The practice of teaching cooking in the schools of the larger
torical portraits, and in nearly every instance they have been
cities is becoming more and more prevalent, as its good results
reproduced direct from the family canvases and miniatures.
are realized. Mrs. White's book not only gives a sketch of
the origin and growth of the movement, showing its value in
STORIES OF FAMOUS PRECIOUS STONES. By
the industrial education of girls, but also a whole course of
Mrs. GODDARD ORPEN. 12mo, $1.25.
cooking lessons as practised in the Boston schools, a course
A book on precious stones from which the dry details of
that will be invaluable to learners, and not without interest
the mineralogical treatise and the lapidary's catalogue have
to experienced housekeepers, who will gain many new ideas
both been excluded is a good deal of a treat. Mrs. Orpen has
from its bright attractive pages.
not only chosen representative jewels, but she has given them
an appropriate and fascinating setting. Here is an abundance
THREE LITTLE MAIDS. By MARY BATHURST
of the tragedy and romance of high life.
DEANE. Illus. by F. 0. SMALL. New Edition. Cloth, 81.50.
“A bright witty tale of English life that, in its originality
ON THE HILLS. By Professor FREDERICK STARR.
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12mo, $1.23.
American Ilebrew.
A series of “geological talks" by one who knows his sub “The three little maids are as wholesome companions as a
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ead the book will learn the great lessons of geology, The humor is delicate and abounding, the moral atmosphere
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I clear and high.''-Commonwealth.
For sale at the Bookstores, or sent, postpaid, by the Publishers, on receipt of the price.
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THE DIAL PRESS, CHICAGO.


1 OCT 7 1890
THE DIAL
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PUBLISHED BY
A. C. MCCLURG &
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Vu. 126 ) FRANCIS F. BROWNE.
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As the founder of vast and enduring institutions of
This is a story of the time of Christ. Lazarus is the mercy in America and in Europe, Miss Dix has no peer
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1890.)
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Charles Scribner's Sons' New Books.
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
By HENRY ADAMS. Vols. V. and VI. THE FIRST ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON.
12mo, with Maps, $4.00.
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138
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D. Appleton & Co.'s Announcement.
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Crowded out oʻ Crofield. The Log School House on the
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III.
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TWO IMPORTANT HISTORICAL WORKS.
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and VIII. of
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W. E. H. Lecky's History of England
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in the Eighteenth Century'.
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These volumes cover the period from the Irish | iana Purchase to a consideration of the political and
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D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street, New YORK.


1890.]
139
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140
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1890.]
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142
(Oct., 1890.
THE DIAL
WEBSTER'S
INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY
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OCT 7 165,
THE DIAL
(ONTENTS,
VOL. XI. OCTOBER. 1890. No. 126. the most illustrious incident in their State an-
nals. Wheeler, in his “ Historical Sketches of
North Carolina," says : “ This important paper
is dear to every North Carolinian. The 20th
of May is a sacred festival within its borders ;
THE PERSISTENCE OF HISTORIC MYTHS.
and efforts are being made to erect in the place
W. F. Poole . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
where the event occurred a monument to per-
THE LIFE OF HENRIK IBSEN. W. E. Simonds . 146
petuate its memory."
TWO EARTH-ARTIFICERS. Selim II. Peabody. . 148 Since the death of Mr. Jefferson, documents
ESSAYS, NEW AND OLD. Inna B. McMahan . . 1.30
have come to light which prove beyond a doubt
that the Mecklenburg Declaration of May 20,
CONSTITUTIONS AND INSTITUTIONS. James 0.
1775, is a myth. It is a singular fact, how-
Pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
ever, that in these developments no evidence
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . ......... 155
appears of intentional fraud on the part of any
Henley's Views and Reviews. -Perrot's and Chipiez'
person ; and yet it is evident that the paper
History of Art in Sardinia, Judea, Syria, and Asia
Minor.- Thurston's Heat as a Form of Energy.--
was composed (perhaps as an exercise, or a rev-
Saint-Amand's Marie Antoinette and the End of erie), after Mr. Jefferson's Declaration of July
the Old Régime.- Robert Drury's Journal.- Wencke 4, 1776, had been printed, and that the writer
bach's Deutsche Literaturgeschichte. - Vincent's In
adopted Mr. Jefferson's ideas and some of his
and Out of Central America. -('onder's Palestine.--
expressions. That it was not intended as a
Le Strange's Palestine Under the Moslems. -- Miss
Duncan's A Social Departure.
deception seems probable from the fact that
NOTE ON THE DEATH OF DR. H. N. POWERS. 1.58
no public use was made of it during the life-
time of the writer..
TOPICS IN OCTOBER PERIODICALS ..... 139
A brief account of the Mecklenburg Declar-
BOOKS OF THE MONTH . . . . . . . . . . 1.59 ation, and of the evidence on which its apoc-
ryphal character is shown, may not be without
interest.
THE PERSISTENCE OF HISTORIC MYTHS.
The first suspicious circumstance connected
Among the political attacks which pestered with the Mecklenburg Declaration of Indepen-
the last seven years of Thomas Jefferson's life dence is that it did not appear in print, and
was the charge that he pilfered the sentiment was never quoted or alluded to by any histor-
and some of the passages of his draft of the ical writer, until forty-four years after it was
Declaration of Independence from a similar alleged to have been adopted by a committee
Declaration made by the citizens of Mecklen- of the citizens of North Carolina. It was first
burg, North Carolina, fourteen months before ; printed in the Raleigh - Register” of April
and that when he was confronted by a copy of 30, 1819, with a statement signed by Joseph
the earlier Declaration, he denied that he had McKnitt Alexander, giving its history, and
ever seen or heard of it. This position he affirming it to be a true copy of papers left in
maintained to his dying day; and after his his hands by his father, John McKnitt Alex-
decease the discussion as to the genuineness of ander, deceased, who was the clerk of the com-
the Mecklenburg Declaration of May 20, 1775, mittee which adopted the Declaration ; that he
was kept up by his political friends and oppo finds in the files a memorandum that the orig-
nents. If it were a genuine document, the re inal book in which the proceedings of the meet-
semblance between the two Declarations was ing of May 20, 1775, were recorded was burnt
so marked that there appeared to be no escape in April, 1800 ; and that copies of the proceed-
from the inference that Jefferson was charge ings were sent to Hugh Williamson, who was
able with both plagiarism and untruthfulness. writing the history of North Carolina, and to
Historical writers have generally mentioned Gen. W. R. Davie. Dr. Williamson's - His-
and passively admitted the genuineness of the tory of North Carolina," which was not printed
Mecklenburg Declaration, without raising the till 1812, made no mention of the Declaration.
question of its authenticity. The historians of Perhaps he was aware of its mythical charac-
North Carolina have uniformly extolled it as I ter, and suppressed it. The copy sent to Gen-


144
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
pel.”
eral Davie has been found, and it differs ma fictitious as the paper itself? It appeals, too, to an
terially from the one printed in the Raleigh
original book which is burnt ; to Mr. Alexander, who
is dead ; to a joint letter from Caswell, Hughes, and
* Register.” A certificate is attached, which
Hooper Members of Congress from North Carolina),
states that it was compiled from recollection, all dead; to a copy sent to the dead Caswell (Davie ?),
and without the aid of any written records. and another to Dr. Williamson, now probably dead,
The documents from the Raleigh Register” whose memory did not retain, in the history he has
were copied into Northern newspapers, and fell
written of North Carolina, this gigantic step in the
county of Mecklenburg. Horry, too, is silent in his
under the eye of John Adams, at Quincy, Mas-
history of Marion, whose scene of action was the county
sachusetts. On the 22d of June, 1819, Mr. bordering on Mecklenburg. Ramsay, Marshall, Jones,
Adams wrote to Mr. Jefferson as follows: Gerardin, Wirt, historians of the adjacent States, are
all silent. When Patrick Henry's resolutions, far short
“May I inclose to you one of the greatest curiosities,
of Independence, flew like lightning through every paper
and one of the deepest mysteries, that ever occurred to
and kindled both sides of the Atlantic, this flaming Dec-
me? It is in the Essex • Register' [Salem, Mass.,] of
laration (of the same date) of the Independence of Meck-
June 5. It is from the Raleigh · Register,' entitled
lenburg County of North Carolina, absolving it from the
• A Declaration of Independence. How is it possible
British allegiance and abjuring all political connection
that the paper should have been concealed from me to
with that nation, although sent to Congress, too, is never
this day? You know that if I had possessed it I would
heard of ! It is not known even a twelvemonth later when
have made the halls of Congress echo and re-echo with
a similar proposition is first made in that body. Armed
it fifteen months before your Declaration of Independ-
with this bold example, would not you have addressed
ence. What a poor, ignorant, malicious, short-sighted,
our timid brethren in peals of thunder? Would not
crapulous mess is Tom Paine's · Common Sense’ in com-
every advocate of Independence have rung the glories
parison with this paper! Had I known it I would have
of Mecklenburg County in North Carolina in the ears
commented upon it from the day you entered Congress
of the doubting Dickinson and others who hung so heav-
till the 4th of July, 1776. The genuine sense of Amer-
ily on us? Yet the example of Mecklenburg County
ica at that moment was never so well expressed before
in North Carolina was never once quoted. For the
or since ; and yet history is to ascribe the American
present I must be an unbeliever in the apocryphal gos-
Revolution to Thomas Paine !”
The writer then had evidently no suspicion
Mr. Adams, on receiving this letter and giv-
that the document was not genuine, and per ing the matter further consideration, changed
haps he took pleasure in thrusting a thorn into his first impressions, and fully concurred with
the ribs of his correspondent. To another per- / Mr. Jefferson in the opinion that the Mecklen-
son Mr. Adams wrote July 5, before he had
burg Declaration was a spurious document.
received Mr. Jefferson's reply, intimating that
The publication of Mr. Jefferson's letter
Mr. Jefferson had cribbed from the Mecklen-
aroused an intense feeling of patriotic antag-
burg document, and declaring that "Jefferson
onism in the Old North State. Everybody
has copied the spirit, the sense, and the expres who could wield a pen took up the defense of
sions of it verbatim in his Declaration of the
the Declaration and to defaming the character
4th of July, 1776." How Adamsy are these
of Mr. Jefferson. The matter was brought
letters!
before the General Assembly of the State, and
Mr. Jefferson, on the 9th of July, replied to a committee was appointed during the session
Mr. Adams in his best and most attractive of 1830-31, to collate and arrange all the doc-
form. After a graceful introduction, in which uments accessible on the subject, and to collect
he acknowledged and commented on the con new evidence in support of the authenticity of
tents of several letters from Mr. Adams, he the Declaration. The committee performed
says :
its duty, and made a report in print, which, in
“ But what has attracted my special notice is the pa- the opinion of the committee, was “ sufficient
per from Mecklenburg County, of North Carolina, pub- to silence incredulity"
lished in the Essex · Register,' which you were so kind
as to inclose in your last of June 22. And you seem
Rev. Dr. Hawks, one of the historians of
to think it genuine. I believe it spurious. I deem it | North Carolina, in an address before the New
a very unjustifiable quiz, like that of the volcano said | York Historical Society in 1852, thus summar-
to have broken out in North Carolina some half a dozen
ized the report of the committee, which he re-
vears ago—perhaps in that very county of Mecklen-
burg, for I do not remember its precise locality. If
garded as conclusive:
this paper be really taken from the Raleigh · Register,' “No less than seven witnesses of the most unexcep-
I wonder that it should have escaped Ritchie and the tionable character swear positively that there was a
• National Intelligencer,' and that the fire should blaze meeting of the people of Mecklenburg at Charlotte on
out all at once in Essex Mass.], one thousand miles the 19th and 20th days of May, 1775 ; that certain res-
from the spot where the spark is said to have fallen. lolutions distinctly declaring independence of Great Brit-
But if really taken from the Raleigh · Register,' who is ain were then and there prepared by a committee, read
narrator ? and is the name subscribed real? or is it as publicly to the people by Colonel Thomas Polk, and


1890.]
145
THE DIAL
adopted by acclamation ; that they were present and clusive of the genuineness of the Declaration
took part in the proceedings themselves ; and that John
was a letter of Josiah Martin, colonial governor
McKnitt Alexander was the secretary of the meeting.
In addition, seven others equally above suspicion swear
of North Carolina, written August 8, 1775, on
that they were present at precisely such a meeting as board a British gunboat, in which he says :
that described above. Here are fourteen witnesses “I have seen a most infamous publication purporting
who, if human testimony can prove anything, do show to be resolves of a set of people styling themselves a
beyond all peradventure that on the 20th of May, 1775, committee of the county of Mecklenburg, most traitor-
a certain paper was read and adopted in their hearing,
ously declaring an entire dissolution of the laws, gov-
whereby the people of Mecklenburg County did abjure
ernment, and constitution of this country, and setting
allegiance to the British Crown, and did declare them up a system of rules and regulations repugnant to the
selves independent. Such a paper, then, was in exist-
laws and subversive of His Majesty's government.”
ence on that day, and was in the possession of the sec-
retary, John McKnitt Alexander.”
In the British State Paper Office is a letter
The committee's report and the accompany-
from Governor Martin, of June 30, 1775, to
Lord Dartmouth, Secretary of State, which
ing testimonies printed in Force's American
says:
Archives " (4th series, vol. ij., pp. 855-864),
are less conclusive than Dr. Hawk's summary
“ The resolves of the committee of Mecklenburg,
which your lordship will find in the inclosed newspaper,
would indicate. The witnesses whose affidavits
surpass all the horrid and treasonable publications that
are printed were very aged men, and testified
the inflammatory spirits of the continent have yet pro-
to what occurred fifty-five years before with a duced. A copy of these resolves was sent off, I am in-
precision and a minuteness of detail which is formed, by express to the Congress at Philadelphia as
incredible. James Graham states that he was
soon as they were passed by the committee."
present on the 20th of May, heard the discus A letter of June 20 to the Secretary of State
sion and the reading of the Declaration by Dr. from Governor Wright of Georgia also inclosed
Ephraim Brevard, “ in the very words I have a copy. The newspapers containing the trea-
since seen several times in print.” It is a well sonable document are filed with the letters. We
known fact that the memories of aged persons have now reached surely the genuine Mecklen-
are, unconsciously to themselves, very defective burg Declaration of Independence of May 20,
in matters where time and place are the ques 1775! Not at all. The document is a series
tions at issue. Mr. Jefferson noticed this fact of resolutions, of quite a different purport and
in correcting some errors of Governor McKean character, adopted at Charlotte, Mecklenburg
concerning the Declaration of July 4, 1776. County, May 31- eleven days afterward, — in
He says: “ The Governor, trusting to his mem- which there is no allusion to the Declaration
ory at an age when our memories are not to be of May 20, nor an intimation that such action
trusted, has confounded two events.” This is had been taken or was intended. It is a set
precisely what was done by these aged wit- of patriotic high-toned resolutions, such as were
nesses.
adopted in all the colonies at that time. To
One of the printed testimonies is that of the fugitive colonial governor they doubtless
Captain James Jack, who states that he was | appeared a “horrid and treasonable publica-
the messenger who carried the Declaration of tion"; and they were the resolutions which were
May 20 to the Congress at Philadelphia, and taken by express to Philadelphia by Captain
delivered it into the hands of the three North Jack, and out of which the myth of the Meck-
Carolina members. In explanation of the fact lenburg Declaration had grown! They were
that it was not printed at the time and no men forgotten in North Carolina when the spurious
tion of it appears in the proceedings of Con draft of a Declaration of Independence came
gress, he says that these gentlemen thought it up in 1819; but Mr. Peter Force, at Wash-
was not prudent to make it public then. Three ington, found them in 1838, when he was
persons certified that they had heard William searching for materials for his "American Ar-
S. Alexander, deceased, say that he met Cap chives," and before they were found in Lon-
tain Jack at Philadelphia in the early summer don. They have since been found printed in
of 1775, who told them that he came the bearer several Northern and Southern newspapers of
to Congress of a Declaration of Independence, the Revolutionary period ; but no contempo-
and that they themselves met Captain Jack the rary trace has been discovered of the alleged
day General Washington started to take com Declaration of May 20, 1775. The twenty or
mand of the Northern army- the day known more witnesses who testified before the com-
to be June 23, 1775.
mittee of the North Carolina Assembly were
The evidence which seemed to be most con- I doubtless honest; but in the lapse of fifty-five


146
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
years their memories were in fault as to the and the individual in the one society sustains
date of the meeting and the purport of its ac relations to which his cousin is a stranger.
tion.
Hence, Ibsen, like the other continental philo-
It is probable that much of what is termed sophizers, is in one sense outside the circles of
literary plagiarism is as groundless as these American appreciation or American criticism,
charges against Mr. Jefferson. It lessens our although not so far removed that the power of
respect for popular history, when myths like his pen or the truths in his denunciations
the Mecklenburg Declaration and the story of should go quite unnoted by us. And now that
Pocahontas saving the life of Captain John Ibsen has crossed the water, introduced through
Smith-still regarded in North Carolina and his writings by enthusiastic admirers of his bold-
Virginia as their most notable events—can so ness and his art, there is need that we should
persistently maintain a place in books of Amer- view the Norse poet and dramatist against a
ican history.
W. F. Poole.
broader field and in a sharper light.
The American public has been startled by
Ibsen's arraignment of certain institutions in
THE LIFE OF HENRIK IBSEN.*
society and state; but we seriously doubt that
There are writers who direct the thought
half his readers in this country have really felt
the power of Ibsen's genius or responded to
and mould the spirit of their age, and there are
the contact of his ideas. That they should give
others whose works serve rather to indicate the
any general assent to the truth of his assertions,
thought and reveal the spirit of their genera-
or anticipate the realization of his suggestions,
tion. Henrik Ibsen is to be classed among the
is out of question altogether. Ibsen is too revo- v
latter, rather than with the former. This is not
lutionary, too much of an extremist, to permit
saying that Ibsen is not a great writer, for
of any large following here. The present curi-
undoubtedly he is; but he is not a Goethe, nor
ous interest in him will doubtless recede, and
even an Emerson or a Carlyle. Is it objected
only a small circle of admirers will ultimately
that Ibsen does not indicate the thought or any
be left who will continue to read their Ibsen as
general trend of the thought of the time? Let
they read their Goethe or their Tolstoi, —-mar-
us not be too dogmatic upon that point; there
velling at the art of the dramatist, pondering
is evidently a movement in European thinking
with him the harsh unsolved problems of an
that just now struggles for expression along
imperfect and illusory social life, and conject-
these lines. Its forms may be crude, repellant ; urino whither these shadowy suggestions of un-
but nevertheless the spirit is there, existing,
tried schemes would lead the world if tested.
insistent. Happily, nothing has yet been said
At present, however, curiosity is still unsated.
by the Norwegian dramatist to cast a doubt in
The American reading public demands to be
any wise upon his sanity.
told something more concerning the author of
Just where among the world's great minds
- The Doll's House” and of “Ghosts"; and
Ibsen is to find his place, is a riddle which the
Mr. William Morton Payne seeks to gratify
future alone can solve. One thing seems indeed
this demand with a translation of a recent Norse
decided, and that is that in the literature of his
biography from the pen of Henrik Jæger. This
native Norway Ibsen's place is at the head and
is a real biography at last, and especially wel-
front; the critics are agreed in this, and the
come after the unsatisfying host of light and
poet's countrymen apparently approve. It is
popular magazine articles which have been
in the character of first Norwegian writer of
wearying us of late with their repetition of
the day that Ibsen should primarily be judged ;
for Ibsen has always written for a Norwegian
trivial details long ago familiar to Ibsen readers.
And yet we confess to some degree of disap-
public, his scenes are Norse scenes with stern
and stormy backgrounds, and his themes and
| pointment in Herr Jæger's work; for into the
inner life of the dramatist during the decade
problems are suggested by an environment and
just finished, the period of his most extraor-
an experience in a measure peculiar to his north-
ern home. In a word, the social structure in
i dinary and most brilliant creations, Ibsen's
Europe and the society of the American cities
biographer gives us hardly a glimpse. Per-
haps this may be the wisest course, —but pre-
in the aggregate are two very different things;
cisely in this period was it that we most desired
* HENRIK IBSEN. A Critical Biography. By Henrik Jæ- ! to know the man; and now we find ourselves
ger. From the Norwegian, by William Morton Payne, trans- l amollar to withdraw os it wono
- compelled to withdraw, as it were, our acquaint-
lator of Björnson's Sigurd Slembe." Chicago : A. C. McClurg
& Co.
i ance only just begun. However, we will not


1890.]
147
THE DIAL
-----
quarrel long with our Norse biographer, but and a glowing poem “ To Hungary," wįth other
will rather hasten to express our thanks for the stanzas of the same sort, appealing to Norway
clear and vivid picture he has given us of the and Sweden to come to the help of Denmark
poet-dramatist's early life, while still a citizen against the Prussians. These things set the
of the cold and unresponsive Vorseland. worthy burghers of Grimstad by the ears, and
This is what Ibsen himself now tells us of brought poor Ibsen into a position unexpectedly
his birthplace and the impressions it has left conspicuous before the eyes of the shocked
upon his memory:
community. He was now upon a war-footing
“I was born in a court near the market-place. This with his fellow-citizens, and there is no doubt
court faces the church with its high steps and its note that here he nursed those feelings concerning
worthy tower. At the right of the church stood the
the state and the individual, which he has sub-
town pillory, and at the left the town-hall, with its lock-
up and the mad-house. The fourth side of the market-
sequently embodied in one or another of his
place was occupied by the common and the Latin schools. plays. The individual and what he owes to
The church stood in a clear space in the middle. This the state, had been the usual formula for ex-
prospect made up the first view of the world that was pressing that relation. The failure of the
offered to my sight. It was all architectural ; there was
nothing green, no open country landscape. But the air
state to discharge its responsibilities, and its
above this four-cornered enclosure of wood and stone unjust exactions of the individual, is the thesis
was filled, the whole day long, with the subdued roar | Ibsen undertook to demonstrate. And thus he
of the Langefos, the Klosterfos, and the many other wrote his “Catiline" at twenty years of age.
falls, and through this sound there pierced, from morn- But space does not permit a detailed syn-
ing till night, something that resembled the cry of
women in keen distress, now rising to a shriek, now
opsis of Ibsen's life. It must suffice to say
subdued to a moan. It was the sound of the hundreds that from the poet's removal to Christiania in
of saws that were at work by the falls."
1850—covering the period of his stay at the
This was in the little town of Skien-lively capital as student and dramatic writer, the five
and sociable at that period of its history, years of his engagement as theatre poet at
Ibsen says, although it has since become a dull Bergen, and his later residence at Christiania
and an uninteresting place. Many travellers until the beginning of 1869—-Ibsen passed a
came to Skien, and at Christmas or at fair- troubled, indeed a stormy, though seemingly a
time open house was the rule from morning - not uncongenial existence. He produced sev-
till night. The Ibsen household ranked with eral dramas, the most notable of which were
the aristocracy, and in Ibsen's earliest child- the two historical plays, “ The Feast at Sol-
hood it was a centre of the social life of the haug” and “The Chieftains of Helgeland,”
town. Ibsen was a precocious boy, as might besides the realistic “ Comedy of Love," which
be expected, not playing like other children, marked an epoch in his development as drama-
but shutting himself up in a closet along with tist and as thinker, and brought all Christiania
some old books he had discovered, or giving about the poet's ears, as, earlier, his war poems
performances in legerdemain before an audi had disturbed the peace and quiet of little
ence of astonished brothers and sisters. He Grimstad. And then, in April of 1869, Ibsen,
attended the public school and developed a having obtained the “poet's salary,” turned
taste for theology. He also wished to become | his back on Norway and wandered southward.
an artist, and devoted himself with enthusiasm From this time on, the poet made his residence
to drawing and painting. Thus he lived until, abroad-for a time in Rome, later in Dresden,
at sixteen years of age, his father's fortunes and then in Munich, where he now resides.
having changed, the precocious and solitary From one or the other of these cities the two
boy went up to Grimstad to be apprenticed to remarkable poems, “ Brand” and “ Peer
a pharmacist and to live a lonely and dreamy Gynt," the great historical drama, “ Emperor
life within the borders of a narrow, lifeless and Galilean," and, most important of all, that
little town, whose eight hundred inhabitants unique series of satiric dramas of social life
were more absorbed in freight quotations and on which Ibsen's fame now rests, have been
in the private affairs of the neighborhood than sent northward year by year. Ibsen became
in the exciting events then occurring in the long since famous and popular at home. It
great world without. And here Ibsen lived is only within the last two or three years, how-
for five years longer ambitious, restless, ever, that he has been read or known in En-
growing. Here he wrote his bits of verse; gland or America.
and when the revolution of '48 and 49 broke / Mr. Payne has given us a facile and a vig-
out he indited fierce sonnets to the Magyars / orous translation of Jæger's biography. The


