gland radicals could for
Writings,” 1801, vol. i., p. 93.
a time stand and agree. The simplicity of
Parliament having repealed the Stamp Act, style in these letters, their moderation of tone,
which was objected to as internal taxation, the elegance of diction, learning, and vigorous ex-
ministry brought about the same result by lay/ position of facts and principles, were admired
ing a tax on glass, paints, etc., as a commercial
by readers of every class and in every country.
regulation ; and while the leaders of the oppo-
They showed to Englishmen that their pros-
sition were puzzled as to the plan of meeting it,
perity depended on maintaining a just and lib-
there appeared in the - Pennsylvania Chron eral policy towards America. No denuncia-
icle" of December 2, 1767, the first of a series tion or threats were used ; but it was mildly
of fourteen letters signed - A Farmer,” since suggested that in case the present policy of the
known as “ The Farmer's Letters.” They were ministry was continued, “ English history af-
collected, reprinted in many editions, and read
fords frequent examples of resistance by force.”
by all classes in this country and in Europe as The quiescent state of the controversy for the
no other American political papers had been. next six years was largely owing to the influ-
Besides the several American editions, Dr. ence of “ The Farmer's Letters.” During this
Franklin—who did not love their author over period Mr. Dickinson married, on July 19,
much-in May, 1768, caused the letters to be
1770, the daughter and sole heir of Isaac Nor-
reprinted in London, with a preface in which ris of Philadelphia, one of the richest men of
he strongly recommended them to the atten-
the province, and late Speaker of the Assem-
tion of the public. In 1769 they were trans bly. Mr. Norris having died in 1769, the
lated into French and published in Paris. The Dickinsons occupied his splendid residence and
town of Boston, at a public meeting in Faneuil spacious estate near Philadelphia, called Fair-
Hall, March 14, 1768, voted:
hill. Here they maintained a generous hospi-
- That the thanks of the town be given to the ingenious tality, and entertained the delegates of the
author of a course of letters published at Philadelphia, ! Continental Congress of which Mr. Dickinson


THE DIAL
[July,
A personal and needless altercation arose
between Mr. Adams and Mr. Dickinson, June
20, 1775, after which no word ever passed be-
tween them in private. A debate was going
on in Congress upon a motion of Mr. Dickin-
son to address a second “ Petition to the King."
Mr. Adams opposed it on the ground that the
first petition had received no attention, the bat-
tles of Lexington and Bunker Hill had been
fought, and it was too late to talk about peti-
tions. Mr. Adams took his hat and went out.
Mr. Dickinson followed him, and in an abrupt
and passionate manner,-—" as if I had been a
schoolboy and he the master,” as Mr. Adams
described the interview,-shouted : “ What is
the reason, Mr. Adams, that you New England
men oppose our measures of reconciliation ?”
and he accompanied the lecture with remarks
which Mr. Adams regarded as threats. The
latter in his diary speaks of the rupture as an
“ unfortunate accident,” and regrets that their
“ friendship and acquaintance were lost for-
ever.”
was a member. The first session of that Con.
gress began at Philadelphia, September 5,
1774, and adjourned October 26. During this
short period Mr. Dickinson drafted the famous
“ Petition to the King” and “ Address to the
People of Canada.” Of these papers Lord
Chatham said :
** History, my Lords, has been my favorite study; but
I must declare that in the master states of the world I
know not the people nor the senate who, in such a com-
plication of difficult circumstances, can stand in prefer-
ence to the delegates of America assembled in general
congress at Philadelphia.”
John Adams here for the first time met Mr.
Dickinson, and in his diary records some per-
sonal incidents and impressions concerning
Dickinson which Dr. Stillé has not used. Mr.
Adams arrived in Philadelphia August 29,
and two days later he writes :
" Mr. Dickinson, the Farmer of Pennsylvania, came
in his coach, with four beautiful horses, to Mr. Ward's
lodgings to see us. He was introduced to us, and very
politely said he was exceedingly glad to have the pleas-
ure of seeing these gentlemen; made some inquiry
after the health of his brother and sister who are now
in Boston; gave us some account of his late ill-health
and his present gout. This is the first time of his getting
out. Mr. Dickinson has been subject to hectic com-
plaints. He is a shadow; tall, but slender as a reed;
pale as ashes; one would think at first sight that he
could not live a month; yet, upon a more attentive in-
spection, he looks as if the springs of life were strong
enough to last many years.
“ September 12. Dined with Mr. Dickinson at his seat
at Fairhill, with his lady, Mrs. [Charles] Thomson,
Miss Norris, and Miss Harrison. Mr. Dickinson has a
fine seat, a beautiful prospect of the city, the river and
the country, fine gardens, and a very grand library.
The most of the books were collected by Mr. Norris,
once speaker of the House here, father of Mrs. Dickin-
son. Mr. Dickinson is a very modest man, and very
ingenious as well as agreeable. He has an excellent
heart, and the cause of his country lies near it. He is
full and clear for allowing to Parliament the regulation
of trade, upon principles of necessity and the mutual
interest of both countries.
“ October 13. Dined with Mr. Dickinson, with Chase,
Paca, Low, Mifflin, Mr. Penn, and General Lee, at six
o'clock. From ten o'clock until after four, we were
debating about the parliamentary power of regulating
trade.
“ October 22. Dined in the country with Mr. Dickin-
son, with all the delegates from New England, Mr.
Duane, Mr. Reed, Mr. Livingstone, etc.
October 24. In Congress, nibbling and quibbling as
usual. These great wits, these subtle crities, these re-
fined geniuses, these learned lawyers, these wise states-
men, are so fond of showing their parts and powers, as
to make their consultations very tedious. Young Ned
Rutledge [of South Carolina) is a perfect Bob-o-Lin-
coln,--a swallow, a sparrow, a peacock; excessively
vain, excessively weak, and excessively variable and un-
steady; jejune, inane, and puerile. Mr. Dickinson is
very modest, delicate, and timid."
Mr. Dickinson, by descent and birth a Qua-
ker, had none of the scruples of the sect against
taking up arms in defense of his country, but
was very active in promoting military prepara-
tions during the summer of 1775; and he was
colonel of the first battalion raised in Philadel-
phia. On July 8, he reported in Congress the
celebrated - Declaration of Reasons for taking
up arms against England," which was read,
amid cheers and huzzas, at the head of the
troops encamped about Boston. The author-
ship of this Declaration has been in contro-
versy. Mr. Jefferson, writing his autobiog- ·
raphy late in life, when his memory had failed,
stated that he wrote the original draft, “ which
was too strong for Mr. Dickinson, who still
retained the hope of reconciliation with the
mother country”; and, as an indulgence to
him, Mr. Dickinson was allowed to put it in a
form which he could approve. The last four
paragraphs, and half the preceding one-
which had been most admired—Mr. Jefferson
claimed as his own. Mr. Bancroft and Mr.
Jefferson's biographers have accepted this state-
ment. Dr. George H. Moore, of the Lenox Li-
brary, however, found in the New York Histor-
ical Society the original draft; and the correc-
tions, additions, interlineations, and revisions,
which are many, prove that the whole paper,
including the four last paragraphs, was com-
posed and written by one person, and the hand-
writing is Mr. Dickinson's. A fac-simile Dr.
Stillé gives in the Appendix.


1891.]
THE DIAL
75
---- -- -- - - ---- - ---- - ----
Mr. Dickinson's refusal to vote for and sign in which five states were represented, and was
the Declaration of Independence, and his de chosen president. He was instructed to report
fense of the proprietary charter, made him the proceedings to Congress and recommend
many political enemies in the province, and he that delegates from all the states meet at Phila-
was not elected to the next Congress. His patri- delphia on the second Monday in May next, to
otism, however, was not questioned. In com consider the question of forming a constitu-
mand of five battalions of Philadelphia troops, tional government. At the time named he took
he marched to the defense of New York; but | a seat in the Federal Convention of 1787, as a
soon after he resigned his commission, retired delegate from Delaware. In that convention,
from all public service, and removed to his es although representing the smallest state, few
tate in Delaware. He was re-elected to Con members, perhaps none, took a more promi-
gress from Delaware, and took his seat on nent part than Mr. Dickinson. After the Con-
May 23, 1779. He was immediately made stitution was adopted by the convention, he
chairman of a committee to prepare an address was an ardent champion for its ra
to the states on the perilous condition of the the states, and published anonymously nine let-
finances. His report, presented and adopted ters signed - Fabius,” in favor of ratification.
three days later, is the last of his great state A copy was sent by a friend to General Wash-
papers in Congress. It showed how unfitted ington, who replied :
was the Confederacy to exercise the executive “The writer of the pieces signed • Fabius,' whoever
functions needed in time of war, and was the he is, appears to be master of his subject; he treats it
beginning of the discussion which culminated
with dignity, and at the same time expresses himself in
such a manner as to render it intelligible to every ca-
in the ratification of the Constitution nine years
pacity."
later. He resigned his seat in the autumn of
Delaware was the first state which voted for
1779, and retired to his Delaware estate. He
returned to Philadelphia in 1782, and was
ratification, and the vote was unanimous. Mr.
elected President of the Supreme Executive
Dickinson was not a member of Congress sub-
sequent to the ratification of the Constitution,
Council of Pennsylania. At this time an at-
nor did he hold or seek any federal office. Up
tack was made upon him in a series of abusive
to this time his party relations and political prin-
and anonymous letters signed “Valerius” (sup-
posed to be General John Armstrong), in a
ciples were unquestioned and consistent. He
was a federalist, as were Hamilton, Jay, Mar-
Philadelphia newspaper, accusing him of want
shall, and Washington ; a conservative among
of patriotism, and of ambition, cowardice, and
desertion of duty in resigning his military com-
conservatives ; a wealthy, clean, and amiable
mission. Mr. Dickinson did not reply at the
aristocrat, having intimate relations only with
men of his class. He wanted a strong central
time; but requested the printer of the letters to
government, and thought he had it in the Con-
insert every piece against him offered for pub-
stitution. He held to the supreme sovereignty
lication, and to print nothing in his defense.
Later, when the abusive articles stopped, he
of the people, and not to state-sovereignty; he
believed in the right of revolution, but not in
printed a “ Vindication” from all the specific
peaceable secession. The surprising inconsist-
charges made against him, which Dr. Stillé
ency in Mr. Dickinson's political course from
reprints in his Appendix. The “ Valerius ”
that time on was his acting with the anti-fed-
letters show the virulence with which personal
eralists, the party which took its name from its
and party controversy was conducted at that
attempts to defeat the ratification of the Con-
time, and a 6 vindication ” might then have
stitution which he and his friends had made.
been useful ; but now it is useless, for time has
Dr. Stillé speculates on the causes which
dissipated their venom, and left them flat and
changed Mr. Dickinson's party relations, and
insipid rubbish. Their writer, when a young
says:
man, read law in Mr. Dickinson's office, was
“ Representing Delaware, he was necessarily an anti-
later his secretary, and doubtless had some
federalist and the opponent of every measure which
personal motive for attacking his benefactor.
looked towards the centralization of the national power;
Dr. Stillé, we think, has given more considera and that was enough in those early days to make him
tion to the - Valerius " letters than they de a good democrat."
serve.
But Delaware was not then, nor during the
Mr. Dickinson was a commissioner from life of Dickinson, who died in 1808, an anti-
Delaware to the Convention called by Virginia federalist or democratic state. The haste and
which met at Annapolis in September, 1786, ' unanimity with which the state ratified the Con-


76
[July,
THE DIAL
stitution proves the contrary. James Asheton raphy of the great navigator and discoverer,
Bayard, its representative and senator in Con but confines itself mainly to a description of
gress from 1796 to 1813, was the leading fed-what happened during the important year
eralist and ablest congressman of that period. 1492, beginning with the visit of Columbus
The simple fact—all theories, explanations, to La Rabida, —" because,” says the author,
and apologies being laid aside—was, that Mr. “ here, for the first time, we could tread on
Dickinson, after he had retired from the tur- solid ground with the plain testimony of eye-
moils of public life to the placid enjoyments of witnesses to guide us.” Most of the critics
his rural home and library, was captured by and historians of Columbus attribute to him
Thomas Jefferson, and was led wherever that two visits to this convent and its good prior
plausible Mephistopheles of American politics Juan Antonia Perez ; but Mr. Mackie fails to
cared to conduct him. Dr. Stillé admits that find any sufficient authority for such a view.
Mr. Dickinson, “ by adopting them [Jeffer In relating the story, Mr. Mackie has chosen
son's ideas of state-craft), seemed to disown all the form of the historical novel, a feature
the principles which, up to that time, formed which he has carried out so admirably as to
the basis of his political life.” This is a melan. deserve the highest praise. It is this feature
choly admission for an affectionate eulogist to which especially makes his book so attractive.
make, --and, being a candid biographer as well Page after page is given in the dialogue form,
as eulogist, he could make no other. The fact and on this point we will let the author speak
illustrates a trait in Mr. Dickinson which led for himself. In his preface, page vi., he says :
him into most of his troubles, and especially “Some of the incidents incorporated in our narra-
his great mistake concerning the Declaration
tive have been found in the official documents bearing
upon the discovery; others are drawn from the testi-
of Independence. He was lacking in grit; he
mony in the lawsuit brought against the Spanish crown
had not staying qualities; and he was timid after the death of Columbus, by his son Diego, for the
and irresolute at the crucial moment. How full recognition in the latter's person of all the digni-
ever brilliant he might be early in the race, he ties and emoluments originally conferred upon his
could not be depended upon on the homestretch.
father but in later years so greatly abridged by King
Ferdinand. Whatever the source, we have confined
Hence John Dickinson, with all his patriotism,
ourselves to the evidence of eye-witnesses and have de-
eloquence, scholarship, and attractive qualities, sired to be exact rather than elaborate. The conversa-
cannot have a place among the first-class states tions attributed to the Admiral are such as are re-
men of the period. What would be thought of ported, by himself or his companions, to have taken
place. In his diary he usually entered them with suf-
John Jay, John Marshall, and John Adams,
ficient fulness to permit their reconstruction ; but
if the statement of Dr. Stillé concerning John
in those given in the prefatory chapters, which are
Dickinson could be applied to them?
merely recorded by the physician Garcia Fernandez
W. F. POOLE.
and others as having occurred, without details being
given, we have put into dialogue form such extracts
from Columbus's letters as illustrate his attitude to-
ward the subjects discussed. The words placed in his
THE STORY OF COLUMBUS. *
mouth are, in this case, substantially those which his
The near approach of the great Columbus !
hand transcribed.”
festival, which is soon to be celebrated not in
Thus it will be seen that the author has
America only, but throughout the civilized
simply changed the words actually written by
world, gives a decided opportuneness to Mr.
Columbus into the form of conversation. The
Mackie's book, " With the Admiral of the
dialogue receives invariably a charming set-
Ocean Sea.” It is safe to say that no reader
ting in vivid descriptions of persons, places, and
who peruses the first dozen pages will lay it
away without finishing it. It is a most enter-
In addition to the narrative as here described,
taining and instructive volume from cover to
and which is comprised in about 350 pages,
cover. The author's style is concise and grace-
there are about thirty closely-printed pages of
ful, —we might say charming ; and the publish-
notes, discussing the date and place of Colum-
ers have put the matter before us in as neat a
bus's birth, his stay at the courts of Portugal
book as we have seen for many a day.
and Spain, his sojourn at the convent of La
The work is not, properly speaking, a biog-
Rabida, his debt to earlier navigators, the
funds for the voyage, the part actually taken
* WITH THE ADMIRAL OF THE OCEAN SEA. A Narrative of by the Pinzon brothers, the three ships of
the First Voyage to the Western World. Drawn mainly
from the Diary of Christopher Columbus. By Charles Paul
| Palos, the first sight of the new world, and
Mackie. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
| the identity of Quanahani, --all of which notes
things.


1891.]
THE DIAL
are exceedingly interesting and instructive. Sagas tell us, the cattle did not need to be
The author is anxious to show that the dis- housed in winter, grapes abounded, and grain
covery of our continent was not due to a happy grew spontaneously. It was a land of forests
combination of good-luck and fraud, but the and of meadows. This is what the Icelandic
result of genius, study, hard work,—-in short, | Saga says of Vinland: “Now it is to be told
the outcome of research and enterprise. In what lies opposite Greenland. . . . There
this view we fully agree with him, and we [i. e. in Labrador are such hard frosts that
have no sympathy for those who seek to be- it is not habitable so far as is known. ...
little Columbus and attribute his voyage to South of Greenland is Helluland ; next is
America to accident or inspiration. Columbus Markland, and thence it is not far to Vinland
reached America because he was a man of ex- the Good.” There can be no doubt that this
traordinary ability. His certainty in regard to description relates, to Newfoundland, Nova Sco-
land in the west was formed by a chain of tia, and New England. Mr. Mackie refers
logical deductions based upon much study and Columbus's remarkable visit to Iceland to the
investigation. Mr. Mackie is right when he year 1467 (sic). This is hardly a misprint,
emphasizes the fact that Columbus studied the as the author speaks of Columbus as being
nature of things ; that he read with the great- only twenty-one or twenty-two years old when
est care every learned writer of every age, and he made that visit. Now all authorities agree
that he listened eagerly to every report of navi- / that that visit occurred, as stated by Colum-
gators, thus gathering up all those scattered bus himself, ten years later, viz., in 1477; and
gleams of knowledge that fell without effect to this correction Mr. Mackie will, we trust,
upon the minds of his contemporaries.
submit. While the Norse voyages to Vinland
Having said this much in favor of Mr. Mac- rest on hundreds of pages of well authenti-
Kie's excellent book-and we could say much cated history, written long before Columbus
more had we the space, he will, we know, was born, the question whether Columbus was
pardon us for pointing out a few blemishes. It in any way in debt to the Norsemen must be
being now generally admitted that the Norse settled by circumstantial evidence. We hold
men made many voyages to America during that he did have knowledge of the Norse voy-
the eleventh and following centuries, Mr. Mac ages, that he very probably had read Adam of
Kie should not have put on his title-page the Bremen, and hence his strange journey to Ice-
words“ A Narrative of the First Voyage to land. A hint of this would not have weakened
the Western World.” The fact that the Mr. Mackie's charming book in the least. On
Norsemen visited this country centuries before page 23, he makes Columbus tell of the places
Columbus is now as well established as the he has visited, “ thirty years as boy and man."
fact that Columbus crossed the Atlantic in He says: “ To the English islands I have
1492. We might quote Mr. Mackie against sailed more than once, and years ago [should be
himself. On page 358 he says: “ We put aside fifteen years ago] I went to the utmost verge
as futile the argument that he [Columbus] of the western sea, which the ancients called
was indebted for his steadfast confidence to Ultima Thule, but the people who dwell there
the Norse Sagas, which describe the voyages | call the Land of Ice. ... Wherever I have
of Leif Erikson and his hardy countrymen to been I have sought to learn both from sail-
Labrador.” And again : “ That Leif Erik- ors and from learned scholars, priests and
son reached Labrador, we are prepared to be- | laymen, Latins and Greeks, Jews and Moors.''
lieve." Is not Labrador in America ? And Why does he not here add - and from Ice-
if the author is prepared to believe that Leif landers "? When the author makes him speak
Erikson reached Labrador, then did not he of the many learned uriters whom he has care-
(Leif Erikson) make a voyage to the western | fully studied, no book seeming to have escaped
world before Columbus? Why does the author his keen eye, when he speaks of Marco Polo
suppose that Vinland the Good is Labrador? and the English Knight Sir Mandeville, why
Does he not know that the Norsemen called does he not add the name of that greatest
the country Vinland the Good because grape- | scholar of the eleventh century, Adam of Bre-
cines grew in great abundance? Does he sup men, whose work, written in Latin, and which
pose that anybody coming to Labrador would has been well known in every century since it
call it Vinland! Labrador is a region of was published, contains a very accurate descrip-
rocky desolation, and is ice-bound more than tion of Vinland and of its location? This would
half the year. In Vinland the Good, the I have helped to put adequate reasons under-


THE DIAL
[July,
neath Columbus's confidence and positiveness, its editor assures us, is an unreserved publica-
and given force to his words, when he says, on tion of the whole work. The book opens a
page 26, “ for all my computations place the mass of new and interesting material, but is
island of Cipango at only seven hundred or at not in any sense a complete record of the de-
the most eight hundred leagues from the Span- bates of the first Senate, since the Journal was
ish coast." The natural inference would be not written with the intention of publication.
that Leif Erikson, Thorfin Karlsefne, and the The very frankness and spontaneity of the
other Norse voyagers, had been to that Asia private record would, of course, increase its
to which Columbus was seeking a west- historical value, were it not for the fact that
ern route. As indicated, by emphasizing the Maclay was wofully lacking in the judicious
journey to Iceland and by bringing Adam of mind and the even temper that characterized
Bremen to the front, the hero of the book Madison. It is true that he had many things
would in no wise have been disparaged ; on the to bear that would have disturbed the peace
contrary, his scholarship would have gained in of mind of anyone. The pages of his Jour-
our estimation and his confidence and positive- nal abound with chronicles of his rheumatic
ness would appear as logical results of his twinges; there are tales of blisters, and brim-
knowledge. Rasmus B. ANDERSON.
stone taken before breakfast, and asafetida
laid on burning coals and held to the nose, and
so on,—together with abuse of the doctors. He
THE JOURNAL OF A PESSSYLVANIA was homesick, and regularly spent his Sunday
SENATOR.*
bewailing that he was not enjoying the felicity
Until February 20, 1794, the Senate of the of his own household. He drew the short sena-
United States sat with closed doors. The po- torial term, his colleague being Robert Morris.
litical history of the first Congresses has, there Representing the western interests of Penn-
fore, been written chiefly from the materials sylvania, and favoring the Susquehanna as the
furnished by the debates in the House of Rep site of the capital, he incurred the dislike of
resentatives. In the first volume of his History the Philadelphia merchants, particularly those
of the United States, Mr. Schouler makes his who held public stock and were indignant that
reader stand outside of the Senate doors while Maclay opposed the financial measures of Ham-
he comments on the Senators as they enter. ilton. It was not long before he saw that his
McMaster hardly does so much for us; and chances for a return to the Senate were but
Von Holst barely runs over the first sessions small. Naturally, these things were not calcu-
of Congress from the point of view of the lated to make his Journal a cheerful record ;
House of Representatives. When we consider but, what was worse, he was by nature of a
the importance of the States at this period, and
most acrid and suspicious temperament, always
remember that the Senate was by the design of viewing his fellow members in the most un-
the founders the particular conservator of their favorable light. He writes :
interests, it becomes evident that a serious gap “I have a heavy kind of melancholly hanging on me,
exists in our history,– a gap not unlike that as if I was disgusted with the world. ... With
which existed in respect to the proceedings of
the Senate I am certainly disgusted. I came here ex-
the Constitutional Convention until the publi-
pecting every man to act the part of a god; that the
most delicate honor, the most exalted wisdom, and the
cation of Madison's Journal.
most refined generosity, was to govern every act and be
It was with interest that in 1880 scholars seen in every deed. What must my feelings be in find-
read a work entitled “ Sketches of Debate in ing rough and rude manners, glaring folly, and the
the First Senate of the United States, by
basest selfishness apparent in almost every public trans-
action.”
William Maclay, Senator from Pennsylvania.”
The record covered the period from April 24,
He cannot find even a single member to con-
1789, to May 1, 1791 ; but this was only an
dole in sincerity with him over the political ca-
abridged copy of Maclay's Journal, many pas-
lamities of his country. “Let me deliver my-
sages having been suppressed as bearing too
self from the society of such men,” he says,
heavily upon the public men with whom its
“ for I verily believe the sun never shone on a
author had been associated. Now, however,
more abandoned composition of political char-
we have an edition of the Journal which, as
acters." He speaks of Washington as the
“ first Character of the world,” in the earlier
* JOURNAL OF WILLIAM MACLAY, U. S. Senator from
Pennsylvania, 1789-1791. Edited by Edgar S. Maclay, A.M.
part of his Journal; but as the Federalists
With portrait. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
strove to secure titles, to increase executive


