nold. Illus. from Pho-
tographs. Longmans.
Siberia and the Exile System. By George Kennan. Re-
printed from "The Century," with revisions, new matter,
etc. 2 vols., illus. Century Co. 36.00.
Across Russia : From the Baltic to the Danube. By Charles
Augustus Stoddard. Illus. Scribner. $1.50.


1891.7
149
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Persia and the Persian Question. By the Hon. George Cur Man and the Glacial Period. By G. Frederick Wright.“ In-
zon, M.P. With maps, illus'ns, etc. 2 vols. Longmans. ternational Scientific Series.” Appleton.
Man and Beast in India. By J. L. Kipling. Illus. by author. The Living World: Whence it Came and Whither it is Drift-
Macmillan.
ing. By Prof. H. W. Conn. Illus... Putnam.
The Land of the Lamas: Travels in Tibet. By William An Introduction to Palæophytology from the Standpoint of
Woodville Rockhill. Illus., and with maps. Century the Botanist. By H. Graf zu Solms-Laubach. Author-
Co. $3.50.
ized Translation by Henry E. F. Garnsey, M.A., revised
About Ceylon and Borneo. By Walter J. Clutterbuck. Illus. by Isaac Bayley Balfour, M.A. Illus. Macmillan.
Longmans.
The Spanish-American Republics. By Theodore Child. Illus.
Nuttall's Ornithology: A Popular Handbook of the Ornith-
ology of the U. S. and Canada. By Montague Chamber-
by T. de Thulstrup, Remington, Gibson, and others. lain. 2 vols. With colored frontispieces and text illus'ns.
Harper. S3.50.
Little, B. & Co. $8.00.
Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator. By Ed-
The Dog in Health and Disease. By Wesley Mills, M.D.
ward Whymper. With maps and 140 illus' ns. Scribner.
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ters descriptive of the tour." "By his Sister; Mrs. King.
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mony." Tr. from the French, by Alfred G. Langley.
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M.A. Whittaker, $1.00.


150
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The Inheritance of the Saints; or, Thoughts on the Commu-
nion of Saints and the Life of the World to Come. Col-
lected from English Writers, with Preface by the Rev.
H. Scott Holland. Longmans.
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W. Dale, D.D. Armstrong. $1.50.
Christ Himself. By Rev. Alexander McKenzie, D.D. Lo-
throp. $1.00.
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By F. Max Müller. Longmans.
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Topics of the Times. By Rev. Howard MacQueary. U.S.
Book Co. $1.00.
The Lord's Prayer. By Rev.Henry Wilder Foote. Roberts. $1.
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Human Society: Its Providential Structure, Relations, and
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throp. $6.00,
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Girlhood of Shakespeare's Heroines. By Mrs. Mary Cowden-
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Olympos : Studies of the Gods of Greece and Rome. By
Talfourd Ely. Illus. Putnam. $1.75.


1891.]
151
THE DIAL
Bits of Old Concord, Mass. Full-page illus'ns in photograv-
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Cranford. By Mrs. Gaskell. With 100 illus'ns. Nims &
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Gaelic Fairy Tales. Collected by Joseph Jacobs. Illus. Put-
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Orange Blossoms : A Wedding Book. Illus. in monotint.
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Sunshine in Life. Poems for the King's Daughters. Col-
lected by Florence Pohlman Lee. Putnam. $1.50.
A Dog of Flanders: A Christmas Story. By Louisa de la
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Thoughts and Fancies: Poems and Pictures of Life and
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Pax Vobiscum. By Henry Drummond. New Holiday Edi-
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The Old Farm Gate: A Poem. By Lurabel Harlow. Illus.
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Out of the Heart: Poems for Lovers, Young and Old. Se-
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Three Gems of the Bible: “Our Father in Heaven,”: “ The
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others. Lee & S. $2.00.
The Voice of the Christ Child : A Christmas Poem. By the
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ton. $1.00).
“Sunday" for 1892. Original stories, with 250 special illus-
trations. Young. $1.25.
Through Woodland and Meadow : A Flower and Leaf Book.
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Woffington. A Tribute to the Actress and the Woman. By
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Yvernelle : A Legend of Feudal France. By Frank Norris.
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Where Meadows Meet the Sea. A Collection of Sea Songs
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Her Garden: A memorial poem to Helen Jackson (H. H.),
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In the Yule-Log Glow. Christmas Tales from Round the
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Citizen of the World. By Oliver Goldsmith. With etchings.
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The Day is Done. By H. W. Longfellow. Illus. in color
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Richard de Lacy: A Tale of the Later Lollards. By C. Ed-
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Near to Nature's Heart. By E. P. Roe. Holiday edition,
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Grandfather Grey: A Poem. By Kate Tannatt Woods. Illus.
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Life's Pathway. A devotional Art Calendar. 12 illus'ns
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We All. By Octave Thanet. Illus. Appleton. $1.50.
The End of a Rainbow. By Rossiter Johnson. Illus. Scribner.
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Children's Stories in English Literature: Shakespeare to
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G. Plympton. Dutton. $1.CO.
The Little New Neighbor. By Mary D. Brine. Illus, by
Miss A. G. Plympton. Datton. $1.00).


152
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
$1,50.
Mostly Marjorie Day. By Virginia F. Townsend. Lee & S.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
Princess Girlikin. By Ida Preston Nichols ; and other Fairy [The following list includes all books received by THE DIAL
Tales by Mary de Morgan. Illus. Dutton. $2.00. during the month of August, 1891.)
Sweet Content. A new story by Mrs. Molesworth. Illus.
Dutton. $2.00,
Nurse Heatherdale's Story. By Mrs. Molesworth. Illus. by
HISTORY-BIOGRAPHY.
Walter Crane. Macmillan. $1.25.
The Graphic History of the British Empire : From Cel-
Dulcie's Love Story. By Evelyn Everett-Green. Nelson. $1. tic Times to the Present Day. Illus., 8vo, pp. 803.
The Constable's Tower. By Charlotte M. Yonge. Whit Thos. Nelson & Sons. $2.00.
taker. $1.25.
The Story of Portugal. By H. Morse Stephens, author of
In Old Quinnebasset. By Sophie May. Illus. by Charles "A History of the French Revolution." Illus., 12mo,
Copeland. Lee & S. $1.50.
pp. 448. Putnam's “Story of the Nations." $1.50.
Courage. By Ruth Ogden. Illus. Stokes. $1.25.
The Story of the Filibusters. By Janés Jeffrey Roche.
Stories for Boys. By Richard Harding Davis. Scribner.
With the Life of David Crockett. Illus., Svo, pp. 373.
Little Smoke : An Indian Story. By W. 0. Stoddard. Ap Macmillan's “Adventure Series."' $1.50.
pleton. $1.50.
Papers of the Am. Historical Association. January and
Midshipman Paulding. By Molly Elliott Seawell. Appleton. April, 1891, two parts in one, $2.00; July, 1891, $1.00.
$1.00.
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The Scarlet Tanager, and Other Bipeds. By J. T. Trow Memoirs of the Prince de Talleyrand. Edited, with pre-
bridge. Illus. Lee & S. $1.00.
face and notes, by the Duc de Broglie. Tr. by Mrs. An-
The New Senior at Andover. By Herbert D. Ward. Illus. gus_Hall. Vol. 3, with portraits, 8vo, pp. 321, gilt top.
Lothrop. $1.25.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.
Gid Granger. By W. 0. Stoddard. Illus. Lothrop. $1.25.
“Fritz of Prussia”: Germany's Second Emperor. By Lucy
Prince Dusty : A Story of the Oil Regions. By Kirk Munroe.
Taylor. Illus., 12mo, pp. 512. Thos. Nelson & Sons.
Illus. Putnam. $1.25.
$1.75.
Old Rough the Miser. By Lily F. Wesselhoeft. Illus. Rob-
Life of Jane Welsh Carlyle. By Mrs. Alexander Ireland.
erts. $1.25.
With portrait, 8vo, pp. 329. C. L. Webster & Co. $1.75.
Rob: A Story for Boys. By Margaret Sidney. Lothrop. $1. | John Ruskin: His Life and Teaching. By J. Marshall Ma-
Extraordinary Experiences of Little Captain Doppelkop on
ther. 3rd edition, revised and enlarged. 16mo, pp.
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170. F. Warne & Co. $1.00.
Lee & S. $2.00.
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ard. $2.50.
The Blacksmith of Boniface Lane. By A.L.0.E. Nelson. $1. Letters of John Keats to his Family and Friends. Edited
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things. By Prof. John Trowbridge. Illus. Roberts. $1.25. Imaginary Conversations. By Walter Savage Landor.
Jock O'Dreams : A Child's Story Book. By Julie M. Lipp-
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mann. Illus. Roberts. $1.25.
piece, 12mo, pp. 382, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
A Little Millionaire. A story of child life in New York. By The Cambridge Shakespeare. Edited by William Aldis
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Jolly Good Times at Hackmatack. By Mary P. Wells Smith.
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Roberts. $1.00.
The Jo-Boat Boys. By Rev. J. F. Cowan, D.D. Illus.
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A Man's Conscience. By Avery McAlpine. Illus., 16mo,
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Williams. Illus. Warne. $2.50.
The Uncle of an Angel, and Other Stories. By Thomas A.
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$1.50.
A Puritan Pagan. By Julien Gordon, author of " A Diplo-
By Sea and Land: A Story of the Blue and the Scarlet. Told mat's Diary." 16mo, pp. 367. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
for boys by Dr. Gordon Stables. Illus. Warne. $2.00. Tales of Two Countries. By Alexander Kielland. Tr.
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by Wm. Archer, with introduction by H. H. Boyesen.
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From Middy to Admiral of the Fleet. By Dr. Macaulay. John Auburntop, Novelist: His Development in the At-
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A Question of Time. By Gertrude Franklin Atherton,
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ney. Illus. Estes. $1.50.
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tune, by May Crommelin. 50 cts.
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Cassell. $2.00.
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plates. Stokes. $2.50.
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rochar, by Amanda M. Douglas. 50 cts.
Parcel of Children. By Olive Patch. Illus. Cassell. $1.25.
[Continued on page 1.77.]


1891.]
153
THE DIAL
--
--
-
-
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SOME NOTABLE BOOKS.
COMPANION POETS.
A Series of Monthly Volumes. Edited by HENRY
MORLEY, LL.D., Emeritus Professor of the English
Language and Literature, University College, Lon-
don. Printed with red lines on Bible paper. Narrow
16mo, blue cloth, each 40 cents.
Large paper edition (limited to 500 copies), cach $1.00.
THE CHILD AND HIS BOOK.
Some account of the History and Progress of Children's Lit-
erature in England. By Mrs. E. M. FIELD, author of
“ Ethne," etc. With numerous fac-simile illustrations.
12mo, cloth, $2.50.
Mrs. Field has written a book not for children, but all about
children, in which she exhibits a large vein of curious learn-
ing, pervaded by good taste and keen humor.
NOW READY:
1. Aytoun's Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers.
2. A Bundle of Ballads.
3. Poems by George Wither.
RICHARD DE LACY.
A tale of the Later Lollards. By C. EDMUND MAURICE.
With etched title and frontispiece. 12mo, cloth, $2.50.
An historical novel of great power and realistic interest.
THE HUNDRED BOOKS
COMMENDED BY Sir Joun LUBBOCK.
12mo, red cloth.
The next Volumes in this Series will be:
6. Mill's Principles of Political Economy.
7. Carlyle's History of the French Revolution.
8. White's Natural History of Selborne.
9. Pope's Translation of the Iliad and Odyssey.
10. Smiles's Self-Help.
GAINSBOROUGH AND ROMNEY.
An illustrated catalogue of Engraved Portraits and Fancy
Subjects painted by THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH, R.A., pub-
lished between 1760 and 1820; and by GEORGE ROMNEY,
published between 1770 and 18:30. With the variations of
the state of the plates. By HENRY PERCY HORNE, M.A.
8vo, printed on hand-made paper, with 20 illustrations of
the most famous plates. Price, $7.50, net.
Only 350 copies of this catalogue were printed for England
and America, and but few now remain for sale.
PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED:
1. Herodotus, from text of Baehr. $1.25.
2. Darwin's Naturalist's Voyage. $1.00.
3. The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. 60C.
4. The Teaching of Epictetus. 600.
5. Bacon's Essays. 600.
THE LIFE OF BARTOLOMEO COLLEONI,
of Anjou and Burgundy. By OscAR BROWNING. With
eight illustrations by Lemercier & Co., Paris. Large 8vo,
printed at the Chiswick Press, entirely uncut, paper, $3.25,
net.
THE CHRISTIAN HOME.
Its foundations and duties. By Rev. W. J. Knox Little.
12mo, cloth, $1.75.
CONTENTS: Home, General Principles-Love and Court-
ship-Marriage-Parent and Child-Brothers and Sisters-
Masters and Servants-Religion of the Family - The Home
and Unmarried Life-Unhappy Homes-Home and Happi-
ness- The Home and Sorrow--The Home Beyond the Grave.
Appendices : (a) Marriage and Divorce-(b) Marriage with
the Sister of a Deceased Wife.
LATEST ISSUES :
12. Gibbon's Memoirs of Life and Writings.
13. Machiavelli's History of Florence.
14. Character Writings of Seventeenth Century.
12mo, cloth, cut or uncut edges, each . . $1.00
Half roxburghe, gilt top, each . .... 1.25
THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE BIBLE.
| Studies in Old Testament Criticism. By Rev. R. B. GIRDLE-
STONE, M.A. 12no, cloth, red edges, $2.00.
The special aspects of the wide subject treated in this book
may be summed up as the literary claims of the Pentateuch
and the historical books in the light of such critical principles
as are applied to other ancient histories.
For sale by all Booksellers, or will be sent postpaid, on re-
ceipt of the adrertised price, by the Publishers,
May be obtained from any bookseller, or will be sent free by
mail on receipt of price, by
George Routledge & Sons, Limited,
E. & J. B. YOUNG & CO.,
Cooper Union, 4th Ave., NEW YORK.
9 LAFAYETTE PLACE, NEW YORK.


154
(Sept.,
THE DIAL
SOME CHOICE BOOKS.
ROBERT BONNER’S SONS
NEW NOVELS.
THE CARLETONS.
By Robert Grant, author of "Mrs. Harold Stagg,” “Con-
fessions of a Frivolous Girl," etc. Illustrated by Wilson
de Meza. 12mo, 309 pages, illustrated. Handsomely bound
in cloth. Price, $1.00; paper cover, 50 cents.
In “ The Carletons" Mr. Grant has given his admirers a
fresh and delightful novel. It is a New England story and
the characters are truthfully drawn. Boston is the scene of
the principal transactions, although the story opens in a neigh-
boring suburban town. The charm of the story is in the hu-
morous delineation of New England family life. The children
are interesting, and when they grow up into men and women,
as they do in the progress of the story, they are more interest-
ing and charming, and the reader takes a deep and abiding
interest in their history to the close. Mr. Grant's amusing
and refreshing humor lights up every page of the book.
SPIRIT AND LIFE.
Thoughts for To-Day. By Amory H. Bradford, D.D.
Vellum cloth, $1.00.
“Dr. Bradford's course through our principal [English]
pulpits partakes somewhat of the nature of a triumphal pro-
gress.”—London Independent.
“The great Republic of the West could have no more ap-
propriate or able representative at our International Confer-
ence (Congregational Council] than Dr. Bradford.”—Leicester
(Eng.) Post.
SIGNS OF PROMISE.
Discourses by LYMAN ABBOTT, D.D. English cloth,
gilt top, $1.25.
“Shaped to meet the difficulties of faith in this generation.
.: To those who would believe if they could, but are
offended by dogma and alarmed by skepticism, they cannot
fail to restore light and courage."'-- Andover Review.
HENRY WARD BEECHER.
A Study of His Personality, Career, and Influence in
Public Affairs. By John R. HOWARD. Three Por-
traits. 8vo, vellum cloth, with label, 75 cents.
“A well-proportioned view of Beecher's whole career, en-
riched with many personal reminiscences, anecdotes, and let-
ters." - Brooklyn Times.
"Written from the point of view of close personal intimacy,
but with discrimination."- The Nation.
JUGGERNAUT: A Veiled Record.
By GEORGE Cary EGGLESTON and DOLORES Mar-
BOURG. Cloth, with Hindu design in gold by Ibsen.
$1.25.
"Will be read for its tragic pathos. The moral of it needs
no emphasis ; it lies on the very surface of the tragedy.”-
Christian Union.
MURV ALE EASTMAN: Christian Socialist.
A Novel. By ALBION W. TOURGEE. Vellum cloth,
decorated, $1.25.
“Even his ‘Fool's Errand' will not equal in strength, scope,
and thrilling interest as a story this powerfully elucidated
illustration of the Christ-given principle of socialism." -Bos-
ton Home Journal.
BEYOND THE BOURN.
Reports of a Traveller Returned from “ The Undiscov-
ered Country.” By Amos K. FISKE. 16mo, vellum
cloth, gilt top, $1.00.
“Will charm the reader not more by its novelty than by
its 'sweet reasonableness.'”—New York Times.
MIDNIGHT TALKS AT THE CLUB.
By Amos K. FISKE. Free discussions of matters social,
political, religious, etc. 16mo, vellum cloth, gilt top,
$1.00.
“Thoughtful people will find much in this volume to repay
careful, quiet reading, and to such we commend it."-Chris-
tian Union.
LIBRARY OF POETRY AND SONG.
The largest, best, and most popular Anthology. Edited
by WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. Holiday Edition.
Beautifully illustrated and bound. For birthdays,
wedding-days, holidays, and all days.
“The most complete and satisfactory work of the kind
ever issued.”—New York Tribune.
AN INSIGNIFICANT WOMAN.
Translated from the German of W. Heimburg, by MARY
STUART SMITH. With illustrations by Warren B. Davis.
12mo, 389 pages, illustrated. Handsomely bound in cloth,
$1.00; paper cover, 50 cents.
This is a matchless story. It is a vindication of woman.
It ends finely, so as to bring out beautifully the glorious char-
acter of the heroine, the insignificant woman. The combina-
tion of the artistic and the practical in this story makes it
peculiarly suited to the tastes of our times. It is impossible
to imagine more beautiful and effective lessons of magnanim-
ity and forbearance, strength and gentleness, than are incul-
cated in this novel. Every woman who lives for her children,
her husband, and her home, will find her heart mirrored in the
pages of this fascinating story. It is told in a manner that
must please all readers, and is exquisitely rendered in the
translation.
"A Good FRENCH NOVEL."
MADEMOISELLE DESROCHES.
Translated from the French of ANDRÉ THEURIET, by Meta
De Vere. With illustrations by Harry C. Edwards, 12mo,
320 pages. Illustrated. Handsomely bound in cloth. Price
$1.00. Paper cover, 50 cents.
André Theuriet is a name well known to readers of choice
fiction. Her novels occupy a high place in modern French
literature. Many of them have been translated and published
here, and every reader will welcome a new book from her pen.
It is the story of a French physician's daughter brought up
by a French peasant family, whose good sense and delicacy
of feeling are strengthened by a simple country life. Her
subsequent history is full of interest, and shows how closely
character and truth and romance are related.
A MATTER OF MILLIONS.
By ANNA KATHARINE GREEN, author of "The Forsaken
Inn.” Magnificently illustrated by Victor Perard. Hand-
somely bound in English cloth, $1.50; paper cover, 50 cents.
THE BEADS OF TASMER.
By Mrs. AMELIA E. BARR. 12mo, 395 pages. Handsomely
bound in English cloth. Beautifully illustrated by Warren
B. Davis. Uniform with “A Matter of Millions" and
"The Forsaken Inn,” by Anna Katharine Green. $1.25.
For sale by all booksellers and newsdealers, or sent, post paid,
on receipt of price, by the publishers,
ROBERT BONNER'S SONS,
Cor. William and Spruce Sts., New York.
*** Of all Booksellers, or mailed by the Publishers,
FORDS, HOWARD & HULBERT, NEW YORK.