148
(Oct.,
THE DIAL.
---
-
extracts from Ibsen's verse have been trans- fires to every passing seaman. But elsewhere
lated honestly and bluntly, and with adherence the volcano is only a danger, remote, inaccess-
to the original metres. The aim has been to ible, clothed with clouds and vapors of dark-
give us the poet's thoughts in words and form ness, ejecting when active whole bombardments
as nearly equivalent to the oftentimes obscure of stones and showers of ashes, vomiting streams
and roughly-hewn phraseology of the original of molten lava, and breathing out vast volumes
as an English writer with English vocabulary of deadly vapors, amidst whose insidious dan-
could hope to do. This is not always easy ; gers no creature may survive. Pliny was suf-
but the attempt is not without a good degree focated on the shore of the sea, miles from the
of success, and we are glad that Mr. Payne crater of the volcano. A whole company of
adopted as his guide a principle so sound. islanders who were exploring Kilauea during
W. E. SIMONDS.
an eruption were at once overwhelmed by the
fatal blast, and perished in an instant, sitting
or lying as they happened to be overtaken.
Two EARTII-ARTIFICERS.*
The casual traveller who finds himself
stranded at Naples, watches daily the drifting
Two companion volumes by a veteran Amer-
of the vaporous plume from the volcano pre-
ican author have come recently from the press
siding in solemn majesty over the bay, amid
elegant in their typography and bindings, but
the ruined cities that lie at its feet. Then, on
with far stronger claims than these upon our
a bright morning, when the wind sets in the
careful and studious examination. As mono-
right quarter, he rides in a landau with two or
graphs, they are notable examples of what a
three other odd fish as remote from home as
scientific treatise should be. In each case the
himself, escorted by wandering minstrels play-
subject is specific, not hackneyed, nor of only
ing - Funicola” to his unwilling ears, winding
remote and questionable interest, but one about
first amid the vineyards and then amongst the
which intelligent people wish to learn. The
lava beds, until he reaches the foot of the steep
treatment is plain, logical, exhaustive, and con-
cinder cone. Thence he goes by cable railway
vincing. The books are by no means reading
for a half mile, and on foot a few yards of steep
for midsummer loungers; but any practical
ascent; then he stands on the rim of the crater.
man of sound business capacity, and an apt-
He listens to the dash and roar of fiery surges
ness for seeing the fitness of thoughts well
that break within the misty obscure only a few
framed together, will find in them abundant
yards beneath his feet. He watches the sheaves
and attractive food for reflection. It may be
of pyrotechnies that the mountain is Ainging
that so much prefatory remark is superfluous ;
up from reiterant explosions. He amuses him-
to very many it would have been quite enough
self with dodging the red-hot pancakes as they
to name the author, the Nestor of American
fall at his feet; until the guides, terrified at
geologists, Professor Dana. The first work is
his ignorant audacity, drag him with main force
a treatise on the character and phenomena of
into situations less exposed. He smells the chok-
Volcanoes, and is perhaps the more important
ing vapors, buys a soldo imbedded in a lava
of the two.
cake, turns away, skips down the rattling cin-
Volcanoes, with few exceptions, lie remote ders and has seen Vesuvius
from the habitations and walks of men. A
| Has he? For answer let us turn to Profes-
notable exception is Vesuvius, which, first a
sor Dana. He takes us to the Hawaiian Is-
sleeping menace, then a raging destruction, af-
lands, alone in Pacific mid-ocean. There he
terward a beautiful landmark, lies surrounded
shows us the two grandest volcanic craters of
by dwellings and vineyards, almost within the
| the world, Kilauea and Mauna, or Mount, Loa.
purlieus of a populous city. Another, Fusi.
These craters, although only twenty miles apart,
yama, has long been a shrine, sacred in the land
and on the same slope of the island mass, yet
eyes of the worshipping Japanese. Kilauea, differ in altitude by about 10.000 feet, Kilauea
as Professor Dana remarks, is but three weeks
being about 4,000 and Mount Loa nearly
from New York, and is upon an island easily
14,000 feet above the level of the surrounding
accessible; and Stromboli shows its beacon
sea. Here he seats us upon the crater's edge,
* CHARACTER OF VOLCANOES. With Contributions of Facts and makes us pasiently watch the demonstra-
and Principles from the Hawaiian Islands, etc. By James D.
tions in the gehenna below. Kilauea's crater
Dana. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co.
CORALS AND (Oral Islands. By James D. Dana. New
is a huge basin, irregularly oval, two and a
York: Dodd. Mead & Co.
| half miles long, two miles wide, and seven and


1890.]
THE DIAL
149
------ -
a half miles in circuit. Below us is usually feature of these lateral eruptions is that the
seen a level floor at depths varying from 500 Auid lava is sometimes thrown upward in foun-
to 1,500 feet below the rim. At times there tain jets to the height of two hundred, three
are two principal levels,--the one a broad bench hundred, or even seven hundred feet.
about the margin, called the black ledge"; Professor Dana enumerates the agencies con-
the other, a central space several hundred feet cerned in the ordinary work of a volcano as
lower. It is in this central space that the in follows: 1, Vapors ; 2, the ascensive force of
tenser activity of liquid and boiling lavas is the conduit lavas; 3, heat ; 4, hydrostatic aid
observed.
and other gravitational pressure. Selecting
Supposing that the successive observers be among these agencies that which is evidently
counted as only the repeated advents of one the fundamental cause, we must place heat at
person, this one will have discovered that the the head of the list. The intensity of this heat
fiery caldron below gradually fills itself to must be an unknown quantity. Its most vig-
greater and greater heights with molten mate orous action is in the secret and inaccessible
rial pushed up from below. The black ledge, recesses of the mountain. It is enough to keep
which may indicate the level reached by the the most refractory rocks in a state of fluidity.
swelling volume at some former maximum, may As to the cause or source of this heat, Profes-
be finally overflowed, so that from wall to wall sor Dana is absolutely silent This book is
there is but one molten sea. The observer may evidently written with the purpose of setting
readily conceive that in the depths below the down what is known, and no more. To the
melted lava acts as a solvent upon the cooler question, What produces the intense heat of
rocks that encompass it, and may eat, like a the volcano ? there is no reply.
burrowing cancerous disease, into the substance The intensity of the heat being taken as
of the mountain in various directions. So long granted, the remainder follows naturally. The
as the walls stand firm the molten mass aug rocks are melted. The Auid mass becomes less
ments, its surface slowiy rises, the liquid col dense and swells in the lava conduit, lifting
umn grows in altitude within the crater tube, the surface to constantly increasing altitudes.
while its hydrostatic pressure upon the walls Water from the sea percolates through the
becomes enormous in its ever-increasing in veins of rocks,—or, as Professor Dana very
tensity. At length, somewhere, perhaps miles reasonably explains, the rain waters descend
away from the crater, the side of the mountain until they reach the igneous tract. The heat
yields, the lava issues in a broad and hastening changes these fluids to vapors ; it may even
stream, rushing down the mountain slope and dissociate the elements of these vapors, and
onward to the sea. The lava column within thus provide volumes of free hydrogen, or com-
the crater is simply drawn off from below. If pounds thereof, whose presence is frequently
the surface has been cooled and solidified, the indicated. These vapors and gases being in-
crust descends with the descending Auid, or volved in the molten lava, induce a vesicular
drops down upon it as ice falls upon a receding or even a frothy condition, which farther dim-
stream. If the surface is nearly all liquid, it inishes the specific gravity of the lava, and
may still leave a solid mass at the margin to increases the height of the fluid column. But
remain afterwards visible as the black ledge. even in this condition the lava is denser than
It is evident that if the walls of the conduit are water, and consequently the hydrostatic press-
sufficiently secure against the hydrostatic press ure of the lofty Auid column becomes tremen-
ure of the swelling interior column of molten dous. A rough but simple estimate shows how
matter, the lava will rise until it finally flows great must be this pressure. It will be remem-
over the rim of the crater. Such is the cycle of bered that two feet depth of water gives about
action at Kilauea.
one pound of pressure to the square inch. Ten
Because of the greater altitude of Mount thousand feet of water will give a pressure of
Loa, its crater has been less studied. There five thousand pounds to the inch. If the mol-
seems no reason to doubt that the cycle is sim ten lava should have a density only twice that
ilar to that described, which seems to be the of water, which is probably quite below the fact,
account of normal volcanic activities. The the pressure would be ten thousand pounds, or
places on Mount Loa usually visited are those five net tons, upon each square inch of surface
on the slopes of the mountain where the out exposed to the pressure of the fluid column. No
breaks have occurred, when the wall has yielded wonder that the mountain quakes and rends,
to the hydrostatic pressure. The most notable ! and that the jets of spouting lava ascend to


150
THE DIAL
[Oct.,
-
-
--
--
=
great heights, when the hidden forces possess slowly in the long lapse of years. The coral
such enormous intensities.
polyp thrives only in warm seas. It cannot
Nor will it be difficult to comprehend, on live in deep waters; it perishes unless it is
the other hand, the grand explosive phenomena washed at least by the daily tide. Yet in the
which volcanoes have often displayed. Let Pacific seas its stony growths form reefs that
Vesuvius, for example, have long remained dor | fringe the shores of continents, or remoter bar-
mant, as before the gladiators of Capua made riers that arise from depths far beyond the lim-
their camp in the hollow of its crater. The its at which coral life perishes, and withstand
floor of the crater was formed of the cooling the mightiest surges of ocean storms. And
lava at the top of the last-formed fluid column. these conditions of growth, in which the vege-
Upon it the rains of centuries had piled the tating polyps exist constantly at that depth in
(lebris washed from the crater's sides until the which only growth is possible, notwithstand-
cavity was filled high with the ashes of old ing their upward increase, indicate clearly that
eruptions. But the fires beneath still burned ; | the upward tendency has been counteracted
they began to rage afresh and with renewed | by some equal downward movement; and this
fury; the waters from sea and cloud found means that the floors of the ocean depths, on
their way below; they were changed to steam, which these structures rest, have gently and
intensily superheated, until the pressure, enor gradually been lowered. Islands that were
mous and ever increasing, burst the seal above, but peaks of oceanic mountains were once sur-
and projected stones, ashes, and molten fire far | rounded with fringes of coral; the island sank
into the clouds, to descend as a funereal pall while the corals grew, until the fringe became
upon the smiling cities that for centuries had a barrier, with a navigable channel between it
lain in unconscious security. The dormant and the shore; its sinking continued until the
Vesuvius of the days of Pliny proved itself a summit disappeared beneath the water, and the
fearful menace; the active Vesuvius of to-day encircling barrier, still growing, became only a
is probably a safety-valve.
circumvallation about a blue and silent lake in
To consider the subject of the second of the | the midst of the turbulent ocean.
two works under review is to go from great to Thus does nature by the volcano or the polyp,
small,—from magnificence to apparent insignif- agencies the most widely divergent, forward the
icance, -from the lofty volcano, shrouded in va- slowly progressive movements that have made
pors, to the lowly polyp, vegetating under the the earth what it is, and are yet modifying it
rippling waters. The phrase, coral insects, so for the unknown uses of the hereafter.
often heard, is a libel on the great class of in-
SELIM H. PEABODY.
sects, creatures of very much more advanced de-
velopment. Because the creature is small, often
---- - --
microscopic, it is not therefore an insect. The
ESSAYS, NEW AND OLD. *
polyp is a gelatinous mass, chiefly mouth and
stomach, surrounded by a whorl of rays, more
- The literary world has its fashions as well
or less numerous, which may be protruded or | as the world that reads Le Follet and the Jour-
retracted at the pleasure of the animal, and
nal des Modes," says Professor Gildersleeve
which give a striking resemblance to some vari-
in his recently-published volume of “ Essays
eties of land-growing flowers.
and Studies," and he makes a happy applica-
These coral creatures toil not, neither do tion of the statement by showing how, from
they build. All the rhetoric based upon the
time to time, certain of the old stories and
thought that they do either is vain. They sim-
myths come again to the front as favorite
ply repose where chance and the wandering
themes for the modern writer. A further
irst fixed them. waiting for the cliding application of the same comparison, by recog-
waters to wash food into their gaping and re- , nizing that discussions of past issues, like
ceptive mouths. As they grow, certain hard · prints of last year's costumes, are seldom worth
material is secreted within, around, or beneath re-publication, would have eliminated a good
the gelatinous substance. This deposit is merely many pages from the author's own book with-
an excretion, like the shell of an oyster, or the out greatly impairing its value. The “Essays"
bark of a tree, about which the creature has are four in number, all on educational topics,
no knowledge or care. It remains after the the earliest written in 1867, the latest in 1883.
animal has perished, and is the coral of which ESSAYS AND STUDIES: Educational and Literary. By
beaches and reefs are formed, accumulating Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve. Baltimore: N. Murray.
wa


1890.7
THE DIAL
151
-- ---- -
----- -T-
--- --- ---- - = === =
It is not surprising, therefore, that the issues less than one-third of the bulk of the book,
with which they are chiefly concerned are now the remainder being given to - Studies," liter-
somewhat passé. Twenty years ago there was ary and historical. A happy commingling of
a powerful reaction against the traditions of vivacity and scholarship in the composition
an exclusive classical education. Physical sci makes these delightful examples of a type of
ence and modern languages, revolting against writing not much cultivated as yet by Amer-
their former subordination in educational cur ican writers. In humor both delicate and
riculums, demanded their share, and some broad, in wit spontaneous and overflowing, our
times much more than their share, of recog literature has always abounded ; but in that
nition. The “ dead languages” were called half-earnest, half-laughing, and wholly artistic
upon to show their credentials, to defend their play of fancy with learning which marks the
aristocratic claims of superiority over all new French causerie, it has so far been signally
comers whatsoever. Not the least valiant and lacking. This is the style, however, in which
scholarly of these champions was Professor | our author reveals himself as truly at home.
Gildersleeve. Nor will he suffer himself to There are eight of these historical and literary
be enrolled in the ranks of those who make studies, and they are long enough to give scope
their fight on the line of disciplinary useful to considerable digression, but come to an end
ness. He says:
before the author is wearied of his subject, or
“We are not disposed to make any such cowardly has exhausted the fresh thoughts and happy
surrender. We are not content to consider the sacred
analogies that come in troops at his bidding.
tripods as dumb-bells to develop the mental biceps and
triceps, or the branches of the Delphic bay as an appa-
Their subjects, as might be expected from a
ratus for turning intellectual somersaults or skinning'
scholar like Professor Gildersleeve, are mainly
intellectual .cats.' . . . Our modern reformers try drawn from the classical world, and include
to frown down all studies which do not prepare for the - The Legend of Venus,” “ Xanthippe and
work of life. But what is the work of life? Is it
Socrates," " Lucian,” besides the less familiar
not just here that we need the high ideal of antiquity
in order to counteract the depressing tendencies of
names of “ Apollonius of Tyana,” “ Platen,”
modern civilization, and especially those of American etc.; while the chatty way in which the author
civilization ? . . . Material well-being in more or moves about in such company almost takes
less refined forms is more or less consciously the main away one's breath to behold. The man who
object. But the ideal life of antiquity is constructed
spoke disrespectfully of the dative case was
after a different pattern ; and though it is as unattain-
able by the means of mere humanity as the antique
certainly not more audacious than Professor
ideal of the state, we must confess the superiority of Gildersleeve when he deals with the respectable
the one as of the other to the negative virtues and Father Anchises after this fashion :
positive selfishness of our modern standards.”
“Anchises is a more fortunate Adonis, and if it were
Like others at this date (1867) Professor | not too irreverent we might call him the · Bottom of
Gildersleeve assumes a mutual incompatibility the Greek · Midsummer Night's Dream.' As Oberon
between subjects 6 scientific” and “non scien-
made Titania fall in love with the weaver, so Zeus bim-
self put forth his power to mortify golden Aphrodite ;
tific.” Now we have outgrown such an anti-
and if the Greek · Bottom' has not an ass's head the
thesis. We have ceased to oppose one subject candor of his animal nature reminds us forcibly of his
to another as scientific or non-scientific, be English analagon. Perhaps, however, this is all preju-
cause we perceive that the distinction is not in dice, and we may as well frankly acknowledge that our
subjects, but in methods of treating them.
conception of pater Anchises has always been grotesque.
To carry or to be carried pick-a-pack is graceful
Science is a particular method of treating sub-
neither in the carrier or the carried, and we cannot
jects leading to results of a particular kind. conceive Anchises otherwise than mounted on the
Scientific research is as applicable to the field shoulders of pious Eneas, with a pad under him to
of language, or history, or sociology, or politi-
make his old bones comfortable. As Virgil describes
him, the old gentleman was little more than a respect-
cal economy, as it is to the field of botany, or
able mummy; but even in the prime of his youth and
geology, or biology. Letters admit of scien beauty, strolling backward and forward and loudly
tific treatment just as much as the phenomena a-sounding his eithern,' he is rather amusing than
of electricity or the movements of the heavenly
heroic, if we may trust the charmingly naïve report in
bodies. The world has grown a little weary of
the Homeric hymn on Aphrodite.”
the old discussion, however eloquently voiced, The handsome and portly volume concludes
and regards it as practically closed by reason with two short addresses delivered to the Johns
of a more extended outlook and by the rise of | Hopkins University graduates in the years
new problems of more living interest.
1886 and 1888. These recur again to the
These “ Essays," however, occupy somewhat l subject of classical study, but are not open to


152
THE DIAL
(Oct.,
- - - - --- -
the criticism of the earlier essays, being also people of the colonies looked, “not for sanc-
interesting as the retrospect of the longest tions, in the legal sense, but for signs." C'n-
occupant of a professorial chair in that insti questionably, the constitutional historian of
tution of high ideals and worthy achievement. the future will so class the Continental Con-
It is interesting to learn that an institution gress, in his tracing of the development of the
founded for the sake of supplying in America national sentiment in America. But it is to
the same advanced instruction offered by the be feared that in the pamphlet under consider-
German universities already outranks in num-ation, so much effort is made to swing the
bers many of the minor German universities, pendulum of public opinion away from the
and that in the more abstruse and recondite extreme idea of a pre-confederation union, as
studies, such as Assyrian and Sanskrit, it holds to tend to carry it to the other extreme. In-
its own with some of the leading schools of deed, the learned author states the proposition
Europe. The plea for a university exchange, which he aims ultimately to prove, to be that
whereby American students may pass from one " the people of the United States simply dodged
university to another in the prosecution of a the responsibility of formulating their will
line of study, as they do in Germany, is upon the distinct subject of national sover-
another sign of liberal tendencies in educa eignty until the legislation of the sword began
tional appliances, and one which it is hoped in 1861." . The duty of challenging this extra-
may soon be undertaken.
ordinary statement involves the duty of exam-
Anna B. MCMAHAN.
ining closely every step in the proposed syl-
logism.
The stress of the argument in this pamphlet
is laid upon the revolutionary and extra-gor-
CONSTITUTIONS AND INSTITUTIONS.*
ernmental character of the Continental Con-
In recognition of the necessity of re-stating
gresses, their lack of legal authority to bind
the people of the colonies by legislation, their
the historical propositions as to the origin of
abstinence in general from the assumption of
our national system, and ascertaining the true
governmental power, and their exercise in the
“ vanishing-point for the perspective of our
main of the privilege of advising the colonies.
national history,” President Small presents in
Such legislative authority as they did exercise
the first of a series of monographs a sum-
mary statement of the doings and resolutions
was assumed, and derived power only from the
of the Continental Congresses of 1774 and
ratification of the people by their acquiescence.
1775. Upon the basis of the powers and
From these data is drawn the premise that in
functions in fact exercised by these bodies, he
this acquiescence by the people in the assump-
tions of power by the Congress, are to be
proposes to show the actual constitutional re-
lations then existing between the Continental
traced the beginnings of nationality. But in
truth the beginnings are traceable further back
Congress and the colonies. He combats vig-
orously the theory that there was at that time
in the colonial history, and the calling and
a true union to any extent. The Continental
convening and sittings of the Congress were
Congress of the pre-confederation period was
but steps in the development. Evidences of
this are abundant in the pages of President
not a government or an instrument of govern-
Small's monograph.
ment; it was the friend and adviser of the
colonies ; it was the clearing-house of colonial
The failure of previous attempts at coöper-
ation, from the New England Confederation
opinion,” or “the central office of a coöper-
of 1643 to the Albany convention of 1754,
ative political signal service," to which the
which is here emphasized as showing that the
* BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN NATIONALITY. By Albion colonies were not ready for union, evidences
W. Small, Ph.D. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University the beginnings of a national feeling. Each
Studies.
renewed attempt at union exhibits an increase
THE SPANISH COLONIZATION IN THE SOUTHWEST. By
Frank W. Blackmar, Ph.D. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
in the tendency toward nationality. Frank-
University Studies.
lin's plan, in 1754, of a union of the colonies
THE POLITICAL BEGINNINGS OF KENTUCKY. By John for certain general and external purposes,
Mason Brown. "Filson Club Publications." Louisville : showed how far the national sentiment was
John P. Morton & Co.
controlling at least one great mind. The man-
THE VILLAGE COMMUNITY. With special reference to the
origin and form of its survivals in Britain. By George Lau-
ner in which the Congress of 1774 was called
rence Gomme. New York: Seribner & Welford.
| together illustrates more powerfully than does
----


1890.]
153
THE DIAL
the action of the Congress itself the extent of Whatever view we adopt of the popular will-
national feeling. Out of the twelve colonies ingness, in 1774 and 1775, to decree a new
there represented, the delegates from nine were national order of things, there can be no doubt
chosen by the people themselves independently that the people in nine of the colonies asserted
of any action by the colonial legislatures, and in 1774 their inherent right to send delegates
in several instances counties sent delegates. to a continental conference. When President
The fact that the people of nine colonies thus Small asserts that “the Congress of 1775 did
took steps toward union, irrespective of their no act by any power other than that which the
local governments, is significant. It was fitting separate corporations represented individually
that the people should instruct these, their constituted,” he is apparently hampered by the
delegates, to confer for the protection of the old British view of the colonies as civil corpo-
interests of America, and that the Conti rations, and has lost sight of their existing
nental Congress should accordingly, in the status as political entities.
exercise of its limited powers, speak for! The pamphlet closes with the work of the
America. To the Congress of 1775 six col Congressional session of 1775, and is to be
onies sent delegates by the primary action of followed by a future application of the same
the people. The fact that in others where the line of considerations to the later proceedings
people had taken the initiative in 1774, the of the Congress, in which it may be hoped
colonial assemblies now acted, does not dis that the evidences of the continuous evolution
prove that there was in fact a popular move of older tendencies toward nationality will not
ment toward nationality.
be overlooked.
President Small throughout this monograph
speaks of the colonies as corporations. In Professor Frank W. Blackmar, in his Johns
what precise sense this term is used, is not Hopkins University study upon “Spanish
apparent. If intended to define their status Colonization in the Southwest,” a monograph
in 1774 under the British Constitution, it can- of seventy-two pages, has pointed out the dis-
not be accepted. If employed for want of a tinctive features of the Spanish system of
term more exactly illustrative of the existing settlements which so broadly differentiated
status of the colonies, it is misleading by them from English colonial settlements. It
reason of the very general use of the term was in Spain that the Roman civilization first
* corporation ” in other senses. Such a colony took possession of a province and secured its
was neither a private nor a municipal corpo firmest footing; and the Spanish colonization
ration, according to the present usage of those followed principally, though not without ex-
terms. In the English law the colonies had ceptions, the Roman type, — the resemblance
originally been classed as civil corporations ; continuing until recent times. The Spanish
but they had long outgrown that character and conquests in America, as preserved, extended,
were entitled to the status of political sub and shaped by Charles V., Philip II., and
divisions of the British Empire. The reader their successors, were prosecuted under the
of this monograph and its successors should direct authority of the state through the three-
not think of the colonies as merely 6 corpora- | fold agency of its civil, military, and religious
tions." It is too narrow a view to take of forces. Thus were planted, from time to time,
the colonial action in 1775, that revolution was pueblos, presidios, and missions, each develop-
an accomplished fact because “ each colonial ing in its own way and each exerting its own
corporation " (sic) which had discarded its peculiar influence over the native inhabitants
charter government had thereby decreed of Mexico and California. The political in-
anarchy." Each colony was a political, not dependence of the early Spanish municipal-
a municipal, department of the British Empire. ities, shorn of some of its strength by royal
Each was in the exercise of legislative func limitations, was transplanted to the soil of the
tions for itself. The severance of the relation Southwest; but the paternal government of
to the British crown as the executive power Spain, by its liberal grants to settlers of land
did not upset government entirely. It was of and by other privileges and conveniences, and
the essence of the American claim, that there | by subjecting the natives to their service as
was political power in the people. Indeed, laborers, deprived its colonists of those in-
two of the colonies had commenced as repub- centives to labor and struggle which would
lies, and had never ceased to assert the right have made the Spanish colonies
of the people to a share in the government. I those planted by Englishmen.


