper. Harper's Franklin Square Library." +40 cts. European Glimpses and Glances, By J. M. Emerson,
The Phantom Future. A Novel. * By Henry'Seton Merri author of "New York to the Orient.” With Portrait.
man. Svo, pp. 2:39. Paper. Harper's “ Franklin Square 16mo, pp. 221. Cassell & Co. $1.00.
Library." 35 cents.
EDUCATION-TEXT BOOKS.
Time's Scythe. By James Valentine, author of · The Old
Stone House." 12mo, pp. 209. Paper. Cassell's “Sun Physiological Notes on Primary Education and the
shine Series.” J0 cents.
Study of Language. By Mary Putnam Jacobi, M.D.
12mo, pp. 120. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.60.
SOCIAL STUDIES.
Algebraic Analysis. Solutions and Exercises Illustrating
A Critique of Kant. By Kuno Fischer. Translated from the Fundamental Theorems and the Most Important Pro-
the German by W. S. Hough. Authorized Englis'i cesses of Pure Algebra By G. A. Wentworth, A.M., J.
Edition. Svo, pp. 188. London: Swan Sonnenschein, A. McLellan, LL.D., and J. C. Glasham. Part I. 12mo,
Lowrey & Co. $2.10.
pp. 418. Leather back. Ginn & Co. $1.60.


1889.]
THE DIAL
21
-- - --= = = - = - =
Homer's Odyssey. Books I-IV. Edited on the Basis of The Latest American Edition, and the only one
the Amesis-Hentze Edition, by B. Perrin. Svo, pp. 228.
"College Series of Greek Authors." Ginn & Co. $1.00.
with a complete Index.
A Concise Vocabulary to the First Six Books of Homer's
Iliad. By Thomas D. Seymour. 12mo, pp. 105. Ginn
THE MEMOIRS OF
& Co. 80 cents.
SCIENCE.
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.
Psychology as a Natural Science. Applied to the Solu- | By LOUIS ANTOINE FAUVELET DE BOURRIENNE
tion of Occult Psychic Phenomena. By C. G. Rave, M.
D. 8vo, pp. 541. Porter & Coates. $3,50.
his private secretary. Edited by Col. R. W.
Nerve Waste Practical Information concerning Nervous Phipps. New and revised edition, with 34
Impairment in Modern Life, Its Causes, Phases, and
Remedies, with Advice on the Hygiene of the Nervous full-page portraits engraved on wood, and
Constitution. By H. C. Sawyer, M.D. Second Edition.
other illustrations.
8vo, pp. 160, San Francisco : The Bancroft Co.
The Playtime Naturalist. By Dr. J. E. Taylor, F.L.S., Four Volumes, 12mo, cloth, plain, . . . . $ 5.00.
editor of “Science-Gossip."' 366 Illustrations. 12mo,
Four Volumes, 12mo, cloth, gilt top, . . . 6.00.
pp. 289. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Four Volumes, 12mo, half calf, . . . . . 12.00.
(Any book in this list will be mailed to any address, post-paid,
IN A BOX.
on receipt of price by Messrs. A. C. McClURG & Co., Chicago.]
This edition is an exact reproduction of the expensive
=-- ----- latest English edition, containing all the notes, portraits,
medallions, maps, etc. Attention is called to the fact
TO AUTHORS.—The New York BUREAU OF REVISION
that all the portraits in this edition have been engraved
gives critical opinions on manuscripts of all kinds, edits
them for publication, and offers them to publishers. George on wood at great expense, and will be found, on com-
William Curtis says in Harper's Magazine: “Reading manu parison with those reproduced by “process," to be far
scripts with a view to publication is done, as it should be,
superior. A full and accurate INDEX, which is indis-
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in letters, Dr. Titus Munson Coan." Send stamp to Dr.
pensable to a work of this kind, is also a special feature
Coax for prospectus at 20 West 14th St., New York City. of this edition, and will be of great convenience to all
readers.
"If you want something to read both interesting and amus-
In Confidence.
ing, get the Memoires de Bourrienne. These are the only
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When you make a change, settle an estate, or for
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22
[May,
THE DIAL
MACMILLAN & CO.’S LONGMANS, GREEN & CO.'S
NEW BOOKS.
NEW BOOKS.
Hilda.
H
A NEW BOOK BY MR. HENRY JAMES.
THE AFTERNOON LANDSCAPE.
A LONDON LIFE - THE PATAGONIA-
Poems and Translations. By THOMAS WENTWORTH Hig-
THE LIAR-MRS. TEMPERLY.
GINSON, 12mo., cloth, gilt top, $1.00. [Just Ready.]
By HENRY JAMES. 12mo, $1.50.
“One of those rare and choice collections of the singer's
art, a book to be enjoyed and loved.”—- Boston Traveller.
A NEW NOVEL BY F. MARION CRAWFORD.
"It touches a high plane of poetic sentiment, and is at once
GREIFENSTEIN.
manly and delicate in tone. Several of the poems recall the
author's military experience."-Critic.
By F. MARION CRAWFORD, author of "Mr. Isaacs,'' “ Dr.
Claudius,”: “Saracinesca,” etc,, etc. 12mo., $1.50. MICAH CLARKE:
“So Greif makes up his mind that he must break with
His Statement as made to his Three Grandchildren, during
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hood in this period of trial, and how Rex's friendship is put the Hard Winter of 1734, of the Adventures that befell him
to the severest test that can befall an impetuous nature to during the Western Rebellion. Compiled day by day from
come unscathed from the ordeal, the reader may, perhaps,
his own narration, by JOSEPH CLARKE. Now for the first
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cisive attractions, and it is marked by that extraordinary
time collected, corrected, and rearranged from the original
command of resources which one has come to expect from manuscripts. By A. CONAN DOYLE. Crown 8vo., $1.50.
Mr. Crawford's later works.”- Boston Beacon.
“From every point one of the most admirable and interest-
AN AUTHOR'S LOVE.
ing historical tales of our generation."-- Academy.
“Easily the best example of the class of fiction to which it
Being the Unpublished Letters of PROSPER MERIMEE'S “ In belongs, of the year. .:: Two descriptions of battles in
connue.” Globe 8vo, $1.50.
this story are among the most brilliant and spirited bits of
writing we have had.--Christian Union.
A NEW SERIES OF "THE PLEASURES OF LIFE.”
THE PLEASURES OF LIFE.
LONGMANS' NEW ATLAS:
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Life--Labor and Rest-Religion—The Hope of Progress-
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The Destiny of Man.
***A Descriptive Circular embodying the chief characteris-
Now Ready: Vols. I., II., and III. 12mo, cloth limp, tics of the Atlas will be sent on application.
each, 60 cents ; edges uncut, 75 cents.
HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE LEGISLA-
ENGLISH MEN OF ACTION.
GENERAL GORDON.
TIVE SYSTEMS OPERATIVE IN IRELAND
By Colonel SiR WILLIAM BUTLER.
FROM THE INVASION OF HENRY THE
" It is the best biography of Gordon that has yet appeared."
SECOND TO THE UNION. (1172-1800).
--Nonconformist.
By the Right Hon. J. T. BALL, LL.D., D.C.L. 8vo., $2.25.
HENRY THE FIFTH. By the Rev. A. J. CHURCH.
“A valuable contribution towards the formation of clear
“The incidents in Henry's life are clearly narrated, the views regarding the settlement of the Irish question. We are
account of the battle of Agincourt is masterly, and the style not aware of any other work in which the history of the leg-
is entinently readable.--St James's Gazette.
islative systems operative in Ireland is so clearly traced.” -
The Nation.
DAVID LIVINGSTONE. By Thomas HUGHES.
“We cannot too highly recommend Mr. Ball's book."--
“The volume is an excellent instance of miniature biogra The Dial.
phy, for it gives us what we seek in such a book-a sketch of
his deeds, not a picture of the man."-Spectator.
CIVILIZATION AND PROGRESS.
SIR MONIER-WILLIAMS ON BUDDHISM.
By John BEATTIE CROZIER. New and cheaper edition.
Buddhism and its Connection with Brahminism
8vo., $2.00.
" The book is worthy of careful study, and is a genuine
and Hinduism, and its Contrast with Christi-
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anity.
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By SIR MONIER-WILLIAMS, K.C.F.E., M.A., Hon. D.C.L. we are compelled to give to the high ability of this ambitious
With fifteen illustrations. Svo, $5.25.
work is completely impartial. .. Full of original criticism.
“He is the first to give in one volume a connected view of
. . Great literary faculty. .. A book far less superficial
the course of Buddhism in the past 2,000 years, for which his
than Mr. Buckle's.'-- Spectator.
knowledge of Pali, the language the Buddha must have
spoken, especially fits him. .. There is little but praise
ON PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT IN
to award to the way in which Sir Monier attacks his subject
ENGLAND:
and gives his well-defined views.”—New York Times.
Its Origin, Development, and Practical Operation. By Al
A NEW WORK BY ARCHDEACON FARRAR.
PHEUS TODD, LL.D., C.M.G. Second Edition. In two vol-
LIVES OF THE FATHERS.
umes. Volume II., 8vo., $10. (Volume I., 8vo., $7.50.]
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24
[May, 1889.
THE DIAL
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26
[June, 1889.
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JUN 3 1889
THE DIAL
Vol. X. JUNE, 1889. No. 110.
tributes of admiration at the wisdom of our
plan of constitutional government, as well as
= -=-
at its success. But American students will
CONTENTS.
not be content with mere admiration. For
A CENTURY OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITU us, the vital question is, what outlook for the
TION. James 0. Pierce .... .... 27
future does our past success afford ? Admirers
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LITERATURE. Meiville | like Gladstone wonder at the genius which
B. Anderson ............. 29 struck off such a constitutional system at a
THE CRITICAL PERIOD OF AMERICAN HIS single blow. But Americans have discovered
TORY. W. B. Shaw .......... that our system was a growth and a develop-
THE HEART OF ASIA. W. F. Allen ..... ment, and that the Providence which favored
JOHN BRIGHT. Eduard Gilpin Johnson .... us was manifested in a succession of events
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... which were in themselves comparatively unno-
Alcott's Ralph Waldo Emerson, Philosopher and ticeable if not relatively unimportant. It would
Seer.- Finck's Chopin, and Other Musical Essays.-
seem probable, therefore, that an American
Hassall's Life of Viscount Bolingbroke.- Malleson's
student of our institutions would be the one
Life of Prince Metternich.-Hamilton's Life of Dan-
iel O'Connell.-Montague's Life of Sir Robert Peel.-- most likely to find by search the secret of our
Hopkinson Smith's A White Umbrella in Mexico. success. A comparison between Professor
De Maupassant's Afloat.- Morley's Selections from Landon's exposition of less than four hundred
the Writings of Dean Swift.-- Frith's Autobiography
pages, and the verbose and ponderous volumes
and Reminiscences.-Angerstein's Home Gymnasties
of Dr. Von Holst, will illustrate the difference
for the Well and the Sick.-Burt's Brief History of
Greel; Philosophy.
between the equipment of the domestic and that
TOPICS IN JUNE PERIODICALS ...... 40
of the foreign observer. Von Holst “ felt "
BOOKS OF THE MONTH .......... 40
with us and tried to see and understand with
us; but Landon is an American by birth,
heredity, education, and mental equipment.
A CENTURY OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITU Von Holst will still be looked to as a magazine
TIOX.*
of political gossip and personal characterization;
Appropriate to this period of centennial
while Professor Landon's book will become
celebrations is a historical retrospect, in which
the initial of a series of constitutional disquisi-
a careful account may be taken of the progress
tions from the point of view of the new cen-
of the American experiment in constitutional
government. Such a retrospect, in excellent
Those who have read McMaster's entertain-
form for general use, is presented by Profes-
ing and discriminating magazine article upon
sor Landon's exposition, which is based upon
“ A Century of Constitutional Interpretation”
a series of lectures given by him as President
will appreciate the tumult of political storm to
of Union College. That our constitutional
which our constitution has been exposed dur-
system has not only survived all the vicissi- ing its first century, and will perhaps wonder
tudes of its first century, but has measurably
wherein lay the strength which maintained it
strengthened with its growth, may be taken as
throughout all the political turbulence so
one of the standing wonders of history, which
clearly portrayed in that article. To turn
will lose no interest as future ages shall pro- from McMaster's sentences to the pages of
gress. At its inception, it was recognized as an
Landon is like passing from the roar and the
experiment. Its success is even now recognized | riot of the outward tempest into the interior
as phenomenal. The secret of this success is
of the foundations of the edifice, there to ob-
already engaging the attention of historical
serve how firmly they are planted upon the
students. Prof. Landon's lectures are an op-
solid rock. It is the merit of Professor Lan-
portune contribution to the inquiry.
don's lectures that he has so clearly shown
Foreign observers are gracious of their
wherein lies the strength of our constitutional
system.
* THE CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
As may be inferred from what has already
OF THE UNITED STATEs. By Judson S. Landon. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
been said, Professor Landon does not treat of
tury.


THE DIAL
[June,
the United States constitution as to be con often treated with disrespect and sometimes
sidered by itself, or as presenting in itself the with contumely and open disregard. It worked
whole or the essential part of the American its way gradually into partial and then more
system. That system can be understood only complete favor ; then into a position of influ-
by considering the Federal constitution as but ence, and finally into one of calm and quiet, yet
one portion, while the various State constitu supreme and unquestioned power. Its first
tions are another portion of no less importance great work was to determine the proper powers
in the completed whole. This dual form of of the nation in our system, and to secure for
our government is emphasized in these lectures. those powers just recognition, respect, and
The State constitutions stand as an essential obedience. It was through the labors of this
part of the Federal system. The correlative court that the people were educated into the
proposition has never been more forcibly pre faith and the strength sufficient to carry the
sented than now by Professor Landon, that Union through the crisis of the Civil War; that
the United States constitution is necessary to work done, and the nation finally planted with
the proper scope and development of that part firmness upon the constitutional foundation, it
of the system which finds its expression in the then became the task of the Supreme Court to
State constitutions. It was this dual constitu enforce and maintain in like manner the
tional system which was the natural growth. powers conferred by our system upon the
If criticism upon so excellent a work would not State governments. The consummation of the
be considered ungracious, one might suggest a work of our statesmen, as described by the
fuller elaboration by Professor Landon of the court, is an indissoluble Union, composed of
details of the gradual and natural growth, dur indestructible States. Landon appropriately
ing the American colonial period, of each of | reminds us that that august court has itself
these principles of national sovereignty and done no small portion of the work of erecting
local independence.
and perfecting such a Union.
It is, however, elucidated in this treatise,
“Not immediately, but gradually, ultimately, and
and with a clearness most excellent, how the
clearness most excellent, how the surely, the court by its decisions separated the National
central powers of the National government and State powers from their confusing mixture, and
have been exercised with the result of strength. I gave to each clearness of outline and distinctness of
ening the State governments. During the
place. It gave to the abstract words of the constitution
an active and commanding significance. It disclosed
period prior to the Civil War, the hostility of the instrumentalities by which rights conferred could
the States toward supposed encroachments of be enjoyed, and wrongs forbidden could be averted or
the Federal governments is stated succinctly redressed. It composed conflicts, promoted harmony,
but clearly. The author is not, however, a
and soothed passions. It defined the just limits of con-
harsh critic of the States-Rights politicians,
tending powers, separated encroaching jurisdictions,
and restored each to its proper place. It lifted a dis-
although himself a firm and uncompromising solving and moribund nation to great strength and
Unionist. With impartial candor, he shows vitality. It gave to the States clear and accurate con-
how natural was the political feeling, at one ceptions of their wide field of domestic government.
time so prevalent, of jealousy of the central
It instructed coördinate departments. It vested the
nation with its own, and did not impair the just powers
power. With like judicial calmness, he shows
of the States. The peaceful manner in which all this
in what an orderly way the central power has, was accomplished made the accomplishment more
in the new era since the Civil War, become the remarkable. Revolutionary results without revolution-
firm bulwark of the reserved rights of the
ary means are rarely witnessed in the history of man-
States.
kind.” (p. 274.)
This, which may be considered the final / It is a familiar thought that our politi-
summary of the author's views of our constitu- cal system is one of " checks and balances."
tional development, is presented in the three Probably few persons who are in the habit of
lectures which are appropriately devoted to an using this phrase have ever attempted to fully
illustration of the influence of the Supreme state or closely define these checks and bal-
Court of the United States upon our constitu ances. That one power checks another, is
tional development and growth. This court easily seen ; but that the checks and balances
occupied, at the beginning of our first century, should in themselves contain the germs of much
a position in our political system which may of the inherent strength of our system, is not
be best described by the term sufferance. so evident. To this feature of our system
Recognized in the constitution, it was allowed Landon devotes several pages. Among those
to exist and operate ; but its decisions were provisions which assist in insuring its perpet-
.
be position in the beginnd growth our