1891.]
THE DIAL
79
- --- ----------- -- --
power, and to centralize the government, he being involved in Hamilton's speculations.
thought he saw the rise of a “ court party," “ King's character is detestable, a perfect can-
bemoaned the use of public patronage, and vas for the devil to paint on.” Lee is “the
closed by believing that Washington had be- Ishmael of the House,” but “ a man of clear
come, in the hands of Hamilton, “ the dish- head and of great experience in public busi-
clout of every dirty speculation, as his name ness.” Ellsworth, “ all powerful and eloquent
goes to wipe away blame and silence all mur- in debate,” is “ without a particle of principle,"
muring,” and he cries, “ Would to God this a supporter of Hamilton, and “disposed to
same General Washington were in heaven! varnish over villainy and give effect to roguery
We would not then have him brought forward without license.” From these expressions, and
as the constant cover to every unconstitutional many others scattered through the volume, one
and irrepublican act.” John Adams is his pet learns that Maclay was not at all a man to at-
aversion.
tract a following. Even the men with whom
“ Instead of that sedate, easy air which I would have he votes are often denounced. He is called
him possess, he will look on one side, then on the other, by his editor the “ father of the Republican
then down on the knees of his breeches, then dimple
party.” If by this is meant that he was in any
his visage with the most silly kind of half smile which
I cannot well express in English. The Scotch-Irish
sense the organizer of this party, the words are,
have a word for it that hits it exactly-smudging. God
to say the least, entirely misleading. But it is
forgive me for the vile thought, but I cannot help think true that the essential principles of the party
ing of a monkey just put into breeches when I saw him were proclaimed and supported by him. The
betray such evident marks of self-conceit.”
use of the term “ Republican party” is ordi-
For Hamilton he has no words too strong. | narily dated from 1792 ; but as early as Janu-
He is a “ damnable villain,” who heads a ary, 1791, Maclay says :
" host of speculators” and “ senatorial gladi-
“ I will receive no support from the Republican or op-
ators." Maclay charges him with making a position party, for there is not a man of them who is
regular business of buying votes. And yet he not aiming at a six-dollar prize, and my place is the
bears testimony to the skilfulness of Hamilton
best chance in the wheel.”.
in attaining his political ends by means of his He strongly sympathized with the democratic
financial measures. “Congress may go home," uprising in France, and was urgently opposed
he says, “ Mr. Hamilton is all-powerful and to the use of titles. In the debate that took
fails in nothing he attempts."
place over the questions of whether Washing-
“A system is daily developing itself which must ton should be called “ His Highness President
gradually undermine and finally destroy our so much of the United States of America and Protector
boasted equality, liberty, and republicanism -- high
of the Rights of the Same,” he seems to have
wages, ample compensation, great salaries to every per-
son connected with the Government of the United
led the opposition. He attacked Adams for
States. The desired effect is already produced; the
referring to Washington's “ most gracious
frugal and parsimonious appointments of the individual speech," believing that the words savored of
States are held in contempt. Men of pride, ambition, royalty. Adams, retorting, declared that he
talents, all press forward to exhibit their abilities on
was for a dignified and respectable govern-
the theatre of the General Government."
ment; that " for his part he was one of the
Sectional antagonisms are well brought out first in the late contest [the Revolution], and,
in the Journal. Maclay remarks on the if he could have thought of this, henever
“amazing predilection of the New England I would have drawn his sword.”
people for each other.”
Maclay made a vigorous opposition to the
“Good sense, and even Demonstration herself, if per- l details of the Federal indiciary bill. On the
sonified, would be disregarded by the wise men of the
East if she did not come from a New England man.
other hand, he would not support Lee in an
... I have been a bird alone. I have had to bear endeavor to restrict the jurisdiction of the
the chilling cold of the North and the intemperate Federal courts to cases of admiralty and mari-
warmth of the South, neither of which is favorable to
time jurisdiction. He saw the danger to state
the Middle States from which I come. ... We
Pennsylvanians act as if we believed that God made of
sovereignty, however, in the Federal judiciary,
one blood all families of the earth; but the Eastern
and feared that the gradual influence and en-
people seem to think that he made none but New En croachments of the Federal Government might
gland folk."
swallow up the states. He hoped that the peo-
His brief characterizations are crisp and cut- ple themselves would guard this danger, and
ting. No one is spared. Morris he suspects desired the states to instruct their representa-
of having trouble with his accounts and of tives. In this connection, his views furnish


80
[July,
THE DIAL
interesting material for comparison with the republican trait was his desire that “the resi-
doctrines of the Virginia and Kentucky Reso dence of Congress should not be subject to
lutions.
commercial influence.” “ Too much,” he says,
" The doctrine of Instruction may certainly be car " has that influence, conducted by the interest of
ried so far as to be in effect the tribunitial veto of the New England, whose naval connections throw
Romans, and reduce us to the state of a Polish diet.
But it is introduced. Perhaps the best way is for all
them into that scale, governed—nay, tyrannized
the States to use it, and the general evil, if it really
- in the councils of the Union. My consola-
should be one, will call for a remedy. But here is a tion for going to the Potomac is, that it may
subject worthy of enquiry: Is it to be expected that a give a preponderance to the agricultural inter-
Federal law passed directly against the sense of a
est.”
whole State will ever be executed in that State ? If
the answer is in the negative, it is clearly better to give
As regards the tariff, however, he was a
the State an early legislative negative than finally let thorough Pennsylvanian. The reports of the
her use a practical one which would go to the dissolu tariff debates are very interesting. Maclay
tion of the Union.”
appears as a determined supporter of a strong
When King, discussing the districts pro tariff. He urges haste in passing a tariff bill,
vided for by the Excise bill, declared that holding that in anticipation of some such meas-
we “had no right to pay any more attention ure the merchants had already added the amount
to the state boundaries than to the boundaries of the duties to the price of the goods. “In
of the Cham of Tartary,” Maclay - gently” | this point of view the impost is levied, but not
questioned whether a motion for the destruc- a farthing goes into the treasury of the United
tion of the individuality of the states was not States."
treason against the duty of a Senator, who, | New and valuable light is shed on the pro-
from the nature of his appointment, ought to cess of construction of the tariff. The strug-
be the guardian of the state right. He notes : gles over local interests are well represented.
“* The little that I said, I believe raised a goblin On the molasses duty he comments:
that frightened them from the project, at least “ Till quarter after three did the New England mem-
for this time.'
bers beat this ground, even to the baiting of the hook
A large part of the Journal is taken up with
that caught the fish that went to buy the molasses.
.. [Butler of South Carolina) flamed away, and
the questions of funding, assumption, and the
threatened a dissolution of the Union with regard to
location of the capital. The work furnished his State, as sure as God was in the firmament. He scat-
new evidence of the closeness with which these tered his remarks over the whole impost bill, calling it
measures were connected, and of the adroit partial, oppressive, etc., and solely calculated to op-
press South Carolina; and yet ever and anon declaring
ness and omnipresence of Hamilton. Maclay
how clear of local views, how candid and dispassionate
mentions a proposition made to Morris by
he was! He degenerated into mere declamation. His
Hamilton, to place the permanent capital at State would live or die glorious, etc."
Germantown or the Falls of the Delaware, if
There is something very modern in all this!
Morris would get him one Senator and five
But the stand taken by Pennsylvania is par-
Representatives to vote for assumption. Mac-
ticularly interesting. Maclay urged that there
lay refused to favor the plan. This was prior should be no rate of duties below what ex-
to the bargain between Hamilton and Jeffer-
isted in his state.
son. Maclay was thoroughly disgusted with
« To place the mauufacturers of Pennsylvania, who
the whole matter, and believed that corruption had a claim on the faith of the State, on a worse
ruled the Senate. The Journal makes it pos ground than they stood before, would be injurious in a
sible to give a new account of the whole pro-
degree to their private property, and break the engage-
ceedings.
ment the State had made with them.”
Enough has been presented to show that on
The state tariffs appear to have had an im-
the fundamental points of adherence to state portant influence on the completed measure.
rights and democracy, and opposition to the
“ The Senators from Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
consolidating tendencies of Hamilton's meas-
and Maryland, in every act seemed desirous of making
the impost productive both as to revenue and effective
ures, Maclay was a typical Republican. He
for the encouragement of manufactures, and seemed to
even anticipates Jackson in calling the Bank consider the whole of the imposts (salt excepted) much
an "aristocratic engine,” but he was not an | too low.”
out-and-out opponent of the measure. He saw With all of Maclay's narrowness, the reader
no objection to it from the constitutional point must conclude a perusal of his Journal with
of view, inasmuch as Congress of the Confeder- the impression that he vigorously represented
ation held the right of incorporation. Another important issues in a formative period of our


1891.]
81
THE DIAL
constitutional history. If he had possessed less its publication was delayed and its character
acrimonious characteristics, his work would somewhat modified by the appearance of Mr.
have been more valuable to the student, but Du Chaillu's - Viking Age," a title Mr. Keary
perhaps of less interest to the general reader. had selected for his own book. This singular
There was a modern spirit about the man that coincidence in the choice of titles seems worth
interests one. As Professor Bourne has pointed recording.
out, it is rather startling to find Maclay calmly The opening chapters of Mr. Keary's book
figuring out the age of the world, from the present a vivid picture of the condition of
data furnished by the recession of the Niagara | European Christendom at the time of the in-
gorge, at somewhat over 55,000 years. For flux of the so-called barbarians. The ancient
the time in which he lived, this shows no little highways which once traversed every land
freedom of thought.
owning the Roman sway, some of which are
FREDERICK J. TURNER. still extant, were the veins through which
Christianity, as had once the laws and customs
of Pagan Rome, flowed into Western Europe.
THE VIKINGS IN WESTERN CHRISTENDOM.* All the regions which lay beyond the long arm
Those who have ever been brought under
of Roman justice were viewed by the common-
the spell of the Viking achievements of old are
ers as strange, misinformed, monstrous, inhu-
man and ghostlike. In a certain sense there
inclined to accept as a matter of course, and
with considerable satisfaction, the Viking in-
was a heathendom before Christianity, and it
vasions which are to-day being made in the
was ascribed to every northern country that
world of thought. When Rasmus B. Ander-
was cut off from connection with Rome. The
son's little volume, “ America Not Discovered
word heathen, be it remembered, is derived
by Columbus,” was published in 1874, practi-
from heath, which originally might mean
cally little attention had been paid in this coun-
simply an enclosure in the country, but which
try to Scandinavian history or literature,
came later to signify a wild, uncouth, un-
ancient or modern ; while to-day the market
cultivated region, remote from human kind.
is supplied from home-sources and from En-
What was unknown was always considered
gland with a rapidly increasing number of
uncouth by the ancients; that is to say,
works in this line, which continually stimulate
monstrous, terrifying. In the north of Ger-
the interest that has been aroused.
many the Rhine was the dividing line be-
Among the most delightful of recent contri-
tween Rome and not-Rome, the latter a region
butions to the field is the volume by Mr. C.
which never bent to the imperial sway. In
F. Keary, entitled “ The Vikings in Western
Britain the Roman roads ended at Hadrian's
Christendom.” It treats, as the author states
wall, and with them all that was natural and
in his Preface, of that period in the history
human was supposed to end. During the brief
of the Scandinavian peoples when they were
period of the cessation of intercourse between
Britain and Rome, a tradition was current
growing but had not fully grown into nation-
alities, and when, therefore, their true national
among the fishermen of Northern Gaul touch-
history had not begun. A distinction is drawn
ing the mysterious island “ Brittia,” half of
between the earliest Viking activity and the
which was a habitation for the living, but half
period of later expeditions which had ceased
of which was set apart for the dead. Between
wholly to absorb the energies of the people.
the two regions stretched a wall which none
The expression “Viking Age,” properly speak-
could pass and live; whoever did cross it in-
ing, is confined to the former period, and has
stantly fell dead, so dark, spirit-haunted, and
a profound interest to general European his-
pestilential was the air on the other side. The
Gaulish fishermen were the ferrymen of the
tory as a very important phase of the long
struggle between Christianity and the heathen-
dead who landed all souls on the unknown
ism of the North. Under this aspect Mr.
coast. It should be observed that this wild
Keary deals with it. His work was begun
myth was not so wild as to fail to discriminate
early in 1882, having been largely inspired
between conquered Britain and the unknown
by Professor Steenstrup's Normannerne, but
unconquered regions of the far North.
It is not easy for us to understand how low
* THE VIKINGS IN WESTERN CHRISTENDOM, A. D. 789 to an estimate was placed on the nations of North-
A. D. $48. By C. F. Keary, M.A., F.S.A., author of “ Out-
lines of Primitive Belief." With map and tables. New York:
ern Europe by those races whose thoughts were
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
| necessarily concerned with their own civiliza-


82
(July,
THE DIAL
oorth
tion, with the remains of Alexander's Empire ing the seeds of a higher culture among man-
in the south and east, and with the vast field of kind. This divine child, at the dawn of the
Hellenistic culture in Asia and Africa. India world's history, was wafted to the coast of
was far more interesting to the Romans than Scandinavia in a boat full of weapons until
heathen Germany, or other lands that must be then unknown. Whatever this myth may sig-
approached by the ocean, with its endless tides, nify, it is an acknowledged fact that in no
where ships might at any moment be tossed on | other part of Europe do such superb bronze
some unknown rocky shore, or through dense weapons exist as in the Scandinavian lands,
terror-inspiring forests, where trees, half-felled unless it be in the treasure-house of the Greek
for days before in anticipation of the advance, race. Long before the inhabitants of these
might suddenly fall to the right and left and countries enter the field as the last champions
rear of an army, as though at the touch of un of heathendom, they form a mysterious back-
seen hands. The great confederation of the | ground to the nearer Teutons who confidently
Suevi stretched from the shores of the Baltic believed themselves to have sprung from the
almost to the border of the South German borders of that sluggish sea which girdled the
Roman provinces. Here the ancient beliefs of whole earth.
Germany remained unmoved by foreign influ- The Vikings were brought into some con-
ences, and here was situated the most sacred tact with almost every European race and al-
grove in all Germany, where the supreme most every degree of Christians, but their re-
deity of the Teutonic nation was born. Beyond lation with the Irish monks was peculiar in
the Baltic, of which the Romans heard only as its nature and in its results. About the year
part of the Northern Ocean, Tacitus, whose A.D. 427, the Roman-Armorican Patricius be-
statements regarding Germany are frequently gan his mission in Ireland, but his converts
quoted, affords us one slight glimpse of the were half-forgotten by the rest of the Christian
Scandinavian countries, in his day supposed to world at the time of the appearance, A.D.
be an island:
527, of Columba, known as the Beacon of the
“On the other side of the sea lies the island of the
West. He instituted religious communities of
Suiones, a land rich in arms and ships and men; and be monks, whose dwellings were groups of wooden
yond the Suiones land another sea, sluggish and almost huts, by the salt sea, where the sea-gulls fly.
stagnant, which we may believe girdles and encloses
The more famous of these institutions became
the whole world. For here the light of the setting sun
lingers on till sunrise, bright enough to dim the light
the storehouses of precious gifts in gold and
of the stars. More than that, it is asserted that the
silver and jewels, in that fine twisted work
sound of his rising is to be heard, and the forms of the which characterized the goldsmith's art in Ire-
gods and the glory round his head may be seen. Only | land. In after years, when the Vikings came.
thus far, and here rumor seems truth, does the world extend.”
this treasure proved fatal. It is well known
In the eyes of the Romans, a romantic inter- that the amassing of treasures assumed almost
est was attached to these lands where nature a religious character for the Vikings, and this
was supposed to end, which can no longer be passion and their unbounded enthusiasm for
called forth by any country. It was largely ex- | battle and adventure were among the forces
cited by the trade in amber and fur which ex- that set them afloat on the high seas. These,
isted between the Baltic lands and Rome, and however, were not the sole motives that swayed
which, according to one theory, was carried on them. Their population was excessive, their
at a much earlier period with Greece by a land inadequate to their support. According
more easterly route.
to tradition, young men were chosen by lot to
The art of ship-building must be of great sally forth to gain kingdoms for themselves,
antiquity in the Scandinavian countries, for on thus enabling others to live at home. The
certain stone carvings found in them are figures young leader would cast a lance or a feather
of ships which must date at least five hundred into the air, and by its fall or flight he would
years before the days of Tacitus, and which determine which way he and his band should
correspond closely with the boats in use among turn.
the Vikings many centuries later, except that 1 We can fancy some such impelling motive
the earlier ships were without sails. At the to have guided the Scandinavian fleet that ap-
head of various Teutonic genealogies standspeared in the Meuse, far back in the Merov-
the name of a mythic being called Sceáf, Skef ing era, A.D. 515, the forerunner of all later
— which signifies Sheaf. He was a demi-god Viking fleets, and of those famous three keels
to whom was entrusted the mission of scatter- ' that put into a harbor of the Dorset coast one


1891.]
83
THE DIAL
-
-
-
summer day of 789, “ the first ships of Danish
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
men that sought the English coast." Possess-
LOWELL would have us believe that “desultory
ing themselves of some trifling booty, they
reading, except as conscious pastime, hebetates the
sailed away into the unknown whence they had
brain and slackens the bow-string of Will." No
come; but four years later another more ter-
reading could be more desultory than that of the
rible fleet attacked the island of Lindisfarne, dictionary ; and if it be a pastime, it is commonly
where the first Columban monastery had been an unconscious one. Yet, whatever its effect upon
built. Its crews rifled and burned the monas the will, Mr. Lowell himself will surely admit that
tery and its shrine, drove some of the monks to it is far from hebetating in its effect upon the
the sea, and took others prisoners. A cry of hor-
brain! In turning over the leaves of the Century
ror rose all over Europe at this disaster and sim-
Dictionary, the fifth volume of which is now before
ilar calamities that followed, for the Irish mon-
us, the mind is awakened to a springy activity like
asteries were seats of learning as well as of piety,
that which one experiences in the golden days of
foreign travel. But what better substitute or pre-
to whose schools Englishmen, Welshmen, and
paration for travel could be devised than a series
even Gauls and Franks, were in the habit of
of leisurely excursions through this glode of know-
flocking. It was not until the year 807 that ledge? On every page there is something to rivet
the Vikings touched the mainland of Ireland, the attention,—some snatch from an old ballad,
and not until 843 or 844 that the Norseman some bit of waggery from Dickens or Uncle
Thorgisl and his followers actually took pos Remus, some quaint word-jewel from an elder
session of the northern half of Ireland. He / poet, some piece of long-sought information, some
turned out the monks from Clonmicnois, set
curious etymology, some new word which it is dis-
up his wife Ota as a sort of Vala or Priestess,
graceful to be ignorant of, some old word which is
an addition to one's slender vocabulary. And then
and established something like a Norse king-
those exquisite illustrations, easily superior to any
dom over one-half of Ireland, thus anticipating
that ever before adorned the page of dictionary or
by half a century the course of Viking con-
encyclopædia, which cause to defile before the de-
quests in other countries. Destruction had lighted eye the fauna and the flora, the art, the
come to the monasteries, but a change for the costumes, the machinery, the architecture of every
better seems to have taken place in the inter land and of every age! This penultimate volume
nal politics of Ireland. These Norse Vikings (Q. to Stroyl) brings the great work to the six
taught or re-taught the Irish the uses of navi-
thousandth page. THE DIAL has noticed all the
gation for purposes of policy, trade, business,
preceding volumes with considerable fulness, and
little that is new can be said of this one. There is
and war, and brought political life to the sea,
no falling off, but rather an improvement, in the
where, in the place of the religious homes,
quality of the work. One is especially impressed
grew up the trading stations which the Norse-
with the fulness, conciseness, and apparent accuracy
men erected around the coast, and which held of the encyclopædic part, which is so compactly
the germs of a new civilization. It was Norse stowed that room is found for some information
or Danish kings of Dublin who introduced respecting almost everything in heaven above, in
the first native coinage into Ireland about the earth beneath, and in the waters under the earth.
year 1,000.
No work of human brain and hands is, however,
In the same way, the debt of Russia, En-
perfect, and microscopic scrutiny discloses flaws
gland, France, and Germany to the Vikings is
even in this fair surface. It is a pity, for example,
that a word so important and so generally abused
clearly traced with its full philosophic signifi-
as shall should not have received fuller treatment.
cance. The vigorous conflict between Christian-
There is a use of shall in the second person (much
ity and Northern Heathendom is depicted in
affected by Emerson, though by no means confined
glowing colors, and its modifying influences on to him), like that in the following sentence: “ In
religious thought and civilization shown. Some the Library of the Vatican you shall be shown a
of the descriptions of Teutonic creeds and parchment containing," etc. This use should have
popular Christian beliefs are exceedingly fine, been exemplified and explained; obviously it does
and will be found most suggestive. In fact, not imply “ authority or control on the part of the
Mr. Keary's volume may be pronounced fasci-
speaker," nor is it sufficient to say that it involves
nating and profitable reading from beginning
“simple futurity.” Again, there are curious pop-
| ular uses of she and her (e. g., " there she blows."
to end, and the few trifling errors that have
“ let her go, Gallagher”), which are by no means
been detected in its pages can scarcely be con-
explained or exemplified by the one quotation from
sidered of sufficient importance to mar its
Longfellow,
value.
“She was the grandest of all vessels,” etc.,
AUBERTINE WOODWARD MOORE. I to illustrate the use of the word as “ a substitute


84
[July,
THE DIAL
------
--- ---- - - -
for the name of ... something personified of being weak and kindhearted, Macbeth is a hypo-
in the feminine.” It may be remarked that the crite who deceives both his wife and us, and a
word her is too compactly treated in the article he, villain who can never satiate himself with crimes;
and that the article she adds little to what was while Lady Macbeth is really a weakhearted woman,
said in the previous article. Specialists will note who, having been made by her husband a sharer in
such flaws in the work, but its general accuracy one crime, breaks down, repents, and at last dies of
and immense popular utility will not be success remorse. The reader's pleasure on finding at the
fully challenged. (The Century Co., New York ; end of this book an excellent index will be offset,
McDonnell Bros., Chicago.)
we fancy, by a buyer's natural annoyance when he
discovers that he has bought along with Mr. Story's
It is a very pleasant surprise to find work of so
of so work some forty pages of the publishers' catalogue.
much vigor and freshness as is shown in Mr. W. W.
Story's “ Excursions in Art and Letters” (Hough As a writer of out-of-door sketches, Mr. Hamil-
ton), coming from one who has already passed the ton Wright Mabie can produce most attractive
traditional limit of three score and ten. The vet work. His recently-published “ Under the Trees
eran author's residence of more than forty years in and Elsewhere” (Dodd) is a book that has no
Italy, at the centre of the artistic world, has given dull pages. It is full of a kinship with nature,
him unrivalled opportunities for studies in art and and, as one might suppose from the evident influ-
archæology, and this, combined with his high stand ence of Emerson on the writer, his conception of
ing as an artist and as a scholar, makes his words
nature is nearer the conception of Wordsworth
weigh. Each of the papers in this volume bears on than of Keats or of Byron. It is a conception that
its face evidences of deep and independent thinking, includes the spiritual, and yet does not lose one
of patient and minute investigation, of broad and whit of the outward loveliness. In fact, there are
intelligent scholarship, of sound and refined taste. times when the sense of external material beauty
That the author has not lost the supposedly. youth-
is so vivid as to put into strong contrast those other
ful capacity for a noble and ennobling hero-worship times when the inner meaning is more apparent.
is shown by his eloquent tribute to Michel Angelo In the chapter “ Eventide,” this thought is finely
- sculptor, painter, architect, poet, engineer, and expressed : “ Now that all outlines are softened, all
able in all these arts,”—whom he contrasts with distinctive features are lost, nature loses its ma-
Raffaelle by saying: “ To the one belongs the sphere terialism, and becomes to our thought the vast,
of power, to the other that of charm. One fights silent, unbroken flow of force which the later
his way to immortality, the other woos it.” In the science has substituted for an earlier and cruder
article on “ Phidias and the Elgin Marbles,” Mr. | conception.” The book is easy to read, and it is
Story argues that there is no evidence to show that at the same time thoughtful and pleasant,-yet it
Phidias ever did any work in marble or that any should not be read at one sitting. To read it
was ever attributed to him until long centuries after through in this way would be to miss the delicate
his death. " The Art of Casting in Plaster among | suggestiveness that frequently sets one to musing.
the Greeks and Romans" controverts the arguments There are certain ideas that are dwelt upon too
by which Mr. Charles C. Perkins aimed to prove often, perhaps, for their recurrence becomes notice-
that the ancients possessed such an art. “ The pro able ; but they are the ideas that come again and
cess of casting in plaster, in our acceptation of the again to the lover of nature, and Mr. Mabie might
phrase,” says Mr. Story, is of modern origin, and,
| answer the objection by quoting his own words :
so far as we know, was invented in the fifteenth
" It is better to hear one or two notes sung in the
century." By the skill evinced in these two arti- over-shadowing trees than to spend one's years
cles, as well as in the last one in the book, in col amid a murmur in which nothing is distinctly
lecting and sifting evidence, it is plain that Mr. audible.” It is no disparagement to the author to
Story's early training as a lawyer still finds its use say that some of these recurring thoughts may be
in the service of art and scholarship. The Con-
traced back to earlier and greater writers. Who-
versation with Marcus Aurelius ” touches upon a
ever writes on nature places himself on common
subject of perennial interest to every thoughtful ground with the poets of all time, and it is inevit-
soul,the subject of religion. The spirit of the able that some of their thoughts will be reflected
Roman Emperor's meditations is pretty faithfully in the pages of writers who succeed them.
reproduced, though he is credited with a suspic-
iously profound acquaintance with Christian dogma. l'sder the quaint title, “ Appendiculæ Histor-
In discussing with Mr. Story the comparative mer- icæ ; or, Shreds of History Hung on a Horn” (Lon-
its of Paganism and Christianity, the pagan is gen- don: Henry Stevens & Son), Mr. Fred W. Lucas
erously given altogether the better of the argument. I makes, in a neat quarto volume, a careful and schol-
The last of the five papers is upon - Distortions of arly study of several epochs in early American his-
the English Stage as instanced in Macbeth." The tory. His first chapter is on the - Discovery and
author ably attacks the traditional view of the · Exploration in America to the end of the 16th Cen-
characters of Macbeth and Lady Vacbeth,—the tury"; the second, on the Settlement "; and the
view of Mrs. Siddons, and maintains that instead, third. on the Native Races and Fur Trade.” Then