154
THE DIAL
[Oct.,
---
--
-----
- -
Mr. John Mason Brown, of Louisville, before encouragement given to these schemes. The
his late lamented death, had completed the commercial necessity of an outlet at New Or-
manuscript of his historical tract on the “ Pol- ! leans for Kentucky products, and the improve-
itical Beginnings of Kentucky," which his as ments in river navigation, stimulated the dis-
sociates of the Filson Club have now added to cussion of the opening of the Mississippi ; but
their list of publications. The leading events the Kentucky colonists loyally sought the open-
in the history of the new state, prior to its ad ing of that great river under American auspices.
mission into the Union, are graphically stated, The “ Political Club” at Danville discussed
and incidents or movements which have here the proposed Federal Constitution with as much
tofore been the subject of dispute are critically detail and minuteness as the towns of Massa-
examined by this new historian, whose valuable chusetts observed in discussing the provisions
researches into our unwritten history were in of their State Constitution. The records of
terrupted by his untimely death. So much of that club still contain the faded manuscript
the matter which makes up this volume has endorsed, “ The Constitution of the United
been gathered from original sources as to justify States of America as amended and approved
this rewriting of the old story of the settlement by the Political Club.” But with the delays
of the first state west of the Alleghanies. Mr. occasioned by the necessity of fresh legislative
Brown brings much additional evidence to the action in Virginia, and by the suspicions which
vindication of the memory of his eminent ances were afloat as to the schemes of European diplo-
tor, John Brown, delegate from Virginia in the mats, it was not until 1792 that Kentucky had
Continental Congress and first senator of the the opportunity to become permanently enrolled
new state of Kentucky, from the already ex in the list of American states.
ploded charge of disloyalty, and to sustain his
conclusion that “the so-called - Spanish Con The essay of Mr. Gomme, on - The Village
spiracy,' gloomily imagined as concocted with Community” as exhibited in various archaic
Gardoqui, was but a figment of an incensed survivals in Great Britain, will be found not
political adversary's brain, a suspicion unsur only interesting but highly entertaining. The
ported by a particle of testimony, unvouched advanced views of this writer will enlist the
by document, unestablished by deposition, and attention of those readers who have followed
refuted by every proof.”
the discussion of the question from Maine to
Lovers of romance will find it in real life in Seebohm and Ross. He aims to show that the
the early history of Kentucky, as painted by origin of the Village Community in Britain is
Mr. Brown. The latest of all attempts at pro not only pre-Roman but pre-Teutonic; and that
prietary government within the present domain both there and in India it was primarily a non-
of the United States was the Transylvania col Aryan institution, which has perpetuated itself
ony, planted in Kentucky, but which the strong under an Aryan overlordship, imposed upon it
republican sense of the American people killed by Aryan conquerors ; while in Britain he seeks
in its infancy. The story of the efforts of Ken to trace its continuity from pre-Aryan times,
tucky toward independent statehood is drama as affected by alternate conquests of Teutonic
tic. The idea was broached as early as 1780, and Roman invaders. The process employed
organized into a movement in 1784, but, though is a detailed examination of all the evidences
having the concurrence of the parent state Vir- | disclosed in the writings of previous investiga-
ginia, was delayed from year to year by appar tors, as well as those collected by the author
ently trifling causes, until 1788, when, just as himself. History, archæology, law, custom and
all other obstacles had been removed, and the folk-lore are all appealed to, and he ingeniously
Continental Congress was ready to recognize a finds support for his theory in all these fields
fourteenth member of the Confederacy, the of inquiry. The result is a work which will be
announcement of the ratification, by the ninth read with interest, even by those who here for
state, of the Federal Constitution, set the new the first time examine the subject. Many and
national government in operation, and deprived various features of the survival of archaic cus-
the Continental Congress of all power in the toms, and many historical facts, are adduced
premises. Then ensued the episode of the rival to show that the Village Community was a vig.
diplomacy of Spain and England, each endeav orous institution prior to the Roman invasion
oring for its own purposes to detach Kentucky of Britain, and to illustrate the effect upon the
from the Union and engage her in a separate institution of that invasion, and also of the
alliance. But the closest research shows no real | later conquests by the Northmen. The Roman


1890.]
THE DIAL
155
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-
--------- -- - - -- -
system of towns, connecting highways, and a
BRIEFS OX NEW BOOKS.
commercial world, was imposed for a time upon
the earlier agricultural communities of Britain.
MR. W. E. HENLEY'S “ Views and Reviews"
(Scribner) is described by himself as “a mosaic of
The Teutonic conquest placed the agricultural
scraps and shreds recovered from the shot rubbish
interests again in the ascendency. Villages or-
of some fourteen years of journalism.” There
ganized for agricultural purposes succeeded to
are forty little reviews and a good many more
commercial towns, and oftentimes upon their views, and for the reviews as a whole more is
ruins.
to be said than for the views. Mr. Henley's most
The Teutonic village communities had no use interesting views are those anent the chief English
for towns; and in this fact Mr. Gomme finds and French novelists. Dickens is to him a great
the explanation of the complete destruction of and serious artist, representative and national.
so many fortified Roman towns. An instance
Thackeray is merely “a student of the meannesses
of the operation of these influences is found in
and the minor miseries of existence, the toothaches
and the pimples of experience.” Clarissa Harlowe
London. The Roman commercial metropolis
“ remains the Eve of fiction, the prototype of the
was not only reduced in size, but in its suburbs
modern heroine;" Fielding is worthy to dispute
the Village Community, with all its character-
the palm with Cervantes and Sir Walter as the
istic features, was planted, and it governed the heroic man of letters ;” and for George Meredith
city and flourished for centuries, until again he has no higher praise than that of being “a com-
enveloped in the folds of the new and expand i panion for Balzac and Richardson, an intimate for
ing metropolis. In the Customs of London, Fielding and Cervantes.” Tolstoi is “the great
whose archaic features have long attracted the i optimist, and his work is wholesome in direct ratio
attention of the curious, both within and with-
to the vastness of his talent,” etc. For George
Eliot, on the other hand, Mr. Henley has nothing
out the legal profession, Mr. Gomme finds light
but the savage epigrams of the clubman: “ Pallas
thrown upon the municipal history. Certain
with prejudices and a corset," etc. He has appar-
of these customs, now nearly extinct but once
ently heard of but two Americans of genius-
well-marked, he identifies as those of the Vil.
Longfellow and Whitman--for each of whom he
lage Community, evidencing a period when that has a good word. Upon the “ literary American"
institution assumed the control of the former in general he bestows the conventional cheap sneer.
metropolis. Certain other customs, Roman in From the exploration of Landor's works he returns
their origin, he finds surviving and asserting jaded as from “a continent of dulness and futility ;"
themselves during the period of Teutonic su-
but he finds Dr. Hake to be one of the most
premacy, and operating in due time, with
earnest and original of poets.” These are samples
others, to again metamorphose the city, and
of the “ Views.” As for the “ Reviews," we may
say at once that they were worth reprinting. If
make commercial customs and interests domi-
they sometimes fail in justness of appreciation, they
nant. We refrain from extracting passages
seldom lack crispness of expression. When the
from Mr. Gomme's pages on this subject, pre critical verdicts are not true, they have at least the
ferring to send readers to the original. The merit of being half-true. Mr. Henley's truth is
full illustration of the community villages of as likely as not to be commonplace--as where for
Chippenham and Malmesbury, and of their the thousandth time he refutes Macaulay concern
perpetuation of ancient customs with the force ing Boswell, oblivious of the fact that Carlyle had
of local law. is no less interesting. These vil. | performed the task once for all. Almost wholly
lages having been free from the influences of
admirable are the reviews of Matthew Arnold and
| of George Meredith, and that upon Heine contains a
Roman occupation, Mr. Gomme appropriately
delightful castigation of the ignoble herd of trans-
presents them as more nearly typical of the
lators. On the whole, the reader who has lost his
Village Community pure and simple, than the
bearings in the jungle of modern “printed matter”
manor and village of Hitchin, which were taken might do worse than to accept the guidance, as far
as a type by Mr. Seebohm. Less full, because as it goes, of Mr. Henley's “ Reviews.” And the
of the paucity of material, but of equal inter reader who has better guides will hardly fail of
est, is this author's treatment of the institutions amusement in reviewing these · Views,” and may
and agricultural customs of the hill-dwelling even pick up a nugget or two in the midst of all
tribes in England, whose history antedates that
this shot rubbish.”
of the villagers. The same mode of examina-
The new and rapidly extending interest in an-
tion, applied to the subject of the ancient hill.
tiquarian art has induced an English translation
dwellers in Ireland, would furnish another valu of the valuable French work by Messrs. Georges
able text-book for the student of early institu- Perrot and Charles Chipiez, entitled - History of
tions.
JAMES O. PIERCE. | Art in Sardinia, Judea, Syria, and Asia Minor "


156
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
(Armstrong). The translation and English notes Rankine, Clausius, Thomson, Zeuner, and others, in
are by I. Gonino, whose precise knowledge of the their several contributions of discovery, which finally
subject-matter enables him to elucidate many facts gave us, about the middle of the century, a true
only passingly touched by the authors. The work science of thermodynamics. Thus the way was
is issued in two large octavo volumes, and is illus- opened to a science of heat-motors, and the applica-
trated with more than 400 engravings, including tion of these well-established principles becomes the
eight steel and colored plates. The first volume is means through which the energy of heat-motion is
devoted to Sardinia and Judea. The researches converted by transformation into the various mani-
of the authors have brought forth a mass of | festations of mechanical energy, or through which
curious and important information. A careful the operation of mechanical power is made to result
portion of the opening chapter is on Sardinian in the production of heat. Professor Thurston gives
civilization. Under the head of Judea the student some space to air and gas engines, their work and
will find a history of the temple with topography their promise ; and there is an admirable chapter,
of Jerusalem, a description of Mount Moriah, and illustrated by several plates, on the development of
architectural forms and materials used in the the steam-engine. The great defect of the present
inclosure wall. The methods used in restoring the appliances of thermodynamics is the enormous
temple are developed, and there is a scheme by amount of heat-waste thus far found unavoidable;
which a scientific study of Jewish art may be more the great desideratum is some means of imitating
deliberately prosecuted. A chapter is devoted to nature in the production of light without heat-waste,
the Temple of Ezekiel, and another to sepulchral, one which, like the glowworm, shall utilize an illum-
religious, and domestic architecture and sculpture. inant and a lighting system for the conversion of
In this will also be found the rudiments of glyptic substantially all applied energy into ether-vibrations
art, of painting and the industrial arts, and a con- 1 of the luminous kind. Whether man will ever suc-
sideration of Hebraic archæology. The second ceed in such an achievement, the author does not
volume carries the authors' inquiries into Northern undertake to decide, but that it is among the prob-
Syria and Cappadocia. They present a concise abilities, he has no doubt; nor does he doubt that
view of the writings of the Hittites, and their the future has wonders in store for us fully as im-
architecture and sculpture are carefully considered. pressive and important as any that have astonished
One chapter treats of the art of Asia Minor as and delighted the present generation.
seen in civil and military architecture, in the sanc-
tuary, the palace, and necropolis. No recent con-
The third volume in the Famous Women of
tribution to history is more effectual than this work
the French Court" series (Scribner), “ Marie An-
in demonstrating the unity of origin of all Aryan
toinette and the End of the Old Régime," seems
peoples and Aryan art; nor does any other more
to us to be the best of the set, so far. Beginning
clearly establish that moderns have improved little
with the birth of the Dauphin, in 1781, the author
upon the principles of asthetics practiced by early
reviews rapidly and graphically the leading events
orientals in decorative, domestic, and industrial art.
in the life of the unfortunate Queen, up to the ter-
The work is written in a clear, scholarly, and pol-
rible 6th of October, 1789, when the amazons of the
ished style, and the translation is worthy of it.
Faubourg escorted “the baker, the baker's wife, and
the baker's little boy” on their last journey from
The third volume of the valuable - Riverside Versailles to the Tuilleries. Why M. de Saint-
Science Series” (Houghton) is entitled “Heat as a Amand thought fit to break off his narrative at this
Form of Energy,” and is written by Robert H. point is not evident. We should have preferred a
Thurston of Cornell University. The opening chap continuation of it, instead of the long and senti-
ter, on “ The Philosophers' Ideas of Heat,” gives mentally retrospactive chapter on the fortunes of
a survey of early theories, and is interesting as show - Versailles since 1789," with which the volume
ing many correspondences between ancient and mod- concludes. The author has not, of course, omitted
ern notions. But the former were merely ingenious the story of the diamond necklace from his recital.
guesses, and no real progress was made until exper- and he tells it very well: we recommend this part
iment and induction began. Even so late as the of the work as a good preparative to the enjoyment
beginning of the present century, scientific men were of Carlyle's brilliant but rather topsy-turvy narra-
still disputing the nature of heat, and were divided tive. The present volume will be found, like its
into two great parties, the one holding with Sir Isaac predecessors, entertaining and not uninstructive. Its
Newton that heat was a substance emitted in the pages are a-glitter with the details of balls, banquets,
form of minute projectiles, bombarding all surround court-spectacles, and court dresses—the parapher-
ing objects; the other asserting that it was simply nalia of a class and system of which our author is a
a mode of motion, a variety of energy consisting in determined panegyrist. The superficial glories of
the vibration of particles of bodies. Due considera the "Old Régime” have captivated his imagination
tion is then given to the part played by Count Rum- to the detriment of his judgment; and the mass of
ford and by Sir Humphrey Davy in confirming the anecdote, description, and quotation, which forms
second hypothesis ; by Joule in finding accurate the ground-work of his book, is strung together on
measures of the mechanical equivalent of heat; by a thread of unwarrantably regretful reflection. Mor-


1890.]
157
THE DIAL
alizing on the altered fortunes of the palace of Ver erary work can be grasped and enjoyed unless
sailles, he exclaims, - Not even the chambers of the something is known of the social conditions that
kings inspired respect.” We think it would puzzle surrounded its author. Teachers are often com-
M. de Saint-Amand to give a good and sufficient pelled, through inaccessibility of material, to attempt
reason why they should.
to impart a knowledge of German literature with-
out giving the pupil adequate examples. In the
The second volume of the “* Adventure Series” Literaturgeschichte will be found, under the head
(Macmillan) is a reprint, elaborately edited by of Musterstücke (specimen-pieces), a well-chosen
Captain Pasfield Oliver, R.A., of that very curious collection of examples conveniently arranged for
eighteenth century document, “ Robert Drury's reference. Lack of space compels us to pass over
Journal.” The Journal” is, or pretends to be, other commendable features of this work. It
an account of the fifteen years' captivity of the should be mentioned, however, that the typography
author in Madagascar, during which period he is especially good-so good as to reduce considera-
claims to have been held in slavery by the natives bly the eye-destroying qualities of the German text.
of the island. Drury's story was first published in
1729 and has passed through six editions, being The fact that public attention has so recently
generally regarded as authentic and freely quoted | been drawn to the republies of Guatemala and Sal-
as first-hand authority by subsequent writers on vador renders Mr. Frank Vincent's new book, " In
Madagascar, Drury's veracity has, however, been and Out of Central America” (Appleton), a very
impeached of late, and the editor of the present timely one. The writer is a keen-eyed and practiced
volume, after much deliberation, enrolls himself
observer who rapidly - takes in” the chief outward
among the doubting Thomases, basing his distrust features of the places and peoples he visits; and
chiefly on certain suspicious resemblances between while he does not linger very long, or cut very deep,
the - Journal ” and De Flacourt's - Histoire de he gives us plenty of the sort of information that
Madagascar,” which was issued sixty-eight years intelligent readers look for in books of travel. The
anterior to it. Drury was an unlettered man, and volume is written in a very agreeable style, clear,
his Journal,” in the form in which we have it, is direct, with an occasional touch of humor. Unlike
largely the work of an editor (perhaps the “un many other writers in his chosen field, Mr. Vincent
abashed Defoe” himself) who, in compiling the is modest enough to think that what he saw is of
narrative from the “yarns” of the returned cast | more importance to his readers than what he felt
away, probably drew on extant works on Mada- when he saw it; hence no time is wasted by him
gascar, besides enriching the whole with the embel- in florid - word painting” or sentiment. Not more
lishinents of his own imagination. But there is than half the book is devoted to Central America
undoubtedly a substratum of truth to the story, | --the states of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras,
which is told very much in Defoe's manner. Salvador, and Guatemala being treated in turn,-
Drury's adventures, as related in the “ Journal," while the rest is made up of sketches ranging from
were certainly of the most surprising character, the Antilles and Brazil, to Siam and Cambodia. The
and we commend them to the attention of lovers of work is liberally illustrated and is supplied with the
the marvellous. The volume is liberally illustrated, requisite maps.
and contains, in addition to Drury's narrative, a
critical and descriptive introduction by the editor,
MAJOR CONDER’s Palestine,” in the “Great
Drury's vocabulary of the Madagascar language,
Explorers " series (Dodd), takes us for a pleasant
and an abridgement of the Abbé Rochon's - Account | ramble win those holy fields" which the author has
of Madagascar.”
so recently explored. The work is not an archæo-
logical treatise, but a running glance at the work
A WELL-ARRANGED and well-considered work of the Palestine Exploring Expedition, which
for advanced students in the German language is Major Conder led. Much of personal incident is
Book I. of Professor Carla Wenckebach’s Deutsche scattered through the narrative and enlivens it.
Literaturgeschichte” (Heath), and we take pleas The position is well taken that the students of
ure in recommending it to all who wish to lay the Biblical history of the school of Ewald and Well-
foundation of a thorough and scientific knowledge hausen take a one-sided view of their subject,
of the German language and literature. The series through a deficiency of archæological knowledge,
will consist of three books, each embracing the pro and that a lengthened sojourn in Palestine would
ductions of a separate period : the first, from the modify many of their dogmas. Major Conder
dawn of the German literature until 1100 ; the suggests forcibly that the oriental mind has ever
second, from 1100 until 1624 ; and the third, from been, not an editing, but a commentating one.
1624 up to the present time. Professor Wencke- | His picture of the Moslem world is an interesting
bach's work seems to be arranged throughout on revelation, showing as many hypocritical professors
the rational principle that instruction in the devel of the faith there as in Christendom. The author,
opment of a literature, if it is to be thorough, of course, parades his hobby, the Mongolian"
must be accompanied by instruction in the develop- Hittite theory, and he is too eager to tell us how
ment of the people, period for period ; that no lit- ! competent Major Claude Regnier Conder was for


158
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
the work undertaken; but we can condone his “L'Art," and was a frequent writer upon art and liter-
assumptions and his foibles in view of his valuable ary topics in the periodicals. He also wrote much for
researches.
the religious press, and a volume of his religious essass,
with the title - Through the Year,” was published in
A CONTEMPORARY volume on a kindred theme
1875. But his best love was given to poetry. Many
with the above, “Palestine under the Moslems".
of his pieces have been widely copied, and have a place
(Houghton), is one in which a competent scholar in the standard anthologies of English verse. Two
sinks himself in his subject. Mr. Guy Le Strange volumes of his poems have been published — “ Early
has won greater distinction in editing mediaval and Late” in 1876, and “ A Decade of Song " in 1885.
travels for the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society His poetry reflects a tender and genuine feeling for
than in editing semi-political correspondence of the
| nature, an introspective habit that enabled him to see a
present century, in which he is not at home. In
spiritual meaning in all things, and a cheerful serenity
of disposition that kept his spirit young and his imag-
the work now under notice his foot is on his native
ination responsive to al beautiful forms and thoughts.
heath, his object being “to translate and thus ren-
Such poems as “ My Walk to Church," for example,
der available the mass of interesting information
are truly Wordsworthian in depth, tenderness, and sim-
about Palestine which lies buried in the Arabic plicity. Our readers will, we are sure, be glad to see
texts of the Moslem geographers and travellers of this poem reprinted here, not only for its characteristic
the middle ages.” The result is a work which must poetic qualities, but for its personal tone and for the
take its place on our shelves alongside Robinson's glimpses it reveals of the beautiful and kindly spirit
“ Biblical Researches in Palestine" and the pub-
that inspired it.
lications of the Palestine Exploration Fund. For
MY WALK TO CHURCH.
those who do not read Arabic the work is done
Breathing the Summer-scented air
once for all, and an exhaustive and scholarly guide-
Along the bowery mountain way.
book for mediæval Palestine is provided. It is
Each Lord's-day morning I repair
dry reading in many places, but at times the nar-
To serve my church, a mile away.
rative expands into most vivid and fascinating por-
Below, the glorious river lies --
trayals, with all the naïveté of a mind at once
A bright, broad-breasted, sylvan sea;
mediæval and oriental.
Aud round the sumptuous highlands rise,
Fair as the hills of Galilee.
One of the most amusing things in the way of
Young flowers are in my path. I hear
feminine “globe-trotting ” reminiscences that we
Music of unrecorded tone.
have seen is Miss Sara Jeannette Duncan's “ A
The heart of Beauty beats so near,
Social Departure” (Appleton). Women are usually
Its pulses modulate my own.
denied humor; but Miss Duncan has a good deal
The shadow on the meadow's breast
of it - a dry cis-Atlantic humor with a Mark
Is not more calm than my repose,
Twainish flavor. Unfortunately, the writer's fun
As, step by step, I am the guest
sometimes degenerates into flippancy; the book,
Of every living thing that grows.
too, is rather too long, but it is so amusing that
Ah, something melts along the sky.
we cannot quarrel with it on that score. The nu-
And something rises from the ground,
And fills the inner ear and eye
merous illustrations by F. H. Townsend are spirited
Beyond the sense of sight and sound.
and well reproduced.
It is not that I strive to see
What Love in lovely shapes has wrought, --
The Dial is again called upon to chronicle the death
Its gracious messages to me
of one of its contributors,—one of its oldest and best,
Come, like the gentle dews, unsonght.
the Rev. Dr. Horatio N. Powers, who died suddenly at
I merely walk with open heart
his parsonage home at Piermont-on-the-Hudson, Sep-
Which feels the secret in the sign;
tember 6, in his sixty-fourth year. Last winter, his
But oh, how large and rich my part
health failing somewhat alarmingly, Dr. Powers took a
In all that makes the feast divine!
trip to Europe with his family, from which he returned
in the summer apparently much improved. A letter
Sometimes I hear the happy birds
That sang to Christ beyond the sea,
received from him hardly two weeks before his death
And softly His consoling words
shows at its full that buoyancy and hope so character-
Blend with their joyous minst relsy.
istic of him throughout his life. Dr. Powers was born
in Amenia, N. Y., was graduated at Union College and
Sometimes in royal vesture glow
the Protestant-Episcopal Theological Seminary in New
The lilies that He called so fair,
Which never toil nor spin, vet show
York City, was ordained by Bishop Horatio Potter, and
The loving Father's tender care.
became rector successively of parishes at Lancaster,
Pa.; Davenport, Iowa; Chicago; Bridgeport, Conn.; and
And then along the fragrant hills
Piermont-on-the-Hudson. In addition to his regular
I radiant presence seems to move.
and successful pastoral work, Dr. Powers found a large
And earth grows fairer as it fills
space in his life for literature, and for the companion-
The very air I breathe with love.
ship of literary men—among them, Bryant, Bayard
And now I see one perfect face;
Taylor, and others of the older school. Art study and
And, hastening to my church's door,
criticism was always with him a favorite pursuit ; he
Find Him within the holy place
was for several years the American correspondent of I
Who, all my way, went on before.