1889.]
29
THE DIAL
uity, he calls attention to the following: The Literature,” in The DIAL (vol. viii. p. 259),
division of the great powers of government I found good reason to hope that the completed
among three departments prevents the lodging work would constitute a more satisfactory sur-
in any one man or body of men of so much vey of the whole field of our literature than we
power as to allow him or them to oppress the had hitherto possessed. It is pleasant now,
people. These separate.powers, so committed after the lapse of fourteen months, to be able
to separate officers, are so coördinated that to say that Mr. Gosse's contribution fully bears
the proper action of each is usually necessary out the promise of Mr. Saintsbury's. Indeed,
to the successful working of the whole ; so by its freedom from the glaring imperfections
that officers in each are watchful of defects which it has been more than once my duty to
or abuses in the other departments. The point out in Mr. Saintsbury's style, the present
powers most liable to abuse are committed to volume is, negatively, a marked advance upon
officers with short terms of service, so that the its predecessor. Not that Mr. Gosse's style is,
public interest in their proper discharge of in Saintsburian phrase, “ impeccable.” It is
duty is well-nigh continuous. The constant sometimes feeble, now and then negligent, and
participation of the people in the government occasionally marred by far-sought similes which
is a force continually tending not only to are too plainly stuck-on for decorative effect.
strengthen and perpetuate it, but to keep up But barring these lapses, which are so far from
its standard of excellence. The division of being penetrative that they might easily be cor-
the Legislative department into two chambers rected in a later edition, Mr. Gosse's mode of
makes each one constantly watchful against expression is singularly clear, pure, and pol-
encroachments by the other, precisely accord- ished. If he fails anywhere, it is in enthusiasm
ing to the prescient suggestion of Madison. and strength ; always interesting and sensible,
The provisions of the constitution for its own he seldom betrays any warmth of feeling. En-
amendment are a safeguard against revolution thusiasm and strength are perhaps the sole
and discontent. Finally, the separation be qualities in which this volume falls short of its
tween the National and State powers of predecessor. It should, however, be borne in
government furnishes a constant and always mind that Mr. Saintsbury had to deal with a
active influence against any attempt on the period of abounding intellectual life,-a period
part of either State or Federal authorities to when genius actually appeared to be “ catch-
encroach upon the powers or privileges pertain ing.” In the period treated in the volume be-
ing to the other. These careful selections by fore us, on the other hand, the human mind
our constitution-makers from the precedents seldom rises very high above what Matthew
furnished by the best experience of earlier Arnold calls “our ordinary selves.” And if
governments and political ventures, have in Mr. Saintsbury's style there is something of
proved to be, in our system, the sufficient the want of measure characterizing the age of
means of its continuance and preservation. which he treats, in Mr. Gosse's narrative there
From what has been here said, it will be is a sobriety, a symmetry, an evenness of move-
plain that the pessimist will derive but little ment, eminently suited to the historian of an
comfort from the perusal of Professor Lan age of prose and reason.”
. .
don's pages. They will, however, reward Mr. Gosse is to be commended, I insist, for
every patriot, whether optimist or not, who his abstention from the literary argot, the in-
may give the necessary time to their careful tolerable affectations, the foreign interlardings,
reading.
JAMES 0. PIERCE.
which make the old jest inevitable in its appli-
cation to Mr. Saintsbury, “ He has been at a
great feast of languages, and stolen the scraps.”
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LITERATURE.* This purity of speech is itself the sign of a
Mr. Gosse’s “ Eighteenth Century Litera-
deeper excellence. Mr. Gosse has evidently
reflected much more deeply than his predeces-
ture” is intended to serve as the third volume
sor upon the aims -and limitations of such a
of a history of English Literature in four vol-
work as this. He has obeyed the good old
umes, by as many different hands. Reviewing
rhetorical mandate to adapt yourself to your
the second volume, Saintsbury's “ Elizabethan
audience,-a precept that becomes more bind-
*A HISTORY OF EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LITERATURE ing and more arduous in proportion as the
(1660 TO 1780). By Edmund Gosse, M.A., Clark Lecturer in
English Literature at Trinity College, Cambridge.
written word tends to usurp the place of ora-
New
York: Macmillan & Co.
| tory. Mr. Gosse has evidently made the


30
[June,
THE DIAL
important discovery that his audience is not the book we are haunted by many a charming
mainly to be composed of littérateurs, nor yet image, many an unobtrusive bit of coloring, by
of widely-read people like Macaulay's formid- means of which the artistic historian contrives
able schoolboy. This work will probably be to convey the general impression of a master-
mainly consulted by college-students, by ladies piece, or the tang of a satire, or the aroma of
in search of “ culture," by people who have some gracious character. One is tempted to
examinations to pass, and by those who, having quote some of these beautiful summary state-
heard much and read little of our great authors, ments, in formulating which the poet hastens
desire to know what to think of them. This to the aid of the critic and rescues generaliza-
vast reading public addressed by the modern tion from bald abstraction. Examples are, the
historian of literature, although immensely estimate of Dryden as a prose-writer, of Addi-
patient under instruction, has a shocking pro son's influence and character, of Fielding's
pensity to yawn, and is capable of voting a Tom Jones,” of Thomson's “ Castle of In-
very learned man a bore. It is so much easier dolence.” Indeed, Mr. Gosse's whole temper
to close a book than to steal away from a tedi seems so subdued to what it works in, that he
ous discourse or to elude the bony finger of the becomes an almost ideal critic of such poets as,
button-holder! Without any sacrifice of severe Dryden and Pope, and of such prosaists as
allegiance to his didactic aim, without swerving | Addison and Fielding. This poetic sensibility
from scientific accuracy of exposition, Mr. | is united with catholicity of taste, and with
Gosse has had the taste and tact to make the sufficient flexibility of mind to enable him to
necessary concessions to his audience and to do full justice to the sentimental veins of
charm while he instructs. From this point of Sterne and Richardson, on the one hand,
view, it is to be hoped that those who are en- | and to Johnson's impatience of cant, on the
trusted with the remaining volumes of this his- other. Burke is the only first-rate figure to
tory will study to imitate our author rather which he does something less than justice.
than his predecessor.
Mr. Gosse's half-feminine genius shrinks from
By virtue of what qualities does this writer Burke as a lark might shrink from a tornado.
succeed in making a work of popular exposi- He quietly dissents from the laudation Burke
tion so graceful and attractive? To the chief has received from Mr. John Morley and others,
qualities of his style I have already referred. while he fails to adorn his study of the great
As to thought, it is to be remarked that the orator with any of those exquisite touches
work owes none of its interest to paradox, to wherewith he illumines the figures of those he
startling theories, to personal judgments, to loves.
brilliant obiter dicta, or to literary heresy of In perusing this book, I have accumulated
any kind. In some of these respects this book a too considerable collection of slips and errors,
is a great improvement upon the sketchy pre typographical and other, in which I can hardly
liminary study entitled “From Shakspere to believe that readers of THE DIAL will be much
Pope,”—a book that added little to Mr. Gosse's interested. One of Mr. Gosse's slips deserves,
fame. In a work like the present one a wise however, to be recorded among the minor curi-
conservatism is peculiarly appropriate, while osities of criticism. He, the biographer and
the temptation to eccentricities of some kind is editor of Gray, actually manages to misquote a
peculiarly difficult to resist. It is so much well-known line from “ The Progress of Poesy,"
easier to be epigrammatic than to be accurate, one of the few poems with which everyone is
so much harder to say the right thing than to expected to be familiar (p. 25). It is as bad
say the brilliant thing! That he has been suf as if Professor Sylvester were caught tripping
ficiently imbued with the scientific spirit to on an elementary proposition in Euclid. Since
resist this insidious temptation to win a cheap I have begun to find fault, I will mention one
and flimsy reputation for " originality,” is per- or two other matters of detail. At p. 123 we
haps the highest praise that can nowadays be are informed that Theobald's edition of Shakes-
bestowed upon an author; and Mr. Gosse has peare “was far more scholarly than Pope's.”
fairly earned it.
Turning the leaf, we are confronted with the
In answer to the question with which the inconsistent statement that « Theobald might
preceding paragraph began, I can only remind | justly claim ” to be both dull and a dunce.
the reader that Mr. Gosse, being a poet as well This reminds us of Macaulay's notorious para-
as a critic, has the rare gift of concrete and dox about Boswell. Another inconsistency: at
pictorial generalization. Long after we close | p. 9 the author positively states Dryden to be


1889.]
31
THE DIAL
* the greatest poet in English literature between praised Mr. Gosse for his freedom from the
Milton and Wordsworth.” When he reaches itch of “ originality,” it would not become me
Pope he begins to doubt it: Pope is perhaps to censure him for failure to break new ground.
the greatest poet with whom we have to cleal To reproduce in an agreeable summary the
in the present volume.” Similarly, although best results of the labors of other critics, to
without the contradiction, Thomson is intro inform such a summary with the freshness of
duced by the formula, " the most original and first-hand work, to betray no crudeness, no lack
influential poetic figure which exists between of liberal equipment for a task so extensive,-
Pope and Gray,” while Gray carries forward this is indeed a very honorable achievement.
the apostolic succession as the most important Mr. Gosse's book is not likely to be completely
poetical figure in our literature between Pope superseded by future labors in the same field.
and Wordsworth.” In defence of these rather
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON.
soulless formulas, it is to be said that they are
a part of the general system of perspicuity
which is one of the excellences of the book.
THE CRITICAL PERIOD OF AMERICAN
HISTORY.*
To make the general outline of a book clear to
a fault is certainly, to say the least, pardonable. | Professor Fiske occupies a unique place in
There is but one example of what seems to the field of historical authorship. He unites
me fanciful theorizing. It occurs on the first with the literary skill of the essayist some-
page of the “ Conclusion”: “ But still, through thing of the profundity of the original investi-
out the seventeenth century, poetry remained gator. His writings rarely fail to impress
the normal class of expression, while prose re one as the expression of mature conviction at-
tained its conscious character as something tained only after research, and his opinions are
which had to compete with poetry and share the more readily granted a hearing since they
its graces.” Now the plain fact is that English come to us in a form that is fitted to please and
prose failed to become precise and clear in the instruct, rather than to dogmatize.
seventeenth century, simply because scarcely The volume before us is a popular treatise
anyone took the task of writing English prose on a most interesting theme, - The Critical
seriously enough. So soon as men began to take Period of American History" (1783-89). As
the task seriously, prose began to " get free its the preface states, the author's aim is simply
hinder parts ” from the bog of Latin in which to group the events of the six years succeeding
it had been mired. In other words, English the conclusion of peace with Great Britain in
prose was written, as Milton wrote it, “ with such an order as may best bring out their
the left hand,” by men trained in the Latin causal sequence. The culmination of the
school, who despised “the vulgar tongue" and period, of course, is the constitution itself, and
who disdained to take the pains with English its adoption. The book is chiefly occupied
prose that they willingly took with Latin prose. with a setting forth of the train of important
Bacon and Sir Thomas Browne wrote carefully facts and conditions that made the Federal
and produced measured and precise English Convention of 1787 possible, and its results on
prose. As Latin scholarship declined, as the the whole acceptable. While the work was
resources of the vernacular became better clearly intended for the general reader, the
known, and as the influence of French classic | special student of American history cannot fail
prose began to tell, men like Cowley, Temple, to find in it much suggestive and stimulating
and Dryden, were led to take the task of Eng- material. The full bibliographical note at the
lish prose composition seriously. From that end of the volume is to be especially com-
moment our classic prose style was formed, and mended.
the flounderings of such men of genius as Mil- ! One of the most noteworthy chapters of the
ton and Jeremy Taylor became thenceforth book is the first. In this the reader is made
impossible.
acquainted with the “Results of Yorktown"-
The chapter dealing with the development not in America, but in old England. To many
of English prose after the Restoration is the this vivid statement of the close relation be-
least satisfactory one in the book. But the tween the success of the Continental arms and
subject has never, so far as my reading goes, the strifes and falls of British parties will re-
been adequately treated, a recent American at veal, perhaps for the first time, a most instruct-
tempt in that direction being something worse
* THE CRITICAL PERIOD OF AMERICAN HISTORY, 1783-1789.
than a distinct disappointment. Having just | By John Fiske. Boston : Houghton, Mitilin & Co.