1891.]
85
THE DIAL
follows the French and Indian wars ; Braddock's / tion of the book is that in which the author shows
disastrous campaign of 1755 ; the struggle for Can | how a branch of this old sturdy New England stock
ada which resulted in the capture of Quebec by has been represented by its descendants in our his-
General Wolfe in 1759; the general surrender of tory. It has been estimated by various authorities
the French at Montreal in 1760; and the Treaty that not less than 13,000,000 persons now living are
of Peace signed at Paris in 1763, by which France the descendants of the 21,000 immigrants to New
relinquished all her possessions on the North Amer England during the years between 1628 and 1640.
ican Continent. The Treaty of Paris in full, with We find among the descendants of Francis Higgin-
much other interesting matter, is given in the Ap- son, William M. Evarts, George F. Hoar, John
pendix. The text of that important treaty, which Sherman, William T. Sherman, John A. Andrew,
is often needed by students of American history, | H. C. Lodge, John T. Morse, and W. E. Channing.
has never been printed in an American publication.
A powder-horn, on which was neatly cut--evidently
Mr. F. P. EMERY'S “ Notes on English Litera-
in camp, with a soldier's jack-knife-a map of that | ture” (Ginn) is not a literary volume, but a prac-
part of the State of New York and Canada which tical work designed for college classes. It is a sylla-
was traversed by the English and Colonial troops bus of a series of lectures on the principal English
during the seven-years war, came into the author's Authors of all periods, and may fairly be compared
pessession, and suggested the quaint title and the to a note-book such as the average student would
main subjects of the book. The horn is not dated,
have to show after hearing the lectures. This sug-
but it was probably decorated in 1759. A well | gests what will be the chief use of the book. The
executed engraving of it is given as a frontispiece instructor can deliver his lectures according to the
to the book, and a fac-simile of the map is given in
plan laid down, and the students, having the book,
the notes. A number of excellent contemporary
will be saved the mechanical and attention destroy-
maps of those campaigns are reproduced in full ing labor of abstracting what they have heard.
size; and a topographical description of all the lo Manifestly, since the book is a mere outline, sins
calities mentioned on the horn map is given. The
of omission cannot be severely spoken of. Then,
maps of the Hudson River, Lake Champlain, New
since it is not to be used as a reference book until
York State, Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence River,
after the lectures have been heard, the instructor
Montreal, and Quebec, give many contemporary
can easily correct errors of fact or of taste. Still, a
and interesting details not readily found elsewhere.
few objections must be entered. To give a list of
The chronological tables --- “ Pre-Columbian Voy reference books that does not include Ten Brink's
ages ”; “ Fifty Years of Discovery, from 1492 to
* History of English Literature” is to be respon-
1542 "; - Explorations and Settlements, from 1550 sible for a bad oversight. To quote concerning
to 1748 ”; and “ Anglo-French Wars, from 1679 Pope's “ Eloisa to Abelard,” that it is “superior to
to 1760 ”—are compiled with care, and are useful. everything of the kind, ancient or modern," is to
praise artificial poetry with a vengeance. In the
THE “ Life of Francis Higginson,” in the series poems of Wordsworth and Byron that are referred
" Jakers of America” (Doda), is written by his to, no mention is made of two such characteristic
descendant, Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Fran poems as “ Tintern Abbey” and “ The Vision of
cis Higginson was the first minister in the Massa Judgment.” Euphuism is hardly explained with
chusetts Bay.Colony and was the author of New sufficient clearness; nothing is said of one of its
England's Plantation.” It is fair to say at once that distinctive features, alliteration. In the “ Idylls
to all appearances the author has not been able to l of the King,” Tennyson does not follow Malory as
discover material with which to write a satisfactory closely as Mr. Emery seems to think; and a page
life. If the intent of this series is to give in popular is given to Bulwer, while three lines suffice for
and attractive form the lives of men influential in George Meredith, — very strange literary justice.
building the American nation and state, this book is Mistakes like these indicate a certain degree of
out of place in the list. Except to one especially carelessness. But in general the “ Notes” are sat-
interested in the early history of New England, the isfactory, and in the hands of a well-read teacher
book is not attractive. It is made up largely of the book will be a very useful one.
quotations from journals and letters, and even from
documents that are not juicy at the best. A volume Our readers are already familiar with the scope
of one hundred and fifty-two pages contains ninety- and merits of M. Saint-Amand's “ Famous Women
five pages of quotations, not to mention minor in of the French Court" series. The latest volume,
stances. If the intent of the author was to collect - Marie Louise, Elba, and the Hundred Days”
from various recondite sources all the material that (Scribner), presents the closing scenes in the Napo-
might possibly bear upon the life of Francis Hig | leonic drama; the most important chapters being
1. he has succeeded admirably. If his pro- those devoted to the Emperor's exile to and return
fessed intent was to give a picture of the man, and from Elba, the battle of Waterloo, and the final
w at large his acts and their influence in a voyages in the “ Bellerophon” and the “ Northum-
fashion entertaining to the general reader, he has berland."
The translator of this volume is Eliza-
1. Perhaps the most interesting por- | beth Gilbert Martin.
berland.


86
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TIIE DIAL
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are the housekeeper's stand-by. Handy, too, when friends drop in to
tea unexpectedly. Mrs. Rorer's book, Canning and Preserving, will give
you the best ways to put 'em up, tell you how to can, preserve, and
jelly every kind of fruit, and give you lots of valuable hints. Only
40 cents in paper covers ; 75 cents in cloth. We pay the postage.
HOT WEATHER
Dishes by Mrs. Rorer is a good thing. At least you 'd say so if you
had it handy when you 're in a stew to know what to get for break-
fast, dinner, and supper. Don't worry. Consult this book. Only 40
cents in paper covers ; 75 cents in cloth. We pay the postage.
ALL THE YEAR 'ROUND
you need a cook book. Can't afford to economize on that. You want
the best. Mrs. Rorer's is at the head of the heap. Its good points put
it there. If you'd like to try it, write us. In oil-cloth covers, $1.75.
We pay the postage.
ARNOLD & COMPANY,
420 Library Street, PHILADELPHIA.
A NEW EDITION DE LUXE OF
BULWER-LYTTON'S NOVELS.
LIMITED TO ONE THOUSAND COPIES.
THE first and only fine illustrated edition of Lord Bulwer-Lytton's Novels ever made in Europe or
1 America. Bulwer stands foremost among novelists as a student and delineator of human nature,
instincts, and passions, and he is also acknowledged to be the most versatile writer of his day and gen-
eration. His popularity is increasing every year, and the publishers recognize the great demand for a
good edition of his writings.
This edition is embellished with over two hundred Photogravures on Japanese government paper,
from original drawings and paintings by the best illustrators in America, and Photographs of the actual
scenes and places referred to, gathered on the spot especially for this edition.
THE MANUFACTURE OF THE BOOK IS PERFECT.
The type is large and new, and set in a fine open page. The margins are ample, and the paper a
beautiful natural-tint laid paper. The volume is a small 8vo, easy to handle, and the binding is vellum
cloth, gilt top, slightly trimmed.
The set will be complete in THIRTY-TWO volumes, issued at the rate of about two volumes per month,
at $2.50 per Volume.
Prospectus and specimen pages, showing type, page, and paper, with sample illustration, mailed free
on application.
THIS SET IS NOT FOR SALE AT THE BOOKSTORES.
ESTES & LAURIAT, BOSTON, Mass.


98
[Aug., 1891.
THE DIAL
THE
POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY
FOR AUGUST, 1891.
FROM FETICH TO HYGIENE. By ANDREW D. WHITE, PROFESSOR HUXLEY AND THE SWINE-MIRACLE. By W. E.
LL.D. A terrible picture of the ravages of epidemics when Gladstone.
prayers and saintly relics were relied upon to check them, ILLUSTRATIONS OF MR. GLADSTONE'S CONTROVERSIAL
to the neglect of sanitation.
METHOD. By Prof. T. H. Huxley.
THE VALUE OF STATISTICS. By Hon. CARROLL D. HEAD-FLATTENING AS SEEN AMONG THE NAVAJO INDIANS.
WRIGHT. Tells how census returns should be used, and By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. Illustrated.
how they are sometimes made to give false evidence. THE RELATIONS OF ABSTRACT RESEARCH TO PRACTICAL
THE EVOLUTION OF THE WOOLEN MANUFAC-
INVENTION. By F. W. Clarke.
TURE (concluded). By S. N. D. NORTH. An account of
HYPOCRISY AS A SOCIAL DEBASER. By Dr. R. W. Conant.
the dyeing and finishing processes, and the commercial pro- THE PRACTICAL OUTCOME OF SCIENCE. By W. H. Smith,
gress of the industry. Illustrated.
M.D.
DRESS AND ADORNMENT. I., DEFORMATIONS. By
GINSENG IN COMMERCE. By J. J. Bell. Illustrated.
Prof. FREDERICK STARR. An interesting description of
SKETCH OF F. W. A. ARGELANDER. With Portrait.
various modes of cutting the flesh, tattooing and painting SCIENCE AND WEALTH (Editor's Table); LITERARY NOTICES ;
the skin, filing the teeth, and shaping the skull. Illustrated. POPULAR MISCELLANY; Notes.
FIFTY CENTS A NUMBER. FIVE DOLLARS A YEAR.
NEW PUBLICATIONS.
HOME LIFE ON AN OSTRICH FARM. I MAID MARIAN, and Other Stories.
By ANNIE MARTIN. Illustrated. Svo, cloth, $1.25.
| By MOLLY ELLIOT SEAWELL, author of "Throckmorton"
and "Little Jarvis." No. 77, “Town and Country Libra-
“One of the most charming descriptions of African experi- ||
ry." 12mo, paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00.
ence that have come under our notice. ... The work
does not contain a dull page. It is a sparkling little book, of
which it would be difficult to speak too highly."--London
A MATTER OF SKILL.
Athenæum.
By BEATRICE Whitby, author of “The Awakening of Mary
"A perfect book of its kind. ... Mrs. Martin joins Fenwick" and "Part of the Property.” No. 76, “ Town
keen observing powers to a great love of nature, both animate and Country Library." 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.00).
and inanimate, and a rare descriptive faculty. Her pictures The prompt success of Miss Whitby's previous books se-
of the farm life, but, above all, of her dumb companions, are cured for her a large number of American readers, who will
admirable. ... The illustrations are excellent."-New be interested to know of the appearance of this new story.
York Evening Post.
THE
APPLETONS' GUIDE-BOOKS.
HISTORY OF MODERN CIVILIZATION.
APPLETONS’ CANADIAN GUIDE-BOOK. A Complete
A Hand-Book based upon M. GUSTAVE DUCOUDRAY'S “His Tourist's and Sportsman's Guide to Eastern Canada and
toire Sommaire de la Civilisation." Edited by Rev. J. Newfoundland. With Maps, many Illustrations, and an
VERSCHOYLE, M.A. Uniform with “ The History of An Appendix giving Fishing and Game Laws and Official Lists
cient Civilization." Illustrated, 12mo, cloth, $2.25.
of Trout and Salmon Rivers and their Lessees. By Chas.
G. D. Roberts. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
“ Contains a vast quantity of information on many subjects,
* The author knows Canada well, and, in spite of devotion
generally arranged with much skill."? — Saturday Review.
to pure literature, he has the skill of a good literary crafts-
“The work of author and adapter has been admirably ex-
man in collecting and arranging the material demanded of
ecuted, and the result is that rarest of literary portents a
those who aspire to write guide-books that are capable of
suummary at once comprehensive and readable.'' - London
guiding."'- New York Times.
Telegraph.
APPLETONS' GENERAL GUIDE TO THE UNITED
ADOPTING AN ABANDONED FARM. STATES AND CANADA. With numerous Maps and
Illustrations. New Edition, revised to date. 12mo, flexi-
By KATE SANBORX. The third volume in “ Appletons
ble morocco, with tuck, $2.50.
Summer Series." 16mo, half cloth, with specially designed
Part I. separately, New ENGLAND AND MIDDLE STATES
cover, 50 cents.
AND CANADA; cloth, $1.25. Part II., SOUTHERN AND WEST-
Miss Sanborn is one of the brightest of the many bright
ERN STATES ; cloth, $1.25.
women who are writing to-day in this country. In this book
she tells the story of her own experience, related with a fresh
APPLETONS: HAND-BOOK OF AMERICAN SUMMER
ness, vivacity, and good humor which will be sure to increase RESORTS. With Maps, Illustrations, and Table of Rail-
the reader's interest in the subject so well fitted to midsum road Fares, etc. New Edition, revised to date. Large
mer reading.
12mo, paper, 50 cents.
For sale by all Booksellers, or sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price, by
D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street, NEW YORK.


Pri lisa
THE DIAL
Vol. XII. AUGUST, 1891. No. 136. de Profundis," culminating in - Levana and
Our Ladies of Sorrow," and learn that Philip
--- - -- ----- -- -- - --- -
Sidney was right when he said that verse is
CONTENTS.
not essential to poetry. Read - The Revolt of
THE STYLE OF DE QUINCEY. Melville B. An-
a Tartar Tribe," and ask yourself what mod-
ern narrative poem is half so stately. Read
derson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
BOOKS OF TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. Ed-
“ Murder as a Fine Art," if you do not believe
ward Gilpin Johnson .... ..... 100
a shrivelled modern valetudinarian capable of
THE PUEBLO INDIANS. Arthur Howard Noll . . 104
audacities that make those of the full-blooded
Swift look pale in comparison. Read his lit-
RECENT BOOKS OF POETRY. William Morton
erary reminiscences, if you aspire to walk with
Payne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Wilson, to expatiate with Coleridge, to quibble
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ......... 113
with Lamb, to brood with Wordsworth. Read
Buchanan's The Coming Terror.-Hale's The Auto-
his essays in literary theory and criticism, if
biography, Diary, and Correspondence of James Free-
man Clarke.-Barrie's My Lady Nicotine.--Brinton's
you would know what the most ingenious,
The American Race.-Elizabeth Hanscome's Lamb's most curiously informed, and the most original
Essays: A Biographical Study.--Jessie Frothingham's
of the littérateurs thought of the great writers
Journal of Maurice de Guérin.--Parsons's The Profes-
sor's Letters.- Howard's Henry Ward Beecher: A
of past and present time, whose peer he was.
Study.--Roberts's Canadian Guide-Book.
Read his theological, economical, political, his-
TOPICS IN AUGUST PERIODICALS ...
torical essays, if you would behold the flashing
116
blade of the subtlest of hair-splitters employed
BOOKS OF THE MONTH . . . . . . . . . . 116
in the service of the most recondite of para-
doxes, and not employed in vain. Read,
THE STYLE OF DE QUINCEY.*
finally, the whole mass of his works, -as the
present writer has almost done, and hopes to
Professor David Masson, whose name is
do again,—and admit that for variety of curi-
destined to live with the immortality of Mil-
ous learning, for the jaunty ease with which
ton's fame, has now added another to his
that weight of learning is carried, for whim-
many titles to grateful remembrance by giving
sical wit, for exuberance of spirits, for impas-
to the world a perfectly edited collection of the
sioned meditation upon the grandest themes,
multifarious works of our most neglected prose
and for some of the stateliest arts of “the
writers of genius,--most neglected, that is, by
other harmony of prose,” De Quincey the only
editors hitherto, if not by the public at large.
is unrivalled. In his peculiar commingling of
No man could have done more for the good all these and other qualities, there is surely no
fame of Thomas De Quincey, nor yet for the
one like him. He, too, has a magic circle,
comfort of that writer's charmed circle of ad-
within which no one dare tread but he.
mirers, than Professor Masson has done by the It was a standing lament of the late admir-
publication of the well-digested, systematic, | able Edward FitzGerald, that Mr. Lowell
thoroughly annotated edition, which now shines
would not add to his literary gallery the por-
down from our shelf in its becoming garment trait of De Quincey. What the master failed
of purple and gold: a becoming garment, be-
to do must not be attempted in a hasty notice
cause, in more than one sense, among masters | by the summer scribe and the sunshine critic.
of English prose De Quincey wears the purple.
I venture, however, to call attention to two
Read, or read again, his papers on “The
chief notes of De Quincey's masterly prose.
English Mail Coach,” culminating in his
The most noticeable quality of his style is
splendid - Vision of Sudden Death,” and re-
what may be termed his sentence-architecture.
ceive a revelation of the harmonies of which If you ask what order of architecture he affects,
English prose is capable. Read the “ Suspiria
I will answer that it is the order peculiar to
* THE COLLECTED WRITINGS OF THOMAS DE QUINCEY.
castles in Spain. He is a master-builder of
New and Enlarged Edition, by David Masson, Professor of cloud-capt towers and lofty palaces of words.
English Literature in the University of Edinburgh. In
hofty phases oot worse
Fourteen Volumes. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.
But his sentence-architecture has none of the
New York: Macmillan & Co.
| angularity, the hardness, and the chill of the


100
[Aug.,
THE DIAL
33
art which has been so aptly defined as “frozen turn him over, with a sigh, to the cruel mercy
music." Like the shifting cities of some ra of the critics. But even this naughty trick
diant western cloudland, his sentences meet endears ; partly because of this foible, a few
without a shock, blend, dispart, and close people are perverse enough to prefer their
again, holding us breathless as we await new darling De Quincey to others more " coldly
visions of enchantment. Perhaps I am over correct and critically dull.”
fanciful, or eye-minded, but De Quincey's sen- Of the present admirable, indeed monu-
tence-forms have always somehow appealed to mental, edition, I have already spoken at length
my sense of sight. Not, however, by any in THE DIAL (June, 1890). What was said
means to sight alone : like the Theban wall then need not now be repeated. Suffice it to
Amphion built, these stately fabrics rise “ like say that Professor Masson has once for all pro-
an exhalation,” to the dulcet piping of the vided the most miscellaneous and occasional of
flute. De Quincey's castles lie in a zone of great writers with the proper apparatus,- in
comfortable warmth where it is impossible the shape of introductions, epilogue, explana-
that the music should ever become “frozen.” tory notes, bibliography, and index,—essential
This architectural music is a sensuous qual to the reader who stands to De Quincey in the
ity of style ; the other most marked quality is attitude of posterity. We must believe that
a purely intellectual one. I refer, of course, posterity will long bear him in glad remem-
to what he himself termed his “philosophy of brance; and who can say how much of his
transition and connection” in sentences and fame, how many a present and future reader,
paragraphs. Open any one of these fourteen | our author will owe to his vigilant and modest
volumes at any page, analyze there the tissue editor. We need not imitate poor dear De
of the style, and you will discover that it is | Quincey either in his opium habit (though one
one-third or one-fourth connective tissue. One might be glad to eat opium to so good purpose
third or one-fourth of the words, phrases, and as he!), or in his equally ingrained habit of
clauses will be found to contain no thought in digression ; but, thanks to Professor Masson,
themselves; they are conjunctive in character, | we may now read and enjoy forever this sup-
referring backward to what has been said, plest, gayest, and at times stateliest of English
forward to what is to be said ; not bone and writers. Those who overlook De Quincey do
blood and muscle, but ligament and tendon. so to their own loss; for of the harmonies of
This is generally true whether the subject be prose there is no greater master.
grave or gay, humorous or tender, narrative or
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON.
descriptive, or philosophic. The reason lies,
doubtless, in the fact that no matter how friv-
olous is his pretext for writing, no matter how
BOOKS OF TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.*
ingenious in turning and doubling is the hare
he starts, no matter how crotchety his paradox,
That the migratory instinct which tempted
the calm and learned thinker is always present
our old-world ancestors to face in their chips
who can say nothing that is not worth remem-
of boats the perils of an unknown sea is strong
bering. And so he gives nudges to our mem * PARIS OF To-Day. Translated from the Danish of Rich-
ory in shape of these backward references, and
ard Kaufmann, by Miss Olga Flinch. Illustrated. New York:
Cassell Publishing Co.
sharpens our curiosity by means of the forward
OUR ITALY. By Charles Dudley Warner. Illustrated.
references. Evidently, also, he is conscious of New York: Harper & Brothers.
his tendency to digress, and is thus the more Noto: An Unexplored Corner of Japan. By Percival
upon his mettle to exhibit the latent connection
Lowell. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
between theme and excursus. Whatever be
JINRIKISHA DAYS IN JAPAN. By Eliza R. Scidmore. Illus-
trated. New York: Harper & Brothers.
the reason, he is of all English writers, except SPAIN AND MOROCCO: Studies in Local Color. By Henry
possibly Burke, the most scrupulous adept in T. Finck. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
“the philosophy of transition and connection.”
A FLYING TRIP AROUND THE WORLD. By Elizabeth Bis-
These are the two great features of De
land. New York: Harper & Brothers.
THROUGH RUSSIA ON A MUSTANG. By Thomas Stevens,
Quincey's style. Of its many minor features, Illustrated. New York: Cassell Publishing Co.
its thousand studied charms, I have no space DIARY OF A PILGRIMAGE. By Jerome K. Jerome. Illus-
to treat. Nor can I more than allude to his trated. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
unconscionable digressiveness ; in this article
THE WATERING PLACES OF THE Vosges. By Henry W.
Wolff. With a map. New York : Longmans, Green & Co.
he is the most arrant of sinners, and his most
A SUMMER's Outing. By Carter H. Harrison. Illustrated.
thorough-going admirers can do nothing but | Chicago: Dibble Publishing Co.


1891.]
101
THE DIAL
in their descendants, is evidenced by the pro- of sprightly pen-pictures of modern Parisian
fusion and popularity to-day of Books of life, -that of the sober left bank of the Seine,
Travel and Description. If we cannot see with its colleges, museums, laboratories, book-
foreign parts through our own eyes, we wish stalls, and staid, aristocratic St. Germain, as
at least to see them through our neighbor's; well as that of the right bank, the essential
and it is consoling to think how vastly better Paris, the city of Froufrou, the Mecca of the
and more informing it is for many of us non pleasure-hunter, with its teeming boulevards,
travellers to do our sight-seeing vicariously. miles of cafés and kiosks,—the enchanting
For there are observers and observers ; what place whither good Americans used to go when
each man sees and notes on his journey being they died (they go to London now), and where,
to a surprising extent the fruit of his personal as the author observes, " the temptress only
make-up, natural and acquired. For example: holds her net, and, like butterflies blinded by
Rome, the eternal city, Byron's “ Niobe of the sun, the poor dizzy children of the world
Nations” and “ lone mother of dead empires," tumble into it.” It is no part of Mr. Kauf-
the most venerable and suggestive spot of earth mann's plan to moralize upon the gay, bewil-
to the thoughtful and the lettered, is to Mark dering, unthinking life of which he has so
Twain (we do not say to Mr. Clemens) a huge thoroughly caught the spirit; he simply holds
magazine of nonsense ; dyspeptic Smith, whose the mirror up to all that is distinctively Par-
diary, like his life, is one long damn,” re isian, wisely leaving the reader to his own re-
turns from Venice, grumbling, out of sorts, flections. Under the five general headings,-
having found, to accept his own account, in the - Paris of To-day,” “ The Paris Street,” « Paris
bride of the Adriatic little save beggars, fleas, from the Cradle to the Grave," " Theatres,”
and damp sheets; while his fellow-traveller, “ The Triumphs of the Exposition,”—he rap-
whose digestion is good, brings away Arabian idly sketches working Paris, dancing Paris,
tales of flowering Titian and Tintoretto can literary, scientific, theatrical, and fashionable
vasses, moonlit canals resonant with the strain Paris, the life of boulevard and café, the stu-
of the tuneful gondolier and lined with a mar dents, the newsmen, the peddlers, Paris din-
ble fret-work of palace fronts,--the parapher ners, soirees, funerals,— in brief, whatever is
nalia of the sea Cybele whose
most interesting and characteristic in the ex-
daughters had their dowers
ternal aspects of life in the gay capital. The
From spoils of nations."
make-up of Mr. Kaufmann's book is enticing
It is not wholly an exaggeration to say that - good print, good paper, a tastefully unique
the tourist takes his own Italy, Spain, or cover, and a profusion of well-chosen illustra-
France, abroad with him, as he does his trunk, tions that admirably reflect the spirit of the
--the accounts of no two individuals ever co text.
inciding. We do not mean to imply that travel An exceedingly inviting volume is “Our
lers are, as a class, inheritors of the spirit of Italy,"containing a series of articles on South-
Ananias, but that the truth is so largely relative ern California originally contributed by Mr.
to the beholder that the writer of books of the | Charles Dudley Warner to “Harper's Maga-
class under review, when charged with trite- zine.” The illustrations are beautiful, the
ness of subject, may well say, with the irate print and paper of the first quality, and the
Dr. Johnson, “ Sir, you have not travelled over cover is a model of tasteful elegance. Taken
my mind, I promise you !” From all of which together, these interesting papers form a rea-
follows that a hint of stateness in the title of a sonably thorough exposition of the prevailing
travel-book need not of itself deter the reader; conditions—climatic, social, and economical-
for there is no doubt that were an observer of of life in that favored, and much-debated, re-
the right stripe to “write up” for us an ac gion toward which the eyes of so many Amer-
count of our own immediate street and neigh icans are anxiously turning. Mr. Warner has
borhood, we should be astonished to learn what evidently framed his work with a view to sat-
an extremely curious and interesting spot one isfying every rational inquiry as to Southern
may inhabit without being in the least aware California that might suggest itself to pros-
of it.
pective pilgrims,—whether their aim be health,
The most sumptuous book on our list is pleasure, or permanent residence. A great
Richard Kaufmann's "Paris of To-day,” trans- variety of facts are presented relating to hotels,
lated from the Danish by Olga Flinch. Mr. scenery, seasons, qualities of soil, results and
Kaufmann's work is essentially a long series / modes of irrigation, the fruit culture, land and


