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This edition contains a new Preface written expressly Virginia Cookery-Book. Compiled by Mary S. Smith, for it by the author, and an Appendix embracing matter Pp. 352. Harper & Bros. $1.50. of peculiar interest to American readers, especially to The Kitchen; or, Every Day Cookery. Containing many spiritualists. Useful Practical Directions, Recipes, etc.; with nu. merous Engravings, showing how to carve, etc. Pp. 104, Paper. Rand, McNally & Co. 25 cents. *** For sale by all booksellerx. Sent by mail, post-paid, or receipt of price by the publishers, ** Books in this list will be sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price, ercept those marked "net" (which require ten per cent. additional for postage), by JANSEN, MCCLURG & Co., Chicago, HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & Co., BOSTON AND NEW YORK 1885.] THE DIAL 59 NEW BOOKS. RECENT PUBLICATIONS. SAPPHO. LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. Memoir, Text, Selected Renderings, and a Literal Trans. lation, by H. T. WHARTON, M.A., with beautiful en- graved bead of Sappho, after the celebrated painting by Alma Tadema. Handsomely printed by Whitting. ham, at the Chiswick Press, on hand-made laid paper. 190 pages, 16mo, prettily bound in parchment extra, gilt top, uncut. Price, $1.75 net. By mail, $1.80. The book consists of two parts. The first gives a popu. lar account of all that is known of Sappho's history. The second contains the original text of every fragment of her writings that has come down to us, together with a literal English prose translation, and all the better ren. derings into English verse that have been made of them. Mr. Wharton has had the assistance of Mr. J. Addington Symonds. The aim has been to set before English readers every fact and legend of Sappho's life, and every proof of her genius that is within reach of modern scholarship; to make, indeed, unfamiliarity with Aeolic Greek no longer a bar to understanding the grounds on which she has been held so supreme an artist for two thousand years. No similarly exhaustive attempt has ever been made. By the Hon. ISAAC N. ARNOLD, author of “Life of Bene- dict Arnold,” etc. 8vo, with new portrait on steel. Price, $2.50. “It is the only Life of Lincoln thus far published that is likely to live; the only one that has any serious preten. sions to depict him with adequate veracity, completeness and dignity.”- New York sun. LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. As above, special edition, carefully printed on larger and finer paper, and limited to three liundred and seventy. five copies. With India proof impressions of portrait. Price, $4.50 net. “The book is decidedly the best and most complete Life of Lincoln that has yet appeared."--The Contemporary Re- view, London. THE BOOK-LOVER. A Guide to the Best Reading. By JAMES BALDWIN, Ph.D. Author of “ English Literature and Literary Criti. cism," etc. 16.no, gilt top. Price, $1.25. " We know of no work of the kind which gives so much needful information in so small a space.”-Evening Tele- gran, New York. THE BOOK-LOVER. CAMP-FIRE, MEMORIAL-DAY, AND OTHER POEMS. By Mrs. KATE BROWNLEE SHERWOOD. 16mo, 212 pages. Cloth. Plain, $1, or, cloth, full gilt, $1.50. This book has been looked for with peculiar interest. It is doubtful if any single writer has so adequately pre- served in verse the spirit and memories of the war as Mrs. Sherwood. Her poems depict the uprising of the North, the arming for the field, the march, the fight, the chargo, the repulse, the loss of comrades, grief, heroism, and final victory--the shifting lights and shadows of soldier-life-and are at once simple, strong, and effective. "These poems are filled with the breath of the bugle, and their brisk rhythm moves to the tap of the drum.”- Herald, Chicago. “Mrs. Sherwood has something more than the mere knowledge of metre; she has a heart that is very tender, sympathy very wide, rich imagination, and keen well. trained intellect. These are qualities that often spoil a poet, but they are, with poetry, a part of herself. * * * It is by her war poems that she will be longest remem- bered. There is a rhyme and ring to them that will make them favorites with the new generation; they will bring sobs and tears to the swift-melting ranks of the men whose glory they recall."--Post, Toledo. As above, special edition, carefully printed on larger and finer paper, and limited to three hundred and fifty copies. Price, $2.50 net. " Sound in theory and in practical point of view. The courses of reading laid down are made of good books, and, in general, of the best."-Independent, New York. LIFE OF LISZT. Translated from the German of Louis Nohl, by GEO. P. UPTON. 12mo, 198 pages. With portrait. Price, $1.25. “It is more than a mere biography of the great musi. cian: it is a comprehensive, sympathetic review of his personal and musical characteristics, and is a thoroughly entertaining volume from beginning to end." - Posi, Boston. THE SURGEON'S STORIES. From the Swedish of Prof. Topelius, and comprising Times of Gustaf Adolf, Times of Battle and Rest, Times of Charles XII., Times of Frederick I., Times of Linnæus, Times of Alchemy. Per volume, price, $1.25. The six volumes in box, price, $7.50. « For strong and vivid scenes, dramatic power and effect, for novelty and enthusiastic interest, the stories are masterpieces. They ouglit to be read by every lover of fiction. Boston Globe. "The most important and certainly the most readable series of foreign fiction that has been translated into English for many years.”-New York Mail and Express. THE SHADOW OF THE WAR. A Story of the South in Reconstruction times. Price, $1.25. " In no recent fiction of the kind do we remember more graphic, and, we believe, more truthful pictures of the turbulent life with which it deals. There is power in it. and there is humor and pathos, and there is not, as far as we have observed, the least political animosity."--Mail and Express, New York. ENGLISH LITERATURE. Familar Talks on English Literature. By ABBY SAGE RICHARDSON. Fourth edition. Price, $1.75. " What the author proposed to do was to convey to her readers a clear idea of the variety, extent and richness of English literature. * * * She has done just what she intended to do and done it well."-Richard Henry Stoddard, in Evening Mail, New York. THE FUTURE OF EDUCATED WOMEN; and MEN, WOMEN, AND MONEY. Two Essays by Mrs. HELENEKIN STARRETT and Mrs. FRANCES EKIN ALLISON. Square 16mo. Price, 50 cts, “Mrs. Starrett's article (Future of Educated Women) is strong in its argument, stirring in its appeal for justice. and written in the modest, womanly method that makes it very effective. * * * Men, Women and Money.' the closing essay of the volume, is a thoughtful essay abounding in valuable suggestions.”- Inter-Ocean. Sold by all booksellers, or mailed post-paid on receipt of price by the publishers, JANSEN, MCCLURG & COMPANY, cor. Wabash Ave. and Madison St., Chicago. 60 [June, 1885. THE DIAL EAGLE PENCILS, INSURE IN THE TRAVELERS ALL STYLES, ALL GRADES, ALL DEGREES FOR EVERY PRACTICAL USE. EAGLE ROUND GOLD AND HEXAGON GOLD, Nos, 1, 2, 2 1-2, 3, 4, 5. FINE ARTS, made in 15 degrees: BBBBBB (Softest), BBBBB BBBB BBB BB B HB FHB F (Medium), H HH HHH HHHH HHHHH HHHHHH (Hardest). Finely Graded; Durable in Uso. Finest and Best Pencils inade for the use of Artists, Engineers, Draughts. men, Engravers and those who require a Reliable Pencil. Made from the Very Best Graphite; Free from all Grit; Evenness of Stroke; Smoothness of Work; Erasable with our Diamond Rubbers. EAGLE RECORDER, EAGLE MERCANTILE. Charcoal and Colored CRAYONS. SLATE PENCILS in wood. PENHOLDERS and ERASERS. EAGLE AUTOMATIC PENCILS, with Copying Ink, Black and Colored Leads. EAGLE AUTOMATIC DROP PENCIL, new and very convenient. MAGIC KNIVES. Something new; very convenient. OF HARTFORD, CONN. Principal Accident Company of America. Largest in the World. Has paid its Policy- Holders over $10,000,000. 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" It is the only life of Lincoln thus far published that is likely to live; the only one that has any ITS ACCIDENT POLICIES serious pretensions to depict him with adequate Indemnify the Business or Professional Man or Farmer veracity, completeness and dignity."- New York for his Profits, the Wage-Worker for his Wages, lost from Accidental Injury, and guarantee Principal Sum in case Sun. of Death. NO MEDICAL EXAMINATION REQUIRED. Per. mits for Foreign Travel and Residence FREE to holders of “Mr. Arnold succeeded to a singular extent in as- Yearly Accident Policies. suming a broad view and judicious voice of posterity Paid 17,850 Accident Claims in 1884, amounting to $949,478.51, or over $3,000 for every working day. and exhibiting the greatest figure of our time in its OVER ONE IN SEVEN of all insured against accidents in true perspective.”- New York Tribune. 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The work is no mere jumble of stories FOR EVERY PRACTICAL USE. or anecdotes, no tiresome sketch of the skeleton of administrative acts; it is a scholarly, philosophical treatise on the true position, the words, deeds, the EAGLE ROUND GOLD AND HEXAGON GOLD, far-seeing statesmanship, the consistent policy of Nos. 1, 2, 2 1-2, 3, 4, 5. Lincoln.”—Buffalo Times. FINE ARTS, made in 15 degrees: Sold by all booksellers, or mailed postpaid on receipt BBBBBB (Softest), BBBBB BBBB BBB BB B HB FHB F (Medium), H HH HHH HHHH HHHHH | PU y me pushers, HHHHHH (Hardest). Finely Graded; Durable in Use. Finest and Best Pencils made for the use of Artists, Engineers, Dr men. Engravers and those who require a Reliable Pencil. Made from the Very Best Graphite; Free from all Grit; Cor. Wabash Ave. and Madison St., Chicago. Evenness of Stroke; Smoothness of Work; Erasable with our Diamond Rubbers. EAGLE RECORDER, EAGLE MERCANTILE. Charcoal and Colored CRAYONS. SLATE PENCILS in wood. 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HARPER'S CATALOGUE mailed, postage prepaid, on receipt of Ten Cents. HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. 64 [July, 1885. THE DIAL D. APPLETON & CO. “CHINESE” GORDON'S JOURNALS. HAVE JUST PUBLISHED: I. VOLUME TWO OF MCMASTER'S “HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES." A HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES. From the Revolution to the Civil War. By JOHN BACH MCMASTER. Vol- ume Two, 8vo, 676 pages, cloth, gilt top. Price, $2.50. The second volume of McMaster's “ History of the Peo. ple of the United States " extends from 1790 to 1804, includ. ing the greater part of the administration of Washington, all of that of Adams, and the first term of Jefferson. It will be found to be a singularly vivid and stirring pic. ture of the period, throwing not a little new light on marly political questions, and affording an insight into the manners and social condition of the people not else. where to be found; while some of its portraits of leading men are likely to provoke considerable discussion. JOURNAL OF EVENTS AT KHARTOUM. BY GENERAL CHARLES GEORGE GORDON. With an Introductory Narrative of Events; a number of Notes by Mr. A. Egmont Hake, cousin of General Gordon, and author of a biography of him; and several appendices, includ. ing letters to General Gordon from the Mahdi, and other documents of great interest. Illustrated with a portrait of General Gordon, Maps, and a number of Diagrams from General Gordon's sketches. In one volume, crown 8vo, $2.00. The remarkable character of General Gordon and of his mission to Khartoum and theintense interest felt through. out the civilized world in his enterprise and his fate, can. not fail to secure instant and eager attention to his Journals from a multitude of readers. BY SHORE AND. SEDGE. SHORT STORIES BY BRET HARTE, Author of “The Luck of Roaring Camp," etc. “Little Classic" style. 18mo. $1.00. 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APPLETON & CO., Publishers, *** For sale by all booksellers. “ Sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price by the publishers, HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & Co., BOSTON AND NEW YORK. 1, 3. & 5 Bond Street, New York. THE DIAL - - --- . ------- -- ------ --- Vol. VI. JULY, 1885. No. 63. the colonies, and in enacting the writs of assist- ance, the stamp act, and other oppressive measures, the great body of the loyalists held CONTENTS. similar opinions with the whigs. Concerning SAMUEL ADAMS. W. F. Poole ......... 65 the abstract right of Parliament to tax the colonies, they differed radically. Hutchinson, TAE QUEST FOR THE PRIMEVAL EDEN. Martin L. D'Ooge . . . . . . . . . . in 1764, wrote to the home government that . . . . . . . 67 N. P. WILLIS. Egbert Phelps .......... 68 “it must be prejudicial to the national inter- MARK PATTISON. Melville B. Anderson ..... est to impose parliamentary taxes. The ad- NEW STUDIES IN POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCI. vantages promised by the increase of revenue ENCE. Albert Shaw ............. 72 are all delusive. You will lose more than you BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . 75 will gain. Britain already reaps the profit of Lansdell's Russian Central Asia.-Tromholt's all their trade and the increase of their sub- Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis.-Miss stance.” The collision of parties came about Scidmore's Journeys in Alaska.--Saltus's The Phi. through the methods of seeking redress. The losophy of Disenchantment.–The Diary of David whigs advocated forcible resistance. The Zeisberger.- Darmesteter's The Mahdi, Past and Present.-Clifford's Common Sense of the Exact loyalists believed that the causes of complaint Sciences.---Briggs's American Presbyterianism, Its were exaggerated, and that such relief as was Origin and Early History:-Torrey's Birds in the needed could be had by petition, remonstrance, Bush.-General Gordon, the Christian Hero.- and patient waiting. Unity Songs Re-Sung.---Lane-Poole's Selections The name of Sam Adams will live as the from the Prose Writings of Swift.-Bailey's Talks Afield.--Parkman's Historic Hand-Book of the man who conceived, at a very early period in Northern Tour.-Cox's Lives of Greek Statesmen. the controversy, the idea of absolute independ- LITERARY NUTES AND NEWS . . . . . . . . 80 ence of the mother country; and, by means of TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS FOR JULY 81 his town-meeting, his “committee of corre- BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 81 spondence,” and his most adroit and persistent efforts as a newspaper contributor and politi- cian, worked up a public sentiment in that di- SAMUEL ADAMS.