32
[June,
THE DIAL
-
-
-
-
ive page in the history of Imperial politics. fully realized this, they might not have pro-
The brilliant diplomatic triumph won by vided for a Congress, President, and Judiciary,
Franklin, Adams, and Jay, is all the more each with clearly defined powers. The pecu-
keenly appreciated when viewed in the histori- | liarly American feature of our system, as Pro-
cal setting which these events give it.
fessor Fiske conceives it, consists in intrusting
The conclusion of peace, in 1783, as it seems to the Judiciary the interpretation of the su-
to us now, should have ushered in an era of preme law of the land.
prosperity in America. This was the hour of The concluding chapter, “Crowning the
victory ; but we are not to forget that it was Work,” narrates the battle that was fought out
also a time of the deepest despondency. Prof. in each of the States before a ratification was
Fiske has little difficulty in convincing us of the obtained. Hamilton never appeared to better
fitness of the title which he has chosen for his advantage than in the New York Convention
studies. It was indeed the - Critical Period." | at Poughkeepsie, working against tremendous
The second and third chapters are devoted to a odds, winning at length by sheer intellectual
summary of the social and political life of the might. With 1789—that year of evil portent
times, and an analysis of the status of the States to continental Europe—our crisis in America
under the Confederation. The discussion of has been passed. Our author began his history
these topics is for the most part admirable. In with the fall of Lord North's ministry in
recognizing the connection between constitu- England,—on a day of good omen, as he said,
tional and social history, the writer allies him to the whole English race; and now, seven
self with the representatives of certain char- years later, he leaves Washington standing in
acteristic tendencies in modern historical writ- front of Federal Hall in New York City, and
ing. We cannot but regret, in view of the hailed by a thousand voices as “ President of
comprehensive survey of religious establish the United States."
W. B. Shaw.
ments, that no light is thrown upon the state
of education under the Confederation. A bet-
ter understanding of the attitude of the people
THE HEART OF ASIA.*
in different parts of the Union toward public
education might do much to clarify our ideas
The motive with which Messrs. Bonvalot,
concerning this long-neglected period.
Pépin and Capus undertook the interesting jour-
The chapter entitled - Drifting toward An-
ney, the fortunes of which are narrated in these
archy” records the utter degradation to which
handsome volumes, was “ to penetrate into the
a weak and irresponsible form of government
heart of Asia, and to shed as much light as
led us; while - Germs of National Sovereignty"
possible upon its history with the torch of geo-
reflects the gropings after security resulting
graphy.” Such an announcement as this
at last in the Convention of 1787. Much im-
excites the highest degree of interest; for
portance is attached to the national land ques-
although it cannot be said that the history of
tion and the Ordinance of 1787. - Without
Asia is bound up in its geography more than
studying this creation of a national domain be-
that of any other continent, it is true that the
tween the Alleghanies and the Mississippi,”
problems of geography which stand in close
says Professor Fiske, “we cannot understand
relation to the history of Central Asia are
how our Federal Union came to be formed.”
peculiarly obscure. Some of the mightiest of
In the account of the framing of the Constitu-
historical phenomena had their origin or re-
tion, the influence of the slavery question is
ceived their impulse in these distant and un-
clearly traced. The comparative study of the
explored regions; and although it would be
English and American forms of government is
unsafe to affirm that the geography alone will
skilful, and in some respects original. The
explain these phenomena, there can be no
point is emphasized that while our Constitution
doubt that we shall understand them better
was to a great extent modelled after the British,
when we know the region better.
it still differs from it in essential particulars
The work before us contains only half of
because the fathers mistook the apparent for
M. Bonvalot's contribution to this important
the real in their pattern. Thus, in the British
field of knowledge. In 1880-82 he made a
government, as everyone now knows, the exec-
journey with M. Capus through the countries
utive is not really separated from the legisla * THROUGH THE HEART OF ASIA. Over the Pamïr to
tive. The separation is only apparent. Had
India. By Gabriel Bonvalot. With 230 Illustrations by Albert
Pépin. Translated from the French by C. B. Pitman. In
the American imitators of England in 1787 | two volumes. New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son.


1889.]
33
THE DIAL
north of the Oxus, publishing an account of it Seljuks, who preceded them; for it is an im-
afterward in a work entitled “ En Asie Cen- mense tract, and if its population could be now
trale.” In this journey, as in the present, he gathered under the banner of an imperious
visited Samarcand and Bokhara-towns whose ruler, it would perhaps surprise us by its mul-
names excite the highest historical curiosity titude. It is not the capacity of sending out
and interest; and it may be supposed that cer swarms of savage invaders, that is the point
tain historical questions which we are disap of importance, but the traditions and memories
pointed not to find discussed in the work before of peaceful occupation, prosperity, industry,
us, may have been fully treated there. It and wealth. If our ancestors of the Aryan
would be ungracious, at any rate, to quarrel race had their origin here, as is generally be-
with a book so full of interest and information, lieved, it must have been then a very different
for what it does not contain. It is enough to country from what it is now.
say in general that we have here a vivid pic The present work is a book of travels, pure
ture of life, character, and scenery along this and simple, not a systematic treatise; the
long route, from Marseilles, by way of Con reader often wishes, even, that the author took
stantinople and Trebizond,“ by the great more pains to explain his allusions and situa-
historical way running from west to east, in tions. For example, in the first volume (p.
the company of pilgrims bound at once on 205) a conversation is introduced with an
prayer and traffic as in the Middle Ages," and aged Uzbeg, touching a recent change in the
then by an incredibly daring and laborious, Emirate of Bokhara. A brief note would
even perilous, route in winter over the very have made this conversation more intelligible ;
* roof of the world ” into India.
but the incident is not explained until twenty-
The most interesting of the special historical five pages further on. In like manner, a short
questions which should have been treated in paragraph as to political relations in the great
this work was excluded by the jealousy of the Pamïr region would throw light upon many
Afghan government, which turned our travel incidents of the thrilling narrative. The whole
lers back just as they were almost in sight of book is a series of object-lessons in historical
Balkh, the ancient Bactra. It was only when geography, and in the manners and institutions
they were thus cut off from the route through of primitive nations. Apart from the general
Afghanistan, that they changed their plans, picture, there are special incidents and remarks
and determined to reach India through the in the same line. An interesting account is
Pamir-coming very near, in this passage, to given (i. p. 220) of the springing up of a vil-
meeting with a repulse at the hands of Chinese lage of Cabulis in the Uzbeg country. Of the
officials, similar to that which they had already Turkomans of the Amu, we are told (ii. p. 7)
sustained from the Afghans.
that they “ are as a rule too poor to be nomad;
The great fact which impresses the student they have not enough cattle to have any need
of history—the important part played at var to move from place to place, and their tents,
ious epochs by these now sterile and thinly put up between four walls, are chiefly used by
inhabited regions—is hardly touched upon in them in the summer months." The familiar
these volumes, having no doubt been treated principle of the supreme importance of the
in the previous work. Twice, however, we family organization in early society is illus-
find significant statements. Of Termis (the an- trated by the remark (p. 26), “ In Central
cient Termes) it is said (vol. ii. p. 4), “ It is | Asia the people of Turkish blood despise those
clearly demonstrable that it was abandoned for who have · lost their race.' ” We have on page
want of water”; and soon after (p. 11) they 179 an interesting account of a mixture of
came to the ruins of a dyke and an aqueduct. races. “ As the Wakhis are not very rich,
Clearly we have here, as in many other parts and they sell their daughters very cheap, the
of the world, evidence of an early industrious Kirghis marry them, and learn their language.
population, which redeemed for cultivation and From these cross-marriages are born a fair
habitation a tract which the fierce conquerors race of men, tall, with comparatively large
of a later age suffered to fall into disuse and eyes, and small men who have sometimes a
long nose like the stem of a jug, not at all of
Perhaps it is too much to say that these the Mongol shape.”
deserts now could not supply material for the The illustrations in the volume are graphic
hordes of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane, to say and vigorously drawn-reproduced by some
nothing of the Huns, Avars, Magyars, and process. The map is excellent, but in the
ruin.


34
[June,
THE DIAL
LEN.
Pamïr region too small and deficient in detail ; and more reprehensible direction : like Silas
a special map of this region would have Wegg, he is constantly “dropping into poetry.”
been very helpful. In this part of the map | He grasps the lyre upon the most shadowy
the names have been carelessly left in French, of pretexts -- often twice or thrice in a page.
while in the rest of the map they are translated If a pleasing couplet or quatrain pops up in
into English.
W. F. ALLEN.
his memory, uncalled for by the text, he never
hesitates to make a place for it. Indeed, were
it not for the indifferent quality of some of the
JOHN BRIGHT.*
verse, Mr. Robertson's book might serve as a
Several years ago, while John Bright was
scant anthology of the British poets. Again,
still with his family at their historical seat
that precise class of readers who, in obedience
called “One Ash," Mr. William Robertson
to the vogue, have duly chilled their own hon-
prepared a biography of him, which is now re-
est tendency to glorify the great and good, may
printed, with additional chapters bringing the
charge our author with over-enthusiam. Cer-
narrative down to the date of Mr. Bright's
tain it is that he has deliberately written Mr.
death, and presenting a brief analysis of his
Bright up, when, out of deference to the pre-
general character. In its present complete
vailing taste, he should have written him down
form, the work will be welcomed by many
--a fault which uncritical readers will gladly
who, appreciating the merits of “ the great
pardon.
Commoner," are eagerly seeking a knowledge
By his own countrymen, John Bright will
of the facts that made up the life and marked
be best remembered for the part he bore in
the personality of this champion of popular
the crusade against the system of national rob-
rights who for nearly half a century was fore-
bery maintained under the Corn Laws. The
most in upholding in the British parliament
question of Protection vs. Free Trade, as ap-
the spirit of the injunction, “Whatsoever ye
plied to breadstuffs in England, with her scant
would that men should do unto you, that do
territory and abundant population, wouid seem
ye also unto them.” While the volume in
to be a very simple one. The pith and marrow
hand is certainly not a final and adequate
of it was,“ Shall millions of Englishmen suf-
“Life” of Mr. Bright, it possesses some points
fer unceasing privation and periodical famine
of excellence, and is not to be confounded with
in order to swell the rental of a limited class
the - biographies” usually vamped up to meet
of landowners ?” The specious pretence that
the demand that follows close upon the death
the “ agricultural classes," the tenant farmers
of public men. Although Mr. Robertson's
and laborers, were to be fostered and protected
work is, in general, both readable and instruct-
by the measure, was amply refuted by fact,-
tive, it is in many respects open to adverse criti-
the condition of these classes being actually
cism. A great deal too much space is devoted
worse than that of the operatives in manu-
to extracts from Mr. Bright's speeches, and a
facturing districts. As the ultimate decision
great deal too little space to helping the reader
of this question of cheap bread for the people
to an understanding of the political conditions
or high rent for the landlord rested with a
for or against which the speaker was contend-
parliament controlled by the beneficiaries of
ing. Printed speeches are usually the dryest
the system, we may infer the nature of the dif-
kind of reading — especially when the events
ficulties in the path of the reformer.
that called them forth have ceased to be of im-
Our author gives an interesting account of
mediate interest; and rhetoric that, when de-
the deplorable condition of the bulk of the
livered from the platform, thrilled men's souls | English people during the reign of the Corn
like the tones of a trumpet, often seems cold
Laws, which may be briefly touched upon, in
and unmeaning in type. We can form no real
order that the reader may the better appreciate
idea of Mr. Bright's power as an orator from
the service rendered to their countrymen by
the tiresomely long extracts in the present vol-
John Bright and his companion-in-arms, Rich-
ume, and the effect is, on the whole, disappoint-
ard Cobden. In consequence of a succession
ing. A few brief and striking passages would
of bad harvests, the state of the country, from
have been much better. Mr. Robertson's
1836 to 1840, was especially bad. In the south
fondness for quotation shows itself in another
of England the peasantry were reduced to the
condition of Polish serfs, their chief food being
* LIFE AND TIMES OF THE Right Hon. Jony Bright.
IGHT HON JOHN BRIGHT: a vile species of black bread maile of barley
By William Robertson, author of " Old and New Rochdale.
With Portrait. New York: Cassell & Co.
| and potatoes. The roast beef of old England"


1889.]
THE DIAL
35
- - - --
had become a myth, a tradition of Saturnian paign against the iniquitous system was inaug-
days. A man's wages were about seven shill urated at an open-air meeting in Rochdale.
ings a week, out of which pittance one shill Mr. Bright moved the first resolution :
ing and sixpence went for rent. The remainder " That it is the opinion of this meeting that the Corn
in many cases “ supported ” a family. It be Laws have had the effect of crippling the commerce of
came customary for societies to give prizes,
the manufacturers of the country—have raised up rival
manufactories in foreign countries - have been most
rewards of merit, to agricultural laborers who
injurious and oppressive in their operation with the
succeeded in living for a certain length of time great bulk of our population, and that the working
without parochial relief. For instance, three classes have been grieviously injured by this monopoly
pounds were given to William Ferris of Fitch of the landed proprietors.”
field, who distinguished himself by supporting, Mr. Bright argued that it was “not a party
unaided by the parish, six children under thir- / question but a pantry question, a knife and
teen years of age. It was further stated in his fork question, a question between the working
favor that he was able to feed a pig every year, classes and the aristocracy.” Lack of space
and even contributed to a society which would prevents an outlining of our author's interest-
undertake after his death to bury him decently. ing narrative of the struggle carried on in par-
This comparative opulence testified to the thrift liament and in the constituencies for seven
and industry of William Ferris, and he un years by Bright and Cobden, against a class
doubtedly deserved his three pounds. Al whose evil policy it was to create a scarcity of
though, as already stated, the Corn Laws were food among their own countrymen. In a re-
held to be specially beneficial to the agricul view of Mr. Robertson's book one can scarcely
tural classes, in conserving and fostering the avoid quoting poetry. Lord Byron wrote of
yeomanry of England, statistics proved that the landowners of 1821 :
their condition was even worse than that of the “ Their ploughshare was the sword in hurling hands,
operatives in the towns. In 1835, in the very
Their fields manured by gore of other lands.
Safe in their barns, these Sabine tillers sent
fertile farming district of Wheathampstead, Their brethren out to battle-why? for rent.
Hereford, two hundred families were found
Year after year they voted cent per cent,
littered like cattle in the straw, almost desti They roared, they dined, they drank, they swore they meant
To die for England; why then live ? for rent !
tute of food and clothing. At Newton, in a
The peace has made one general discontent
house of only four rooms, fifty inmates were Of these high-market patriots--war was rent!
Their love of country, millions all mis-spent.
found, and when the census was taken in 1831, How reconcile?-By reconciling rent!
" the straw in the building had to be removed
And will they not repay the treasures lent?
No; down with everything, and up with rent!
to ascertain the number of children who slept Their good, ill, health, wealth, joy or discontent,
in it.” In short, the condition of the English
Being, end, aim, religion--rent rent! rent!"
people during these years was wretched in the The efforts of the reformers were generously
extreme. “Every man who marries,” said Mr. seconded throughout the United Kingdom.
Bright, “ is considered an enemy to the parish; For example, at a meeting held in Manchester,
every child who is born into the world, instead in aid of the League, upwards of sixty thou-
of being a subject of rejoicing to its parents sand pounds were subscribed in a few hours.
and the community, is considered as an in Twenty-three firms gave a thousand pounds
truder come to compete for the little work and each, and amongst the number was the firm of
the small quantity of food which is left to the “ John Bright and Brothers.” A characteris-
population.” The horrors pictured by the tic anecdote of Mr. Cobılen was related by Mr.
ingenious Mr. Malthus had come to pass—| Bright years afterwards at Rochdale.
though from a different cause. Yet in this “In the year 1841, I was at Leamington and spent
hour of starvation, foreign corn in abundance several months there. It was near the middle of Sep-
tember there fell upon me one of the heaviest blows
was knocking for admission at every port in
that can visit any man. I found myself left there with
England. Thinking men had long divined
none living of my house but a motherless child. Mr.
the cause of the nation's distress. As early Cobden called upon me the day after that event, so
as 1818, Mr. Henry Hunt, in addressing the terrible to me and so prostrating. He said, after some
Westminster electors, said: “I will never rest
conversation, Don't allow this grief, great as it is,
to weigh you down too much; there are at this moment
for an hour contented while the starvation law,
in thousands of houses in this country wives and children
commonly called the Corn Law, remains in who are dying of hunger made by the law. If you will
force.” In 1838, the National Anti-Corn-Law come along with me, we will never rest till we have got
League was founded in Manchester, and in the rid of the Corn Law.'”
following year what proved to be the final cam-! On the 25th of June, 1816, the bill for the
Blood, sweat, and tear-wrung millions-why? for rent.