102
(Aug.,
THE DIAL
prices, the chances for laborers and small far. we are to believe Mr. Lowell, the Japanese is
mers, etc., all of which topics are treated in- more agreeable than usually represented ; kind-
telligibly, and, to all appearance, impartially. ly hospitable, and not averse to the “ foreign
Of Mr. Warner's ability to entertain his read | devil.” The little volume is a very pretty one,
ers, we need not speak. The closing chapter tastefully bound and wellprinted.
contains a fine description of the Grand Cañon A gossipy, informing book is Eliza B. Scid-
of the Colorado :
more's “ Jinrikisha Days in Japan ”—a col-
“We took a few steps, and the whole magnificence lection of outline sketches gathered during a
broke upon us. No one could be prepared for it. The
three years' residence in the Island Empire.
scene is one to strike dumb with awe, or to unstring
| Miss Scidmore describes the jinrikisha as “a
the nerves; one might stand in silent astonishment, an-
other would burst into tears. .. We looked up big two-wheeled baby carriage,” a “ comfort-
and down for twenty to thirty miles. This great space able flying arm-chair, a little portable throne";
is filled with gigantic architectural constructions, with
and the motive principle of this oriental cab
amphitheatres, gorges, precipices, walls of masonry,
or gondola is a muscular individual, clad in a
fortresses terraced up to the level of the eye, temples
mountain size, all brilliant with horizontal lines of color
6 loose coat and waistcoat, and tights of dark-
- streaks of solid hues a few feet in width — yellows, blue cotton, with straw sandals on his feet, and
mingled white and grey, orange, dull red, brown, blue, an inverted wash bowl of straw covered with
carmine, green, all blending in the sunlight into one
cotton on his head,"—the use and wear-and-
transcendent suffusion of splendor. Afar off we saw
tear of whose legs are rated at the moderate
the river in two places, a mere thread, as motionless
and smooth as a strip of mirror, only we knew it was a
price of ten cents an hour or seventy-five
turbid, boiling torrent, 6000 feet below us."
cents a day. Of one of her jinrikisha men,-
The book is one which those interested in Cal a Manx penny he must have been in the way
ifornia cannot afford to leave unread.
of legs, — the author asserts that he often
Mr. Percival Lowell's - Noto: An Unex wheeled his “ baby carriage” sixty or sixty-five
plored Corner of Japan" is a travel-book some miles a day for several days together. Miss
what in the sense that the “ Reisebilder" or Scidmore's book has plenty of local color, and
the “ Sentimental Journey” are travel-books, is packed with information of the rapid, sketchy
--the journey serving mainly as a thread for order. She shows us the priests, the pilgrims,
the stringing of the author's vagrant fancies the artists, the jugglers, and the delightful
and graces of literary expression. Mr. Low little Japanese children-quaint elves, with
ell's style is in general very pleasing, compact
their black beads of eyes, shaven crowns, gay
almost to a fault, abounding in quaint turns little kimonos, and their “wise, serene coun-
of thought and diction, and verging at times, tenances which make them look like cabinet
as it seems to us, dangerously upon the “ con curios”; she takes us about the streets and in-
ceited "— in the Cowleyian sense, we mean. to the country, and into palaces, temples, clubs,
Noto, it seems, is a peninsula, due west over homes, theatres, and curio shops, and instructs
land from Tokio, reaching out into the Japan us in the use of the chop-sticks, and in the con-
Sea; and the author decided to go to Noto for struction of a native drama. The book is a
the cogent reason that the name pleased him. pretty one externally, and is liberally illus-
When one starts off in this way,-in either trated.
book or journey,—we know better than to look Henry T. Finck's “ Spain and Morocco " is
for statistics and hard facts of the “Gradgrind" an attempt to transfer to the pages of a book
order; and the reader who accompanies, figur an impression of some of the most striking
atively, Mr. Lowell on his jaunt-by rail, boat, samples of local color met with during a two
stage, horse-car, and jinrikisha—from Tokio months' outing, the route embracing Madrid,
to Noto, will know at the end of the trip rather Toledo, Cordova, Seville, Cadiz, Tangier, Tet-
more of his travelling-companion's impressions, uan, Gibraltar, Malaga, Granada, and Barce-
fancies, daintinesses of diction, than of the | lona. Those who have read Mr. Finck's val-
guide-book realities of the route. All of which uable book on California, published last year,
is meant without prejudice to Mr. Lowell's need not be told that he is an observer who
book, which is a charming bit of literature that does not substitute fancy for fact. He has
will easily bear re-reading. And it is not not viewed the land of the Cid through the
without information. Scattered throughout usual rose-colored spectacles, but tells us in
its pages are sketchy descriptions of the native clear crisp English precisely what he saw,-
villages, tea-houses, inns, etc., with here and not what he was predisposed to see or what he
there a pretty bit of landscape or genre. If I felt he ought to have seen,--preserving his


1891.]
103
THE DIAL
equilibrium even before the Alhambra. The | impart charm and freshness to her descrip-
freshest part of the route traversed by the au tions—which, considering the rate at which
thor was that between Tangier and Tetuan, a she was whirled through space, are graphic and
journey through a delicious country musical accurate. Space limitations forbid our follow-
with the songs of canary birds, and filled with ing Miss Bisland's flight in detail. It is pleas-
blossoming oleanders which “ gave the whole ant to learn that “throughout the entire jour-
landscape a rose-colored tint, like Persian rose ney” she never met with other than the most
fields." The trip was made on horseback un | exquisite and unfailing courtesy and considera-
der the “protection ” of a Moroccan soldier tion”—a statement which a glance at the very
armed with a rifle “ almost ten feet long, with attractive portrait prefixed to the volume puts
a single barrel and a most primitive lock, and beyond the shadow of a doubt.
no doubt an exact copy of the first rifle ever 1 In the summer of 1890, Mr. Thomas Ste-
made." This piece of artillery was “wrapped vens, of bicycle fame, rode horseback over a
up carefully in a red flannel bag, tied up at thousand miles through the heart of Russia,
both ends.” The book conveys, on the whole, a from Moscow to Sevastopol, and thence up the
favorable impression of Spanish travel. It is Don and Volga to Nijni Novgorod, to report
not so difficult, the hotels not so bad, nor the for the “ New York World." The details of
beggars so importunate, as of old it seems. this journey are now issued in book form, un-
« The kernel of the Spanish people is sound and der the title “ Through Russia on a Mustang.”
sweet. I have travelled a good deal, but nowhere have The volume is lively and informing, the new-
I found well-dressed people so willing to go several ness of the country traversed and the author's
blocks out of their way to direct you to a certain street.
novel mode of locomotion insuring the element
They constantly do it, however much you may protest.”
of freshness. Mr. Stevens's preliminary ad-
Mr. Finck writes pleasantly and naturally, ventures in search of a horse are very amusing,
and has a happy knack of hitting off humor- and he animadverts severely upon the men-
ously and vividly the little incidents and bits dacity of the native horse-dealers, whom he was
of by-play in street, café, and railway station, obliged to abandon in despair. A horse was
so indicative of national life and character. | finally secured from an American “Wild West”
"Spain and Morocco " is a compact little vol show then exhibiting in Moscow; and this
ume that should usefully supplement the reg- beast, felicitously called “ Texas”—an animal
ular guide-book; and we commend it to tourists “ stiff in opinions” and, as the author feeling-
who intend following the route described. ly testifies, generally " in the wrong,"—is the
Miss Elizabeth Bisland's book, “ A Flying low comedian of the recital. There is plenty
Trip Around the World,” is the literary out of quotable matter in Mr. Stevens's book,- it
come of a phase of modern journalistic enter contains, by the way, an interesting interview
prise that takes the form of starting young with Tolstoï,—but our space is exhausted. A
women out to “ beat the circumnavigatory re- number of illustrations from photographs
cord ”—which, if our memory is not at fault, taken by the author are given. They are well
our author succeeded in doing. Miss Bisland's chosen as to subject, but, unfortunately, owing
summons to depart was sudden and unlooked to some defect in the printing, present a rather
for-a thunder-clap out of a clear sky. The bleached-out appearance.
note from her employers was delivered with the Getting fun out of an Englishman is com-
breakfast tray at 8 a.m., and on the evening of monly believed in this country to be a good
the same day she was speeding across the con deal like getting it into a Scotchman. Sun-
tinent-with “a steamer trunk, a Gladstone beams may, however, be extracted from cucum-
bag, and a shawl strap ” — bent on girdling the bers; and Mr. Jerome K. Jerome-despite
earth in seventy-five days. The journey was his birthplace-in his “ Diary of a Pilgrim-
made by way of San Francisco, Yokohama, age” gives a laughable and very Mark Twain-
Hong Kong, Singapore, Penang, Colombo, ish account of his trip from London, via Os-
Aden, Port Said, Brindisi, Calais, Dover, and tend, Cologne, and Munich, to Oberammergau.
Queenstown, in seventy-six days, an unlucky While Mr. Jerome has, in this volume at least,
mistake at Havre involving a delay of five days. clearly founded his style upon the “ Innocents
We may say at once of this little volume that Abroad,” he has a plentiful fund of humor of
it shows a good deal of literary talent. The his own ; indeed, the best parts by far of his
author writes easily and gracefully, and with book are those in which he gets farthest away
a freedom of fancy and facility of allusion that from his prototype and forgets the stock exag-


104
[Aug.
THE DIAL
gerations as to German beds, waiters, cookery, the virtues of this region are purely Quixotic,
phrase-books, etc., and the stock irreverences his plea is a very reasonable one, based as it
as to objects which everybody but professional is on the variety and success of the waters, the
humorists and touring ignoramuses treat with cleanliness and cheapness of the hotels, the
respect. In the midst of his fun, Mr. Jerome luxury of the baths, the moderation of the
occasionally waxes critical—with good results : régime as compared with the German spas,
“In the new Pantechnicon [a richly humorous ren the picturesque beauty of the region, and its
dering of Pinacothek, we suppose] is exhibited the easy accessibility from London and Paris.
modern art of Germany. This appeared to me to be
Taking the spas in turn-Plombiéres, Con-
exceedingly poor stuff. It seemed to belong to the
illustrated Christmas number school of art. It was
trexéville, Vittel, Martigny-Les-Bains, Luxe-
good, sound, respectable work enough. There was uil, Bains-Les-Bains, Bussang, and the small
plenty of color about it, and you could tell what every Alsatian springs, — the author goes into a
thing was meant for. But there seemed no imagina-
thorough description of each — hotels, history,
tion, no individuality, no thought, anywhere. Each
picture looked as though it could have been produced
baths, prices, scenery, etc.,— and furnishes a
by anyone who had studied and practised art for the complete analysis of the waters. The book
requisite number of years, and who was not a born fool.” contains a good map of the district.
A Ruskin or a Hamerton could not have hit Last year Mr. Carter H. Harrison contrib-
the nail on the head more exactly than Mr. uted to the “Chicago Tribune” a series of
Jerome has hit it-especially in his concluding letters, written while on the wing, descriptive
sentence—which, be it remarked, does not ap of a vacation jaunt to the Yellowstone National
ply to German art alone; and so long as brains Park, Puget Sound, and Alaska. These let-
are held to have nothing to do with the fine ters, revised and enlarged, are now placed be-
arts, and the " artist's ” qualifications for his fore the public in book form under the title
calling need not go beyond deft fingers, irregu “ A Summer's Outing.” The volume is vi-
larities of costume and conduct, and a cheap | vaciously written, full of brisk good-humor and
ambition for shining in the eyes of the uniniti hearty appreciation of the sights and won-
ated, things are not likely to improve. In ad- ders of the regions visited, and contains a fair
dition to the “ Diary of a Pilgrimage,” six amount of information of the sort that will
“ splendid essays” (so the author calls them) prove useful to tourists proposing to follow the
are given. The illustrations by G. L. Fraser author's footsteps. An attractive feature of
are very amusing.
the book are a number of well executed illus-
“ Le médecine a le même pouvoir que la ré trations reproduced from photographs--a view
ligion ; elle fait entreprendre des pélérinages,”
of the Yellowstone Cañon being specially com-
caustically observed M. de Voltaire, when mendable. To “A Summer's Outing” is added
about to set out for the baths of Plombiéres ; “ The Old Man's Story,” a piece of fiction
and his remark, made one hundred and forty “ thrown in ”—as the author tells us with ex-
odd years ago, holds as true to-day as it did traordinary frankness—" as filling between the
when fashionable Judea “ took the waters” at covers.'
EDWARD GilPix Johnson.
Bethesda. No cure so popular as that which
smacks of miracle ; no doctor so charming as
he who discards the commonplace of pill and
TIIE PUEBLO INDIANS.*
potion, and exorcises the demon in a way at
once agreeable to the patient and flattering to Of late years, Southern Colorado, New Mex-
the imagination. Every year the victims of ico, and Arizona have furnished an admirable
dyspepsia, gout, rheumatism, anæmia, and the field in which to study the native red race of
thousand-and-one products of over-civilization, America, and already excellent results have
bundle off in shoals to the “Springs,”— to been obtained. To the investigation of the
Carlsbad, Kissingen, Vichy. Mr. Henry W. “ cliff-dwellings ” and the ruined pueblos of the
Wolff's - The Watering Places of the Vosges” plains of the Southwest has been added a
is an exposition of the distinctive merits and thorough and intelligent observation of the so-
general characteristics of the group of medici called Pueblo Indians of the present day, and
nal springs-on which fashion has of late be the traditions preserved by them which identify
gun to smile— lying in that district of north them as the descendants of the former occu-
western France contiguous to Alsace, broadly pants of the numerous habitations whose ruins
known as “the Vosges." While it is hardly
*THE DELIGHT MAKERS. By Adolf F. Bandelier. New
probable that Mr. Wolff's motives in heralding | York: Dodd, Mead & Co.


1891.]
105
THE DIAL
have stimulated so much scientific inquiry. the nomadic savages. The Indians thus named
There is everything to indicate that they speak were in the middle status of barbarism ; i. e.,
the same dialects, maintain the same social or they practised the art of pottery, (which was
ganization and government (except so far as the distinguishing mark between the lower
directly modified by contact with European status and savagery), and they employed stone
and finally American influences), the same re- and adobe in the construction of their build-
ligious rites, even in the face of missionary en ings, which advanced them beyond the Indian
terprises, the same customs, and, what is most tribes east of the Mississippi River, who were
important of all, the same esoteric societies relegated to the lower status; but they were
which bear witness to their identity. . ignorant of the use of iron, and hence were
Foremost among the investigators of the excluded from the higher status. They were
subject as thus presented is Mr. Adolf F. Ban furthermore the first to rise to the dignity of
delier. His numerous contributions to the | cultivators of the soil. In common with all
sciences of ethnology and archæology in the other tribes, they maintained a social system
United States have marked him as a very care- which had wholly disappeared from the conti-
ful and diligent observer. Valuable reports nent of Europe centuries before, and was there-
have been contributed by him to the Archæo. | fore totally different from any known to the
logical Institute. One of these, “ An Archæo Europeans who invaded the Southwest in the
logical Reconnaissance into Mexico in 1881," sixteenth century. Consequently it was never
has been reprinted in a royal octavo volume of understood by the Europeans; and out of this
326 pages, of which a second edition has been misunderstanding has grown a general miscon-
called for. It stands alone in American litera. ception of the Indian.
ture, in the richness of its scientific data and The social organization of the Pueblos was
the interesting manner in which it is presented. that known as “ gentile,” — i. e., by gens, kin,
Several others are devoted to the special sub lineage, or clan, as it is variously called, as the
ject of the Pueblos. These are only intended unit of society. It was one of the oldest and
for the scientific reader, and not for popular | most widely prevalent institutions of mankind,
perusal. But that the facts reported respecting the almost universal plan of government of
the red race are of interest to the general ancient society in each of the continents, and
reader, the author of these valuable reports has | furnished the means by which society was
long been fully convinced. He has accord primarily organized and held together. It be-
ingly attempted “to make the Truth about gan in savagery, continued through the three
the Pueblo Indians' more accessible and per sub-periods of barbarism as the race developed,
haps more acceptable to the public in gen and was, by such tribes as attained to civiliza-
eral," by clothing in the garb of romance the tion, brought to the historical period. It gave
sober facts which he has collated during eight place to the establishment of political govern-
years of residence among, and ethnological and ment after the dawn of civilization. The gens,
archæological study of, these Pueblo Indians kin, or clan, comprised a female ancestor, her
in New Mexico.
children, and the children of her female de-
The tribe especially selected by the author i scendants. The children of her male descend-
for this popular exposition of life among the ants belonged to the gentes, kins, clans, or
cliff-dwellings of what is at present known as lineages of their respective mothers and traced
Rito de los Frijoles, in the mountain ranges their ancestry back in the female line to a dif-
west of Santa Fe, New Mexico, is that of the erent ancestor. It was a fundamental law that
Queres, who preserve to this day a tradition members of the same kin were not to inter-
that their ancestors inhabited that cañon cen- | marry. Hence a husband invariably belonged
turies ago. The time of the story is probably to a different consanguine group from his wife,
arbitrarily chosen, and is stated as “much an- and the children belonged to the kin of their
terior to the discovery of America, to the in- | mother, Hence what we would term “ the
vention of gunpowder and the printing-press in family” was permanently divided. Each kin
Europe.” The Queres, however, compose only managed its own affairs, which, of right, were
one of several tribes mentioned, the dialects of no interest to any other kin. A wife spoke
spoken by them differentiating them. “Pueb- with her children, male and female, of matters
lo" is a Spanish term signifying a village, and of no concern to her husband and into which
was applied by the early Spanish explorers to it were meddlesome for him to inquire.
the sedentary Indians to distinguish them from Marriages were arranged by the kins. The


106
[Aug.,
THE DIAL.
in and, the author. Male to each he commo
man's proposal of marriage was answered af- from which ascent was made to the roof by
firmatively by the woman's preparing food and means of a notched beam serving as a ladder.
giving it to him. If he possessed cotton, he It was thus that access was obtained to the
forthwith set to work to weave a mantle; other dwellings. These dwellings differed little from
wise, deerskins answered the same purpose. those occupied at the present day by the Pueb-
These were shown to the bride's mother, who los. They were more roomy, though not so
was thereby fully made to understand their well ventilated. A low door, closed by means
object. And when the time came, the man, of a deerskin curtain, opened upon the court-
with the consent of both her kin and his, yard, and a porthole or two afforded light and
wrapped the mantle or deerskins around the some little ventilation to that room in each
shoulders of the woman, and she became his dwelling which occupied the outer tier in the
wife. He was of course bound to provide for cluster. The floors were thickly coated with
the support of his wife and children. Each mud, washed with blood, and then smoothed,
kin held a piece of arable soil sufficient for its by which process they were made black, hard
maintenance. When game is abundant, and and glossy. The interior walls were whitened
in a country where various forms of cactus with burnt gypsum. Sometimes a dado of
abound, the agricultural needs of the Indian yellow ochre was made around the room. The
are quite limited. Maize and beans are all ceilings were apt to be covered with soot, ow-
he seeks to cultivate. To each adult male ing to the primitive arrangements for a fire.
member of the kin was allotted, by common Into this dwelling the husband was received
consent, a certain plot, on condition of im- more like a frequent visitor than otherwise.
provement by cultivation for the benefit of Upon the floor of one of the rooms the wife
himself and his dependents. The products of and children slept from night to night. The
his plot went into the storehouse of his wife, husband quite as frequently slept at the estufa
and, when once there, were under her control, of his clan as at his wife's dwelling. Thither
and not to be disposed of, wholly or in part, went also the sons of the clan when thirteen
without her consent. They were drawn upon years of age, that they might learn the songs,
to provide the daily meal of the household and prayers, and traditions of the tribe.
the hospitality which characterizes the red race, The word estufa is Spanish and signifies
and which, in the case of the Pueblos, was sat stove or oven. Undoubtedly, the term was
isfied by setting before a visitor something to conferred by the early Spanish explorers upon
eat of what was always kept on hand.
the low circular building (rarely rectangular),
Each dwelling—consisting of two or three with flat or rudely-arched roof, whence smoke
rooms, either scooped out of the soft tufa or was usually seen to issue, and whose exterior
pumice which formed the walls of some narrow appearance was likely to have suggested a
cañon, or built of adobe upon a ledge, with the charcoal kiln. There was one for each kin,
rocks of the cañon for the rear walls—belonged and one was used for the meeting of the uuit-
to the wife alone. In accordance with custom, yam, or council for the transaction of tribal
she was its architect and builder, finishing it business. The floor of the estufa was almost
within and without. Everything within it, invariably subterranean, and the interior walls
save the husband's weapons and scanty ward- were whitened and then decorated with hiero-
robe, was hers. Her possessions rarely con glyphic painting relating to Indian mythology.
sisted of more than a yakkat (the Spanish An aggregation of clans speaking the same
term metate is now generally used throughout | dialect, and allied for purposes of mutual sus-
the Southwest), or slab for grinding corn, a tenance and defense, constituted the tribe, and
few earthen pots, pans and jars, one of them necessitated some sort of political government.
an urn containing sacred meal, occupying a That government was purely democratic. Tri-
niche specially prepared for it in the wall, bal affairs were administered and disputes ar-
a few stone axes, some hides, deerskins, and bitrated by the uuityam, an assembly composed
cotton wraps. These constitute the household of the tapop or civil governor, the chief peni-
furniture of a vast number of Indians at the tents and chief medicine-men, the leaders of
present day. The dwelling was part of a clus- the two great esoteric societies, and delegates
ter or group, occupied by the entire kin, by from each of the clans. The tapop was elected
no means regular in form, and sometimes ris. and liable to deposition by the uuityam, as was
ing in terraces of two or three stories. They also the maseua or head war-chief to whom the
usually opened upon a common courtyard, 1 tapop was subject in time of war.


1891.]
107
THE DIAL
Mention of the penitents and medicine-men cult. But on the whole, the author of " The
suggests the religious system of the Indians, Delight Makers” has succeeded. And if the
so complicated as to refuse utterly to be re- witchcraft, dealing as it does with such incon-
duced to an intelligible outline. The words sequential things as “ black corn” and “owl's
used by all the Indian tribes to denote worship feathers,” fails to furnish a very thrilling plot
have been translated “ medicine.” The art of in the early part of the story, when the plot
healing is a part, but only a small part, of changes to one of intrigue or tribal politics,
medicine according to Indian ideas. It em- and is merged into an inter-tribal war, there is
braced all the magical arts. In each tribe no doubt as to the interest excited. And in
- medicine " was in charge of the caciques or the single love story which runs through the
penitents, selected to do penance vicariously, whole, we find that upon the stage afforded by
and of the shamans or medicine-men proper, the cliff dwellings of the Tyuonyi Cañon cen-
who formed an esoteric order in which they turies ago, narrow though it be, the same drama
rose by long apprenticeship and by the initia may be set as upon the wider plane of our
tion into one secret after another to a full higher civilization.
knowledge of the magical arts. The shamans
ARTHUR HOWARD NOLL.
were divided into groups, each possessing as
its especial and exclusive property, and guard-
ing the secret thereof with jealous care, the
RECENT BOOKS OF POETRY.*
incantations and magical charms relating to
- Mr. Austin's respectable and somewhat
certain human interests. The yaya combined
labored books of verse "—these words of Mr.
a knowledge of the essence of all magic, and
were the prophets and priests of medicine.
Stedman characterize, with perfect accuracy,
The chayani claimed the knowledge of magical
the poetical work of Mr. Alfred Austin, now
being reprinted in uniform volumes, two of
curative power. The shyayak were the sha-
which are before us. That the work is labored
mans of the hunt and masters of the incanta-
tions used to charm game. The uakanyi were
appears on every page; his lyrical sentiment
the shamans of war. As these shamans had *LYRICAL POEMS. By Alfred Austin. New York: Mac-
millan & Co.
the monopoly of witchcraft, when witchcraft
THE HUMAN TRAGEDY. By Alfred Austin. New York:
was practised by anyone outside the order of Macmillan & Co.
shamans, or by other means than those em RENASCENCE: A Book of Verse. By Walter Crane. Il-
ployed by them, the crime was a heinous one
lustrated. New York: Macmillan & Co.
against “medicine" and punished by death.
POEMS GRAVE AND GAY. By Albert E. S. Smythe. To-
ronto: Imrie & Graham.
Assisting the shamans in their efforts to
DRAMATIC SKETCHES AND POEMs. By Louis J. Block.
further the work of the shiuana, the beneficent Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.
spirits, in the sprouting and maturing of the THE SISTERS' TRAGEDY: With Other Poems, Lyrical and
Dramatic. By Thomas Bailey Aldrich. Boston: Houghton,
crops, were two secret societies, in some sense
Mifflin & Co.
rivals though not generally inimical. They
THE WITCH OF EN-DOR, and Other Poems. By Francis S.
were the cuirana and the koshare. The cui Saltus. Buffalo: Charles Wells Moulton.
rana were 66 winter men " and assisted the OBERAMMERGAU, 1890. By William Allen Butler. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
sprouting seed, and their “work” of penance,
IN THE GODS' SHADOW ; The Background of Mystery; and
self-mortification, and prayer was done in the Other Verses. By George Macdonald Major. New York:
spring. The koshare were the “delight ma Published by the Author.
kers," as the name signifies. They were “sum LETTER AND SPIRIT. By A. M. Richards. Boston: J.G.
Cupples Co.
mer men," charged with the duty of aiding the
ETCHINGS IN VERSE. By Charles Lemuel Thompson.
fruit to ripen. Hence they “ worked ” by the New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Co.
same means as the cuirana in the summer and WINONA: A Dakota Legend, and Other Poems. By Cap-
autumn. Both appeared before the public in
tain E. L. Huggins, U.S.A. New York: G. P. Putnam's
Sons.
the dance, either that of the ayash tyucotł,
EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE: An Epic Drama.--A Poetry
preceding an important uuityam, or that of the of Exiles.--Australian Lyrics.--The Spanish Armada: A
harvest.
Ballad of 1588. By Douglas Sladen. New York: Cassell
Publishing Co.
To write a story of real human interest, with
YOUNGER AMERICAN Posts : 1830-90, Edited by Douglas
such material as this mode of life affords, is no Sladen, B.A. With an Appendix of Younger Canadian Poets,
easy task. To make it an attractive medium
edited by Goodridge Bliss Roberts. New York: Cassell Pub-
lishing Co.
for the communication of scientific data re-
CHANSONS POPULAIRES DE LA FRANCE. Edited by Thomas
specting a prehistoric people, is still more diffi- | Frederick Crane, A.M. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.