1890.]
159
THE DIAL
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
Alfred the Great By Thomas Hughes, M.P., author of
"School Days at Rugby." Illustrated. 16mo, pp. 324.
October, 1890.
Uncut. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.00.
Altdorf. W. D. McCrackan. Atlantic
Life of Henry Dodge. From 1782 to 1833. By William
American Girls in Europe. Madam Adam. North American.
Salter, With Portrait and Maps. Large 8vo, pp. 76.
American Literature, Women in. Helen G. (one. Century. Paper. Mauro & Wilson. $1.00.
American Universities. A. D. White, North American.
Ancient Dwellings of the Rio Verde, E. A. Mearns. Pop. Sci.
HISTORY
Anthropology and Fall of Man. A. D. White. Pop. Sci. The Jews under Roman Rule. By W. D. Morrison. Illus-
Arnold's Treason. John Fiske. Atlantic.
trated. 12mo, pp. 426. Putnam's “Story of the Nations"
Assessment Life Insurance. G. D. Eldridge. North Am.
Series. $1.50,
Atlantic Barrier Beaches. F. J. H. Merrill. Pop. Science.
History of the American Episcopal Church. From the
Balfour's Answer to Parnell. John Morley. North American.
Planting of the Colonies to the end of the Civil War.
British Labor Tendencies. Michael Davitt. North Am.
By S. D. McConnell, D, D, 8vo, pp. 392. Thomas Whit-
Cable Expedition, With a. H. L. Webb. Scribner.
taker. $2.00).
Cave-Dwellings. F. T. Bickford Century.
Character in Schools. Abby M. Diaz. drena.
The Study of History in Holland and Belgium. By
Chemical Truth. Louis Olivier. Popular Science.
Paul Frédéricg. Authorized Translation. 8vo, pp. 77.
Paper. The Johns Hopkins Press. 30 cents.
China, Irrigation in. Tcheng Ki Tong Popular Science.
China's Menace. Thomas Magee. Forum.
An Elementary History of the United States. By Charles
Citizenship, A Test of. Century.
Morris, author of "Civilization." 12mo, pp. 230. J. B.
(ity Houses. J. W. Root. Scribner.
Lippincott Co. 60 cents.
(limate and the Gulf Stream. J. W. Redway. Forum.
Constitutions and Institutions. James (). Pierce. Dial.
ARCHEOLOGY.
('otton-Spinning. H. V. Meigs. Popular Science.
The Antiquities of Tennessee and the adjacent States;
Crowns and Coronets. G. P. A. Healey. North American.
and the State of Aboriginal Society in the Scale of Civil-
Daughters, Future of Our. Helen E. Starrett. Forum.
ization Represented by them. A Series of Historical and
Death Penalty. G. F. Sbrady. drena.
Ethnological Studies. By Gates P. Thruston. Illustrated.
Descartes, René. Popular Science.
Royal 8vo, pp. 369. Robt. Clarke & Co. $4.00.
Earth-Artificers, Two. Selim H. Peabody. Dial.
The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by the
* Earthly Tabernacle.” Olive T. Miller. Popular Science.
Northmen, with Translations from the Icelandic Sagas.
Electric Lighting. David Salomons. Lippincott.
By B. F. DeCosta. Second Edition, 8vo, pp. 2016. Boards.
Essays, New and Old. Anna B. McMahan. Dial.
Uncut. Joel Munsell's Sons. $3.000).
Faith and Credulity. John Butoughs. North American.
French Canadian Peasantry: Prosper Bender. Mag. Am. His.
French Salons, Women of the. Amelia G. Mason. Century.
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STUDIES.
Girls' Private Schools. Mrs. Sylvamus Reed. Scribner. Civil Government in the United States. Considered
Guatemala. F. J, A. Darr. Cosmopolitan.
with some Reference to Its Origin. By John Fiske.
Health's Invisible Assailants. Samuel Hart. Pop. Science. Crown 8vo, pp. :360. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.00.
Hexameters and Rhythmic Prose. G. H. Palmer. Atlantic. | An Introduction to the History of the Science of Politics.
Ibsen, Henrik. E. P. Evans. Atlantic.
By Sir Henry Pollock, Bart, M.A. 12mo, pp. 128. Mac-
Ibsen, Henrik. W. E. Symonds. Diai.
millan & Co. 75 cents.
Japan, An Artist's Letters from. J. La Farge. Century.
| Want and Wealth: A Discussion of some Economic
Liquor Laws. G. F. Magoun. Popular Science.
Dangers of the Day. By Edward J. Shriver. 12mo, pr.
Merit System, The. Century.
Meteorites and Stellar Systems. G. H. Darwin. Century.
35. Paper. Putnam's “Questions of the Day.” 25 cts.
Moneys of Lincoln's Administration. L. Chittenden. Harper.
Moose-Hunting. Julian Ralph. Harper.
LITERARY MISCELLANY.
Municipal Reform. E. L. Godkin. North American.
Literary Essays. By James Russell Lowell. In 4 vols.
National Progress. R. S. Storrs. Mag. American History. With Portrait. 12mo. Gilt top. Houghton, Mifflin &
Nationalism." Edward Bellamy. Forum.
Co. $6.00.
Newman, Cardinal. J. T. Bixby. drena.
The Writings of George Washington. Collected and
Office Patronage. H. C. Lodge. Century.
Edited by Worthington Chauncey Ford. In 14 volumes.
Over the Teacups. 0. W. Holmes. Atlantic.
Vol. VII., 1778-1779. Royal 8vo, pp. 306. Gilt top. G. P.
Pan-American Conference. North American.
Putnam's Sons. $5.00
Persistency of Historic Myths. William F. Poole. Dial.
Abraham Lincoln's Pen and Voice: Being a Complete
Postmaster-General and Censorship of Morals. Arena.
Collection of his Letters, Addresses, Inaugurals, etc. By
Race Problem. W. S. Scarborough. Arena.
G. M. Van Buren. With a Steel Portrait. 12mo, pp.
Sand-Waves. J. R. Spears. Scribner,
435. Robt. Clarke & Co. $1.50.
Silver Act, The New. F. W. Taussig. Forum.
Southold and Her Homes. Mrs. M. J. Lamb. Mag. Am. His. |
Essayes of Montaigne. Translated by John Florio. Edited
University Extension. S. T. Skidmore. Lippincott.
by Justin Huntley McCarthy. Vols. III. and IV. With
Vivisection. Edward Berdoe. Century.
two Frontispieces. 32mo. London: David Stott. $1.50.
Zodiacal Light. A. W. Wright. Forum.
The Essays of Elia. By Charles Lamb. Edited by August-
ine Birrell. With Etched Frontispiece. 16mo, pp. 3328.
---------- ----
Gilt top. Macmillan & Co. $1.00.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
The Collected Writings of Thomas De Quincey. By
David Masson. New and Enlarged Edition. In 14 Vols.
The following list includes all books received by THE DIAL
Vols. X. and XI., Literary Theory and Criticism. 16mo.
during the month of September, 1890.]
Illustrated. Uncut. Macmillan & Co. Per Vol., $1.25.
Short Studies of Shakespeare's Plots. By Cyril Ran-
BIOGRAPHY.
some, M.A, 12mo, pp. 299. Macmillan & Co. ' $1.00.
Henrik Ibsen: 1828-1888. A Critical Biography. By Hen The Defense of Poesy. Otherwise known as an Apology
rik Jæger. From the Norwegian by William Morton for Poetry. By Sir Philip Sidney. Edited, with Intro-
Payne, translator of Björnson's "Sigurd Slembe." Illus duction and Notes, by Albert S. Cook. 16mo, pp. 143.
trated. 12mo, pp. 275. Uncut. Gilt top. A. C. McClurg & Ginn & Co.
Co. $1.50.
Representative Men; Nature; Addresses and Lectures.
Life of Dorothea Lynde Dix. By Francis Tiffany. With By Ralph Waldo Emerson. Popular Edition, two vols.
Portrait. 12mo, pp. 392. Gilt top. Houghton, Mifflin in one. 12mo, pp. 618. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.00.
& Co. $1.50.
Rab and His Friends; and other Dogs and Men. By Dr.
Famous European Artists. By Sarah K. Bolton, author John Brown. With an Outline Sketch of the Author and
of “Famous American Authors." Illustrated. 16mo, a Portrait. 18mo, pp. 299. Houghton's "Riverside Clas-
pp. 423. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.50.
sics." $1.00.
Citizeness Bonaparte. By Imbert de Saint-Amand. Trans The Nine Worlds. Stories from Norse Mythology. By
lated by Thomas Sergeant Perry. With Portrait. 12mo, Mary E. Litchfield. Illustrated. 16mo, pp. 16:3, Ginn
pp. 306. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.2.7.
& Co. 60 cents.


160
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
-
-
--
PP.
FICTION.
Come Forth. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D.
Ward. 16mo, pp. 318. Houghton, Mithin & Co. $1.25.
Plain Tales from the Hills. By Rudyard Kipling, author
of “Departmental Ditties." Third Edition 12mo, pp.
310. Uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
The Anglomaniacs. 12mo, pp. 296. Cassell Pub’g Co. $1.
Two Modern Women. A novel. By Kate Gannett Wells.
16mo. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
Whose Fault? By Jennie Harrison, author of “Choir
Boys of Cheswick." 12mo, pp. 356. E. P. Dutton &
Co. $1.25.
The Riversons : A Tale of the Wissahickon. By S. J.
Bumstead. 12mo, pp. 448. Welch, Fracker Co. $1.25.
Catherine's Coquetries—A Tale of French Country Life.
By Camille Debans. Translated by Leon Mead. Illus-
trated. 12mo, pp. 174. Worthington Co. Paper, 50 cts.;
cloth, $1.00.
Flirt : A Story of Parisian Life. By Paul Hervieu. Trans-
lated by Hugh Craig. Illustrated by Madeleine Lemaire.
12mo, pp. 273. Paper. Uncut. Worthington Co. 75 cts.
Paul Nugent, Materialist: A Reply to " Robert Elsmere."
By Helen F. Hetherington (Gullifer) and Rev. H. Darwin
Burton. 16mo, pp. 344. Paper. E. P. Dutton & Co. 50c.
Dmitri: A Romance of Old Russia. By F. W. Bain, M.A.
16mo, pp. 282. Paper. Appleton's Town and Country
Library.” 50 cents.
Part of the Property. By Beatrice Whitby, author of
“The Awakening of Mary Fenwick." 16mo, pp. 312.
Paper. Appleton's " Town and Country Library.“ 50cts.
Not of Her Father's Race. By William T. Meredith.
16mo, pp. 291. Paper. Cassell's “Sunshine Series." 50cts.
The Entailed Hat; or, Patty Cannon's Times. A Romance.
By George Alfred Townsend (Gath). 12mo, pp. 565.
Paper. Harper's “ Franklin Square Library." 50 cents.
At an Old Chateau. A Novel. By Katharine S, Macquoid,
author of " At the Red Glove." 8vo, pp. 226. Paper.
Harper's "Franklin Square Library." 35 cents.
The Courting of Dinah Shadd, and other Stories. By
Rudyard Kipling, author of Plain Tales from the Hills.
With a Biographical and Critical Sketch by Andrew
Lang. 8vo, pp. 182. Paper, Harper's “ Franklin Square
Library.” 30 cents.
Two Masters: A Novel. By B. M. Croker, author of “Proper
Pride." 12mo, pp. 300. Paper, Lippincott's “Series of
Select Novels." 30 cents.
In Trust; or Doctor Bertram's Household. By Amanda M.
Douglas. 16mo, pp. 383, Paper. Lee & Shepard's Good
Company Series." 50 cents.
Sunset Pass; or, Running the Gauntlet through Apache
Land. By Capt. Charles King, author of “ The Deserter.”
16mo, pp. 203. Paper. Lovell's “ American Authors'
Series,” 50 cents.
Hermia Suydam. By Gertrude Franklin Atherton, author
of " What Dreams May Come." 16mo, pp. 207. Paper.
Lovell's “ American Authors' Series." 50 cents.
The Chief Justice. By Karl Emil Franzos. Authorized
Edition. 16mo, pp. 272. Paper. Lovell's “ Series of
Foreign Literature."' 50 cents.
The Bishop's Bible: A Novel. By D, Christie Murray and
Henry Hermann. Authorized Edition. 16mo, pp. 398.
Paper. Lovell's “ International Series." 50 cents.
The Keeper of the Keys. By F. W. Robinson. 16mo,
pp. 385. Paper. Lovell's “ International Series.” 50 cts.
The Word and the Will. By James Payn, author of
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“ International Series.” 50 cents.
For One and the World. By M, Betham-Edwards, author
of “Love and Marriage." 16mo, pp. 340. Paper. Lov-
ell's “ International Series." 50 cents.
The Vicomte's Bride. By Esmé Stuart. 16mo, pp. 317.
Paper. Lovell's " International Series.” 50 cents.
The Confessions of a Woman. By Mabel Collins. 16mo.
Paper. Lovell's International Series." 30 cents.
The Great Mill Street Mystery. By Adeline Sargent,
author of "A True Friend." Authorized Edition. 16mo,
pp. 372. Paper. Lovell's “ International Series." 30 cts.
The Tale of Chloe: An Episode in the History of Beau
Beamish. By George Meredith, author of “The Egoist."
16mo, pp. 141. Paper. Lovell's “ Westminster Series."
2.5 cents.
The Night of the 3d Ult. By H. F. Wood, author of
“ The Passenger from Scotland Yard.” 16mo, pp. 320.
Paper. Lovell's “ International Series." 50 cents.
POETRY.
English Lyrics By Alfred Austin, Edited by William
Watson. author of "Wordsworth's Grave. and other
Poems." 16mo, pp. 172. Uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
Shakespeare's Poems-- Venus and Adonis, Lucrece. Son-
nets, etc. Edited, with Notes, by William J. Rolfe,
Litt.D. Illustrated. Post Svo, pp. 111. Harper & Bros.
Gilt top. $1.50.
Helena, and Occasional Poems. By Paul Elmer More, 16mo.
pp. 78. Gilt top. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.00,
In Friendship's Name. Compiled by Volney Streamer.
Fourth Edition, enlarged. Square 12mo. Unique Paper
Binding. Privately Printed. $1.00.
Selections from Heine's Poems. Edited, with notes, by
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Bulletin of the Library Company of Philadelphia, Septem-
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1890.]
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163
16
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--
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The Truth about
Mrs. Rorer's Cook Book
Is very readily told. It is a reliable book. The recipes are
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164
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By Kate Douglas WIGGin, author of "The Birds'
| An enlarged edition of a book which Mr. George Rip-
Christmas Carol,” “ The Story of Patsy,” etc. New | ley, the eminent critic of the New York Tribune. called
and Cheaper Edition. Ilustrated. 16mo, $1.25.
“a singularly agreeable volume," and which Mr. Whit-
I charming story of a camping party in California. | tier pronounced equal to Kinglake's famous - Eothen."
--- --- --- - -
*** For sale by all Booksellers. Will be sent prepaid, on receipt of price, by the Publishers,
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1890.]
171
THE DIAL
JUST PUBLISHED. 12mo, cloth extra, $1.25. F. MARION CRAWFORD's New Novel :
A CIGARETTE-MAKER'S ROMANCE.
By F. MARION CRAWFORD, author of - Mr. Isaacs,” “ Sant'Ilario,” etc. 12mo, cloth extra, $1.25.
BY THE SIME AUTHOR-RECENTLY PUBLISHED:
SANT ILARIO. 12mo, cloth extra, $1.50. GREIFENSTEIN. 12mo, cloth extra, $1.50.
• The author shows steady and constant improvement “Greifenstein’is a remarkable novel, and while it
in his art. · Sant'Ilario' is a continuation of the chron- illustrates once more the author's unusual versatility, it
icles of the Saracinesca family. . . . A singularly also shows that he has not been tempted into careless
powerful and beautiful story. . . . Admirably de- writing by the vogue of his earlier books. ... There
veloped, with a naturalness beyond praise.”—New York is nothing weak or small or frivolous in the story.” —
Tribune.
New York Tribune.
-
-
-
-
-
NOW READY. SIR SAMUEL W. BAKER'S NEW BOOK :
WILD BEASTS AND THEIR WAYS.
In Asia, AFRICA, AND AMERICA. By Sir SAMUEL W. Baker, F.R.S., author of "Albert Nyanza,” etc.
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Adventures in Wonderland,” with Text adapted to The book is a charming one for children. The illustra-
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172
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY'S
NEW BOOKS.
LEE & SHEPARD'S
NEW ART PUBLICATIONS.
The First Two VOLUMES OF A SERIES OF
SUMMERLAND). A New Volume by MARGARET
STORIES FOR YOUNG READERS.
MacDonald Pullman, author of '* Days Serene." With
63 Original Illustrations, engraved on wood by GEORGE T.
ANDREW, and printed under his direction. Size, 91-2 by
Crowded Out o' Crofield.
12 1-2 inches. Oblong quarto. Artistic cover of two colored
By Wm. (). STOPDARD. Illustrated by C. T. Hill. cloths, beautifully ornamented, full gilt, $:3.705; Turkey
How a plucky country boy made his way. One of
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$7.00.
the most successful of this popular author's stories.
These new illustrations by the talented artist of “ Days
11.
- Serene" remind one very forcibly of Birket Foster, there is
such a calm peaceful serenity about them, such as one finds
om and the RunawAY'S. in the English landscapes, and in them Mis. Pullman demi-
onstrates anew that she possesses not only talent of a high
Bv Louis PENDLETON. Ilustrated by E. W. KEMBLE. order, but a true conception of the beautiful in nature.
The strange experience of two bors in the forests and
swamps of Georgia.
AN OLD LOVE LETTER. Miss JEROME's Latest
Each volume bound in cloth, with specially designed n Work. Designed and illuminated by IRENE E. JEROME,
uniform cover. 8vo. Price per vol., $1.50.
author of "One Year's Sketch Book," "Nature's Hallelu-
jah," " In a Fair Country," " A Bunch of Violets." "The
TOIIN IND COUNTRY LIBRIRY.
Message of the Bluebird," etc. Antique covers, tied with
silk, boxed. $1.00.
A TRANSLATION OF CAvanas GREAT HISTORICAL
Miss Jerome, in this the sixth book of her matchless art-
ROMANCE :
works, has entered a new realm of illustrative art, and has
given iis a novel but a beautiful combination of text and
The Canadians of Old. delicate illumination, in which artistic talent and tender re-
Jigions sentiment are tastefully blenderi. Each page of this
By Pullippe Gaspa. Translated by CHARLES G. 1).
chaste volume contains an ipt quotation in which the spirit
ROBERTS. 12mo. Paper cover, 30 cents ; specially of Divine love shines forth. These loving words are set in
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ornamental lettering surroun.led on each page by an original
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The scene of this historical romance is laid in the printed in fac-simile of Miss Jerome's original drawings, prer
eighteenth century. Among the subjects sketched in cucing a brilliant effect, the whole forming a delicate and
the work, which is the classic romance of Canada, are exquisite love letter. The covers, with appropriate designs.
are printed on rich antique paper, tied with silk Hoss, which
picturesque pluses of life in the old seigniories of Que-
is secured to the cover by a seal. "An Old Love Letter" is
ber, hunting adventures, and the strange legends of a suitable title, because it presents the spirit of love in the
Old ('anada.
inspiring cords of love which have come down to us from the
ages.
Outings at Odd Times.
RABY'S KINGDOM. A New and Elegant Edition,
By Dr. ('HARLES ('. ARBOTT, anthor of “ Days Out of wherein may be chronicled as memories for grown-up
Doors " and ... Naturalist's Rambles About Home." days, the Mother's Story of the Progress of the Baby. De-
16mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.25.
signed and illustrated by ANNIE F. ('ox. Oblong quarto.
Dr. Abbott's delightful studies in Natural History
Blue and white cloth, full gold cloth, S:3.7.7. Turkey mo-
have become familiar to many readers, and his new vol. 1
rocco, $9.00).
ume is suggestive, instructive, and always interesting. This is practically a new work, the illustrations and text
having been re-trawn and engraved, and many additions
made to the contents. The new shape and elegant binding
TUIE
will commend this edition to all customers.
Cortina Method to Learn Spanish
ALL AROUND THE YEAR-1891. Lec & Shep-
IN THEYTY LESSONS.
· ari's New Calendar, designed in Sepiatint and Color by
J. PALLINE SUNTER. Printed on heavy cardboard. gilt
Intended for Self-study or for I'se in Schools, with a
elges, with chain, tassels, and rings. Size. 1:3-4 by j 1-?
System of Pronunciation based on English Equiva-
inches. Boxed, price 50 cents.
lents. By R. D. DE LA CORTISA, M.A., Gradnate,
of the University of Madrid. In tive parts, paper,
In addition to the calendar for each month each card con-
tains a charming design and an appropriate sentiment, in del-
each 40 cents; one volume, 12mo, clotlı, $1.50.
icite tints and colors. The cards are tastily tied with white
A method of micating the exact promunciation of ļ silk cord and a chain attached, by which they may be hung
Spanish words by English equivalents, and the literal
on the wall or elsewhere, and are so arranged on rings that
al; they may be turned over like the leaves of a book as each
translation of all liontie phrases, are among the prac- ' month shall be needed for reference.
tical features of the Cortina Method that especially
commend it to all who wish to acquire a knowlerlge of Sold by all booksellers, and sent by mail, prepaid, on receipt
the Spanish language in the shortest possible time. I of prire. Iliustrated and complete catalogues sent free.
D. APPLETON & CO., PUBLISHERS, 1 LEE & SHEPARD, PUBLISHERS,
1, 3, & j Bond St., NEW YORK.
BOSTON, MASS.
I ALLA


1890.)
173
THE DIAL
NEW PUBLICATIONS
FROM THE PRESS OF ). B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY.
In and Out of 'Book and Journal.
By A. SYDNEY Roberts, M.D., with fifty spirited illus-
trations by S. W. VAN SCHAICK. 12mo, cloth,
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A collection of bright, witty, sententious sayings, gathered
from various sources. The pictorial interpretations of the
text are characterized by peculiar genius, delicacy of touch,
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The Two Lost Centuries of Britain.
By William H. BABCOCK. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
The author here gives is an account of the period interven-
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and has woven them, with the facts derived from varions an-
thoritative sources, into a most interesting and reliable nar-
rative.
How to Remember History.
Method of Memórizing Dates, with a Summary of
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Now complete : “ ROMEO AND JULIET ”; “ HAMLET," 2 vols.; " MACBETH”; “ King LEAR”; “OTHELLO";
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i of Charles Dickens's Works. It is printed from the
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174
[Nov..
THE DIAL
New Volumes in the Daudet Series.
Just Published :
KINGS IN EXILE,
By ALPHONSE DAUDET. Translated by Laura Ensor and E. Bartow. With 104 Illustrations from
designs by Bieler, Conconi, and Myrbach. 12mo. Paper, $1.50 ; half leather, S2.25.
UNIFORM IN STYLE WITH HIS
ARTISTS' WIVES. With 103 illustrations by Rossi, | THIRTY YEARS OF PARIS AND OF MY LIT-
Bieler, and others.
ERARY LIFE. With 120 illustrations from designs
by Bieler, Montegut, Myrbach, Picard, and Rossi.
RECOLLECTIONS OF A MAN OF LETTERS. /
With 89 illustrations from designs by Bieler, Mon- | JACK. With 93 illustrations by Myrbach.
tégnt, Myrbach, and Rossi.
TARTARIN OF TARASCON: TRAVELLER, « Turk,"
» LA BELLE NIVERNAISE, THE STORY OF AN OLD
AND LIon-HUNTER. With 115 illustrations from
BOAT AND HER CREW ; and Other Stories. With
designs by Montégut, Myrbach, Picard, and Rossi.
185 illustrations from designs by Montégut.
TARTARIN ON THE ALPS. With 150 illustra- SAPPHO : A PICTURE OF PARISIAN MANNERS. With
tions from designs by Rossi, Aranda, Myrbach, Mon- , 70 illustrations from designs by Rossi, Myrbach, and
ténard, and Beaumont.
other French artists.
AND WITH
PIERRE AND JEAN. By GUY DE MAUPASSANT. | AFLOAT (SUR L'EAU). By GUY DE MAUPASSANT.
With a Preface by the author. With 36 illustrations Translated by Laura Ensor. With 59 illustrations
from designs by Ernest Duez and Albert Lynch.
from designs by Riou.
Each, 12MO, PAPER, $1.50 ; HALF LEATHER, $2.25.
Very Recently Issued :
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GONCOURT. Translated by Laura Ensor. With 70 (Toute une Jeunesse.) By François Coppée. Trans.
illustrations from designs by Bieler. 12mo. Paper, by E. P. Robius. 74 illustrations from desigus by
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UNIFORM WITH THE ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF DAUDET's Writings.
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LAST DAYS OF POMPEII. By Bulwer Lytton. | THE SWISS FAMILY ROBINSON. Edited by
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wood, and 12 full-page plates printed in colors by
DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS OF THE
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trations. 8vo, cloth, $3.00.
cloth, $2.50.
---- - -- - --
For sale by all Booksellers, or will be sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of the advertised price,
by the Publishers,
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, Limited, No. 9 LAFAYETTE PLACE, NEW YORK.