36
[June,
THE DIAL
repeal of the Corn Laws was passed by the the path of right to take. They pointed it out
House of Lords. As an indication of the work to me with an unerring finger, and I am hum-
done by Bright and Cobden in the constituen bly endeavoring to follow it.” Mr. Bright,
cies, it may be stated that in 1838 a motion | though for nearly half a century a leading
introduced in the House of Commons for a figure in English politics, was not, in the usual
committee to consider the operation of the sense of the term, a politician. Steadfast in
Corn Act of 1828 was rejected by a majority following up his convictions, guided by “ in-
of two hundred and five. Time has vindicated ward lights” irrespective of the demands of
the course of those who advocated free trade party, he utterly lacked the pliability which
for England. Thirty years after the repeal of counts for so much in public life. At the
the Corn Laws, Mr. Bright was enabled to say: time of the repeal of the Corn Laws, Mr.
“You find it in Holy Writ, “The earth is the Lord's Bright was the most popular man with the
and the fulness thereof. We have put Holy Writ into masses in England, and was naturally looked
an Act of Parliament, and since then of that fulness
upon by ultra-conservatives as a self-seeking
every man and woman and little child in this country
demagogue. But when, shortly afterwards,
may freely and abundantly partake.”
the Crimean war broke out, we find him con-
Of the course of John Bright during the
fronting the storm of popular fury, hooted at,
Civil War in America, it is perhaps unneces-
reviled, and threatened at public meetings by
sary to speak. Two brief quotations from his
the very class to which he had given the best
speeches delivered during that period, may,
energies of his life—the most unpopular public
however, be permitted. At the close of an
man, perhaps, in the three kingdoms. The
address delivered in 1861 at Rochdale he said :
charge of demagoguery was confuted. At the
“ As for me, I have but this to say: I am but one
following parliamentary election he was de-
in this audience, and but one in the citizenship of this
feated for Manchester, his name being at the
country ; but if all other tongues are silent, mine shall
speak for that policy which gives hope to the bondmen foot of the poll. Had our American theory of
of the South, and which tends to generous thoughts, strict local representation, of selecting candi-
and generous words, and generous deeds, between the dates solely from among the residents of the
two great nations who speak the English language and
district, prevailed in England, the Manchester
from their origin are alike entitled to the English
name.”
defeat might possibly have ended Mr. Bright's
Again, in 1862, at Birmingham :
parliamentary career. But he was subse-
But. Sir, the Free States are the home of the work- quently invited to contest a vacant Liberal
ing man. Now I speak to working men particularly at seat for Birmingham, and, the lapse of time
this moment. Do you know that in fifteen years two having cleared men's minds, he was returned
million five hundred thousand persons, men, women
almost by acclamation, his opponents with-
and children, have left the United Kingdom to find a
home in the Free States of America? That is a popu-
drawing to avoid overwhelming defeat.
lation equal to eight great cities of the size of Birming Mr. Bright's popularity with the Liberal
ham. What would you think of eight Birminghams party waned somewhat during his last years,
being transplanted from the country and set down in owing to his determined opposition to Home-
the United States? Speaking generally, every man of
rule for Ireland. Home-rule, as he knew, and
these two and a half millions is in a position of much
higher comfort and prosperity than he would have been
as everyone who has given the subject a
if he had remained in this country. I say it is the moment's consideration knows, means ultimate
home of the working man ; as one of her poets has re political separation. The strong infusion of
cently said-
sturdy British conservatism in Mr. Bright's
* For her free latch-string never was drawn in
character forbade him to entertain a plan
Against the poorest child of Adam's kin.'
And in that land there are no six millions of grown pointing to the dismemberment of the empire.
men-I speak of the Free States excluded from the In 1872, he wrote to a prominent Irishman,
constitution of their country and its electoral franchise ;
Mr. O'Donoghue:
there you will find a free church, a free school, a free
“ To have two representative assemblies of parlia-
land, a free vote, and a free career for the child of the
ment in the United Kingdom would be in my opinion
humblest born in the land. My countrymen, who work
an intolerable mischief, and I think no sensible man
for your living, remember this : there will be one wild
can wish for two within the limits of the present United
shriek of freedom to startle all mankind if that Ameri-
Kingdom, who does not wish the United Kingdom to
can Republic should be overthrown.”
become two or more nations entirely separated from
The key to John Bright's career may be each other."
found in the words he used in resigning from In 1886 Mr. Gladstone's Home-rule bill was
the Gladstone ministry in 1882: “ I asked my rejected by a vote of 341 noes to 311 ayes.
calm judgment and my conscience what was Ninety-three of the Liberals voted against the


1889.]
37
THE DIAL
bill, Mr. Bright among them. Yet the Irish until he shall have read the works of Mr. Alcott.
people have had no more ardent friend/leav- | The elegy in question is a pleasing and tasteful
ing out the consideration of this Home-rulel poem, the work of a learned metrist; but so far
movement—than John Bright, who said :
must we disagree with Mr. Albee, that we cannot
but rank it far below Thomas Tickell's famous lines
"For forty years I have been a friend of Ireland.
Long before any Parnellite now in parliament or any
“On the Death of Mr. Addison.” Of Mr. Alcott
member of the present government opened his lips to
in his prime it was said that, although the best of
expose and condemn the wrongs of Ireland, I spoke for
talkers,
her people in the House of Commons and on public
"a lamb among men,
He goes to sure death when he goes to his pen."
platforms.”
We must not forget to mention the excellent por-
The people of Ireland, he held, were in all
traits and other illustrations which add to the
matters entitled to equal political and legisla attractiveness of this well-printed book. Its asso-
tive consideration with the people of England ; | ciations ought to make it an acceptable “ birthday
full and ample justice should be theirs—but gift” to every lover of Emerson.
they must continue to seek that justice in the
MR. HENRY T. FINCK's musical essays (Scrib-
British parliament as then constituted. Mr. Iner) are characterized by good judgment and
Bright's views as to the expediency of political interesting selection of material. Among com-
dismemberment, we Americans are, in a meas posers, they treat principally of Chopin, Schumann,
ure, estopped from condemning. John Bright and Wagner; and for miscellaneous topics they
was an admirable specimen of the true Anglo discuss such subjects as the way in which compos-
Saxon type ; a serious-minded, sturdy, uncom ers work, the Italian and German vocal styles, the
promising foe to injustice in all its forms; a
success of the German opera in New York, and the
man against the citadel of whose rectitude the
old question of music and morals. Mr. Finck is a
good Wagnerian, and his appreciation of that mas-
storms of faction beat in vain.
ter colors the greater part of his matter, whatever
EDWARD GIlPix Johnson. may be its theme. Some very acute and truthful
things are said about the “ Nibelungen Ring” and
the “ Meistersinger,” and a number of the absurd
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
popular notions about the music of Wagner are ex-
MR. Alcott's attempt at an estimate of Emer-
posed. People who are musical in taste rather than
son's character and genius was written, and privately
in knowledge may read these essays with a great
printed, as a birthday gift to the poet, in 1865. It
deal of profit; and those whose tastes are in that
is now published under the title “ Ralph Waldo
primitive stage of development which prefers simple
Emerson, Philosopher and Seer" (Cupples & Hurd).
melody to complicated harmony, and who think that
The pretty volume contains also Mr. Alcott's
music should be - birdlike” to be good music, may
"Monody" on the death of Emerson, and Mr. F.
find some facts of surprising interest in Mr. Finck's
B. Sanborn's ode entitled “The Poet's Counter-
intelligent exposition. The essay on Chopin, who
sign,” together with Emerson's delicate letter of
is styled “the greatest genius of the pianoforte,"
acknowledgment on the occasion of the birthday
| contains, in our opinion, a somewhat exaggerated
gift. Mr. Alcott's lifelong friendship with Emer-
estimate; but most of Mr. Finck's judgments are
son lends an interest to his essay to which its
eminently sound, as well as clearly and gracefully
critical value would hardly entitle it. If future
expressed.
generations continue to be as greatly interested in ONE of the most fascinating characters in Eng-
Emerson as the present is, they will be likely to lish political history is Lord Bolingbroke. His
find Mr. Alcott a somewhat tantalizing Boswell. latest biographer, Arthur Hassall, in his “ Life of
No one could have told us a greater number of V'iscount Bolingbroke" (Lippincott), justifies his
interesting things about Emerson than Mr. Alcott. | prefatory statement that “Bolingbroke was so
He has made some revelations, but he was either closely connected with all the political, literary,
too discreet, or too willing to air his own fine rap- philosophical, and social movements of his day,
tures, to make a good Boswell. The best critic that the history of his life is to a great extent that
cannot make a disinterested estimate of his dearest of the first half of the eighteenth century.” Yet
friend ; Mr. Alcott was no critic, and probably we suspect that to most persons he is known merely
could not have dissected his dearest foe; why then | as the friend of Pope, whom the latter invokes in
would he flourish his air-drawn scalpel over Emer- his - Essay on Man." Mr. Hassall writes a most
son? In the “ Publisher's Preface,” Mr. John interesting narrative in a suggestive style, and em-
Albee is quoted as comparing the “ Monody” with phasizes the distinguished ability of the man in a
Moschus's “ Lament for Bion,” with Milton's "Ly wise selection of biographical facts. Of his char-
cidas,” with Shelley's “ Adonaïs.” If this be criti- ! acter, he says: - In wit and eloquence he is far
cism, Mr. Gosse should be requested by some friend superior to any of his contemporaries. His appli-
to suspend his severe judgment of American poetry | cation astounded all who knew him. The history


38
[June,
THE DIAL
of England's statesmen furnishes few examples of overthrow Napoleon. His system established by
such high capacities and abilities, combined with the successful rising of the nations' was destroyed
such power of application and concentration. With by the rising of the peoples.'” Such is a sample of
his death England lost a statesman who in good Malleson's thoughtful and instructive sketch.
and evil fortunes made his personality felt on all
who came across his path. In both public and in
An additional volume of the same series is the
[sic] private life he had always been the centre of
“Life of Daniel O'Connell," by J. A. Hamilton.
a political party or of a literary coterie.” Why,
At such a time as the present it is hard to get a
then, does the author say that “disappointment will
just estimate of the great agitator and foe to “The
be seen ever dogging his steps”? Let this quota-
Union”; yet we think Mr. Hamilton has succeeded
tion from Lecky be a sufficient answer: “ His
in giving an impartial account of a much debated
eminently Italian character, delighting in elaborate
and abused character. He awards O'Connell full
intrigue, the contrast between his private life and
appreciation for the procuring of Catholic Emanci-
his stoical professions, his notorious indifference to
pation, " which he won in a sense single-handed
the religious tenets which were the very basis of
against the most formidable odds. It was a battle
the politics of his party, shook the confidence of the
for an entirely just object, and the man who led
country gentry and the country clergy, who formed
the Irish to victory in that fight has an everlasting
the bulk of his followers." We may add that all
claim upon their gratitude.” With equal truth he
English history shows that the successful English
says : “ Had his life terminated there, possibly it
leader must be an opportunist; must think and feel
might have been better for his fame. ..He was
"in touch ” with the men of his generation. Bol-
indeed a man with the defects of his qualities, impul-
ingbroke was a doctrinaire, an idealist, a philoso-
sive, pugnacious, masterful. But he was, too, a
pher, and would have found happier skies over him
man of whom Ireland and the United Kingdom
in France, where ideas are not held down so closely
have cause to be proud ; great as an orator, great
to the severe logic of facts. There is some slovenly
as a politician, and as a man amiable and upright.
English in the book, and the proof-reader has been
It was his fate to have little scope for the states-
careless; but the work is a masterly sketch of Eng-
manship of constructive policy ; to find his great
lish politics, during the years of Bolingbroke's
success balanced by great failure ; to die with so
activity.
dark a cloud hanging over the country he loved so
well. But he served her well, and still lives in her
The biography just noticed is one of the “ Inter-
affections, and that is his best reward."
national Statesmen Series.” Another of these
volumes is the “Life of Prince Metternich,” by STILL another volume of the “ International
Colonel G. B. Malleson. The author of “The Statesmen Series " is the Life of Sir Robert Peel,
French in India” may always be expected to write by F. C. Montague. The men whose biographies
an entertaining story, and in this short biography we have previously reviewed in this series-Boling-
of one of the wiliest of politicians he has maintained broke, Metternich, O'Connell, Palmerston, Beacons-
his reputation, and given us the best-written volume field—all suggest to our minds, craft, cunning, and
yet published in the series. The man who destroyed subtlety, and illustrate the Celtic type of intellect
Napoleon was the most astute statesman of his day ; ) which several of them could lay claim to by inheri-
and, as Colonel Malleson says, after the battle of tance or training. Peel, on the other hand, is a
Waterloo he 6 stepped quietly into the seat whence typical Englishman of the Anglo-Saxon breed-a
Napoleon had been hurled, and, for the three-and true son of Yorkshire. His plain business-like
thirty years that followed, directed, unostentatiously manner of speaking was not more unlike the bril-
but very surely, the policy of the continent.” The liant rhetoric of the others than was his whole habit
story of this life is an important part of modern l of mind to theirs. Mr. Montague's summing-up of
history, and Colonel Malleson has set it forth in all Peel is as concise as can be made. “ The middle
its power, in all its political hideousness. “The class would tend to be conservative. .. They
despotism of Napoleon was the despotism of the would incline to a conservatism of their own, and
conqueror who had swept away the old system, and they would want a leader of their own to formulate
who terrorized over its former supporters. The it and to organize them. They would want a
despotism of Metternich, not less actual, used as its statesman who was bone of their bone and flesh of
willing instruments those very supporters upon their flesh; a good man of business, cautious but
whose necks Napoleon had placed his heel. His open to practicable suggestions ; one who would
system was the more dangerous to human freedom satisfy their ideal of industry and economy; one
because it was disguised. He was as a Jesuit suc- who would always be grave and decorous, never
ceeding an Attila, and when, after enduring it long, puzzle them with epigrams, or alarm them with
the peoples of Europe realized its result in the rhetoric; in short such a great man as they could
crushing of every noble aspiration, of every attempt conceive. Such Sir Robert Peel was. He repre-
to secure real liberty, we cannot wonder that they sented their virtues and their failings; he shared
should have asked one another whether it was to their talents and their prejudices; he was always
obtain such a system that they had combined to | growing in their confidence.” Just because he so