1891.]
155
THE DIAL
-=
=
THOMAS WHITTAKER'S PARTIAL LIST
OF
NEW PUBLICATIONS.
FOR THE YOUNG.
ality.
WHITTAKER'S SURPRISE CHOCOLATE. A
Series of dainty Toy-Books, in shape and appearance
THE RED GRANGE. By Mrs. MOLESWORTH. Illustrated
exactly like a package of chocolate; tin-foil wrapper
by Gordon Browne. $1.50.
inside, with yellow outside wrapper. Three kinds.
· Each, 50 cents.
FROM MIDDY TO ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET. The
story of Commodore Anson retold to boys. By Dr. Mac-
Sunny Hours Nursery Rhymes.
AULAY, author of “True Tales of Travel and Adventure,”
etc. $1.50.
Chocolate Nursery Rhymes.
THE CONSTABLE'S TOWER; or, The Times of Magna
Surprise of Nursery Rhymes.
Charta. By CHARLOTTE M. YONGE. $1.25.
This very clever novelty will be in great demand. The
OUR CLERK FROM BARKTON. By Rev. EDWARD A.
Rand, author of "Fighting the Sea," "Up North in a
deception is perfect and will greatly amuse the children.
Whaler," etc. $1.25.
Striking novelties are rare, but this has the merit of origin-
THE GARRETT AND THE GARDEN ; with the Story of
Jeff Benson, the Coastguardsman. By R. M. BALLANTYNE,
author of “The Crew of the Water-Wagtail." $1.25.
THE LITTLE ARTIST'S DRAWING AND PAINT-
ING BOOK. Ornamental covers in colors, shaped.
MASTER ROCKAFELLAR'S VOYAGE. By W. CLARK
Russell, author of “The Wreck of the Grosvenor," etc.
30 cents.
With 27 illustrations by Gordon Browne. $1.25.
An attractive painting book with eight pages of examples,
BASIL WOOLCOMBE, MIDSHIPMAN. By ARTHUR LEE
colored. Unlike all previous painting books for children, this
KNIGHT. $1.00.
is carefully arranged for progressive teaching, giving the child
& proper conception of drawing and coloring.
THE YOUNG RANCHMAN; or, Perils of Pioneering in the
Wild West. By CHARLES B. KENYON. $1.00.
HEROES OF THE CRUSADES. By BARBARA HUTTON
MEN WITH A MISSION. A Series of Popular Bi-
(Mrs. Hutton). $1.00.
ographies of Famous Englishmen and Americans
CASTLES AND THEIR HEROES. By the same author.
whose lives were full of action. Edited by Rev.
$1.00,
JAMES J. Ellis. 16mo, cloth, 50 cents each.
TALES OF THE SARACENS. By same author. $1.00.
John Howard. Henry M. Stanley.
Charles Kingsley. William Tyndale.
SETS IN BOXES.
Lord Lawrence. Hugh Latimer.
12 1-2 cts. The Conqueror Series, 12 vols . . . . . . $1.50
Abraham Lincoln. David Livingstone.
15 cts. The Friend and Foe Series, 12 vols. ... 1.80
20 cts.
The Brown Jacket Series, 12 vols. . ... 2.40
| The Daybreak Series, 12 vols......
The Dickory Dock Series, 12 vols. ... 3.00
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15 cts. The Little Knight Series, 6 vols. ... 2.70
BIRTHDAY BOOKS. The Shakespeare, Tennyson,
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Dickens, Browning, Walter Scott, Moore, Flowers of
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$1.00. Sidney Grey Series, 5 vols. . ... . 5.00
Hope, Birthday Scripture, Golden Days and others,
( Dick Onslow Series, 5 vols. . ... . . 6.25
in a new complete line of attractive bindings.
Look Ahead Series, 5 vols. .. .. 6.25
New Stories, by CHARLOTTE M. YONGE, 5
DAINTY BOOKS for fine trade. Bogatsky, Daily | $1.25.
vols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.25
Light, Five Minutes, Gold Dust, Keble, Imitation of
| Historical Stories, by Lucy E. GUERNSEY,
Christ, etc., in beautiful leather bindings, from the
1 9 vols. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.25
cheapest up.
$1.50. Whittaker's Home Library, 6 vols. ... 9.00
2.40
25 cts.
4.50
These publications can be had at or through any first-class bookstore.
THOMAS WHITTAKER, PUBLISHER,
Nos. 2 and 3 Bible House, cor. Ninth Street and Fourth Avenue, ... NEW YORK CITY.


156
Sept.,
THE DIAL
((seper
EASY TO REACH MANITOU.
A PULLMAN CAR now runs from Chicago to Manitou Springs without
change via the Santa Fé Route. It passes through Kansas City, Pueblo,
and Colorado Springs. It leaves Dearborn Station, Chicago, on the Denver
Limited at six o'clock, and reaches Manitou at half-past eight the second
morning. No other line can offer this accommodation. You must change
cars on any other line.
Pullman Palace Cars are run by the Santa Fé Route, without change,
Chicago to Las Vegas Hot Springs, Denver, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Man-
itou, and many other Rocky Mountain Summer Resorts, to which Excur-
sion tickets are being sold at 212 Clark Street, Chicago, Ill.
PEACHES
are in season. Of course you'll put up some for next winter. They are
the housekeeper's stand-by. Handy, too, when friends drop in to tea un-
expectedly. Mrs. Rorer's book, Canning and Preserving, will give you
the best ways to put 'em up, tell you how to can, preserve, and jelly every
kind of fruit, and give you lots of valuable hints. Only 40 cents in paper
covers; 75 cents in cloth. We pay the postage.
HOT WEATHER
Dishes by Mrs. Rorer is a good thing. At least you'd say so if you had it
handy when you're in a stew to know what to get for breakfast, dinner,
and supper. Don't worry. Consult this book. Only 40 cents in paper
covers; 75 cents in cloth. We pay the postage.
ALL THE YEAR 'ROUND
you need a cook book. Can't afford to economize on that. You want
the best. Mrs. Rorer’s is at the head of the heap. Its good points put
it there. If you'd like to try it, write us. In oil-cloth covers, $1.75.
We pay the postage.
ARNOLD & COMPANY,
420 Library Street, PHILADELPHIA.


[1891.
THE DIAL
157
- - - -
- - -
BOOKS OF THE MONTII.
MISCELLANEOUS.
[Continued from page 152.]
Studies in Constitutional Law: France, England, United
States. By Emile Boutmy. Translated by E. M. Dicey,
TRAVEL, ETC.
with introduction by A. V. Dicey, B.C.L. 12mo, pp. 183,
uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.75.
Wanderings in South America. By Charles Waterton.
The History of Human Marriage. By Edward Wester-
Illus., 12mo, pp. 367. Thos. Nelson & Sons. $2.00.
marck. 8vo, pp. 614, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.00.
Home Life on an Ostrich Farm. By Annie Martin. Illus. Problems of the New Life. By Morrison I. Swift. Svo,
12mo, pp. 288. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25.
pp. 126. Ashtabula, 0.: Published by the Author. $1.00.
The Leaf-Collector's Handbook and Herbarium : An Aid
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
in Preservation and Classification of Leaves. By Charles
A New Historical English Dictionary. Edited by Dr. J. S. Newhall, author of " The Trees of Northeastern Amer-
A. H. Murray. Vol. III. Part I., E -Every. By Henry ica.” Illus., large 8vo, pp. 216. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.
Bradley, Hon. M.A., Oxon. Large 4to, pp. 314. Mac The Bachelors' Club. By I. Zingwill. Illus., 16mo, pp. 338.
millan. Boards. $3.25.
Brentano's. $1.50.
The Popular Hand Atlas of the World, with Descriptive Farming. By Richard Kendall Munkittrick. With illus-
Index. By J. G. Bartholomew, F.R.G.S. Large Ito. trations in monotint by A, B, Frost. Svo, in a box.
Thos. Nelson & Sons. $6.
Harper & Bros. $1.30.
The Globe Hand Atlas: A Series of 54 Maps. By J. G.
Bartholomew. 4to. Thos. Nelson & Sons. $1.
A Guide to Books. Edited by E. B. Sargent and Bernard
Whishaw. 8vo, pp. 310. Macmillan & Co. $1.50. LIFE OF JANE WELSH CARLYLE.
Catalogue of English Prose Fiction in the San Francisco
Free Public Library. Sm. 4to, pp. 306. II. S. Crocker
By MRS. ALEXANDER IRELAND.
& Co.
With Portrait, 8vo. 330 pages.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
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1891.]
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168
[Oct., 1891.
THE DIAL
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FOR OCTOBER, 1891.
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1, 3, & 5 Bond St., NEW YORK. |


THE DIAL
Vol. XII. OCTOBER, 1891. No. 138. full rigor, in order to receive many profitable
suggestions. The large part which the history
of the race has played in the present endow-
CONTENTS.
ments and possessions of men may well be a
common belief to all inquirers in social ques-
HERBERT SPENCER ON THE PRINCIPLES OF tions. Mr. Spencer is able to give the more
JUSTICE. John Bascom ......... 169 hospitable reception to facts and convictions
THE GODS OF ANCIENT GREECE. Paul Shorey . 171
which are associated with intuitive morals, as
he holds that the fundamental doctrine of in-
POLITICAL ECONOMY FOR MODERNS. Arthur
tuitionalism—the present absolute character of
Burnham Woodford ........... 174
moral convictions—is covered and explained
ESSAYS FROM HIGHER ALTITUDES. Marian by the confirming power of protracted descent.
Mead ..... ...... ..... 176 The empirical philosophy is, in his hands, thor-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .......... 178
oughly deductive, and he thrusts vigorously
Russell's Life of Gladstone.- Holder's Charles Dar-
aside the notion that a purely inductive philos-
win: His Life and Work.-Moore's Impressions and ophy is in any way possible.
Opinions.-Derthick's Manual of Music.--Hitchcock's Among the things incidentally, and yet very
Unhappy Loves of Men of Genius.-- Jerome's On the
completely and repeatedly, exposed are the mil-
Stage and Off.-Kate R. Lovell's Nature's Wunder-
Workers.-Munkittrick's Farming.
itary temper and morals of our current civili-
zation. In this direction, Mr. Spencer takes
TOPICS IN OCTOBER PERIODICALS . .... 181
upon himself the work of a real evangelist.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH .......... 181
He scorns the Christian sentiment which is
unable to shake off this savage remainder of a
life that should have been left wholly behind
HIERBERT SPENCER ON THE PRINCIPLES
us. The formula of justice on which his entire
argument rests is : “ Every man is free to do
OF JUSTICE.*
that which he wills, provided he infringes not
Herbert Spencer is so thoroughly possessed the equal freedom of any other man ” (p. 46).
by one general purpose, and is so confirmed in This is the essential idea of his “Social Statics,”
his methods of carrying it out, that his succes published forty-one years ago ; and the doc-
sive works are at once familiar to us as one trines of the present work are, for the most
more stretch on a road much of which we have
part, those of the earlier one, advanced, per-
already travelled. His latest volume applies
haps, with a somewhat more cautious and con-
the doctrine of Evolution, in its most severe
servative temper. This principle, so funda-
form, in tracing the development of the notion mental in the social scheme of Mr. Spencer,
of justice in society and the state. The earlier
is capable of yielding light on many problems.
chapters are occupied with the rise of the idea. When the question is one of conferring or
These are followed by an exact formula of jus taking away civic rights, it compels us to put
tice, with its implications. Then come a series
our proposed action in that universal form in
of chapters, in which are discussed the leading
which we can best test its admissibility. There
rights of person, property, and spiritual life. are, on the other hand, many exigencies in so-
This accomplished, the author passes to a con cial construction in which this formula gives
sideration of the state, its duties and limits, us no aid. If our inquiry is as to what labors
closing the volume with a full enforcement of the state can advantageously take on itself-
the last point. The same comprehensive sur what it can do for the common prosperity-
vey, variety of illustration, and steady accumu this maxim of equal freedom does not help us
lation of impressions, which characterize the to an answer.
previous works of Mr. Spencer, are present in This formula already involves a theory of
this volume. It is not at all necessary to ac- | society, and one, it seems to us, quite too nar-
cept the underlying philosophy, here applied in row. It implies that the office of government
* JUSTICE: Being Part IV. of “The Principles of Ethics."
| is simply the protection of the citizen in his
By Herbert Spencer. New York: D. Appleton & Co. legitimate activity, and that that duty is well


170
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
rendered when each citizen has essentially the place belongs to the common welfare rather
same opportunities. Mr. Spencer combines than to individual liberty.
the diversity of individual powers with this one Mr. Spencer is one of the most determined
ness of primitive rights.
and able and just of the opponents of preva-
“The equality concerns the mutually-limited spheres lent socialistic ideas. “ Daily legislation be-
of action which must be maintained if associated men trays little anxiety that each shall have that
are to coöperate harmoniously. The inequality con-
which belongs to him, but great anxiety that
cerns the results which each may achieve by carrying
on his actions within the implied limits. No incongru-
he shall have that which belongs to somebody
ity exists when the ideas of equality and inequality are else” (p. 44). His reasons demand thorough
applied, the one to the bounds and the other to the consideration, but they do not, we believe, reach
benefits” (p. 43).
to the extent of his own conclusions. An ob-
Not overlooking the luminous character of jection which constantly arises to strict evolu-
the principle involved in equality, we cannot tion is that its advocates so often fail to follow
regard it as the most fundamental and instruc their own lead. The defects of past legislation,
tive truth in social action. We would put in which Mr. Spencer is so skilful in urging, no
its place, or at least alongside of it, the for more make against state aid, as a line of devel-
mula, —Each individual is to be conceded those opment, than do the errors of morals against
liberties and suffer those restraints which the moral growth. They rather indicate it to be
general well-being requires. We would give such a line of development.
as a ruling notion the general welfare in place From the underlying philosophy of Mr.
of individual liberty. We believe this idea to Spencer, we must continue to profoundly dis-
be, of the two, the more comprehensive and sent. “The requirement that each adult shall
manageable. No formula is perfectly clear in receive the results of his own nature and con-
practice. Each has its obscurities in concrete sequent actions,” is partly a physical and partly
cases. The only question is,—Which is the a moral law. Its two terms cannot be profit-
primary social purpose: construction, conjoint ably merged in each other. Moral law is the
action, or protection, individual liberty ? In law of conscious, free, rational action. This
other words, is the state only an incident to only is conduct, and as conduct it separates
progress, a safety secured against its transient itself by a wide diversity from simply phys-
forms of collision ? or is it itself one of the ical and causal relations. Mr. Spencer for-
primary forms of force, one of the most effi gets his own doctrine when he is much in ear-
cient methods of work? If it is in any measure nest. When discussing the fitness of laying
the latter, then that combined action which taxes to be expended on the public welfare, he
gains expression in the state, and is full of so exclaims :
many latent possibilities, must itself come under "The question is a question of justice; and even sup-
the law of development, and men must learn, posing that the benefits to be obtained by these extra
in their collective as well as in their individual
public expenditures were fairly distributed among all
who furnish funds, which they are not, it would still re-
activity, to do moro, and to do it more skil-
main true that they are at variance with the funda-
fully. Mr. Spencer's simile of organization
mental principle of an equitable social order."
should be that of the honeycomb, so far as
That is to say, Mr. Spencer believes that there
bounds” are concerned. Each man has his
cell, as large as and no larger than that of his
is an absolute principle of justice at war with
this method. But what is this principle, under
neighbor. We believe the better image is that
his philosophy, but his own individual convic-
of St. Paul, and that we are members with
tion which has not yet been evolved into a
each other of one social and political body. In
general law, or passed by inheritance into an
the latter case, the health of the community is
intuitive belief ? The individual must bear
the guiding idea ; in the former case, the sep-
himself modestly, when, under evolutionary
arate powers of the individual give the con-
morals, he faces current opinion. The mani-
trolling idea of conduct. The two views are
not so diverse, if each is widely and wisely
fold similes and multiplied examples of Mr.
held, as they at first seem to be. The general
Spencer seem to us no more to weave the di-
welfare finds expression only in individual
verse facts of life into one compact, uniform
web, than does the shadow of a cloud, lightly
welfare ; and individual welfare is impossible
moving over the landscape, smooth down its
without general prosperity. The question is,-
Which of the two ideas should have the fore-
inequalities or alter its abiding differences.
ground in action? We must think that this
JOHN BASCOM.


1891.]
171
THE DIAL
THE GODS OF ANCIENT GREECE.*
ence to Tennyson's beautiful poem “ Demeter,"
which, like his “ Enone” and “ Ulysses,” has
Professor Dyer's friends will welcome the
added an authentic chapter to the Greek story.
publication of his Lowell Institute lectures on | But here, as everywhere, Professor Dyer's apt
he Greek Gods,—the first fruits of his eman-
illustrations of his theme from Greek art add
cipation from the task of teaching sophomores
much to the interest of his work.
to construe. The seven studies of particular
The third lecture treats of the origin, the
deities are preceded by a general introduction,
primitive forms, and the various migrations of
dealing with the spirit, and the significance for
the Dionysiac myth, before its final establish-
modern thought, of the Greek religion ; and ment at Athens, and its glorification in the
the whole is expanded—by appendices, erudite
dramas of Æschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
foot-notes, and, last but not least, an excellent
We are here on very uncertain ground. Thra-
indexinto a substantial volume, which print- cians, Pelasgians, and prehistoric migrations
ers and binders have made a delight to the of myths, are a delightful field for the exercise
hand and the eye.
of conjectural ingenuity; but there simply ex-
The chief service of the book is that it com-
ist no data for the solution of the problems
bines, as no other readily accessible work does,
they suggest. Not less vain is the effort to
recent German speculations in comparative
trace back all the manifold branchings of a
mythology with the more tangible results of
luxurious and tangled mythological growth to
those excavations at Greek shrines that have
one central root idea. It seduces the scholar
renewed the science of archæology, and indeed
into an arbitrary and fanciful employment of
of all classical antiquity, for this generation.
his texts. “ All the elements of Dionysus,"
Such unity as the work may claim is consti-
says Professor Dyer, “associate with them-
tuted chiefly by this fact, and by the second,
selves a notion of swift brightness, of inevita-
third, fourth, and fifth chapters, which deal
ble sparkle. The ecstasy that words cannot
with the development of the myths of Demeter
utter finds a near escape, its native utterance
and Dionysus into the religion of the Attic
in song. Hence the pious Pindar sings, in a
Drama and the Eleusinian Mysteries. The
famous prelude, that · Water is best, but gold
Iliad and the Odyssey know Demeter only as
is like a beacon blazing through the night,
the yellow-haired giver of golden grain to men,
while songs that celebrate Olympian glories
-a gracious personification of the bounty of
shine preëminent even like the flaring noonday
the earth, like the Harvest Queen of England
sun.'” The pious Pindar undoubtedly did so
and the Corn Lady of Scotland. The story of
sing; but his song, as the Greek proverb hath
the rape of Persephone, alluded to by Hesiod,
it, is “ nothing to Dionysus,” who is not men-
is first told in the beautiful Homeric Hymn to
tioned anywhere in the ode, nor is he concerned
the Goddess, about 600 B.C.; and it is from
in the Olympic festival which it celebrates.
this that we derive our conception of Demeter
We gladly turn from these elusive fancies
as the Sorrowing Mother. This story Profes-
to the history of the early worship of Dionysus
sor Dyer gives us in the analysis of a German
in the highlands of Attica at Icaria, and to
savant, who, with the ingenuity of his nation,
Professor Dyer's description of the spot to
has discovered three hymns and three distinct
which the recent discoveries of the American
local traditions in the poem as we have it.
school have drawn the eyes of scholars. Here
Truly, quot alemanni tot sententiæ, as Andrew
was the home of Thespis, of whom we used to
Lang says. However, the story may be told
be taught that he invented Greek plays and
as interestingly in this way as in another.
carried them around in carts, B.C. 560; and
This lecture concludes with a few good pages
here, out of various elements hardly to be
on the symbolism of the myth — its human
distinguished now — the methodized ribald
symbolism as typing the love and care of
revelry of Megara, plaintive local hymns and
woman for woman, its nature symbolism as an
legends, and the mingled joy and sadness of
allegory of the death of each year's life in
the dithyramb,—the Attic drama first took
winter and of the ever-renewed miracle of the
shape. From here we follow it, in the fourth
re-birth in spring. One misses here a refer-
chapter, to Athens, where, after a history of
* STUDIES OF THE GODS IN GREECE, at Certain Sanctuaries the progress of the new popular cult among
Recently Escavated : Being Eight Lectures given in 1890, at the Athenians, and an account of the estab-
the Lowell Institute. By Louis Dyer, B.A. Oxon.; Assist-
lishment of the various festivals — Lenæa,
ant Professor in Harvard University. New York: Macmillan
& Co.
| Little-in-the-Fields, and greater Dionysia ---