* rection before he avowed his purpose, or even The Life of Samuel Adams by Professor acknowledged it to his friends. He was a Hosmer is the most noteworthy of the biograph- natural democrat, and liked to have his chris- ical sketches which have appeared in the excel tian name abbreviated to “Sam.” Although lent series of “American Statesmen.” There is educated at Harvard College, his associations something striking and exceptional in the im- , and chief influence were with the working partiality and historical accuracy with which | men. With Bow doin, Cushing, Hancock, and the author has discussed the character and Otis, who were rich men, he had only such rela- conduct of the prominent men on both sides of tions as political interests made necessary. His the controversy which preceded the outbreak well-known poverty, plain dress and simplicity of the Revolution. It has been the fashion of 1 of manners made him a favorite with mechan- American writers to praise everything done ics and the craftsmen in the ship-yards. They by Sam Adams and his Boston town-meeting, would rally at a moment’s notice whenever he and to condemn without stint the conduct of needed their lusty voices and brawny arms at Hutchinson and the loyalists; yet statesmen the Liberty Tree or in Faneuil Hall. and mere politicians, saints and sinners, are His enemies accused him of having been a defaulter while he was one of the tax-col- not to be sorted out and classified in this manner. There was a good deal of sheer lectors, from 1756 to 1764. A sufficient demagogism on the side of the patriots, and refutation to the accusation is in the fact that some sound and conservative statesmanship on his fellow-citizens, knowing all the circum- the side of the loyalists. We are now far stances, elected him to higher offices. Recent investigations have shown that a large amount enough removed from the American Revolu- of taxes were not paid, and more energetic tion and its causes to discuss the men and measures of that period more dispassionately men were appointed for the service. He evi- than they have hitherto been treated. Pro- dently did not make a good tax-collector; but fessor Hosmer is entitled to the credit of being there was nothing in the circumstances which reflected on his personal character. Nobody the latest impartial writer in this broader and knew him better than Governor Hutchinson, more truthful school of criticism. and the British Government made of Hutch- As to the impolicy of Parliament in taxing inson the inquiry why the influence of Samuel *SAMUEL ADAMS. By James K. Hosmer. (“American " | Adams was not secured by giving him an Statesmen " series.) Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 66 [Jul 1, THE DIAL office. Hutchinson replied: “Such is the ob- his public messages and speeches. Professor stinacy and inflexible disposition of the man, Hosmer has told the story without reserve, that he can never be conciliated by any office and has made a vindication of the personal or gift whatever."* Although incorruptible on character of Hutchinson, which has been the the side where public men are so vulnerable, subject of ignorant and malignant criticism and a rigid Puritan in his religious convictions, by American writers during the past century. a more consummate politician and artist in the | Dr. Franklin was late in accepting the idea management of public meetings and of masses of independence, and he employed his great of citizens probably never lived. There was influence in thwarting the policy which was no sort of strategy he did not use, and his so near the heart of Sam Adams. In the theory of political action seemed to be that summer of 1773, Franklin wrote to Boston “the end justifies the means.” Hence he deprecating “the influence of the violent spirits was tricky and unscrupulous in his methods. who were for a rupture with the mother coun- Some casuistry is needed to make the aver try”—a statement which pointed directly to ments of Sam Adams in public resolutions Sam Adams, who cordially entertained a simi- square with his real intentions. It may be lar distrust of Dr. Franklin. IIe thought that said that he was not expressing his own the Doctor, who was holding the important views, but those of the body whom he repre crown office of deputy Postmaster-General sented. His Puritan conscience must have of the colonies, and whose illegitimate son, had a twinge when, in writing articles for the William Franklin, was the Royal Governor of newspapers, or coining resolutions for public New Jersey, was not in a position to pass bodies, he was profuse in expressions of rever judgment on the conduct and opinions of Sam ence for the King, and scoffed at the charge | Adams. The one who, when a boy, advised that the colonies were seeking independence. his father to say grace over a whole barrel of He wanted to put in the front John Hancock, beef, and save the trouble of asking a blessing who was the richest young man in Boston, over each separate piece as it came upon the and was inclined to be conservative. His table, was not the man with whom the stern re- method was to write an oration for Hancock, ligious nature of Sam Adams could have much who was not competent to do it for himself, sympathy. His reputation as a man of the world and to have Hancock deliver it on the anni- | and of easy morals had brought him under versary of the Boston Massacre. It was an suspicion in Massachusetts; yet Adams acqui- admirable oration, and brought Hancock much esced in his appointment as agent in England, credit. During its delivery, Sam Adams sat and had the satisfaction of drafting a long let- on the platform as moderator, and when the ter of instructions to the new agent containing applause had subsided he rose and in the name a recapitulation of the grievances for which of the town of Boston thanked the orator for the agent was to seek redress. Hutchinson in “his elegant and spirited oration.” “Nothing sending the dispatch named the author, call- for himself and everything for the cause” was ing him “all in all, the great incendiary the principle which animated him. leader.” In 1773, Dr. Franklin, then in England, sent Sam Adams's shrewdness as a political man- to the Massachusetts Assembly, under the ager was nowhere more conspicuous than in pledge of secrecy, a parcel of letters written the appointment of delegates to the first Con- some years before by Governor Hutchinson tinental Congress held at Philadelphia, in 1774. and several other loyalists to their correspond- Hutchinson had been driven out of Boston, and ents in England. These letters made a great had gone to England. General Gage was his excitement and had much influence in deep successor as Governor, and the sessions of the ening the prejudice against Hutchinson, and General Court had been removed from the in causing the outbreak in 1775. The transac turbulent atmosphere of Boston to Salem, where tion, on the part of Dr. Franklin and those they could be under the imm they could be under the immediate eye of the who made use of them, was most discreditable Governor, who was ready to prorogue the to all concerned. No one was more culpable in assembly in case an attempt was made to ap- the matter than Sam Adams, who knew there point delegates to Philadelphia. There was a was nothing in the letters written by Hutchin number of loyalists in the body who were eager son which he had not repeatedly expressed in to give the Governor warning if any such at- tempt was made. Adams in the mildest man- * The modern meaning of the word “defalcation "_"a ner talked about reconciliation and went around breach of trust by one who has the charge or management of money"-was not formerly its signification. The pri. counting his men and bringing over those who mary and earlier meaning of the word was “a failure to were wavering. It seemed to an observer as perform a contract,” or, in other words, to be in default. if he had given up the contest which he had so When Hutchinson, in his “History of Massachusetts," said that Sam Adams "made defalcation,” he meant to long waged. “The old cat,” says Professor say that Adams, having been chosen to collect the taxes, Hosmer, “purred of conciliation with half- closed, sleepy eyes, until the doubtful men never attended to his own financial affairs was ever ap. pointed a tax-collector. | were completely deceived.” When a reliable did not perform the duty. The wonder is that one who 1885.] 67 THE DIAL majority was secured, Sam Adams, as chair | THE QUEST FOR THE PRIMEVAL EDEN.* man of the committee on the state of the Province, caused the door to be locked, and A serious effort to prove that the Eden of charged the doorkeeper to let no one in or out. the human race was situated at the North A series of resolutions providing for the ap Pole may well provoke a smile of incredulity. pointment of five delegates to meet delegates Dr. Warren writes with the spirit of earnest from other colonies at Philadelphia on the first conviction ; “ of the correctness of his posi- of September was brought forward. The tion he has no doubt, and of the preparedness House was in an uproar at once, and tory of the scientific world to accept it he is also members sought to leave the hall to inform the confident.” Such faith will remove mountains, Governor of what was going on, Sam Adams and in this instance there are extraordinarily took the key from the door and put it in his great mountains to be removed. pocket. A messenger from the Governor soon The quest for the primeval Eden has al- appeared and demanded admission; but the ways had a fascination for speculative theolo- door was kept closed until the resolutions gians and adventuresome explorers. It is a were passed, and five hundred pounds had been proof of the sway of natural and historical voted to pay the expenses of the delegates. science, that the solution of this question The door was then opened and the members should now be undertaken more in the interest with much courtesy received the messenger of ethnology, archæology, and biology, than of the Governor with his order that the assem of theology. In reading this book one is bly be prorogued. struck with the meagreness of the attention Adams was one of the delegates from Massa devoted to what may be called the Biblical chusetts to Philadelphia, and in consequence aspect of the question ; the author is more of his zealous advocacy of independence was concerned about Greek cosmogony than about looked upon with suspicion and dread in the Genesis. How to explain the topography of other colonies—so sluggish were they in com the Garden of Eden, with its “quadrifurcate ing up to this idea. As the delegation was river,” may be of subordinate interest when approaching Philadelphia, Dr. Rush and other compared with the question of the distribu- citizens went out to meet them, and cautioned tion of the human family from one supposed Mr. Adams to keep in the background and to centre of origin. say nothing about his favorite project, as it Starting from the nebular hypothesis, Dr. would disgust the delegates from other colo Warren arrives at the conclusion that “while nies and be fatal to concerted action. In one Paradise may have been anywhere, the first year from that time every member of Congress portion of the earth's surface sufficiently cool had signed his name to the Declaration of In to present the conditions of Eden life were dependence. If Jefferson wrote the instru assuredly at the Poles.” Then, without stop- ment, Sam Adams was the father of the idea. ping to debate “the antiquity of man,” he Without Sam Adams, it is certain there would assumes that man was placed upon the earth have been no declaration at that time, and just as soon as any part of it was habitable; perhaps no protracted war with the mother and the conclusion must follow as a matter of country. course. Space will not permit us to follow in The Declaration of Independence having detail the author's application of the eight- been secured, the special life-work of Sam fold scientific test to his theory. A few strict- Adams was ended, although he lived twenty ures must suffice. We fail to see how the eight years longer, and served as Governor of glories of the polar day and night shed any Massachusetts and in other public stations. light upon the problem. The argument from He never, however, was the man of mark he physiographical geology hardly takes any ac- had been. He was a member of the conven count of the influence of the glacial period tion of Massachusetts for ratifying the Con upon the condition of the earth's surface at stitution of the United States, and, a stanch the time of man's advent. The “eradiation” democrat, he opposed the ratification with of the flora and fauna of torrid and temperate something of his old fire, on the ground that zones from polar regions rests on insufficient it was an instrument with aristocratic tenden evidence. cies. The author next tries to find confirmation The rank which Sam Adams will hold for his theory in ethnic traditions. It is in this among the patriots of the American Revolu- part of his work that Dr. Warren especially tion is still undetermined. Professor Hosmer determined. Professor Hosmer | shows the breadth of his reading, and brings thinks that, as far as the genesis of America to view some remarkable coincidences. The is concerned, Sam Adams can more properly chapter on Ancient Cosmology and Mythical be called the “Father of America” than can Geography is of especial interest. The opinion Washington. This estimate is doubtless rank- * PARADISE FOUND. The Cradle of the Human Race at ing him higher than he deserves. the North Pole. A Study of the Prehistoric World. By William F. Warren. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. LE. 68 [July, THE DIAL of Dr. Samuel Beal is made to do good ser Warren has failed to convince his reader, but vice: “I have no doubt that the idea of a that what at first glance seems a wild fancy central mountain, and of the rivers flowing should be made to seem worthy of serious con- from it and the abode of the gods upon its sideration. Nor can anyone deny the labori- summit, is a primitive myth derived from the ous research and heroic devotion with which earliest traditions of our race.” This moun- | the author has pursued his enquiry. tain of the gods, the theme of Hindu mythol The book is written in an attractive style. ogy, becomes the central figure in the theory Possibly a less lavish use of such complimentary of a Polar Eden, and is accompanied by “the epithets as “distinguished,” “ eminent,” “ad- tree of life” and “the four rivers” in Hindu, mirable,” in referring to various authorities, Chinese, and Iranian tradition. In these myths, would befit a work that aims to be a quasi-scien- the expressions “ Centre of the Earth,” « End | tific treatise. Martin L. D’OOGE, of the Earth,” “ Axis of the Earth,” “ Ompha- los,” are made to mean the Arctic Pole. Greek students will be amused at the etymology of “the sacred expression ” tépores (meropes) as N. P. WILLIS.