1890.)
175
THE DIAL
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PORTER AND COATES' NEW BOOKS.
Three of the HANDSOMEST GIFT-BOOKS of the Year.
PORTER & ('OATES' FLORENTINE EDITION.
ROMOLA.
By GEORGE ELIOT. From entirely new plates. Beautifully illustrated with sirty photogravures of
views in Florence, sculpture, paintings, etc., with a portrait of George Eliot. In two volumes, small
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top, $12.00.
The large-paper edition of “Romola” is all sold, the publishers having received orders for the entire edition
before publication.
- -
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GRACE AND PHILIP WHARTONS WORKS:
QUEENS OF SOCIETY.
By GRACE and Philip WHARTON. New Library Edition. Beautifully illustrated with eighteen pho-
togravures. Tastefully bound in two volumes, cloth extra, $5.00 ; half calf, gilt top, $8.00.
These entertaining volumes present a gossiping biography of several of the celebrated women who have held
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brought into fresh notice are those of the Duchess of Marlborough, Lady Mary Wortley Montagui, Lady Morgan,
Lady Caroline Lamb, Miss Landon (the unfortunate L. E. L.), Madame de Staël, Madame Roland, Madame
Recamier, and others, both of England and France.
WITS AND BEAUX OF SOCIETY.
By Grace and Philip WHARTON. New Library Edition. Beautifully illustrated with twenty photo-
gravures. Tastefully bound in two volumes. Small 8vo, cloth extra, $5.00 ; half calf, gilt top, $8.00.
This gossipy and pleasant book gives sketches of such men as George Villiers, the second Duke of Bucking-
ham, with mumerous anecdotes of his adventures ; the celebrated Grammont and Rochester, wherein the authors
introduce some incidents in the lives of such people as Hortense Mancini, the little Jermyn, La Belle Hamilton,
and other noted beauties of France and England; Beau Nash ; Lord Hervey ; Scarron, and here again of his
wife ; and so on, of numerous worthies and unworthies, each and all of whom are inore or less known to fame.
The authors have a happy faculty of making their sketches light and pleasant, interspersing history and anecdote,
personalities and public events, so that the book is much more interesting than a novel, and much better worth
reading than any fiction.
Large-paper edition of - Wits and Beaux " and “ Queens,” limited to 250 copies, in sets of 4 volumes,
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---- - - - - -- --
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176
[Noy..
THE DIAL
ROBERT BONNER'S SONS' THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO.'S
NEW PUBLICATIONS.
NEW BOOKS.
FIVE YEARS WITH THE CONGO
CANNIBALS.
By HERBERT WARD. Magnificently illustrated with many
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Mr. Ward's travels in Africa commenced in 1884, when he
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State. He was a member of the Emin Bey Relief Expedition,
and while in the service of Mr. H. M. Stanley he made his
memorable canoe journey of 1,100 miles on the Congo.
FAMOUS ENGLISH AUTHORS OF THE NINE-
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portraits of Scott, Burns, Carlyle, Dickens, Tennyson, Rob-
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During a recent visit abroad, Mrs. Bolton had an opportu-
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residence or writings of the best-known English authors, and
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sonal interest she has woven into the sketches of Tennyson,
Ruskin, Browning, and the other authors of whom she writes.
d National Book.
THE NEW SOUTH.
By HENRY W. GRADY. With a character sketch of HENRY
W. GRADY by OLIVER DYER, author of Great Senators."
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* The New South” is a work of national importance. In
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A MATTER OF MILLIONS.
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In this handsome volume Mis. Bolton relates sympathetic-
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tists, whose names are household words. The sketches are
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COLD NAILS TO HANG MEMORIES ON. A
Rhyming Review, under their Christian names, of Old
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This is the most original autograph book ever published.
It aims to give a history and record of the more or less famil-
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* The Fall of the Christians," Book form, under the title of JANE EYRE. By CHARLOTTE BRONTE. With 18
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PAOLI, the Last of the Missionaries.
from beautiful type on superior calendered paper. 2 vols.
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somely bound in cloth. Price, $1.00.
" Jane Eyre” is one of the books which seem destined to
This is a striking romance, in an entirely new field.
live. Its original and vivid style, its life-like and powerful plot,
its tremendous moral purport (once misunderstood, but now
recognized), make it one of the most absorbing novels ever
OTTILIE ASTER'S SILENCE.
written. The present illustrated edition is as perfect as will
A Novel. Translated from the German by Mrs. D. M. LOW ever be produced. Press-work, paper, illustrations, and bind-
REY. With numerous choice illustrations by WARREN B. ing combine into a whole that is a delight to the eye and a
Davis. Bound volue, $1.00; paper cover, 50 cents. cynosure for the library.
d New Edition.
TOM BROWN'S SCHOOL DAYS. By THOMAS
THE HIDDEN HAND.
Hughes. With 53 Illustrations engraved by ANDREW,
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ARTHUR LUMLEY. Boumd volune, $1,00; paper cover,
Praise or comment on this classic would be a work of super-
30 cents.
erogation. Every parent sooner or later puts it into his chil-
dren's hands. We can only say that the present edition of
GREAT SENATORS of the UNITED STATES this classic is by all odds the best that has ever been offered
FORTY YEARS IGO. By OLIVER DYER. Price, $1.00. to the American public. Printed from large type, well illus-
trated, and handsomely bound, it makes a book worthy of
Beyond all question the most popular book that has been
published for many years.
any library.
For sale at the bookstores, or sent by mail, post puid, on re-
Sold by Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, by
ceipt of price, by
the Publishers,
ROBERT BONNER’S SONS, Publishers,
THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO.,
Cor. William and Spruce Sts., NEW YORK. I
No. 46 E. Fourteenth St., NEW YORK.


1890.)
177
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THE ANGLOMANIACS.
WARD MCALLISTER'S BOOK NEW HOLIDAY EDITIONS
Is now for sale by all Booksellers.
ASK TO SEE IT.
ROMOLA.
In placing on the market this superb two-volume holiday
edition of GEORGE ELIOT's masterpiece, containing 60 etchings
SOCIETY AS I HAVE and photo-etchings, printed iu a variety of delicate tints, we
feel that we have attempted and succeeded in giving the pub-
FOUND IT.
lic the finest edition of this great historical story of Floren-
tine life ever produced in any form.
By WARD MCALLISTER. With life-like portrait 2 vols., white vellum cloth, red and gold . . . $6.00
of Author as frontispiece. 1 vol., octavo, $2.00. 2 vols., gray vellum cloth, blue and gold ... 6.00
AoO ( Edition de Luxe, on large paper, lim-
ROMOLA.-Edition de Luxe.
? ited to 400 copies, signed by author, Limited to two hundred and fifty copies. The plates, sixty-
and containing two portraits, etc.
two in number, will be printed on Imperial Japanese paper,
and the special Italian method of illuminated color binding
PRICE, $10.00 PER COPY.
in full vellum will be executed in the highest style of the
binder's art.
The publishers reserve the right to advance the price without
2 vols., full vellum, red, blue, and gold . . . $15.00
further notice.
GOUPILS PARIS SALON OF 1890.
THE NOVEL OF THE YEAR.
The instantaneous success which greeted the issue, last year,
of an English Text edition of this noted art volume, has in-
duced the Paris publishers to continue the publication, and
every effort will be made to have the volume for 1890 ou
in attractiveness and real art value even its exquisitely beau-
A Story of New York Society of To-Day. 1 vol., tiful predecessor. We shall continue as heretofore to be the
Sole Publishers of the English Text Edition, and Sole Agents
12mo, extra cloth, price $1.00.
for the United States for the sale of the French Text edition.
“ There has been no such picture of New York social Both editions will be printed, folded, and collated at the
life painted within the memory of this generation."
Paris establishment of Messrs. Goupil et Cie.'s successors.
“ The success of the season.”—New York Tribune.
Imperial 8vo, red silk cloth, with new “Pallette"
design . . . . .
. . . . . $18,00
“ The story is brilliant.”—New York Herald.
Imperial 8vo, red silk cloth, Holland Edition,
“ Read this book and see human nature."--Norris-
numbered . . . . . . . . . . 20.00
town Herald
HANS OF ICELAND.-Edition de Luxe.
“ The brightest, keenest short story of American life
that has appeared for a long time."--Buffalo Express.
This work, which ranks among the best of the author's
early writings, and is so esteemed in France, has singularly
enough been neglected in most “Works of Victor Hugo,"
published in this country. It has remained for us to properly
produce it in sumptuous form, exquisitely illustrated with
etchings, photogravures, and half-tone plates, from designs
by eminent French artists. Uniform with the Edition de
Luxe Notre Dame.
This edition is strictly limited to five hundred numbered
Translated from the French by R. H., with Preface
copies.
by Alexandre Piedagnal, and an Introduction by 1 vol., crown 8vo, half Roxburgh, gilt tops . . $5.00
Josephine Lazarus. 1 vol., dainty binding, price
75 cents.
URANIA.
This volume will prove of interest to the numerous This astronomical romance, by CAMILLE FLAMMARION,
readers of 6 Marie Bashkirtseff : The Journal of a
President of the Astronomical Society of France, copiously
illustrated by engravings made in Paris by Guillaume et Cie.,
Young Artist," which was the great success of last fall.
from drawings made by De Bieler, Gambard, and Myrbach,
will undoubtedly meet with unqualified success, as the pub-
lishers abroad were taxed to their utmost to supply the de-
mand.
1 vol., crown 8vo, cloth, full gilt . .... $3.50
1 vol., crown 8vo, half Roxburgh, gilt top and
By Mrs. H. M. STANLEY (Dorothy Tennant). Con-
covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50
taining a Collection of Pictures from Original
Drawings. With borders in tints. Crown 4to, ENGLISH POETRY AND POETS.
cloth gilt, price $2.50.
By SARAH WARNER BROOKS.
A collection of Characteristic Sketches of London Embracing History of English Poetry, Sketches of Lives of
Street Life. Mrs. Stanley relates some experiences of
Poets, Standard Critical Estimation of their Genius and
“Arab” life, and gives the mode adopted in making her
Writings, Selections from their Works, and Original Analyses
of their Poems. Highly commended by all literary critics.
sketches, and various anecdotes respecting her models.
1 vol., 12mo, blne vellum cloth, gilt tops . . . $2.00
tok Rend enig is brilliant
THE LOVE-LETTERS OF A
PORTUGUESE NUN.
LONDON STREET ARABS.
CASSELL PUBLISHING COMPANY,
104 & 106 Fourth Ave., New YORK.
ESTES & LAURIAT, PUBLISHERS,
BOSTON, MASS.


178
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
Little, Brown, & Company's New Books
ANOTHER FLOCK OF GIRLS.
By Nora PERRY, author of "The Youngest Miss Lorton,” “ A Flock of Girls and Their Friends," etc. With
illustrations by REGINALD B. Birch and CHARLES COPELAND. Small 4to, cloth gilt, $1.75.
Miss Perry's new volume of girls' stories includes “ May Bartlett's Stepmother," "Ju-Ju's Christmas Party," "A New
Year's Call," "Jenny's Lark,” and “Sally Green's Clambake Party.” It is likely to be as great a favorite with young people
as her earlier “Flock of Girls."
· "The announcement means to the young people and the mothers and fathers who fell in love with Miss Perry's 'Flock of
Girls,' that they are to make new friendships--happy book friendships with a circle of bright, natural, heart-winning girls."-
Boston Saturday Evening Gazette.
THE BLIND MUSICIAN.
Translated from the Russian of VLADIMIR KOROLENKO, by ALINE DELANO. With Introduction by GEORGE
KENNAN, and illustrations by EDMUND H. GARRETT. 16mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.25.
" This unique and exquisite little book is less a story than a wonderfully faithful and delicate study in psychology. Though
told in prose it is in essence a poem ; and its closeness to nature is as beautiful and rare as its fidelity to denied and shadowed
light. The volume is an édition de luxe, with dainty and charming bits of vignette illustration, and a perfection of finish which
gives a refined pleasure to the touch as well as to the eye.”—Boston Transcript.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ANTON RUBENSTEIN, 1829-1889.
Translated by ALINE DELANO. With photogravure Portrait. 16mo, cloth, gilt top. Price, $1.00.
Dictated by the famous musician in Russia last year, and now first translated.
HIGGINSON'S EPICTETUS.
The Discourses, Enchiridion, and Fragments of Epictetus. Translated by THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON,
New and Revised Edition, uniform with the new Library Edition of « The Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius
Antoninus.” 2 vols., 12mo, cloth, gilt top, $2.50.
This favorite edition of the works of Epictetus has long been out of print and eagerly sought for. Its present form, two
handy volumes with new and beautiful type, will commend it to lovers of choicely printed books. The text has been carefully
and thoroughly revised by Colonel Higginson.
A NEW DUMAS SERIES.
RECENTLY PUBLISHED.
THE MARIE ANTOINETTE ROMANCES.
WITH FIRE AND SWORD.
This remarkable series of novels comprises the following | An Historical Novel of Poland and Russia. By HENRIK
works by ALEXANDRE DUMAS, carefully edited, and now first
SIENKIEWICZ. Translated from the original by JER-
published in English, complete and unabridged, uniform with
the Library Editions of “The D'Artagnan Romances," and
EMIAH Curtin. Crown 8vo, cloth, $2.00.
other works by the famous writer, which have proved so suc “The only modern romance with which it can be compared
cessful during the past two seasons.
for fire, sprightliness, rapidity of action, swift changes and
THE MEMOIRS OF A PHYSICIAN. 3 vols., $4.50.
absorbing interest, is The Three Musketeers' of Dumas."-
New York Tribune.
THE QUEEN'S NECKLACE. 2 vols., $3.00.
ANGE PITOU. 2 vols., $3.00.
THE BEGUM'S DAUGHTER.
LA COMTESSE DE CHARNY. 4 vols., $6.00.
By Edwin L. BYNNER, author of “ Agnes Surriage."
CHEVALIER DE MAISON ROUGE. 1 vol., $1.50,
Illustrated. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
In all, 12 vols., 12mo, cloth extra, gilt top, with 12 histori-
cal portraits and plates, $18.00.
DRAMATIC OPINIONS.
Uniform with the “ Marie Antoinette Romances."
By Mrs. KENDAL. 16mo. Paper, 50 cents ; cloth,
gilt top, with portrait, $1.00.
MONTE CRISTO. 4 vols., 12mo, cloth, with 8 plates, $6.00.
THE D’ARTAGNAN ROMANCES (Period of Louis XIII. THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON
and Louis XIV.), comprising the “Three Musketeers," 2
HISTORY.-1660-178 3.
vols.; "Twenty Years After," 2 vols., and “Vicomte de
Bragelonne,” 6 vols. In all, 10 volumes, 12mo, cloth, with By Captain A. T. MAHAN, U. S. Navy. 8vo, cloth,
etched portrait of Dumas, and 10 historical portraits, $15.
$4.00.
THE VALOIS ROMANCES (Period of Charles IX. and
Henry III.) comprising " Marguerite de Valois," 2 vols.;
MYTHS AND FOLK-LORE OF IRELAND.
“La Dame de Monsereau," 2 vols.; and “The Forty-Five,".
By JEREMIAH Curtin. With Etched Frontispiece.
2 vols. In all, 6 vols., 12mo, cloth, with 6 historical por-
traits, $9.00.
Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $2.00.
LITTLE, BROWN, & CO., Publishers, 254 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.


1890.]
179
THE DIAL
“The Century" in 1891
THE recent remarkable serial successes of this magazine will be continued in
1 the new volume by “The Gold Hunters of California," written by surviv-
ors of the pioneers of '49 and earlier years, describing the gold discoveries, the
movement to California, etc., and by extracts from advance sheets of the famous
Talleyrand Memoirs, soon to be issued in book-form in Paris. For more than
balf a century tbese memoirs bave been secretly preserved.
Otber serial features include the narrative of an American in Tibet, a
remarkable journey through an almost unknown land, seven bundred miles of
wbicb was over ground never before travelled by a white man; papers on Lin-
coln's Personal Traits, by bis private secretaries; the Adventures of War-Pris-
oners; Experiences of Union and Confederate Soldiers during the Civil War;
Stories of Custer and other great Indian Fighters; Naval Battles of 1812;
American Newspapers described by noted journalists; articles on the Govern-
ment of Cities ; “ Present - Day Papers,” by Bishop Potter, Setb Low, and
others; “ The Court of the Czar Nicholas,” etc., etc. In fiction : “ The Faith
Doctor,” a novel by Edward Eggleston ; with novelettes and stories by Frank
R. Stockton, Joel Chandler Harris, and others. Brilliant art features, etc., etc.
THE NOVEMBER NUMBER,
Beginning the volume, contains opening chapters in several important serials, including the
Gold Hunters series (“ The First Emigrant Train to California,” by a Pioneer of '41), “An
American in Tibet,” and “ Colonel Carter of Cartersville," a delightful illustrated novelette
by F. Hopkinson Smith. Also, “ Life in the White House in the Time of Lincoln,” by Colonel
John Hay; " How London is Governed”; “On the Andersonville Circuit,” by an ex-Union
Prisoner ; two Complete Stories; “ The Printing of · The Century,'" by Theo. L. De Vinne,
etc., etc. Nearly one hundred Illustrations. Begin with November.
PRICE PER YEAR, $4.00. SINGLE NUMBERS, 35 CENTS.
THE CENTURY COMPANY, 33 East SEVENTEENTH ST., New York.


180
[Nov., 1890.
THE DIAL
Charles Scribner's Sons' New Books.
THE PACIFIC COAST SCENIC TOUR.
From Southern California to Alaska.—The Yosemite.—The Canadian Pacific Railway.—Yellowstone
Park and the Grand Cañon. By HENRY T. FINCK. With 20 full-page Illustrations. 8vo, $2.50.
Mr. Finck's new book is a patriotic demonstration of the superiority of American scenery. The description,
by so experienced a traveller and so vivacious a writer, of the character and accessibility of the natural grandeurs
of the Pacific Slope, is as entertaining as it is valuable. The picture is more comprehensive than any heretofore
attempted.
IN THE VALLEY. By HAROLD FREDERIC. With 1 A LITTLE BOOK OF WESTERN VERSE.
16 full-page Illustrations by Howard Pyle. 12mo, / A LITTLE BOOK OF PROFITABLE TALES.
$1.50.
“It is uncommonly well written, and the whole mise en
By EUGENE FIELD. Each 16.no, $1.25.
scène has verity and importance, for the valley of the Hudson, “These handsome volumes will enable the many who have
at the moment before the Revolution broke out, is new to ro long admired Mr. Field's work to possess some of the best ex-
mance and it is certainly picturesque."-W. D. Howells in amples of it. They are examples of a wit, humor, and pathos
Harper's Magazine.
quaint and rare," - New York Tribune.
FAMOUS WOMEN OF THE FRENCH COURT.
Translated from the French of IMBERT DE SAINT-AMAND by THOMAS SERGEANT PERRY. Each with
Portrait. 12mo, $1.25 per volume. The six volumes in a box, $7.50.
MARIE ANTOINETTE AND
THE WIFE OF
HAPPY DAYS OF
THE END OF THE OLD REGIME. THE FIRST CONSUL.
THE EMPRESS MARIE LOUISE.
THE COURT OF
MARIE LOUISE AND
CITIZENESS BONAPARTE,
THE EMPRESS JOSEPHINE. THE DECADENCE OF THE EMPIRE.
• M. de Saint-Amand writes an entertaining book. He has a picturesque and lively fancy and a fertile imag-
ination. His style is animated and pleasing, and his historical judgments are well taken.”—New York Times.
AGAINST HEAVY ODDS. A Tale of Norse Hero- | LITTLE SAINT ELIZABETH, AND OTHER STORIES,
ism. By HJALMAR HJORTH BOYESEN. With 13 By FRANCES Hodgson Burnett. With 12 full-page Illus-
trations by Reginald B. Birch. Square 8vo. Uniform with
full-page Illustrations by W. L. Taylor. 12mo, $1.00.
“Little Lord Fauntleroy."' $1.50.
"The scene, laid in a little fishing village, is attractive for “Delightful juvenile fiction, as full of charm for the older
its novelty and instructive for its customs. The story is brisk people as for the youngest. In this volume Mrs. Burnett's gifts
and inspiring."--Boston Journal.
are developed in their affluence.”- Boston Sat. Eve. Gazette.
READY IN NOVEMBER.
IN SCRIPTURE LANDS.—New Views of Sacred Places.
By EDWARD L. Wilson. With 150 Original Illustrations, engraved from photographs taken by the
author. Large 8vo, $3.50.
Contents: The Land of Goshen.-Sinai and the Wilderness. From Mount Sinai to Mount Seir.— A Visit
to Petra.--A Search for Kadesh.– Three Jewish Kings.—The South Country.--Round About Jerusalemn.-Where
was Calvary ?--Judea to Samaria.- Round About Galilee.-Nazareth, Old and New.-Sea of Galilee.-Lebanon
to Damascus.
The recent advances in Biblical topography, the perfection of photographic art and modern wood engraving,
combine to make of this a work unique in its interest and value.
HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES. Studies among | ELECTRICITY IN DAILY LIFE. A popular ac-
the Tenements of New York. Ry Jacob A. Riis. I count of the Science and Application of Electricity to
With 40 Illustrations from photographs taken by the Everyday Uses. With 120 Illustrations. 8vo, $3.50.
author. 8vo, $2.50.
IN THE FOOTPRINTS OF CHARLES LAMB. By
THE LIFE OF JOHN ERICSSON. By William BENJAMIN E. Martin. Illustrated by Herbert Rail-
C. CHURCH. With 50 Illustrations. 2 vols., 8vo, ton and John Fulleylove. With bibliography by E.
$6.00.
D. North. 8vo, $2.50.
SENT FREE TO ANY ADDRESS : Scribner's Illustrated List of Books for the Young, representing works by Mrs.
Burnett, Frank R. Stockton, Robert Louis Stevenson, Howard Pyle, Bayard Taylor, Jules Verne, G. A. Henty,
and other popular story-writers.
*** Sold by all Booksellers, or sent, postpaid, by the Publishers,
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743-745 BROADWAY, New YORK.