172
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
Professor Dyer undertakes to give us a con- | speaks of Pindar, Plato, and Euripides, as
ception of the God himself, “ in all his Attic great religious teachers. Pindar was a pious
and comprehensive majesty,” by means of a instinctive reformer of the letter ; Plato, a con-
spirited analysis of the Bacchanals of Euripi- scious philosophical reformer. What was Eu-
des. It is the fashion nowadays to take the | ripides ? His admirers regard him, too, as a
Bacchanals very seriously. The historian Grote religious reformer, and speak of his message.
was never weary of quoting the words of old But it is quite impossible to disengage from
Tiresias,
the rhetoric of his dialogue or the quibbles of
“We reason not o'ernicely of the Gods;
his choruses any distinct religious lesson like
They are the heirlooms by our fathers left,
the doctrine of Zeus the teacher of mankind
As old as time ; no logic shall destroy them,
through suffering in Æschylus, or of Zeus
Not though the keenest wit should prompt the thought," —
author of the Higher Law in Sophocles. His
to illustrate the attitude of the average Athen apologists tell us that he undertook to throw
ian conservative towards innovating religious discredit on the old immoral Olympus of
speculation. Mr. Alfred Benn feels in this Homer, and they find it easy to cite petulant
play the first “ poisonous breath of the super- and dramatically inappropriate utterances in
stitious reaction” that crushed the pre-Socratic which the Gods of the popular Pantheon are
philosophers and steadily grew till it culmi bemocked in the spirit of Aristophanes or
nated in the Crusades. Others dwell rather Lucian. But in the next moment they quote
on the inner mystic meanings of the play, and with equal unction, as a part of the poet's
try to find in it an expression of the deepest message, the demand of the Bacchanals that
Greek religious thought. In the interests of the reason shall humbly submit itself to the
this interpretation, Professor Dyer allows him- mystery of the actions of perhaps the least
self to employ Christian terminology almost as spiritual and most offensively anthropomorphic
freely as the Byzantine author of the “Christus of the Greek Gods, and echo approvingly the
Patiens," who made a play on the Passion chorus's cry, “ Let the faith of the commonest
which is in large measure a cento from the of the common be mine." Surely Euripides
Bacchæ. The Bacchanals is a “ gospel ac cannot have the credit of both lessons at once.
cording to Euripides,” the “ Vision of Him | Professor Dyer is not unaware of the incon-
that is that was granted to Euripides in the sistencies to be found in the single play of the
fulness of his powers,” the “ Passion Play of Bacchanals. The holy man Tiresias, who is in
Attica.” It contains a “ Messianic Vision,” | fact almost a figure of comedy, protests against
an “ anticipation of religious truth to come,” all speculative innovations on the creeds of our
and the perplexing shifting symbolism of the fathers in a play in which the doom of Pen-
myth is perhaps an indication that Dionysus theus is drawn down upon him precisely for re-
is to be conceived as a Spirit whose worship sisting the introduction into Greece of a strange
pers must worship him in spirit and in truth. oriental superstition accompanied by barbaric
In all this I think there is some misconception rites. Yet the same Tiresias later on is made
of the true analogies between Greek religious the mouthpiece of a rationalizing explanation
thought of the time of the Peloponnesian war by means of a pitiful pun of one of the essen-
and the thought of our own day, as well as of tial mysteries of the myth. Professor Dyer
the nature of Euripides' art. It may amuse falls back on the difference between ancient and
æsthetic critics to dwell upon the picturesque modern feeling ; what offends our finer sense
resemblances between the ceremonies and ob may have seemed perfectly natural to the best
servances of popular religion in early Greece intellects of that primitive time. But this is
and in the Catholic countries of Southern Eu- not true. There is hardly anything in Æschy-
rope. But the only fruitful way to compare lus, Sophocles, or Plato, that requires the ben-
the Greek religious thought of the fourth and efit of this explanation. And if there is so
fifth centuries B. C. with our own is to note | much in Euripides, it is to be attributed not to
the attitude of the great poets and philosophers any primitive simplicity of his thought, but to
towards the traditional religion as a whole. the sophistication of his art. The simple so-
Then, as now, there were scientific iconoclasts, lution of the difficulty is that the art of Eu-
unyielding supporters of the letter of tradition, ripides is grotesque and rhetorical art; it is
who dreaded all concession to critical innova- not instinctively true imaginative art like that
tion, and reformers of the letter who hoped so of Æschylus, nor pure art like that of Sopho-
to save the spirit. Professor Dyer somewhere | cles. He never hesitates to sacrifice the unity
of Eschinctively true and rhet


1891.]
173
THE DIAL
of his message, the moral and spiritual unity was the love and longing of Demeter for Per-
of tone of a play or its artistic unity of plot, sephone.” This is the resemblance of Mace-
or the psychological unity of a character, to any don to Monmouth. In short, Professor Dyer
temporary effect of laughter or of tears. This makes too much of the Eleusinian mysteries.
may make him, for critics who can dispense Pindar's words, “ Blessed is the man who hath
with these unities, “ the most tragic of the seen these things -- he knoweth the end of
poets,” but “ the rest,” as Aristotle says, " he man's life and its God-given beginnings,” will
does not manage well.” The Bacchanals is do very well for the text of a sentimental essay,
undoubtedly a striking play, full of pictur- but the great religious teachers of the world
esque poetic descriptions of Bacchic revelry, have never in any age put their reliance in
excellently reproduced by Professor Dyer, of esoteric doctrines and sacred mummeries. Of
strong skeptical tirades and vigorous orthodox these early beginnings of ritualistic mysticism
rejoinders, culminating in an impressive judg we may say, as Thucydides says of the early
ment on bold impiety. It reflects in many achievements of the Greeks in war, and as
ways the confused religious and ethical specu Arnold repeats of the intimations of spiritual
lation of the age ; but, like the other plays of things in boyhood, “ It is impossible to speak
Euripides, it lacks the higher unity of an all with certainty of what is so remote, but from
pervading homogeneous spiritual atmosphere. all that we can really investigate I should say
It offers nothing that can properly be called they were no very great things.”
religious teaching. Such teaching, indeed, was The three remaining chapters of the book
hardly to be extracted from the myth of Di. are detached studies. “Æsculapius at Epi-
onysus. The best minds of Greece accepted daurus and Athens ” gives us, together with
that myth unwillingly, as an inevitable conces pleasant reminiscences of the author's travels
sion to popular instincts. Only in a purely in Greece and summaries of recent archæolog-
formal and conventional sense can Dionysus ical researches, an interesting sketch of the
be called the inspirer of the muse of Æschy history of ancient medicine and health resorts.
lus and Sophocles. The true religious devel A judicious selection from the very amusing
opment of Greek thought was attached to the votive inscriptions found at Epidaurus would
names of Zeus and Apollo. But these con have added to the interest of the chapter.
siderations would carry me too far.
- Aphrodite at Paphos,” with its learned
In his fifth chapter Professor Dyer treats appendices, is in the main a study of the his-
of the fusion of the worship of Dionysus and tory and topography of Cyprus,- a subject
Demeter at Eleusis, in the Eleusinian myste which to some readers will seem to possess
ries. He indicates the significance of these more actuality than these gods of a creed out-
mysteries in the religious life of later antiquity, worn. In “ Apollo at Delos,” Professor Dyer
gives a graphic picture of the yearly pilgrim recounts the history of the interesting little
age of the mystæ from Athens to Eleusis, and island after Jebb, describes the achievements
a clear account, with a good map, of the tem of the French archæological school there, and
ple and hall of initiation brought to light by develops the idea, indicated in his preface, of
the excavations of the last few years. The Apollo as the highest and most chivalrous of
poetical fancies with which he veils our ignor the Greek gods. The most profitable state
ance of the psychological origin of this cult, of mind for one who would learn about Greek
I cannot accept. The syncretism by which religion," he tells us, “ treats each god or god.
Demeter-Persephone, Aidoneus-Pluto, Iacchus dess in turn as if he or she alone existed."
Dionysus, and Rhea-Cybele became three be There is certainly something of this method in
fore the eyes of the worshippers, owes much his treatment of Apollo. The moral ideal of
to the speculations of a later age, and in any the Greeks undoubtedly did, in a certain sense,
case is not elucidated by comparison with the culminate in Apollo — but it was Apollo the
Holy Trinity. It may be permissible, by way prophet of his father Zeus. It is quite fanci-
of illustration, to say that the religion of De- ful to see evidence of the God's chivalry in the
meter is typical of the philosophy of the pan fact that while his arrows struck down men
theist Xenophanes (pantheist poets still love who died by sudden death, women were slain
to hymn Hertha), but it is utterly fantastical by the gentle visitation of the shafts of his sis-
to add, “ Xenophanes declared that God was ter Artemis. It will not do to quote Plato for
one : even so Demeter and Persephone were the preëminent truthfulness of Apollo, for it
one; he said that God was infinite: even so I was an axiom with Plato that all gods are


174
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
=
=
-----
truthful. Still more arbitrary is it to treat the economic doctrines, but in the manner of
Aristophanes' beautiful lines describing Apollo their unfolding. We have only advanced an-
marshalling to music the dances of the gods, other step in the history of economic thought.
as an explicit text for the doctrine that Apollo Other times will bring other problems and new
was mightier than Zeus. These captious ob phases of the old difficulties, other interpreta-
jections to phrases that were perhaps merely tions and a new emphasis to old doctrines.
unconscious conformities to the rhetorical ex- Mr. Marshall endeavors to give unity to the
igencies of the lecture-platform do not in the economic investigations and discussions of
least detract from the value and interest of the recent years, to locate them in the systematic
book. It is, as the title-page states, a study development of economic thought, and thus to
of “Gods in Greece at certain sanctuaries | prepare an organic body of doctrine suited to
recently excavated ”; and, as I said in begin- the requirements and in harmony with the in-
ning, an excellent résumé of much recent work | tellectual spirit of the age.
in archæological and mythological science. A Political Economy has ceased to be a dismal
treatise on Greek religions, under the title science-dismal in its subject matter, dismal
“ The Gods in Greece,” would demand a more in its methods, dismal in its conclusions. As
comprehensive survey and a more philosophical | a pure science it has passed from the barren
method.
PAUL SHOREY.
field of metaphysical hypotheses, logical deduc-
tion, and mathematical expression. It has ad-
vanced to that of scientific observation. To
POLITICAL ECONOMY FOR MODERNS.* the abstract method of earlier writers, there
If we may judge of an extended treatise by
has been added the diverse methods of descrip-
the character and tone of the first volume, the
tion, induction, analysis, and deduction. Eco-
work of Mr. Marshall, Professor of Political
nomics is not only in the class of sciences of
Economy in the University of Cambridge, will
observation, but it no longer observes the in-
be worthy the highest praise. Scholarly in
dustrial phase of our social life from a single
form, attractive in style, exhaustive in treat-
specially-chosen point of view. It has risen
ment, containing discussions of interest alike
rapidly in its class, and observes industrial
to the general reader and to the special stu-
society in its entirety ; it studies life historic-
dent, the work gathers into an organic whole
ally and comparatively. Under the influence
the best fruits of the labors of many cultiva-
of biology, it seeks to understand movements
tors, past and present, in the field of economics,
in their simplicity. As a practical aid in the
and thus prepares the way for the most effect-
art of right social living, its emphasis is no
ual work in the future.
longer placed on the forlorn and hopeless in
In the first place, Mr. Marshall accepts the
human society, on the inevitable or irremedia-
good already accomplished. He in no way neg.
ble conditions of life, or the dark traits of
lects-indeed, he is even generous toward-
human character; it is given rather to the ra-
writers of the past. He appreciates and ap-
tional means of betterment and the bright pos-
propriates the results of their efforts. “ Eco-
sibilities of industrial peace and happiness.
nomic science is, and must be, one of slow and
Its apostles are neither optimistic nor pessim-
continuous growth” (p. ix). His catholic at-
istic; they neither say, “Don't do anything,”
titude also extends to present writers—English,
because everything works together naturally
German, American, French, and Italian. His
for the good of all, nor do they cry, “You can-
notes abound in references to monographs and
not do anything,” because more powerful nat-
magazine articles. As he puts it in the pref-
ural agents are at work forcing their necessary
ace (p. ix): “ The present treatise is an attempt
result. And the devotees of economic science
to present a modern version of old doctrines
are no longer content to utter the formula,
with the aid of the new work, and with refer-
“ Other things being equal,” without question-
ence to the new problems, of our own age.”
ing the evidence as to whether there is the
But, best of all, the author does not present
slightest probability that other things will be
his work in such a way as to give the idea of
in the supposed condition. They are more
finality or perfection. The principle of con-
careful to estimate the importance of the prin-
tinuity prevails, not only in the substance of
ciples enunciated, of the laws discovered by
scientific means. They recognize that abstract
* PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS. By Alfred Marshall, Profes-
sor of Political Economy in the University of Cambridge.
laws are but the starting-point for the careful
investigation of the economic life, the economic
Vol. I. Second Edition. New York: Macmillan & Co.


1891.]
175
THE DIAL
geography, geology, and history, the habits | The most important alteration in this edition
and customs, education and ideals, of each is designed to throw further light on the posi-
community; that statistical tables of agricult- tion held by the element of time in economics.
ure, industry, commerce, trade, transportation, | It is a neglect of this which has obscured so
money, banking, wages, and the like, are the much of the light cast by earlier writers.
first assistant in the undertaking.
The present treatment includes a prelimi-
In each of these particulars Mr. Marshall's nary study of Wealth (Book II.); a considera-
book embodies and exemplifies the most ad- tion of Demand and Consumption (Book III.);
vanced thought of the day. The volume con of Supply or Production (Book IV.); and an
tains no superfluity of hypothesis on the one explanation of the theory of the Equilibrium
side, or historical narrative on the other. The of Demand and Supply (Book V.), and of
author avoids the dangers alike of orthodox Value, or Distribution and Exchange (Book
English political economy and of the German VI.). The author conceives that “ later ex-
historical methods. He pursues the even tenor perience has shown that the problems of Dis-
of his way undisturbed by carping “schools,” tribution and Exchange are so closely connected
and chooses the golden mean which charac that it is doubtful whether anything is to be
terizes the well-balanced mind, the true sci gained by the attempt to keep them separate”
entist.
(p. 141). Consumption, which was either
In Book I. there is developed the character wholly omitted or only treated in a supple-
and scope of economics, the growth of the sci mentary chapter till recently, is given prac-
ence, the nature of economic laws and of tically a first place in the science. In the
economic motives, methods of study, and, more mind of the author, several causes have con-
at length, the growth of economic freedom. tributed to give the subject a greater promi-
“ Thus, free competition, or, rather, freedom of in nence: the growing belief that harm was
dustry and enterprise, was set loose to run, like a huge | done by Ricardo's habit of laying dispropor-
untrained monster, its wayward course.... Econ-
tionate stress on the side of cost of production
omists therefore treated free enterprise not indeed as
when analyzing the causes that determine ex-
an unmixed good, but as the natural state of things;
and they regarded its evils as of secondary importance"
change value ; the greater care taken in stating
(p. 91).
distinctly the premises on which reasoning is
The field was narrow, and to-day dogma has
based ; the closer attention paid to the ques-
been abandoned and analysis developed. But
tion whether our increasing wealth may not be
the danger remains that with the growing
made to go further than it does in promot-
popularity of economics there will come a neg-
ing the general well-being. In short, the au-
lect of careful and rigorous reasoning on ques-
thor takes man as he is, and, studying him in
tions which may very easily be handled in an
his every-day life, endeavors to keep the sci-
eminently superficial manner. To escape this
ence of economics in contact with the needs of
danger, the writer undertakes in this volume
mankind.
a severely scientific treatment of Value, the
Economics is not a moral philosophy; it is
central fact in economics.
not simply history ; it is neither law nor statis-
" Economics is, on the one side, a science of Wealth;
tics, ethics nor politics. To each of these
and, on the other, that part of the social science of branches of knowledge it relates and is related,
man's action in society, that deals with his efforts to but it belongs to neither nor to all of them.
satisfy his wants, in so far as the efforts and wants are
Its separate scope and purpose is clearly set
capable of being measured in terms of wealth, or its
forth by Professor Marshall thus : “ Political
general representation, i.e., money. We shall be oc-
cupied during the greater part of this volume with these | Economy, or Economics, is a study of man's
wants and efforts, and the causes by which the prices that actions in the ordinary business of life; it in-
measure the wants are brought into equilibrium with those quires how he gets his income and how he uses
that measure the efforts” (p. 101).
it” (p. 1). These actions are not entirely
The italics are not the author's, but they are separable, and the life is continuous. It is the
added to enforce what seems the chief merit development of these two ideas that give the
and service of the volume. It deals with book its special character. There is no sharp
causes, with the play of forces, the establish | line of division between motives, no absolute
ment of an equilibrium. The principle of | limits to action, no beginning and ending in
continuity is introduced everywhere, and the the industrial processes of societies. The func-
importance of the element of time in all eco- tions of economic science, then, are “ to collect,
nomic considerations is constantly insisted on. I arrange, and analyze economic facts,” and seek


176
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
the lines of uniformity running through them. ent book, with its fond dwelling on those old
These are the Laws of Economics :
themes, which, through long and sympathetic
“Statements of tendencies expressed in the indica study, their critic has evidently absorbed as
tive mood, and not ethical precepts in the imperative. part of his very self. To such readers, again,
Economic laws and reasonings, in fact, are merely a
it is a special grace that some of the subjects
part of the material of which Conscience and Com-
mon-sense have to make use in solving practical prob-
now treated are fitted to cast new light upon
lems, and in laying down rules which may be a guide in
the author, revealing certain points of person-
life” (p. x.).
ality more clearly than would be possible in a
Man acts or thinks as he does, is what he is, more formal work. A few of the essays have
because of what is about him and of what has previously appeared in various English periodi-
gone before. It is only in the comparative cals; but ten of the seventeen in this collec-
study of existing conditions, and the survey of tion are now published for the first time.
historical development, that we can know the | It is evidently upon the speculative bearing
immediate and ultimate effects of various of the book that the author would lay stress,
groups of causes. Would mankind affect the as appears from the motto on the title-page,
results by conscious action, would it be indus EÚPETIHòv čivai pari tiiv épnuiav_The des-
trially different, in the twentieth century? It ert, they say, is suited for discovery.” The pre-
can only accomplish the result by applying face, too, prepares the reader for philosophical
with conscience and common sense the knowl views more or less affected by isolation from
edge gained by observation and experience. It the great world and “the society of intellect-
is in the clear exposé of the evolutionary char-
ual equals.” The essays on - The Philoso-
acter and the importance of time in industrial phy of Evolution,” “ Nature Myths and Alle-
life and institutions, that this volume brings gories,” and “ Democratic Art,” are especially
Political Economy up to date. What is lack striking in this connection. The first traces
ing, perhaps, is a hint of the broad social phil the history of the theory of evolution, and de-
osophy which would show the position and scribes the attitude, towards God, humanity,
bearing of the economic reasoning. Still there and nature, of those who embrace the cosmic
is a hopeful human tone pervading even this
philosophy not merely as a scientific concep-
most purely theoretic part; and we may hope tion, but as the inevitable step beyond theo-
that in the future volumes, which deal with logical Christianity. The interest, however,
practical issues and the application of prin-
centres in the unfolding of an argument seek-
ciples, the groundwork of social science will ing to prove the immanence of mind in the
be more clearly indicated.
universe. From the law of evolution, that no
break is possible in the scale of being, from
ARTHUR BURNHAM WOODFORD.
the chemical elements to reasoning man, Mr.
Symonds deduces the consequence that “ Mind
was potentially present in the primordial ele-
EssAYS FROM HIGHER ALTITUDES.*
ments out of which life, and man, as the crown
From Davos, the well-known resort of con of zoological life upon this globe, emerged.”
sumptives on the eastern slope of the Swiss Applying “the analogy of the Correlation of
Alps, come two volumes which bring with them Forces to this problem, we may surmise that
suggestions, not of suffering, but of the thin what appears as intelligence in the biological
and bracing air of the altitudes which gave series was formerly the same power existing
them birth. The thought of approaching death, under another manifestation in the inorganic
passingly mentioned in the preface, casts no series, just as heat is a condition of motion."
shadow on the spirit of the book. Yet to This surely is a more reasonable pantheism
readers familiar with “ The Greek Poets,” the than that of Hegel, which seeks to identify the
Lives of Shelley and of Sidney, the scholarly cosmos with the special manifestation of mind
“Shakespeare's Predecessors in the English known to us as intelligence. But Mr. Sy-
Drama," the translation of Cellini's Autobiog monds is inconsistent with his own reasoning
raphy, the comprehensive work on - The Re when he expresses a thought hinted at in the
naissance in Italy,” and the idyllic - Italian word zoological in the first of the preceding
Sketches,” there is a certain pathos in the pres- quotations. “Must we not also,” he says,
“surmise that ascending scales of existences
* Essays, SPECULATIVE AND SUGGESTIVE. By John Ad-
dington Symonds. In two volumes. London: Chapman &
more highly organized” (that is, as to intel-
Hall.
| lect) " of whom we are at present ignorant, are