1889.]
39
THE DIAL
truly expressed the great middle class, he belongs volumes, is to be followed by “ The Carisbrooke
in that best class of English statesmen who neither Library,” also edited by Mr. Morley, which will
have attempted Quixotic schemes nor have grovelled consist, like its predecessor, of reprints of standard
in opportunism, but have led the best sentiment of literature. In - The Carisbrooke Library” the
the best portion of their countrymen to an embodi- volumes will be larger-each will contain about four
ment in wise legislation. This latest sketch of his hundred and fifty pages,—the increased size allow-
life sets him before us most favorably as a man anding of the presentation, in clear type, of works for
as a politician, and is itself a work of literary merit which the volumes of the former series did not
and of critical value.
afford sufficient room. The first number in the
new series presents a selection, liberally annotated,
The fashion set in bookmaking by the illustrated
editions of Daudet’s “ Tartarin” seems to have
from the writings of Jonathan Swift, supplemented
by the first seven letters to Stella. The book is
found favor—as well it might—among readers ;
divided into two periods, the first from 1667 to
as the past three or four years have witnessed the
1713, the second from 1713 to 1745, each period
appearance of quite a number of volumes in France,
suitably introduced by the editor, who relates the
England, and America, adorned with delicate - pro-
leading events in Swift's checkered career, inter-
cess" engravings of the sort which add so much to
spersing his narrative with helpful comment and
the pleasure of the readers of Daudet's Provençal
criticism. In view of the moderate price of this
epic. We have now, for example, Mr. F. Hopkin-
preliminary volume, its make-up is exceedingly
son Smith's story of the adventures of “A White
good; and its modest excellence will doubtless en-
Umbrella in Mexico” (Houghton), in which the
sure the attention of judicious book-buyers to its
illustrations are by the writer himself, although his
successors. The efforts of the publishers (Rout-
being a painter by profession does not prevent him
ledge & Co.), as well as of the indefatigable Mr.
from being a very graceful writer as well. We
Morley, to render generally accessible “the best
hardly know which to admire the more, the draw-
that has been thought and written in the world,”
ings or the text, in this exceptionally attractive
cannot be too highly commended.
volume. The latter is certainly of much interest
on its own account, but the drawings enhance that
The success of Mr. W. P. Frith's “ Autobiog-
interest in a marked degree. The book comes to a
raphy and Reminiscences” (Harper), published
climax which may fairly be called exciting, in its
last year, was very marked, and seems to have
account of the author-artist's pilgrimage to the
quite taken the writer's breath away. One result
Titian of Tzintzuntzan—for there is, in this little
of this success, and certainly a pleasing one, has
Indian village with the big name, a great painting
been the preparation of a second volume, which
which tradition claims to be a Titian, and which, in
quite sustains the interest of the first. The distin-
any event, is a masterpiece. Mr. Smith is one of
guished painter who here figures as author seems
the most delightful of travelling companions, and,
to have an inexhaustible fund of interesting anec-
unlike most writers about Mexico, is not constantly
dote to draw upon, as well as a pleasant manner of
forcing upon us useful but uninteresting facts about
relating his many amusing experiences. The pre-
politics, and education, and the extension of railway
sent volume has no apparent arrangement, the
enterprise. . His theory is that a country may be
writer seeming to have put down whatever came
better known by means of the eye than the ear, and
into his head, and to have stopped only when the
his practice is in strict accordance with his theory.
requisite amount of " copy” was prepared. He tells
ANOTHER book, similar in plan but inferior in
us new stories of such old friends as Landseer,
execution to Mr. Smith's, is Guy de Maupassant's
Dickens, Cruikshank, Leech, and Shirley Brooks,
“Sur l'Eau," translated by Laura Ensor, and pub-
gives us further illustrations of popular ignorance
lished under the title of “ Afloat” (Routledge).
in art matters, illustrates anew the ways of the
The illustrations, by “ Rion,” are tasteful, and re-
model, and provides fresh evidence of his own
produced with a fair degree of delicacy; but the
amiable self-appreciation. He is as artless, in a
translation is a slovenly piece of work, and even
high sense, in his books as in his pictures ; but he
typographical errors are not wanting. The trouble is certainly interesting both in the one and in the
with this book is that it does not readily lend itself
other.
to illustration ; for, instead of being the account of
“ HOME Gymnastics for the Well and the Sick,”
a Mediterranean yachting excursion that it pretends
edited by E. Angerstein, M.D., and by Prof. G.
to be, it is mainly occupied with the sentimental
Eckler, is a translation from the German of a work
and rather morbid reflections of the writer upon
that seems to be superior to others of its class, in
society, life, death, and the general worthlessness
that it proceeds upon a strictly scientific plan and
of human existence. The artist is thus hard put
is not subsidiary to pushing the sale of some newly-
to it for subjects and sometimes has recourse to
invented athletic apparatus. The exercises are
desperate devices.
carefully arranged and graduated with reference to
THE excellent - Universal Library,” edited by the age, sex, and bodily condition of the pupil, the
Mr. Henry Morley, now complete in sixty-three | directions are full and explicit, and the illustrations


THE DIAL
(June,
above the average. It is to be regretted that the try. In a State library the position of librarian is
learned authors could not supply also the one thing regarded as a political office, and usually is a sinecure.
needful to render their work a complete success-
The incumbent is often a political “ striker," and is
patience on the part of the pupil to follow out faith-
changed with every new administration. A series of
healthy resolutions was adopted concerning the man-
fully their excellent system. Those who have at-
agement of State libraries, the distribution of documents,
tempted, in the solitude of office or study, to pursue
etc.; and it is proposed, with the endorsement of the
a pre-arranged plan of "home gymnastics” know
American Association, and by concerted action, to peti-
how irksome the task becomes after the first enthu tion the legislatures of the several States where the
siasm is over. But one must not require miracles evils complained of exist, to appoint trained librarians
of Professors Angerstein and Eckler, whose book is as permanent officers, and bring about other needed
a good one-the best of its kind we have seen, reforms.
and is faultlessly gotten up by its publishers,
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
In his “ Brief History of Greek Philosophy"
June, 1889.
(Ginn & Co.), Mr. Burt has attempted to present Africa, Slavery in. H. Drummond. Scribner.
the leading features of his subject, from Thales to
Agnosticism. T. H. Huxley. Popular Science.
Am. Artists in Europe. Henry James. Harper.
Proclus, within the compass of three hundred pages. Am. History, Critical Period of. M. B. Shaw. Dial.
His facts he has apparently obtained second-hand, American Constitution. J. 0. Pierce. Dial.
Ancient and Honorable Artillery of Mass. Mag. Am. History.
mainly from the works of Zeller, Ueberweg, and
André's Last Twelve Days. J. O. Dykman. Mag. Am. Hist.
Lewes, and from translations of the Greek phil Asia, The Heart of. W.F. Allen. Dial.
osophers. His presentation of facts, generally fol-
Astronomy, Fabulous. J. C. Houzeau. Popular Science.
Australasia. Josiah Royce. Atlantic.
lowing the chronological order, is lacking in system Beet-Sugar. A. H. Almy. Popular Science.
as well as breadth of view. The inaccuracies of
Bright, John. E. G. Johnson. "Dial.
Building and Loan Associations. W. A. Linn. Scribner.
the book are comparatively few, and it may perhaps Castrogiovanni. A. F. Jacassy. Scribner.
be found useful by young students who have not | Chinook Language. E. H. Nicoll. - Popular Science.
Christian Science. J. F. Bailey. Popular Science.
the time for a thorough study of the subject. The
Constitution, Evolution of. c.0. Beasley. Mag. Am. Hist.
author's use of English is awkward and at times Constitution, Georgia and the. Mag. Am. History.
obscure.
Diabolism and Hysteria. A. D. White. Popular Science.
Eighteenth Century Literature. M. B. Anderson. Dial.
Electricity. C. F. Brackett. Scribner.
THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION held its
German Gymnasiums. G. M. Wahl. Atlantic.
Glaciers on the Pacific Coast. G. F. Wright. Popular Science.
tenth annual meeting at the Southern Hotel in St. Gospel Miracles. Prof. Hincks. Andover.
Louis, May 8–11. About a hundred librarians from Highest Structure in the World. W. A. Eddy. Atlantic.
different portions of the country were present ; and
Iowa's Historic Capital. Mrs. Eva E. Dye. Mag. Am. Hist.
Jesuit Ethics. C. C. Starbuck. Andover..
the four days' serious work of listening to and discuss Kurozumi Sect of Shinto. Otis Cary. Andover.
ing papers on library architecture, cataloging, classifi Montreal. C. H. Farnham. Harper,
cation, charging systems, Sunday opening, reading for
Nations, Mental Life of. F. A. Beecher. Mag. Am. History.
Potter's Centennial Address, Bishop. Andover.
the young, and similar topics, was varied and enlivened
Psychic Research. Jos. Jastrow. Harper.
by the courteous hospitalities of the citizens of St. Louis. Public Schools, Religion in. W. T. Harris. Andover.
Among the librarians present were Justin Winsor, of Russian Social Life. Eugène de Vogüé. Harper.
Harvard University ; C. A. Cutter, of Boston Athen-
H. Darwin. Harper.
Socialism, A Christian Critique of. Andover.
æum; S. S. Green, of Worcester Public Library; W.
**Spiritual Autobiography.'* Andover.
E. Foster, of Providence Public Library; W. I. Fletcher, State, Church, and School. H. E. Scudder. Atlantic.
of Amherst College; M. Dewey, of New York State
Striped Bass Fishing. A. F. Higgins. Scribner.
Library; G. W. Harris, of Cornell University; W. F.
Suniner, Wm. G. Popular Science.
Temperance Legislation. Prof. Gulliver. Andover.
Poole, of the Newberry Library, and F. H. Hild of the Toadstools and Mushrooms. T. H. McBride. Popular Science.
Public Library, Chicago; K. A. Linderfelt, of Milwau-
kee Public Library; C. A. Nelson, of Howard Library,
Well-Waters, Animal World of. 0. Zacharias. Pop. Science.
New Orleans; C. N. Dudley, of Denver Mercantile
- -
Library; L. H. Steiner, of Pratt Library, Baltimore ;
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
Herbert Putnam, of Minneapolis Public Library; and
A. W. Whelpley, of Cincinnati Public Library. Fully [ The following list includes all books received by THE DIAL
one half of the librarians present were ladies. Their during the month of May, 1889.]
papers were excellent, and they took part in the dis-
HISTORY-BIOGRAPHY.
cussions with freedom and ability. Among the exercises
History of the People of Israel. From the Reign of David
was a public meeting at Memorial Hall, for the purpose
up to the Capture of Samaria, By Ernest Renan, author
of awakening an interest in the erection of a new build of “Life of Jesus." Svo, pp. 155. Gilt top. Roberts
ing for the St. Louis Public Library. The speakers Bros. $2.50.
were Messrs. Poole, Green, Dewey, Winsor, and Mr.
New Materials for the History of the American Revo-
lution. Translated from Documents in the French Ar-
Judson, the President of the St. Louis Board of Educa-
chives and Edited by John Durand. 12mo, pp. 311.
tion. The librarians of State libraries held a meeting Henry Holt & Co. $1.75.
at the same time and place, as a section of the Ameri English Culture in Virginia. A Study of the Gilmer Let-
can Association. Their purpose was to bring about a ters, and an Account of the English Professors Obtained
reform in this class of libraries, which, with few excep-
by Jefferson for the University of Virginia. By William
P. Trent, M.A. 8vo, pp. 141. Paper. “Johns Hopkins
tions, are perhaps worse managed than any in the coun University Studies.” N. Murray. * $1.00.


1889.]
THE DIAL
The War of Independence. By John Fiske. 16mo, pp. Handy Lists of Technical Literature. Reference Cata-
200). “ Riverside Library for Young People," Hough logue of Books Printed in English from 1880 to 1888
ton, Mifflin & Co. 75 cents.
inclusive. Compiled by H. E. Haferkorn and Paul
Burgoyne's Invasion of 1777. With an Outline Sketch Heise. Part I., Useful Arts in General, Products and
of the American Invasion of Canada, 1775–76. By
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"A vivid, bewitching, tropical story, which leaves in one's
land Argus.
memory a fragrance as of the flowers of the far South."-
"A romance which for vividness of narrative, sustained Boston Transcript.
interest, and dramatic power he has never surpassed."--Bos " It is full of the fire and poetry of Spain, and brilliant
ton Herald.
I in color."--Boston Journal.
SCRIBNER'S PAPER NOVELS FOR SUMMER READING
agre.
“No collection of books put out in popular form, and at a low price, has so much to commend it to
the public as this series. The success of the series is deserved.”—Chicago Tribune.
RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE SERIES :
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“One of the best love stories ever written.”_Brooklyn Eagle.
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THE CRIME OF HENRY VANE. By F. J. STIMSON. 50 cents.
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The most popular authors are represented by some of their most favorite stories in this series, as, for
example, Mr. Stockton with “ The Lady, or the Tiger?” (50 cents), or “ Rudder Grange" (60 cents);
Mrs. Burnett with “A Fair Barbarian " (50 cents); Mr. Stevenson with “ Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde "
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(50 cents), and the most delightful stories by such authors as Joel Chandler Harris, George Parsons
Lathrop, Robert Grant, H. C. Bunner, H. H. Boyesen, Marion Harland, etc., etc., etc.
Descriptive circular sent to any one upon application. Consult this list for your summer reading.
For sale at all bookstores, or sent, postage free, to any address, by the publishers,
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743-745 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.


1889.]
47
THE DIAL
EDUCATIONAL.
HARPER'S MAGAZINE FOR JULY.
SEVEN GABLES.
BRIDGETON, N. J.
The State of lowa.
Mrs. Westcott's Boarding School for Young Ladies. In
| By Mr. JUSTICE MILLER. Accompanied by a Frontispiece
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Portrait of Mr. Justice Miller, and thirteen other portraits.
dry. Gymnasium. Illustrated circular.
Short Stories.
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Palatial Petersburg.
Location pleasant and healthful. Course of study liberal
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and thorough. Fourteen resident teachers. Thirty-first year
begins Sept. 11, 1889. Miss MARY EVANS, Principal.
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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY.
To Master Anthony Stafford.
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REV. JOSEPH CUMMINGS, D.D., LL.D., President.
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PUBLISHED BY HARPER & BROS., NEW YORK.


48
[July, 1889.
THE DIAL
(to sa
D. APPLETON & CO. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO'S
HAVE JUST PUBLISHED:
NEW BOOKS.
The Ice Age in North America,
AND ITS BEARINGS UPON THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN. | The Beginnings of New England.
By G. FREDERICK Wright, D.D., LL.D., F.G. | The Puritan Theocracy in Its Relations to Civil and
S.A., Professor in Oberlin Theological Seminary; Religious Liberty. By John FISKE. With Maps.
Assistant on the United States Geological Survey.
Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00.
Mr. Fiske has here produced a book of equal interest and
With an Appendix on “The Probable Cause of
importance. His conscientious thoroughness of research, his
Glaciation,” by WARREN UPHAM, F.G.S.A., As marvellous candor, and the unsurpassed clearness of his style,
are conspicuous in this work.
sistant on the Geological Surveys of New Hamp-
shire, Minnesota, and the United States. With
George Washington.
147 Maps and Ilustrations. One vol., 8vo., 640
In the Series of American Statesmen. By HENRY
pages, cloth. Price, $5.00.
Cabot Lodge, author of “ Alexander Hamilton”
and “ Daniel Webster " in this series. Two vols.,
The author has personally been over a large part of the
field containing the wonderful array of facts of which he is 16mo, gilt top, $2.50.
now permitted to write, but he is one only of many investiga Mr. Lodge has made a very thorough study of the civil
tors who have been busily engaged for the past fifteen years
career and influence of Washington. His work sheds much
hing of what had been previously accomplished) in
light on the interior discussions and vexed questions which
collecting facts concerning the Glacial period in this country.
filled the years preceding, during, and following the Revolu-
His endeavor has been to make the present volume a fairiy
tion; it also brings out distinctly the profound wisdom, the
complete digest of all these investigations.
almost unerring judgment, and the great moral force of
The numerous maps accompanying the text have been com-
Washington.
piled from the latest data. The illustrations are more ample
than have ever before been applied to the subject, being
Indoor Studies.
mostly reproductions of photographs taken by various mem-
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the past ten years, many of them by the author himself.
CONTENTS:- Thoreau ; Science and Literature; Science
and the Poets; Matthew Arnold's Criticism; Arnold's View
In the Wire-Grass.
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formed Giant; and several briefer essays.
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Lace.
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1, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET, NEW YORK. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., BOSTON.
that figures in the story in a remarkable manner. The author