* “the men sprung from Meru,” even if Renan To the older generation who forty years ago did discover it. How many Biblical scholars eagerly watched for the weekly issue of “ The will accept the interpretation of Kedem, Gen. New York Mirror,” in which first appeared ii, 8, as meaning “front country," and make some of the earliest efforts of Willis, Morris, “front” stand for “north”? In the treatment of Halleck, Fay, and others of that ilk, and to a these traditions and legends, has not the author later generation to whom the name of N. P. neglected bis own caution, not to forget that Willis was familiar in the current literature of in interpreting the cosmological and geograph their younger days, the history of his literary ical references of ancient religious writings we and private life has more than ordinary inter- have to do with ideas that are often expressed est. The glamor of the days of old, when in a poetical and symbolical form ? In weigh Willis was one of the shining lights of Ameri- ing the writer's argument, we are tempted to can literature, and his sketchy delineations of quote against him his own citation from Hudi- society were the fascination of our youth, is bras: recalled to our later time by the story of his life; “ He knew the seat of Paradise, Could tell in what degree it lies; and the waning interest in his works is revived, And, as he was disposed, could prove it possibly to a better appreciation of his merit Below the moon or else above it." and of his true position in literature. Dr. Warren is of necessity a special pleader, That position has—as Mr. Beers, the most and, like all special pleaders, he falls a victim to recent and in many respects the best of his his own ingenuity. As an illustration may be biographers, frankly admits-long been a cited his interpretation of Tohúrtumos (polypty- doubtful question. The solution of it depends chos) as applied to Mount Olympus, in the sense upon whether there is any element of perma- of “ many layers or thicknesses.” This epithet, nence in writings that have no higher aim than he goes on to say, “pictures that world-old to please the fancy of the passing hour. Wil- conception of a firmament not single-storied, but lis's prose writings are essentially “light read- with a heaven above heaven, to the 'third,' or ing”-magazine literature of their own day the 'seventh, or the ‘ninth.' These heavens were and generation, containing no mental stimulus, conceived of by Homer himself as in layers one affording little food for thought, and contrib- above another, like the curved lamince of a uting nothing to human knowledge. Yet shield. And what adds to the fitness of the they are marked by an elegance and a purity comparison and to the fitness of the cos- of diction which in their time had no little mic adornment of Achilles' shield, is the fact e influence in forming the style of American that to the omphalos of a shield there corre- literature. Sparkling, spicy, characterized sponded the central and ever-abiding Omphalos by contemporary critics as “champagney," of the skies.” But what says our author of the portraying in lively colors the social life of application of this same term to Mount Ida and their time, they seem to the readers of the to the ridges of Phocis ? present day to have an interest almost equal Among the most readable chapters of the book to that of their own time. This fact, after the are those entitled “The Origin and Earliest lapse of forty years, is perhaps the truest indi- Form of Religion,” “The Philosophy of His- cation of their value. His biographer says tory,” and “The Theory of the Development that Willis, “after being for about fifteen of Civilization.” But the connection between years the most popular magazinist in America, these questions and the location of the Eden of the race at the North Pole is a slender one; * NATHANIEL PARKER WILLIS. By Henry A. Beers. an Equatorial or an Antarctic Pole would do ("* American Men of Letters "series.) Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. about equally as well or as ill in the solution THE PROSE WRITINGS OF N. P. WILLIS. Selected by of these problems. The wonder is not that Dr. | Henry A. Beers. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1885.] 69 THE DIAL M has sunk into comparative oblivion.” Yet in reader, without detracting from the sacred a foot-note he practically contradicts this as- | dignity of the events or the lessons which they sertion by the statement, on the authority of teach. And the charm which invests them the publishers of Willis's poems, that there is can never depart, so long as men appreciate the a steady annual sale of two hundred copies of beauties of Holy Writ and the tender pathos these poems; that a cheap reprint has been | of those Old and New Testament tales which issued (the copyright having expired); and he has so beautifully paraphrased. Had Willis that a volume of selections from his prose himself had a higher appreciation of his own writings is contemplated. And immediately poetic gift and of his latent and undeveloped following this biography, comes a neat edition power in this direction, and been less con- of Willis's Prose Writings, compiled by this trolled by the necessity of earning a subsist- same biographer—in the main a good and ence by his pen, he would probably never adequate representation, though it is to be have forsaken the domain of poesy, and the regretted that the “Pencillings by the Way,” world might have been the gainer from the by which Willis's reputation as a prose writer development of the talent with which he was was first established both in England and unquestionably endowed. America, were not included in the volume in The record of Willis's literary life is remark- full, as their breezy freshness, genial tone, and able more for what it shows of failure than vivid pictures of the European life of their of success. Few authors have started on their time, make them the most agreeable of “notes career under such auspicious circumstances as of travel.” Imbued as Willis was by nature he. In his earliest efforts he blazed like a with the poetic instinct, his prose tales are full meteor on the literary sky. At a time when of feeling. Most of them were evidently based his contemporary, Longfellow, was slowly upon personal experience, and hence written making his way into public appreciation, Wil- from the heart. So long as the “old, old lis's reputation already extended throughout story” of human affection charms humanity, the English-speaking world. His remuneration such sketches, true to nature because of actual for his writings exceeded that of any Ameri- occurrence and heart-experience, will attract can author and perhaps any English one. Re- and charm the general reader. This republi quests for magazine articles flowed in upon him cation, eighteen years after Willis's death, is from every side; and before he reached the evidence of a popular appreciation that will age of thirty, he had before him a brilliant doubtless serve to secure the author's position prospect. Yet he ultimately degenerated into by the side of Irving, Paulding, Fay, and the a mere chronicler of the fashionable life by other members of that notable group of Amer which his real merit was obscured during his ican men of letters. last twenty years. He was spoiled by flattery Neither in prose nor poetry did Willis leave and enervated by fashionable dissipation. The behind him any great work; yet it is upon his attention which he received in aristocratic cir- poetic rather than his prose writings that his cles in his younger days—which far exceeded literary fame must depend. Judged by the that bestowed upon other authors either in standard of the American poetry of to-day England or America-deflected his whole life which is little more than gorgeous description from that course of study and labor which and rhymed metaphysics-Willis's verse is not alone can develop an author's faculties and of a high order. Yet, as true poetry is the music make a permanent and desirable reputation of thought and feeling—the fitting and natural possible. Society and good-fellowship stag- expression of the heart-life,-it is safe to say nated him until it was too late to retrieve the that the mass of descriptive trash and meta past or reform his literary and intellectual physical sentimentality which cumbers the life. pages of our magazines, and is rarely read, or, A strange life was his in many phases. Born if read, does not touch the heart or awaken and reared in the straightest sect of Puritanism, any æsthetic emotion, will pass into the obliv surrounded by all the repressive influences and ion of Della Cruscan imbecility long before tendencies of the New England Presbyterian- Willis's simple and heartful verse ceases to ism of eighty years ago, it was natural that he charm those who are fascinated by that tuneful should in due time fall within the influence of rhyme which appeals to their own heart-life the periodical religious excitements, and “expe- and soul-experience. However his poetry may rience religion” in full accordance with the ten- be depreciated, the fact remains that it is, and ets of old-time Puritanism. Nor is it any more will long continue to be, classic, on this side strange that when the excitement, the most of the water at least. His “ sacred poems,” which it purely physical, had subsided, and he came were his earliest venture, are brimming with in contact with the pleasures and frivolities of beauty and feeling, casting a glow of tender the world, petted and flattered as he was in ness and naturalness over the Scripture narra social and literary circles, he should so fully tives which brings them vividly home to the and entirely “fall from grace "as never again to every-day life and heart-experience of the | resume his religious life. His biographer says: 70 [July, THE DIAL "If at the first touch of the world the youthful MARK PATTISON.* members of the household flew off like the dry seeds of the Impatiens, it need not therefore be If the converse of the Socratic maxim, viz., hastily concluded that the home training, though that a life of self-examination is worth living, perhaps too repressive and severe, was without be assumed as true, then was the life of Mark lasting effect for good. Among the children and Pattison one of the few that Socrates himself grandchildren of Nathaniel Willis (father of N. P.), are Catholics, Episcopalians, Unitarians, and repre- might have viewed with approbation. A more sentatives of other shades of belief and unbelief. unflinching examination of the actual relation But this is the history of many a New England Pu- of self to men and things has seldom been ritan family, and such are the disintegrating forces of disclosed by any man's autobiography. Pat- American life.” tison has been characterized as pessimistic: it would be more accurate to say that this lover That the seeming cause for the falling off of of the ideal permitted himself, latterly at the children of the Puritan families from the least, no illusions concerning his relations to tenets of their fathers, as given above, is a his real environment. He claps upon every mere petitio principii, is evident from the fact one of whom he has occasion to speak a that in no other part of our country, and in phrase that fits like a saddle. He indulges in no other communion, have the children so à freedom of speech about himself and his naturally and by so uniform a process departed relatives which rasps the reader a little, and from the peculiar religious beliefs of their an which must, in its cold justice, be even more cestors as in New England, and particularly exasperating to those whose withers are wrung in the Puritan creed. It is a fact now pretty than the picturesque invective of Carlyle. generally conceded by thinking men, that the This at first suggests some such inquiries as cold, stern, repressive principles of Calvinism the following: Have we here a mere sulky, are themselves the great cause of the revolu dyspeptic recluse ? a critic with no end of tions and vagaries of New England religion, culture, but no heart? an Oxford don whose sending off the young and ardent, by a natural scanty blood, if subjected to a chemical test, revulsion, some into warmer and more heartful would exhibit an acid reaction ? On the creeds, some into the establishing of entirely whole, I cannot but deem such a judgment new sects, and, worse than all, others into the superficial. It does flagrant injustice to a ranks of sheer infidelity. Notably in the character essentially good and sound. What families of the sternest of the old New Eng at first blush seems a cruel candor, turns out land divines has this revulsion and departure to be the expression of a sincere mind trained from ancestral traditions been marked; and to see things as they are. Pattison's mental the Roman and English churches in particular attitude is that of one who has learned by a life have recruited many of their most shining of painful self-scrutiny and studious research lights from the Puritan ranks. If this view is that only genuine relations are of any value. correct, there is little cause for wonder at | He is sufficiently imbued with that abhorrence Willis's departure from a religious life after of humbug which constitutes the conserving the subsiding of his revival excitement. Of salt of the English character, and he has the a naturally religious bent—as is evidenced by scholar's respect for a true word. One who the tone of his writings on sacred themes-it has turned over whole libraries for a few is probable that had he not been so surrounded crumbs of fact and thought, should be the last and overwhelmed by the influences of fash man to put off his hungry readers with shifty ionable dissipation, he might, later in life, have phrases to mask painful facts. And how sought some more congenial communion, and absurdly inconsistent for the truth-seeker who taken up the threads of his boyhood's spasmodic has spent a large part of his intellectual life in experience in a steadier, purer and more fruit sifting the grains of truth from the chaff of ful sphere. But the same influences which misrepresentation in the biographies of others, dwarfed his intellectual powers in the very to throw dust in the eyes of after-comers re- morning of their development, drove from him specting his own biography. “No!" Pattison the whisperings of the Spirit, and made him must have said to himself. “ If my memoirs are through life the melancholy spectacle of a man worth writing at all, they must be written in of brilliant intellectual power and promise good faith.” Goethe, recognizing the impossi- driven into an aimless, profitless, frivolous ex bility, in his own case, of soaking out from istence. Aside from the personal interest of the tissue of memory the fast colors of imagina- his biography—which is peculiarly readable tion, had the good faith to entitle his autobiog its chief value is as a study of the manner in raphy, “Dichtung und Wahrheit” (Poetry which outside influences may deflect a whole and Truth). The unimaginative scholar may life from its natural and prophesied course, well be happy, if, unlike the great German and wreck faculties which might have served poet, he can, at the close of life, collect some to delight and benefit mankind. * MEMOIRS. By Mark Pattison, late Rector of Lincoln EGBERT PHELPS. College, Oxford, London: Macmillan & Oo. 1885.] 