1891.]
177
THE DIAL
endowed with consciousness superior to man's ?” | After admitting that absolute belief in such
The inference from this and similar passages an idea is probably impossible, the question is
is that these higher existences are incorporeal. laid aside with the somewhat naive conclusion
But since, according to Mr. Symonds's own that the belief would nevertheless be beneficial,
arguments, mind, from the beginning of cos and at any rate could do no harm.
mic history, has been manifested in what is The discussion of “ Democratic Art," with
called matter, it would certainly be no less a especial reference to Walt Whitman, though
break in the chain of evolution if intelligence not conclusive, is of particular interest to read-
should in a given species be freed from ma ers in the land where the Demos Krateo prin-
terial conditions, than if it had been suddenly ciple is doomed either to work out its own
introduced high up in the organic series. salvation, “ or else prove the most tremen-
The essay on “ Nature Myths and Allego dous failure of time.” That no nation ever
ries” develops the pantheistic and highly poet- attained lasting greatness without the spirit
ical idea that man's sympathy with nature is in which produces noble art, is a truism; and it is
reality a semi-conscious or unconscious com equally obvious that the national art of Amer-
munion with the universal mind. The account ica, if it ever arises, must be democratic. But
of the Greek nature myths will recommend it democratic art does not mean merely, as Mr.
self to students weary of the fatally ingenious Symonds would seem to think, art created for
theories of enthusiasts for the solar and lin the multitude, with special reference to their
guistic explanations of primitive fable. actions and passions; it means primarily art
"Not only man, but all things in the world, are full
created by the people, called into being by
of soul. Soul can communicate with soul, not only in their demand, their craving for it. In the
its human form, but also in nature; man's soul with the truest sense, the art of Athens, of Florence,
soul of forces that control his life, and with the soul of of Elizabethan London, was democratic, what-
dimly sentient things beneath him in the scale of be-
ever political and social institutions its forms
ing. Our contemplation of the external universe is
therefore not the mere inspection of matter alien to our-
may have embodied. Art becomes national
selves, but a communion with that from which we came and truly democratic when, and only when, the
and into which we go, itself penetrated with the thought people of all classes are hospitable to ideas and
that constitutes our essence.”
ready appreciators of spiritual aims. Modern
Yet man, unable to transcend the limits of Scandinavian literature is democratic, from
his own stage of existence, is “ forced to think Björnson's simple peasant tales to Ibsen's “Em-
of spirit as human.” Recognizing the spiritu peror and Galilean," because the Scandinavian
ality of beings or objects not human, he is people, the Danes and Norwegians at least,
obliged to conceive them as personalities, be understand and love these works, which are in
cause he himself is a personality. Thus sepa the deepest sense their own, Nor do they
rate manifestations of the divine universal mind value books according to the social problems
become objects of worship as anthropomorphic with which they deal, but according to their
deities. Primitive allegories are shown to arise measure of masculine thought and poetical
from the personification of certain moral and beauty. So far, our American democracy has
intellectual qualities which appear “in the col been undisturbed in the main by that thirst for
lective moral atmosphere of humanity at large”. intellectual and ästhetic enjoyment which alone
to be entities independent of the individual. can evoke the artists able to create a great era.
A doubtful excursus follows, in which, after Whitman, as speaker of the word of the
remarking the want of earnestness in modern modern, the word en masse," performs a thank-
allegory, and observing that “ Neither Christi less because self-imposed task. Such are the
anity nor science will suffer us to accept the thoughts which arise in the mind of an Amer-
pagan point of view here any more than in the ican on reading Mr. Symonds's essay, which,
case of nature myths,” Mr. Symonds still with all its interest, does not seem to hit the
thinks it would be well for us to attempt some mark.
thing of the kind.
Of the other papers, perhaps the most nota-
* If we could but come to think of lust and anger,
ble is that entitled “ On Some Principles of
chastity and temperance, remorse and revenge, for Criticism.” It is, as would be expected, an
giveness and repentance, not as mere abstractions from able discourse, treating of the methods of crit-
ourselves, but as powers external to our soul, endowed
icism, with especial dwelling, naturally, on the
with penetrative force to influence our lives, this would
render the inner drama of the moral consciousness more
modern evolutionary and comparative style.
real and poignant."
| There is a refreshing call for common-sense in


178
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
critical work. The passage which follows, Yet in the present book there is one touch of
though long, has so keen a relish that it can- | nature likely to draw all thoughtful persons
not be suppressed.
with a swift sense of friendship towards this
" ... Erudition, when not controlled by vigor- | man. Even those who trust more confidently
ous sense, encourages what may be described as the than he in a final satisfying solution of the
nidification of mare's nests—a malady most incident to
enigma of life cannot fail to recognize and be
ingenious but flighty theorists, who nourish the grotesque
fictions of their ignorance upon the milk of their ill-
touched by the passion of heart and brain re-
assimilated learning. The misuse of erudition leads to
vealed by this passage, where he listens to a
such fundamental misconceptions as that which vitiates voice to which “there is no answer":
Dr. Guest's great work on English Rhythms. It ren-
“ ... How will any theism-yours or the pro-
ders the hypothesis of Bacon's authorship of Shake phets', or St. Paul's, or Mahomet's, or Buddha's,-adapt
speare's plays attractive in the eyes of incompetent
itself to the facts of human experience to the omni-
students. It inflates blathery compilations on Esoteric
presence of evil and disease, to the dreadful lives lived
Buddhism, Spiritualism, the history of Secret Societies,
by the majority of men since man appeared upon this
the Migrations of the Ten Lost Tribes, Phallic Worship,
planet, to the anguished misery of captives and convicts,
Apocalyptic Prophecy. For years it has infected spec-
to the clash between natural appetite and social law, to
ulative writing on the evolution of religions, the interpre-
the morbid torments of moral madness and slow-fretting
tation of mythology, the origin of language, ethnology,
physical cancers, to the unutterable lusts and cruelties
phrenology, chiromancy, and all the bastard brood de-
and loathsomeness of your own heart, to the dumb,
scended from medieval astrology and magic. It taints
blind, ignorant agonies of dread and longing and self-
the otherwise sound work of many scholars of the Ger-
accusation and hopeless helplessness with which you
man type, who have not common sense or knowledge
labor in the dark night-watches, before which you quail
of life enough to save them from fabricating preposter-
in the presence of cold, implacable nature-forces ? ...
ous solutions of perplexing problems, and applying the Who hath heard God speak? To whom hath God re-
resources of their knowledge to supporting major prem sponded? Perchance that is the fact. Perchance none
ises which are palpably absurd.”
listens. Perchance the whirlpools will close over us
The remaining essays deal with æsthetic sub and suck us down. If there is a God, we shall not cry
in vain. If there is none, the struggle of life shall not
jects, and, it is unnecessary to say, are of weight
last through all eternity. Self, agonized and tortured
and interest. It would seem impossible that I as it is, must now repose on this alternative.” (Appen-
anything new could be said about Style ; yet dix: Notes on Theism.)
here are four essays on that subject, richly re-
MARIAN MEAD.
paying the closest attention. There is perhaps
no other English critic whose appreciation of
style is at once so wide in range, so just, and
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
so penetrative.
The new volume in the “Queen Victoria's Prime
The two essays on “ Idealism and Realism”. Ministers” series (Harper) is a “Life of Glad-
and “ The Model” cast new light upon another stone,” by G. W. E. Russell. To those familiar
ancient topic, and end in the agreeable con with these little books, we need not say that they
clusions that realism and idealism must be are physically inadequate to so matterful a subject;
combined in perfect art, and that exaggeration
and one is not to charge Mr. Russell with failing
of either at any time will inevitably be corrected
to get a bushel of wheat into a peck measure.
Whether he has made the best use of his limited
by reaction of the other. So that we may hope
space, is a question to be considered ; and we in-
soon to hear no more of the subject, and trust
cline to think that under the circumstances he has
that not much longer will it be said, as Mr.
done so. The plan of the work may be inferred
Symonds observes in a foot-note, that “ Many
from the author's own words: “The space at my
writers of fiction appear, in their dialogue, to disposal being strictly limited, I have touched
be vainly competing with the phonograph.” lightly on those later events of Mr. Gladstone's ca-
On finishing the book, one is filled with reer which are within general recollection, and I
admiration of the breadth and fulness of cult have bestowed more detailed attention on the early
ure which mark this intellect. Classical learn stages, which are now, to most peeple, either un-
ing, the languages, fine comprehension not
known or forgotten.” Briefly, Mr. Russell gives
merely of one art but of all arts, and the sci-
us a finished portrait - a most excellent one — of
Gladstone the Etonian, the Oxonian, and, to quote
entific spirit so seldom found in conjunction
Lord Macaulay, “the rising hope of the stern and
with the former qualities,—these, indeed, are
unbending Tories" (delightful morceau to his pres-
a royal dower. Nor have these choice gifts
ent political foes!), and an outline sketch only of
been wasted ; manhood here has held fast the
Gladstone the Liberal leader and determined cham-
motto, dear to youth,
pion of Home Rule. In a later and more definitive
“In Ganzen, Guten, Schönen,
biography, this plan would be open to the obvious
Resolut zu leben.”
charge of a lack of proportion in treatment. But


1891.)
179
THE DIAL
the time for such a work is not yet come; Mr. chapters broadly expository of “Darwinism” that
Gladstone is, happily, still living — and striving; should spare the reader once for all the shame of
the controversies of his later and more important misconceiving a man who is perhaps as undeniably
years are still pending; and therefore it seems to the foremost figure of our century as Shakespeare
us that, on the whole, Mr. Russell has shown taste was of his. It is indeed strange that in a day
and judgment in electing to dwell upon that phase when printing-presses are multiplied on every hand
of his leader's life upon which it is possible to write people should persist in ascribing the fame of one
dispassionately and definitively. We do not mean whose name is almost a household word to the con-
to imply that Mr. Gladstone's later life has beenjectures of men who lived and dreamed and taught
left untouched. On the contrary, the author has centuries before he was born. Darwin was not the
given us here a clear and reasonably full statement | author of the theory of development in any of its
of facts chronologically arranged, from which the forms. “Darwinism" and Evolution are not sy-
reader may draw his own conclusions according to nonymous terms, nor was Darwin the author or
his own convictions and sympathies. It is a dis- | first propounder of the doctrine that man and
tinct merit of Mr. Russell's book that, though writ- monkeys have a common ancestry. It is Charles
ten during Mr. Gladstone's life and by one bound Darwin's peculiar merit to have discovered the
to him by party ties and formerly by official rela- mechanism of development; or, as our author
tions, it bears no trace of the party eulogy or the states it, - • Darwinism' is Charles Darwin's ex-
party pamphlet. In his final analysis, Mr. Russell planation of the law or method of evolution.” To
finds that the paramount factor in Mr. Gladstone's the prophecies of the intuitive genius of his prede-
character, the dominant principle which “runs like cessors, Buffon, Wolff, St. Hilaire, Dr. Darwin,
a silver thread through the complex and variegated Lamarck,--men who lived when the facts garnered
web of his long and chequered life,” is his religious were few,—he gave substance, system, and proba-
ness. “ The best theologian in England” (as Dr. bility; to the airy nothings of Greek and Hindoo
Döllinger called him), the "administration of gov- speculation, his Anglo-Saxon genius for the tangi-
ernment has always been in his hands a religious ble has given “ a local habitation and a name.” In
act." Second to this principle, and related to it, is private as in public life Darwin was a most engag-
- his love of power,” — not the porcine greed of ing character; and Prof. Holder's charming book
place and pay of the vulgar office-hunter, but a de- presents many instances of that patience and gen-
sire to attain that official station in which the great tleness, that loving-kindness towards all, and espe-
abilities of which he is fully conscious may be on | cially of that rare regard for the claims of others-
the broadest scale serviceable to God and man. It the essence of Christianity, which renders his life
is impossible to read Mr. Russell's interesting book a worthy example for the youth of all lands, to
without wondering at the singular complexity of whom we heartily commend this sketch of it. The
Mr. Gladstone's character; at the strange blending volume is a tasteful one, well printed and liberally
of his large residue of archaic Toryism, his Stone illustrated, and it contains an excellent portrait of
Age faith in the divine right” of kings, in the Darwin.
reverence due the accidents of birth and station,
and in the sanctity per se of the Established clergy,
An American edition of Mr. George Moore's
with those broad and humane views which have
clever book " Impressions and Opinions”—a col-
placed him at the head of the Liberal party and
lection of short pithy papers on literature, art, and
endeared him to the liberal church.
the drama, reprinted from various English reviews
-is now issued by Messrs. Scribner's Sons. There
are fifteen titles in all, — Balzac,” “ Turguénieff,"
A CONCISE, moderate-priced Life of Darwin-| “ Mummer Worship,” “Our Dramatists," " Théâ-
one presenting in a popular form the story of his tre Libre,” etc.,--the series closing with four excel-
researches with sufficient explanation of their theo- | lent papers on art subjects, a field in which the
retical outcome to make clear to the unscientific author seems especially at home. Balzac is the god
reader the import of that strangely misapprehended of his literary idolatry. “ Balzac's empire is wider
term, - Darwinism,” has long been a desideratum. than Shakspeare's; his subjects are more numerous,
Such a book is Charles Frederick Holder's “ Charles and his sovereignty not quite so secure. . . .
Darwin: His Life and Work” (“* Leaders in Sci In conclusion, I will say that as I understand criti-
ence," Putnam). Of Prof. Holder's exceptional cism more as the story of the critic's soul than as
fitness for his task, we need not speak. Two thirds an exact science, I confess that I would willingly
of the volume are taken up with the continuous give up Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, etc.,
story of Darwin's career-the trip of the - Beagle” for the yellow books" - i. e. the fifty volumes of
receiving due prominence — from boyhood to the “ The Human Comedy.” The author's views on
day he was laid near Sir Isaac Newton in West “ Mummer Worship" created, we remember, on his
minster Abbey; the remaining space is devoted to side the water, quite a Autter of Thespian indigna-
general topics touching the great naturalist, his tion; certainly they are expressed with a severity,
ancestry, honors, prizes, etc., extracts from the not to say snappishness, that smacks of personal
** Darwin Memorial,” bibliography, and two capital grievance. One phase of Mr. Moore's arraign-


180
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
ment of the profession is rather curious. The actor, compass what, in lieu of it, must be sought through
he charges, aided and abetted by the “smart set,” | many volumes. Lest the serious-minded reader
is forsaking his old Bohemianism; he courts re smile at the presumed triviality of Mr. Hitchcock's
spectability, prates of his (or her) virtue, longs for theme, he may be reminded of the observation of
“a silk hat, a villa, and, above all, a visit from the Dr. Johnson — himself a swain whose sighs went
parson”; he even writes books about himself, and a unrewarded, -- " We must not ridicule a passion
puerile press (which took no notice of Mr. Pater's which he who never felt never was happy, and he
Turveydropian literary elegancies) “ gives up doz who laughs at never deserves to feel -- a passion
ens of columns to praise and quotation of the stupid which has caused the change of empires and the
anecdotes that anyone who has played in a theatre loss of worlds,— a passion which has inspired hero-
chooses to write out.” “Can the leopard change ism and subdued avarice.” The volume is a pretty
his spots, or the Ethiopian his skin ? " Let then one, and is profusely ornamented with portraits of
the “Mummer," urges Mr. Moore, in effect, stick the heroes and heroines of the tender episodes
to his boards and his morals, and cease his invasion narrated.
of the pews and parlors of gig-keeping respectabil-
“ THERE are brains" observed the sagacious Ben
ity. To playwrights who foist the responsibility of
Jonson, " which endure but one skimming.” Mr.
their illiterate rubbish upon a public “which will
Jerome K. Jerome's brain is not of that order.
listen to nothing more sensible.” Mr. Moore ad-
He has evidently not yet arrived at the melancholy
dresses a few timely and pointed remarks. “Im-
stage-all humorists bring up there sooner or later
pressions and Opinions” is fresh, pungent, and
- at which his fun is obviously pumped-up; for
suggestive. The writer's views are clear-cut and
his new book, “On the Stage — and Off” (Holt ),
are his own, and he presents them with a point and
is quite as clever and amusing as its predecessors,
directness, and a disregard of the hostility they are
- and that is saying a good deal. Mr. Jerome re-
likely to provoke, that is eminently refreshing.
lates with much humor his experiences as an actor,
from the callow period when, as a preparative for
A WORD of recognition and commendation is
the vocation, he “read through every word of
due the Manual of Music,” edited by Mr. W. M.
Shakespeare — with notes” (which, he sensibly ob-
Derthick, and published by the Manual Publishing
serves, “ made it still more unintelligible"), to the
Co.,- a work whose aim is so to broaden the scope
moment when, as he says, “the stage door closed
of musical education as to make this a means of
behind me with a bang and a click, and I have
enlarging the mental horizon instead of circum-
never opened one since.” The narrative bears un-
scribing it within the limits of mechanical tech-
mistakably the stamp of truth, and contains pas-
nique. Among its most important features may
sages that pleasantly recall Mr. Vincent Crummles
be noted a concise and accurate narrative of the
-- that prince of provincial managers.
history of music; a series of chronological charts,
in the form of colored diagrams, double-page in A LITTLE volume entitled “Nature's Wonder
size, affording an analytical survey of the entire | Workers" (Cassell), by Kate R. Lovell, will prove
domain of musical progress ; portraits of leading interesting alike to the old and young, and with-
composers from Lassus and Palestrina to Grieg | out being a classified, scientific treatise, its infor-
and Moskowski; biographical notices of more than mation has been carefully collected from the best
fifty of these masters ; philosophic analyses of two and latest authorities on entomology, and may be
hundred representative selections, carefully pre-l relied on within its limits. The author leads the
pared by eminent theorists; characteristic speci reader to an intimate acquaintance with the habits
mens of the works of great composers ; dictionaries and instincts of some of our most common insects,
of technical terms and phrases, of artists and com and shows that the ways of Nature are no less
posers, and of works, instruments, and institutions. marvellous while working in these minute fashions
The charts, which classify all noteworthy data into than in those larger ways which are more readily
epochs, periods, countries, and schools, are pecu apparent. The illustrations, of which there are a
liarly interesting and instructive. The editor has hundred or more, are an acceptable feature of the
been aided in his commendable enterprise by some
book.
of our leading writers on music, such as J. S.
The Messrs. Harper issue, in an odd-looking
Dwight, A. J. Goodrich, J. S. Van Cleve, W. S. B.
volume ornamented with symbolical “ potato-bugs,"
Mathews, E. B. Perry, F. G. Gleason, and J. C.
the series of humorous papers on " Farming” by
Fillmore.
R. K. Munkittrick, recently published in - Har-
UNDER the alluring title “ Unhappy Loves of per's Weekly.” The author's fun -- which is of a
Men of Genius” (Harper), Mr. Thomas Hitchcock curiously deliberate and sedate order, a cross, so to
has collected a series of sketches relating the ill speak, between Mark Twain and' " Mr. Barlow”—
starred love-passages in the lives of Gibbon, Dr. clusters about the not unfamiliar theme of the ex-
Johnson, Goethe, Mozart, Count Cavour, and Ed periences of the city man turned farmer. To our
ward Irving. The stories are concisely and sym- thinking, the best part of the book is the spirited
pathetically told, and the book presents in small | illustrations, printed in tint, by Mr. Frost.