JUL 5
1804
THE DIAL
Vol. X.
JULY, 1889.
No. 111.
CONTEXTS.
EMERSON'S PRIVATE LIFE. Oliver F. Emerson . 49
RECENT BOOKS ON SOCIAL QUESTIONS. John
Bascom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AN AMERICAN DIPLOMAT. J. L. White ...
ENGLISH MEN OF ACTION. J.J. Halsey ...
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ... 56
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ......... 59
Jefferies's Field and Hedgerow.-Mombert's History
of Charles the Great.-- Miss Gilder's Authors at
Home. - Lang's Lost Leaders. - Jusserand's Way-
faring Life in the Middle Ages.- Blake's The Cross,
Ancient and Modern. - Thistleton Dyer's Folk-Lore
of Plants.
TOPICS IN JULY PERIODICALS ...... 61
BOOKS OF THE MONTH . ......... 62
EMERSON'S PRIVATE LIFE.*
There have been five previous publications
connected with the life of the Concord sage.
The first memoir was written by George W.
Cooke, soon after Emerson's death. Oliver
Wendell Holmes wrote the volume for the
“ American Men of Letters " series, and Rich-
ard Garnett that for the “Great Writers"
series. The authorized life was the work of
James Elliott Cabot, the literary executor of
Emerson. David Greene Haskins has pub-
lished a volume on “ The Maternal Ancestors
of Ralph Waldo Emerson,” with recollections
of the poet-essayist. But in spite of this col-
lection of Emerson memoirs, the book before
us is valuable for what it adds to all others
a vivid portrayal of the man in his private life.
The author says :
if I magnify, perhaps unduly, this aspect of my father,
it is to show those whom his writings have helped or
moved that his daily life was in accord with his
teachings."
As the title indicates, the book was written for
the Concord - Social Circle," of which we shall
get the best idea from one of Emerson's letters :
“Much the best society I have ever known is a Club
in Concord called the Social Circle, consisting always
of twenty-five of our citizens, doctor, lawyer, farmer,
trader, miller, mechanic, etc., solidest of men, who
yield the solidest of gossip. Harvard University is a
wafer compared to the solid land which my friends
represent. I do not like to be absent from home on
Tuesday evenings in winter."
The first fifty pages give the details of biog-
raphy, adding little unpublished before except
the incidents that make more vivid Emerson's
boyhood and youth. We are told that the boy
Ralph handled a shovel, for a few hours of
boyish enthusiasm, in fortifying Boston harbor
during the war of 1812, as his grandfather had
been chaplain at Concord fight; that he daily
drove the cow down the present fashionable
Beacon Hill, and with his brothers took care
of the vestry of the church to which his father
had ministered; how he entered college as
President's freshman, earning his lodging by
running errands, and later paid part of his
board by waiting on table at Commons ; how
he occasionally obtained money by writing
essays for his less skilful fellows ; nor are we
surprised to learn that “ the expenses to meet
which these boys wanted money seem to have
been oil, paper, and quills.” Everyone knows
that Emerson's record in college was not bril-
liant, that his school teaching afterwards was
not wonderfully successful, and that his pastor-
ate ended in apparent failure. But even at
this time he seems to have felt that he had a
work peculiarly his own, and to have under-
taken it unostentatiously but with belief in his
power to succeed. He returned from his visit
to Wordsworth and Carlyle with some feeling
of disappointment; and dislike of the pessi-
mism of the latter prompts a characteristic
entry in his journal :
“ It is the true heroism and the true wisdom, Hope.
The wise are always cheerful. The reason is (and it
is a blessed reason) that the eye sees that the ultimate
issues of all things are good.”
It is the citizen Emerson that interests us
especially. He believed in civic duty. “A
man must ride alternately on the horses of his
“I write for my father's neighbors and near friends,
though I include many who perhaps never saw him.
His public life and works have been so well told and
critically estimated by several good and friendly hands
that I pass lightly over them, to show to those who care
to see, more fully than could be done in Mr. Cabot's
book consistently with its symmetry, the citizen and
villager and householder, the friend and neighbor. And
* EMERSON IN CONCORD. A Memoir written for "The
Social Circle" in Concord, Mass. By Edward Waldo Emer-
son. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


50
(July,
THE DIAL
private and public nature." With such a be make men dance for him in all weathers; and all sorts
lief, he did not hesitate to accept the least office
of men, paddies, felons, farmers, carpenters, painters,
yes, and trees and grapes and ice and stone, hot days
in the gift of his townsmen. Emerson the
and cold days."
philosopher was once Emerson the hog-reeve-
an office to which he was chosen soon after his
His love of men was of the practical sort. No
marriage, in accordance with venerable custom.
fanatic or other mad theorist failed of a wel-
He served on the school committee early and
come and courteous treatment at his home.
long. He became a member of the fire asso-
An amusing anecdote is told of a Russian re-
ciation, and he regularly sent his best garden
former, who insisted on keeping his hat on in
specimens to the - (attle-show" exhibition. He
the house while he related his story. Emerson
made it a point to attend town-meeting, and
kindly suggested taking the hat, three times,
many an entry in his journal indicates interest,
without success; but finally conquered by a
if not in the affairs of the town, at least in his
- Very well, then, we will walk in the yard,”
townsmen. The great anti-slavery struggle
and there he patiently heard the mission of his
found Emerson always on the side of freedom,
unconventional guest. There was the same
as we should expect; but he did not join him-
unselfish and warm regard for his literary
self to the leaders in the agitation. He rightly
friends, Alcott, Hawthorne, Thoreau. Alcott's
estimated that he was not fitted for their work.
“ conversation is sublime." Thoreau is - the
Liberty was axiomatic with him, and, unable to
good river-god ” who has “ introduced me to
understand the position of its opponents, he
the riches of his shadowy starlight, moonlit
could not successfully argue its truth. He
stream, a lovely new world lying as close and
claimed that his work included the work of
yet as unknown to this vulgar trite one of
the reformers, and it was belief in the impor-
streets and shops, as death to life, or poetry to
tance of his special work that prevented his
prose.”
There are some striking likenesses to Words-
giving his life to the cause. How deeply he
felt this, as well as how thoroughly he sympa-
worth in Emerson's habits. “Emerson's best
thized with the movement for freedom, we may
writings,” says Garnett, “ are the breathings of
see from an entry in his journal in 1852.
a soul saturated with sylvan influences.” His
journals are full of references to his retirement
“I waked last night and bemoaned myself because I
to the pine woods of his little farm for medita-
had not thrown myself into this deplorable question of
Slavery, which seems to want nothing so much as a few
tion, - consulting the oracles, as he called it.
assured voices. But then in hours of sanity I recover
This was his place of thought, his study, while
myself, and say, God must govern his own world, and the library was the place of recording and
knows his way out of this pit without my desertion of
uniting into proper literary form. The few
my post, which has none to guard it but me.”
lines of prose suggested as he sat on the bank
A peculiar sweetness and gentleness has of the Musketaquid became the beautiful poem
always been attributed to Emerson's charac- “ The Two Rivers." Like Wordsworth, he
ter. The anecdote is familiar of the work loved walking rather than riding ; he skated
woman who, on expressing intention of going with his children at fifty on Walden Pond, as
to hear the lecturer, was asked, “ Do you under | Wordsworth on Lake Windermere ; and it is
stand Mr. Emerson ?” “ Not a word ; but I characteristic that, although he purchased a
like to go and see him stand up there and look rifle at one time, he never shot any living
as if he thought everyone was as good as he creature. New testimony is added to his hard
was.” There is much in the present volume work through life, writing in summer and lec-
to indicate not only the love of Emerson's turing in winter; seldom taking a vacation,
neighbors, but his own broad humanitarian- | though often bemoaning that he did so little.
ism. There are many characteristic references His manner of writing is well known. For the
to his neighbors, common men in whom he was first time an attempt is made, in this volume,
constantly finding the most uncommon quali to trace the development of his poetry. The
ties. The thrifty farmer, the practical man of writer divides his poetical activity into three
affairs, were each possessed of a peculiar genius. epochs : “ The youthful or imitative, the revolu-
This is finely shown by a passage attributed to tionary, and the mature stages.” The first
Thoreau in Sanborn's Life, but now settled period extends to 1834, ending with the Phi
without doubt as Emerson's :
Beta Kappa poem in that year; the second
« Look over the fence yonder into Captain Abel's includes the years 1835 to 1847, when his first
land. There's a musician for you, who knows how to volume of poems appeared ; and the later


1889.]
THE DIAL
period from that publication. The poems of | if eternal heedfulness and untiring affection
the first period show the influence of Pope in were not the price of all spiritual well-being
form and in metrical accuracy. The thought and themselves a chief part of it.
was metre-bound also ; and it is only when he The volume on “Coöperative Savings and
began to embody higher truths in his poems Loan Associations " is much needed. It aims
that the carelessness of metre and rhyme some- to give aid to a movement which is almost
times appears. The form was no longer para wholly beneficent, and is showing consider-
mount, the sensuous pleasure in perfect metricalable power of self-propagation. Building
form giving way to the intellectual pleasure in associations, which sprang up in Philadelphia,
the embodiment of thought.
are extending to many parts of the country.
OLIVER F. EMERSON.
Mr. Dexter aims to narrate the facts con-
cerning them, to explain their principles, to
guide his readers to a just estimate of their
value, and to give aid in their wise formation.
RECENT BOOKS ON SOCIAL QUESTIONS.* He includes with them mutual savings and
One sits down to a batch of books on social
| loan associations, accumulating fund associa-
questions with a distinct pleasure. He feels
tions, and cooperative banks. The aim of
the throes of that immense activity with which
them all is to secure economy, and to give
men are working at the problem of the com-
that economy its most direct and profitable
mon prosperity, and the untiring determina-
results. Though these associations may not
tion with which they attack it on all sides
go far in working out the general prosper-
with ever varying chance of success. Each
ity, their contributions are very direct, very
one of these attempts is pretty sure to do some
capable of extension, stand in easy affiliation
with other means of improvement, and help, in
some new view, or, at the very least, to extend
a high degree, to awaken and nourish the tem-
the knowledge of what is familiar. A book in
per of mind from which progress comes. The
philosophy must justify itself by very positive
legal and practical details of these associations
merit; a book in sociology is more easily jus-
are fully given, and Mr. Dexter has rendered
tified, by virtue of the variety and magnitude
the cause of social improvement a real service,
of the demand.
both on its theoretical and its practical side.
" Prisoners of Poverty Abroad” is a com-
- The Plantation Negro as a Freeman ” is a
panio-n volume to the author's previous work,
somewhat full discussion of the character of
“Prisoners of Poverty.” The facts contained
the negro in all the relations of life. It seems
in these pages have been gathered chiefly in
to be pervaded by a thoughtful, rather than by
England, though the inquiries of the author
a truly beneficent, spirit. It is highly pessi-
have extended somewhat farther. Mrs. Camp-
mistic in its conclusions. With the blacks as
bell directs her attention to the work of women
a whole, things are going from bad to worse;
in a great variety of forms, and presents it in
the ultimate outcome is likely to be a return to
a thoroughly practical and sympathetic way.
barbarism along a road of vice and wretched-
One cannot fail to desire that the book shall
ness. Mr. Bruce represents that firm, not to
accomplish its purpose of making us more per-
say fierce, spirit in the South, examples of
fectly and feelingly aware of the breadth and
which have been frequently presented of late
the urgency of those social duties with which
in our periodical literature, — a spirit which is
we have to deal. It is well fitted to abolish the
deeply impressed with the injury which arose
indolent and unworthy impression that things
from a brief domination of the colored race,
will care for themselves, and may be left to
and is inspired with the determination that
work themselves out in their own fashion; as
nothing of the sort shall again occur, no matter
what the cost of resistance. This temper is
* PRISONERS OF POVERTY ABROAD. By Helen Campbell. 10t so much to be criticised in its primary
Boston : Roberts Brothers.
A TREATISE ON COÖPERATIVE SAVINGS AND LOAN Asso-
sentiment as in the unnecessary apprehension
CIATIONS. By Seymour Dexter. New York: D. Appleton and harshness which now accompany it. The
& Co.
circumstances following the war were entirely
THE PLANTATION NEGRO As a FREEMAN, By Philip A.
Bruce. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
exceptional, and are not likely to return.
OUTLINES OF A New SCIENCE. By E. J. Donnell. New
Events would adjust themselves to present
York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
SOCIAL PROGRESS. An Essay. By Daniel G. Thompson.
relations far more readily and comfortably,
New York : Longmans, Green & Co.
| if these memories could be allowed to pass


52
[July,
THE DIAL
-
-
-
-
away, and present facts be suffered freely objected to, for the most part. The author
to take their place. Fear and aversion are takes his stand, in common with the school to
bad counsellors, even when there is abundant which he belongs, on the rights of the individ-
occasion for them. It is a very pitiful confes- ual, and fails to fully recognize the relatively
sion to be compelled to say that we can get independent organic force of society. That is
along with a race as placable as the negro the point at which recent thought is making
better on terms of slavery than of freedom ; most decided objection to the extreme individ-
that the one hopeless fact is that from which uation involved in a purely empirical, voluntary
all hope must come -- the fact of freedom. construction of the state. The second portion
Justice and good-will have lost their power as of the work, discussing the means of promoting
redemptive agencies in the minds of those men social progress, is fresher than the earlier por-
who are so quick- a thing quite right in itself tion. The need of change and the formation
—to assert their own opportunities. They do and expression of opinion are clearly and em-
not look upon or estimate their own spirit as phatically enforced. The summation of the
it impresses others. The author says, in con- work seems to be, “Just and true liberty, equal
clusion :
and impartial liberty, is the thing we stand in
"Fervent should be the prayer that the course of
need of.” The constancy with which we return
future events will solve this momentous problem at last to such expressions as “ equal and impartial
in a way that will redound to the prosperity of the South liberty,” notwithstanding the difficulty we meet
and the glory of the Union. In the meanwhile, the
with in defining in what this equality and im-
Southern people are using every means in their reach
to bring about this consummation, and upon the efforts
partiality consist, shows that we are dealing
that they have made and are still making with that with a very real idea. If the phrase is a
view they may well invoke, in the language of the " glittering generality," it is so because of a
Emancipation Proclamation that precipitated the special | very constant ray of truth it contains. Our
evils that now environ them, the considerate judgment
author, we think, lays too much emphasis on
of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.'"
liberty as the absence of restraint, and too little
While we heartily respond to this petition,
on that which alone makes liberty significant-
We believe, — not, we trust, underestimating
the accumulation of powers in our individual
the gravity of the situation — that its an-
and collective relations.
swer must be found in a more concessive
JOHN BASCOM.
and considerate inquiry on the part of leaders
at the South into the safety and well-being of
the blacks. The real danger to both portions
AN AMERICAN DIPLOMAT.*
of the community lies, not in the domination Admitted to the New York bar at the age of
of the negro race, but in its unjust subjection.
twenty, Gouverneur Morris was for seventeen
Let the sense of this danger be removed, and
years engaged in the practice of law and in the
relations would at once become more kindly,
service of his country before he could gratify
and good influences more productive. The
his desire to see the world. So much, indeed,
carpet bag régime was most unfortunate, as
was he occupied with the making of history
calling out so many senseless fears and blind-
that he found no time for writing it ; and a
ing passions.
single chapter covers the first epoch of his
The “ Outlines of a New Science,” like the
public life. “I could not,” he says, “ furnish
volume just spoken of, belongs to the series of
any tolerable memorandum of my existence,
“ Questions of the Day.” It is admirably got during that eventful period of American his-
ten up, but has very little claim to attention. tory." The remainder of the work increases
The author is misled by scientific phraseology,
the regret that we have not from his pen some
and wanders about in a very vague fashion.
account of the winter at Valley Forge; of the
The new Science seems to be Economics ex-
planning of the first United States Bank; and
tended, in an unintelligible way, into the Science
of the Constitutional Convention. The prac-
of Man.
tical knowledge of men and of the science of
- Social Progress” is a discussion of familiar
finance, acquired in this period, is undoubtedly
ground from the standpoint of evolution. The the chief cause of the self-reliance and decision
first part considers the relation of law and lib that are characteristic of his later life. To
erty, security in the state, and the equality of
rights and powers. The conclusions reached
* DIARY AND LETTERS OF GOUVERNEUR MORRIS. Edited
by Anne Cary Morris. In two volumes. New York: Charles
are thoroughly democratic, and are not to be Scribner's Sons.
-
-
- -
-