108
(Aug.,
THE DIAL
and his patriotism are alike painfully artificial. the story hard to follow: lovers are kept from mar-
It is likewise eminently respectable, for the
riage by religious zeal; they don the Red Cross, travel
and talk interminably, and finally are shot, and die in
famous couplet about Mehemet Ali is not
each other's arms to the great comfort of the reader."
fairly representative, and the respectability is
notably enhanced by the dignified and beauti-
To the art of the designer, rather than that
ful mechanical execution of this collective edi-
of the poet, we must credit the charm of Mr.
tion. An excellent illustration of the labored
Walter Crane's “Renascence.” Upon the title-
quality of Mr. Austin's verse is afforded by
page and the two score head and tail pieces,
the sonnet written to protest against the Chan-
simple but exquisite in decorative effect, eye
nel Tunnel. “Can it be,” queries the writer,
and thought are likely long to linger. Upon
“That men who learned to lisp at English knees
the verses they will linger not so long, for Mr.
Of English fame, to pamper womavish ease
Crane has not the inspiration of the true singer.
And swell the surfeits of voracious trade,
In fact, his work is more pleasing for its ideals
Shall the impregnable breakers undermine,
Take ocean in reverse, and, basely bold,
than for its form. In both, it is closely akin
Burrow beneath the bastions of the brine ? "
to the work of Mr. William Morris, although
Mr. Austin swells the surfeits of his verse
distinctly inferior to that work in technical
distinctly inferior to that wo
with a great deal of this sort of mouthing, and
qualities. Mr. Crane is, like his friend and
the result is anything but poetical. Now and
master, a socialist, and sings of a coming King-
then, as in the sonnet, “Love's Wisdom,"
dom of Man with the fervor, although not with
there is a note of genuine passion ; but in this
| the eloquence, of Shelley. He thus invokes
case at least, it is only an echo. The verses- |
the spirit of the man to be:
"Now on the summit of Love's topmost peak
“Arise, and take thy throne,
Kiss we and part; no farther can we go :
Upbuilt in ages long by stone on stone ---
And better death than we from high to low
The human spirit's still aspiring stair
Should dwindle, or decline from strong to weak”
Whose marble feet were laid in toil and care,
And washed with tears, and worn in eager quest
are too curiously suggestive of that marvellous Of false and fleeting phantoms, seeking rest.
sonnet ascribed to Drayton, beginning-
But now thy feet are fledged and would aspire
To climb the summit of thy hope's desire,
“Since there's no help, come, let us kiss and part !
High where in sculptured walls and towers rise
Nay, I have done. You get no more of me.”
Her architecture, white in azure skies,
As an example of Mr. Austin's best verse and
Tinged with the fire of dawn above thy head -
Ah! there, fair soul, thy marriage feast is spread."
of his most nearly spontaneous patriotism, we
This is a fair illustration of Mr. Crane's work-
may take a stanza from “Is Life Worth Liv-
ing?”
manship, which nowhere can be said to rise
“Not care to live while English homes
above mediocrity. His diction is simple, large-
Nestle in English trees,
ly Saxon in vocabulary, and marked by a touch
And England's Trident-Sceptre roams
of the pre-Raphaelite affectation. The most
Her territorial seas !
Not live while English songs are sung
important of his pieces is the allegorical poem
Wherever blows the wind,
of “ The Sirens Three”-
And England's laws and England's tongue
“No More, and golden Now, and dark To be,
Enfranchise half mankind !
So long as in Pacific main,
Whose vocal harps are love, and hope, and grief,"-
Or on Atlantic strand,
which has been published by itself in book
Our kin transmit the parent strain,
form. Mr. Crane's ideal of a future Golden
And love the Mother-Land;
So long as in this Ocean-Realm,
Age, in which Art shall walk hand in hand
Victoria and her Line
with Toil, and life pass for all unclouded from
Retain the heritage of the helm
By loyalty divine;
sunrise to sunset, is very attractive, no doubt,
So long as flashes English steel
but we fear that it is still as much a dream as
And English trumpets shrill,
He is dead already who doth not feel
it was in Shelley's time, and we doubt if its
Life is worth living still.”
latest singer has any suggestions of practical
This spirited and ringing lyric goes far to re-
value to offer for its realization. To the clear-
deem the pages of turgid and infelicitous ex-
est vision of our age it seems farther from re-
alization than it did sixty years ago.
pression in which it is embedded. Of “The
Human Tragedy,” we can do nothing better
The “ Poems Grave and Gay” of Mr. Al-
bert E. S. Smythe afford fresh evidence of the
than quote Mr. Stedman's description.
“ The whole requires ten thousand lines, cast in ot-
talent of the younger group of Canadian writ-
tava rima and other standard forms. The Georgian
ers. Mr. Smythe is a facile versifier, and his
measures are here, but not their force and glow. The work is nearly always pleasing. The poem to
movement is of the slowest, the philosophy prudish, and 1 “Eva," which he indicates as the first of his


1891.]
109
THE DIAL
efforts to appear in print, is as pretty as any-
"Oh, can it be that my weak soul
thing in the volume, and will do to quote.
Is but an inlet of the sea,
And knows the outer sweep and roll
* High, high in the westerly sky
Of tides that forerun Destiny ?
Lingers the day as I linger by thee;
“If this be dreaming, let me hold
Slow, slow from the darkness below
The dear delusion to my breast;
Creeps the night over the brim of the sea.
Let me grow fearless, overbold,
- Soft, soft to the seabirds aloft,
And dare the noblest and the best.
Whisper the waters that toss on the shore ;
Rare, rare, from the mermaiden's hair,
“Children of one sweet mother, heirs
Scattered and sparkling, the jewels they wore.
Of all the hopes that thrill all hearts,
And owners of the mystic wares
** Far, far. there is shining a star
That shine within the spirit's marts,
Pure as the beacon a seraph would burn,
Clear, clear, that poor wanderers here,
“Masters of space and lords of time,
Seeing it lead them, a pathway might learn.
Wearers of robes that History wove
In far-off looms of every clime,
*Soon, soon, will the silvery moon
In snow-clad wood or olive-grove,
Glow through a glory of luminous mist,
Pale, pale, in her vaporous veil,
“Each soul instinct with all and each,
Down on the flowers that look up to be kissed.
We rise at last unto the height,
Foresaid in strange prophetic speech,
“Then, then, when the children of men
Whence every darkness melts in light!”
Seal up their souls with a slumbering spell,
Sweet, sweet-and till morn when we meet
It will be seen that even this simple and ex-
Angels will guard thee and comfort thee well.”
quisite poem is not without its touch of the
Mr. Smythe has also penned a considerable mysticism that pervades Mr. Block's work.
number of sonnets, some of which are of ex- | We fancy that Emerson has done something
ceptional strength. We select that inscribed to give this cast to his verse, but the influence
" To Her Whom It May Concern.”
of Plato, or rather of the neo-Platonists, is
“Canst leave the spoil of Eden on vintage morns
mainly responsible for it. Mr. Block has evi-
To see the waste with toil and hardship quelled ;
dently read, not only his Plato, but his Ploti-
Canst thou go forth as one who had rebelled,
Still innocent, and meet the bitter scorns ;
nus and his Vaughan also, and the influence
Canst take with me that journey through the thorns of these studies is both implicitly and openly
And thistle-fields, undriven-self-compelled ;
Can Love be thy flame-swordsman, unbeheld,
avowed-in “A Platonic Hymn,” for example,
With sterner head than his who visibly warns?
and in the beautiful “ Dedication” at the end
God's consecrated curse be on us, then;
of the volume. Did space permit, we would
We shall fare forth unanxious, hand in hand,
To labor, prospering as our days increase,
gladly do justice to other aspects of Mr. Block's
Redeeming deserts for the world of men;
thoughtful and sincere verse, to his ethical
Spring shall be with us in a winter-land;
interpretation of the myths of Tantalus and
Grief we shall know, but also love and peace.”
Pygmalion, to his lyrics of nature, and to the
The unrest of the modern spirit, expressed more subjective utterance of certain of the
in verse that reveals a somewhat mystical strain sonnets that close the collection. As for his
of thought, is the chief characteristic of Mr.
faults, they are to be found in occasional un-
Block's “ Dramatic Sketches and Poems." In
musical lines, in the use of words and phrases
this, except for the mysticism, the author
that are unpoetical if not pedantic, in a certain
seems more closely allied to Clough than to
diffuseness, and in that vagueness of expres-
any other modern singer. “The Inlet,” an
sion that accompanies mysticism and that is
excellent example of Mr. Block's work, appears its inevitable penalty.
to us to bear out this suggestion.
Mr. Aldrich very justly remarks, in the
* I watch the many-colored crowd,
66 Petition " placed at the close of his new vol-
Passing me on the busy street,
ume of poems :
And marvel at the faces proud,
Or sullen with low-browed defeat.
“To spring belongs the violet, and the blown
Spice of the roses let the summer own."
* The blue skies smile upon the earth,
The winds are with the clouds at play,
But in adding
And happiness had surely birth
“Grant me this favor, niuse -- all else withhold –
With sundawn of the perfect day.
That I may not write verse when I am old,"
"I dream of all the secrets hid
By placid brow or gloomy eye,
he seems to be forgetful that the - season of
As in some rock-built pyramid
mists and mellow fruitfulness” has its glories
An unknown king or slave may lie.
also, has its aster and its gentian, vying with
"I feel the beat of every heart,
the fairest blossoms of midsummer or of spring.
And shed the tears tired eyes let fall,
And thrill to know myself a part
And, whatever the calendar may say, we shall
Of griefs that weary, hopes that thrall.
not admit that Mr. Aldrich is old as long as


110
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he is capable of producing verse as exquisite | were too slender to afford any sort of warrant
in quality as that of this latest collection. for this intrusion upon the public of his unclean
Indeed, we fancy that the true poet never imaginings.
grows old in the sense in which age means Mr. William Allen Butler has written, in
dulled perceptions and imagination that has monotonous rhymed couplets, a poem entitled
forgotten how to soar. Was not the sublime “ Oberammergau, 1890,” descriptive of the
choral ending of “Faust” the work of four recent performance of the Bavarian Passion
score, and are not the divinest songs of Tenny-| Play. As verse, the volume has no particular
son those of his very latest years? Mr. merit, but it is attractive in mechanical execu-
Aldrich certainly knows his Tennyson, for he tion, having very pretty covers, and being
pays to him as graceful a tribute as it is often illustrated with reproductions of scenes and
given a poet to receive.
characters from the play. And it affords, in
“Shakespeare and Milton - what third blazoned name its introduction and notes, a certain amount of
Shall lips of after-ages link to these?
useful information concerning the history and
His who, beside the wild encircling seas,
Was England's voice, her voice with one acclaim,
meaning of the rite which it describes.
For threescore years; whose word of praise was fame, Two prettily-printed little volumes of verse,
Whose scorn gave pause to man's iniquities."
the work of Dr. George Macdonald Major, are
And even if the author of these lines be but published in a limited edition for private cir-
a “minor poet”—when such names are in culation. In the Gods' Shadow” is a story
voked—we can at least apply to him his own of the persecution of the Christians in Rome,
words, and say that
cast in the form of a Greek tragedy. The in-
"We can poorly spare
spiration of Mr. Swinburne's “ Atalanta in
Even his slight perfection in an age
Of limping triolets and tame rondeaux."
Calydon ” is obvious, as the following choral
passage will illustrate :
Most of the poems in this volume are of that
“With man is the planting of seed,
faultless workmanship which Mr. Aldrich has
But the gods all the harvesting send;
led us to expect from his pen. “ The Sister's
With man the intent and the deed,
Tragedy” and “ Pauline Pavlovna” are dra-
With the gods the result and the end ;
With man is the bow and the string,
matic idyls of more than common strength.
And the arrow that darts from the bow,
The poem inscribed to “ The Last Cæsar,” to
But the gods guard the power of its wing
And give it direction to go.
“The sphinx that puzzled Europe for awhile,"
For good or for ill it may be,
impales the memory of Louis Napoleon as
For a crown or deserving of rods,
But the fate every mortal will see
effectively as does the more wordy scorn of
Is foreknown and foredoomed of the gods.
Hugo or of Swinburne. And the delicate
And Pain is the shadow of Pleasure,
trifles that close the volume are examples of
And Sorrow the spectre of Joy,
And Shame but a different measure
vers de société deserving to rank with the
Of the Glory the gods would destroy.”'
best in their kind. Few of our poets practice
the virtue of restraint as does Mr. Aldrich,
“ The Background of Mystery” is a poem in
and how that virtue brings its own reward
Spenserian stanza having for its theme the
everyone may see who reads.
promise of the Christian religion as visioned in
When we reviewed the “Shadows and
a soul inclined to doubt, but taking faith as an
Ideals ” of Mr. F. S. Saltus, we little knew
ultimate refuge. The following is a favorable
of what it was the precursor. It seems that
example of Dr. Major's use of the stanza which
the manuscripts left by the writer at his death
he has chosen :
include sufficient verse to fill a score of vol-
“The savage sword of bloody War was sheathed,
And the first time in many weary years
umes, and that the entire mass is to be pub-
O'er the precarious throne of Cæsar breathed
lished. We will frankly say that if “The
The benison of rest from strife and fears.
Witch of En-dor, and Other Poems” fairly
The youthful bride was wed no more with tears,
The trembling children bade their sorrows cease,
represents the character of this verse, the rest
For Janus' gates were closed-like summer meres
of it had much better be left unprinted. There The states of Rome slept in the glad release,
And all the world reposed in universal peace.”
were erotic suggestions in the earlier volume,
but there was also much expression of thought | It would be easy to pick flaws in these verses,
upon worthy themes ; in the present collection which are of the author's best, but we rather
there is little but eroticism of a very repulsive wish to give credit to the sincerity of his pur-
sort. The writer seems to have delighted in pose. In a prefatory note, he acts as his own
bestiality for its own sake, and his poetic gifts critic, saying that the works seem to him " lack-


1891.]
111
THE DIAL
ing in unity of construction or possibly are es “Obermann," and how beautifully is it ex-
sentially unpoetical.” We fear that the latter pressed! To “come with aspect marr’d” to
of these counts must be admitted as true. His the faith so easily acceptable when the world
verses are lacking in the essential qualities of was young is all that is left for us moderns,
poetic form, both because they are roughly fin upon whom the newer and better faith of the
ished, and because their writer does not seem future has yet hardly dawned.
to have a sense of the distinction between the Mr. Charles Lemuel Thompson, being con-
phrase that is felicitous and the phrase that is | veniently ignorant (or neglectful) of both syn-
not. He also takes verbal licenses, such as tax and accent (in proper names), reaches
using * tempt” as a substantive and “ rape ” as effects from which more plodding versifiers are
an active verb, that are inadmissible. And his | debarred. He says:
best notes are but echoes of the strains of
“The hungry lions wait their prey ;
others, of Owen Meredith, of Swinburne, of
And, Cæsar, thou—the judgment day."
Omar Khayyam, or of Tennyson. The follow We fear that reviewers, whose raptorial in-
ing verses are good, but only because they sug stincts are well known, will make short work
gest “ In Memoriam.”
of such prey as is afforded by these “ Etchings
* But be this moral to my song :
in Verse.” Mr. Thompson sings of many
I hold by faith, though not by sight,
themes, of Paganini, who “ shambled awkward
That men must ever be the wrong,
And God must ever be the right-
on the stage,” of an unfinished telescope, with
a “glance that could rive the Pleiads,” and of
* Right when he smites the hardest blow,
Right when he veils himself in might,
the “avalanchine voice” of the Jungfrau, and
Right when our tears of sorrow flow
unfailingly extracts a moral from each.
And vainly still we peer for light,
The volume of verse bearing the name of
* I know not the result of things,
Captain E. L. Huggins includes the titular
But still will hope in all distress
That out of human failure springs
poem “ Winona,” a few miscellaneous and
The harvest of divine success;
memorial pieces, a collection of sonnets, and a
** That no malignant lust to curse,
large number of exceptionally good transla-
That not a pang of needless pain,
tions, mostly from the French and Spanish. It
Obtains in God's vast universe,
But all works some eternal gain.”
takes a bold man to attempt an English ver-
sion of Gautier's “ L'Art,” in view of Mr. Dob-
The cry of a passionate soul for light, of a
son's existing translation or paraphrase, but
soul oppressed with a sense of the mystery of
Captain Huggins has been that venturesome,
things, yet feeling that somewhere there is
and has done the work well.
peace, is the burden of the sonnet-sequence en-
“Even the gods wax old and pass
titled “ Letter and Spirit.” Its lesson is of
From high Olympus ; verse alone
faith and of stern fulfilment of present duty.
Stronger than brass
Exquisite in form, and freighted with solemn
Preserves to fallen Zeus his throne.”
meaning, these half-hundred sonnets make a This stanza indicates how closely the spirit and
peculiar appeal to the soul in that period of form of the original have been reproduced.
storm and stress which every strong soul lives Probably no one could really translate the
out at one time or another. They are of such poem ; the additional foot in each verse is ab-
even workmanship that we may select from solutely necessary to give adequate flexibility
them almost at random. The following is a to the thought. Another poem of Gautier's,
representative example:
“Shadows,” is particularly well translated also,
* God speaketh and saith : I do remember thee
and gives as good an example of terza rima as
When thou wentst after Me in the wilderness ;
is often seen in English. Here are some verses :
No desert could withhold thee, no distress
Of drought or fire, no peril of land or sea
“Poet, alas ! and lover, brethren are ;
Could come between thy burning love and Me ;
Twins of the soul, each hath his cherished dream,
Where art thou now?--Ah, Lord, Thy world did press
Some saint ideal, worshipped from afar ;
With love that seemed more dear to save and bless,
"Some fount of youth, some pure Pactolian stream,
With life more near than Thine eternity.
Some orb that beams with strange unearthly ray,
** But now, my Father, if it be Thy will,
Some flaming vision potent to redeem.
Would that I might return to Thee before
** The fount is dry, the vision fades away;
The night, that even now is gathering cold, --
The mystic light that led them through the night
Retarn! I will have mercy on thee still
Dies in a marsh, and leaves them far astray.
With everlasting kindness; but no more
Canst thou draw near with that same love of old.
"O God, to tread but once by morning light
The alabaster palace of our dream,
The pathos of this is the pathos of Arnold's | Counting its colonnades with waking sight;


112
(Aug.,
THE DIAL
" To greet the lovely images that gleam
Aldrich, we are told, “ has achieved something
Athwart the gardens of our revery,
And drink the waters of its mystic stream;
very like perfection within the limitations,
* To make the plunge, piercing triumphantly
which he would seem deliberately to have laid
The crystal vault, bring back the golden vase
down for himself-except in • Wyndham Tow-
Long buried with the treasures of the sea.”
ers.' ” The dark mystery of this statement
Mr. Douglas B. W. Sladen, best known as we confess ourselves unable to fathom. Of
a collector and writer of Australian verse, ap Chicago we read with some amusement that
pears as the author of several paper-covered “ there is quite a literary movement there now,
volumes of varying thickness. “Edward the at the head of which stands that charming
Black Prince" is the thickest, and examina- writer Eugene Field.” We wonder if Mr.
tion shows it to be a historical drama-Frois- | Field ever fancied that he was at the head of
sart done into dreary blank verse after the “ quite a literary movement.” John Eliot
fashion of the old English chronicle play. | Bowen's translations of “Carmen Sylva”
“ The Spanish Armada " is a ballad in two “ proved him a true poet as well as a true
versions, the first having been abandoned (al man.” We have no doubt that Dr. Bowen
though here published) on account of a wholly was a true man, but are a little puzzled to
unnecessary fear that it was too much like the understand the nature of the demonstration
" Revenge” of Lord Tennyson. “ Australian alluded to. Turning from this foolish intro-
Lyrics” is a volume of miscellaneous verse, duction to the anthology itself, we find an ex-
and “A Poetry of Exiles” another of similar cellent selection of work from over a hundred
character, the license of the title being its American poets, nearly one-fourth of the num-
most striking characteristic. We find nothing ber being Canadians. Good taste character-
that is not commonplace, both in sentiment izes the selection throughout, although copy-
and expression, in any of these books.
right has in a few cases interfered with the
Mr. Sladen also appears as editor of an an editor's wishes. We are particularly grateful
thology of “ Younger American Poets,” Can for some of the Canadian poems—for - The
adian writers being included. “ America Ni Isles, An Ode” of Professor Roberts, and
agarized the world,” remarks the editor, and for the “ Death in April ” of Mr. Bliss Car-
so he introduces the volume with a sonnet to | man. We are almost willing to say that the
the great cataract. Mr. Sladen's plan does latter poem is the most beautiful in the entire
not include the greater stars in our galaxy of volume. We also learn that the author of
singers, because it would have been very im the remarkable poem “Monadnoc,” published
pertinent to have included them without an anonymously about three years ago, is Mr.
exhaustive study of their works, in order to | James E. Nesmith.
contribute something fresh about them—not A very different sort of anthology is the
to mention the dog-in-the-mangering about « Chansons Populaires de la France," edited
copyrights." We offer this as an example of by Professor Thomas Frederick Crane for the
Mr. Sladen's style when he forsakes verse for | series known as “Knickerbocker Nuggets."
prose. Had he chosen to take up Longfellow The contents of this collection are real folk-
and Lowell there can be no doubt that he songs, not literary ballads like those of Beran-
would have contributed “ something fresh about ger, their composition dates from the unknown
them," although not in the sense in which he past, and they are anonymous, as all true pop-
uses the phrase. Mr. Sladen has a high ap- ular poetry must be. For some reason or
preciation of Lanier, and his volume contains other, it was not until well along in the present
two appendices by President Merrill E. Gates century that attention was attracted to these
and Mrs. Laurence Turnbull, respectively, songs, and it has been commonly supposed that
"giving the cult of the Lanierophant,” as he France was lacking in a kind of poetry that
somewhat originally puts it. Mr. Sladen's in-has long had a recognized and important place
troductory essay is so full of striking phrases in English, German, and Scandinavian litera-
that we linger over it. He tells us that Mr. | ture. One has but to glance over the present
Stedman lost a fortune « by no fault of his volume to see how erroneous was that supposi-
own, but by one in whom he placed implicit tion. Professor Crane supplies the volume
confidence.” Few writers would venture upon with a scholarly introduction, upon which we
so daring a personification as this. We hope have but one criticism to make. “So far as
that Mr. Stedman has now ceased to place im- | I know," he says, “ there is not a trace in the
plicit confidence in other people's faults. Mr. I writings of the French romantic school of any


1891.]
113
THE DIAL
appreciation of the popular literature of the yawp' of Whitman, know not even the name of
country. . . . One has but to glance over | Hermann Melville, and have found little fascina-
the so-called • ballads ’ of Hugo to see this.”
tion in the idyls of Dudley Warner or Charles War-
ren Stoddard.” Cockneydom, by the way, is Mr.
To us, a glance at these “ ballads"_" Gasti-
Buchanan's name for the literary atmosphere which
belza,” for example—shows a good deal of such
makes one's own city--be it London, Paris, or Bos-
appreciation, and the editor himself speaks of
ton--seem the centre of the universe ; its visible
George Sand as calling marked attention to
embodiment in England is the “ Quarterly Review,”
the beauties of French popular poetry. and Mr. Andrew Lang is one of the chief of those
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
who draw from it the breath of life. We have not
touched upon many of the themes of this miscellane-
ous group of effusions. “ The Modern Young Man
as Critic” is one of the best of them, and makes
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
numerous amusing observations upon Mr. Henry
James and Mr. George Moore, and upon MM.
MR. ROBERT BUCHANAN, who has amused himself
Bourget and Maupassant. One section of the work
at quite frequent intervals during the past quarter
is a controversy with Professor Huxley upon the
of a century, by running amuck along the ways of
rights of man, and another is a discussion of chiv-
contemporary literature, has gathered his strength
alry with Mrs. Lynn Linton. “On Descending
for (we should hope) a supreme final effort, result-
into Hell” is an open letter of some two score
ing in an unprecedented number of slain and
pages, addressed to Mr. Home Secretary Henry
wounded. “ The Coming Terror” (U. S. Book
Matthews, and protesting very vigorously against
Co.) is the title of this finely frenzied volume, in
the imprisonment of Mr. Vizetelly for having pub-
which modern literary and other society is ravaged
lished Zola in English. In this protest Mr. Bu-
and laid waste, and it is made up of reprinted com-
chanan stands for outraged human intelligence, and
munications to newspapers and other ephemeral
those who oppose him are logically bound to oppose
publications. He fires his blunderbuss recklessly to
Milton and Mill, the “ Areopagitica ” and the essay
right and left, and, by a device similar to the false
“On Liberty.”
exit of the comedy stage, recurs again and again to
the charge when we imagine that we have seen the L ONE finds all the elements of an interesting bi-
last of him. Whatever may be the faults of his liography in the book entitled “ The Autobiography,
work, unreadableness is certainly not one of them, Diary, and Correspondence of James Freeman
and his progress, as he goes slashing about, may be Clarke" (Houghton). The man himself is worth
followed with the unfailing certainty of surprised knowing intimately, his formative influences were
interest. - The Coming Terror,” of which he first of the best but belonged to a time which begins to
discourses, is that slavery of over-legislation which seem somewhat remote, he was a leader both in
Mr. Spencer and others have taught us to view with thought and in action during some of the most
so much apprehension. Mr. Buchanan is an indi- eventful periods of our national history, while the
vidualist, but he is careful to tell us that he is also scattered records of these things, in the shape of
a socialist, and that Mr. Spencer is also a socialist journals, letters, and memoranda of various kinds,
without knowing it. He also tells us that he writes have had the great good fortune to fall into the
** as a pure optimist and sentimentalist," and that hands of Edward Everett Hale. Mr. Hale is an
Rousseau was as great a thinker as Schopenhauer ideal editor in this case, - not only because of his
was an insignificant one. But his judgments are trained literary sense and fascinating pen, but be-
not all of such hopeless perversity. He says, in cause of his long friendship with Mr. Clarke and
deed, that Ibsen is “a Zola with a stuttering style because his task of selection, arrangement, and fill-
and two wooden legs "—which shows that he knows ing in of gaps, has been guided by his own perfect
nothing of “ Brand” and “ Peer Gynt,”—but he familiarity with the environment. At the age of
also says that the Audhild scenes in Björnson's fifteen, James Freeman Clarke entered Harvard
“ Sigurd Slembe" form“ what is perhaps the di from the Boston Latin School. This was the aver-
vinest love-episode in any language”- which is a age age of entrance students,—which fact would
truth not greatly exaggerated. The statements that be remarkable except that it was a Harvard so
Goethe was “a tedious, a tiresome, and a dilettante very different from our present one. Although Mr.
writer," and that his masterpiece is but “a common Clarke assures us that his class“ did not promise
place story of seduction, relieved by the cynical much in college,” we find his descriptions of them
asides of a conventional Devil,” may be dismissed very delightful. There was Benjamin Pierce, pass-
with a smile of compassionate pity ; but there is a ing by the novels, poetry, history, etc., of the col-
considerable measure of truth in the suggested criti- | lege library, and bearing off to his room as his
cism of a passage like the following: “In New chosen reading large quarto volumes of pure math-
York, and as far away as Chicago, Cockneydom ematics; Benjamin Robbins Curtis, cultivating in
spreads its propaganda ; so effectually, indeed, that ferensic discussions the qualities that afterwards
young men have given no ear to the barbaric / made him so prominent at the bar and on the bench