71 THE DIAL shreds of truth concerning youth and man bumpkin incapable of learning from what I hood, unsteeped in the dyes of imagination: now saw for the first time.” Again, of the and he may be assured that men will be more journey with his parents from Yorkshire to indebted to him for such shreds than for the London: “I was too ignorant to learn what I glossiest fabric made to order. These mem might have done from this journey, nor was I oirs, then, although neither very extended nor helped by my parents, who themselves saw very detailed, although omitting early youth nothing of London but what country cousins and education and hastening over the fruitful see. * * * * I was a mere raw school- and happy later years, although dealing chiefly boy.” He loved books and nature, had some with the “hide-bound narrowness” and the practical sentiment, had latent in him “a vast years of heart-sick endeavor out of which and possibility of fine qualities,” but was “rude, through which the author rose to outward unfledged, in a state of nature." "I was eminence and to inward clearness and repose, already marked out for the life of a student, have, nevertheless, a very high biographical yet little that was in the books I read seemed value, inasmuch as they bear the stamp of to find its way into my mind. There was no evident reality. mind there!” As a freshman at Oriel College, One would think that, to a person of schol being innocent of the rules of etiquette and of arly tastes and of little social ambition, no life the ways of the world, he was from the outset could be more delightful than the contemplative exposed to rebuffs from superiors and to the life of lettered ease enjoyed by the fellow of a ridicule of fellow-students essentially his infe- college upon the banks of the Isis. Such a riors. The immediate result of all this was “a career is to-day subject to scarcely any of the morbid self-consciousness” which " was in a ills which assailed the scholar's life in Dr. fair way to darken my life and to paralyse my Johnson's time- intellect.” “Toil, envy, want, the patron, and the jail." What outward influences and inward But this autobiography furnishes an instruct- promptings worked together to develop this ive commentary upon “the vanity of human crude, shy, characterless youth into the accom- wishes,” by proving that the sage in his library, plished man of positive character who writes comfortably lodged and fed, without the dis these reminiscences, it is the aim of the book tractions and solicitudes of the husband and the to tell. The story is no less interesting and father, absolved from the necessity of toil for instructive than that of Anthony Trollope's physical support and exempt from that appre development, with which it has one notable hension concerning the future which so often point of similarity. I will transcribe a few appals the heart of him condemned thus to toil, sentences from the weighty concluding pages. -that such a favored being can still be, or think | Referring to Trollope's early want of promise, himself, very wretched. For the causes of Mr. Pattison writes: Pattison's dejection during several years of his “This is nearly my mental experience; my first prime, the curious reader must turn to the consciousness is that of stupidity. A very feeble book itself. He will find them closely con germ of intellect was struggling with a crushing nected with two things: with the so-called Trac mass of facts, ideas which it could not master, and tarian Movement, in which Pattison was most with the tyrannical force of more powerful intelli- unprofitably involved; and with the low stand- gence in the persons around me. * * * * * * ards of manhood and scholarship and the per- Slowly, and not without laborious effort, I began to functory modes of teaching that prevailed at emerge, to conquer, as it were, in the realm of ideas. It was all growth, development, and I have Oxford during the first half of the century. never ceased to grow, to develop, to discover, up In Pattison's description of unreformed Oxford, to the very last. While my contemporaries, who one seems to perceive why it was that Pro started so far ahead of me, fixed their mental hori- fessor Teufelsdröckh' pronounced his alma | zon before they were thirty-five, mine has been ever mater to be not “the worst of all hitherto dis enlarging and expanding." covered universities," but merely the worst Of the many interesting passages marked “ out of England and Spain.” The professor for citation, there is space for but one more: must have had some acquaintance with the “For myself, I can truly say that daily converse Oxford which Pattison helped to reform. with the poetry and literature of all times, ancient Of course the chief value of this book-a and modern, has been to me its own sufficient re- rare and precious value—consists in its fur ward. The classics have lost to me nothing of their nishing a history, accurate though very frag charm; on this very day-New-Year's Eve, 1884–I mentary, of the mental development of a great can read Sophocles with greater delight than I ever scholar. It shows what Oxford can do for a did.” young man of fair natural capacity who will Surely, seldom has there been a more notable submit himself for long to her best influences. exemplification of the saying of Swift, that When Mark Pattison first visited Oxford in “the latter part of a wise man's life is taken 1830, at the age of seventeen, he was, in his up in curing the follies, prejudices, and false own vigorous phrase, “an ignorant country | opinions he had contracted in the former.” 72 [July, THE DIAL -- - - Mark Pattison was too fastidious a scholar, eration of these facts to be the natural and and too indifferent to the charms of notoriety, suitable remedies for the evil conditions which to produce much, but what he did is the best make Socialism possible. Only a little space, of its kind. His life of Milton in the admira however, is given to prescriptions. The au- ble series entitled “English Men of Letters”. thor's task is to ascertain, systematize and is certainly second to none. His edition of present the facts, in their true bearings. some of Pope's poems in the Clarendon Press Thorold Rogers has given us a very small Series are models of annotation. His original treatise on the theoretical doctrines of political inquiry into the causes of the rise and extinc economy, and a very large and masterly tion of Deism in the eighteenth century, production, of a statistical and historical published in the famous volume of “ Essays character, on work and wages in mediæval and Reviews,” has been accepted as a substan England. It is this new and fruitful method tial contribution to religious history. His of economic investigation that Dr. Ely repre- monograph on Casaubon, so highly esteemed sents in America. The present monograph is by authorities, was to have been but a frag-| worth shelves-full of volumes of the ordinary ment of a work on the great scholars of the argumentative sort which assume all their Renaissance in France, of which work J. J. facts and premises. It is scrupulously impar- Scaliger was to be the central figure. Fortial, and quotes largely from the Socialists nearly thirty years he had been accumulating / themselves. It explains the points of contact materials, and was ready to begin the labor of | and divergence in the two revolutionary bodies, actual composition, when, in the autumn of the International Working People's Associa- 1883, he was struck down by a malady which | tion and the Socialistic Labor Party. Its took away all hope. Has he left no pupil who, information was gathered at first hand and actuated by a piety toward him like that he was at least a year or two in process of collec- felt for the memory of J. J. Scaliger, can tion.' The membership of the American make use of these precious materials and Internationalists, or Anarchists, is estimated complete the master's work ? at fifty thousand, and of the Socialistic Labor MELVILLE B. ANDERSON. Party at twenty-five thousand. The discussion of the socialistic press is of much value. There are said to be sixteen “socialistic" NEW STUDIES IN POLITICAL AND SOCIAL journals in the country, ten “semi-socialistic," SCIENCE.* and eight “socialistically inclined.” Besides these there are about four hundred so-called The four books whose titles appear below, “ labor papers,” and on various practical points none of them especially pretentious, are all the most of these are in agreement with the representative nevertheless of schools and Socialists. These labor papers represent many tendencies in the study of social and polit- hundreds of thousands of trades' union men; ical science. In his “Past and Present of and the socialistic labor party counts upon Political Economy,” Professor Ely described a certain contingent support from organized and endorsed the work of the new historical, | workingmen in general. It is in this possible statistical, and scientific school of economic | reinforcement under conceivable circum- investigators; and the present monograph on stances, that the Socialists find their greatest “Recent American Socialism” is an excellent strength. A few words must be given to Dr. specimen of that kind of work. As the author Ely's remedial suggestions. First he mentions himself states, the book is “primarily a pres- « ameliorative measures." He quotes in full entation and not a refutation.” Dozens of the platform of the Federation of Trades and books about Socialism have been written by Labor Unions, and holds that its demands in Americans in recent years, their aim being to the main are legitimate and reasonable. The advocate or to confound. Almost with one complaints of the Socialists are often well accord they have dealt in moralizings, gener- grounded; they should have due considera- alities, and philosophical profundities. This tion. Laissez-faire politics does not conform modest little book of Dr. Ely's is the first to with those ethical standards which are an tell us who the American Socialists of to-day economic requirement of the times; and Dr. are, how many they are, what their point of Ely advocates a higher and truer view of the view is, what they want to do, how they pro State and its functions. He shows how social pose to do it, and what appear from a consid- extravagances and vices act as a provocative *RECENT AMERICAN SOCIALISM. By Richard T. Ely, Ph.D. of anarchism, and how a simpler life and better Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Publication morality would prove remedial. The “three Agency. chief agencies through which we must work ESSAYS IN POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE. By William for the amelioration of the laboring class * * * are Science, the State, and the Church.” By Albert Stickney. New York: Harper & Brot | Professor Sumner's economic methods are Jesse Macy, A.M. Grinnell, Iowa. | precisely the reverse of Professor Ely's. Two Graham Sumner. New York: Henry Holt & Co. DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT; A STUDY OF POLITICS. A GOVERNMENT TEXT BOOK FOR IOWA SCHOOLS. By - 1885.] 73 THE DIAL or three years ago it happened that the same economic literature excepting dogmatic and pnblishing house, at about the same time, issued sneering depreciation of the work which the in uniform binding a small book by each of these scientific students of the new economic school gentlemen. Dr. Ely's was a painstaking his at home and abroad are accomplishing. And torical presentation of modern European social these men “ of scientific training” evidently ism, replete with valuable statements of fact “ do not care” whether their work satisfies his and doctrine. Mr. Sumner's book had also to “ tests” or not. In the last of these essays do with social relations; and it was a captious, (“Our Colleges before the Country") he off-hand essay, containing a great deal of flip makes a fierce assault on the classicists, meta- pant sarcasm at the expense of social reform physicians, and old-fashioned educators, and ers and economic scholars of the modern school, seems incapable of perceiving that he dogma- and presenting laissez-faire doctrines in a tizes against dogmatism and proves himself in balder and cruder form than the most extreme every sentence the typical creature of a kind English writer of the Manchester school ever of education whose products he most unspar- suggested. The essays collected in the volume ingly and scornfully condemns. Those “tricks under review do not depart from Mr. Sumner's of speech” which he ascribes to those classic- usual manner and method. It might have ally educated, he certainly possesses. His been well if a prefatory note had explained contempt of men is only equalled by his lofty that the essays are reprinted, without the disdain for facts. He evolves everything from slightest revision, from “The Princeton Re- his inner consciousness. And meanwhile, eco- view," the original plates being used. Such nomic science goes calmly on its way. Mr. an explanation would have accounted for the Sumner says there is no wages question, no peculiar untimeliness of the first essay (“Bi- | social question, no economic issues between metallism”), which originally appeared six different members of the industrial body, and years ago, just after the monetary conference John Jasper says there is no revolution of the at Paris, and deals with what were then cur earth around the sun. Economic science and rent phases of the question. Six years have | astronomical science smile placidly, and do somewhat changed the line of discussion. It not pause to reply. is characteristic of Mr. Sumner that he has Mr. Albert Stickney, author of “A True “contempt” for bimetallism, and that he Republic,” in his new work on “Democratic naively withholds the title of “economist” Government” finds our political system in a bad from any man who has espoused the “fallacy.” way from top to bottom, and constantly getting This is of course amusing, inasmuch as Pro worse. He desires to have everything promptly fessor Francis A. Walker and many others of rebuilt, and would begin at the top. He pro- the leading economists and students of mone poses forthwith the assemblage of a national tary science in this country are bimetallists. constitutional convention which will give us a The second essay (“ Wages "), like the first, is new kind of government, true to Mr. Stick- largely devoted to heaping contempt upon the ney's ideal of what is democratic. The author “charlatanism and ignorance” of the people devotes one hundred and fifty pages to “defini- with whom Mr. Sumner does not agree. The tions” and “principles,” and ten to a state- Hon. Carroll D. Wright, and the distinguished ment of what he would do in order to get his French economist, Leroy-Beaulieu, have espe principles into operation. He concludes that cial attention paid them. Mr. Sumner states if his formidable major premise of “princi- it as his belief that “all the activity of the ples” is sound, and if his minor premise which new school has been in the way of confusion recites the woeful political condition of the and mischief.” There is raciness, sarcasm, and country is correctly taken, it necessarily fol- caustic wit in these essays. In such respects, lows that what we must have is “a thorough indeed, they do not fall greatly below the and comprehensive reorganization of our whole “trenchant” writings of Gail Hamilton. But political system, of our town and city govern- they have no value as contributions to the ments, of our State governments, and of the science of economics. Mr. Sumner seems not National government. * * * The work of reor- to have any conception of political economy as ganization must begin with the reorganization a modern and progressive science. In his of the National government, and the method of fourth essay (“ Sociology ') he informs us that accomplishing it will be the method estab- he knows of nothing more amusing in these lished by the National Constitution itself—the days than to see an old-fashioned metaphysi natural method, the people's method, the cian applying his tests to the results of scien- | method by which the Constitution itself was tific investigation, and screaming with rage framed, the National Convention of the people because men of scientific training do not care of the United States, meeting in the persons whether the results satisfy those tests or not." of its chosen representatives. This is the only Curiously enough, Mr. Sumner fails to perceive | practicable method whereby we can begin any that he is passing judgment on himself. He substantial improvement in the administration has of late contributed nothing whatever to l of our public affairs, local, State, or national.” 