1889.]
53
THE DIAL
this was no doubt due in some measure the sly, cunning, ambitious, and malicious. Natur-
remarkable success that followed him all over ally at this time the interest of the chronicler
Europe. Not only was he received in the best centres in the rapid succession of political
social circles, but his opinion was sought by events. Morris tells of the taking of the Bas-
many of the most eminent men of the time. tille, while the Comte d'Artois was giving a
The ten years spent in Europe represent the banquet at Versailles. A few days later he
second period of Morris's life. In a letter to visited the ruins of this stronghold of iniquity,
Robert Morris, he enumerates some of the and in another striking passage describes the
financial undertakings that occupied much of last day of the Royal family at Versailles.
his time during the first years abroad :
Hitherto Morris has been simply a visitor
“ Indian voyages, the liquidated debt, debts to Spain
in France. Appointed Minister of the United
and France of the United States, the Fairfax estates, | States in 1791, Morris was presented to the
the sale of land in America,- and last, but much the King a few weeks before the attack on the
most difficult task of all, your various debts and en- Tuileries. During all those terrible months.
gagements. Here I have had to perform the task of
the Israelites in Egypt--to make bricks without straw."
he alone of the Diplomatic Corps remained in
From February 1789 to January 1793, the
Paris. “ It is true,” he wrote, “ that the posi-
tion is not without danger; but I presume that
Diary follows pretty closely the course of events.
when the President did me the honor of nam-
Then it stops, because the situation of things
ing me to this Embassy, it was not for my
is such that to continue the journal would com-
personal pleasure or safety, but to promote
promise too many people.” Beneath the care-
the interests of my country." His house
less and brilliant social life is seen the steadily
was searched, and he himself was arrested.
approaching storm. Morris writes of a visit
The fact that he had no more serious trouble
to the Duchess of Orleans at Raincy:
was probably due in great measure to his own
“ A number of persons surround the windows, and tact and firmness. He rendered material
doubtless form a high idea of the company, to whom
assistance to many old friends, and there is
they are obliged to look up at an awful distance. Ah,
did they but know how trivial the conversation, how
reason to believe that he took part in a plan
very trivial the characters, their respect would soon be for the King's escape. It is not strange that
changed to an emotion extremely different.”
report condemned him to the guillotine; nor
Of the political situation, he wrote to the that he should have written, in August 1794:
French Ambassador in London soon after his “ Presenting my successor, which I did yester-
arrival:
day, to the Commission, has given me more
“ Stay where you are a little while, and when you
pleasure than any event for many months.”
come back you will hardly know your country. ... The Diary follows Morris to Hamburg by
Republicanism is absolutely a moral influenza from way of Switzerland. He visited Necker and
which neither title, place, nor even the diadem, can
Madame de Staël at Coppet, finding friends
guard their possessors.”
among the emigres everywhere. He was pre-
Morris does not seem to have been popular
sented at the courts of Dresden, Berlin, and
with those in authority, but commanded their
Brunswick. When Lafayette was surrendered,
respect. Madame de Staël says to him, “ I
by the Austrian Government, to the American
hear you quoted on all sides." He came into
Consul at Hamburg, out of consideration for
more or less intimate relations with Necker,
the United States, Morris was at hand to ac-
Siéyès, Dumouriez, and was invited to confer
company the Imperial Minister to the ceremony
with a Committee of the States General ap-
of delivering the prisoner. The Diary has a
pointed to report on a Constitution. The three
most characteristic entry in July of the follow-
persons most frequently mentioned in the first
ing year :
volume are M. de Lafayette, Madame de Fla-
haut, and the Bishop of Autun. At first one
“M. de Lafayette called on me and asked my advice
whether he should go immediately to America, or stay
fails to recognize, in the Abbé Périgord and
awhile longer. I tell him that he has made up his
the Bishop of Autun, the well-known Talley mind to stay ; this he blushingly acknowledges. ...
rand Périgord of the next century. We find Always declaring his resolution to lead a private life,
Lafayette and the Bishop meeting at breakfast
he sighs still for an opportunity of appearing again
with Morris, and frequently taking counsel
on the public theatre."
with him regarding the political situation. Morris landed in the United States the day
Morris had no great respect, apparently, for before Christmas, 1798. His apparent deter-
either of them. The Bishop appeared to him mination to become a farmer at Morrisania was


5+
[July,
THE DIAL
TITE.
interfered with by his election to the United little of the roystering friend of Falstaff, who
States Senate, which he pronounced unfor struck the Chief Justice and pilfered his dying
tunate. Although a Federalist, Morris was father's crown; but he restores to us the able
strongly opposed to the attempt to make Burr soldier who held important military command
president. He was evidently opposed to the in his sixteenth year, and the vigorous ruler
war of 1812. In January 1814 we find him who was sworn of his father's Privy Council
assuming that New England will meet in Con- at nineteen. Henry the Fifth was not a great
vention and throw off all allegiance to the statesman, — for the purpose to which he gave
United States, — wondering only whether the his life convicts him of lack of statesmanlike
Susquehanna or the Delaware will be the bound views, but he was one of England's ablest
ary. He seems to have had the right to say, soldiers ; and this narrative is a faithful sketch
shortly before his death, at the early age of of an interesting career in the military annals
sixty-four :
of the race. Professor Church says in closing :
“ The welfare of our country is my single object, “Of Henry's qualities as a military leader it is im-
and although I never sought, refused, or resigned an
possible to speak too highly. The one possible excep-
office, there is no department of government in which tion where he may be thought to have failed, not indeed
I have not been called to act, with what success it is in skill but in prudence, was the march from Harfleur
not for me to say.”
to Calais. Yet it was a piece of calculated audacity
abundantly justified by the results. . . . He had
In editing the Diary and Letters of her grand-
to make an impressive display of his superiority if he
father, Miss Morris has done her work well. was to be accepted as the future conqueror of France.
The interest of the narrative is often due to His career after this was one of unbroken success —
her skill. An exellent index forms a fitting
success earned by courage, foresight, tactical skill, fer-
tility of resource, economy of strength, in short, by all
complement to these valuable volumes.
the qualities of a great captain. There is no more con-
J. L. WHITE. clusive proof of his greatness than the instantaneous
change which his presence wrought in the prospects of
a campaign: Ipso adventu profligata bella.”
Henry the Fifth voiced a national sentiment
ENGLISH MEN OF ACTION.*
in his attempt to crush France. General Gor-
Messrs. Macmillan & Co. have selected an don was but a “ soldier of fortune,” and yet
admirable set of brief biographies in their the “ adventurer” will stand far higher on the
66 English Men of Action.” The volumes are permanent roll of fame than the Plantagenet.
small, attractive, and inexpensive. Each is For after his initiation, in the Crimean and
devoted to some “ subject of the British Crown Opium Wars, Gordon ceased to fight in “ wars
who has in any capacity, at home or abroad, of ambition," and gave his great genius for
by land or sea, been conspicuous for actions in mastery to the cause of law and civilization
its service.” The subjects and writers of the and charity. Colonel Butler has a noble
volumes thus far issued are: Henry the Fifth, theme, and makes a fascinating book, as he
by the Rev. A. J. Church ; Gordon, by Colo leads us in the wake of that bamboo cane,
nel Butler ; Livingstone, by Thomas Hughes ; more potent than sword or sceptre, or shows us
Lord Lawrence, by Sir Richard Temple ; and the Christian soldier for six years at Graves-
Wellington, by George Hooper. The volume end, redeeming not only souls but lives from
by Professor Church is such as we might ex- | the gutters and slums. His single-handed
pect from that excellent writer and accom fight against slavery in the Soudan is pathet-
plished historian. Henry the real man has too ically told ; and the account of his last effort
long suffered from association in popular opin for the helpless, when he risked all to bring off
ion with that erratic creation, partly of legend the non-combatants from that desolated and
partly of Shakespeare's imagination, “ Prince government-forsaken land, is a fine tribute to
a grand hero. With true insight, too, the
author fixes the cause of Gordon's failure and
* GENERAL GORDON. By Col. Sir William Butler. New
York : Macmillan & Co.
death in the “ struggle between the permanent
HENRY THE Fifth. By the Rev. A. J. Church. New under-Government and the temporary upper-
York : Macmillan & Co.
Government.” In his judgment the latter, the
LIVINGSTONE. By Thomas Hughes. New York : Mac-
millan & Co.
Gladstone ministry, was thwarted in its peace-
LORD LAWRENCE. By Sir Richard Temple. New York: ful policy by the warlike purposes of "the
Macmillan & Co.
bureau ”— the conservative permanent officials
lan & Co.
in every department of the administration,


1889.]
55
THE DIAL
who may say, Cabinets may come and Cabinets instrument for good, a man of peace or of war, accord.
may go, but we go on forever.
ing to the requirements of right and justice.”
That charming friend of our boyhood, Tom Take him all in all, one is tempted to say
Hughes, has already had his story told for him, that John Lawrence is the most perfectly bal-
either in Livingstone's own writings, or in anced character in all nineteenth-century public
Stanley's records of African travel. Yet the life. Heroic in all his proportions, there is
story of Livingstone's life cannot be told too | nothing trivial or petty in even his ordinary
often, and we are glad to welcome it once deeds or words. As pure a devotee to the wel-
again in this brief narrative by a man who has fare of man as either Gordon or Livingstone,
fixed for our gaze - the manliness of Christ.” | his exalted position gave him opportunity which
In the simple and vigorous English which is the latter never enjoyed for the noblest and
already familiar to us all, Mr. Hughes gathers wisest handling of the fortunes of many mil-
up the leading facts of a life which will ever lions of fellow-beings, and proved that he pos-
inspire to heroic achievement and calm endur sessed that complete sanity of vision which the
ance. No one could tell this story better than enthusiast of Khartoum at times sadly lacked.
this latest biographer. Wisely he allows his Lawrence's life gives the answer to every sor-
narrative through many pages to adopt the rowful pessimist distrustful of his race and
exact language of this devoted man of action questioning if life be worth living
language as direct and forcible as his conduct. “ His accidency ” of Red River Rebellion
Wisely too, instead of summing up a character and Tel el Kebir fame has recently denied that
which all men already estimate at its true Wellington was a great general. But Lord
worth, he makes his closing chapter" a few Wolseley's claim to be considered either a
words as to the fruit that grain of martyr truthful chronicler or a wise critic has been so
wheat has borne in the last sixteen years, and completely shattered in recent controversies
the prospect of the harvest in 1889.” A brief into which his shallow criticism has drawn him,
survey of the work done by the Universities that it was hardly necessary, at least for Ameri-
Mission, the Scotch Missions, the Church Mis can readers, for Mr. Hooper to vindicate the
sionary Society, and the African Lakes Com- Iron Duke against one whom a recent writer
pany, best indicates how much Livingstone did in “ The Nation ” happily calls “ a Brummagen
for Africa as a pioneer. But already, when Wellington.” The test of ability in the long
this last chapter went to press, the German run is success, and the man who began life as
African Company, driven by that “ earth-hun Arthur Wellesley can safely stand this test. In
ger” so contrary to the spirit of Livingstone, Mr. Hooper's pages we follow one continuous
was looming ominously upon the eastern sea- rush of conflict from Seringapatam to Water-
board; and at this moment it is a matter of loo, and read in many a skilfully told narra-
anxious inquiry whether or not the Cæsarism tive the story of a great soldier and captain.
of Bismarck shall make shipwreck of Afri Discipline was the basis on which his success
can Missions.
rested, from the beginning of his life of com-
Lord Lawrence is equally fortunate with mand in Ireland in 1793, when in a few months
Livingstone in his biographer for this series. his regiment “was officially declared to be the
Sir Richard Temple is not only a veteran In- best-drilled and most efficient within the limits
dian administrator, but was a member of Law- of the Irish command.” But Wellington was
rence's official family, and very near to him in not only an admirable drill-master and provost-
personal relation. His admiration for his old marshal ; he was a great soldier and a masterly
chief verges on veneration, but it is a venera general. If Assaye and Talavera beyond all
tion which the world fully shares. In the fol question prove him a master of tactics, equally
lowing passage the author correctly analyzes does his whole series of campaigns in the Span-
the masterful qualities of this greatest of Vice ish peninsula prove him a great strategist.
roys, and well brings out the secret of his Mr. Hooper has well shown all these character-
rare success :
istics which made the Duke England's greatest
“ He evinced only two qualities in an uncommon de- , commander. But he has also most exquisitely
gree, namely energy and resolution. But if he was not revealed the warm-hearted man of feeling be-
a man of genius in the ordinary acceptation of the term, neath the battle-tried man of action. There is
there must have been a certain genius in him, and that
perhaps in all biography no more admirable
was virtue. Such genius is indeed heaven-born, and
this was the moral force which combined all his facul-
revelation of personal character than is given
ties into a harmonious whole and made him a potent | in these pages.
J. J. HALSEY.
iWellingtoncess, and can safe low one to Warra-
Wellesles.ces we bringapatah told