0V 7 1000
THE DIAL
Vol. XI. NOVEMBER, 1890. No. 127.
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CONTENTS.
A LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE.
Horatio N. Powers . . . . . . . . . . . 181
NOTABLE DISCUSSIONS OF RELIGION AND
PHILOSOPHY. John Bascom . . . . . . . 182
NEW BOOKS OF TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE.
Edward Gilpin Johnson ......... 185
THE NEW “INTERNATIONAL" WEBSTER.
Melville B. Anderson ..... ..... 189
THE CIVILIZATION OF THE RENAISSANCE.
Henrietta Schuyler Gardiner ........ 192
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .......... 193
Tiffany's Life of Dorothea Lynde Dix.-Morley's
English Writers, Volume V., Wiclif and Chaucer.-
Wilson's Life of Lord Clive.-Butler's Life of Sir
Charles Napier.-Newhall's Manual of the Trees of
Northeastern America. -- Woodberry's Studies in
Letters and Life.--Williams's Our Dictionaries, and
other English Language Topics.-Mead's Our Mother
Tongue.-Saint-Amand's Citizeness. Bonaparte.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH . ......... 196
========== = == ==== == =
stantly maintained its high standard of ex-
cellence. Not all the difficulties attending the
compilation were foreseen at the beginning ;
and yet, whatever their nature or degrees, they
have been met and overcome with a sure judg-
ment and a scholarship that may be called un-
erring. This Library is a work of solid and
sterling value. It contains—though in most in-
stances comparatively brief space is given to in-
dividual examples—the cream of our literature.
Considering the plan of the work, the place it
was intended to fill, and the manner in which it
has been executed, it is a masterpiece of ed-
itorial achievement, which, on the lines of its
inception and intention, has fully vindicated
its national value and importance.
The undertaking as a whole can only be
fairly judged and appreciated by a considera-
tion of the variety and quality of the material
from which it has been drawn, the method of
its handling, and the impartial spirit in which
its selections have been made. Covering so
wide a period and one so various in its char-
acteristics, embracing qualities of such divers
degrees of excellence, it has required the finest
discrimination, the sanest judgment, the most
unbiased estimate of literary values, to do full
justice, without prejudice and without partial-
ity, to the manifold topics presented. And
here the casual reader, without critical atten-
tion and a considerable acquaintance with Am-
erican literature, is liable to undervalue the
importance of the achievement, and to over-
look its inherent difficulties. Opinions and
tastes must of course differ. Here and there
one might wish that some favorite poet were
more liberally represented, that some other
chapter had been substituted for the one
chosen ; he might think it would have been
fairer, in some instances, had the space allotted
been differently disposed of,--that this par-
ticular name has received more prominence
than it deserved, and this other less. But
when everything has been candidly and dis-
passionately considered—the great object of
the undertaking, the variety of topics to be
treated, the grounds on which the selections
had to be made, with the many questions of
what was most characteristic of the period and
of most national interest-it may well excite
unfeigned surprise that a work of such high
superiority has been produced. We are not
A LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE.*
(Concluding Notice.)
NOTE.-The following article is the last literary
work of the Rev. Dr. H. N. Powers, whose recent death
was recorded in the October DIAL. He was engaged on
the article almost up to the time of his sudden death, a
portion of the final draft having been found on his study
table, together with unfinished sheets of the first draft,
from which the article has been completed.-EDR.]
THE DIAL has more than once expressed its
warm appreciation of the Library of American
Literature; and now, on the appearance of
the final volume, hearty congratulations are
due the accomplished editors for the success-
ful completion of their noble undertaking.
Concerning the general character of the work
our readers are already informed. Begun
seven years ago, it has somewhat outgrown its
original plan, while in its execution it has con-
* A LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE, from the Earli-
est Settlement to the Present Time. Compiled and edited
by Edmund Clarence Stedman and Ellen Mackay Hutchin-
son. In eleven volumes. New York: Charles L. Webster
& Co. (W. E. Dibble & Co., Chicago.)


182
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
unfamiliar with the principles on which the ing, amidst rather peculiar difficulties, that has
editors directed their studies and selected the distinguished the entire series. We have but a
material for this compendium ; and it is only single criticism to make: We cannot but think
just to acknowledge that they have more than that the omission of appropriate selections from
fulfilled their promises made in the beginning, the writings of the honored editors is an error
and have fully carried out their original that impairs the symmetry of the work. While
scheme, though with a more generous expend we may admire the modesty that imposed this
iture of time and trouble than was at first con restraint, we cannot but regret it. Mr. Sted-
templated. That the Library shows through man's writings are a part of American litera-
out a ripe judgment and an independent spirit, ture, and readers have a right to expect to
it is hardly necessary to affirm. The editors find examples of them in this Library. Some of
are singularly free from the bias that is gen Miss Hutchinson's fine poems also should have
erated by single studies and special proclivities. been included. Excepting this fault—which in
There is no evidence of narrow sympathies or one sense may be interpreted as a virtue—we
ungrounded predilections. Good taste and have nothing but praise for the execution of
catholic-mindedness characterize the work from the work, and congratulations for the editors
beginning to end. Moreover, it has no smack and publishers, and for the public as well, on its
of a series of books made to order, no indica successful completion.
tions of inconsiderate haste, or flavor of a finan-
HORATIO N. POWERS.
cial venture, or suggestions of an aim at tem-
poral popularity. It was compiled with a
serious and profound apprehension of the value | NOTABLE DISCUSSIONS OF RELIGION AND
of such a work to the general reader and to
PHILOSOPHY.*
the leaders and makers of public opinion, and
The first four books on our list are very un-
of the just claims of American Literature.
like in critical tendency, though all are devout
The Tenth and Eleventh volumes of this
in temper. The first of them, “ Jesus the Mes-
Library, which are devoted to our contempo-
siah,” shows in its very title that its purpose
raneous literature, will be examined with pe-
is to expound rather than to correct current
culiar interest. If we mistake not, many will
faith. It belongs to that very valuable class
be surprised at the riches of the latest decade
or so in the work of pure creative talent.
of works-of which we are now fortunately hav-
Though the Library was extended beyond its
ing so many—that aims to give a more com-
plete and correct picture of the life of Christ.
first intention of ten volumes, the enlargement
It is erudite and full of instruction, and will
was imperatively demanded for an adequate
give much assistance to the earnest and devout
treatment of the writers who had come to the
student of the Gospels. It will not satisfy the
front since the series was begun. To have
critical temper, as it makes little or no effort
omitted these young and promising authors
to meet it. It moves on the accepted plane
would have been manifestly unjust. The con-
of reverent orthodoxy, and is thus left undis-
cluding volume (XI.) contains also several
turbed by doubt in its treatment of facts. If
special features of interest and value. In ad-
a more critical spirit would sometimes lead to
dition to the regular selections completing the
survey of contemporaneous authorship, it gives
a deeper penetration into the very nature of
the facts, it would also lead to a hide-and-seek
numerous additional selections (1834 to 1889)
of the facts themselves, often very disturbing
which were overlooked in preparing the body
of the work ; also various poems which deserve * JESUS THE MESSIAH. By Alfred Edlersheim, M.A. Oxon.,
a permanent record and have some character-
D.D., Ph.D. New York: A. D. F. Randolph & Co.
istic value, Popular Epithets given to certain
THE NATURE AND METHOD OF REVELATION. By George
Park Fisher, D.D., LL.D. New York: Charles Scribner's
Americans, and Noted Sayings which natur Sons.
ally belong to such a compilation. A good Gop in Ilis WORLD. An Interpretation. New York: Ilar-
deal of studious care has been bestowed upon
per & Bros.
STUDIES IN HEGEL'S PulOSOPHY OF RELIGION. By J.
the General Index, where the many topics are Macbride Sterrett, D.D. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
most conveniently arranged, and which is a INTRODUCTION TO Puuilosophy. An Inquiry after a Ra-
marvel of convenience. The Short Biographies, tional System of Scientific Principles in their Relation to Ulti-
compiled by Mr. Arthur Stedman, are also an
mate Reality. By George Trumbull Ladd. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons.
important feature of this volume,—which BELIEF IN God. Its Origin, Nature, and Basis. By Jacob
shows throughout the same conscientious edit- | Gould Schurman, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.


1890.]
183
THE DIAL
to the believing mind. Criticism, especially in “But the religion itself is not defective, and, there-
those stages of it in which its conclusions are
| fore, is not perfectible. Christianity is not to be put
in the same category with the ethnic religions, which
uncertain and conflicting, is something which
contain an admixture of error and are capable of being
we should be as much at liberty to decline as infinitely improved. The religion of the Gospel is ab-
to accept. The book is content to illuminate solute.” (P. 21.)
the way of life which so many worshipful minds “The religion of the Gospel means vastly more to-
have followed and are following:
day than it was ever perceived to mean before. This
| enlarged meaning, however, is not annexed to it, or
“ The Nature and Method of Revelation”
carried into it, but legitimately educed from it, through
is critical, but critical for the most part along the ever-widening perceptions of Christian men whom
lines of defence. Dr. Fisher's liberal spirit the spirit of God illuminates." (P. 48.)
and scholarly acquirements enable him to do “That revealed religion is revealed, and is not the
excellent work in this direction. He soothes product of human genius, despite the gradual unfolding
and comforts disturbed and timid believers in
of that religion and the coherence of its parts, becomes
increasingly evident the more thoroughly its character-
their faith, and leads all who are in any degree
istics are appreciated.” (P. 50.)
awakened to the variety and urgency of the
attacks on accredited religious opinions to feel
Yet he does not hesitate to say of the Old Testa-
that there is no occasion for a stampede, that
ment:
the various issues and interests involved will
“ There was lacking a full perception of the moral
adjust themselves with no such wide change
ideal.” (P. 78.)
of base as many are predicting. The earlier por-
What can be meant by the perfection of a
tion of the volume was written for “ The Cen-
religion other than the perfection of the con-
tury Magazine,” with this very end of presenta-
ception of those who entertain it? What is a
tion and defence in view. It treats of the nature
revelation which after all is not revealed ?
of revelation and of the early footing of Chris-
We might as well speak of the perfection of
tianity. The later portion of the volume is
science on the ground of the inner coherence
made up of five essays, three on the Gospels
of facts, as of the completeness of faith because
and New Testament, two on the religious opin-
of the relations of truths not yet disclosed.
ions expressed by Matthew Arnold and Profes-
No man denies that truth will be coherent when
sor Huxley. The book, as a whole, is fitted to it is disclosed. Every truth in every system
sober criticism and to reduce the disintegration
stands linked with the entire body of dis-
which attends upon it—not to avoid it or dis coverable truth. In these days, however, when
parage it in itself. Such work is exceedingly progress with so many means a loss of foot-
serviceable in keeping quiet and trustful, yet
ing and a rapid slide into the abyss of un-
progressive, the more intelligent forms of faith.
belief, we censure no man because he braces
To those already in the stream of conflicting
as he walks.
opinions, the presentations of Dr. Fisher will
- God in His World” is a remarkable book.
often seem inadequate and unduly timid. He
Only here and there, scattered widely, do we
is slow in following out the conclusions plainly
meet with that elevated, transcendental, spir-
involved in his own premises. Many of his
itual type of mind disclosed in its pages. It
principles are of the most fundamental char-
is the product of profound and unhesitating
acter, and can hardly be allowed their full belief, yet of the freest and most unconven-
force without a profound modification-by no
tional order. The thought often seems to
means a subversion—of orthodox faith. The
border on mysticism, and to pass into wrapt
secret of all sober faith is expressed in the last
vision, but it always shows a mind unusually
sentence of his Introduction :
awake to the inherent force and manifold im-
“The reality and profound significance of personality
plications of spiritual life. Difficulties, seri-
in God and man is a truth which is alike essential in all ous to many, and over which they fall, are
sound philosophy and in all earnest views of human life mere pebbles in the path of the writer, deflect-
and duty."
ing his steps neither one way nor the other.
The spirit of his method is contained in this Though some may pronounce this bold and
statement:
unhesitating movement rhapsody, we think it
“ The fundamental reality is not the Bible, it is the the result of ready and real insight. To those
Kingdom of God. This is not a notion. Rather is it a who have any of the same free and assured
real historical fact, the grandest of all facts.” (P. 15.) faith, the book will be very stimulating.
An example of hesitancy in pursuing his own Plodding minds may as well let it alone. For
thought is seen in these assertions :
ourselves, we prefer a treatment more closely


184
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
knit, and, in the higher sense of the word,
more logical. The author is a man of wide
reading, but of a very solitary habit of thought.
Customs, in their conventional hold, are hardly
recognizable by him. The volume is divided into
three books, entitled “ From the Beginning,"
“ The Incarnation,” “ The Divine Human Fel-
lowship.” The comprehensive purpose is to
declare the conditions of spiritual life widely
sown in this our spiritual universe. There is
as much difference between a piece of empiri-
cism in philosophy and this book, as between
a fish and a bird. Among birds, it has the
eagle's strength. It is pervaded by a very
subtile, delicate, and active poetic sense.
“ Studies in Hegel's Philosophy of Religion "
we have found quite as interesting as any one
of the works already spoken of. It is readable
and intelligible in itself, and so in a high de-
gree for a book that treats of Hegel. It is
not simply devout, but profoundly penetrated
by a free, critical, coherent religious temper.
“ The intellectual comprehension of the thought and
reality of the unfolded universe-the manifestations of
God as Subject, rather than of substance,--this is the
* vision splendid ' of that philosophy which is thoroughly
and essentially theological." (P. 131.)
« In fact, his whole Logic which contains his system
or method in pure scientific form, seems to me to be
but his explication of the nature and activities of God,
immanent in the actuality and order of the world, and
transcendent as its efficient and final Cause. . . .
It is God, the Category of all categories--the Subject
of all absolute predicates." (P. 16.)
“Egoism, individualism, is seen to be morbid selfish-
ness and self-destruction. We are bound, on a voyage
of discovery, to find ourselves in everything foreign.
All things are ours.” (P. 71.)
The author's estimate of current belief and
unbelief is that-
“Much of modern skepticism is simply the inher-
ently just and necessary demand of the human spirit to
know the source and ground of such asserted infallibility
for Bible and Church and Reason. It is more than
willing to yield to rational anthority. But it will not
and it ought not to yield the blind obedience demanded
to any authority.” (P. 99.)
“Modern skepticism is very serious, and earnest, and
wistful. Much of it needs but the true presentation of
Christianity, as the life and light of the world, as the
Divine love seeking and saving and civilizing and per-
fecting men--the most Divine, because the most human
power on earth,-to joyfully accept and enter the social
state in which the spirit of Christ reigns.” (P. 102.)
The author belongs to the right wing in his
rendering of Hegel.
“ Indeed, any interpretation of Hegel which at-
tributes to him the denial of personality and freedom
to either God or man, is not worth the paper it is written
on." (P. 133.)
“ The physical universe is not all in the eye of the
beholder, but is a real object of intelligence. Man is
not identical with nature, nor God with man. But the
reality which each possesses is that which, in spite of
differences and distinctions, is of the same kith and kin
in all. The resolute maintenance of this is a distin-
guishing mark of what we may term both English and
American Hegelians. The personality of God and
man, and the objective reality of the world, are stren-
uously maintained by them all.” (P. 191.)
So definite is this assertion of distinct real-
ities, that the chief difficulty we should find
with it is that it leaves no sufficient ground for
that peculiar and ultimate philosophy which
we have associated with Hegel—the universe
as the unfolding of a rational process. Hegel
becomes rather a realist. A rational evolu-
tion can hardly be put back of and under real
personality, since such a process is itself a
product of personality, if we give personality
the ordinary force of the word. Is it not the
real difficulty of Hegelianism, that, while it in-
volves some wonderfully penetrative pregnant
and regnant ideas, it associates them with an
impossible simplicity of philosophy, a verbal
unity which finds no counterpart in experience ?
Hegel's philosophy thus becomes capable of
readings widely apart from each other, accord-
ing as its central idea is boldly asserted and
fearlessly developed, or as the comprehensive
principles associated with it are unfolded in a
more guarded way. The philosophy is weak
in its central connection. “ The necessary
dialectic of the idea ” lacks cohesive propell-
ing power as the unfolding force in all events.
Some of the earlier chapters, as that on “ The
Vital Idea of Religion,” we have found espec-
ially stimulating.
We have never experienced quite the pleasure
in the perusal of the works of Professor Ladd
which we have anticipated. He is liberal, able,
and full of knowledge, and yet he only par-
tially succeeds in presenting his topic. His
sentences are not a few swift wheels under a
car, but many rollers, without much motion,
under a building just forsaking its old founda-
tions. His erudition as often disturbs as aids
his thoughts. His style, somewhat technical,
demands constant attention, and one soon
wearies of the movement, as too slow, too de-
ficult, with too little reward. Thus, in the vol-
ume before us, the first chapter, of twenty-
seven pages, is devoted to a definition of Phil-
osophy. It is chiefly historical—not so directly
and exclusively so as to be judged on this
ground alone, and yet too much so for inter-
esting and independent discussion. The title of


1890.]
185
THE DIAL
the book does not very obviously express its NEW BOOKS OF TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE.*
purpose and character. It is rather a general
A complete series of travellers' tales from
survey of philosophy by one who has given it
pre-Homeric times to our own would perhaps
extended study than a preparation for such
study. It involves a scheme of philosophy and
present no bad parallel to the series of books
read and enjoyed by most individuals from
a determination of the chief dependencies of
childhood to middle age. In both sets would
philosophy on other forms of knowledge. One
will, therefore, hardly be interested in the
| be found a gradual tempering and final elim-
ination of the marvellous. The early European
work, or able fully to apprehend it, without
much previous knowledge. The subjects con-
was, in respect of the unexplored world, a
credulous child beyond whose visible horizon
sidered, put in a condensed way, are the na-
ture, sources, and relations of philosophy ; its
lay a region of delightful possibilities for the
divisions, supported by a discussion of each
adventurous, teeming with the true material
for story-teller and poet, a land of enchant-
division ; and schools of philosophy. Professor
Ladd inclines toward intuitionalism, well sus-
ment thronged with creatures like those dream-
born shapes that hover about the pillow of
tained, however, by the results of empirical in-
childhood. The men to whom Homer sang
quiry. He thus adopts, if we may judge, the
dreamed waking; they held the traveller in
safest, most penetrative, and most progressive
form of thought. With this stream, all other
awe as one who had looked upon strange things
streams from the right and left may readily
-Gorgons, and IIydras, and Chimeras dire”;
or reverenced him as one blessed, perhaps,
unite.
with a glimpse of foam-born Aphrodite, or of
Professor Schurman has achieved, in a brief
silver-footed Thetis stealing like a mist over
period, manifest success in his educational
the sea. These artless creeds of humanity's
work. The present volume, on “ Belief in
childhood are long outworn ; anticipation has
God," was the result of an invitation to give
become but inverted recollection ; and, now-
the Winkley Lectures at Andover Theological
adays, the Ancient Mariner who holds us (with
Seminary. The discussion of the topic chosen
his glittering eye” has a comparatively trite
is exceedingly well managed in the order and
and commonplace tale to tell. The voyage of
method of presentation. The existence of
God as immanent spirit is sustained as an ex * THE PACIFIC COAST SCENIC TOUR: From Southern Cal-
planatory hypothesis by the inner, constructive
ifornia to Alaska. By Henry T. Finck. Illustrated. New
York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
order of the universe, by the current movement
RAMBLES IN THE BLACK FOREST. By Henry W. Wolff.
which issues in definite purposes, and by the New York: Longmans, Green & Co.
relation of the Infinite spirit, so assumed, to A RUSSIAN JOURNEY. By Edna Dean Proctor. Revised
the spirit of man. The argument is made to
Edition, with Prelude. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton,
Mithin & Co.
rest firmly on both supports—the physical and EUROPEAN DAYS AND Ways. By Alfred E. Lee. Illus-
the moral world. The lower facts are shown to trated. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Company.
require the interpretation of the higher ones,
THE Round Trip from the Hub to the Golden Gate. By
Susie G. Clark. Boston: Lee & Shepard.
and the higher ones are given the firm footing
AN EASTERN TOUR AT HOME. By Joel Cook. Phila-
of the lower ones. This presentation is made
delphia : David McKay.
in the last three lectures, and the way is pre THE PINE TREE Coast. By Samuel Adams Drake. Il-
pared for it by a lecture on agnosticism, by lustrated. Boston: Estes & Lauriat.
one on the logical basis and force of the argu-
FAR-WEST SKETCHES. By Jessie Benton Frémont. Bos-
ton: D. Lothrop Company.
ment, and by one on the historic growth of
THROUGH ABYSSINIA: An Envoy's Ride to the King of
the conception of God. I have rarely met | Zion. By F. Harrison Smith, R.N. Illustrated. New York:
with a book whose general results seem so satis A. C. Armstrong & Son.
factory, so to unite empirical inquiry and ra-
Mungo PARK AND THE NIGER. By Joseph Thompson.
Illustrated. “Great Explorers and Explorations." New
tional exposition. It goes far to indicate and
York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
promise a general movement of thought in con-
MEMOIRS OF THE MILITARY CAREER OF JOHN SHIPP,
verging lines toward one centre. The first | late Lieutenant in His Majesty's 87th Regiment. Written by
himself. With an Introduction by H. Manners Chichester.
lecture hardly does justice to the remaining
Illustrated. “Adventure Series." New York: Macmillan
lectures. The style of Professor Schurman, & Co.
though not technical, is slightly touched with THE ADVENTURES OF THOMAS PELlow, of Penryn,
Mariner: Three-and-Twenty Years in Captivity among the
technicality — disadvantageously, as it seems
Moors. Written by Ilimself, and Edited, with an Introduc-
to us.
tion, by Dr. Robert Brown, Illustrated. “Adventure Se-
JOHN BASCOM. I ries. New York: Macmillan & Co.