1891.)
181
THE DIAL
Co. $2.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
October, 1891.
(The following list includes all books received by THE DIAL
Aërial Navigation. H. S. Maxim. Century.
during the month of September, 1891.]
Agricultural Depression. D. S. Jordan. Forum.
American Big Game. Archibald Rogers. Scribner.
HISTORY
American Politics. T. B. Preston. Monist.
Army and Navy Needs. T. A. Dodge. Forum.
History of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Art Student's League of N. Y. J. Č. Van Dyke. Harper.
By Hampton L. Carson. With an Account of Its Cen-
Astronomical Society and Amateurs. M. L. Neisten. Pop. Sci. tennial Celebration, Feb. 4, 1890, prepared under the di-
Bank System, A Permanent. M. D. Harter. Forum.
rection of the Judiciary Committee. With 53 etched
Bennett Law in Wisconsin. W. F. Vilas. Forum.
illus’ns, 4to, pp. 745, gilt top, uncut edges. Philadelphia:
Cairo in 1890. Constance F. Woolson. Harper.
J. Y. Huber Co. (Chicago: W. W. Hayne, Lakeside
Cave-Dwellers of the Confederacy. David Dodge. Atlantic. Bldg.) $10.
Census, Lessons from the. C. D. Wright. Pop. Sci.
History of the People of Israel: From the Time of Heze-
Chile and her War. Capt. J.M. Santa Cruz. No. American. kiah till the Return from Babylon. By Ernest Renan,
China, New Life in. J. Y. Young. North American.
author of "Life of Jesus." 8vo, pp. 429, gilt top. Rob-
Cincinnati. Murat Halstead. Cosmopolitan.
erts Bros. $2.50.
Columbus's Last " Landfall.” W. A. Paton. Lippincott. The History of Modern Civilization: A Handbook.
Corso of Rome. W. W. Story. Scribner.
Based upon M. Gustave Ducoudray's "Histoire Som-
Desert Lake, The New. J. W. Powell. Scribner.
maire de la Civilisation," Illus., 12mo, pp. 587. D. Ap-
Desert Lake, The New. John Bonner. Cosmopolitan.
pleton & Co. $2.25.
Dickens's Letters to Wilkie Collins. Harper.
Historical Essays. By Henry Adams. 12ino, pp. 422.
Dickinson, Emily, Letters of. T. W. Higginson. Atlantic.
Chas. Scribner's Sons. $2.
Dogs of Ancient Egypt. M. G. Maspero. Popular Science.
Döllinger, Ignatius von. E. P. Evans, Atlantic.
The History of Historical Writing in America. By J.
Dress. F. X. Starr. Popular Science.
Franklin Jameson, Ph.D. 16mo, pp. 160, gilt top.
Drunkenness. J. F. Mines. North American.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
Economics for Moderns. A. B. Woodford. Dial.
The Founding of the German Empire by William I. By
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1891.]
187
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1891.]
189
THE DIAL
Now for Grapes, Plums, Quinces.
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1891.]
191
THE DIAL
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192
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THE JO-BOAT BOYS.
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1891.]
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T. Y. Crowell & Co.'s Standard Books
FOR REFERENCE AND LIBRARY USE.
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A DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS
A HISTORY OF FRANCE.
IN PROSE.
By Victor Duruy, member of the French Academy.
From American and foreign authors, including translations
Abridged and translated from the seventeenth French edi-
from ancient sources. Edited by Anna L. WARD, com-
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204
[Nov.,
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ROSES OF ROMANCE. From the Poems of John THE STORY OF THE GLITTERING PLAIN
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1891.]
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1891.]
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[Nov., 1891.
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THE DIAL
CONTENTS.
-- ----- - -- -- --- -- ---- ------------ -------
Vol. XII. NOVEMBER, 1891. No. 139. thor, several of the prose volumes are supplied
with new prefaces and indexes, and the poems
with fresh notes. There will be several new
portraits of the author at different periods of
his life.
THE PROSE WRITINGS OF OLIVER WENDELL
Anything in the spirit of a formal introduc-
HOLMES. Edward Gilpin Johnson . . . . . 209
tion to the writings of Dr. Holmes—the patri-
THE ORIGIN OF SOCIETY. John J. Halsey . . . 211
arch, we may perhaps say the Autocrat, of our
HEINRICH HEINE. W. E. Simonds ...... 213 | national literature -- would be a shade worse
THE ELEMENTS OF POLITICS. Woodrow Wilson 215 than superfluous; yet there are certain timely
THE GERMAN EMPIRE AND EMPERORS. Charles suggestions in the new prefaces, which form so
H. Cooper .............. 217 acceptable a feature of this new edition, that
SOME RECENT DANTE LITERATURE. William may serve as hints for some general comment.
Morton Payne . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 There is, for instance, a plainly distinguishable
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ....... 220
note of misgiving in the Second Preface to
Bancroft's Literary Industries.-Guillemard's Ferdi • The Autocrat” (precisely where there is the
nand Magellan. -- Agnes Repplier's Points of View.-
least ground for it, one would think), lest the
Warner's As We Were Saying. -- Grasby's Teaching
in Three Continents.- Jones's Browning as a Philo-
volume it introduces may have become -- out-
sophical and Religious Teacher.-Colvin's Letters of worn,” “ old-fashioned,” — in the eyes of the
John Keats to His Family.--Van Dyke's The Poetry
younger generation, dust to be decently in-
of Tennyson.--Mather's John Ruskin. --Mrs. Ireland's
Life of Jane Welsh Carlyle.- Memoirs of the Prince
urned and relegated to a final niche (or shelf)
de Talleyrand, Vol. III.-- Saint-Amand's Marie An in our literary columbaria. An intimation of
toinette at the Tuilleries.--Hug and Stead's The
this sort coming from anyone but Dr. Holmes
Story of Switzerland.-Wallace's Natural Selection
and Tropical Nature. Kate Sanborn's Adopting an himself would certainly be received with some
Abandoned Farm. - Barrett's The Ordinance of 1787.
indignation by those among us who years ago,
- Olive Thorne Miller's The Woman's Club.
when the early tones of the Autocrat's voice
TOPICS IN NOVEMBER PERIODICALS . . . . 2:24
were still vibrating, dreamed over, laughed
BOOKS OF THE MONTH . . . . . . . . . . 224 over,--wept over, perhaps,-the fragrant pages
so rich with the fruits of a riper old-world cult-
ure, yet so pleasantly redolent of homely New
TIE PROSE WRITINGS OF OLIVER England ; and we venture to say that there are
WENDELL HOLMES. *
few young people of to-day, whose judgment in
Good wine like Dr. Holmes's needs no in such matters is worth a rush, who do not pos-
vitatory bush of outer embellishment; and the sess a copy, more or less thumbed, and show-
new - Riverside Edition ” of his writings is ing those little wings of an author's earthly fame,
marked throughout by the quiet elegance and “ dogs'-ears," of - The Autocrat of the Break-
stability which is the usual standard of its pub fast Table.” For ourselves, we should very
lishers. The edition will contain thirteen vol much regret to see a time when the members
umes in all, — ten of prose and three of poetry; of that pleasant breakfast company,— " the
and of these, six are now issued. The volumes old gentleman opposite,” “ the young fellow
are uniform in size and typography with the they call John," - Benjamin Franklin " (• B.
** Riverside Lowell ” of last year. It should F.," choicest of boys), the “poor relation"
be noted in passing that in the 6 Holmes "the (•* standing by the guns to repel boarders "),
volumes are not, as in the - Lowell," numbered the schoolmistress," with the June rose in
sériatim — an arrangement obviously conven- | her hair," and her heart filled with rose-per-
lent to buyers ; though one fancies that those | fume and gentleness,-- should seem - old-
aspiring to the distinction of a " library” will fashioned ” and “out-worn.” It would argue
scarcely care to avail themselves of it. The a very unfavorable change in us. - Books,"
edition has been carefully revised by the au says Worilsworth, " are a real world "; and it
is, after all, these book friends — the creatures
* The Writings OF OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. New
Rurerside Edition, in thirteen volumes. Volumes I. to VI., 1 0
of the mini, perennially young, essentially im-
Ponse Works. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
i mortal, — that alone of all our acquaintance we


210
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
can turn to after the lapse of years and find of Nature through all the cracks in the walls and floors
unchanged; the old smiles, the old welcome,
of cities. You heap up a million tons of hewn rocks
on a square mile or two of earth which was green once.
a circle undiminished. To them may be ap-
The trees look down from the hill-sides and ask each
plied, in its full measure, the spirit of the Au other, as they stand on tiptoe, —• What are these people
tocrat's cheery lines —-
about ?' And the small herbs at their feet look up and
* Hang the Almanac's cheat and the Catalogue's spite! whisper back,-'We will go and see.' So the small
Old Time is a liar! We're twenty to-night!”.
herbs pack themselves up in the least possible bundles,
The delightful “ Breakfast Table " trilogy
and wait until the wind steals to them at night and whis-
pers, — Come with me.' Then they go softly with it
-- a unique resultant of the author's three-fold
into the great city, - one to a cleft in the pavement,
endowment as poet, scholar, and scientist — one to a spout on the roof, one to a seam in the marbles
easily take rank in the category of books that
over a rich gentleman's bones, and one to the grave
do not grow old,— do not grow older, one may
without a stone where nothing but a man is buried,-
and there they grow, looking down on the generations
say, but spring at once into a kind of coeval-
of men from mouldy roofs, looking up from between
ship with their literary kindred, — books or the less-trodden pavements, looking out through iron
iginal, of an individual savor that keeps them cemetery railings. Listen to them, when there is only
perennially fresh and fragrant while a thou-
a light breath stirring, and you will hear them saying
to each other, -"Wait a while!' By-and-by the flow of
sand volumes of yesterday are to-day as old as
| life in the street ebbs, and the old leafy inhabitants -
the Pharaohs. Genealogically, the “Autocrat”.
| the smaller tribes always in front — saunter in, one by
and its fellow volumes are of that pleasant one, very careless seemingly, but very tenacious, until
colloquial branch of English literature, now of they swarm so that the great stones gape from each
such manifold twig and leafage, that first bud-
other with the crowding of their roots, and the feldspar
ded under Queen Anne, in the - Tatler” and
begins to be picked out of the granite to find them food.
At last the trees take up their solemn line of march,
the “Spectator.” But in the hands of Dr. and never rest until they have encamped in the market-
Holmes, the easy chatty essay of Addison and place. Wait long enough and you will find an old doting
Steele, the familiar, gently satirical, skin-deep oak hugging a huge worn block in its yellow underground
comment on contemporary men and manners,
arms ; that was the corner-stone of the State-House.
has attained a new and higher development.
Oh, so patient she is, this imperturbable Nature !”
The sparkle, the wit, the whimsical humor, the Passages like this are informed by that "breath
airy flitting from topic to topic, remain ; but and finer spirit of all knowledge,” of which
to the lighter graces of the original there is Wordsworth spoke in defining poetry
added—over and above the new national flavor, “ The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table” has
and the greater complexity of form — an ele been not inaptly styled by a recent writer “an
ment of virility, seriousness, and breadth of investigation into philosophy and culture," — a
human interest, that lifts the “ Autocrat ” miles designation, however, that hints too strongly
above the plane of its early prototypes. Hu | at the arid profundity of the German Gelehrter
mor, the most sovereign of antiseptics, is the to be very satisfactory; for Dr. Holmes's books
saving literary quality of Addison and Steele. are preëminently flesh-and-blood books. Touch-
Humor there is too in abundance and of rare ing as they do the gravest questions that press
flavor in the “ Autocrat”; but in the latter is for human solution, they are yet infused with
sounded at intervals, clear and distinct above the charm and richness of imaginative litera-
the lighter tones, a grander note than lay ture,— the chill intellectual marble warmed,
within the compass of the graceful Augustans, like Galatea, into pulsating life and beauty by
- the vibration of a chord seldom touched, the force of human love and aspiration. As
and only by the master-hands of the world's a thinker on graver topics, Dr. Holmes's chief
literature.
value to his readers springs from his cheery
In the case of authors who, like Goldsmith, spirit of trustfulness in the final goodness of
Lamb, Holmes, lay hold upon the hearts of things,- an excellent gift in our era of doubt,
their readers (a rare and subtle quality), the of the portentous crumbling away of specific
personal estimate of their writings usually creeds and conceptions, the exuvia of a past
steps in, and one is tempted into superlatives. | intellectual phase. Speculations, discoveries,
Sometimes we can show cause for them. The intimations of an order of things hitherto un-
quality of which we have spoken as lifting Dr. dreamed of, which, to a more valetudinarian
Holmes so far above the level of his literary faith, conjure up the direst apprehensions, vi-
kindred seems well exemplified in the follow- sions of a world all rocking and plunging,
ing extract from the “ Autocrat”:-
like that old Roman one when the measure of
- I don't know anything sweeter than this leaking in 1 its iniquities was full, in the wild dim-lighted


1891.]
211
THE DIAL
chaos all stars of Heaven gone out,” move the Sixty years have rolled by since the notes of
cheery Autocrat only to increased reverence the Autocrat's voice — the heartiest, cheeriest
and wonder. In his sunny pages, the granite voice, and one of the most melodious, of our
rocks of unassailable truths, often forbidding time—first fell upon the public ear. We have
enough in their chill nakedness to our finite long been used to listen for it, to take it for
vision, are overgrown and mellowed by a thous granted as one of the good things of life, and
and sprays and blossoms of a genial poetic even to get a little impatient at lengthening
fancy — ever conspicuous among them the Iris, intervals of silence. That there is no great
the Flower of Hope.
diminution in the clearness and resonance of its
In Dr. Holmes's two novels, “Elsie Ven-tones we have had recent evidence; and it is
ner” and “ The Guardian Angel,” one finds pleasant to record, among the many good things
much of the characteristic charm and humor, to be said of the - Riverside Edition," that Dr.
the shrewd sense, the native flavor, that mark Holmes, in one of the newly-written prefaces,
the more famous “ Breakfast Table” books. | encourages us to hope that we may, ere long,
The fiction is of the old-fashioned full-flavored hear from him again :
sort that seems stranger than truth — a sort “I should like a little rest from literary work before
for which a good many of our readers are the requiescat ensures my repose from earthly labors,
doubtless old-fashioned enough to cherish a
but I will not be rash enough to promise that I will not
even once again greet my old and new readers if the
liking. Wine has, after all, its advantages
| impulse becomes irresistible to renew a companionship
over water-gruel. One may recall, in this con which has been to me such a source of happiness.”
nection, Mr. Lowell's pleasant story of the
EDWARD Gilpin JohŅsog.
philosophic prisoner who, when he was assured
by an expectant pettifogger, “ My dear sir,
-- -
-- - -
they can't lock you up for this!” — calmly
THE ORIGIN OF SOCIETY.*
replied, “ They hey!” To critics who assure
us that people in our critically-enlightened age The “ general promiscuity” theory of the
cannot read romances of the “ Elsie Venner” origin of society bids fair to follow its prede-
type we may make bold to reply, “ They do." cessor, the “patriarchal” theory, to the limbo of
Dr. Holmes's novels, like his essays, are unjustified hypotheses. Set up by McLennan,
underlaid by a more serious purpose than mere Lubbock, and Morgan, as a complete explana-
entertainment. Of Elsie Venner " he says in tion of the phenomena of marriage and kinship,
the prefaces :
it has not even that partial justification in fact
“ Through all the disguise of fiction, a grave scientific which makes the theory of Sir Henry Maine
doctrine may be detected lying beneath some of the true over a limited area. Sixteen years ago
delineations of character. ... The real aim of Mr. Herbert Spencer, in his “ Principles of
the story was to test the doctrine of original sin’ and
Sociology,” dealt it a staggering blow when he
human responsibility for the disordered volition coming
under that technical denomination. Was Elsie Venner,
impeached its assumptions, its method, and its
poisoned by the venom of a crotalus before she was conclusions. Two years ago Mr. Staniland
born, morally responsible for the “volitional' aberra | Wake and Dr. Starcke, in works of independ-
tions, which, translated into acts, become what is known
ent treatment, set up in detail the newer theory
as sin, and, it may be, what is punished as crime? If,
which Mr. Darwin had hinted at, and which
on presentation of the evidence, she becomes by the
verdict of the human conscience a proper object of
Mr. Spencer had outlined with a few vigorous
divine pity and not of divine wrath, as a subject of strokes.
moral poisoning, wherein lies the difference between The starting-point of Wake and Starcke
her position at the bar of judgment, human or divine,
was biological in its evidence for the monoga-
and that of the unfortunate victim who received a moral
poison from a remote ancestor before he drew his first
mic origin of society, while the development of
breath?”
the theory proceeded along purely sociological
The enthralling interest of the narrative of lines. Edward Westermarck, the Lecturer on
- Elsie Venner,” and its felicitous presentment
Sociology at the University of Finland, now
of certain aspects of New England life and appears, in the volume which suggests this re-
character, ensure for it a popularity the dura view, as an original worker in behalf of the
tion of which it is not safe to predict. “ The new theory. The very pleonasm of the title —
Guardian Angel," a natural sequence of “ Elsie as the average reader would view it — is a key
Venner,” also depends for its deeper import
to the whole treatment. For Mr. Westermarck
upon the pre-natal history of its subject, and * TAE HISTORY OF HUMAN MARRIAGE. By Edward Wes-
has a like distinct theologic bearing.
termarck. New York: Macmillan & Co.


212
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
not only starts in biology, with the anthropoid ments quoted above. Not only is the antiquity
ape as man's progenitor, but at every new of monogamy maintained, but other forms of
stopping-place for data confirmatory and ex- marriage, as polyandry and polygyny, are
planatory we are confronted with the physical shown to be both late and occasional varia-
strata underlying the sociological. This is the tions from the primitive form. The Levirate
most scientific treatise yet produced in this is not even a form of polyandry, but is a relig-
special field of investigation, and we note three ious duty.
prime characteristics of a scientific method. / “Polyandry, although frequently practised in certain
The facts upon which its theory is based have parts of India and Central Asia, nowhere excludes the
been collected in enormous quantity from the
simultaneous occurrence of other forms of marriage.
. . . With the exception of the Massagetae, there
literature and the observation of all ages, for,
is no people among whom polyandry is stated to be the
as the author says, the first condition of success
only recognized form of marriage. . . . All the
is that “there should be a rich material ; what statements we have from the ancient world seem to in-
is wanting in quality should be made up in
dicate that polygyny was an exception. Almost every-
where it is confined to the smaller part of the people,
quantity.” Again, in the interpretation of ex-
isting phenomena the writer has sought to guard
the vast majority being monogamous.”
against the double danger of “ putting into
The origin of exogamy is for the first time
them a foreign meaning," and of “inferring, explained on a scientific basis. The old theory
without sufficient reasons, from the prevalence of its origin in the capture of wives from other
of a custom or institution among some savage
tribes is upset, and its cause is found in an in-
peoples, that this custom, this institution, is a stinct born in the process of natural selection.
relic of a stage of development that the whole Let us quote at length a fruitful passage:
human race once went through.” Finally, Mr. “I cannot but believe that consanguineous marriages,
Westermarck is never satisfied that a custom in some way or other, are more or less detrimental to
or an institution is explained until he has en-
the species. And here, I think, we may find a quite
sufficient explanation of the horror of incest; not be-
deavored to trace it to something fundamental
cause man at an early stage recognized the injurious
in the physical or psychical nature of the race. influence of close intermarriage, but because the law of
His theory is briefly as follows:
natural selection must inevitably have operated. Among
“Human marriage in all probability is an inheritance
the ancestors of man, as among other animals, there
from some ape-like progenitor. . . . . Marriage
was no doubt a time when blood-relationship was no bar
is the natural form of the sexual relations of man, as to sexnal intercourse. But variations, here as elsewhere,
of his nearest allies among the lower animals. . . . would naturally present themselves; and those of our
I am strongly of the opinion that the tie which joins ancestors who avoided in-and-in breeding would survive,
male and female is an instinct developed through the while the others would gradually decay and ultimately
powerful influence of natural selection. . . . . .
perish. Thus, an instinct would be developed which
Monogamy is the more likely to have prevailed almost would be powerful enough, as a rule, to prevent injurious
exclusively among our earliest human ancestors, since unions. Of course there is no innate aversion to mar-
it does so among the man-like apes. . . . . There riage with near relations; but there is an innate aversion
is not a shred of genuine evidence for the notion that to marriage between persons living very closely together
promiscuity ever formed a general stage in the social from early youth. The existence of an innate aversion
history of mankind. . . . . It seems extremely of this kind is proved, not only by common experience,
probable that, among our earliest human ancestors, the but by an abundance of ethnographical facts which
family formed, if not the society itself, at least the show that it is not in the first place by degrees of con-
nucleus of it. . . . . All the evidence we possess sanguinity, but by close living together, that prohibitory
tends to show that, among our earliest human ancestors, laws against intermarriage are determined. Thus many
the family, not the tribe, formed the nucleus of every | peoples have a rule of local exogamy, which is quite
social group, and in many cases was, itself, perhaps the independent of kinship.”
only social group. . . . . Neither do I see any
reason to believe that there ever was a time when the
Thus, marriage by capture, and afterwards by
family was quite absorbed in the tribe. . . . . purchase, are explained. Endogamy, on the
Marriage is rooted in family, rather than family in other hand, “ never, except in cases of extreme
marriage. . . . . Two inferences regarding mon isolation, seems to occur among peoples living
ogamy and polygyny may be made with absolute cer-
in very small communities with close conner-
tainty : monogamy, always the predominant form of
marriage, has been more prevalent at the lowest stages
tions between their members. Many uncivil-
of civilization, than at somewhat higher stages; whilst, ized peoples carefully avoid marrying out of
at a still higher stage, polygyny has again, to a great their own tribe, the chief reason being the
extent, yielded to monogamy."
strong dislike which distinct savage and bar-
It would be impossible, in the limits of this barous nations have for one another." How-
review, merely to indicate the array of evi- ever, Westermarck does not consider exogamy
dence upon which this writer bases the state- ' and endogamy as contraries. Rather, every