74 [July, THE DIAL It really seems necessary to say two things pamphlet publication of less than a hundred after making the above quotation: first, that pages entitled “A Government Text-Book for Mr. Stickney is not joking; and second, that he Iowa Schools.” Four years ago Professor Macy, is not a crank, and has never been known to of Iowa College, prepared a pamphlet for the use work at perpetual motion, try lifting himself of Iowa teachers in giving oral instruction on over a wall by his boot-straps, attempt to catch local government. It became popular, and birds by putting salt on their tails, or begin passed through three or four editions. The building a house at the top of the chimney, present pamphlet covers similar ground, but is On the contrary, he is said to be an accom fuller, and better adapted for placing in the plished man of affairs, of large abilities and hands of pupils. It is a very remarkable little experience. A careful student of the science book. It is as simple and lucid as a primer, of politics, himself keenly alive to the imper and yet breathes the spirit of the broadest and fections of our system and the advocate of re latest scholarship in the Constitutional life and forms, recently remarked, in private, of Mr. | history of Anglo-Saxon peoples. It depicts the Stickney's writings: “ They seem to me the early growth of political institutions among production of a mind of great logical, perhaps our Saxon forefathers, shows how those insti- one might say oz considerable philosophical, tutions were planted in England, and how they power, but utterly without the practical in have preserved their essential continuity even stinct of the statesman. They exhibit a some- to our own day and in our own country. The what minute knowledge of practical condi local village or township group is made the tions, but a strange neglect of those conditions basis; and it is shown how by union of these when it comes to drawing conclusions. His permanent local groups, counties and States books have a carefully preserved air of practi and National organizations were formed. The cality, but their schemes are as impracticable local government of Iowa is then taken up in as they are logical. They regard government detail, beginning with the school district, pass- as an affair of passionless business, rather than, ing on to the township, then to incorporated as it really is, an affair of rules of action towns and cities, then to counties, and next to compounded of every human passion. His the State government. Finally the State and thoughts are good to revolve in one's mind, National governments are compared and their but could be made to fit nowhere into a scien relations explained. Juries and the machinery tific comparative historical treatment of the for administering justice, land surveys, and past, and possible future, growth of political some other matters, have separate chapters. For institutions." This criticism is perfectly fair several years the teachers of Iowa have been and true. The very things, strangely enough, giving political instruction on Professor Macy's which Mr. Stickney most condemns in our plan, with marked success. It is understood present system of government, are side-growths that this Iowa book is the precursor of a larger not contemplated in the written constitutions one, now in preparation, for general use. Pro- and laws. The genius of the people has fessor Macy is the pioneer in a method of wrought our political system to its existing teaching civil government that will supersede shape. It is human nature, custom, original every other, because it is manifestly the natural sin, and defective training in citizenship, that and true method. It insists that teachers and are responsible for most of the evils which pupils shall study political machiney in their Mr. Stickney deplores; and if these human own primary political group, and shall proceed frailties should not, as is likely, stand utterly from that in the true order of logic and of his- in the way of getting Mr. Stickney's changes tory to the next larger and higher group, and so in the government adopted, they would pretty on. Not a doctrinaire idea is to be found in surely prevent those changes from producing the book. Professor Macy evidently does not the millenial effects which their projector had | believe in teaching children arguments about anticipated. None the less, Mr. Stickney's free-trade or States’-rights before they know book is worth reading and thinking about, and how their township is governed and what the the author is careful to state distinctly that duties of the sheriff are. A rightly founded his object is not so much that of gaining and symmetrical education in politics and in adherents for his own peculiar views as that the plain duties of citizenship, such as men of stimulating discussion upon the subject of like Professor Macy are advocating and pro- political reform in general. The book is viding for, will bring a higher and better likely to prove effective in this respect, at political life, and make ultimately possible least, and we have had until lately too few of some of the systematic improvements the de- such works. It is a welcome contribution to sirability of which Mr. Stickney shows. The that new Constitutional criticism which must working institutions of a country cannot be greatly aid in a better political education. The greatly better than the citizens; and more is book is therefore a cheering sign of the times. to be hoped from an improved education than But a much more cheering sign of the times | from constitutional conventions. comes from Iowa in the form of a modest ALBERT Shaw 1885.] 75 THE DIAL BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. servations in “Through Siberia," regarding the system pursued toward convicts banished to that DR. HENRY LANSDELL, the author of the valuable colony. He does not touch upon political questions. and entertaining book entitled “Through Siberia," His perfect neutrality in this respect, indeed, is has produced a second notable work, similar in what gained him the freedom of investigation en- character, and equalling, if not surpassing, the first joyed in all places he sought to enter. He tells in merit. It is a history of his travels through Rus- what he saw in his inspection of prisons and what sian Central Asia in the same philanthropic cause he heard from the lips of exiles and of men min- which occupied him in his long and venturesome gling with them, who talked without restraint; the expedition from the western to the eastern bounda testimony thus obtained sharply conflicting with ries of the Tsar's vast penal colony. His interesting many of the assertions of such writers as Prince Kra- and profitable visits to the prisons and mines of Si potkine and “Stepniak." The old and prosperous beria awakened a desire to make investigations into cities of Central Asia, such as Kuldja, Khokand, the condition of the prisons in the central provinces Samarcand, Bokhara, and Khiva, are described at of Asia, in order to open them, if possible, to the length by Dr. Lansdell, who had the amplest oppor- influences of missionary societies in London. The tunities for noting their chief points of interest. way was prepared for carrying out the benevolent Although it was primarily as a philanthropist that purpose; and in June of 1882 he started upon a tour he prosecuted his inquiries, nothing escaped his ob- which, extending into December, covered a distance servant eye or the record of his pen. Thus, in of 12,000 miles. As in his previous journeys in the addition to copious foot-notes supplementing the emperor's dominions, the Russian Government information furnished in the narrative, his book offered him every facility for the prosecution of his contains a chronology of Russian Central Asia, enterprise. From the moment of his arrival in St. classified lists of the animals and plants composing Petersburg, he received encouragement and assist- the fauna and flora of Turkestan, a bibliography of ance from all officials—including the emperor and Russian Central Asia, the author's itinerary, and a members of the royal family-in whose power it lay complete system of indexes. It is also provided to serve him. The disinterested object for which with maps and illustrations. As a whole, the work Dr. Lansdell was working, and the single-heartedness is a model of its kind, ranking with Schuyler's of his motives, were well understood by the Rus “ Turkestan" and Wallace's “Russia." The Amer- sians, and procured him everywhere trustful and ican edition of the work is issued by Houghton, kindly treatment. Even the doors of the fortress of Mifflin & Co. St. Peter and St. Paul, at Petersburg, which had not before for twenty-two years admitted a stranger In the scheme of International Polar Research for purposes of inspection, were opened freely to maintained in 1882–83, the Norwegian Government him. His candor and friendliness met with a cor was represented by a company of scientists stationed dial return; and the result of this generous inter at Bossekop, a beautiful bay in the neighborhood of change of service is a disclosure to the world, for the North Cape, whose shores are washed by the the first time, of the management of prisons in Rus waves of the Arctic sea. Although situated in lati- sia, and of the treatment of exiles in Siberia, to lude 70° north-only 1,500 miles from the North gether with an enormous amount of other important Pole,-the region round about Bossekop enjoys a knowledge concerning the countries and peoples un remarkably genial climate. The summer air is soft der the dominion of the Tsar in Asia. The route and balmy as that of central Europe; the sun shines which Dr. Lansdell pursued after passing the fron- from a deep blue sky; brilliant flowers ornament the tiers of Russia proper, carried him through the woods and fields; the mountains are clad with for- provinces of Semipolatinsk, Kuldja, Bokhara, ests and crowned with snow, and the scenery is of Khiva, and Merv, and a part of the way traversed the grandest and most picturesque character. But regions where few if any Englishmen had preceded the chief interest of Bossekop to the scientist is him. Throughout the journey his observations were the unrivalled opportunity it offers for the study of of the most painstaking and comprehensive charac the Aurora Borealis. It lies in the zone in which ter. Not only the particulars falling under the this phenomenon is most frequent and displays the personal notice of the traveller were treasured by most wonderful activity. Every night, the year him, but the facts recorded by previous tourists and round, its flames illuminate the sky, often showing the statistics gathered annually by the Russian au through a curtain of clouds, and at times exhibiting thorities were searched for additional information. an intensity and beauty of color not seen elsewhere The physical features, the different races and in Europe. In 1838–39, Bossekop was chosen as the their various phases of civilization, the natural and | place of sojourn of the French scientific expedition artificial products of each district, all were carefully under Lottin and Bravais, who there made studies studied. The materials accumulated by such dili of the Aurora Borealis which are without equal in gence are presented to the reader in two large vol accuracy and completeness. For this and other ad- umes packed densely from cover to cover. Yet, vantages connected with the study of terrestrial loaded as are their pages with precise information, magnetism, the Norwegian station was located at often in the form of tabulated statistics, it does not Bossekop in 1882, in charge of Dr. Aksel Steen. encumber the narrative, which is always lively and The station supported by Finland was situated not facile. The interest of the chapters describing the far distant, at Sodankylä, in the heart of a Finland author's experiences, or detailing the past history or forest. Working in conjunction with these two the present circumstances of Central Asia, is great; stations, the Danish scientist, Sophus Tromholt, and still the portions of the book which relate espe spent the years 1882–83 in this Arctic country, de- cially to the condition of Russian criminals most voting himself especially to observations relating to invite attention. At the close of the first volume, the Aurora Borealis. The most favorable spot for Dr. Lansdell takes occasion to answer the critics his researches was found at Koutokæino, a lonely who have questioned the trustworthiness of his ob- and desolate settlement in a Lapp district, sixty- 76 [July, THE DIAL -- - - --- three miles south of Bossekop on the Russo-Finnish mation. Instead of being the frigid barren region frontier. The journey to this point, over a pathless supposed from its location in a zone of ice and wilderness, occupied a number of days and was snow, it proves on actual investigation to possess in performed with great difficulty. The settlement its southern portions a moderate and equable cli- named Koutokäino comprises a church, the dwell mate, a fertile soil, wonderfully imposing scenery, ings of the vicar, of the sheriff of the district, and and a variety of important natural products. The of the merchant, with the huts of seven or eight revenue derived annually from the two little seal families of Lapps. It is in a waste of sand, broken islands lying off the coast alone pays more than four by low hills, tiny lakes, and scattered stunted birch per cent. interest on the $7,200,000 which our gov- trees, and covered on the surface with a vesture of ernment paid Russia for this “ corner lot” on our grass, heather, and moss.' Making his home in the American continent. In 1880 the gold mines of house of the sheriff, Mr. Tromholt planted his appa Soundoun Bay yielded $10,000. It is known that ratus out of doors for inspecting the heavens and in gold to the amount of $135,000 was washed from doors for closet study, put on the Lapp costume, the placers at Juneau in 1881; $250,000 in 1882, which is comfortably adapted to the climate, and and about $400,000 in 1883. How much more was disposed himself mentally for a contented endur secured by miners who failed to report their gains is ance of his banishment from civilization. Once a beyond conjecture; but it is the opinion of Professor fortnight the mail was brought to the little settle Muir, who has examined the coast region, that the ment, keeping its inhabitants in slender communica mineral belt following the trend of the shore is rich tion with the outer world. The weather was mild in precious metals. The Cassiar mines, at the head in autumn, and the atmosphere remarkably still in of the Stikine river, yielded over $2,000,000 of gold winter, rendering the severe temperature, which in the two years 1874 and 1875. The primitive sometimes fell to 50° below zero, endurable even forests covering the islands and shores of the through the long nights when Mr. Tromholt re southern peninsula contain trees of enormous size, mained out of doors taking observations every fifth affording most valuable timber. The soil in the minute. The monotony of his existence in this iso scanty places subject to cultivation supports crops lated situation was enlivened by brief expeditions of amazing luxuriance. Timothy grass grows often in the surrounding country and by a close observa to a height of six feet, and lush beds of white clover tion of the scanty life about him. The various