186
[Nov.,
TIIE DIAL
Odysseus in his hollow ship is, when viewed in tastically shaped than anywhere else in the world, is
the calm spirit of modern criticism, a trifling
mirrored below. The earth no longer seems a hemi-
affair compared with recent performances; and
sphere, but a perfect symmetrical globe with the spec-
tator in the centre, floating on the invisible water like
erratic elderly gentlemen and journalistic a disembodied spirit.”
young ladies of our day excite no great com-
Our author has not confined his observations
ment—not half so much, we should say, as
they would like—by girdling the globe in a
to the natural features of the Coast, but gives
minute fraction of the time spent by the crafty
his impressions of the towns and cities as well.
We advise those of our readers who cannot see
Ithacan in crossing the Egean. The prime
the glories of this wonderful Pacific Coast
quality required of writers of “ Travels ” in
region through their own eyes, to see them
ancient times seems to have been invention-
through Mr. Finck's—which are certainly a
a requirement which placed them upon a most
good deal better than the most of us can boast
respectable literary footing, for, if we may be-
lieve Mr. Pope, “ It is the invention that, in
of. The illustrations are an attractive fea-
ture of the volume, and are of quite unusual
different degrees, distinguishes all great gen-
merit.
iuses.” But the traveller has long been de-
prived of his traditional weapon, the long bow;
In the Introduction to his charming book,
though, if one may judge from the goodly pile
“ Rambles in the Black Forest,” Mr. W. H.
of - Books of Travel and Adventure” now be-
Wolff takes his fellow Englishmen to task for
fore us, his popularity has not been greatly
neglecting, in their summer tours, the pictur-
lessened thereby.
esque spot he describes, and migrating con-
The freshness, literary merit, and compact
ventionally to “ those recognized Alpine pas-
thoroughness of Mr. Henry T. Finck's “Pa-
tures to which accepted bell-wethers still lead
cific Coast Scenic Tour" entitle it, we think,
them.” The Black Forest region he pictures as
to the first place on our list. In this volume
a land of giant firs and of shaggy hills studded
the author aims to give a general and impar-
with jutting crags of granite and porphyry,
tial view of the whole Pacific Coast from San
threaded by a profusion of limpid winding
Diego to Sitka, including the hitherto compar-
streams, interspersed with bright meadows,
atively neglected states of Oregon and Wash-
trim gardens, and picturesque villages—the
ington. A great many books have been writ-
home of a gayly-clad, kindly-mannered folk
ten about this region, and there has been a
who have not yet learned to regard the Herr
vast expenditure of superlatives and exclama-
Engländer as an affluent Ishmaelite to be
tion points in the endeavor to fitly exhibit its
smitten, pecuniarily, hip and thigh ; in short,
scenic features — to which it is undoubtedly
the Forest is an Eden where nature-loving
difficult to do justice. This volume of Mr.
Englishmen may roam for weeks in blissful
Finck's seems to us to surpass easily the best
forgetfulness of Pears' Soap, Beecham's Pills,
of its predecessors in the amount and quality
the Monkey Brand, and the “ euphony of Cock-
of the information it supplies, and in the char-
ney accents.” Qur author's reflections upon the
acter of its descriptions, some of which fairly
desirability of straying occasionally from the
approach in graphic force the effects attaina-
beaten paths of European travel are, in the
ble through the medium of color and canvas.
main, just enough ; and we commend his book
The sunny beauties of Southern California,
to the next outgoing batch of American tour-
and the sublime features of the region to the
ists—especially of that class of them whose
north — Lake Tahoe, Mount Shasta, the Co-
esoteric pleasures are dulled by the fact that
lumbia River, the Snow Peaks of Washington,
“everybody travels nowadays,” and who are
the giant glaciers of Alaska, the Yellowstone,
wont to greet their countrymen abroad with a
the Grand Cañon of the Arkansas, " absolutely
Gorgon-stare that says plainly enough, “ What
unique and without a rival anywhere,” — are
the deuce are you doing here?” Mr. Wolff
pictured with a taste and discrimination that
has made a special study of the various dis-
will appeal to the cultured reader. The vol-
tricts of the Black Forest, and of the customs
ume teems with quotable matter, but we must
and industries of its inhabitants ; and his
confine ourselves to a few lines descriptive of
work, besides being packed with information,
Lake Tahoe:
possesses literary qualities that lift it out of
the usual class of “ books of travel.”
“ Here are not only mountain peaks and pine-wooded
shores reflected in the water, but the whole sky, with A new and enlarged edition of Edna Dean
its sunset clouds, more brilliantly colored and more fan- | Proctor's “A Russian Journey” is welcome,


1890.)
187
TIIE DIAL
as the work is already favorably known to The title of Mr. Joel Cook's book, “ An
many readers. The book is one that the re Eastern Tour," leads one to put the author
viewer can extol cheerfully and with a good down as an Oriental traveller; and imagination
conscience, feeling that his judgment is not at once pictures him sitting cross-legged upon
likely to be questioned. “A Russian Journey”. a carpet, putting a hookah, quaffing snow-
commends itself no less by its refined literary cooled sherbet or wine of Shiraz, and trying
style than by the truth and vigor of its descrip- to make his harem-owning entertainer believe
tions—descriptions whose accuracy is not, we he is enjoying himself. A glance at the in-
should say, impaired by the warm glow of terior of the volume, however, shows that the
sympathy and poetic feeling with which they extreme point of the “ Orient” reached by
are tinged. The work is not, of course, put Mr. Cook was Eastport, Maine. His book is,
forth as an authoritative treatise on Russian in fact, a series of articles, which are reprinted
polity and ethnology. The author makes no from the Philadelphia “ Public Ledger," min-
pretence to having penetrated deeply into the | utely descriptive of various points of interest
life of the people, and touches only casually in the Eastern States. The fund of informa-
upon the graver topics discussed by Mr. Ken- tion-historical, traditional, and anecdotal, -
nan and other recent travellers. The journey embodied in these papers is really surprising ;
of which the volume is a record was made and it is imparted in an agreeable way.
some twenty years ago. The author visited | Mr. Samuel Adams Drake's - The Pine
St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, and inter- Tree Coast” is a handsome volume illustrative
mediate points, and then turned southward of the coast of Maine, from Kittery to East-
into the Cossack country and the Crimea, port-a stretch of twenty-four hundred miles.
noting intelligently the general outward feat- The amount and variety of information, local
ures of town and country, and the peculiarities and personal, collected here, implies an ap-
of the people of the different districts. The | palling development of the collector's bump of
volume is acceptably illustrated, and is en- inquisitiveness; and we caution people who
closed in a decorative cover emblematic of the have a hole in their coats to “tent it” before
country visited.
Mr. Drake comes “ amang” them with his
In his “ European Days and Ways,” Mr. note-book. Every nook and corner of the
Alfred E. Lee discourses pleasantly and in- | Maine coast seems to have been explored and
telligently of the “sights” and social features its special tradition and gossip ferreted out.
of Germany, Holland, Austria, Italy, and | The value of the work is enhanced by 379 il-
Spain ; and as his observations are the result lustrations—a muumber of them full-page photo-
of an extended residence abroad, they are etchings.
well worth the attention of the prospective' We have read with considerable pleasure a
tourists. Mr. Lee devotes a portion of his little volume of “ Far-West Sketches " by
book to the consideration of political questions, Mrs. Jessie Benton Frémont. Mrs. Frémont
two chapters being given to an account of the has alrawn her material from certain early ex-
evolution of the German Empire. The volume periences in California—some of them were
is a handsome one, and deserves fuller treat Californian enough, in all conscience. The
ment than can be accorded it here. The illus author writes gracefully and unconventionally,
trations are numerous and good.
| and her descriptive powers are exemplified by
Susie G. Clark's booklet narrating the in- | two or three character sketches worthy of the
cidents of her - Round Trip from the Hub topencil of Bret Harte himself. Indeed, we
the Golden Gate ” seems to us better worth think we are pretty safe in saying that Mrs.
reading than some more pretentious works of Fremont's people resemble their Californian
its kind that we could mention. Besides pos-prototypes more closely than Mr. Harte's
sessing a very good style, the author takes | charming but rather melodramatic worthies
serious account of what she sees, and credits resemble theirs.
her readers with a rational desire for informa- In his - Through Abyssinia,” Mr. F. Har-
tion; hence her descriptions are not belittled rison Smith gives a lively and rather instruct-
with that phase of “ American humor” which ive account of a peculiar mission on which he
takes the form of treating respectable things was sent in 1885. In 1883, a treaty was en-
with Alippant irreverence. The California tered into by Great Britain and Abyssinia by
notes are fresh and informing, a chapter on which the latter power bound itself to allow
the Lick Observatory being especially good. I the release of the Egyptian garrisons of cer-


188
[Nov.,
TIIE DIAL
such maled. It wa. his son, a as presentarrison
tain places within its territory. King John swept like the Simoon over Roman Africa,
of Abyssinia having, in 1885, unexpectedly overhelming its decaying Paganism and cor-
falsified the old saying about the faith of rupting wrangling Christianity alike in their
princes, by fulfilling his side of the bargain, it course, and turned finally to the North and
was agreed by the British Government that South in quest of new fields to conquer for
such phenomenal honesty should not go un God and His prophet. The wide Sahara, im-
rewarded. It was accordingly decided to pre passable to Carthaginian and Roman, formed
sent King John, his son, and his chief gen no obstacle to the desert-born race; and within
eral, with swords of honor as presents from less than a century after the commencement
Her Majesty the Queen, and Mr. F. Harrison of the Mohammedan era the Arabs had carried
Smith was selected as envoy. The story of the crescent to the banks of the Niger, and es-
his journey is an interesting one and is well tablished their schools and mosques in the
told.
negro kingdoms to the west of Timbuktu. The
The latest volume in the “ Great Explorers negro tribes, formerly warring and disunited,
and Explorations " series is a timely one. It were combined, for a time, under the spell of
is a well-written account, by Mr. Joseph Arabic religion and Arabic civilization, into
Thompson, of the Scotch traveller Mungo an empire headed by a powerful king. A
Park, and his two expeditions (1794-1805) flourishing trade grew up with their neighbors
into the Soudan. Interest in the work of to the north of the desert, and caravans of
African exploration has been particularly Egypt, Tripoli, and Morocco, met at Walata
strong of late; and without some knowledge and Timbuktu to barter the products of Moor-
of what has been done in this field in times ish art and handicraft for the gold-dust, slaves,
past one can but imperfectly comprehend the and ivory of the Soudanese. Thus was formed,
results of present activity. The chief object in the heart of Africa, the Empire of Prester
of Mungo Park's expeditions was to ascertain John-a mystic realm whose fabulous wealth
the origin, course, and termination of the Niger. proved a loadstone to adventurous English-
To find the first allusion to this once mysteri men of later times. To them, as to the Por-
ous stream-believed by the ancients to be the tuguese somewhat earlier, Timbuktu and the
Nile itself—we must go back to the dawn of Niger were words to conjure with. The Niger
history. Phænicia, Greece, Carthage, and they pictured as a new Pactolus whose sands
Rome, each had its bold navigators and travel were gold-dust; while Timbuktu floated in
lers ; and even in those early days—twenty or their imaginations as an Aladdin-city, gold-
more centuries ago— Africa was the goal of paved and gold-roofed, crowned with jewelled
adventurous spirits who sought, by penetrat domes and minarets, a resort of caravans laden
ing into unknown wilds, to win the renown with the wealth of the Orient. It was thought
due to deeds of high emprise. In the pages that the Senegal and the Gambia were the
of Herodotus, Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolemy, we mouths of the Niger, and that to ascend either
find allusions to the fertile negro-land to the would be to reach the kingdom and partake of
south of the desert zone, and of the mighty the wealth of Prester John. Science and
river running through it; and from the mass geographical reseach have robbed the world of
of fable and of Arabian Night marvels, with many a pleasing illusion. Keats lamented
which these ancient tales of “far Cathay ” are that the beauty of the rainbow had departed
clouded, we can extract the central fact that with its mystery ; and Timbuktu and the Niger
many centuries before the Christian era the have shared the fate of the Homeric lands.
Central or Western Soudan of our day was The latter part of the eighteenth century marks
reached and partially explored. For many the commencement of the modern period of
centuries little was added to the knowledge African exploration—the period of disinter-
gained by the early classical writers. The ested scientific research ; and to the African
power of Carthage yielded to that of Rome; Association belongs the honor of inaugurating
the African Empire was established, but the it. It was under the auspices of this society
advancing tide of Roman aggression was stayed that Mungo Park made his first expedition to
to the southward by the natural barrier of the Niger. The publishers are happy in their
Sahara, and the great desert remained un selection of Mr. Joseph Thompson as the
crossed. In the seventh century a new power author of the present work. He tells the
rose in the East, and the missionaries of Islan, dramatic story of Park's career with clearness
luursting the boundaries of their native country, and force, dwelling sympathetically upon the


1890.7
189
TIIE DIAL
great explorer's matchless courage and tenacity captivity, Pellow suffered every manner of in-
of purpose, yet not glossing over the fact that dignity and hardship; but later, having ab-
in point of executive ability and foresight he | jured Christianity and “turned Moor,” he
was fatally deficient. The volume is supplied fared better, and entered the Moorish army,
with a number of fairly good maps and illus serving under Muley Ismail, Muley Abdal-
trations.
malek, and Muley Abdallah, and was an eye-
The third volume in Messrs. Macmillan's witness of most of the sanguinary episodes of
“ Adventure Series " recounts - The Military their reigns. Pellow's account of his twenty-
Career of John Shipp,” a British soldier who three year's captivity and final escape is very
by dint of personal merit twice won a commis interesting, and presents a reasonably accurate
sion from the ranks before he was thirty years picture of Moorish manners at that period.
old-an achievement pronounced by his editor, | The volume is illustrated, and the editor, Dr.
H. Manners Chichester, unique in the annals Robert Brown, has prefaced it with an in-
of the British army. Shipp saw plenty of aet structive account of the origin, growth, and
ive service under Lord Lake in India (1804– suppression of Barbary piracy.
1821), and his narrative presents an excellent
EDWARD GILPIN JOHNSON.
picture of the everyday life of the English
soldier at that period. The style of the mem-
oir is surprisingly good, considering the writ-
THE NEW “INTERNATIONAL" WEBSTER.*
er's limited educational opportunities. A num-
ber of quaint cuts are furnished, one of them Before me stand two of the biggest books in
representing Shipp himself pointing an unser- the world: Webster's “American Dictionary,”
viceable-looking sabre at a fortress which he bearing the date 1887, and Webster's “ Inter-
seems to be storming single-handled.
national Dictionary” of the year 1890. The
Another volume in the same series, “ The main body of the former is the edition of 1864,
Adventures of Thomas Pellow,” takes us back typographically unchanged; the editions of
to the days of the Barbary corsairs, when the | 1879 and 1884 are swollen by supplements of
merchant vessels of Christendom, coursing one kind and another, but beyond this they
between the Pillars of Hercules, ran a grue. were in no sense revised. The appendix of
some risk of being overhauled by the fleet of 1879, containing a large number of new words
Morocco (ruisers and towed as prize into the and definitions, though welcome to many, was
dens of Moslem piracy infesting the African probably of little utility to the great mass of
coast. Happily, these nests of infamy have those who have had occasion to consult this
long since fallen into decay, or been pounded popular oracle. To pause in the midst of an
into submission by the cannon of the Naza- | interesting story or essay or article to look up
renes. In the year 1715, Thomas Pellow, a word is undoubtedly a praiseworthy act in-
then eleven years of age, set sail on a voyage volving the exercise of no small amount of
from Falmouth to Genoa. When off Cape energy. Praiseworthy as this act may be, the
Finisterre, the vessel was surprised and cap solitary reader can look for no other praise
tured by two Sallee rovers, and Pellow, with than that of his own literary conscience, and
his companions, was conveyed into the interior the voice of the literary conscience is too often
to become the slave of the Emperor Muley Is very still and small. When the reader has
mail. His situation may be inferred from roused himself to consult the dictionary and
the picture he draws of his master: “ He was has failed to find what he wants in the body of
of so fickle and cruel a nature that none could the work, the literary conscience is rarely des-
be even for one hour secure of life.” This ty potic enough to impel him to plunge into a
rant kept several dextrous executioners at his maze of appendixes, whence he is too likely to
elbow, to whom his sanguinary orders were emerge uninformed and discouraged. There
conveyed by signs— " as, for instance, when he are a thousand ways of appeasing conscience
would have any person's head cut off, by draw in such a case. The attention may be dis-
ing or shrinking his own as close as he could
*WEBSTER'S INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH
to his shoulders, and then with a very quick
LANGUAGE. Being the Authentic Edition of Webster's Un-
or sudden motion extending it; and when he | abridged Dictionary, Comprising the Issues of 1864, 1879, and
1884, now thoroughly Revised and Enlarged under the Super-
would have any one strangled, by the quick
vision of Noah Porter, 1).D., LL.D., of Yale University.
turn of his arm-wrist, his eyes being fixed on With a Voluminous Appendix. Springfield, Mass.: G. & C.
the victims.” During the early part of his | Merriam & Co.


190
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
tracted from the author's train of thought; the before the first copy was printed, more than three hun-
hour for reading may slip by; the quest for
dred thousand dollars was expended in editing, illustrat-
the word may prove bootless; and if we read
ing, type-setting, and electrotyping.”
on, the meaning may dawn upon us, or the There is no reason to doubt these statements.
writer may explain it himself. Nothing short | Careful and detailed examination of many dif-
of a dispute about the meaning of a word | ferent parts of the book has convinced me that
would ever arouse an unprofessional or un | it is entirely re-written from cover to cover.
scholarly reader to such a heroic expenditure Of course much of the old material, represent-
of patience and fortitude as is involved in ing the stable portion of our word-lore, remains;
running down a shale of meaning in two or but this old matter has been everywhere re-
three different parts of this vast work, when moulded, condensed, and blended with new.
the odds are perhaps against his finding it | How skilfully this has been done could only
at all.
be shown by parallel quotations for which THE
This is by no means the sole reason why a Dial has no room. Let anyone take, for ex-
revision of Webster was called for. It seems ample, the word nice, and compare its treat-
not improbable that the past quarter-century ment in the “ Unabridged” and in the “ Inter-
has added a larger number of words to the national.” Ile will find that the eight heads
English language than any preceding century | under which the meanings were grouped have
since Norman French finally became blended | been reduced to seven, that these heads have
with Old English to form the language of been entirely rearranged so that the last is first
Wiclif and Chaucer. The thousands of words and the first last, that the etymology is treated
and meanings which the progress of modern more instructively in half the space, and that
society, with its retinue of arts and inventions the synonymy is reduced, to the great relief of
and sciences, has added to our tongue since the reader, from seventeen lines to three. This
the Civil War, were but crudely and partially system of condensation has been carried out
registered in the Supplement of 1879. Had consistently throughout the work, so that very
the material forming that Supplement been much more information is given within the
merged in the body of the work, the dictionary same space. Probably no one who has been
would still have remained very imperfect. The | accustomed to use the old dictionary, and has
wider resources and the exacter methods of not compared it with the new, can imagine how
philological investigation had shown the inad- | large an amount of matter the older work con-
equacy of much of the etymological part, and tained which we can dispense with and never
yet this was probably the most scientific part | miss it.
of the entire work. The unscientific method | By means of these arts of condensation and
employed in the definitions of words was far | judicious omission, the work has been kept
more painfully evident. The book swarmed within the bounds of a single volume. The two
with grotesque, inaccurate, and useless cuts ; | books, as they stand side by side, show no
and the typography, if never quite illegible, great disparity. The “ International "is a half-
was coming to be, in places, a severe trial to the inch taller than the “ Unabridged," and a trifle
eye.
stouter. But no physiognomist could divine,
Recognizing these and other facts, the pub from the difference in outward configuration
lishers undertook, some ten years ago, the prep- and bulk, the immense disparity within. The
aration of a dictionary which should answer to edition of 1887 contains 2012 pages; the pres-
the present popular need. The result is before ent edition contains 2118 somewhat larger
us. In the words of the editor-in-chief,—“ The pages. My scrutiny of the work inclines me
revision now given to the public is the fruit of to believe that every page of the revised work
over ten years of labor by a large editorial contains incomparably more information than
staff, in which publishers and editors have the corresponding page of the earlier work,
spared neither expense nor pains to produce and that this information is more scientifically
a comprehensive, accurate, and symmetrical arranged, more perspicuously worded, and far
work.” The publishers make the following freer from intermixture of irrelevant, errone-
extraordinary statements:
ous, or trivial matter.
“ The staff of paid editorial laborers has numbered I have but little space left for more specific
not less than one hundred persons. Besides these, a large
statements and illustrations. I have mentioned
number of interested scholars have freely contributed in
important ways to its completeness and value. Within the rearrangement of the definitions under the
the ten years that the work has been in progress, and word nice. This is simply one illustration out


1890.]
191
THE DIAL
of thousands. The principle of this rearrange | ber of additional “ noted names.” Of course
ment is to exhibit the historic filiation of the this changes the entire character of this “ dic-
various significations which a word may bear. tionary”; and the change is, I think, in the
The reader is enable to think back with the interest of the greatest number of those who
universal mind across centuries and millenaries, | may have occasion to look up such “noted
and to trace the subtle associations of thought names." Under the letter N, for example,
by which words have leaped from one meaning there are here forty-seven articles ; in the orig-
to another. So also, in the etymologies, he is inal there are but thirty-five. Of the thirty-
enabled to follow the metamorphoses which five, three have been omitted ; so that in all,
words have undergone as to their outward form. fifteen new articles have been added. This
The etymologies are rendered more perspicu- work has been executed judiciously and accu-
ous by being purged of the superfluous citations rately.
made by Dr. Mahn of parallel forms in the | The other well-known supplements of the
various modern languages. Those forms only later editions of Webster have been retained
are here cited which are in the direct line of and improved. Even the list of words and
descent, or which throw some useful light upon phrases from foreign languages has been care-
the laws by which that descent has been de- fully revised. In view of the great popularity
termined. The etymologies are further vastly of the study of the German language and of
improved by the citation of cognate forms and the frequent Germanisms used by such widely-
congeners, which would otherwise be over-read authors as Carlyle and one or two others,
looked. This is an entirely new feature, and a one looks for a great increase in the number
most useful one. Thus, under induce, refer- of words and phrases quoted from the German.
ence is made to duke and induct; under scheine, I may have overlooked some, but in the edition
to epoch, hectic, and school ; under science, to of 1884 I find but one: ich dien. In the pres-
conscience, conscious, and nice.
ent edition I find four more: auf wiedersehen,
As might be expected, there is a marked im- | Ewigkeit, Sturm und Drang, Zeitgeist. One
provement in the treatment of certain classes looks in vain for epochemachend, tonange-
of words which are just now enormously in bend, and others; nor is the word epoch-making
vogue,—such as science, Renaissance, society to be found among the English words,—though
and its congeners social, socialism, etc., induc it is very properly included in the Century
tion, electric, magnet and its derivatives, devel Dictionary. Another unaccountable omission
opment, hypnotism. The words Darwinism, is that of the Latin word redivivus, which is far
solidary, and mugwump, may serve as samples | more frequently used in English than most of
of as many classes of new words not found in the Latin words in this list.
the former editions and supplement. But the Undoubtedly, the quotations cited to illus-
great majority of new words here found are trate the definitions form the weakest point of
special terms in science and specific names of this dictionary,—unless, indeed, that weakest
animals and plants. To what an extent new point be the utter omission of a quotation, and
words appear may be illustrated by the fact the mere citation of an author's name in sup-
that on the first two pages under the letter L port of a sense in which he is supposed by the
no less than forty-three words are found which editor to have used the word in question. I
had been recorded in no previous edition. At give the briefest example I can find. The word
this rate the “ International” would contain | poser is defined as follows:
upwards of thirty-six thousand more words “One who, or that which, puzzles; a difficult or in-
than the “Unabridged ” dictionary in its best explicable question or fact. Bacon.”
estate.
Here Bacon's name is cited for the three
The “ Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction” meanings, apparently, which are attributed to
furnishes a striking example of the methods by the word. Now in his essay “ Of Studies,”
which a much larger amount of pertinent in Bacon does perhaps use the word in one of
formation has been crowded into a smaller these senses, but with a much more specific
number of pages. In the edition of 1884, this reference than is here indicated : in the sense,
6 dictionary” fills fifty-two pages; in the pres- namely, of an examiner—one who poses, or ap-
ent edition it fills but thirty. Yet by the poses, questions. The word is still so used at
omission of the frequent long quotations and the schools of Eton and Winchester. This
other illustrative matter in the original work, fact the dictionary should state ; or if space
room is made for the insertion of a large num- / does not permit this, it should at least indicate


192
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
where in Bacon's works the word is to be
THE CIVILIZATION OF TIIE RENAISSANCE.*
found; or, at the very least, in which of the
senses named he uses the word. As a matter The appearance of a translation of Dr. Burck-
of fact, his use of the word does not exactly hardt's already well-known work is another to-
correspond to any of these meanings, unless, in- ken of the unflagging interest taken in that
deed, an examiner be necessarily “one who puz stirring epoch when the intelligence of human-
zles." I lay stress upon this, because it is an ity awoke to conscious freedom and energy. To
illustration of a radical defect which this dic- English readers, the ground might seem to have
tionary shares with Worcester's, and with many been covered by Symonds's exhaustive analy-
others. Such mere citation of an author's name sis; but the fine feeling and thorough scholar-
is likely to be misleading, if it be not entirely
ship of Dr. Burckhardt's treatise could not well
meaningless.
have been spared, particularly as the condensed
There are traces of an attempt to verify the
form in which he presents his materials would
illustrative quotations; but as no clue has ever
prove no objection to the special student of the
been given to them, this attempt can hardly
period. The Italian civilization of the four-
have been successful, except in isolated cases
teenth century has a peculiar significance in its
where the quotations have turned up in the
relations to that mighty impulse which, begin-
course of reading for other purposes. Under
ning with the Renaissance, is to-day still active
“ school, v. t., 2,” two very important correc-
and unspent; but our author indulges in no
tions are made in the quotation from Dryden,
generalizations leading us to regard this phase
which was, like many others, sadly garbled in
of society as merely the point of contact be-
previous editions. Under the avljective facete,
tween the modern spirit and the fresh vigor of
the following quotation is made from “ Prof.
| antiquity. Italy was the home of the restored
Wilson”:
humanities, and he confines himself to pointing
out the conditions under which alone that spon-
" • How to interpose' with a small, smart remark,
taneous outburst could have taken place.
sentiment facete, or unctuous anecdote."
First comes the state as a “work of art,” the
In the edition of 1884, this reads very differ-
scientific result of deliberation and reflection,
ently :
where, amid the crowd of tyrants and despots,
« Good manners must have induced them, now and the modern political spirit is noticed for the
then, • here to interpose,' with a small, smart remark,
first time, gradually developing the great con-
etc.”
stitutional principle of the equality of man and
In this case, unless the original quotation is
the rights of the individual. Man, who has
almost incredibly garbled, the fault would seem
known himself hitherto as a member of a race,
to lie at the door of the present editorship.
a people, or a family, becomes a conscious per-
A very different and less pardonable error of
sonai force, a force which, by favoring natural
the present editor was the insertion of the bit
causes, reaches its highest point in a manifes-
of mediaeval scholasticism which does duty as
tation peculiar to Italy alone,—the flower and
the first quotation under the word science,
crown of humanity, l'uomo universale, the wall.
where it is grotesquely out of place.
sided man.”
I forbear further strictures. Barring an oc-
Having reached this point in his narrative,
casional broken letter, the book is beautifully
Dr. Burckhardt proceeds to show us the influ-
and correctly printed. Most of the ugly old
ence of classic literature on the national mind,
cuts have been replaced by others more modern
insisting that it was not alone the revival of
and more accurate. As a whole, the book is
antiquity which revolutionized the world, but
a most welcome and an invaluable addition to
its union with the genius of the Italian people.
our stock of books of reference. Never before When civic life had become a possibility, a con-
has such a mass of accurate information been
dition of society arose in which the need of cul-
placed between two covers. Even those who
ture was felt, and in which existed the leisure
possess the more sumptuous and more exhaust-
and means to obtain it. The sympathies of all
ive Century Dictionary will find Webster's
classes of Italians would turn naturally to an-
- International ” almost indispensable for ready
tiquity, and in its civilization they found a
reference, and, in their hours of indolence, for
guide to those two great revelations immortal-
unready reference also.
*THE CIVILIZATION OF THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY. By
L
B ANDERSON Jacob Burckhardt. Authorized Translation by S. G. C. Mid-
dlemore. New York: Macmillan & Co.