[1891.
213
THE DIAL
people has an inner circle and an outer circle, over; but the Hebrew lad in Düsseldorf was,
equally in both of which marriage is avoided. as we might suspect, precocious, and, moreover,
We have only touched the theories of this it was in an eventful period that his youth was
important work. The reader must find for passed. The glamour of Napoleon's career
himself the biological argument here made captivated him while still a boy. When the
against promiscuity, because it “ tends to a fatal march towards Moscow was begun, the
pathological condition very unfavorable to enthusiastic youth was a fascinated spectator
fecundity.” We also leave to the specialist as Napoleon led his troops through Düsseldorf
reader the very interesting and convincing on the way to Russia.
chapters on means of attraction and racial One other feature of the time had no slight
differences, where the writer's word of intro- | influence on the sensitive character thus devel-
duction is that " the concealment of truth is oping. The days of wholesale, licensed perse-
the only indecorum known to science.” Wecution were indeed over; but the Jews were
lay the volume down with the conviction that still under vexatious disabilities which exposed
it is a masterly contribution to a growing them to much humiliation and injustice, and at
science, and that its author's argument will times the race animosities would break forth
stand, even although one may not accept with in insult and outrage. The Hebrew lad at
him the anthropoid ape as a man and a brother. school and at play was not insensible to the
John J. HALSEY.
taunts of his mates ; but he was destined to
feel the sting yet more acutely in a brief but
bitter experience occurring in his seventeenth
IIEINRICH HIEIXE.*
year. In the famous free city of Frankfort-
on-the-Main, the Jews were still herded in the
It is customary to speak of Heinrich Heine
notorious Judengasse, although the iron-bound
as a product of the Romantic school of German
portals of the Ghetto had been removed some
literature. It might be said that with Heine
ten years before. In the year 1815, Heine
the Romanticism was inborn, - but a Roman-
was introduced to this environment, and the
ticism without Ideality. And the Romantic attempt was made to create a banker's clerk
spirit uncontrolled and uninspired by a worthy of him. The boy was bright and intelligent
ideal is a dangerous, sometimes a fatal, en-
enough, but with all the dreamy disposition
dowment. In more than one instance that
of the poet, too ; he had no talent for business,
might be mentioned, it has brought discontent the effort was of course a vain one, and in a
and failure instead of the harmonious and per- | few weeks Heine shook the dust of Frankfort
fect art that might have been. A passion for from his feet, and returned to idleness and
the beautiful, for the pleasure in life, for free-
poetry in sleepy Düsseldorf. Readers of that
dom : these were the forces that ruled Hein-
remarkable fragment the “ Rabbi of Bacha-
rich Heine in his brilliant and stressful career. rach ” will recognize the obvious outcome of
On the 13th of December, 1799, in the old this brief but wretched period. The Juden-
Rhine town of Düsseldorf, the subject of this schmerz sank deep into Heine's soul.
sketch was born of Jewish parentage, and The poet's uncle, Solomon Heine, who pros-
christened - Harry” in honor of an English pered greatly in business and eventually be-
friend. His father was a handsome, refined
came known as the Jew-prince of Hamburg,
man, of asthetic tastes, apparently of no great did his best at various times to settle the
strength of character, but to the end retaining young man in some substantial business career;
the esteem and warm affection of his gifted and thus it happened that after the return from
son. His mother was a woman of notable Frankfort Heine was brought to the great sea-
attainments and decision of mind. She was,
port town and introduced to the office and the
though a Jewess, an admirer of Voltaire and business of his wealthy uncle. The three
Rousseau ; and she had a horror of supersti years now spent in what he called “verdamm-
tion and romance. Her influence on Heine's tes Hamburg” were characterized by the dreary
intellectual development was strong. The days tediousness of the attempt to put the poet's
of boyhood are much the same the wide world exuberant fancy into the strait-jacket of a Jew-
* THE WORKS OF HEINRICH HEINE. Translated from the ish banker's career: it was a relief to all con-
German, by Charles Godfrey Leland (Hans Breitmann). Vol cerned when the inevitable failure became a
ume I., “Florentine Nights,'" "The Memoirs of Herr von
Schnabelewopski,"? ". The Rabbi of Bacharach," and "Shake-
certainty and “the fool of the family ” was
speare's Maidens and Women." New York: J. W. Lovell Co. | packed away home in disgrace.


214
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
Although utterly without sympathy for his often, another chord was struck on Heine's
nephew's poetic aspirations, Solomon Heine lyre, and some weird sadness welled out in his
did occasionally dole out sums of money to strain that never failed to call an echoing note
wards the boy's support ; and if generally with from the sentimental hearts of listening coun-
a bad grace, and comment so humiliating as trymen. It was of himself the poet sang :-
ever to increase the irritation and the discord
“My heart is like the ocean,
between them, it must not be forgotten that
It has storm, and ebb, and flow,
And many a pearl is hidden
Heine was doing little towards his future in-
In its silent depths below.''*
dependence, and that the reckless and self The last twenty years of Heine's life were
indulgent course of living on which he had spent in Paris. It seems almost like an exile,
already entered was well calculated to exas and doubtless Heine was not unwilling that it
perate the steady-going man of business and should be so regarded. His poems had aroused
to exhaust his patience. To crown all, the hostility on the part of “official ” Germany;
susceptible youth was indiscreet enough to fall there was no hope of favor or preferment there.
passionately in love with his beautiful cousin, From Berlin he was practically banished, for
Amalie. This, the poet's first deep attach- at the Prussian capital he was regarded as a
ment, became the romance of his life. The revolutionist and his books had been sup-
young woman herself gave little or no evi pressed. In Frankfort he was as wretched as
dence that his affection was returned ; and in “ verdammtes Hamburg.” The climate of
passively, if not willingly, became in time the Munich had proved too severe. To linger in
wife of a common-place, prosperous Hamburg idleness at Düsseldorf would surely add noth-
merchant. But Heine harped his disappoint ing to his prospects. The city of pleasure, the
ment in many a strain through even his latest birth-place of Republicanism, called him. In
songs, and never forgot, at least as poet, this 1831, Heine became a resident of Paris. Glid-
early loss (as he protested) of his life happi- / ing into an easy life of pleasure, and of self.
ness.
indulgence, the reckless course was stopped by
After these Hamburg experiences, it was its natural consequences in due time. In 1847,
determined that Heine should study law; and
poor Heine, a victim of his own excess, lay a
so he began the desultory course of study which miserable being on his “ mattress-grave,” sick
filled five or six years of his life at the Uni-
of a dreadful malady, the consumption of the
versities of Bonn, Berlin, and Göttingen, at
spinal marrow; paralyzed, one eye closed, and
which last-named place he was admitted in
the other requiring that its lid be propped up
1825 to his degree. His examination was pre by the finger; his lips had lost their sensitive-
ceded by one of the most momentous acts of
ness, and the power of taste was gone. For
the poet's life. He formally discarded the | eight years he lingered thus, observing to the
Jewish faith, became a Lutheran, and took the friends who visited him, with the odd humor
name of “ Heinrich ” in place of “Harry." which never left him, that he hoped to have
This was purely a matter of policy, and by no their pardon for being so unconscionably long
means an uncommon occurrence; nor did it call a-dying. The poet had married, in 1841, a
forth any word of disapproval from Heine's handsome Parisienne with whom, previous to
friends. And yet the effects of this apostasy their marriage, he had lived in true Quartier-
are only too obvious in some of the unfortu Latin style ; but Mathilde Crescence Mirat
nate developments of the poet's after-life, be made Heine a loyal and loving wife, and
yond doubt contributing to the unsettling of
soothed incalculably those years of fearful
that character already too inclined to wavering suffering, remaining faithfully by him to the
and instability.
last. Heine's brain was active and his genius
But we cannot follow the story of Heine's scarcely dimmed through all the years of lin-
life by chapters. Settling for a space in Mu gering life-in-death. Never did his mad wit
nich, we find him shortly upon his travels. leave him. On the 17th of February, 1856,
His pen was never idle, and almost everything this strange man, mocking at suffering as he
he wrote was sealed with the stamp of genius. had mocked at life, fell asleep. Distinguished
In prose or verse he appeared alike the poet ; men of Paris laid their friend in the cemetery
and in verse or prose was apt to lurk that at Montmartre.
subtle burst of laughter that stung some soul It was as a soldier in the great war for
to madness while his readers joined perforce
* From translation by Mr. Leland of Du schönes Fischer-
in Heine's merriment. And then, just as ! mädchen.


1891.]
215
THE DIAL
liberty that Heinrich Heine wished to be re- But alas! no; it is only Heine's mocking
membered. Not the laurel-wreath of the poet | laugh, interpret it how you please. And,
but the soldier's sword was the emblem that | again, it is that laughter echoing from the
he hoped his friends might lay upon his coffin. pages of - Herr Schnabelewopski's Memoirs"
And the English critic Matthew Arnold assents which the venturous reader hears when, a little
to the dead singer's expressed desire : for, says dazed and dizzy after his risqué promenade
he, “ His [Heine's] counsel was for open war. along the Jungfernsteig, he is finally intro-
Taking that terrible modern weapon, the pen, duced to that odd company of Burschen so-
in his hand, he passed the remainder of his life journing at the “ Red Cow” of Leyden, where
in one fierce battle. What was that battle? the quality of the dinner depends upon the
the reader will ask. It was a life and death hero's progress in the affections of the buxom
battle with Philistinism.”* And then follows landlady. When the roast is poor, they debate
Mr. Arnold's famous definition of that term. the existence of God; but all submit to argu-
It may not be presumptuous to suggest that ment if at desert the cheese be good. A mad
Heine's warfare was not waged upon “ Philis fellow this Heine, but a-fire with the flame of
tinism ”exclusively. We do not object to that genius, surely!
term which Mr. Arnold gives us, nor to the | Mr. Charles G. Leland needs no introduc-
statement that Heine did fight hard against tion to American readers ; nor is this his first
the spirit it defines. But that is too narrow effort to bring the German poet to our ac-
a target to receive all of Heine's shafts ; his quaintance. The veteran translator who gave
arrows fall wide of that mark sometimes; and | us his first version of the “ Songs ” full thirty
Heine always aimed well and knew where the years ago, has given in this volume an excel-
missile was destined to fall.
lent translation of Heine's prose. If it be
In politics, in philosophy and religion, as a said in criticism that Mr. Leland has occasion-
member of the social order, Heine was a Liberal ally coined a stiff and unnatural phrase to fit
and all that the term implies: he did his part the German idiom, it may be replied that such
in the work of progress and emancipation, and slips are the fate of translators generally.
his services, by protest and by satire, by tract Less excusable is the intrusion of too frequent
and lyric, are recognized and applauded duly. footnotes which repeatedly encumber rather
But Heine's genius is too personal to let it stop than illuminate the page. This edition, which,
at that: it is the poet of the “ Book of Songs" , it is promised, will be a monumental one, will
and of the “ Romances " whom we recall when require some twenty volumes, if complete.
we think of Heine, and the vague sad restless-
W. E. SIMONDS.
ness that sometimes turns to mocking laughter
80 almost like despair is after all, perhaps,
only the cry of that wandering spirit searching
for happiness, for beauty, and finding only dust
THE ELEMENTS OF POLITICS.*
and ashes where it sought its lost ideal.
It is difficult to find a just criterion by which
We confess to a decided curiosity as to how, to judge Professor Henry Sidgwick's “ The
in this day of dull and eminently respectable Elements of Politics.” It is not historical, not
Realism — we speak, of course, of English- an analysis of the growth of institutions ; if it
writing and English-reading people—the par were, one could apply to it the test of insight.
ticular volume of Heine's prose which has It is not constructive ; if it were, one could
called forth this article will fare among us, ask whether it was consistent and sufficiently
instinct as it is with romance and aglow with considerate of practical conditions. Its object
a somewhat tropical passion of life. Is it some is to “ expound, within a convenient compass,
new Opium-Eater who, fresh from his unnat and in as systematic a form as the subject-
ural dreams, paints these fantastic pictures of matter” will - admit, the chief general consid-
the wizard Paganini, and the grotesque ro erations that enter into the rational discussion
mance of the dwarf Turlutu, the learned dog, of political questions in modern states." It is
and the siren-dancer Mademoiselle Laurence ? an attempt to generalize experience in order
Would it not, indeed, be dreadful if, deceived to frame standards of judgment for the guid-
by the piquant spice of the garnishing, some ance of polities in the future. Professor Sidg-
innocent reader should mistake the “ Floren-
* THE ELEMENTS OF Politics. By Henry Sidgwick,
tine Nights” for a bit of Continental Realism!
author of "The Methods of Ethics," and "The Principles of
* Matthew Arnold's essay on “ Heinrich Heine."
Political Economy." New York : Macmillan & Co,


216
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
=
wick, as everybody knows, is an adherent of actual experiences of civilized States are the
the utilitarian school of philosophy. Standards background of its thought,— the hidden data
of experience are, therefore, in his thought, al- of its hypotheses ; and, although it is clearly
so standards of morality. His method through- impossible to extract many general considera-
out, consequently, is like that of the better tions from the infinite variety of political cir-
writers upon international law. The sanctions cumstance, and although it is doubtless wiser
of international law are morality and experi not to try to do so, but to seek rather to vivify
ence. Its principles conform to the general to the conception the life and genius of par-
ethical judgments of the world and to the higher ticular States, setting forth their historical itin-
laws of expediency. It is a formulation of erancy, deciphering the causes of their grand-
particular cases and “ general considerations": eur or decadence; it is, nevertheless, possible
where it does not read like a treaty, it reads to some extent to generalize political experience
like a tract.
in such a way as to be profitable for doctrine
Austin described international law as a body and for reproof, if not for instruction in the
of positive morality”; Mr. Sidgwick's Ele- daily conduct of affairs. And Mr. Sidgwick
ments of Politics” might be described as a has accomplished this with a reasonable de-
body of positive wisdom -- which he would gree of success. If his matter is often lifeless,
deem much the same thing. His propositions the fault must be charged to his method and
are almost all of them evidently true,- many his style.
of them are, indeed, only too obviously true, His chapters afford a rich variety of topics.
as “ general considerations ” ; but that, it seems His procedure is deductive, “ based on psycho-
to me, only makes them the more questionable logical propositions not universally and absol-
as standards of political action. For the course utely true, but approximately true of civilized
of politics is subject in each nation, not to gen- men,” but his treatment is of course more or
eral, but to particular considerations. General less saturated with experience. In the first
considerations are applicable only if you pre part of the work he deals with fundamental
suppose a uniform development and a uniform questions, such as the relation of the State to
experience. They may be useful, as norms, law, and of indivieluals to each other under
as points of departure, perhaps ; but special law; with the principles which should obtain
considerations must always shape policy. Each in legislation in respect of the extension or
nation has its own individuality, its own pre- contraction of the sphere of free individual
possessions, its own enthusiasms and antipath action ; with questions of property, inheritance,
ies, its own capacities and incapacities ; each and remedial justice ; with the relations of law
nation is in its own stage of development, to morality; and with the principles of “ inter-
moreover; its life shapes its character, and its national duty” and “ external policy.” In the
life is made up of a thousand-score events great second part he considers the structure of gov-
and small ; — and these things command its ernments, their methods and instruments, their
politics.
several parts and the relationship of those parts
The study of politics should not be a study to each other, their local or sectional parts,
of comparative anatomy,- a State is not a their relations to voluntary associations, the
cadaver! It should be a study of the special part of the people in government, the influences
sources and conditions of life and national of parties and of party government, and the
character, a study of circumstantial psychology, ultimate seat of political power. His main
of incidental development, of eventful heredity. aim he fully accomplishes : he sets forth with
There may be Elements of English Politics, or admirable impartiality perhaps all the general
of American, or of French or Prussian ; but considerations which his topics can be made to
the elements of general politics, if cast into yield touching the question, What ought the
general considerations, must either be quite constitution and action of government to be ?
colorless or quite misleading. The considera If the reader lays the book down with some
tions urged by Professor Sidgwick are for the disappointment, some feeling of inconclusive-
most part quite colorless : his cases are en ness, he may rest assured that the best has
tirely hypothetical cases; national institutions been done that circumstances permitted. Poli-
and historical events are only illustrations in tics is “ embedded in matter”; when the attri-
point.
butes of matter are looked at by themselves
To stop with this criticism, however, would they must needs look thin.
be to do the book scant justice. Of course the
WOODROW Wilson.


1891.]
217
THE DIAL
THE GERMAN EMPIRE AND EMPERORS. *
tive, traces of that delightful little German quality,
procrastination or unreadiness, shows its cloven foot,
In “ Imperial Germany ” we have another not to mention the still older idiosyncrasy of discord
attempt to photograph a nation ; and what for-
and doctrinarism. This makes us believe that if the
Prussians had not brought them salvation they would
eigner, writing from the standpoint of an out-
never have got it, and without their guidance they would
sider, shall venture to say that the picture is tomorrow forfeit it again and their country once more
not accurate, when the very makers of imperial become the battle-field of Europe.”
Germany, Moltke and Bismarck, vouch for its
Prussian superiority in politics Mr. Wbit-
truth, and one so familiar with Germany as man attributes to the admixture of Slavonic
Professor Blackie classes the book with Aris-
blood in the eastern provinces ; this, added to
totle's “ Politics” and Bryce's “American Com-
the other excellent qualities of the Germans —
monwealth,” as one of the three best books
devotion, obedience, and patriotism. Else-
on the concrete philosophy of politics? It
where the individualism which has been a na-
need not be said, therefore, that it is written
tional characteristic from the days of Tacitus,
from the full knowledge that comes from famil-
and has been intensified by many centuries of
iar acquaintance with the German people, and
narrow state loyalty and its struggles, combined
by one who admires them while he sees their
with the idealism which has been the inspira-
weaknesses and foibles. “ Imperial Germany".
tion of German success in the intellectual field,
differs from Mr. Bryce's great work upon our but has brought only failure in politics, --
own country in several ways. It is only one-
these qualities, so excellent in themselves, have
seventh as large; it says nothing of the mech thwarted all efforts toward national life, and
anism of the German government; it is a study
even now struggle against and threaten the
of German character and life, thus correspond-
national unity that Prussia, supported by many
ing roughly to the last three books of Mr.
of the best elements of the nation, is seeking
Bryce's second volume; it lacks the literary to develop.
grace and charm, the lucidity and perfect self And just here Mr. Whitman finds a justifi-
possession, that mark Mr. Bryce's work. Yet
cation for paternal government. Though na-
the national portrait is as clearly drawn on its tional existence is attained, a strong and healthy
smaller scale, and the real Germany stands re-
national self-consciousness is not yet developed.
vealed in its political, social, intellectual, and A national spirit that shall subordinate class
moral life, the spirit that moves in all, so far
interests to the welfare of the State, a political
as it can be seen by a careful observer, and ex-
sense among the masses of the people, can
pressed within the narrow limits of a small book.
come only through years of education and
The first chapter discusses “ The German
training. Without these, the English or the
Character in Politics.” In this character Mr. | American system could result in Germany only
Whitman finds a traditional incapacity for in the disruption of the empire and the self-
united action, noted by Tacitus and described effacement of the nation. To the development
within a few years by Bismarck in the words,
of this national spirit the imperial government
“The German lives by quarrelling with his
is directing all -its energies, and with wonder-
countrymen." The author also finds in the
ful success. Its methods would fail in England
German character an unreadiness for action
or among us ; but that does not argue against
of any kind.
their fitness for Germany. With clear insight
"Thus, Shakespeare is supposed to have portrayed into the peculiarities of German character and
the typical German in Hamlet -- the philosophizing
institutions as the result of the life and train-
prince, who utters the wisest axioms without being able
to bring himself to act upon them..... Yet
ing of the past, William and Bismarck and
even now, wherever Prussia is not directly administra their associates and successors have worked
and are working to weld into homogeneous
* IMPERIAL GERMANY. A Critical Study of Fact and Char-
acter. By Sidney Whitman. New York: John W. Lovell Co.
unity the fragments that have for so many
The Young EMPEROR, WILLIAM II. OF GERMANY. A generations occupied German soil without con-
Study in Character Development on a Throne. By Harold stituting a nation. In spite of the strenuous
Frederic. With Portraits. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
opposition that German character made inevit-
"Fritz" OF PRUSSIA. GERMANY'S SECOND EMPEROR.
By Lucy Taylor. New York : T. Nelson & Sons.
able, much has been done toward this great
THE FOUNDING OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE BY William I. | end; and if the same wisdom continues to di-
Based Chiefly upon Prussian State Documents. By Heinrich rect the State, a national spirit, a political
von Sybel. Translated by M. L. Perrin, Ph.D., assisted by
Gamaliel Bradford, Jr. Volume IV. New York: T. Y.
sense, will be developed among the Germans
Crowell & Co.
that will make real popular government both