56
[July,
THE DIAL
Mr. Froude's “ The Two Chiefs of Dunboy”
is a striking historical novel with a great deal
of substantial truth in the disguise of fiction.
Perhaps we should not say disguise, after all ;
for in many of the chapters it is avowedly the
historian, and not the romancer, who speaks.
The scene is laid in the middle of the last cen-
tury, upon the southwest coast of Ireland, being
occasionally shifted to the home of an exiled
Irishman engaged in shipbuilding and com-
merce at Nantes. The two principal and
strongly contrasted characters are Colonel
and Morty Sullivan, a soldier of fortune and
Irish “ patriot” of the type equally familiar
in those days and in our own. That there was
some excuse for the existence of this sort of
patriotism a hundred years ago, Mr. Froude
would himself be the last to deny ; and he is
unsparing in his denunciation of the foolish
laws imposed by the English Parliament upon
the commerce and internal economy of the sis-
ter island. But he is equally unsparing in his
portrayal of the lawless Irish character, with
its deep-seated prejudices and its unreasoning
hatred of England ; and the reader's sympa-
thies go, as they should, with the stern Crom-
wellian English officer in his feud with the
Irish privateer. The result is a double trag-
edy,- the Englishman falling a victim to the
treachery of his opponent, and the latter meet-
ing his just deserts at the hands of the English
soldiers. As a novel, the work is vigorous, and
well planned ; as a historical and social pic-
ture, it deserves very high praise. Especially
fine is its delineation of the vacillating and pu-
sillanimous English policy toward Ireland, so
unlike English policy in general and so untrue
to the long line of its best traditions.
A better historical novel than Mr. Froude's
is “ Micah Clarke,” by Mr. A. Conan Doyle.
The actual title of the book fills some score
of lines on the title-page, being descriptive,
after the old-fashioned style affected by the
writer throughout, of the subject matter of the
work. It is more to our present purpose to
say briefly that the story is of the Monmouth
Rebellion of 1685, than to quote a title whose
prolixity indicates the principal fault of the
text that follows. The narrative is in the first
person, the narrator being a young hero of
Roundhead stock, whose father sends him forth
to do battle against Popery and King James.
In spite of its great length, the story really
presents a vivid historical picture of the causes
which led to the uprising in support of Mon-
mouth, and of the progress of that movement
up to its final suppression with the battle of
Sedgemoor and the bloody execution done
upon the rebels by the infamous Jeffreys.
The author reminds us a little of Scott, and a
good deal of Blackmore. The type of mili-
tant dissenting preacher, which Scott pictured
with such richness and penetration in “ Old
Mortality” and elsewhere, is very well imi-
tated by Mr. Doyle in his picture of the Puri-
tan leaders of Monmouth's army. On the
other hand, such a type as the old sea-captain
Solomon Sprent, if his language is a little too
ingeniously nautical at times, is very like the
similar figures in Blackmore's novels ; and the
style of “ Micah Clarke,” although not nearly
so picturesque, suggestive, or rhythmical, often
makes one think of the style of “ Lorna Doone."
On the whole, the story is healthy and robust
in tone, and of absorbing interest for both
young and old.
Mr. Julian Corbett's “ Kophetua the Thir-
teenth " is a decidedly odd romance. To free
himself from the ordinary limitations of the
novelist, the writer has invented a country and
a people for his story, taking care to extermin-
ate the latter after they have served his pur-
pose. Of course there is a beggar-maid in the
story, and the hero himself is a lineal descend-
ant of the ballad-famed Kophetua. The nar-
rative must be characterized as ingeniously
dull, having neither practical nor utopian
human interest.
* THE Two CHIEFS OF DUNBOY; or, An Irish Romance of
the Last Century. By J. A. Froude. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons.
MICAH CLARKE. By A. Conan Doyle. New York: Long-
mans, Green, & Co.
KOPHETUA THE THIRTEENTH. By Julian Corbett. New
York : Macmillan & Co.
AN AUTHOR'S LOVE. Being the Unpublished Letters of
Prosper Mérimée's “Inconnue." New York: Macmillan
& Co.
THE WRONG Box. By Robert Louis Stevenson and
Lloyd Osbourne. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
GREIFENSTEIN. By F. Marion Crawford. New York:
Macmillan & Co.
Passe Rose. By Arthur Sherburne Hardy. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
THE OPEN Door. By Blanche Willis Howard. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
AN ALIEN FROM THE COMMONWEALTH. By Robert Tim-
sol. Boston: Cupples & Hurd.
VAGABOND TALEs. By Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen. Boston:
D. Lothrop Co.
A VENETIAN STUDY IN BLACK AND WHITE. By Charles
Edward Barns. New York: Willard Fracker & Co.
ells. New York: Harper & Brothers.
THE SLEEPING CAR, AND OTHER FARCES. By William
D. Howells. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


1889.]
57
THE DIAL
“ An Author's Love” is a work of fiction what questionable plea that they, after all, are
none the less for pretending to be true. not responsible for what other people have
Whether Mérimée's “ Lettres à une Inconnue" done. That the story is weakened by this,
were real letters, written to a real woman, is there can be no doubt. From the start, it is
still one of the open questions of literature ; logically bound to develop into a full-propor-
but no reader of these pretended replies to tioned tragedy ; but this due development is
those letters will have any doubt of their im checked midway by a resort to somewhat casu-
aginary character, whatever may be his theory istical devices, and, the older generation having
of the work which made so considerable a post expiated its guilt in conventionally tragic
humous addition to the reputation of the bril fashion, the younger generation is permitted
liant Frenchman. It is only by contrast that to live and enjoy itself. Apart from this
the replies set off the brilliancy of the origin structural defect, the plot is constructed and
als ; and it is difficult to think of Mérimée as the action carried out with really remarkable
fascinated, for a long term of years, with any skill, -except near the close, where a wholly
one who could write him in the rather stiff and unnecessary complication is introduced in the
affected style of these epistles.
passion of Rex for Greifenstein's wife. In this
“ A little judicious levity” is the word of
judicious belichtful story
respect, the denouement is nearly as absurd as
“ The Wrong Box," a delightful story that that of Goethe's “ Stella" in its original form.
Mr. Stevenson and his youthful collaborator Nothing is more remarkable about this novel
Mr. Os bourne have provided for our summer than the manner in which Mr. Crawford has
reading. We assume, at least, that Mr. Os assimilated the German romantic style, and
bourne is youthful, for the preface says that given a distinctly Northern atmosphere to his
one of the authors is old enough to be ashamed story. The observant cosmopolitan appears
of himself, and the other young enough to here as elsewhere in the author's work, and
learn better. The former of these two pro- | accounts for such features as the strikingly
positions obviously refers to Mr. Stevenson, clear and interesting account of the “ Korps"
and the latter is thus left for his fellow-worker. life of a German university town. To be sure,
The story is so consistently improbable, and is this matter is one that hardly has a place in the
so entirely without a purpose, that it has quite novel; but it is extremely well put and very
the charm of one of the New Arabian Nights," interesting.
which amounts to saying that it is worth a | Professor's Hardy's “ Passe Rose” is an ex-
whole wilderness of Jekylls and Hydes. It is quisite piece of literature, but it has no more
one of those books that, once begun, cannot hold upon the facts of actual life than one of
possibly be laid down until the last leaf is re the Grimm Brothers' Marechen. Fairyland,
luctantly turned. As for the story, we cannot or, at least, the land of mediæval romance, is
begin to outline that; and among the charac-' the real home of the figures in this story of
ters, can only find space to record a special lik- | the days of Charlemagne. We can hardly look
ing for the portentous bore who is the uncon upon them as creatures of Aesh and blood like
scious cause of all the complications, and for ourselves, or upon their emotions as those of
his sporting nephew whose opinions of litera- | prosaic mankind. This matter of standpoint
ture are expressed far less frequently than we clearly understood, the reader who is prepared
could wish. One of those opinions — concern- | to give himself up to the poetical imaginings
ing “ The Athenæum ” — we must quote : of the writer may be prepared to enjoy him-
“ It had a name like one of those spots that Uncle Jo- |
self rarely. Guy of Tours, the Prince Charm-
seph used to hold forth at, and it was all full of the ing of the tale ; Passe Rose, the warm-blooded
most awful swipes about poetry and the use of the globes. Provençal maiden; the great King himself,
It was the kind of thing that nobody could read out
and the men and women of his court, are all
of a lunatic asylum. The Athenaum, that was the name !
creations of a singularly vivid imagination,
Golly, what a paper !”
and all inhabit, with peculiar fitness, their
Mr. Crawford's “ Greifenstein ” is a story realm of fable. Descriptions of the kind
which illustrates the old moral precept that which it is fashionable to call - word-pictures”
the sins of the fathers are visited upon the abound in these pages, being very acceptable.
sons. Finally, however, the characters of the And all together, scenes and figures and pas-
younger generation are permitted to escape sions, have a very genuine though subtle charm
what must be regarded as the logical conse for minds weary of realism and glad to breathe
quences of their parents' acts, upon the some- ! for a while the lighter and purer air of fancy.


THE DIAL
[July,
In - The Open Door," Miss Howard has way of dealing with a sensitive and refined na-
worked upon a larger canvas than usual. The ture. We are inclined to think that the moral
result is a combination of strength and weak would have been better without this adjunct.
ness, the strength being, on the whole, the The satisfaction of living up to one's own ideals
more apparent. The countess is so exagger is, or ought to be, a sufficient substitute for the
ated a type of silly egotism as to be unreal gross material satisfaction that most men are
and consequently ineffective, and there is a aiming at; and we even fear that our hero's un-
great deal too much said about her pet dog expected luck may have done him little real good.
- Mousey.” On the other hand, we have in The author of this book is evidently a young
Gabrielle a fine picture of the young girl of man, with a taste for forcible rather than elegant
healthy instincts and sincere nature, and in forms of expression, and a considerable sense of
Count Hugo a strong and natural portrayal humor. We judge that his experience with
of suffering. For the hero of the story is a | the race of publishers has embittered him to-
young man cut off in the prime of manhood wards that useful section of the community,
from most of the pleasures of life by a fall for his descriptions of their doings, as typefied
from his horse, which leaves him a hopeless by the firm of Lybert and Company, is in a
cripple. As for “ the open door," that is the vein of the wildest burlesque. Perhaps, how-
phrase with which Epictetus reminds us that ever, we should not credit wholly to the writer
if life become intolerable there is a way out the opinion of the cynical hack who figures
of it, and that if we do not take it we have no largely in the latter half of the story. Whether
reason for complaint. Our hero thinks seri- truthful or not, these opinions are the most
ously of accepting the stoic solution of the amusing things in the volume, as the follow-
problem, but hesitates before the final step. ing exhortation to the hero will exemplify:
By his hesitation he is lost—or saved — as the | “Take me for a warning, if you will : I've borne a
reader may please ; for the horizon of life, at share in the guilt and in the punishment. It's a pain-
first, after the shock, so irremediably narrowed
ful subject, but long ago I wrote several books, and I've
never recovered from the effects. It gives a fatally
for him, broadens again as his sympathies
wrong direction to one's mind. It's a bad thing to be
learn to embrace other sufferings than his own, mixed up with literature at all, even as we are, in this
and love comes finally to light up his gloomy comparatively useful way of warding off inflictions from
existence, and make happiness a possibility
the public. If we had not taken the itch, though in this
modified form, we might have come to some good end,
for him. In all that concerns the history and
in soap, or stocks, or salt fish, or boots and shoes. You
the relations of these two — Count Hugo and
needn't smile, my poor young friend; if you've not
Gabrielle — the story is sweet, pathetic, and learned your lesson yet, you will in time. Do you think
true. The rest of it may be allowed for the even Lybert is happy? No, sir. True, he's made near
sake of contrast, and in the lighter miscellan-
a million, but he sees others who began at the same
time and went into something really necessary to the
eous passages there are many touches of keen
welfare of mankind, such as whiskey, or tobacco, or
characterization and of suggestive humor. The Wall Street, or explosive compounds, and are now worth
style is mostly good, although we have noticed ten times as much. No, in his heart he's not content
a few lapses from correct English. We do with the book trade.”
not doubt that the book will find a warm wel | Mr. Boyesen's “ Vagabond Tales” are seven
come, and few novels of the season have as in number, and have already seen the light in
much to recommend them.
various periodicals. They deal with the Norse-
Mr. Robert Timsol's - An Alien from the man at home and in America, and generally
Commonwealth” is an odd sort of book, and tell of his falling in love, leaving a suggested
an interesting one. It tells the story of an vista of coming happiness before the eye at the
“ unpractical” young man, thrown upon his close. To this there are one or two exceptions,
own resources, after receiving a good education, the endings in these cases being as pathetic as
and anything but fitted for the competitive con | one could wish. Mr. Boyesen repeats himself
ditions of American money-getting life. He a good deal in his types, but every story has a
is successively a lawyer, teacher, and journalist, peculiar freshness of its own, notwithstanding
and comes finally into an unexpected fortune | the repetition. In this respect, he reminds us
--- an incident which rather mars than helps strongly, mutatis mutandis, of Mr. Bret Harte,
the story. The character of the hero seems to and his delineations of Western life.
be too fine for even the writer to fully appreci. "A Venetian Study in Black and White,"
ate, and resort seems to be had to the millionaire by Charles Edward Barns, is a delirious work
uncle by way of atonement for the rough world's l of fiction from whose incoherent mass the


1889.]
59
THE DIAL
threads of a moderately intelligible romance From the smell of the lamp, so fatal to poem or
may be picked out with the exercise of some theme that touches nature, the pages of " Field and
patience. The style of its writer is unlike
Hedgerow” are free; they yield, rather, an odor
anything outside such literature as Bedlam may
of fruit blossoms, white violets, and hawthorne
sprays, and the breath of summer fresh from Eng-
be supposed to possess. A rather pretty title-
lish meadows. The volume opens with Jefferies's
page and generally attractive bookmaking con-
last essay, “ Hours of Spring,” a pathetic piece,
stitute the only claims of the work upon the
written when the shadow of approaching death was
reader's attention. Mr. Barns seems to be a upon him. “A thousand thousand buds and leaves
genius hitherto unknown to fame, and has now and flowers and blades of grass,” he tells us, "things
put forth, in addition to the extraordinary book to note day by day, increasing so rapidly that no
above mentioned, several other volumes of pencil can put them down, not even to number
equally eccentric prose and verse.
them, and how to write the thoughts they give ?
A new volume of farces by Mr. Howells in-
All these without me—how can they manage without
cludes - The Garroters," " Five O'Clock Tea,”
me? Orchis flower and cowslip-I cannot remember
them all — I hear, as it were, the patter of their
• The Mouse-Trap," and " A Likely Story.”
feet — flower and bud and the beautiful clouds that
They are in the writer's most playful vein, and
go over, with the sweet rush of rain, and the burst
in them we find a large share of the humor
of sun glory among the leafy trees.” In “ The
which seems to have departed from his later July Grass” he writes of a tuft of bird's-foot lotus :
novels. Of course the characters in these lit “ Listen! that was the low sound of a summer
tle parlor comedies do nothing in particular, but wavelet striking the uncovered rock over there
they talk in a most natural and amusing way, beneath the green sea. All things that are beauti-
and get into moral entanglements quite as mirth-
ful are found by chance, like everything that is
provoking, in their way, as those grosser and
good. Here by me is a praying-rug, just wide
more physical entanglements which the farce,
enough to kneel on. It is, indeed, too beautiful to
kneel on, for the life in these golden flowers must
as properly understood, has for its object to cre-
not be broken down even for that purpose. They
ate. We cannot say much for the illustra-
must not be defaced, not a stem bent; it is more
tions of this volume, all but one or two of them
reverent not to kneel on them, for this carpet prays
being distressingly bad.
itself.” In “ An English Deer Park” there are
Still another volume of these farces, issued many beautiful passages. Looking skyward one
by a rival publishing house, makes its appear bright day in the early spring, Jefferies sees, “ Every-
ance at the same time. This includes “ The where brown dots, and each a breathing creature-
Parlor Car,” “The Sleeping Car,” - The Reg-
larks ceaselessly singing, and all unable to set forth
ister,” and “ The Elevator.” On the whole,
their joy. Swift as is the vibration of their throats,
this volume is the more amusing of the two.
they cannot pour the notes fast enough to express
their eager welcome. As a shower falls from the
Mr. Howells was newer at the work when these
sky, so falls the song of the larks. There is no end
comedies were written, and they have the ring
to them: they are everywhere; over every acre
of a more unforced humor. In fact, we know away across the plain to the downs, and up on the
of nothing in Mr. Howells's work more irre highest hill. Every crust of English bread has been
sistibly comical than the story of the Califor sung over at its birth in the green blade by a lark.”
nian in “ The Sleeping Car.”
Jefferies's writings often breathe the purest spirit
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
of poetry, fresh, genuine, sympathetic, and lack
only — if, indeed, they may be said to lack — the
mould of metrical art. It will be easily seen, even
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
from the brief extracts given above, that the essays
in “Field and Hedgerow,” though descriptive, are
At the birth of Richard Jefferies, the rural | not mere transcripts of sense-impressions. To Jef-
deities must surely have presided; for the secrets feries the intimations of nature were manifold;
of meadow, wood, and stream were an open book mountain and meadow, tree and flower, bird and
to him. The collection made by his widow of his insect, they all whispered to him something of the
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