1890.]
193
THE DIAL
ized by Michelet as the Discovery of the World sion of which might seem commonplace. This
and the Discovery of Man.
book will assist the reader to realize to what a
The passionate enthusiasm of this search for degree our destiny has been shaped by the
the remains of antiquity, not only literary but spirit of the Renaissance. We are still in mid-
artistic, is dwelt upon at some length, as rep current of the stream which took its rise in
resenting how the spirit of the people was col- this great water-shed between the antique world
ored by that influence. When we have thus and the modern.
been shown the “ individual," and the milieu
HENRIETTA SCHUYLER GARDINER.
in which he was trained, we arrive at the point
where his spirit burst its bonds and attained
self-conscious freedom, with the power to judge
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
and the impulse to explore, to create, to rep-
FRANCIS TIFFANY'S “ Life of Dorothea Lynde
resent. We do not find here the fire which
Dix” (Houghton) belongs among biographies of
inspires us in the English author who has so
the best class. It is more than a mere narrative of
vividly described this period, but instead gen the acts, habits, and events in the life of one indi-
eral observations, patient and painstaking, of vidual; it deals with the conditions, historical, po-
the results achieved by the Italians in their litical, social-with the "environment,” according
explorations of the physical world and in the to the favorite word of the day-in which the chief
world of intellect. Contemplating the figure
character finds herself, and then proceeds to show
of - the great Genoese,” we are ready to admit
the influence of personality on that environment.
the assertion that they are preeminently the
The story of Dorothea Dix is the story of a woman
who dedicated herself, with the self-sacrifice of a
nation of discoverers, “ for," says Dr. Burck-
martyr and the religious fervor of a saint, to a life-
hardt, “ the true discoverer is not the man who
work in behalf of the insane. Before entering upon
first chances to stumble upon anything, but the
this narrative in detail, the author devotes a chap-
man who first finds what he sought.” Be this ter to the early theories of insanity, and shows how
as it may, the passion for travel and adventure, it was formerly regarded, not as a fury of the in-
which had such far-reaching results, was first flamed and congested body acting on the mind, but
aroused in Italy. In the natural sciences he as a fury of the mind, turning men and women into
also claims for her the highest place, with Pa tigers and jackals. Iron cages, chains, clubs, star-
olo Toscanelli, Luca Paccioli, and Lionardo da
vation, were regarded as the only fit instrumentali-
Vinci, of whom even Copernicus confessed him-
ties for dealing with these wild beasts; the whole
realm of the subtler relations between mind and
self a pupil; but this vast subject is touched
body were as yet a terra incognita ; the insane were
upon but lightly.
inevitably looked upon with a strange and cruel
The discovery of the intellectual side of man
blending of repulsion, personal fear, and despair of
was the second great achievement of the Re any methods but those of physical coercion. Even
naissance. Considering that this result is stud so late as the beginning of the present century, there
ied best in the effort of the human mind to ob were in the whole United States but four insane
serve and describe itself, Dr. Burckhardt gives asylums, and of these only one had been entirely
us an analysis of the poetry of the fourteenth cen-
built by a state government. In France and En-
tury, and attempts to discover why Italy, stand-
gland began the new epoch in the history of the
ing in the front rank of every other department
treatment of insanity. It implied an absolute re-
versal of all previous conceptions; the substitution,
of literature, science, and art, should occupy
in the place of restraint and force, of the largest
so low a place in tragedy. The chapters on
possible degree of liberty; the abandonment of the
religion and morality close the investigation, whole previous idea of brute subjection for that of
and are of especial interest. Our author dep-| the emancipation of reason and the enhancement
recates any attempt to judge the attitude of of the sense of personal responsibility. Later, a
this great people by any other race, alleging few men of consecrated intelligence and humanity in
the influence of antiquity as unfavorable to the this country enlisted under the new banner, and es-
attainment of the Christian ideal of holiness,
tablished institutions where the insane might see they
and finding excuse for those powerful natures
were regarded as men and brethren. None the
less, one indispensable spiritual power was still lack-
of the Renaissance who, through principle, "re-
ing. It was that of a fervid apostle of the new
pented of nothing."
creed—of one animated with the requisite inspira-
In view of the close connection between mod-
tion and fire to lead a crusade against the almost
ern life and thought and the period described
universal ignorance, superstition, and apathy which
by Dr. Burckhardt, the reviewer finds it diffi- still reigned over nearly the whole of the States of
cult to refrain from considerations the expres- | the Union. How this imperative demand was an-


194
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
-
swered in the person of Dorothea Dix, what a mar- one can readily forgive, this volume forms the most
vellous series of campaigns of pure humanity were exhaustive and useful account of Chaucer and his
won by this woman single-handed, what enormous work now accessible to the English reader. Every
structures and park-like grounds were made to start student of our literature will join us in the hearty
out of the earth by the wand of her moral genius, wish that the veteran author may be spared to give
what victories were hers over the stupidity, selfish- us many more volumes of English Writers.” The
ness, indifference, and heartlessness of legislatures, publishers, Cassell & Co., issue the work in an at-
state and national, at home and abroad, form the | tractive and handy form.
story of this very interesting volume. In closing
it, we feel that the words written at her death three
THE “English Men of Action” series (Mac-
years ago, by a celebrated physician of this country
millan) keeps up its reputation admirably in its
to a professional brother in England, are not ex two latest volumes—“ Clive," by Sir Charles Wil-
travagant: “ Thus has died and been laid to rest, son, and Sir Charles Napier," by Sir William
in the most quiet, unostentatious way, the most use-
Butler. These lives of soldiers by veteran cam-
ful and distinguished woman America has yet pro paigners draw us to them by the very fact that the
duced.”
subject is in the hands of an expert ; and when by
perusal one discovers that the expert author is not
Those pessimists who deem the present the worst | a mere technical machine and martinet, but a man
of all eras hitherto, and whose millennium will be first and foremost, with large human sympathies
the worst of all possible eras, must at least admit and a keen insight into human nature and institu-
this to be an age of longevity in men of thought tions as well as into strategical and tactical lore,
and men of action. In the cases of some who have he rejoices in the happy selection of the biographer.
recently passed away, like Victor Hugo, Professor | Both these English colonels have already won
Ranke, and Cardinal Newman, as well as in the laurels for gallantry in the field, and Colonel Butler
cases of many who are still active and productive is already known to the reader of the " Men of Ac-
at eighty and upwards, the spectacle has something tion” by his fascinating sketch of Gordon. His
of the excitement of a race. Taking courage from pen has not lost its cunning as it takes up this new
such stout defiers of time as Mr. Gladstone and theme; and well might the life of the noble Napier
Mr. Holmes and Lord Tennyson, the men of the arouse the enthusiasm of this liberal-minded soldier
generation of Mr. Lowell and Professor Henry of our own day. As we follow, in these pages, the
Morley may still look forward to a long autumnal career of their hero, through the Peninsula and
period wherein to harvest the fruitage of their the war in Scinde to the command-in-chief in In-
prime. Professor Morley published, a generation dia, or wait with him in the long intervals of service
ago, a history of English literature to the time of 66 out of harness" for an unappreciative war bureau,
Chaucer and beyond. This work, which bore the | we catch the spirit of the true-hearted Napier, in-
somewhat equivocal title of English Writers,” was tolerant of wrong and meanness of every kind.
and is the most complete treatment of the subject. | But the fiery glow of indignation which illuminates
In November, 1887, THE DIAL gave an extended the narrative tells us also that England still has in
notice of the first volume of a new and thoroughly command of her regiments men who rejoice as
re-written edition of this great work, and from time they see the great circle of human sympathy
to time we have recorded the appearance of suc growing wider with every hour, and some new tribe
ceeding volumes. We now take great pleasure in | among the toiling outcasts of men taken within
welcoming the fifth volume, treating almost ex- | its long-closed limits "_" a Greater Britain and a
clusively of Wiclif and Chaucer, and almost com larger Ireland growing beyond the seas, fulfilling
pleting the re-issue of the earlier work. This the work of liberty and progress.” Large and gener-
volume is, perhaps, by virtue of its subject, the ous thoughts, but unwonted from a colonel of Her
most interesting of all so far. In character and Majesty's forces! Colonel Wilson's book is a com-
style it differs so little from the previous volumes panion piece to Lyall's “ Hastings.” These two
that we forbear repeating the criticisms and com- | little volumes redeem the characters of these two
mendations which this meritorious work has so great pro-consuls. Wilson says truly : “ Among
often received in these columns. No student of the many illustrious men India has produced, none
Chaucer can afford to be without the present | is greater than the first of her soldier-statesmen,
volume. It may be incidentally mentioned that whose successful career marks an era in the history
the author assumes, conjecturally, that Chaucer was of England and of the world: great in council,
born in the year 1332, instead of about the year great in war, great in his exploits which were many,
1340, as most authorities now believe; and that no and great in his faults which were few.".
mention is made of the supposed fact that Chaucer
was ransomed by Edward III. from French cap MR. CHARLES T. NEWHALL is the author of a
tivity for £16. At page 103, the statement is manual of “ The Trees of Northeastern America ”
made that John of Gaunt was the third son of Ed | (Putnam), prepared for the non-botanical reader.
ward III. The fact is that he was the fourth son. His object is to afford simple means of identifica-
Despite some shortcomings and some oildities which / tion for all the native species of Canada and the


1890.]
TIIE DIAL
195
-- -
northern United States east of the Mississippi. His that of Swinburne's. Here there is nothing of the
key of genera is easily mastered, and fills but two wild exaggeration, the fervid rhetoric, that so fre-
pages. It is based entirely upon the leaves, their quently mar Swinburne's work. On the other hand,
kind, arrangement, and margin. Given a stem with Mr. Woodberry has not the airy delicacy of Lowell
two or more leaves upon it, but a moment is needed at his best. Still, the suggestiveness is not want-
to refer it to a group of from one to six genera. ing, and as far as clearness of vision and maturity
The only exception to this rule is in the case of | of judgment are concerned, perhaps some persons
trees whose leaves are simple and alternate, with might be found to say that this new speaker was as
toothed margins. This group includes no less than safe a guide as the elder poet. That is high praise,
nineteen genera, and for it a special key would and it may be deserved. When we find such true
have been desirable. The plates afford the most appreciation of a poet's life and aims as we do in
important feature of the book, for nearly every the paper on Shelley, such temperate yet unhamp-
species described has a page of outline drawings to ered criticism as in the paper on Byron, such clear
itself. One hundred and sixteen species are thus and permanent truth-telling as in " Illustrations of
figured, and the few others mentioned are culti Idealism,” we are judging falsely if we do not as-
vated or uncommon species easily to be differentiated sign the writer a high place. When, in addition,
by the accompanying descriptions. Mr. Newhall's his powers are so varied that he writes in the same
descriptions are clear and in the simplest possible thoughtful way on Greek sculpture, on Darwin, on
language. A botanist will naturally turn to the the Italian Renaissance, on Bunyan and Channing,
difficult genus Sulir as a crux of the author's treat we must ask ourselves how many American writers
ment, and will, in this case, be a little disappointed, can do this. If it is our final judgment that Mr.
for he will find fully described only three native Woodberry's criticism is as sound and good as any
and three adventive species, together with three or that we have had on this side of the Atlantic, we
four varieties. Gray's “ Manual” gives twenty shall probably not be far from the truth. The very
one species and ten varieties. Many of these are least we can say is that these “ Studies” are thor-
shrubs, it is true; but in the case of the willows it oughly delightful.
is very difficult to distinguish between shrubby and
A BRIEF, accurate, and interesting historical
arboreal forms, and the leaves alone offer little
assistance. Salix is, of course, an exceptional
sketch of English lexicography from early in the
seventeenth century to the present day, is the lead-
genus, and is probably the only one in which Mr.
Newhall's book will not be very helpful. The sal-
ing paper in Mr. R. (). Williams's “ Our Diction-
aries, and Other English Language Topics"
icologists themselves find it hard enough to classify
(Holt.) Mr. Williams's remarks on our first dic-
this genus, and an amateur is not to be blamed for
lack of complete success in the effort. The Coni-
tionaries—". The New World of Words,” “ An En-
fero and Quercus have special keys which ought
glish Expositour," " A Compleat Collection,” are
to prevent any difficulty in the determination of
some of their titles—are agreeably instructive, and
his comments on the dictionaries of to-day are ad-
their species. Bits of folk-lore, poetry, and non-
technical description, scattered through this volume,
mirable in tone and scholarly in spirit. Especially
make it almost readable, in addition to its useful-
worthy of consideration are his objections to the
Philological Society's “ New English Dictionary.”
ness for reference. It has a sufficient glossary and
The accuracy of the definitions of scientific terms
a capital index. A similar volume on - The Shrubs
of Northeastern America” is promised for future
is questioned, and a doubt is cast on the possibility
of verifying the quotations under Murray's present
publication.
method. Another interesting chapter is on Good
Nothing less than the heartiest welcome can be English for Americans.” The drift of this paper
offered to Mr. George Edward Woodberry's | is sufficiently indicated, perhaps, by Mr. Williams's
“Studies in Letters and Life” (Houghton), for in statement that in time we may expect Americans
the book is something more than promise. Perhaps to speak American, Australians to speak Australian,
it is not too much to say that no better literary etc.,-English, as it now stands, being left to the
work is being done in America to-day. In his life inhabitants of Great Britain. The rest of the book
of Poe, in the “ American Men of Letters " series, is given up to an imprejudiced discussion of partic-
Mr. Woodberry showed his ability to do strong and ular words. A very full index makes the volume
thorough work. His recently-published volume of an easy one to refer to.
poems, “ The North Shore Watch,” together with
these “ Studies," assures us that literature is not | The title of - Our Mother Tongue” (Dodi), a
vet quite extinct in America. This collection | new work by Theodore H. Mead, does not prepare
of essays, reprinted from the “Atlantic” and the us for the contents of the book itself, for the author
" Nation,” gives evidence of sound thought and has reference to our language as it sounds, not as
keen insight. The writer's polish and the poet's it is written. The special subject of the book is
touch are plainly to be seen. The criticism is full the defective and monotonous qualities of American
of life, grace, and common sense, and it is interest- English as it appears to our ears. Mr. Mead's
ing to contrast the tone of this poet's prose with | aim is to enable one to acquire, without a teacher,


196
(Nov.,
THE DIAL
a well-modulated voice that shall lay one emphasis
on the right words properly pronounced. The two
rules given are observe and practice. The author
is right in thinking that it is necessary to arouse
interest in the subject. No one can have failed to
notice how much more variety, not to say richness,
there is in the tones of an Englishman than in those
of an American. There is room for improvement,
and necessity for it if we wish to avoid the unpleas-
ant, yet just, comments of foreigners on our manner
of speech. As to whether this book will turn out
to be the long-needed work, one must be permitted
a doubt. Mr. Mead's attitude toward the subject
is characterized by a great deal of common sense,
and certainly the different exercises he recommends
-exercises in breathing, for example,-must be
highly beneficial. But is it practical to suppose
that we are going to draw close distinctions in the
pronunciation of missal and missile, metal and met-
tle, cymbal and symbol, even for the sake of the
much needed variety of speech? The author is a
purist in pronunciation, and the pronouncing vocab-
ulary, which takes up 240 pages, is constructed ac-
cordingly.
“CITIZENESS BONAPARTE," the new volume in
the “ Famous Women of the French Court"
series (Scribner), is, like its predecessors, a strik-
ing example of the skill of the author, Imbert de
Saint-Amand, in the art of working up a mass of
excerpts into a fairly continuous and readable nar-
rative. It is only fair to add, in respect of these
excerpts, that M. Saint-Amand conscientiously sup-
plies the quotation marks in each case—a formality
sometimes omitted. “Citizeness Bonaparte” treats
of the period dating from Josephine's marriage to
Napoleon in 1796, to the time when after the
victorious campaigns in Italy and Egypt-he was
made First Consul, in 1800. As already remarked
in our previous notices of this series, the author in-
clines to a rather sentimental view of his subject;
and in the present volume this tendency finds full
scope. The time-honored—and, it seems to us, not
now very momentous--conundrums as to the exact
length, breadth, and depth of Napoleon's love for
his wife, and the exact length, breadth, and depth
of his wife's love for him, are again debated pro and
con with great accumen and marshalling of authori-
ties, and abundant quotation of pyrotechnic epistles.
The Song of Hiawatha. By Henry Wadsworth Longfel-
low. With Illustrations from Designs by Frederic Rem-
mington. Svo, pp. 242. Uncut, gilt top. Boxed. Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co. $6.00.
Our Old Home. By Nathaniel Hawthorne. Annotated
with Passages from the Author's Note-Book, and Illus-
trated with Photogravures. 2 vols. 16mo. Gilt top.
uncut. Boxed. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.00.
Our New England. Her Nature Described by Hamilton
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trated. 12 Photogravures from Nature. Oblong ito. Gilt
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Urania. By Camille Flammarion. Translated by Angusta
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English Poems. Illustrated with Etchings by M. M. Tay-
lor. Oblong folio, pp. 18. Gilt edges. Boxed. J. B.
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Tisáyac of the Yosemite. By M. B. M. Toland, author of
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The Soul of Pierre. By Georges Ohnet, author of "The
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lishing Co. $2.00.
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Good Things of “Life.” Seventh Series. Illustrated.
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The Vision of Sir Launfal. By James Russell Lowell. Il-
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In and Out of Book and Journal. Selected and Arranged
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HISTORY.
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History of the United States of America during the
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Holland and Its People. By Edmondo de Amicis, author
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The Story of Scotland: From the Earliest Times to the
nt Century. By John Mackintosh, LL.D., author
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A Short History of Anglo-Saxon Freedom: The Polity
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The Two Lost Centuries of Britain. By William H.
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BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[The following list includes all books received by THE DIAL
during the month of October, 1890.]
ILLUSTRATED GIFT BOOKS.
A Mosaic. By the Artists' Fund Society of Philadelphia.
Edited by Harrison S. Morris. 22 Photogravures, with
appropriate text. Imperial 8vo, pp. 1:35. Gilt edges.
Boxed. J. B. Lippincott Co. $7.50.
Our Great Actors: Portraits of Celebrated Actors in their
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Jane Eyre. By Charlotte Brontë. With 18 Illustrations.
2 vols, 12mo, gilt top, Boxed, T. Y. Crowell & Co, $,
BIOGRAPHY.
Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Leslie
Steven and Sidney Lee. Vol. XXIV., Hailes-- Harriott.
Large 8vo, pp. 45. Gilt top, uncut. Macmillan & Co.
$3.7.).
Henry M. Stanley: His Life, Travels, and Explorations. By
Rev. H. W. Little, author of “Madagascar," 8vo, pp.
456, Uncut. J, B. Lippincott Co, $3.00,


1890.]
197
THE DIAL
Savonarola: His Life and Times. By William Clark, M.A., The Makers of Modern English: A Popular Handbook
LL.D. 12mo, pp. 372. Gilt top, uncut. A. C. McClurg to the Greater Poets of the Century. By W. J. Dawson,
& Co. $1.50
author of “Quest and Vision." 12mo, pp. 375. Thomas
Famous English Authors of the XIXth Century. By Whittaker. $1.75,
Mrs. Sarah K. Bolton, author of “ Poor Boys Who Be Chronological Outlines of English Literature. By
came Famous." With Portraits. 12mo, pp. 451. T. Y. Frederick Ryland, M.A. 12mo, pp. 351. Macmillan &
Crowell & Co. $1.50.
Co. $1.40.
Marie Louise and the Decadence of the Empire. By Im A Synopsis of English and American Literature. By
bert de Saint-Amand. Translated by Thomas Sergeant G. J. Smith, B.A. 8vo, pp. 125. Ginn & Co. $1.20.
Perry. With Portraits. 12mo, pp. 320. Charles Scrib Our Dictionaries, and other English Language Topics. By
ner's Sons. $1.25.
R. O. Williams. Illustrated. 8vo, pp. 175. Uncut.
Autobiography of Anton Rubenstein, 1829-1889.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.25.
Translated from the Russian by Aline Delano. With
Portrait. 16mo, pp. 171. Little, Brown & Co. $1.00.
POETRY.
Sir Charles Napier. By Col. Sir William F. Butler.
| Poems. By James Russell Lowell. With Portrait. 2 vols.
With Portrait. 12mo, pp. 216. Macmillan's - English
12mo, gilt top. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $3.00.
Men of Action." 60 cents.
Bismarck in Private Life. By a Fellow Student. Trans-
A Fable for Critics. By James Russell Lowell. With
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lated by Henry Hayward. With Portraits. 10mo, pp.
& Co. $1.00.
286. Paper. Appletons’ - Town and County Library." A Little Book of Western Verse. By Eugene Field.
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Life of Hawthorne. By Moncure D. Conway. 12mo, pp.
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The Bird and the Bell, and other Poems. By Christopher
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Piero da Castiglione. By Stuart Sterne, author of " An-
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198
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