218
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
safe and desirable. Nor are the immediate England ; his growing interest in social and
material benefits of German paternal govern- industrial and educational questions. The world
ment inconsiderable. Happy will the nation which looked with mingled astonishment and
be if it shall command under popular govern apprehension on the young emperor in his first
ment the same vigor, uprightness, and practical year of power has already come to respect his
wisdom that Hohenzollern paternalism has ability and to feel a growing confidence in his
given it.
wisdom. A finer example of the sobering and
Of the fourteen chapters in this interesting steadying power of great responsibility has
and suggestive work, only two have been con rarely been seen than in the development of
sidered. That on Bismarck gives a strong and the “ war-lord” of three years ago into the
fair portrait of the great Chancellor. Those social and educational leader of to-day.
on “ The Philistine," "The Army," “ German “Fritz of Prussia” is a popular biography
Aristocracy,” “ Commerce and Manufacture," of the second emperor from the standpoint of
deserve particular mention; and the whole book enthusiastic admiration. He is shown as boy,
is worthy of hearty commendation.
lover, husband, general, in his home life, and
The author of the second book on our list fulfilling the social and semi-public duties of
shows plainly by his work that he is a news- his position as Crown Prince. The field of
paper correspondent and novelist, but not a politics is not entered.
historian. “The Young Emperor, William II. The fourth volume of Sybel's “ Founding of
of Germany” is written with a dramatic power, the German Empire” brings this important
a literary touch, and an enthusiasm for its sub- work down to the breaking out of war in 1866.
ject, that make it an exceedingly interesting We see no reason to qualify our former com-
book. The portrait of the young emperor, which mendation of its spirit, impartiality, and re-
is the main theme of the book, is well worked search. It tells the world fully and in ade-
out, though in high colors and with little shad quate form — what was known only in part be-
ing. The influences that have gone to shape fore — the way in which the great German
this unique personality before and since his ac- nation came into existence; and we owe hearty
cession are clearly set before us, and one who thanks for such a contribution to political
reads this book feels that he has almost a per- knowledge. The subjects treated in this in-
sonal acquaintance with the great Hohenzollern. stallment are the phases of the Holstein ques-
But the incidental treatment of Frederick and tion between 1863 and 1866, the Gastein treaty,
Bismarck must be condemned as unfair. The the Prusso-Italian alliance, and the rupture
broad-minded and liberal Frederick, though he between Austria and Prussia.
may have had his full share of German ideal-
CHARLES H. COOPER.
ism, was certainly not the uxorious tool of En-
gland and amiable weakling that Mr. Frederic
would make him out. The gossip of Freytag,
SOME RECENT DANTE LITERATURE.*
and the nauseous quarrel of the German and
English doctors over the dying prince, would
We are frequently reminded that the world
better have been left to forgetfulness. Nor
has not lost, and is not likely to lose, its inter-
can one who sets this portrait of Bismarck be-
est in the “altissimo poeta " of Italy and of
side that in “ Imperial Germany" fail to see
Christianity. It is not so many years since a
where the truth lies. Mr. Frederic has made
great poet of our own age found such words
up his Bismarck out of the great Chancellor's
| as these to speak of -
weaknesses. But the young ruler stands boldly
“Dante, pacer of the shore
Where glutted hell disgorgeth filthiest gloom,
out, the most interesting and important person Unbitten by its whirring sulphur-spume, ---
age now on the political stage. Especially fine Or whence the grieved and obscure waters slope
is the account of the changes in his character,
Into a darkness quieted by hope ;
Plucker of amaranths grown beneath God's eye
first from the sweet, gentle boy to the self In gracious twilights where his chosen lie."
asserting young soldier, his head turned by
# THE DIVINE COMEDY OF DANTE ALIGHIERI. Trans-
Junker flatterers, ostentatiously putting himself
lated by Charles Eliot Norton. I., HELL. Boston: Hough-
in opposition to his father and mother; his ton, Mifflin & Co.
subserviency to the Bismarcks; the awakening A TRANSLATION OF DANTE'S ELEVEN LETTERS. With
to his humiliating position ; his determination
Explanatory Notes and Historical Comments. By Charles
Sterrett Latham. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
to be master, and Bismarck's overthrow ; his
DANTE AND His IDEAL. By Herbert Baynes, M.R.A.S.
radical change of feeling and policy towards | New York: Macmillan & Co.,


1891.]
219
THE DIAL
And a year now rarely passes without the ap through the distance, and it seemed to me so high as I
pearance of some new study of, or other tribute
had not seen any. We rejoiced thereat, and soon it
turned to lamentation, for from the strange land a
to, the poet whose - masterful conciseness and
whirlwind rose, and struck the fore part of the vessel.
starlike purity of style " seem, when we are Three times it made her whirl with all the waters, the
beneath their spell, to put all other poets to fourth it made her stern lift up, and the prow go down,
shame.
as pleased Another, till the sea had closed over us."
The death of Mr. Lowell has left his friend, Professor Norton's work is provided with a
Professor Charles Eliot Norton, facile princeps brief Introduction, saying just those things
among American Dante scholars, and it is with that ought to be said, and with a very few
pleasure that we hail the appearance of the first foot-notes.
volume of his prose translation of the “ Com- Mr. Charles Sterrett Latham's translation
edy.” That the prose translations of Carlyle, of the eleven more or less authentic Latin let-
Dugdale, and Butler already exist need not ters of Dante is a work whose genesis calls for
concern us. There is room for all the transla a word of comment. Mr. Latham had the
tions, prose or verse, that reverence for Dante misfortune to be stricken with paralysis while
may inspire. And there is something in having a student of Harvard University in 1883. The
the whole work, together with the “ Vita Nu- shock was not fatal, but it made him an invalid
ova," done by a single hand. There is also for life. Under these adverse circumstances,
no little in the fact that Mr. Lowell read the he still persevered in his work, took his degree,
proofs of this translation (as far as into the and then looked about for something else to
" Purgatory ”), being engaged upon the work engage his attention. Being an enthusiastic
until “ he laid down the pencil forever from student of Dante, he determined to write for
his dear and honored hand.” Professor Nor the prize offered by the Dante Society, the
ton's main purpose has been to translate as subject proposed being a translation of Dante's
literally as consists with good English ; he has letters, with historical comments. Nearly two
measureably escaped the crabbedness that at years were given to the work, years which
tends the over-literality of Butler's prose and proved to be his last, for he died before he
Longfellow's blank verse. He is, on the other learned that the prize had been unanimously
hand, slightly more literal than Carlyle, as the awarded to his translation - even before he
following passage will illustrate :
had fully completed his commentary. The work
"Cinque volte racceso, e tante casso
has now been published under the editorial
Lo lume era di sotto della Luna,
supervision of Mr. G. R. Carpenter, and pro-
Poi ch' entrati eravam nell' alto passo,
Quando n'apparve una montagna, bruna
vided with an appreciative Introduction by Mr.
Per la distanza, e parvemi alta tanto
Charles Eliot Norton. It is a volume which
Quanto veduto non n'aveva alcuna.
exhibits exact and remarkable scholarship, and
Noi ci allegrammo, e tosto tornò in pianto;
Chè dalla nuova terra un turbo nacque,
makes an addition of easily appreciable value
E percosse del legno il primo canto.
to the library of the student of Dante. Mr.
Tre volte il fe' girar con tutte l'acque,
Latham's commentary takes the form of a
Alla quarta levar la poppa in suso,
E la prora ire in giù, com' altrui piacque,
series of essays upon the subjects most natur-
Infin che il mar fu sopra noi richiuso."
ally suggested by the letters. The most familiar
-(Inf. XXVI. 130-142.)
of all the letters, that to Can Grande, thus
Of this famous passage Carlyle gives us the fol-
suggests an historical essay on the Scaligers ;
lowing translation :
another suggests a similar treatment of the
“ Five times the light beneath the moon had been re-
Malaspina ; a third suggests an account of the
kindled and quenched as oft, since we had entered on
feud of Bianchi and Neri. The commentary,
the arduous passage, when there appeared to us a moun-
tain, dim with distance; and to me it seemed the high-
of course, far exceeds the text in amount, for
est I had ever seen. We joyed, and soon our joy was
the letter to Can Grande is the only one of
turned to grief ; for a tempest rose from the new land, considerable length, being about as long as the
and struck the forepart of our ship. Three times it other ten taken together. Mr. Latham's trans-
made her whirl round with all the waves; at the fourth,
lation is made in dignified English, and worthily
made the poop rise and the prow go down, as pleased
Another, till the sea was closed above us.”
reproduces the Latin of the great poet.
Professor Norton's version may now be given
The third volume on our list is a work of
for comparison :
small size and smaller value. It is entitled
- Dante and His Ideal," and Mr. Herbert
“Five times rekindled and as many quenched was
the light beneath the moon, since we had entered on the | Baynes is the author. It may be described as
deep pass, when there appeared to us a mountain dim! a collection of random reflections upon the


220
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
-
--
-
--
“ Divine Comedy,” thrown together in no par torical cosmos comprised in Mr. Bancroft's thirty-
ticular order, and forming an essay without nine volumes. In short, Mr. Bancroft's ample for-
any pretense to symmetry. The author's re-
tune was a talisman by virtue of which he trans-
flections are generally commonplace, and his
formed himself into a sort of selecting, transcribing,
book gives no evidence of scholarship. He
digesting, and arranging Briareus -- the hands, in
this case, being endowed with a share of individ-
makes a great many quotations, and generally
ual discretion with which they are to be distinctly
inserts their translations. Sometimes he makes
credited.
a translation of his own,— as, for example, of
“() voi ch'avete gl' intelletti sani,” which be-
In the whole history of kindred undertakings
comes “Oh ye, who have the steady brain.”
there is nothing more impressive, and in its moral
We would suggest - level head” as even better
effect more far-reaching and conclusive, than the
than - steady brain.” The most attractive
great westerly voyage of Ferdinand Magellan. The
voyages of Columbus and De Gama, though richer
feature of this little book is the reproduction,
in material results, in other respects dwindle away
as a frontispiece, of the portrait of Dante in
in comparison; and it is a curious circumstance that
the Bargello fresco.
we have had, up to the present time, no English life
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. of the Portuguese sailor who first circumnavigated
the globe, who named the greater part of its surface,
and stamped his own name indelibly on the earth and
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
sky. This biographical gap is acceptably filled by
Prof. F. H. H. Guillemard's “ Ferdinand Magellan”
UNDER the pertinent title “ Literary Industries” | in the “ World's Great Explorers ” series (Dodd).
(Harper), Mr. Hubert Howe Bancroft, of Cali Prof. Guillemard has evidently written con amore,
fornia, tells the not uninteresting story of his career and with the aim of furnishing an accurate and, so
as bookseller and publisher, of the evolution of the far as possible within his space limits, thorough life
“ Bancroft Library,' and of the inception, growth, l of the great explorer. The narrative of Magellan's
and completion of that useful and colossal piece of final voyage is extremely interesting. Upon one
literary joiner-work — a happy result, we are told, phase of his subject — the intellectual results of the
of the application of “business methods ” to liter circumnavigation of the globe -- we think the author
ary production—the “ History of the Pacific Coast.” might profitably have laid more stress. Before
Mr. Bancroft is a “ self-made man,” and, like all Magellan, an infallible church had declared ex
good workmen, takes a proper pride in his own cathedra the doctrine of the globular form of the
handiwork. One may almost envy him the feeling earth to be impious and heretical. To assert it
of self-content everywhere apparent in his book ; was to incur the odium theologicum, with its attend-
the ingenuous self-gratulation with which he, so to ant penalties. “It is impossible,” St. Augustine
speak, holds himself up to the light, turns himself had said, “there should be inhabitants on the oppo-
round and round, shakes hands with himself, and site side of the earth, since no such race is recorded
pats himself on the back with a paternal benedic by Scripture among the descendants of Adam.”
tion. A keener sense of humor would perhaps “ It is impossible," urged a kindred cosmographer,
have prevented an occasional indiscreteness in this “ because in the day of judgment, men on the other
direction. “How many of the works of authors,” ex side of a globe could not see the Lord descending
claims Mr. Bancroft, "may be attributed purely to through the air.” But even the authority of Lac-
accident! Had not Shakespeare been a play-actor we tanius and Augustine paled before the stubborn
might have had no Shakespeare's plays. Had not fact that Magellan's ship sailing from St. Lucar
Bunyan been imprisoned and Milton blind we might constantly to the westward had again dropped anchor
look in vain for the Pilgrim's Progress' and · Para- | at St. Lucar. The “Life of Magellan ”is liberally
dise Lost.' . . . . Although my · Native Races' supplied with maps, charts, and illustrations, and
cannot be called a chance creation, its publication as will be found quite as absorbing and infinitely more
my first work was purely accidental.” There are profitable than the ever popular tales of “hair-
numerous little instances of this sort, calculated, we breadth 'scapes” which owe their origin to fancy.
fear, to provoke a smile at the historian's expense.
Mr. Bancroft, it seems, went out to California in Miss AGNES REPPLIER's bright and piquant
the early days, and by dint of rare pluck, thrift, and essays, with which the readers of - The Atlantic
good management, built up a flourishing trade and Monthly " are pleasantly familiar, are collected in
amassed a fortune. The leisure thus honorably 1 a pretty volume entitled - Points of View" (Hough-
earned has been spent in making a stupendous col ton). These scattered papers are bound together
lection of books and documents relating to the by a thread of real gold — the very definite gospel
Coast; and, when there were no further worlds in that the author preaches, and her book practices :
this direction worth conquering, in organizing, drill- the gospel of giving pleasure to others. How re-
ing, and directing a force of literary workmen in freshing it is, in these days of fads and cults, to be
the task of reducing this historical chaos to the his- / told that we may enjoy humor for humor's sake


1891.]
221
THE DIAL
alone, unburdened with an obligation to hunt for a which he has studied the development of public
hidden moral beneath the pun; that we need not education in America, and in the opportunity he
put an esoteric meaning into Don Quixote, as Mr. furnishes us of comparing ourselves with others in
Shorthouse would have us do; that we may shake matters of educational management. Nearly all
our sides “over a jolly chapter of Rabelais," with the important aspects of educational theory and
out insisting that it contains his arraignment of his practice are here considered. Beginning with a
age; that Falstaff is still safe to us as a rolicking statement of the nature of public provisions for
knight, and is not to be considered a sermonizer in education in the three countries, the author passes
disguise! And in the chapter on “ Pleasure: a to the inspection of such forms of the new educa-
Heresy,” the sentence, “ That which is given us for tion as the Kindergarten, Manual Training, Science
our joy is ours as long as life shall last," assures us Schools, etc., discusses teachers, their training, and
that there is something serious as well as humorous the status of teaching as a profession, school organ-
in Miss Repplier's attitude. There is, indeed, a good izations and schoolhouses, compulsory education,
deal of the doctrine of art for art's sake, in the nine and various forms of extra-official education, such
papers that make up the book ; but it is an inspiring as natural history societies, summer schools, muse-
phase of the doctrine that we are taught,-natural ums, and the like. Not only all teachers and school
ism for naturalism's sake not being an article of the directors will want this book, but also all those who
writer's creed. It must be admitted that more than have an interest in any of the modern problems of
once Miss Repplier succumbs to the temptation to
to the temptation to education.
say something clever in place of something prosaic
that might yet be nearer the truth. But she does
MR. HENRY JONES's “ Browning as a Philo-
not fall often; and the lightness of her touch, her sophical and Religious Teacher ” (Macmillan) is
grace, her wit, her humor, and her sound sense,
a volume of the better sort of exposition. “To
make the book as delightful a one as may be found
estimate the value of what he has said, apart from
in a long summer's day.
the form in which he has said it,” is the author's
statement of what he has attempted to do for
A DAINTY booklet of two hundred odd pages, Browning's poetry. Having a mind inclined to
containing some two dozen of the brightest and dialectical subtleties and penetrated by a vein of
crispest of Charles Dudley Warner's recent papers mysticism, he has discoursed at great length upon
in the - Editor's Drawer” of “ Harper's Magazine," the philosophical aspect of Browning's thought, be-
is issued by the Messrs. Harper, under the title ing attracted chiefly to those poems that are the
“ As We Were Saying.” We are all familiar with less read, because the less poetical. The work is
Mr. Warner's pleasant way of putting things. He sympathetic, acute, and scholarly, evincing the clos-
Aits from topic to topic, from jest to earnest, as est familiarity with its subject and abounding in the
lightly as a humming-bird flits about in the shrub aptest of quotations. Yet we cannot say that it has
bery, seldom troubling the reader to seriously don a value in proportion to its elaboration. After all,
his thinking-cap, yet never condescending to actual Browning's philosophy was of the simplest, and only
nonsense. Matter and treatment are sufficiently appears complex because of the somewhat crabbed
indicated in the titles— The Red Bonnet,” “Social dialect in which it found expression. Mr. Jones
Screaming,” “ The Directoire Gown,” “ Chewing seems rather to have refined upon Browning's sub-
Gum,” “Shall Women Propose?” etc., etc. While tleties than to have reduced them to their lowest
Mr. Warner's book is certainly not of the sort that, terms. We fancy that the poet himself would have
as Lamb said of Milton, requires a solemn service been surprised at some of the meanings which the
of music before perusal, it is pungent and amusing,
author finds in his verses. But the subject is very
and meets the popular taste,-- and the popular taste ingeniously as well as readably worked out, al-
is a thing to be complied with. The illustrations, though a diffusiveness of treatment prevents the
by Harry W. McVickar and others, are capital in exposition from being impressive. We might sum
their way.
it all up by saying that the author accepts, and seeks
philosophically to justify, Browning's faith and ro-
The work entitled “ Teaching in Three Contin-
bust optimism.
ents” (Cassell ) is a comparative study of the school-
systems of Australia, America, and Europe. The The letters of Keats include, mingled with much
author, W. Catton Grasby, is an Australian, and that is puerile, some of the pleasantest pages in our
his work has been prepared from personal notes on epistolary literature. But we are not sure that we
the educational systems of the world ; the introduc- l go to the length of their latest editor, Mr. Sidney
tion to the American edition is by Professor W. T. Colvin, when he speaks of them, in his “ Letters of
Harris of the U. S. Bureau of Education. Ameri- | Keats to his Family" (Macmillan), as “ written in
cans have already been much indebted to foreigners an English which by its peculiar, alert, and varied
- notably to De Tocqueville and Bryce — for movement sometimes recalls, perhaps more closely
large-minded and comprehensive surveys of their than that of any other writer, the prose passages of
institutions. Mr. Grasby's name should be added · Hamlet' and · Much Ado about Nothing.'” Mr.
to this list for the highly discriminating manner in Colvin expresses the hope that his edition of the


222
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
correspondence may become the standard one, a education, and the number of writers is indeed few
hope that we should certainly echo had the letters of whom this may be said. So that Mr. Mather's
to Fanny Brawne found a place in the collection. book, with its careful and sympathetic analysis of
But their omission makes the hope a futile one. It | Ruskin's works, and its clear and concise exposition
is true that these letters are “in a different key" | of his philosophy of art, education, and life, is a vol-
from the rest, and that we read them with a sense ume of the most helpful sort. It briefly recounts
of eavesdropping.” It is perhaps also true that the story of Ruskin's life, and describes the influ-
they should never have been printed at all. But ences by which it was shaped. It discusses the
since they do exist in print, and since they exhibit teaching of Ruskin upon the great themes of social
one aspect of the poet's character, we should have science, education, art, and political economy. It
had them here, for, as Mr. Colvin very justly ob- also introduces quotations of a kind and a quality
serves, " the object of publishing a man's correspond calculated to attract the reader to whom Ruskin is
ence is not merely to give literary pleasure — it is as yet a sealed book, and to persuade him to seek
to make the man himself known." All the other the pages of the great teacher himself. Great as are
letters obtainable are here, to the number of 164, the faults of Ruskin's teaching, its truth is immeas-
including some letters or parts of letters not printedurably greater, and considerable as has already been
by Mr. Forman. They have been very carefully his influence, it is destined to become still more pro-
edited and dated, and the poet's peculiar punctua- found and far-reaching. No better book than the
tion and capitalization (although not his spelling) one now in question could be placed in the hands of
have been preserved. “ A few passages of mere a seriously-disposed young man or woman.
crudity, hardly more than two pages in all," have
been omitted, but no attempt has been made “to The new “ Life of Jane Welsh Carlyle" (C. L.
suppress those which betray the weak places in the Webster & Co.) by Mrs. Alexander Ireland is, on
writer's nature, his flaws of taste and training, his the whole, interesting reading. From a woman's
movements of waywardness, irritability, and morbid | standpoint, we now have the strange and tragic
suspicion." This is as it should be ; but why, we ask story of the wedded life of the two brilliant mortals
again, should the letters to Fanny Brawne be omit who were so mismated, and who were yet so su-
ted from a volume thus planned ?
premely worthy of all that was great and good in
each other. Certainly there is no lack of sympathy
Van Dyke's “ The Poetry of Tennyson ” (Serib in Mrs. Ireland's vivid recital of the story; and it
ner), already the best of the books dealing with our would be ungracious to say there is too much. But
greatest living English poet, has grown even better certainly there is too much sympathy expressed.
in its second edition, just issued. It has two new | The book is a labor of love on the part of one who
chapters,—one dealing with Tennyson's latest poems has ample materials and knows how to express her-
and called “Fruits from an Old Tree,” the other, self. But the best effect of the author's well-grouped
• On the Study of Tennyson," written in the form details is spoiled by a constant stopping to moralize.
of a letter to a young student and advisory of the It is no disparagement of the book to say it will be
best way of approaching Tennyson. This offers | read with perhaps more patience by women than by
an arrangement for the order of reading, with the men, and it is sufficient praise to add that its virtues
design of bringing together the poems most closely outweigh its faults.
related in manner and spirit. Also the Chronology
and the Notes on the literature of the subject have The third volume of “ Talleyrand's Memoirs ”
been revised and enlarged so that they now contain (Putnam) carries us from 1815 to 1830. The historic
the fullest and most accurate list of materials for | method of these memoirs is Talleyrand's own, and
study that has yet been prepared. In this latter is not difficult of analysis. He writes copiously and
task, Dr. Van Dyke has had the assistance of Lord | satisfactorily on what he sees fit; and when he does
Tennyson himself. The volume closes with a list not see fit, though the period be interesting and its
of biblical quotations and allusions found in the dark places in need of all the light he can throw on
works of Tennyson.
them, he gives us not a word. This is illustrated
by the way in which he at first disposed of the
A new edition of Mr. J. Marshall Mather's little question of the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, -he
book on “ John Ruskin: His Life and Teaching ” ignored the whole matter. And it is only in 1824,
(Warne) serves as a pretext for calling renewed twenty years after the murder, that he finally de-
attention to a useful volume. It is, as the author cides, spurred on by attacks made on his character,
says, “simply an outline of Ruskin's life and teach to give the entire story. In other words, the most
ing, intended for those who are purposing a careful interesting part of this volume was written long
and detailed study of his works.” To the question after the closing of the record of the year in which
whether such a " careful and detailed study" is ad- the episode belongs. It was no part of his original
visable, in view of the countless other demands made intention to discuss such a point. As to the point
upon the attention by the intellectual interests of the itself, Talleyrand makes out a plausible case, and
modern world, we must unhesitatingly answer in the seems to clear himself of responsibility. The only
affirmative. To study Ruskin is in itself a liberall trouble is that we have absolutely no means of know-