send up blossoms as large as the carnation pink and divisions of the Lapp population—the Mountain, fragrant with spicy odors. Shrubs, vines, moss and Sea, and River Lapps—with their differing charac grasses clothe the surface of the land with dense teristics and habits, afforded him a rich subject of greenery. This rank vegetation is nourished by interest. As represented in the large collection of abundant moisture, the annual rainfall averaging at photographs taken by him, the Lapps appear sur some points, as at Sitka, 81.69 inches, and at Fort prisingly intelligent and amiable. Their features Tongass, 118.30 inches. The warm current of the are strong, their eyes keen, and their whole expres. Kuro siwo so tempers the climate that at Sitka, sion kindly and shrewd. They are short in stature, which is 10° north of St. Johns in Newfound- free and graceful in movement, and, as Mr. Tromholt land, the mercury ranges from 51° to 55° in summer, testifies, a contented and happy race-happier than and from 31° to 380 in midwinter. Ice seldom are the people trammelled and harassed by our nine forms here of any thickness, and skating is a sport teenth century civilization. The Lapp children grow rarely afforded. Eleven hundred islands compose up with little restraint, and hence are lacking in the archipelago of Southern Alaska, many of which veneration for their parents. They have few are larger than Massachusetts or New Jersey. The amusements, and these consist in making and main land of this peninsula has a width of from managing the lasso, the snow-shoes, and the pulko twenty-five to thirty miles only, but the entire terri- (the Lapp carriage)-objects which they see in con tory of Alaska embraces above 580,000 square miles, stant use by their elders. The Lapps are deficient or an area nine times that of the New England in sentiment, but the men are kind to their wives States, three times that of California, and about and share the burdens of domestic life. The experi one-sixth of the total extent of the United States. ence of Mr. Tromholt in the land of this semi-savage The scenery, as viewed from the deck of an ocean race, was written down by him during his stay steamer, is unsurpassed in boldness and grandeur, among them, and, translated from the Norwegian by The mountain range that borders the main land pre- Carl Siewers, is published in two octavo volumes, sents a majestic front to the sea voyager, and the named "Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis," islands amid which his cruise lies present an ever- by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. A considerable portion varied panorama of loveliness. Once a month a of the narrative is devoted to a popular explanation mail steamer makes the passage from Puget's Sound of the phenomenon of the Aurora Borealis, so far as to Sitka, stopping at different ports as the destina- these are understood, with some account of the tion of passengers and cargo requires. The voyage researches made by Mr. Tromholt and his prede occupies several weeks, and is pursued with every cessors. Special chapters deal with the natural advantage for pleasure and safety. The channel history of the reindeer, and much interesting infor followed by the steamer threads its way among the mation is given of the Lapps and Finns. Mr. Trom | islands of the archipelago, where the sea, sheltered holt is a familiar and animated writer, and, judging from the storms of the ocean, is smooth as a river. from his style, an extremely vivacious and good. The vessel is comfortably appointed in every respect, natured man. His work is illustrated freely with affording its guests the luxury of a tour amid en- beautiful wood-cuts after drawings or photographs chanting regions, in a delightful climate, braced by done by his own hand. sea air, and free from the changings, the joltings, the dust, and other annoyances of land travel. An The value of the territory of Alaska, which has | account of the pleasures enjoyed by the tourists to been regarded as a costly and useless acquisition to Sitka, from which the foregoing incidents are taken, the United States, is slowly rising in the public esti- is furnished by Miss Eliza R. Šcidmore's volume on 1885.] THE DIAL 77 - - - - Alaska, published by D. Lothrop & Co. The author cism presents itself in the fact that Mr. Saltus fre- has made the voyage to Sitka three times, and is quently makes use of the language of Schopenhauer therefore familiar with the external features of the without giving any credit for it. Thus, for example, peninsula. She has explored the places touched by the familiar figure in which Schopenhauer compares the steamer, bargained for curiosities with the Indi the reading of the work of Kant with the operation ans, gathered information from residents and sojourn for cataract, and then describes his own work as ers in the country, and amassed altogether a quantity that of furnishing spectacles for the perfection of of material concerning a most attractive and little the mental vision thus restored—this figure is coolly known territory, which makes her book instructive. appropriated by Mr. Saltus, and we are led to infer It is withal entertaining, as Miss Scidmore has the that it is his own. Perhaps, however, he thinks feminine faculty for gossipy and chatty talk on mat that Schopenhauer has sufficient compensation in ters that interest her. the embellishments of style which are provided for passages actually quoted. “Whence but from this Some time ago, Mr. Edgar Evartson Saltus pub real world of ours, did Dante take the material lished a little volume of literary gossip in which for his hell ? And yet he made a very proper Balzac was the central figure. The volume was hell (eine recht ordentliche Hölle) of it." This is pleasing because unpretentious, and its affectations what Schopenhauer says (W. a. W. u. V. I. 4. 59). of style were tolerable enough in such a treatment “Where did Dante find the materials for his · In- of such a subject. But the method which answered ferno' if not from this world; and yet is not his very well for that purpose is sadly inadequate when picture exhaustively satisfactory?" This is the way applied to the life and work of Schopenhauer and in which Mr. Saltus puts it. On the whole, we do other modern philosophical pessimists. Already in not find that the book has anything to commend it. the title we have an instance of the affectation which In every respect in which it has the least value, it is seems out of place in the presentation of so serious a inferior to the little volume by Helen Zimmern upon subject. “The Philosophy of Disenchantment”. the same subject. The writer seems to be in sym- contains in itself, and as a name merely, the key pathy with his theme, but cannot rise to the height note to the treatment which is accorded the great of it. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) German thinker: a treatment which aims to be clever rather than profound, and which is essen THE Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio tially literary where literary quality is not the first has published, through Robert Clarke & Co., desideratum. How valueless is this book when con Cincinnati, a portion of the “ Diary of David Zeis- sidered as anything more than gossip, may be seen berger,” translated from the original German and as easily upon the very first page as anywhere; for edited by Eugene F. Bliss. The author of the diary there we find the remarkable statements that pessim was a Moravian missionary who devoted his life to ism is “ of purely modern origin," and that, “from the conversion of American Indians. He was born the earliest times man, admittedly and with but in Moravia in 1721, and when five years old was few exceptions, has been ever accustomed to regard carried to Hernhut, Saxony, where his parents took this world as the best one possible.” And this is refuge from religious persecution. In 1736 they said in face of the fact that the religion of Christ came to America, joining a Moravian settlement in and the more widespread and venerable religion of Georgia. The young Zeisberger was early drawn to Buddha have proclaimed for thousands of years and the service of a missionary, and prepared himself by still agree in proclaiming the exactly contrary doc | a study of Indian languages to labor among the trine! We have already said that this book is de Iroquois. He stayed for brief intervals with the Mo- voted mainly to Schopenhauer; but there are also ravian brethren at Bethlehem and Litiz, Pennsylvania; chapters upon Leopardi and Hartmann, that upon but with these exceptions he dwelt at different mis- the Italian poet being harshly unsympathetic, and sion stations in New York and Ohio. His life was that upon the living parodist of Schopenhauer one of exceeding hardship and privation, borne with mainly designed to emphasise the fact of the writ unvarying patience and cheerfulness. His home was er's personal acquaintance with the philosopher of in the wilderness-the wilderness of a century ago, the unconscious. With regard to the faults of this of which a slight semblance only exists in our country presentation of Schopenhauer, we have already said to-day. Except the two or three assistant mission- that it is gossip rather than discussion or explana aries at the station, his companions were Indians ex- tion, and that it is painfully lacking in dignity. clusively, and his surroundings were of the rough Mr. Saltus does, however, at times, attempt to make sort to be found in wilds remote from the frontiers philosophical statements, which, where they do not of the American colonies. During the French and lead directly to confusion of thought, are so absurdly Indian war, the war of the Revolution, and the superficial that they are without the least value. various struggles between the colonists and the red Here is a delightful passage which may serve in men, the missionaries and their converts suffered illustration: “ To arrive, however, at a clear under from an accumulation of dangers and trials. The standing of the purely phenomenal existence of the history of their experience is a continuous story of exterior world, it will suffice to represent to one's adversity and tribulation. At the age of sixty Mr. self the world as it was when entirely uninhabited. Zeisberger took a wife—not from choice, we are At that time it was necessarily without perception. informed, but by the advice of friends; and at the Later, there sprang up a great quantity of plants, date of this occurrence, 1781, the diary now pub- upon which the different forces of light, air, humid lished begins. It was written for the brethren at ity, and electricity acted according to their nature. Bethlehem, to keep them informed of the events If, now, it be remembered how impressionable befalling the isolated missionaries. It is quaint and plants are to these agents, and how thought leads antiquated in style, and, detailing the everyday by degrees to sensation and thence to perception, incidents of a secluded and uniform existence, is immediately then the world appears representing necessarily monotonous. It offers some original itself in time and space.” Another point for criti- material to the historian which is not without value, 78 [July, THE DIAL and has a bearing also upon the influence of ume has just been put within easy reach of American Christian teaching upon the American savages. readers by the Messrs. Harper, who have republished The journal extends over a period of seventeen it as No. 10 of their “ Handy Series." years, during which it records annually the gain of à few members to the mission church. The editor THE “Common Sense of the Exact Sciences" is a states that for a number of years before Zeisberger's posthumous work of the late Prof. Clifford, and is death, at the age of eighty-seven, he was greatly published in the International Scientific Series distressed by the vices of the Indians, even of those (Appleton.) Clifford's mathematical work is well who had been reckoned as converts; and longed to known to all who are interested in that science, and be at rest from his unfruitful labors. Three of the his singular ability to bring abstruse mathematical Indian missions founded by the Moravians—that at conceptions within the reach of ordinary apprehen- Goshen, in the valley of the Muskingum, which sion made his premature death a loss to a much was abandoned after years of steady decline; and larger than the strictly scientific world. Of that those at Fairfield, Ohio, and New Spring Place, in ability his popular lectures and essays already pub- the Indian Territory, which still exist, -had a total lished g ve abundant evidence, and it receives still of 276 converts in the year 1883: hardly half the further and more satisfactory illustration in the pres- number at Zeisberger's station in 1781. ent work. The title originally proposed for this volume was that of “Mathematics for the Non-Ma- Dr. James DARMESTETER, now professor at the thematical,” which would, we are inclined to think, College of France, although still a young man is have been preferable to the one now given it, already a veteran author, and has easily won the although either is fairly enough descriptive. There right to be regarded not only as one of the most ver are five chapters, on number, space, quantity, posi- satile but also as one of the most accomplished of tion, and motion; a sixth chapter on mass having the younger race of French scholars. Most favor been projected by the author but left unwritten. ably introduced to the notice of orientalists, in 1877, The chapters which we have were left for the most by his scholarly treatise entitled “Ormazd et Ahri part incomplete, and would doubtless have been con- man” (Paris, Viewig), M. Darmesteter was imme- siderably altered had Clifford lived to attend to the diately engaged by Prof. Max Müller to translate publication himself. As it is, his editors have com- the Vendidâd, or Law-book of the Zend-Avesta, pleted them to the best of their ability, and the re- into English, for the great series of translations of sult is a treatise of great value for its lucidity of Oriental Classics which we owe to the initiative of statement and explanation. The fundamental con- the unresting Oxford orientalist. This task, a cepts and some of the conclusions of pure mathe- formidable one for a Frenchman, was satisfactorily matics and of physics are presented with a clearness completed by M. Darmesteter several years ago. and at the same time a precision of statement that Among his other works are admirable editions of leaves little to be desired. A student entirely igno- "Childe Harold” and “Macbeth" for French rant of mathematics would not be likely to make very schools, and a bright and appreciative volume of much out of it, but a student already in possession “Essais de Littérature Anglaise” (Paris, Delagrave), of an elementary knowledge of the subject could in which he shows himself as much at home with not hit upon a better intellectual exercise than Shakespere and Shelley and Professor Shairp as he would be involved in the careful perusal of this had already proved himself to be with Zoroaster. book. It would clear up for him many difficulties Professor Darmesteter deserves the recognition which the ordinary methods are almost sure to leave among us he has already gained in England, as be in his path, and help him to realise what many well- ing one of the comparatively small but rapidly in