114
[Aug.,
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of the United States Court; Oliver Wendell Holmes, we ourselves may predicate of him that he is a
writing poems for the “ Collegian” and flashing out young Scotchman with a genuine literary touch,
happy impromptus at their social meetings; Will a strong sense of humor, and better still (judging
iam Henry Channing, beautiful in countenance, pure from this book), a sense of proportion, from whom
in heart, and exciting a mysterious admiration we may expect good work with something of the
among his fellows. After these years of college flavor of the Roundabout Papers. The true Eliza-
and the Divinity School, Mr. Clarke entered the bethan spirit breathes through the chapter which
Unitarian ministry, accepting for his first charge describes a supper given at the “Globe” by Ned
the church at Louisville, Ky. But his main life Alleyn, the actor-manager, in honor of the first per-
work began with his return to Boston in 1841. formance of the Jew of Malta. All the playwrights
It was a time of great local ferment. Anti-slavery are there, and as they drink, jest, and finally quar-
leaders were at their best; reformers of every rel, Shakespeare sits quietly by, and then-smokes
school had broken the bonds of church and of or his first pipe of Arcadia. And to nothing else than
ganization, the word “ transcendental” had begun to Raleigh’s introduction of tobacco into England is
to be heard ; fascinating suggestions were in the due the marvellous outpouring of the English spirit
air, and there were those who urged that by rightly of the days of the Virgin Queen! Truly, it is a
developing the fit organs of the brain there might lover of the weed who has spoken. It remains to
be produced, almost to order, poetry better than be said that the writer of the book smokes no more.
Dante's or Milton's, and science more accurate than He has married, and his wife objects. And every
Newton's or La Place's. All these interests en | day after dinner she plays soft music on the piano,
gaged Mr. Clarke's attention somewhat; but to the so that he will not miss his pipe. And as she plays,
end of his life his chief interest was to show that he dreams of the days of briars and the Arcadia,
more might be expected of a church than churches and of his former companions, their likes and dis-
were in the habit of attempting. Under the name likes, their successes and failures in literature and
“ Church of the Disciples,” he gathered about him love. “ After a time the music ceases, and my wife
a company of people attracted by the simplicity, puts her hand on my shoulder. Perhaps I start a
the boldness, and the fervor of the religious doctrine little, and then she says I have been sleeping. This
proclaimed in the pulpit and embodied in the con is the book of my dreams.”
stitution of the society; and for nearly fifty years
he lived and labored to prove that the mission of
A RECENT book of linguistics is “ The American
the church is to enter joyfully and fearlessly into
Race” (Hodges), by Dr. D. G. Brinton, and it is a
study of the numerous American dialects as a basis
every matter that concerns the welfare of man.
of classification of the American race commonly
MR. J. M. BARRIE'S “ My Lady Nicotine" (Cas but incorrectly called “ American Indians.” Read-
sell) is not a book for the conscientious abstainer ers of Dr. Brinton's earlier works are aware of his
from the weed. It is rather a Smoker's Own Com- , attitude on certain important questions preliminary
panion; and so strong is the atmosphere of tobacco to such an undertaking. He considers that the
about it that its yellow tinted leaves seem scented earliest Americans came here as immigrants from
with the fragrant Arcadia Mixture which it cele northwestern Africa ; that they appeared here at a
brates. Somewhere in London, it tells us, this very much earlier period than has been commonly
wonderful mixture can be had. It is a perfect lotos supposed, having migrated in a primitive, plastic
among tobaccos; and once one has fallen under its state from the primal centre where man as a species
sway, all other tobacco loses flavor. The potent had originated; that the racial type of the Ameri-
charm of the mixture draws together five young can was developed on its own soil, and that it con-
men who have chambers “at the Inn.” There is stitutes as true and distinct a sub-species as do the
Jimmy Moggridge, a barrister and journalist in spe, African or the White Races. In the introductory
who has his MSS. returned by the leading reviews, chapter of the present work, he shows that the first
and who, by the irony of fate, edits a column in a inhabitants of the New World could have come
popular juvenile magazine, “ Mother's Pets.” He hither neither by way of the Aleutian Islands nor
smoked a cane chair at school, and has smoked Behring Strait, nor by land connection of the “lost
ever since. Gilray is a comedian with an attach Atlantis," nor by junks from Polynesia, China, or
ment to the tragic; and Scrymgeour, a dilettante Japan. A land bridge then existed between Europe
who paints water-colors, is “so proud of his pro and North America by way of Iceland and Green-
fession that he gave all his pictures fancy prices, land, and across this, where is now the compara-
and so wealthy that he could have bought them.” tively shallow bed of the Atlantic, their journey
Marriot is the sentimental one, who, since he holds was made. In that portion of the country which
such high ideals on the subject, can never decide lay east of the Rocky Mountains, and between the
whether he is really in love or not,—and so in long receding wall of the continental ice-sheet and the
monologues he puts the pro and con of each case Gulf of Mexico, this immigrant from another hemi-
fairly before his hearer, ostensibly for advice, which sphere made his earliest home, and here he received
he never wants, and really for sympathy, which he those corporeal changes which set him over against
never gets. And as for the fifth man, the author, / his fellows as an independent race. Although these


1891.]
115
THE DIAL
changes took place at so remote an epoch, there is the twentieth French edition and prefixed to the
still a decided permanence of racial traits and great present English edition of the Journal. It was in a
uniformity of the racial type. A considerable di review of the first French edition that De Guérin,
versity of linguistic stocks—about eighty in North ever fortunate in his sponsors because he appeals
and as many in South America—have been devel- only to the most refined taste, was made known to
oped, however, and these stocks, in the opinion of the English public by Matthew Arnold, who assigned
Dr. Brinton, offer the only scientific basis for a him a place as a poet beside Keats, and in some
classification of American tribes. Certain resem respects even above him.
blances and differences separate them into five
groups, namely:—The North Atlantic, North Pa- 1 READERS will find Swedenborgianism presented
cific, Central, South Pacific, South Atlantic. Each in a very attractive guise in the little book entitled
of the groups has mingled extensively within its own “ The Professor's Letters” (Roberts). These let-
limits, and but slightly outside of them. The author ters were written to a young lady-friend many years
proceeds to take up in detail the traits and customs, ago, as we learn in the preface, by the late Profes-
the songs and stories, the myths and legends, assor Theophilus Parsons, of Harvard, and were not
he has gathered them together by his minute and originally intended for the public. Indeed, the
scholarly research of many years in his chosen writer would only consent to their appearance on
fields of labor.
condition that his friend should prepare them for
publication herself, re-writing, and adding whatever
In the volume entitled “ Lamb's Essays : A
thoughts were suggested during this work.” The
Biographical Study" (Lothrop), Elizabeth Deering
eminent law-professor and writer on law was evi-
Hanscom has brought together such of Charles
dently a man of great spiritual insight and of deep
Lamb's essays as are somewhat autobiographical,
religious convictions, as well as of highly cultivated
adding to these a series of annotations taken large-
mental powers; and his letters can hardly fail to
ly from the works of Lamb and his contemporaries,
be helpful to anyone who earnestly desires to lead
with the aim to throw, if not new, yet stronger, light
the higher life. They furnish an interpretation,
on the personality of the “gentle Elia.” “Gentle
that has at least the merit of intelligibility, of many
Elia” and “gentle Shakespeare,"— Swinburne has
obscure points both in the Bible and in the writings
called attention to the fact that only to these two
of the great mystic. The anonymous editor, so far as
names in all literature is the tender adjective habit-
we are able to judge, has done her work modestly
ually prefixed; we are not content to know them
and well.
simply as writers, we long to come closer to them
as men. The compiler's introductory sketch is a Those who desire a cheap and readable account
good one, the annotations copious yet discreet, and of the life of Henry Ward Beecher will be gratified
the volume desirable for any not so fortunate as to | to learn that Mr. John R. Howard has re-published
own the complete works of this most amiable and in separate form the Introduction to his edition of
most graceful of essayists.
Beecher's “ Patriotic Addresses," under the title of
“ Henry Ward Beecher: A Study” (Fords, How-
ALL who love Nature and the artistic expression ard & Hulbert). It is to be regretted, however,
of the delightful feelings Nature inspires will find a that the book could not have been revised, at least
never-failing well of joy in the writings of Maurice so far as to remove sentences that refer to omitted
de Guérin ; and such persons will be glad to learn portions of the original work as if they still formed
of the re-publication of his Journal in the dainty part of the present volume. As Mr. Beecher's
*Giunta Series” (Dodd). The translation, by friend and publisher for many years, Mr. Howard
Jessie P. Frothingham, is certainly an elegant one, was specially well qualified to write these memoirs
and, in the absence of the original, seems an ade of the great preacher's personality, career, and in-
quate rendering. Though gifted with rare genius fluence in public affairs.
and a discriminating love for classic beauty, De
Guérin had a heart even more tender, shrinking, One of the best, certainly the most readable,
and religious, if possible, than that of Goethe's guide-book that we remember to have seen is Pro-
* Fair Saint,” and so he published nothing. But his fessor Charles G. D. Roberts's just published
unpublished works soon found fit audience, though “Canadian Guide-Book” (Appleton). Equal to the
few; and in 1840, the year after he had died at famous “ Baedeker's ” as a compendium of fact,
the age of twenty-nine, George Sand gave to the Professor Roberts's book is unique in its class as
French public, in the “ Revue des Deux Mondes,” possessing a decided literary charm. Its bits of de-
his matchless Centaur," with some account of the scription, anecdote, chit-chat, and general comment
author and a few extracts from his letters. A score are so good that one almost grudges the space given
of years later, appeared two volumes of his literary over to guide-book actualities. The volume is very
miscellany including “The Centaur,” several poems, compact, withal, and is prettily illustrated. The
the Journal, and many letters. To this collection, requisite maps and charts are provided, as well as
that masterly critic Sainte-Beuve added an appreci | a substantial Appendix addressed particularly to
ative introduction, which has been translated from sportsmen.


116
[Aug.,
THE DIAL
Th Macmillans: By Alto Pp. 163. Malter Crane.
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War: From the Article in the “Encyclopædia Britannica."
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Bismarck. Murat Halstead. Cosmopolitan.
Byron's School-Days. W. G. Blaikie. Harper.
Letters of Marie Bashkirtseff. Translated by Mary J.
California Fruit-Culture Profits. L. A. Sheldon. Forum.
Serrano. With portraits. 12mo, pp. 340, gilt top. Cas-
Cape Horn in '49. W. B. Farwell. Century.
sell Pub'g Co. $1.50.
Chicago's Architecture. Montgomery Schuyler. Harper. | Impressions and Opinions. By George Moore. 16mo,
De Quincey's Style. M. B. Anderson. Dial.
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POETRY.
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Mrs. J. H. Riddell ; Ties-Human and Divine, by B. L.
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tion. By Thomas Hodgkin, D.C.L., author of “ Italy
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--


1891.1
117
TIIE DIAL
Appleton's Evolution Series: The Evolution of Electric
and Magnetic Physics, by Arthur E. Kennelly; The Ev-
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY,
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BALTIMORE, MD.
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[Aug.
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120
[Aug., 1891.
TIE DIAL
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T. Y. CROWELL & CO.'S NEW EDITION OF
THE COMPLETE WORKS OF CHARLES DICKENS.
IN FIFTEEN AND THIRTY VOLUMES.
IT is a well-known fact that for some years it has been im-1 THE BINDINGS have been selected with the view of obtain-
| possible to find a set of Dickens in 15 volumes that met | ing the most tasteful cover designs and harmony in colors.
the wants of those desiring his works in good clear type, well THE RESULT as a piece of book-making is highly satisfac-
printed on fine paper, handsomely illustrated, tastefully bound, tory, furnishing a series of volumes creditable to the publish-
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The existing demand and need of the public for such an edi VOLUMES SOLD SEPARATELY. This edition being sold in
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1891.]
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Text-Books for Schools and Colleges.
Chauvenet's Geometry
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Student and an Introduction to Modern Geometry. ,
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1891.)
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Points of View.
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126
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WAVERLEY. By Sir Walter Scott.
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1891.]
127
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T. Y. CROWELL & CO.'S NEW BOOKS—Continued.
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128
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Or to be had of Booksellers ererywhere upon issue in October.


1891.]
129
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130
[Sept.,
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1891.]
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132
[Sept., 1891.
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THE DIAL
- - -- --
--- --- --- --- -- - ---
VOL. XII. SEPTEMBER. 1891. No. 137. cated at Harvard, where, as he was wont to
say, he read everything but the text-books pre-
scribed by the faculty. He did not, therefore,
CONTENTS.
rank high in college, adding one more to the
list of great men who have not run well the
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, 1819–1891. Oliver
little course (curriculum); perhaps because
Farrar Emerson ...... ...... 133
they had the greater course too much in mind.
FISKE'S NARRATIVE OF THE AMERICAN REV-
Lowell even underwent suspension on the eve
OLUTION. Andrew C. McLaughlin ..... 135
of graduation, and so was prevented from pre-
LAURENCE OLIPHANT. Eduard Playfair An senting the class poem he had prepared. But
derson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
he went back the next year for the study of
BROWNING'S LIFE AND LETTERS. Inna B.
law, completing the course in 1840. Then he
McMahan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
opened a law-office, as so many a candidate for
THE ODYSSEY IN ENGLISH PROSE. M. L. D'Ooge 143
honors in literature has done before him, and
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ....... . 144 wrote poetry and stories—the usual prelude of
Howells's Criticism and Fiction.--Woman's Work in the literary barrister before turning his back
America.- Verrall's The Student's Manual of Greek
on justice and his face to the muses. His
Tragedy.-Marshall's History of Greek Literature.-
“ First Client," it seems, appeared only in a
Hutchinson's Autobiography of the Earth.- John-
son's Essays and Poems of Leigh Hunt.
story contributed to the “ Boston Miscellany,”
AXNOL NCEMENTS OF FALL PUBLICATIONS . 146
then edited by his classmate, Nathan Hale.
The briefless barrister also wrote his first vol-
BOOKS OF THE MONTH . . . . . . . . . . 152
ume of verse, “A Year's Life,” which appeared
just a half-century ago. It was an odd little
volume, this first one of Lowell's, with its motto
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, 1819- 1891.
“Gelebt und geliebet,''_full of love-poems, ten-
Lowell is dead, and with him our prince of der and sweet but not passionate, and some
letters. He was our most philosophic poet, our longer ones much more prosy. But the verses
most accomplished critic, our most cultured showed marks of talent, and they were on the
American. America has her great ones in lit- whole well received. The “ North American
erature, and shall have in the years to come. | Review," which he himself was to edit years
but she will look long before she sees his like after, has an old-style review of the book, in
again. When shall we find his match in wit, | which there is some patronizing praise and
his equal in satire, his peer in scholarly criti- much cavilling at certain words and phrases,
cism? He was a chief factor in our one great with a closing admonition to study the correct-
era of production, and now he has gone to join ness of Pope, Gray, and Rogers. Few of these
Bryant, Longfellow, Hawthorne, Emerson. It first poems were kept by Lowell in his later
is right that we should mourn his loss, and volumes, but two or three — “ Threnodia,"
cherish his memory, and revere his genius. Yet “ The Sirens," " Irené," “ With a Pressed
we cannot say America mourns him: England, Flower”—-remain to give us some idea of them.
the whole English-speaking world, has testified Three years later appeared his second volume,
its sorrow, its respect, its loving appreciation. showing maturer genius and a finer touch in
James Russell Lowell was born on February “A Legend of Brittany," " Prometheus," - To
22, 1819, at Cambridge, Mass., in the same Perdita Singing,” and “ The Shepherd of King
house from which, just the other day, he was | Admetus.”
borne to his last resting-place near his brother Meanwhile two events had happened which
poet, Longfellow. He came from a cultured in no slight degree affected his life: he married
family, his father a clergyman, his grandfather | the inspirer of his love-poems, Maria White,
Chief Justice for New England, his great-grand- and he failed in his first venture as an editor.
father a clergyman of notable liberality for his Three numbers only appeared of “ The Pio-
time, and so back to the merchant ancestor neer,” to which the names of " J. R. Lowell
from Bristol, England, who settled at Newbury, and Robert Carter” were prefixed as “ Editors
Mass., in 1639. Naturally, Lowell was edu- / and Proprietors.” It was a mistaken venture,


134
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
ing that by Hawthons, besides til Miss Barreter
stopal, T. W. PaBrowning (ther and Jones. You beti,
too good for the times, as will be seen by not- turned from the ridiculed abolitionists against
ing that these three numbers contained two the sympathizers with slavery ; and it is not
stories by Hawthorne, articles by Dwight, improbable that this keen, irresistible satire
Neal, T. W. Parsons, besides the editors, and had its place in the Anti-Slavery movement
poetry by Mrs. Browning (then Miss Barrett), with the lyrics of Whittier and the speeches of
Poe, Whittier, W. W. Story, and Jones Very. Phillips and Garrison. Whether this be true
Lowell's marriage, there can be little doubt, or not, the “ Biglow Papers ” represent the
had no inconsiderable influence on his political most original work of Lowell, and on them
opinions. He was naturally conservative, and rests his greatest fame. His “ Fable for Crit-
in his class poem he had satirized the abolition- ics” shows no less a mastery of satire, and a
ists. His wife, however, though a sweet, deli- Browningesque fondness for ludicrous rhymes
cate woman, was an ardent reformer, entering and racy puns. There is also much of truth
with enthusiasm the ranks of the opposition to in the portraits, however much we may regret
slavery, and it was not long before Lowell was the hard hits at individuals.
a vice-president of Anti-Slavery societies, and | In 1853 his wife died,—the wife of his youth,
a corresponding editor of the “Anti-Slavery the inspirer of his early poetry, herself a writer
Standard.” Maria Lowell had as much influ of beautiful poems, one or two of which have
ence upon her husband, perhaps, as had the appeared with his own. Two years later he
wife of Wendell Phillips upon hers.
succeeded Longfellow as Professor of French,
Next in order of the poet's development Spanish, and Belles-Lettres at Harvard, and
comes that exquisite piece, known to every in 1857 he became joint editor of the “Atlan-
lover of poetry, and quoted each summer-time tic Monthly," then just launched. Later, he
as the rare June day comes round, “ The was made editor of the - North American Re-
Vision of Sir Launfal.” It is a notable poem, view,” continuing it from 1863 to 1872. For
so strongly imbued with feeling that we do not ten years after his wife's death he published
wonder to find it was written at a single heat, little, but in the sixties the second series of
a forty-eight hours in 1845, during which the the “ Biglow Papers" appeared, and the great
poet scarcely ate or slept. This was followed “ Commemoration Ode” was recited at the
in 1848 by his first prose work, “ Conversa Harvard Commencement in 1865.
tions on Some of the Old Poets,” in plan sug In '69 he published - Under the Willows,"
gested by Landor's “Imaginary Conversa in the following year “ The Cathedral," and in
tions." They bear little comparison with his '76 - Three Memorial Poems.” During the
later prose, but they show at least what the same years his prose works were also appear-
scholarly poet was busy about when not writ- ing—"Among My Books" in 1870 and 76,
ing verses, and no doubt helped him to pre “ My Study Windows” in 1871. Next fol.
pare those later volumes which have established lowed his diplomatic career, beginning with his
his reputation in the field of criticism. In the appointment by President Hayes to the Span-
same year appeared a second series of his ish ministry--a post given to literary men since
poems, the most striking of which was “ The the time of Irving,—and ending with his able
Present Crisis," written in the same year as representation of our country at the court of
“ Sir Launfal.” This year, 1848, saw also the St. James. In these years he published occa-
collected volume of the “ Biglow Papers,” sional poems, besides two prose volumes--
which established Lowell's mastery of a unique “ Democracy and Other Addresses” in 1885,
form in literature. The first of these inimita- and a volume of “ Political Essays,” the last all
ble embodiments of Yankee humor had been written at least twenty years before.
sent to the “ Boston Courier" in 1846, and I No short sketch can do justice to Lowell's
they became famous at once. They were quoted varied genius, nor can one or two paragraphs
from one end of the country to the other. They adequately measure the stature of the man.
were sung in the streets. They crossed the We shall not know him thoroughly for years
Atlantic—as
to come,—until the opinion of his unfolding
" John P.
genius has given way to the judgment of pos-
Robinson, he"
terity. Lowell's prose has received both praise
found to his discomfiture, when he left the and blame, and an attempt has even been made
country to get away, it is said, from his unen to rob him of his fame as an essayist. But
viable notoriety. The reformers had been too the volumes “Among My Books” and “ My
serious. Now, for the first time, the laugh was | Study Windows” need only to be read to show


1891.]
135
THE DIAL
the keen insight, the careful judgment, the ex poses. Eye-witnesses give testimony which has
tensive acquaintance with literature, and the no value as evidence. The wisdom of an ar-
scholarly attitude, which go to make up the rangement of forces or a method of attack de-
critic. If his style may be criticised in some pends so much upon events and conditions that
particulars, so also may that of Macaulay and are nearly unascertainable by a historian, that
De Quincey. In fine, when all is said Lowell judgment seems to stand perpetually in abey-
will take rank as the ablest critical essayist ance. To those who have read any of the writ-
America has yet produced.
ings of John Fiske, it is needless to say that
Lowell's fame as a poet will rest securely on to an extraordinary degree he has succeeded in
the inimitable - Biglow Papers,” for their mas his endeavor to make plain the events of the
tery of satirical humor and their unsurpassed American Revolution. His style is so trans-
delineation of Yankee character. There can parent and limpid that it seems to disparage
be no doubt, also, that many another of his all claims to attention. Save as all language
poems, though not all, will endure as an ap- / is largely metaphorical, there is scarcely a fig-
preciated heritage of the English race. Cer ure in the two volumes. There is no straining
tain elements of popularity, however, Lowell after effect, nothing but the simplest narra-
did not possess. He was more philosophic, less i tive of events which are expected to be attract-
passionate, more imaginative, less a singer of ive in themselves and not to need the ornament
common thoughts and feelings. His poetry has of elaborate dressing-up. But the author sees
never been translated extensively—who can all so clearly that the reader is forced to the
conceive his Yankee satire in a foreign tongue ? same insight. The lucidity of his narration
—but it has taken a deeper hold upon the cul comes not only from a firm grasp of facts, but
tured people of his own land than that of any from a clear perception which enables him so
of his contemporaries. Lowell is not always completely to unravel the tangled skein that
a - correct” poet, and he is fond of a curious only he who has looked to other sources realizes
rhyme or a graceless pun; but there is a pro at all that there were troubles to be overcome.
found sincerity in all, and something behind Moreover, Mr. Fiske is a philosopher. The
the sincerity worth thinking and worth saying. American Revolution has for him a place in
Last, not least, America should honor Lowell the development of the world's history, and
for his championship of her cause—the cause without cumbering his pages with ponderous
of democracy. He was thoroughly American, phrases or mystical allusions he brings home to
not in her foibles nor her follies, but in a faith the most thoughtless and careless reader some
in her inherent greatness that never left him. conception of the meaning of the strife. In-
He was never given to vain boasting, but he deed, the very simplicity of the whole work is
was equally free from an idolatry of every due to this philosophic grasp, although there
thing un-American. His patriotism was a liv- is never an attempt to foist upon the unwary
ing reality, brightest in the critical times of didactic or moralizing reflections.
our history, nove the less sincere in times of It cannot be said, presumably, that the au-
prosperity and peace. He was the best prod thor is a great and profound historian, if it is
uct of our best culture, whether as simple citi absolutely necessary that such a person should
zen or as our representative at the courts of in all cases examine only the most recondite
Europe, whether as editor or essayist or poet. sources of information and under no circum-
OLIVER FARRAR EMERSON.
stances accept a conclusion save one personally
drawn from an original manuscript. But the
=== = = = =
prevailing reaction against the shiftless copy-
ing of copyists has possibly imbued us with too
FISKE'S NARRATIVE OF THE AMERICAN
great a regard for mere compilation and search.
REVOLUTION.*
Certainly he is entitled to respect and admira-
There are few tasks more difficult than that
tion who has the rarest skill in interpretation
of giving clearly and correctly the accounts of and in philosophical arrangement. Original
military movements and engagements. State sources of information, merely faithfully tran-
ments apparently authentic vary in material scribed or elaborately arranged for discursive
respects. The despatches from the opposing
argument, would leave the ordinary inquirer
generals often differ as essentially as their pur or even the faithful student in a maze of doubt
* THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. By John Fiske. In two
and perplexity.
volumes, with frontispiece. Boston: Houghton, Mithin & Co. | Not the least interesting of all Mr. Fiske's