1891.]
223
THE DIAL
ing whether or not Talleyrand intended his memoirs Domain of Biology” — is partly omitted. More
to be accurate. It is the assumption that he did, than compensating for these omissions, however,
but then if we can believe of any man that he are two new chapters, “ The Antiquity of Man in
desires to hoodwink the generations that succeed | North America,” and “The Debt of Science to
him, we can believe it of Talleyrand. Mrs. Angus Darwin.” Professor Wallace carries his learning
Hall appears on the title page of this volume as , lightly, and writes with a due appreciation of the
translator.
needs and limitations of lay readers — to the more
A NEW volume in the “ Famous Women of the
intelligent of whom this volume is specially ad-
French Court" series (Scribner), devoted to “ Marie |
dressed.
- --- --
Antoinette at the Tuilleries" (1789-91), will be
IN “Adopting an Abandoned Farm” (Appleton),
welcomed by the readers of these popular books. | Kate Sanborn relates, with a good deal of humor,
Like its predecessors, the volume is a bundle of her experiences as tenant of an old-fashioned
lively episodes and pithy extracts, rather than a
farm-house in the old-fashioned village of "Goose-
continuous narrative,- the author, M. De Saint-
ville,” Conn., the eccentricities of the resident
Amand, appreciating the fact that modern readers
Goosevillians coming in, of course, for the lion's
prefer color and picturesque incident to Dryas- share of treatment. Miss Sanborn's book is a read-
dust's copious exactness. The period treated is a
able one of its kind; it has throughout quite a New
dramatic one, embracing the events clustering about England tang, and the author's ready sense of per-
the festival of the Federation, and the royal flight sonal oddities enlivens a theme somewhat worn.
to Varennes. The translation, by Elizabeth Gilbert
We may say that in respect of her own shortcomings
Martin, is in the main acceptable, though there is as 6 farmer" Miss Sanborn is frank enough. Being
at times an unpleasant stiffness or jerkiness of style, at bottom rather proud of it, “ city folks ” are not
due, no doubt, to over-literal rendering. The frontis-
unwilling to jest at their own ignorance of things
piece in this number is a charming group of Marie bucolic; it has a liberal air, and is not at all hu-
Antoinette and her children.
miliating.
The recent celebration of the six hundredth anni-
An announcement which will be of interest to his-
versary of the formation of the “ League of Per-
torical students is that of a new series of seminary
petual Alliance” between the cantons of Schwyz,
papers or monographs to be issued by the Depart-
Uri, and Unterwalden, in 1291, has called attention
ments of History and Economics in the University
to the development of the Swiss constitution and to of Nebraska. The first number, “ The Evolution
the Swiss struggle for independence. The volume of the Ordinance of 1787," by Prof. J. A. Barrett,
on Switzerland, by Lina Hug and Richard Stead, has just appeared, and is a valuable contribution to
in the “Story of the Nations " series (Putnam) is the literature of the subject. The writer's study of
of especial timeliness and value; although the
the great document, from its first conception to its
length of the period covered and the unusual com- final passage, is thorough; and while some of his
plexity of detail, necessary to a clear statement of conclusions are rather radical, his positions are well
Swiss history, make some of the chapters more like supported by citation of previous authorities. In his
a dictionary of names and dates than a story. But introduction to this series, the editor says: “It will
the volume is nevertheless an interesting one, and be the aim of the Seminary Papers, while not ex-
will well repay reading. The evolution of the Swiss cluding other topics, to deal mainly with questions
people is carefully traced, — “ from its prehistoric relating to Western history and economics." This
lakemen, with their almost unique series of settle first number is in admirable keeping with this pur-
ments, down through successive nationalities of pose. The series will be published by the Messrs.
Helvetians and Romans, Alamanni and Burgun Putnam.
dians, to the modern Germans, French, Italians, and
Romansch.” The book is illustrated with some fifty
It is twenty-four years since the first “ Woman's
well-chosen wood-engravings.
Club” was organized in America, and the move-
ment has now become so universal and prominent
The collection of papers on descriptive and theo that it has begun to develop a literature of its own.
retical biology, by Alfred Russell Wallace, published Olive Thorne Miller's “ The Woman's Club” (U.
by Macmillan & Co., under the title - Natural Se- S. Book Co.) gives some account of the early clubs,
lection and Tropical Nature,” consists mainly of a describes the various forms into which the club idea
reprint of two volumes of essays, already known has evolved, and aims also to furnish a practical
to many of our readers, “ Contributions to the guide and handbook for the assistance of beginners.
Theory of Natural Selection” (1870, now out of The author speaks from experience in describing
print), and - Tropical Nature and Other Essays," the chief obstacles to be encountered and the best
which appeared in 1878. In the present single ways of overcoming them, is eloquent over future
volume edition of these works, two papers are omit possibilities, and claims that the -- Woman's Club”
ted entirely -- " The Malayan Papilionidæ " and is the most useful as well as the most delightful
“ The Distribution of Animals as indicating Geo- of modern · Institutions.” The book will prove of
graphical Changes ;” and one —— “ By-Paths in the 1 interest and value to all members of these clubs.


224
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
Players Club of N. Y. (Illus.) Brander Matthews. Century.
Politics, Elements of. Woodrow Wilson. Dial.
Polygamy in Utah. C. S. Zane. Forum.
Prohibition and Labor. E. C. Pierce. Arena.
Protection or Free Trade. H. C. Lodge. Arena.
Reef-Knot Nets. (Illus.) William Churchill. Popular Science.
Roman Amphitheatres. (Illns.) C. 0. Ward. Cosmopolitan.
Russia and Americans. Sergius Stepniak, North American.
Russian Barbarities. North American.
Safe Deposit Companies. (Illus.) T. L.James. Cosmopolitan.
San Francisco Vigilance Committees. W. T. Coleman. Cent.
Sierra Madre Explorations. (Illus.) Carl Lumholtz. Scribner.
Servants. Mrs. M. E. W. Sherwood. North American.
Sherman's Letters to his Daughter. (Ilus.) Cosmopolitan.
Shipbuilding in America. C. H. Cramp. Forum.
Silver, Free. D. W. Voorhees. North American,
Silver Restoration. J. A. Grier. Lippincott.
Sioux Falls Divorce Colony. (Illus.) J. Realf, Jr. Arena.
Social Science in the Pulpit. John Habberton. Chatauquan.
Society, Origin of. J. J. Halsey. Dial.
Southern Women and the War. W.F. Tillett. Century.
Steel Manufacture. (Illus.) W. F. Durfee. Popular Science.
Sunday and the World's Fair. W. H. Armstrong. Arena.
Teachers, Pensioning of. Annie T. Smith. Educ'i Review.
Tolstoï at Home. Isabel F. Hapgood. Atlantic.
Trans-Saharian Railway. (Illus.) N. Ney. Scribner.
University Extension. C. H. Henderson. Popular Science.
U.S. Naval Apprentice System. (Illus.) A. B. Wyckoff. Scrib.
Wall Street, the Gambler's Paradise. E. Fawcett. Arena.
Washington Society. Miss L. B. Halsted. North American.
Windward Islands. (Illus.) W. H. Rideing. Cosmopolitan.
Woman Movement, The. Lucinda B. Chandler, Arena.
Women in English Politics. Justin McCarthy. North Am.
Women's Clubs in London. Elizabeth Pennell. Chatauquan.
Women's English University Life. Anne J. Clough, Forum.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
November, 1891.
Alfalfa Farming. (Illus.) J. B. Walker. Cosmopolitan.
Americans in Art. F. D. Millet. Century.
Australian Federation. Alfred Deakin. Scribner.
Bismarck. Emilio Castelar. Arena.
Booth, James Curtis. (With portrait.) Popular Science.
Botany, Economic. G. L. Goodale. Popular Science.
Buonarotti. (Illus. by Cole.) W. J. Stillman. Century.
Business Prospects. North American.
Cairo in 1890. (Illus.) Constance F. Woolson. Harper.
California Educational Endowments. Overland.
California Horse Farms. (Illus.) Overland.
Cancers and Tumors. B. F. Curtis. Harper.
Census Lessons. C. D. Wright. Popular Science.
Chicago. (Illus.) Charles King. Cosmopolitan.
Confucius, Ethics of. W. G. Benton. Popular Science.
College, Policy of the Small. Pres. Hyde. Educational Rer.
Colonial Domestic Life. (Illus.) E. E. Hale. Chatauquan.
Colonial Love-Letters. Anne H. Wharton. Lippincott.
Colonial Town-Meeting. A. B. Hart. Chatauquan.
Country Roads. I. B. Potter. Forum.
Cremation. Anna C. Carey. Chatauquan.
Dante Literature, Recent. W. M. Payne. Dial.
Debts, Public and Private. R. P. Porter. North American.
Decimal System. W. B. Smith. Educational Review.
Dickens's Letters to Wilkie Collins. Harper.
Doubters and Dogmatists. J. T. Bixby. Arena.
Dutch Pictures and Costumes. (Illus.) Geo. Hitchcock. Scrib.
Education, Literature of. W. H. Maxwell. Educational Rev.
Education, Practical. E. H. Woodruff. Overland.
Europe, Dangers to Peace of. E. A. Freeman. Forum.
Europe's Armed Truce. W. R. Thayer. Forum.
Farmers' Alliance Danger. J. T. Morgan. Forum.
Food Adulteration. G. L. Spencer. Chatauquan.
Food-Supply of the Future. W. 0. Atwater. Century.
Foot-Ball. Frederick Weir. Lippincott.
French Novels and Life. Madame Adam. North American.
Geology, Teaching of. R. T. Hill. Popular Science.
German Empire and Emperors. C. H. Cooper. Dial.
Gwin and Seward : Some Ante-Bellum History. Overland.
Hamlin, Hannibal. Enoch Knight. Overland.
Heine, Heinrich. W. E. Simonds. Dial,
Holmes's Prose Writings. E. G. Johnson. Diai.
Indian, The. J. B. Thayer. Atlantic.
Italy and the Pope. Signor Crispi. North American.
Jackson, “Stonewall.” (Illus.) H. M. Field. Harper.
Jefferson, Thomas. C. J. Little. Chatauquan.
Journalism and Literature. W. J. Stillman. Atlantic.
King's River Canon. (Illus.) John Muir. Century.
Law, Administration of. E. A. Clark. Overland.
Libraries of Pacific Coast. (Illus.) F. H. Clark. Overland.
Life in Elevations. Popular Science.
Lincoln Reminiscences. J. M. Scovel. Overland.
London of Elizabeth. (Illus.) Walter Besant. Harper.
Long Island, Battle of. (Illus.) J.C. Ridpath. Chatauquan.
Lowell. G. E. Woodberry. Century.
Lowell as a Teacher. Scribner.
Lowell's Americanism. (With portrait.) Joel Benton. Cent.
Lowell's Legacy to His Country. Century.
Mangan, James Clarence. Louise Guiney. Atlantic.
Massachussetts, Lobby in. Josiah Quincy. Forum.
Mazzini's Letters. Edited by Stephen Pratt. Century.
Menzell, Adolf. (Hlus.) Carl Marr. Century.
Militia Service. Horace Porter. Cosmopolitan.
Money and Finance. J. H. Cowperthwaite. Lippincott.
Municipal Government. Ex-Mayor of Boston. North Am.
New Testament Symbolisms. S. P. Waite. Arena.
Niebenlungen-Lied, The. (Illus.) A. Ten Brook. Chutauquan.
Ocean Steamship as Freight Carrier. (Illus.) Scribner.
Ornaments. (Ilus.) Frederick Start. Popular Science.
Oxford Schools. S. E. Winbolt. Atlantic
Pacific States' Commercial Future. W. L. Merry. Forum.
Painting, Origin of. M. L. Popoff. Popular Science.
Pennsylvania Politics. Herbert Welsh. Forum.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[The following list includes all books received by THE DIAL
during the month of October, 1891.]
ILLUSTRATED HOLIDAY BOOKS.
The Women of the French Salons. By Amelia Gere Ma-
son. Profusely illus., 4to, pp. 286, gilt top. Century Co.
Boxed, $6.00.
The Makers of Florence: Dante, Giotto, Savanorola, and
their City. By Mrs. Oliphant. Extra illustrated edition,
with portrait of Savonarola, and 50 wood engravings.
Large 8vo, pp. 422, gilt top, uncut. Macmillan & Co. sti.
Leaves from an Artist's Field-Book: Poems and Illustra-
tions. By Wedworth Wadsworth. Oblong 4to, full gilt.
D. Lothrop Co. $4.00.
Point Lace and Diamonds. By George A. Baker, Jr., au-
thor of "West Point." With 12 fac-simile water-colors
by F. A. Day, and other illus'ns. 4to, gilt top. F. A.
Stokes Co. In box, $3.50.
The Complete Angler; or, The Contemplative Man's Re-
creation. By Izaak Walton and Charles Cotton. With
an Introduction by James Russell Lowell. In 2 vols.,
illus., 12mo, gilt tops. Little, Brown & Co. $3,00.
Four French women: Mademoiselle de Corday, Madame
Roland, The Princesse de Lamballe, Madame de Geulis.
By Austin Dobson. Illus., 12mo, pp. 207, uncut, gilt top.
Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.00.
The One moss Shay, with its Companion Poems, How the
Old Horse Won the Bet, and The Broomstick Train. By
Oliver Wendell Holmes. Hlus. by Howard Pyle, 12mo,
pp. 80, gilt top. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Leather, $1.50.
Watch! Ho, Watch! on Life's Deep Sea! By Elizabeth
N. Little. Illus. in monotint, oblong. Dodd, Mead &
Co. In box, $3.50.
The Secrete Log-Boke of Christopher Columbus. Noted
and Written by Himself in the year 1492–3; Fished up
on the 14th of Aug., 1890, and Imitated after the original
Log-Boke. Brentano's. In box, $2.50.
Grandfather Grey. By Kate Tannatt Woods. Illus., oblong
4to, full gilt. Lee & Shepard. In box, $2.00.


1891.]
225
THE DIAL
Elizabethan Songs in Honour of Love and Beautie. Col-
lected and Illustrated by Edmund H. Garrett. With an
Introduction by Andrew Lang. 21 full-page photograv-
ures and many text illus'ns. Svo, pp. 178, uncut. Little,
Brown, & Co. $6.00.
The Arabian Nights Entertainments. Adapted for Ameri-
can Readers, with introduction by William Elliot Griffis,
author of "The Mikado's Empire." In 4 vols. 40 full-
page illus’ns. D. Lothrop Co. $6.00.
Snow-Bound: A Winter Idyll. By J. G. Whittier. With
etched portrait and photogravure illus'ns. 16mo, pp. 43.
Houghton, Miffin & Co. $1.50.
Drift from the Sea of Life. By C. McKnight Smith. Illus.
in monotint, oblong 4to. F. A. Stokes Co. Boards, boxed,
$2.50.
Westminster Abbey. By W. J. Loftie, B.A., author of
* Windsor Castle.” Illus. by Herbert Railton. New
edition, 8vo, pp. 319. Macmillan & Co. $2.25.
An Old Sweetheart of Mine. By James Whitcomb Riley.
Illus. in color, oblong, gilt edges. Bowen-Merrill Co. $2.50.
Near to Nature's Heart. By E. P. Roe. Holiday edition,
illus. by F. Dielman. 8vo, pp. 451, full gilt. Dodd, Mead
& Co. In box, $2.50.
The Haunted Pool (La Mare au Diable;. From the French
of George Sand, by F. H. Potter. Illus. by Rudeaux.
8vo, pp. 180, uncut. Dodd, Mead & Co. Paper, $1.75.
A Marriage for Love. By Ludovic Halévy, author of
“The Abbé Constantin." Translated by Frank Hunter
Potter. Illus. by Wilson de Meza. 8vo, pp. 170, uncut.
Dodd, Mead & Co. Paper, $1.75.
Mr. Zinzan of Bath; or, Seen in an Old Mirror. By Mary
Dean. Illus., sm. 4to, pp. 192. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
Maud, Locksley Hall, and Other Poems. By Tennyson.
Vignette edition, illus., 12mo, pp. 384. F. A. Stokes Co.
Orchid binding, $1.50.
Songs of the Sea. Illus. in monotint by Reynolds Beal.
Oblong 4to. F. A. Stokes Co. Boards, boxed, $1.50.
Carmen: The Song of the Toreador. Illus. by F. M. Greg-
ory. 4to, full gilt. Brentano's. In box, $1.50.
Onward, Christian Soldiers. Illus. by F. M. Gregory. 4to,
full gilt. Brentano's. In box, $1.50.
Magnificat. Illus. by F. M. Gregory. 4to, full gilt. Bren-
tano's. In box, $1.50.
The Baby's Biography: An Illustrated Record Book. By
A. 0. Kaplan. Illus. by Frances Brundage. 4to, full
gilt. Brentano's. In box, $3.75.
Literary Gems, Third Series : Lyrics of Browning ; The
Legend of Sleepy Hollow, by Irving ; Pre-Raphaelitism,
by Ruskin ; The Ancient Mariner, by Coleridge ; Speeches
on America, by John Bright; Education of Children, by
Montaigne. Each in 1 vol., with frontispiece, gilt top.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. Per yol., boxed, 75 cts.
The Albany Depot. By W. D. Howells. Illus., 18mo, pp.
68. Harper's “Black and White Series.” 50 cts.
The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, May, 1891,
to Oct., 1891. Sm. 4to, pp. 960, gilt top. Century Co. $3.
A Calendar of Sonnets. By Helen Jackson (H. H.). Illus.
by Bayard and Garrett. 12mo, full gilt. Roberts Bros. $2.
The Sea of Life Calendar, for 1892. By C. McKnight Smith.
Illus. in color, oblong. F. A. Stokes Co. Boxed, $2.50.
The Society Calendar. Twelve fac-similes of water-colors
by Francis Day. F. A. Stokes Co. Boxed, $1.75.
The Mother Goose Calendar: Twelve fac-similes of water-
colors by Maud Humphrey. F. A. Stokes Co. Boxed,
$1.50.
The Surprise Calendar. Twelve fac-similes of water-colors
by Mrs. Pauline Sunter, tied with silk ribbon. F. A.
Stokes Co. In box, 75 cts.
Shaped Figure Calendars: In Three Styles, each repre-
senting four Child Figures, after water-colors by Maud
Humphrey. F. A. Stokes Co. Each, 50 cts.
The Divorce of Catharine of Aragon : The Story told by
Ambassadors resident at the Court of Henry VIII. By
J. A. Froude. Svo, pp. 476, gilt top. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $2.50.
Spanish Institutions of the Southwest. By Frank W.
Blackmar, Ph.D. Illus., 8vo, pp. 353. Johns Hopkins
Press. $2.00.
The Swiss Republic. By Boyd Winchester. With map,
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Harmony of Ancient History, and Chronology of the
Egyptians and Jews. By Malcolm MacDonald, A.M.
8vo, pp. 301. J. B. Lippincott Co. $2.00.
The Sabbath in Puritan New England. By Alice Morse
Earle. 16mo, pp. 335. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
BIOGRAPHY.
Patrick Henry : Life, Correspondence, and Speeches. By
William Wirt Henry. With portrait. Vol. I., 8vo, pp.
623, gilt top, uncut. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $4.00.
My Threescore Years and Ten: An Autobiography. By
Thomas Ball, A.M.