educated men, it is to be feared, do not: that ma- creasing company of French writers who really thematics is nothing but common sense with a pecu- know our literature and are doing what in them lies liar language. Clifford's most important work, the to spread its study among Frenchmen generally. “Kinetic,” is still in manuscript. This is the second Last February Professor Darmesteter delivered at and concluding part of his “ Elements of Dynamic," the Sorbonne, before the Scientific Association of efore the Scientific Association of and is not likely to be published for some years. France, a discourse upon “The Mahdi, Past and The lay reader may be interested to learn that it is Present.” This reaches us now in English dress as Clifford who is caricatured as Prof. Saunders in a shilling brochure of 146 pages (London, T. Fisher Mr. Mallock's “New Republic,” and also that a Unwin), enriched by a number of notes by the recent anonymous English novel called “Mrs. author, and an interesting appendix by the trans Keith's Crime,” which has attracted considerable lator on “ The Mahdi of 1884-5” and “The Siege attention, is the work of Mrs. Clifford. of Khartoum.” This booklet is an account of all the principal Mahdis or well-guided ones ”_their STUDENTS of Ecclesiastical history will find in the name is legion-from the days of Mahomet to those Rev. Dr. Charles A. Briggs's “ American Presbyte- of Mohammed Ahmed, the Mahdi of the Soudan, rianism, its Origin and Early History" (Scribners) or Mahomet Achmet, as the name is spelt under the a work of great merit and of permanent value. It very prepossessing portrait here reproduced from is marked by the graces of modern scholarship, and the "Pall Mall Gazette.” “The time," says the illustrated by the philosophical spirit of our age. author, “has not yet come to write his history, for As a professor of Hebrew and of Old Testament lit- he has first to accomplish and end it," but all that erature, Dr. Briggs, though still a young man, ranks seems to be known of this apparently honest and among the foremost scholars of the day. In the able fanatic is given here. This little historical special field of early Presbyterian history he has summary will be found to contain much curious in gone to the sources as no writer before him has ever formation imparted in an interesting and even done, or has ever had the bibliographical apparatus amusing manner. The author's wit has the Vol for doing. His library, consisting of books and tairean flavor which seems irresistible to a bright written records and original documents relating to Frenchman in treating of such a subject. The vol- | his subject, is the completest ever gathered, and 1885.) THE DIAL 79 -- ---- -- --- ------- ------- --- ----------------------- contains much material hitherto unknown. He de- which a new edition, brought down to the fall of serves high praise for the skilful use and arrange- | Khartoum, is issued by Thos. Y. Crowell & Co. It ment which he has made of these materials, and for is a succinct yet comprehensive review of the life the spirit of philosophy and of broad catholicity of "the Christian hero" to its close at Khartoum in which throughout pervades the present volume. January of the present year. Even now, the inci- This history corrects many errors which are preva dents connected with the capture of Khartoum and lent not less among Presbyterians than among other the situation of General Gordon during the weeks intelligent people as to the breadth and catholicity of and months previous to that event are unknown to the early Presbyterian Church. This body of Chris the English public. Khartoum remains in the tians in our day is noted for rigidly insisting that all hands of the Mahdi, and it is among the possibili- its ministers and elders must subscribe to the Con- ties that the brave Englishman from whose com- fession of Faith, as a whole and as to all its parts. mand the city was wrested is still living a captive The belief of the church has been that this was re- in his possession. However that may be, this latest quired from the first, and the enforcement of this of his biographers carries the history of General subscription has often given rise to controversies | Gordon down to the last moment in which authen- and strifes. But Dr. Briggs has clearly shown that tic news was received of him. It is a graphic story the Westminster Assembly, which drew up the doc of a singularly strong and independent man, in ument, did not contemplate.an individual subscrip whose capacity and single-heartedness the English tion, on the part of ministers and elders, to the people had learned implicitly to believe. No one Confession of Faith; that subscription was not re will refuse to acknowledge the lofty virtues which quired in the Church of Scotland until many years made him an exceptional character; yet between after; and that it was not required in the American the lines of the most laudatory accounts, like the one churches and presbyteries until subsequently to now before us, it is easy to read that he was a man 1729. It was only required that ministers should of obstinate will and passionate temper, and liable not preach or teach anything contrary to the Con to acts of rashness and despotism. His intrepidity, fession. This is only one of many errors, equally his loving charity, his philanthropic fervor, and the prevalent and deep-seated, which this volume cor purity of his conduct, command unreserved admira- rects. While Dr. Briggs's talents are more philo tion; yet there were many incidents in his career up sophical than artistic, yet he writes in a pleasing style. to the last which excite a doubt as to the justness of His work proves him to be indefatigable in research, the claim that he was altogether a perfect or an sagacious in determining the weight which should ideal man. be allowed to authorities, and serene in temper. He writes not as a partisan, or a sectarian, but as a UNDER the happy title of “Unity Songs Re-sung," philosophical historian. the Colgrove Book Company of Chicago has pub- lished a little volume of short poems selected by Mr. VERY charming are the discourses of Bradford Charles C. Kerr from the columns of “Unity," the Torrey on the traits and habits of birds. They will well-known journal of Western Unitarianism. The not suffer in a comparison with the writings of title of the volume is rendered doubly appropriate Thoreau and John Burroughs. They reveal in the by a strong accord in the sentiment of the pieces, author a gentle and loving nature, a rare gift for which are marked by deep religious feeling, joined observation, and habits of philosophical reasoning. in many cases to fine poetic expression. These are His heart is open to the voices of the birds, his eye the hymns and prayers of devout souls, who trust in is keen to note their presence and peculiarities, and divine principles underlying the mystery of human he understands how well it is worth his while to existence, and believe that pause when they flit across his path, and mark the “All the world's old dogmas significance of their behavior. There is a meaning Are its poems petrified." to him in all bird-life, and he seeks for the key to it. To them the world is full of light and hope, and He reads instinctively the characters of birds, and not they can sing- only knows there are differences between robins, “ For us no past? Nay, what is present sweetness? for instance, and other birds, but between robins and Dear yesterdays dissolving in to-day! robins. The happiness which he finds in studying The Past-it flowers in every new completeness these winged creatures, not as an ornithologist, but Of thought, faith, hope; and so shall be for aye.” Lines might be culled from nearly all the poems, to as a lover of nature, he is able to express in singu- larly felicitous language. Eleven essays, containing serve as watchwords to cheer faithful spirits on his notes and reflections on numerous species coming to new and high endeavors; and thus the little vol- under his inspection, are gathered into a little ume is full of messages and meanings for responsive volume under the head of "Birds in the Bush" hearts. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) The titles of the several Scott's edition of Swift in nineteen volumes has essays, as “ Character in Feathers," "Scraping AC- recently been reprinted in sumptuous style, but this quaintance," "A Bird-Lover's April," agreeably edition will probably be less effective in making excite an expectation which the essays themselves readers familiar with the works of the great satirist do not fail to satisfy. Mr. Torrey has been remark- than a little volume of selections from his prose ably fortunate in discovering the haunts of birds writings prepared by Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole, and which abide in secluded retreats and are seldom seen published in the “Parchment Series" (Appleton). or heard by the most diligent seekers of them; he There is hardly a classic writer of them all who can has thus gained new material to contribute to the afford to court the oblivion that is likely to over- biography of various species, which the specialist whelm authors who weigh down our shelves in nine- appreciates. teen-volume editions, and there are few readers of ONE of the best of the many biographies of Gen- to-day who have any acquaintance with Swift be- eral Gordon, published within two or three years, is yond the friendship for Gulliver which they formed that by the anonymous author of “Our Queen," of l as children. And yet he is much too lofty a figure 80 [July, THE DIAL in our literature to deserve forgetfulness. Easily edition, in three volumes, from the house of Estes the first of our eighteenth century writers, standing & Lauriat. to his age in something of the attitude of a Carlyle MR. SWINBURNE's essay on “The Work of Victor and yet greater than a Carlyle, among satirists of the Hugo" appears in the “Nineteenth Century" for serious kind almost without a peer in literature, we July. cannot afford to forget either the man or his work. LIEUT. FREDERICK SCHWATKA's new book, “Nim- “ To realise Swift's life is to know human nature in rod in the North,” is just published by Cassell & its sternest, gloomiest, most rebellious, most mys- Company. terious moods," says his present editor. To be THE third part of Professor Francis J. Child's familiar with his writings is to enjoy a style which “English and Scottish Popular Ballads" is to be is “masculine, straightforward, and expressive of the precise idea of the writer. A safer model of published shortly. style cannot be found in the whole range of English THE “North American Review " appears for July literature.” The selections which Mr. Lane-Poole in a cover of greenish-blue-a noticeable improve- has made represent the author in all the range of his ment in outward appearance. moods, from the playfulness of Gulliver at Lilliput A TREATISE on “Hay Fever, its Etiology and to the savage temper of his proposal for the dis Treatment,” by Dr. Morell Mackenzie, is a timely position of Irish children. Nor should we fail to publication of P. Blakiston, Son & Co. . mention the admirable introductory preface, which MAD. SOPHIE Cortin's romance of the Crusades, is a model of that sort of writing, and the valuable “Matilda, Princess of England,” translated from notes, among which we find a fragment of the the French by Jennie W. Raum, is just published Voyage to Laputa never before printed. by W. S. Gottsberger. Mrs. A. D. T. WHITNEY has written a story for PROFESSOR BAILEY'S “ Talks Afield" (Houghton, boys, “How the Middies Set up Shop," which will Mifflin & Co.) form a popular treatise on botany, pre succeed Charles Egbert Craddock's “Down the Ra- senting in a concise and connected shape the leading vine" as a serial in “Wide Awake.” points in the structure, mode of growth, and scien GENERAL Gordon's Jouruals at Khartoum, edited tific classification of plants. The writer has a and expanded by his cousin, Mr. Egmont Hake, are thorough understanding of his subject, and a good | republished from advanced sheets from London, by deal of skill in setting it forth in a simple and en Houghton, Mifflin & Co. They have also issued tertaining manner. The technicalities of the science Bret Harte's volume, “By Shore and Sedge,” con- of botany are in the main avoided, while the inter taining three new stories: “An Apostle of the esting life-history of different divisions of plants of Tules,” “Sarah Walker,” and “A Ship of '49.” many curious types is portrayed, with the varied SIR JAMES STEPIENS's long-expected book, "The and wonderful features which characterize them. Story of Nuncomar and the Impeachment of Sir An abundance of fine wood-cuts assist the author in Elijah Impey,” is about to be published by Macmil- conveying a clear impression of the forms of plants lan & Co. In this story, says the “Athenæum," the and their processes of development. character and career of Sir Elijah Impey are fully handled, with the result that Lord Macaulay's severe Mr. Francis PARKMAN, the well-known historian, strictures upon him in the essay on Warren Hastings has rendered a timely and agreeable service by pre- are rejected as wholly unjust. paring a “Historic Handbook of the Northern Tour” (Little, Brown & Co.) It forms a valuable THE “Magazine of American History” opens its pocket companion for travellers in the region of promised series of Civil War papers in the July Lakes George and Champlain, Niagara, Montreal, and | number, some half-dozen articles forming the first Quebec. The substance of its pages is drawn chiefly installment. Their titles and writers may be found from the standard historical works of the author, and in our list of “Topics in Leading Periodicals" in repeats the history of the principal events connected this issue. The series promises to be a very inter- esting one, and will doubtless do much to popularize with the points enumerated. The text is illustrated with admirable maps, copies of old drawings, and this excellent magazine. portraits of Generals Wolfe and Montcalm. STANLEY's new book of African travel, “ Congo and the Founding of its Free State,” in two vol- THE “ Lives of Greek Statesmen,” from Solon to / umes of over a thousand pages, illustrated, is just Themistocles, by Sir George W. Cox, is a volume of issued by Harper & Brothers. They publish also very distinct interest and value. It does not under Mr. Henry Forbes's "A Naturalist's Wanderings in take to be a history of Greece, but, as the author the Eastern Archipelago," being an account of ex- remarks, the history of a people is often best studied plorations and travel through the Cocos or Keeling in the lives of individual citizens. Younger readers Íslands, Java, Sumatra, the Moluccas, and Timor especially will find this an exceedingly entertaining Laut, with a large number of illustrations, including introduction to the “General History of Greece" by a colored front spiece, and several maps. the same author. The Harpers' reprint of the work Among the educational works announced for early is issued in a form which for combined cheapness publication by Ginn & Company are “Questions on and tastefulness could hardly be bettered. Cæsar and Xenophon,” by E. C. Ferguson, Ph.D., Professor Latin and Greek, Chaddock College, Quincy, Ill.; a new volume in the “Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry"__"Andreas, a Legend of St. LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS. Andrew,” edited by Professor W. M. Baskervill, of RAMBAUD's “ Popular History of Russia "--a work Vanderbilt University; a new illustrated edition, that has been crowned by the French Academy, and enlarged, of Allen & Greenough's new Cæsar; a approved by the highest English authorities as the translation of Lotze's “ Outlines of Practical Phi- standard work on its subject-appears in a new losophy,” edited by Prof. Ladd, of Yale College; 1885.1 81 THE DIAL and ."School Hygiene." consisting of six lectures Copyright, International. 