136
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
statements is given in his preface. Those who and does not hesitate to say, in his * Life of
have watched his work for some time past have Washington,” that “ Washington formed the
been ready to prophesy that a history of the very bold design of detaching Sullivan and
United States would ultimately appear from Lord Stirling to fall on the left of the column
his pen; but we now have an authoritative conducted by Lord Cornwallis, while he should
statement that such a boon is in store for us. cross Chadd's ford in person and attack Knyp-
He says:
| hausen with the centre and left wing of his
“ The plan occurred to me in 1881 of writing a nar army.” There is no doubt that Greene was in
rative history of the United States, neither too long to
the very act of crossing to the attack when the
be manageable nor too brief to be interesting, some-
thing that might comprise the whole story from 1492
plan was interrupted by the receipt of false
to (say) 1865 within four octavos, like the book of my
news, and a certain pardonable disobedience
lamented friend John Richard Green...If my on the part of the faithful and stubborn Sulli-
plan is ever fully realized, it can only be after many van. This seems a slight matter, but it is just
years. Meanwhile it has seemed to me that fragments
such a crisis as this that marks the difference
of the work might as well be published from time to
time as to be lying idle in manuscript in a cupboard.”
between a great general and a crafty Fabius.
The greater part of this work has already
Injustice to Washington is far from being a
fault of these volumes, but some evidence un-
been read as lectures, not only in the Old South
Meeting-House, but in “ many towns and cities
known to the reviewer must have been used
from Maine to Oregon.” The author insists
at this point if the author is justified in his
that the book is in no sense based upon lec-
comments and interpretations. In fact, this
tures, but that it has been used as a basis for
very bold design, the enthusiasm of the troops,
the almost impetuous readiness of the conserva-
lectures. And yet there are some sentences
that are more suited to the platform than to
tive Greene to act in obedience to his com-
the pages of a sober history. Much as a com-
mander in a perilous and audacious undertak-
parison with the present political tactics of
ing, are enough in themselves to distinguish
Tammany, or a eulogy on Gladstone, or an en-
| Washington as one of the greatest generals of
comium on Cleveland, may add to the interest
the age.
of the work, it is perhaps not hypercritical to
Yet there is enough in these volumes to con-
suggest that they seem out of place in these
vince anyone of the greatness of Washington's
pages. But such errors in judgment—if they
generalship. Grant and Lee have by common
be such--are of practically no moment in com-
consent been given places in the front rank
parison with the merits of the whole work,
of the great commanders of the world. But
which in most respects is above unfavorable
Washington has been so lauded as the all vir-
criticism. All will not agree with Mr. Fiske's
tuous and gentlemanly Father of his Country,
judgments. For instance, he who has just seen
that the present generation is in danger of
the other side of the case as given in Dr. Stillé's
looking upon him as a stately prig. He has
“ Life and Times of John Dickinson,” will per-
been too often represented as large hearted
haps feel that there is a little too much of the
rather than really magnanimous ; the wonder-
Bostonian spirit and the point-of-view of Samuel
ful equipoise of his many attributes has pre-
Adams. Again, the account of the battle of
vented sight of any one in proper perspective;
Brandywine, though clear and readable, does
and his judgment, self-restraint, and unselfish-
not leave the correct impression. Mr. Fiske
ness have obscured many of the brilliant quali-
represents Washington as hesitating, and ap-
ties which he possessed. A study of the mili-
parently refraining, after mature deliberation,
tary history of the Revolution shows Washing-
from crossing the creek to attack Knyphausen
ton as a great general and soldier. He is not
as soon as he heard of Cornwallis's flank move-
merely a conservative, cautious, and deliberate
ment. He says:
commander, who inspires confidence because of
“ He considered the feasibleness of doing what Fred-
his honesty and sobriety: he is a fighter and a
erick would probably have done,-of crossing quickly strategist, ready whe
strategist, ready when occasion offers to make
at Chadd’s and Brinton's fords, in full force, and crush a bold dash worthy of Hannibal himself. In
ing knyphansen's division."
a century which boasts of Charles XII. and
Now, historians have quite generally agreed Marlborough and Frederick the Great, Wash-
that Washington had fully determined to make ington takes rank as a first-class general. He
this very movement, and was only hindered by was not always successful in his battles. The
conflicting reports as to the whereabouts of undisciplined militia would fail him at a criti-
Cornwallis. John Marshall was on the spot, I cal moment, or some untoward accident-such


1891.]
137
THE DIAL
as the fog at Germantown or the treachery of dramatic events and situations. With the sense
Lee at Monmouth-would rob him of victory of a playwright, he has put together in one
when success seemed certain. Yet the most fascinating chapter the full story of Arnold's
acute military critic has difficulty in detecting treason. The earlier pages of the book have
Haws in the strategy of attack or retreat; and already made the reader an unwilling admirer
when one appreciates the difficulties to be over of the dashing and brilliant soldier, and as the
come he often stands amazed at the boldness narrative proceeds one realizes that it contains,
of an attack begun with the utmost prepara most artistically arranged, the elements of awe
tion and the most minute care. The retreat and pity, which, as Artistale contends, are the
from New York across New Jersey, and the characteristics of true tragedy. The conclud-
astounding victories at Trenton and Princeton, ing sentences are worth express attention.
are well worth study. There are few events “If we feel less of contempt and more of sorrow in
in military history more interesting or note- the case of Arnold than of such a weakling as Charles
worthy than the execution of the plan for the Lee, our verdict is not the less unmitigated. Arnold's
capture of Cornwallis. Yet possibly the most
fall was by far the more terrible, as he fell from a
greater height, and into a depth than which none could
remarkable piece of generalship in Washing-
be lower. It is only fair that we should recall his
ton's whole career is his unsuccessful defense services to the cause of American independence, which
of Philadelphia and the battles of Brandywine were unquestionably greater than those of any man in
and Germantown. It is true that the whole the Continental army except Washington and Greene.
But it is part of the natural penalty that attaches to
campaign on the part of the British was so
backsliding such as his, that when we hear the name of
foolishly conducted that Lord Howe's reputa-
Benedict Arnold these are not the things which it sug-
tion as a general was irretrievably lost. But gests to our minds, but the name stands, and always
bis failure was the result of the inception of will stand, as a symbol of unfaithfulness to trust."
his plan rather than lack of skill in prepara-
The characterization of Chatham is in some
tion for battle. In the actual contests he was
ways the finest thing in these two volumes. It
successful, for the trained English troops were
admirably illustrates Mr. Fiske's historical
almost invincible, and Knyphausen and Corn-
method. In a few sweeping sentences he broad-
wallis were admirable lieutenants. So skilfully,
ly outlines the commanding figure of that stal-
however, did Washington plan attack and re-
wart statesman who seemed to see in prophecy
treat, that victory for his enemies stood them
the coming of the greater England; who, of
in little stead. After Philadelphia was taken,
all Englishmen of his time, cast to one side his
the patriot army, though defeated, was not
insular prejudices and embraced in his sympa-
beaten. The taking of the “ rebel capital”
thies a new world of freedom of thought, self-
profited the British nothing. The genius and
government, and progress. Then, without os-
audacity of Washington at Germantown pro-
tentation, without display or attempt at fine
duced a profound impression in Europe. The
writing, in a few quiet but brilliant sentences
victory of Saratoga, which was the result of we are called to a consideration of the mean-
good fortune as well as hard fighting, had but
ing of it all. And from Chatham as a centre
little more influence in the diplomatic circles of
we seem to see more clearly than ever before
the continent than the vigor and temerity of
the scope of the world's history and to feel its
the little army in Pennsylvania which had
onward surge.
dared to attack a superior and better disci-
“As in the days to come the solidarity of the Teu-
plined force on a plan of battle which had for tonic race in its three great nationalities - America,
its intent nothing less than the destruction England, and Germany – becomes more and more
of the whole British army. Mr. Fiske's ac- clearly manifest, the more will the student of history
count of these events is so vivid, and so per-
be impressed with the wonderful fact that the founding
of modern Germany, the maritime supremacy of En-
fectly clear and comprehensible, that the bat-
gland, and the winning of the Mississippi valley for
tle is fairly a dramatic incident, and one almost English-speaking America, were but different phases of
holds his breath in expectation as he sees the one historic event, coherent parts of the one vast con-
four divisions of the American forces converg-
ception which marks its author as the grandest of mod-
ern statesmen. As the lapse of time carries us far
ing in this well-planned surprise, only to be
enough from the eighteenth century to study it in its
beaten back when the thick fog of the early
true proportions, the figure of Chatham in the annals of
morning throws them into confusion and dis the Teutonie race will appear no less great and com-
may.
manding than the figure of Charlemagne a thousand
It is unnecessary to say that Mr. Fiske / years before."
knows well how to make use of a series of Mr. Fiske's book ought to be in every high


138
(Sept.,
THE DIAL
stand.”
school and college library in the country, and, moss for the stay-at-homes. The itch for scrib-
indeed, bought and read by everyone who can bling, or, as he expressed it, the desire “ to
afford to buy books at all. There seems no find something to write about," was the frankly-
human reason why it should not meet the cov- avowed reason for most of his travels. Hav-
eted fate of Macaulay's history—that of sup ing no resources in himself, whether of native
planting for a week the latest novel from the imagination or acquired learning, he was
circulating library on the dressing-table of the obliged to seek some unfamiliar scene to de-
young woman of fashion, and it certainly merits scribe or some novel experience to narrate.
the praise that Macaulay received “ for having He scoured the world, both material and spirit-
written a history which workingmen can under ual, in quest of the sensational,—from the sen-
ANDREW C. McLaughlin.
sational elephant hunt and “ Brigand's Bride”
of his youth, to the “ Sensational Christ” of
his latest years. Upon this quest, in addition
to the journeys already mentioned, he travelled
LAURENCE OLIPHANT.*
through the United States and Canada as Lord
The noble Scotch family of Oliphant has no Elgin's secretary; he plunged into the thick
higher claim to distinction than its three liter of the Crimean contest; he set off upon Walk-
ary names. The first, Caroline Oliphant, Lady er's famous filibustering expedition to Hayti ;
Nairne (1766-1845), wrote some famous he again accompanied Lord Elgin when that
songs, such as “ The Land o' the Leal” and diplomatist made a treaty vi et armis with
" Wha'll be King but Charlie?” The second, China; he threw himself into Italian politics
Margaret Oliphant Wilson Oliphant (born in with Garibaldi and Cavour in 1860; he went
1818), is the author of several novels that are to Japan at the height of the anti-foreign agi-
said to present faithful pictures of rural life in tation ; he hurried to take part in a Polish in-
Scotland and England, of much clever bio surrection ; he eagerly sought outlandish re-
graphical and historical miscellany, and, in ligious experiences ; he went as correspondent
conjunction with her son, Cyril Francis Oli. for “ The Times” into the hottest of the Franco-
phant, of the work now before us. The third German contest; he rushed into speculations
name is that of the subject of her - Memoir." in America ; he tried to found colonies of Jews
Though of British parentage, Laurence Ol in Palestine; he courted, and apparently
iphant was born in Africa (1829), spent more trusted, all manner of communications from
than two-thirds of his life out of England, and the so-called spirit-world. To judge the tree
never remained more than a year or two at a | by its fruits, the man's aims by his actions and
time in the land of his fathers. Travel was their results, one would say that his principal
his education, travel was his livelihood, travel object in this erratic course was to keep him-
was his heaven, and to be kept from travel was self before the public. Since he had no settled
his hell. On one occasion, he eagerly grasps purpose to carry out, no lofty aim in art, no
at the opportunity afforded by a chance invita firm convictions in religion, no plan of life ex-
tion from Jung Bahadoor, the Nepaulese min cept to find something to write about and to
ister to England, to leave his parents in Ceylon make a sensation, he was at the beck of every
and go to hunt elephants in the jungles of Hlin chance adventure, and blown about by every
dostan; on another, quitting his law studies to wind of doctrine that crossed his path. Hope-
take a vacation jaunt in Russia, he is so bored lessly superficial in his cleverness, he took time
and nonplussed by having two days more than to master nothing, and remained in no one
he expected to spend at Nijni Novgorod in fair country long enough to become an authority
time that he scarcely knows what to do with upon it. When he began in the law, he char-
himself. Nor were his landerjahre confined acteristically rushed into practice without prep-
to the roving period of youth. From thirty aration, and had tried twenty-three Ceylon
years on to nearly three-score, he remained the
murder cases before he was as many years of
same rolling stone.
age.” After this, upon going to England to
Yet, if we may judge from the title of one study his subject, he found the regular course
of his books, “ Moss from a Rolling Stone,” there too tedious, and rushed to Edinburgh,
he reversed the usual process and gathered where in a month's time he made a hurried
preparation that sufficed to admit him to the
* MEMOIR OF THE LIFE OF LAURENCE OLIPHANT, and of
Alice Oliphant, his Wife. By Margaret Oliphant W. Oliphant.
Scotch bar. In the course of a few years,
In two volumes. New York: Harper & Brothers. | however, he had wholly given up all thought


1891.]
139
THE DIAL
of practising law, whether in England, Scot- indulged and humored him in his desire for
land, or Ceylon, and had entered the field of sports and adventures, and in his distaste for
diplomacy with an equal lack of preparation. mathematics and all systematic studies ; and
Not being able to pass the examination for the when the time came for the father to retire from
diplomatic service, he went out as private sec- active life, and for the son to take up the bur-
retary with Lord Elgin, a friend of the family, den for them and to provide a home for their
and was then after some years attached to the declining years, like an untamed steed that has
Japanese legation. A band of Japanese rob never bowed to the bridle or bounded to the
bers attacked the legation by night, Oliphant spur, he shook off his clinging parents and gal-
was wounded in attempting to repulse the at loped away to the steppes of Russia, the wilds
tack, and after this we hear no more of diplo of America, or the farthest bounds of Asia. To
macy. He then returned to Scotland, and got one who knows the whole story there is some-
himself elected to Parliament as member for thing decidedly pathetic as well as something
Stirling ; but falling in with his prophet and humorous in old Judge Oliphant's remark:
poet, one Thomas Lake Harris, an American, “ The wife is buttoned to Lowry’s coat-tails,
the member for Stirling was told to hold his and I am tied to her apron-strings. I am just
tongue. He held it, and became “a parlia like the last carriage in a train, waggling after
mentary failure." Next, he entered business them just where they please to lead.” “They
in America, but failed in that, too, by attempt looked forward,” says our biographer, “to
ing to cope with such swindlers as are depicted some permanent appointment for Lowry, in
in his “ Autobiography of a Joint Stock Com London perhaps best, with their own house
pany.” In religion and social life he made open to all who could serve or please him, and
Harris his infallible pope, the vicar of God on the beloved son coming and going. For Sir
earth; but after sacrificing much of his own Anthony at least, this dream of happiness was
life and property, and allowing his mother and never destined to come true.” From the time
his wife to sacrifice nearly all of theirs to this of the Judge's retirement in 1855, he and
idol, Oliphant discovered at his mother's death Lowry were never together for more than a few
bed that the idol was of very common clay and days at a time, until the fond father's death in
no less a swindler than the professional sharp- | 1858, while the son was absent with the mis-
ers on Wall Street. He then set up on his sion to China. The loving attentions that he
own account as pope of the mystics, in the in- had failed to pay his father he might have
volved sentences and incoherent ravings of the shown to his mother, who survived until 1881 ;
· Sympneumata,” the Divine Feminine," and but instead of this, from 1868 to the end, with
the “Scientific Religion,” which may be de- the exception of two years she spent in keeping
scribed as the warmed-up and transmogrified house for him while he was correspondent of
remnants of the slender banquet of Ilarris. “ The Times” at Paris, he allowed this refined
Oliphant imagined himself inspired in these and delicate lady, whose ease and comfort had
utterances, either by Alice, his departed wife, always been studiously provided for by her
or by his " sensational Christ.” He gained husband, to spend her last years, disappointed
many proselytes, and among them a young and forsaken, in a wretched pseudo-religious
English clergyman, who gave up all to follow community at Brocton — or Salem-on-Erie —
this new guide away to his colony at Haifa in New York, where she had “ to lay her ladyhood
Palestine. Notwithstanding Oliphant's satire aside, and all the habits of her life, and to en-
on joint-stock companies, the last acts of his gage in manual or menial labor, the work of
life were performed in the service of one that the large household, taking her share of the
he had formed to promote the sentimental washing, cooking, and cleaning of the house."
project of so changing the nature of the Jews, He took her thence only in the last month of
of the Turkish government, and of the Land her life, when, dying slowly of cancer, she had
of Palestine, as to make a success of Jewish become too weak in body even for her wonted
agricultural colonies in that region. This pro- task of washing the dirty pocket-handkerchiefs
ject, it is hardly necessary to add, was doomed of her co-religionists, and too weak in the faith
to result in a series of dismal failures.
longer to believe in the prophet Harris, who,
From the first, Laurence Oliphant — or after taking her money, stripped her of her
Lowry, as he was familiarly called, — was a jewelry and gave it to some younger and more
spoiled and cockered boy. Being an only child, attractive member of his little fock. Nor did
he could do nothing wrong. Both his parents | Lowry take more pains to provide a congenial


140
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
home for Alice le Strange, that more than an of the Sun,” Thomas Lake Harris, whom he
gelic being who became his wife in 1872, in styled “the greatest poet of the age, as yet,
spite of the objections of her family on the one alas! unknown to fame.” It was this same
side and of Father Harris on the other. She lack that enabled him to accept as poetry some
too was induced by equivocal statements on doggerel rhymes he had himself produced, dur-
Lowry's part to commit her fortune and hering his separation from his wife, under the al-
faith to the tender mercies of the fanatics at leged influence of a spiritual “ counterpart ”
Brocton, whither she went to go through the in Heaven. Nor was his taste in other depart-
hard ordeal, as Lady Oliphant writes, “ of put- | ments of art superior to his taste in literature,
ting off all the old and much admired refine as is proved by his excessive admiration for
ment, polish, intellectual charm, etc.," and of Russian architecture.
realizing “something of the lives of our hard-/ Oliphant's failures, however, as a son, as a
working sisters in the world, the cooks, the student, as a husband, as a lawyer, as a diplo-
housemaids, etc.” Alice was not permitted to | matist, as a parliamentarian, as a religionist,
labor many months by the side of Lady Oli- | as a business man, and as a colonizer, did not
phant, or to receive even occasional visits from prevent him from being an agreeable talker
Lowry, but was soon sent away to Santa Rosa, and a clever writer of travels and social satire.
California, whence she was speedily dismissed, Doctor O. W. Holmes is said to have thought
without introductions or money, alone, to earn him the most interesting man in England.
her own bread by teaching the children of “ The Tender Recollections of Irene Macgilli-
miners and other uneducated persons at Val cuddy” and “ The Autobiography of a Joint
lejo and Benicia. Her husband, meanwhile, Stock Company” are humorously exaggerated
allowed her to remain there, in complete isola sketches of traits popularly supposed by the
tion from him, until she came to join him in English to be characteristically American.
London in 1880. Even then he soon left her, “ Fashionable Philosophy” and “Picadilly”
and set out for America. Hence he returned, treat British idols in the same spirit. It would
after burying his mother, to take his wife into be a mistake to suppose that any of Oliphant's
exile at Constantinople and at Haifa on the writings are destined to live, or to be read by
coast of Palestine, whither he went to pursue posterity. The contemporary interest attach-
his crazy scheme for the colonization of the ing to some of them was largely due to the fact
Jews. At Haifa, she died among the weeping that they were opportune, and of the na-
Druse women in 1885.
ture of news touching localities such as the
After all this, we begin to think there was Crimea, to which the popular attention was
more truth than poetry in Oliphant's early de- turned. The interest was thus largely faeti-
scription of himself: “A pleasant enough tious, not inherent. Except in so far as they
fellow as a companion, but abominably selfish are bound up with “ Blackstone's Magazine,"
and a thorough charlatan. ... His inter copies of his works are seldom to be found in
est was the first thing which he considered, and the bookstores or libraries.
he was rather unscrupulous in making every-
EDWARD PLAYFAIR ANDERSON.
thing subservient to it.” It accords with this
view that nothing is said, in narrating his life,
of any unselfish friendships on his part. The
story of his life is wholly occupied with his own
BROWNING'S LIFE AND LETTERS.*
personality, and few interesting characters are Mrs. Sutherland Orr was Robert Browning's
delineated outside of his own immediate family warm personal friend during many years of
and associates. He appears to have been in his life ; she is thoroughly familiar with his
capable of a generous enthusiasm for the great writings, being the author of a “ Handbook " of
literary men of his age. His reading was al commentary and explanation which includes
ways limited, and he had no correspondence the whole body of his poetry; she has had ac-
with writers of note. We see, indeed, in his cess to the family records and letters since his
case the strange phenomenon of a prolific and | death, and the coöperation and sympathy of
much vaunted writer without any taste or ap- | Mr. Browning's sister and others of his inti-
preciation for poetry or belles lettres. It was mate friends in securing personal reminiscences
this lack of taste that made it possible for Ol-
iphant to pin his faith to such an impostor as
* LIFE AND LETTERS OF ROBERT BROWNING. By Mrs.
the author of - The Great Republic: A Poem | Alin & Co.
Sutherland Orr. In two volumes. Boston: Houghton, Mif-


1891.)
. 141
THE DIAL
and memorials of the great poet whose life-slave-labor which was still in force there. He
work closed less than two years ago. She paid for this unpractical conduct, as soon as he
would seem, therefore, to be admirably equipped was of age, by the compulsory reimbursement
for preparing a satisfactory biography of Rob to his father of all the expenses which up to
ert Browning; and in some ways she has jus that time had been incurred for him; and by
tified expectations. Of her work it can be the loss of his mother's fortune, which, at the
said — what, alas ! can so seldom be said of a time of her marriage, had not been settled
biography – that it is absolutely free from of upon her. It was probably in despair of doing
fences against good taste, and that it respects anything better that, soon after this, in his
the due privacies of the individual and his twenty-second year, he became a clerk in the
friends. The arrangement is good, the narra Bank of England. This position, both more
tive proceeding continuously, and the headings important and more lucrative than it has since
of the chapters indicating the dates and prin become, together with some private means de-
cipal events, so that one readily finds any derived from his mother's family, enabled him to
sired information on a given point. Moreover, gratify his scholarly and artistic tastes, and
a large number of new facts appear; and that later to give his children the benefit of a very
we may trust to them is assured by Mrs. Orr's liberal education — the one distinct ideal of
evident reserve and caution in statement. We success in life which such a nature as his could
are specially grateful that she has given us so | form.
much information concerning the parents and Many circumstances conspired to secure for
home-life of the boy Robert, concerning his the coming poet a happier childhood and youth
first flights before any acquired or artificial than his father had had. His path was to be
qualities had affected his originality, concern smoothed not only by natural affection and con-
ing the first group of friends among whom the scientious care, but by literary and artistic
young author found himself when his talent sympathy. A man who had himself suffered
unfolded and gained maturity. Hitherto, it so much from repression and antagonism would
has been somewhat disquieting to our ideas of naturally make an anxiously indulgent parent
hereditary forces not to be able to discover when his time came ; from the very first he
anything more notable concerning his father sympathized with his son in every thought and
and grandfather than that both were clerks in impulse. When the youth chose poetry as a
the Bank of England ; that on following back profession, he met with the same unfailing
ward still further the line of descent we should readiness of support. “Paracelsus," “ Sor-
come next upon an inn-keeper, and finally to a dello," and the whole of “ Bells and Pomegran-
Robert Browning who was - Mr. Bankes's ates," were published at the father's expense,
head butler.” But through Mrs. Orr we learn and — incredible as it appears - brought no
more about these same ancestors, and discover return to him.
that there is no such anomaly in the case as But even a larger place in the boy's life was
appears ; that, especially as regards the last filled by his mother. In his somewhat arro-
two Robert Brownings, there was much simi- gant youthful days, she was the one being in
larity, what was talent in the father developing the world whom he entirely loved. From her
into genius in the son ; and that it was rather he inherited his musical sense, the metaphys-
the differences of temperament and circum ical quality of his mind and the nervous con-
stance than of mental endowment that made stitution of his body. Carlyle described her
of one a poet and of the other a bank-clerk. as “ the true type of a Scottish gentlewoman”;
The father of our Robert Browning grew up and Mr. Kenyon declared that such as she had
under the systematic unkindness of a hard no need to go to heaven, because they made it
father and a still harder step-mother. He was wherever they were.
denied a university education, though he de The Shelley period of Browning's life is
sired to meet the expense himself; he was also well described by Mrs. Orr, and some
thwarted in his purpose to become a painter, hitherto unpublished letters written to Mr. Fox,
his father refusing even to look at his first fin as editor of the “ Monthly Repository,” show
ished picture ; and he ruined himself forever how much that gentleman's prompt and gen-
in the parental eyes by throwing up a lucrative erous appreciation meant to the aspiring youth
employment which he had held for a short time at a time when he had heard few words of
on some West Indian property belonging to praise and when his one published poem —
his mother's estate, in disgust at the system of “ Pauline ” — had been dismissed by a leading


142
(Sept.,
THE DIAL
review in these words : “ Pauline, a piece of could throw light on so important a matter.
pure bewilderment.” Also, the whole roman One may or may not regard it as accidental,
tic story of Browning's love-life, both before we certainly cannot, that the singer in Rob-
and after marriage, is given; there are many ert Browning seems to have been born and
details concerning his personal tastes and habits, reached its fullest growth during the period of
some of which are quite different from prevail his brief but ideal married life of fifteen years.
ing conceptions ; there are pleasant glimpses Some one has said, “ A poet without love were
of his friends who were both many and worthy; a physical and moral impossibility.” Not to
and his principal writings are duly mentioned underrate Browning's previous writings, do
in their order of composition.
they furnish any indication that without this
Thus the book is very readable ; it tells us supreme experience of his life we should have
many things that we like to know and had be had the sweetness that now comes into his songs?
fore no means of knowing; and yet — it is not Indeed, does he not himself proclaim the sources
a good biography. Nor --- we hesitate to say of it in the poem addressed to his wife, “ By
it -- is Mrs. Orr a good biographer. We hes- the Fireside”? Recalling the time when she
itate, because where work has been so conscien “ filled his empty heart with a word,” he adds :
tiously done, with such pains in the collection * I am named and known by that hour's feat,
of facts, and with evident affection for the sub-
There took my station and degree.
ject, it seems ungracious to complain. What
So grew my own small life complete
As nature obtained her best of me.”'
we miss in Mrs. Orr is the trained literary
sense, a sense which would have led her to set
Certain it is, that while before this the poems
her central figure in the life of the times in
were more dramatic, the poet throwing himself
which he lived, and to show how he acted on into other personalities and uttering their
these and was acted upon by them. With all her thoughts, that while after this they became
ample materials, there is very little in her story more historical and argumentative, anyone who
of Robert Browning's life that seems related cares for Browning chiefly as a singer — any-
to his writing, very little that would lead us to
one who seeks to show that Browning in some
suspect that this was the man who with one moods can care for sound as well as for sense,
other has held the supreme place in the poetry and that then he sings with a music far deeper
of this latter part of the nineteenth century. than any arising from mere sound, — must turn
The lines of the figure are all there, but there to the volume of verses written during this time
n the portrait : the artist has been of “ life, love, and Italy." ..
faithful and correct, but she has been without Again, is it accidental that when Browning's
insight.
next volume appears,- after a silence of nine
A genius for -situations” is a well-recog years, the longest silence in the poet's history,
nized necessity for the successful writer of — it is marked by such profound differences
dramas ; and it is not less needful (albeit with that it distinctly marks the point of departure
a somewhat different signification of the word for the beginning of what is called his “ later
" situation "') in the case of a writer of a biog- manner"? In the meantime had occurred the
raphy. John Addington Symonds has it, and death of the beloved wife, the breaking-up of
by means of it has rescued from the vast accu- | the Florentine home which he never revisited,
mulation of -- chatter about Shelley " the best his establishment in London amid surround-
portrait of Shelley we have had or are likely ings of prosaic ugliness as to externals but in
to have. F. W. H. Myers has shown it in his the midst of an acute intellectual life such as
life of Wordsworth ; and, to instance newer he had never before encountered. Let us look
books and American writers, Tiffany has shown at the table of contents of this volume, “ Dram-
it in his life of Dorothea L. Dix, and Edward atis Personæ.” There are eighteen poems, ten
Everett Hale in his life of James Freeman of which either directly or indirectly deal with
Clarke. That Browning should not have re religious questions. This in itself might not
ceived similar service at the hands of his bi be remarkable ; but when compared with
ographer is the more to be regretted because former volumes, and it is seen how little these
the opportunity is so great. Crities have said contain of similar matter, and how even that
much and truly concerning the differences be little seems to have been outgrown by Brown-
tween Browning's early writings and his later ing either at this time or later, it is somewhat
ones; it should have been the task of a biog significant. It should have been the task of a
rapher to inquire what circumstances, if any, biographer to recall what were the main lines


1891.]
THE DIAL
143
= - ---- -
-- - --------- ------
of contemporary thought at this date (1864); a Deity after its own pattern. It might be
to consider what books and pamphlets and re labelled as the poetical counterpart of Herbert
views most engaged the public attention when Spencer's essay on “ The Use of Anthropo-
" Dramatis Personæ " came into being. In morphism."
France, Renan's “ Life of Jesus" had just ap A biographer who should have called our
peared: in Germany, Strauss's “Life of attention to the relationships between Robert
Jesus." In England had appeared successively Browning's mental atmosphere and his poetical
the first volume of Bishop Colenso's work on production would have been entitled to far
the Pentateuch which was practically a polemic | more thanks than we are now able to bestow.
against verbal inspiration ; and the “ Essays For then we should have seen clearly, what
and Reviews," which were a distinct demand now is not even hinted in the whole of his life-
for liberty of thought in the authorized teach story, that his genius bore the complexion of
ers of the English Church. The controversy the times in which he lived, that it was pro-
over these books was immense. Not since the foundly affected by currents of thought which
Reformation had such earnest attention been have only come to the front in our own time,
concentrated on the life of Jesus. There had and that it was so peculiarly directed by con-
been controversies without number as to his temporary discussions that it is not too much
nature, confusions without end as to his doc- to prophesy that the future student will find in
trine, conflicts innumerable about his church ; his poems some of the best commentary and
but the record of his purely human history had illustration of the great movements of mind
never before been attempted in any strictly in the nineteenth century.
scientifie fashion. The desire of understanding
Anna B. MCMAHAN.
the origin of Christianity, and the means of
gratifying that desire, seem to have presented
themselves simultaneously; for never before THE ODYSSEY IN ENGLISHI PROSE.*
had systems of belief outside of Christianity
received such close and comparative study, nor
The undying interest in the Homeric poetry
classical and Oriental modes of thought been
is attested by nothing so strongly as by the
so adequately interpreted. It was the begin-
ever-renewed efforts to translate it into its
ning of a system of inquiry that has leavened
modern equivalent. Of the more recent efforts
the whole mass of modern thought, and which
of this kind, an increasingly large number have
originated the problems which most concern
been in prose. Several reasons may account
the human mind to-day.
for this ; but, in the case of English versions,
It should have been the task of a biographer
doubtless the one great reason is that every
English translator is painfully aware of the
to show not only that the longest of the poems
in - Dramatis Personæ," "A Death in the
impossibility of turning the Greek hexameter
Desert," is Browning's contribution to the
into verse that will not seem either too ponder-
Renan controversy,-a fact generally recog-
ous and cumbersome or too trivial and airy.
nized, but also that the volume as a whole
The most successful English version of the
Odyssey recently made is unquestionably that
takes its type from the prevailing temper of
the time. "Gold Hair," the story of the girl
of Butcher and Lang; and this is done in
prose. It is with this version that Professor
miser, is used as an opportunity to utter his
own convictions :-
Palmer's, which is also in prose, will naturally
be compared. To say that it bears this com-
* The candid incline to surmise of late
parison at all is to speak high praise. In both
That the Christian faith may be false, I find;
For our · Essays and Reviews' debate
versions there is an attempt to preserve a
Begins to tell on the public mind,
rhythmic flow and cadence suggestive of the
And Colenso's words have weight.
original effect of the poetry as recited ; and in
* I still, to suppose it true, for my part
this respect the rendering of the American
See reasons and reasons ; this, to begin :
translator is eminently satisfactory. A single
'Tis the faith that launched point-blank her dart
At the head of a lie-taught Original Sin,
passage will suffice to show this cadence:
The Corruption of Man's Heart."
“ As thus he [Odysseys] spoke, a great wave broke
* Caliban” is another instance--a poem, prob-
on high and madly plunging whirled his raft around;
far from the raft he fell and sent the rudder flying
ably the only one in literature, dealing with
the inner workings of an acute but half-savagelbert Palmer. Professor of Philosophy in Harvard University.
* THE ODYSSEY OF HOMER. Translated by George Her-
mind, laboring like the rest of us to construct | Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


144
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
from his hand. The mast snapped in the middle under willing to learn from each author without inquiring
the fearful tempest of opposing winds that struck, and into his competence to teach, must, in Emerson's
far in the sea canvas and sail-yard fell. The water
| language, “ embrace the common and sit at the feet
held him long submerged; he could not rise at once
of the familiar and the low.” Though Mr. How-
after the crash of the great wave, for the clothing which
ells is ever mindful of the last of these cautions, it
divine Calypso gave him weighed him down. At length,
however, he came up, spitting from out his mouth the
appears to us that he is forgetful of most of the
bitter brine which plentifully trickled from his head.”
others in his treatment of such writers as Scott
and Thackeray, Balzac and Goethe. Mr. Howells
We find the version of Butcher and Lang,
would persuade us that genius is a myth, and that
however, more picturesque in the use of terms,
the merest tyro among the realists of to-day de-
and more " noble in manner” as well as more serves more consideration than any of the classics
“plain in words,” to use the well-known of the past. But after all is said, it remains true
phrase of Matthew Arnold. Compare, for ex that it is a writer's personality, or genius, that gives
ample, the following, from Book VI.:
interest to his work, and not his theories of art.
" Papa dear, could you not have the wagon harnessed
Mr. Howells's buoyant confidence in the literary
for me,-- the high one with good wheels,-- to take my
methods adopted by himself and by others of the
nice clothes to the river to be washed, which now are same school is not unpleasant to behold. At the
lying dirty? Surely for you yourself it is but proper, same time, one regrets that to sustain his own posi-
when you are with the first men holding councils, that tion he finds it necessary to cry down or disparage
you should wear clean clothing."
so much that is really more excellent in its way than
The same passage in Butcher and Lang runs
most of the work of his school. As many roads
thus :
lead to art as led to Rome, and each traveller may
“Father dear, couldst thou not lend me a high wag-
believe that his road is the best, —-nay, the only
gon with strong wheels, that I may take the goodly
one. Well, so it may be for him, and from his
raiment to the river to wash, so much as I have lying
corner of the intellectual universe. Another man,
soiled? Yea and it is seemly that thou thyself, when
travelling from another starting-point, would take
among the princes in council, should have fresh raiment another road. All are welcome, if only they arrive
to wear.”
at the eternal city of art. Though unable to agree
We doubt if in the Greek Papa dear has
with Mr. Howells in all his views, any robust mind
the same tone as in English. In spite of an
will find them stimulating and suggestive; and we
occasional infelicity, Professor Palmer's work
must never shut our eyes to the fact that the whole
tendency of his teaching is toward greater truth and
is a true boon to English readers, who will not
naturalness in the treatment of fictitious characters,
fail to get from his version a consciousness of
and greater amenity in the criticism of works of
the Homeric fire and spirit. A labor of love,
art.
this translation will enlarge the circle of ad-
mirers of the old Greek epic. To the pedants
THE little volume entitled - Woman's Work in
be it said pax vobiscum ; the critics will not
America ” (Holt) is a collection of eighteen papers.
each dealing with a different phase of the subject,
try to find what is not offered.
and each written by one well qualified to speak for
M. L. D’ORGE. that special department. Thus, in the professions,
Mary Putnam Jacobi, M.D., writes of "Woman in
Medicine," Rev. Ada C. Bowles of “ Woman in the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Ministry," Ada M. Bittenbender of - Woman in
Law”; in the philanthropies, there are chapters on
FICTION in the sense that term has for the novel. “Care of the Sick" by Ednah D. Cheney, on - Care
reader need not be sought in Mr. W. D. Howells's of the Criminal” by Susan H. Barney, on “ Care of
little book entitled “ Criticism and Fiction” (Har the Indian” by Amelia S. Quinton ; the work of
per). Of criticism there is a plenty, directed Anti-slavery Women is described by Lillie Chace
against all critics and against most of the novelists Wyman, of the W. C. T. U. by Frances E. Will-
except those of the American realistic school. There ard, of the Red Cross Society by Clara Barton. On
is also plenty of compliment for the friends of Mr. the Education of Women, there are three chapters
Howells. This olla podrida is gathered up from showing what has been done in the Eastern, West-
the pages of the “ Editor's Study” in “ Harper's ern, and Southern States respectively. The editor
Magazine.” Though a critic himself, Mr. Howells has made some slips in her preface which offer
gives us to understand that critics serve no very rather tempting opportunities to make merry. But
useful purpose any way, and that if they are gra granting that Annie Nathan Mever gives evidence
ciously permitted to exist at all, they must be very of being a novice in editorial labors, and that her
humble, must always recognize their inferiority to eighteen different collaborators do display great di-
the author criticized, must always sign their articles, versity as to grasp and method, it is still true that
must never imagine that they can direct literature the book contains a large amount of valuable in-
or that they are essential to its progress, must be formation not hitherto collected, that this is made


(1891.
THE DIAL
145
---
- - --- -- -- - -
readily accessible by a good index, that it is fur- | texts, of which they are for the most part free trans-
nished with several appendices of statistics on some lations or expansions. Interest is maintained by the
of the more important topics, and that as a refer- avoidance of unnecessary technicalities, and by occa-
ence book it cannot fail to be of service to the stu sional modern touches. The translations and para-
dent of those social problems which have arisen out phrases, while not exhibiting any special nicety of
of the new part borne by women in the work of the scholarship, render the texts with substantial accu-
world.
racy. The modern touches do no harm, though we
think Herbert Spencer would be more likely than a
The beginner in Greek literature -- the Univer-
Greek philosopher to understand the statement that
sity Extension learner, for example-needs not so
Parmenides saw " the danger that one should lose
much subtle æsthetic criticism as brief biographies
sight of the idea of law of rationality, of eternal
of the great dramatists, together with a simple and
self-centred force, and so be carried away by some
succinct account of the extant plays. This need
vision of a gradual process of evolution from mere
is fairly met by “ The Student's Manual of Greek
emptiness to fulness of being.” The chapter on
Tragedy” (Macmillan), a translation of the chap-
Pythagoras is disproportionately long and will mis-
ters on the drama in Dr. Munk's popular “Ge-
| lead the beginner, much of what is attributed to
schichte der Griechischen Literatur.” Dr. Verrall,
“the Pythagoreans” being of late neo-Platonic in-
who contributes his name, and an introduction spark-
vention and resting on the sole authority of an Iam-
ling with paradoxes, to the volume, could easily have
blichus or an Aulus Gellius. Plato is treated inde-
written a better book. But as it is, we do not know
pendently of Ritter and Preller for the most part,
of anything of the kind better, in English, except
but with little real insight. His metaphysics and
the three volumes of the “ Ancient Classics for En-
mysticism receive too much attention, his ethics and
glish Readers." Those who read French will find
logic too little. Professor Mayor's convenient little
a fuller treatment and a more interesting literary
handbook is much more satisfactory in this regard.
method in Patin's excellent, if somewhat old-fash-
The home of the ideas,” we are told, " was mind,
ioned, études. The editor's preface and notes are
-- not this mind or that, but Mind Universal, which
rather strong spice for the plain German fare with
is God." We shall continue to be told so, probably,
which they are served. Dr. Verrall is one of those
to the end of time, though there is not a passage in
who attribute a mission and a message to Euripides.
Plato to support the statement. In addition to its
In the present volume, not content with the brand-
availability for the general reader, the book will be
new theme of the plot of the “ Andromache” ex-
a very useful text-book to accompany lectures on
pounded in the preface, he hints in his notes at a
Greek Philosophy, and guide the student in the
new view of the esoteric meaning of the "Ion," points
consultation of his Ritter and Preller.
out a palpable innuendo on the divine proceeding”
in connection with the Deus er machina at the end
GEOLOGICAL history is not a subject easily popu-
of the Taurie - Iphigenia," and finally disposes of
larized, but this has been done in Hutchinson's "Au-
certain old-fashioned objections of Dr. Munk by
tobiography of the Earth” (Appleton). It gives, in
the astounding declaration that it was not consis-
tent with the purpose of Euripides that any such
simple language and in a pleasing style, first, a brief
tragic illusion' should be permitted.”
sketch of the former history of our planet, beginning
All this
with its first appearance as a member of the solar
points to the great future that awaits this venerable
system, and passing through all the different geologi-
author when he shall finally be translated and
cal periods, with their changing scenes and various
adapted to the use of Euripides Clubs.
phases of life, down to the latest period, when man
appeared on the scene; and, second, an explanation
From the days of Cicero to George Henry Lewes,
of the methods by which geologists have arrived at
the literary world has manifested an extraordinary
their conclusions. Being at once accurate and at-
appetite for second-hand summaries of the opinions
tractive, the book will prove of great service to
of the Greek philosophers. The glimpses they af-
all lovers of good popular scientific literature, and
ford of remote speculative vistas, and their frag-
will probably lead many to that personal observa-
mentary utterances of ideas that admit of infinite
tion and field-work by which alone geology can be
imaginative development and serve as texts for the
really mastered.
sermons of any school, are found more stimulating
to thought than the cut-and-dried formularies of re Two new volumes in the compact and inviting
cent system-builders. The little “ History of Greek | “ Temple Library” (Macmillan) are devoted to
Philosophy" (Macmillan), by John Marshall, is in- | selections from the Essays and Poems of Leigh
tended to be an authentic and interesting guide in Hunt. The publication is a timely one, and lovers
this domain, to the ordinary English reader who of the wholesome, cheerful poet -- free, cheery,
lacks time and patience to consult the original texts idly melodious as bird on bough," as Carlyle said
or the Germans. To secure authenticity, the para — will be gratified to see him set forth in all the
graphs are made to follow the order and numbering attractiveness of hand-made paper, generous mar-
of the paragraphs in Ritter and Preller's - History of gins, and daintily-ornamented pages. The print,
Greek Philosophy," in selections from the original | though small, is distinct; and there are six illustra-
-
--


146
(Sept.,
THE DIAL
--- - -- ----- --
tions, comprising a portrait of Hunt from a sketch American Comnionwealths: New vols.-- Vermont, by Row-
I
by Laurence, and five pretty etchings by Herbert
land E. Robinson ; New Jersey, by Austin Scott. Hough-
ton. Per vol., $1.25.
Railton. The selections given are printed from the Three Episodes in Massachusetts History. By Charles F.
earliest known editions (although the references in
Adains. With 2 Maps. 2 vols. Houghton.
the footnotes apply to the latest editions, for con-
History of the Battle of Lake Erie, and Miscellaneous Papers.
By George Bancroft. With Sketch of his Life, by Oli-
venience of verification), and to each is prefixed a ver Dyer. Bonner.
list of all the occasions on which it has formerly
History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ.
By Prof. Emil Schurer. 5 vols. Scribner. $8.00.
appeared. The editor, Mr. Reginald Brimley John-
History of the People of Israel. Third Division : From the
son, has done his part well ; his selections are good, time of Hezekiah till the return from Babylon. By Er-
nest Renan. Roberts. $2.50,
his notes concise and to the point, and his introduc-
A History of Greece. By Evelyn Abbott, M. A. Part II.-
tion is kindly and sensible.
From the Beginning of the Ionian Revolt to the Thirty
Years? Peace, 50-145 B.C. Putnam, S2.25.
- ---- ----
Story of the Nations : New vols.- The Story of Portugal,
by H. Morse Stevens ; The Story of the Byzantine Em-
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS.
pire, by C. W.C. Oman. Illus. Putnam. Per vol., 51..).
The French Revolution. By Thomas Carlyle. New Library
The publishers of America are to be congratulated Edition. 3 vols. Photogravure illus'ns. Porter & Coates.
on the flourishing condition of their business, as shown
$8.00.
by the following very full announcements of their forth History of the Conquest of Mexico. With a Life of the Con-
queror, Fernando Cortez, and a View of the Ancient
coming Fall publications. The fact that so complete
Mexican Civilization. By W. H. Prescott. 2 vols., pro-
a list can be prepared so early in the season indicates fusely illustrated. Lippincott. $10.00.
the growing tendency of the trade to be early in the History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic.
field with important books for the Fall, which is of
By W. H. Prescott. 2 vols., profusely illustrated. Lip-
pincott. $10.00.
course the harvest season for the publisher no less than
Christopher Columbus : An Historical Examination. By
for the farmer. This list is the fullest The Dial has Justin Winsor. With portraits and maps. Houghton.
ever given, containing something like five hundred The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon. By James Anthony
titles, and representing some forty American publish-
Froude. Scribner.
The Abbess of Port Royal, and other French Studies. By
ers. It can scarcely fail to be of interest, classified as
Maria E. MacKaye. Introduction by T. W. Higginson.
it is in a manner to show the relative activity in the vari Lee & S.
ous departments of literature. The list as a whole is The Renaissance: The Revival of Learning and Art in 11th
a fairly strong one, although lacking somewhat in those
and 15th Centuries. By Philip Schaff, D.D. Putnam.
Imperial Germany. By Sidney Whitman. U. S. Book Co.
special features which have given distinction to the an-
$1.25.
nouncements of previous years. We can no longer look The History of the War of 1870-71. By Von Moltke. Being
for a new Autumn book from the pen of the beloved the first volume of his Writings and Memoirs. Harper.
Holmes or the revered Whittier, nor, alas! from the A Student's History of England : From the Earliest Times
to 1885. By Samuel Rawson Gardiner, M.A. Vol. III.,
lamented Lowell. But, thongh wanting these, there
1689-1885. Longmans.
are still left us many excellent writers, whose pens con A History of the Great Civil War, 1642 1619. By Samuel
tinue to give profit and delight. It may be noted that Rawson Gardiner. Third (concluding vol. Longmans.
the Holiday category, while a very full one, continues
English Farm Life in the Middle Ages. By Mrs. J. R. Green.
2 vols. Macmillan.
to show the absence of the large and costly table books
The Industrial and Commercial Supremacy of England. A
which were such a marked feature a few years ago. series of Lectures by the late J. E. Thorold Rogers.
There is not much to lament in this, however, since the Putnam. 3,00.
The Sabbath in Puritan New England. By Alice Morse Earle.
place is so well supplied by more modest and artistic
Scribner. $1.25.
books of less pretension but of more intrinsic worth. Darkness and Dawn; or, Scenes in the Days of Nero. By F.
Reprints of standard works in tasteful but inexpensive W. Farrar, D.D. Longmans.
form are a noticeable feature of this year's publications, Ilistorical Essays. By Henry Adams. Scribner. 52.00.
and a most commendable one. The International Copy-
Annals of Our Time: Supplement from June, 1887, to the
right law has had but little perceptible effect on the
end of 1890. Edited by H. Hamilton Fyfe. Macmillan.
publications of the Fall, it having as vet hardly gone
into practical operation between England and America. Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence, and Speeches. By
The list below does not include works already issued William Wirt Henry. With portrait. 3 vols. Scribner. $12.
and received at THE DIAL office, such being given in
The Life and Correspondence of George Mason, of Virginia,
Edited by Kate Mason Rowland. Introduction by Gen.
the regular list of - Books of the Month.” New edi-
Fitzhugh Lee. With portrait and facsimile of the Bill of
tions, unless in new form or with new matter, are also Rights. 2 vols. Putnam. $8.00.
not included.
The Life of Thomas Paine. By M. D. Conway. 2 vols..
illus. Putnam. $1,50.
History.
Makers of America Series: New vols.-- John Winthrop
American History Series: A Connected History of the (1.587-16:30), by Rev. J. H. Twitchell; Robert Fulton
United States from the Discovery of America to the Pres (1700-1815), by Prof. R. H. Thurston ; Thomas Hooker
ent Day, comprising - Discoyery and Colonization, by (1580-1647), by Geo. L. Walker; William White (1775-
Prof. George P. Fisher; The French War and the Revolu-
1836), by Rev. J. H. Ward. Dodd. Per vol., -1.25.
tion, by Prof. W. M. Sloane ; The Adoption of the Con American Statesmen: New vols.- Charles Francis Adams,
stitution and the National Consolidation, by Pres. F. A. by C. F. Adams, Jr. ; Salmon P. Chase, by Albert Bush-
Walker; and From the Conclusion of Peace in 1815 to nell Hart; Abraham Lincoln, by John T. Morse, Jr.;
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Burgess. Each vol. with Maps and Plans. Scribner.
Sumner, by Moorfield Story. Houghton. Per vol., 11.2).
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The Ilistory of Historical Writing in America. By J. Frank Fords, H. & H. $2.00.
lin Jameson. Houghton.
| Life of Andrew Jackson. By Oliver Dyer. Illus. Bomner. 1.
BIOGRAPHY.
Blog Revidence: Sirols.


1891.]
147
THE DIAL
Wa
chton. $1.25 Guiom II. of German, Harold Fred-
William Lloyd Garrison: The Abolitionist. By A. H. English Literature at the Universities. By J. Churton Col-
Grimke. Funk. $1.50.
lins, M.A. Macmillan.
Life and Letters of Gen. Thomas J. Jackson. By Mrs. Thomas The Study Class : A Guide for the Student of English Liter-
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Illus. Harper.
The Child and His Book. Some Account of the History and
William Gilmore Simms. By Wm. P. Trent. With portrait. Progress of Children's Literature in England. By Mrs.
E. M. Field. Illus. Young. $2.50.
The Young Emperor, William II. of Germany: A Study of English Writers. By Henry Morley. Vol. VII., Caxton to
Character Development on a Throne, By Harold Fred Coverdale. Cassell. $1.50,
eric. With portraits. Putnam. $1.25.
Henry Morley's Books and Papers, 1830-1866. In 8 yols.
Memoirs of Count von Moltke. U.S. Book Co.
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Life of James Boswell. By Percy Fitzgerald. Appleton. The Works of Oliver Wendell Holmes. New Riverside Edi-
Madame de Staël. By Albert Sorel. Tr. by Fanny Hale tion. With Portraits. Prose Works in 10 vols., Poems
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Funk. $2.00.


148
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
The Happy Isles, and Other Poems. By S. H. M. Byers.
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