0. W. Holmes. Century. Copyright Question, Another Side of Centuru. delivered under the auspices of the Massachusetts Cow-Boys of Montana. R. F. Zogbaum. Harper's. Emergency and Hygiene Association, to teachers in Daylight Contingent, the E. L. Vielé. Mag. Am. Hist. Defoe and Shepard. E. E. Hale. Atlantic, the public schools of Boston.. Diet in Relation to Age and Activity. Pop. Sci. Mo. : MR. PALGRAVE's selection from the lyric poems Earthquake Phenomena. Ralph S. Tarr. Pop. Sci. Mo. Elizabeths, the Two. J. G. Whittier. Atlantic. of Lord Tennyson, published in dainty “Golden Employment of Children. J. F. Crowell. Andover Reviern. Treasury" form by Macmillan & Co., is a most ac England and Her Colonies. Wm, Clarke. NO. Am. Review. Ethies, "G. Von Gitzycki. Popular Science Monthly. ceptable volume, and surprises even the familiar Extradition of Dynamite Criminals. North Am. Review. readers of this great poet by the amount he has Fort Pulaski. Seizure of. C. C. Jones, Jr. Mag. Am, Hist. written in the true lyric strain. The choice of Garibaldi's Ideas. W. L. Alden. Atlantic." George Eliot's County, Rose G. Kingsley. Century. pieces has been most carefully and tastefully made, Gladstone, England's Injustice to. ndover Reviewo. and, though some favorites are absent, it is doubtful Hatton, Frank, Joseph Hatton. Century. Horseback in Virginia. C. D. Warner. Atlantic if the space could on the whole have been used to Hygiene of the Aged. L. H. Watson. Pop. Sci. Monthly. better advantage. The delicately-written dedica India, Gate of. W.L.Fawcett Century Kansas, southwestern. M. H. Leonard. Atla tie. tion to Lady Tennyson, and the notes at the end of Kurdistan and the Kurds. Edwin M. Bliss. And. Review. the volume, give it a distinct interest and value. Land and Taxation. D. D. Field and H. George. No. Am.Rev. Langley, Prof. S. P. E. S. Holden. Popular Science Monthly. THE New York “Nation" has just completed the Leaves, Sir John Lubbock. Popular Science Monthly. twentieth year of its existence, and fitly notes the Legislators, Blindness of. Century Mau, Subterranean History of. S. C. Bartlett. No. Am. Rev. occasion by a brief review of its career. Its retro- McClellan's Change of Base. D. H. Hill. Century. spect is full of interest, and its gratulatory words Mediæval Art, Childhood in. H. E. Scudder. Atlantic. Mexican Vacation Week. Sylvester Baxter. Atlantic. are entirely becoming in a paper that so scrupulously Military Affairs in N. Y. in 1861. M. Read. Mag. Am. Hist. abstains from the almost universal journalistic habit Mistral. Frederie. Alphonse Daudet. Century. of blowing the editorial horn. It is not too much Mohammedans in India. F. M. Crawford. Harper's Morionism. Side Lights from. W. F. Cooley. And. Rev. to say of the “Nation" that no single agency has Moths. Augustus R. Grote. Popular Science Monthly. . done so much to advance and dignify the calling of Opium, an Experience with. S. T. Morton. Pop. Sci. Mo. journalism in America. Including in its scope poli- Pattison, Mark. Melville B. Anderson. Dial. Political and Social Science, Studies in. Albert Shaw. Dial. tics as well as literature and art, it has often aroused Primneval Eden, Quest for the. M. L. D'Ooge. Dial. bitter political antagonism and suffered from par- Prohibition in Practice. Gail Hamilton. 'N Am. Revieno. Railronds and Telegraphs.: O. Herzog. Pop. Sci. Monthly. tisan excitement and prejudice; but we believe no Richmond, Seven Days' Fighting. J. Longstreet, Century. one—at least no one whose judgments are valued by Savalge's Station, Fighting at. W. B. Franklin Centuru. Seventh Regiment, March of the. Mag. Am, Hist. 'thinking men-has ever soberly questioned its sin- Silk-Making. R. R. Bowker. Harper 8. cerity and disinterestedness, or the remarkable Star.Fish Life. F. A. Fernald. Popular Science Monthly. force and candor with which its views have been Twenty Years after the War. Century. Wall st. in the Civil War. G. R. Gibson. Mag. Am, Hist. presented. In literary criticism, its methods and Washington in 1861. C. P. Stone. Mag. Am. Hist. achievements have been such that this has almost Willis, N. P. Egbert Phelps. Dial. become a new art under its leadership. Twenty Yellowstone Park us a Winter Sanitarium. Pop. Sci. Mo. years ago literary journals were almost unknown in this country, and literary criticism was nearly con- fined to perfunctory and fulsome "book-notices" hav- ... BOOKS OF THE MONTH. . ing often an open connection with the advertising department of the paper in which they appeared. [The following List includes all New Books, American and For. Our best criticism is now, however, respected at eign, received during the month of June, by MESSRS. home and abroad, and, as in England and elsewhere, : JANSEN, MCCLURG & Co., Chicago.) journals devoted to this branch find ready apprecia- tion. The method followed by the “Nation "_" to HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. A History of the People of the United States. From have each book reviewed by some one who had the Revolution to the Civil War. By John B. McMas. given special attention to its subject "-is the only ter. To be completed in 5 vols., 8vo, gilt tops. Vols. one by which a high standard of criticism can be I. and II. now ready. D. Appleton & Co. Per vol., $2.50. maintained. In all departments the “Nation" has " The author, with well-chosen words, and in pictur. been singularly able and impartial, and its success is esque style, presents a succession of living pictures. * ** All this is real history. It makes fascinating reading. a cause of gratification in which American scholars Not the first or the faintest shadow of dullness is to be generally will share, found on any of these pages."-The Churchman. The Constitutional and Political History of the United ----- - - - States. By Dr. H. Von Holst. Translated from the German by John J. Lalor. Vol. IV. 1850-1854. Com. TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. promise of 1850-Kansas Nebraska Bill. 8vo, pp. 461. JULY, 1885. Callaghan & Co. Net, $3.50. old limes. A Picture of Social Life at the End of the Adams, Samnel. W. F. Poole. Dial. Eighteenth Century. Collected and Illustrated from the Satirical and other Sketches of the Day. By John · Aerial Navigation. W. Le Conte Stevens. Pop. Sci. Mo. Air-Breathers, Oldest. Popular Science Monthly. Ashton. 870, pp. 354, gilt top. Scribner & Welford. * America,” Story of the. B. F. Butler. Harper's. $6.00. Ampersand. Henry J. Van Dyke, Jr. Harper's. Papers of the American School of Classical Studies Asia, European Influences in. T. W. Knox. No. Am, Rev. 'at Athens. Vol. I., 1882-83. 8vo, pp. 262. Boards. Cup. . Astronomers, Self Made. E. Lagrange. Pop. Sci. Monthly. ples, Upham & Co. Net, $2.00. Atonement, The. Andover Reviero.. General Gordon. The Christian Hero. By the author Archæological Frauds. C. C. Abbott. Pop. Sci. Monthly. of "Qur Queen," etc. Pp. 375. Portrait. T. Y. Crowell Bird-Life. Olive T. Miller.Ailantic. & Co. $1.25. Buchanan, President. Horatio King. Mag. Am. Hist. Buffalo. Jane M. Welch. Harper's. TRAVEL-SPORTING. China Speaking for Herself. Atlanti”. Congo, and the Founding of its Free State: A Story Christianity, Is it Declining? C. H. Parkhurst. N. A. R. ot Work and Exploration. By Henry M. Stanley, with Over One Hundred Full page Illustrations and Maps. Christian Minister, Calling of a century. 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 1050. Harper & Bros. $10.00. Civil Service Reformt. D. B. Enton. No. American Review. "Mr. Stanley may fairly boast of having given to the Civil War, Beginning of. Thos. Jordan. Mag. Am. Hist. 1 world two of the most remarkable books of travel. * * * Clay, Henry. George Bancroft. Century. and this second work is in every respeet by far the most Colonies, Social Life in the. Edward Eggleston. Century. it interesting."--The Athenaeum, London. - - 82 [July, THE DIAL A Practical Treatise on the Raw Materials, and the Distillation and Rectification of Alcohol, and the Preparation of Alcoholic Liquors, Liqueurs, Cordials, and Bitters. Edited chiefly from the German of Dr. K. Stainmer, Dr. F. Elsner, and E. Schubert, by W. T. Braunt. Illustrated. Pp. 330. H. C. Baird & Co. $2.50. 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COMPETENT ARTISTS SENT TO ALL PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES TO ARRANGE AND GIVE ES- TIMATES FOR EVERY CLASS OF DECORATIVE ART. 62 AND 64 DUANE Sr., NEW YORK. 86 THE DIAL [August, 1885. - A NOVEL BY THE AUTHOR OF CHICAGO “LIKE OTHER GIRLS." Barbara Heathcote's Trial. “MUSIC AND DRAMA.” By Rosa NOUCHETTE CAREY, author of DEVOTED TO - Robert Ord's Atonement,” “Nellie's Mem- Music, Drama, Fine Art, Letters ories,” etc. 16mo. Paper, 25 cents; attract- ively bound, ink and gold ornaments, 50 cts. and Society. “The preceding novels by this author have been so bright and entertaining, that they make her an especial favorite with the reading public." SPECIAL ARTICLES. Series of Portraitures of Representative Men A NEW TRANSLATION BY MRS. and Women. A. L. WISTER. “ All About Everybody.” “Loved Not Wisely, but Too Well”-an orig. The Lady with the Rubies. inal Drama. A Novel. From the German of E. 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The first volume contains an excellent portrait from a scarce print in the Bibliotheque Nationale of Paris, and now etched by M. Ad. Lalauze. Instantaneous process for Children and Costume Pictures. Orders from the trade respectfully solicited. Appointments for sittings can be made from one day to one week in advance. J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, Hours for sittings, from Q A. M. to 4 P. M. Cloudy days, 10 A. M. to 3 P. M. Children and babies, jo 715 & 717 Market St., Philadelphia. A. M. to 2 P. M. THE DIAL --- --- Denslon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vol. VI. AUGUST, 1885. No. 64. speak more distinctly and fluently. It is not reasonable to suppose that Sophocles died of reading a long sentence in his own Antigone, CONTENTS. since on authority of apparent weight we have it that he died of swallowing a grape-stone. SAPPHO. Louis Dyer ............. 87 All this trumpery gossip about Sophocles and THE FREE STATE ON THE CONGO. Van Buren Demosthenes we could certainly accept with- out losing sight of the main features of their MARIUS THE EPICUREAN. Horatio N. Powers . . 9) character. Demosthenes certainly struggled A REDISCOVERED DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. against many disadvantages in perfecting his Selim H. Peabody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 power of speech. Sophocles certainly has GORDON'S JOURNALS AT KARTOUM, Robert Nourse 94 composed long periods, in the reading of which MARTINEAU’S ETITICAL THEORIES. Geo. Bitchelor 95 it is difficult to find opportunity for taking BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 97 breath. The case of the poetess Sappho is Rambaud's History of Russia.---Forbes's A Natur. different. To lose the vile gossip which was alist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago. long current about her is priceless gain. To Miss Cleveland's George Eliot's Poetry, and Other believe what many have believed about her is Studies. The Life and Letters of Emory Upton.- Hare's Wanderings in Spain. - Hare's Studies in never really to be “stung by the sudden splen- Russia.--Olcott's Buddhist Catechism.-- Poems and lors” of her fervent thoughts, as we still have Memoirs of (hrles T. Brooks, -- Agge's and them in the scanty fragments spared for our Brooks's Marblehead Sketches.--Pascoe's London wonder and our praise by the fury of early of To-Day.--Herrick's Chapters on Plant Life.- Christian fanaticism. And thus we see that Benjamin's The Longfellow Collector's Handbook. --Mrs. Ewing's The Story of a Short Life. cynic-doubt may have its enthusiasms. Crit- ical scholarship does not destroy only—it some- LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS ........ 100 | times creates by removing the obstacles between TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS FOR AUGUST 102 us and the inspiration of undisguised truth. BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 102 The charming story of the loves of Sappho ----- ---- and Alcxus must be doubted, and it is out of the question to allow that Anacreon, Archilo- SAPPHO.* chus, and Hipponax were her suitors. Phaon, The results of alliance between scepticism for love of whom Sappho is said to have killed and scholarship are better understood now herself, is a myth, and the reader of the last than of yore. Within sixty years, enlightened published and most exhaustive account of Sap- incredulity has stripped the history of Greek pho, which it is the object of the present article letters of nearly all the tinsel with which the to discuss, is of course prepared to hear that taste of later Greece and of Rome bedizened Sappho never can have taken the long journey by land and sea from Lesbos to Leucas in it. Many traditions both profitless and bad have ended; for ended they are, in spite of be- order to make the desperate lover's leap about which so much has been written and sung. lated and believing defenders. Such defenders Such facts as are credibly ascertained about should not move our fear, since there are always those who find nothing so simple as Sappho are given by our editor, Mr. IIenry rebellion against scrupulous questioning. In Thornton Wharton. The idea of making a book of Greek poetry look tempting by all the fact, each generation for itself discovers and extols the comfortable value of established and arts which are used in the case of modern poets, is an inspiring one. Surely, something accepted facts, and learns of the proverbial disinclination felt by college "How easier than a moment's thought it is To laugh where wise men doubt." men to read Greek after college days are over But not the ineradicable orthodoxy of those may be due to the conventionally unappetizing who are in favor of progress, but progress shape in which alone they have hitherto been backward, shall make plain, that the ridic- able to get hold of Greek classics. Since, ulous details of Demosthenes's schooling were therefore, the outfittings of this book are due not invented by schoolmasters at Athens and to the special pains taken by its editor and pub- Rome. Demosthenes can hardly have shaved lishers, they deserve the special thanks of all the hair and beard from one-half of his head who are striving for the advancement of Greek that he might retire to a cave and there learn letters and of the civilizing humanities. his lessons freed from the temptations of fash- As this volume is called “A Memoir and a ionable society, nor is it probable that cram- Translation,” it is perhaps necessary to explain ming his mouth full of pebbles helped him to that “memoir" is used in the sense of a biog- raphy which does not lay claim to be a de- *SAPPHO. Memoir, Text, Select Renderings, and a Lit. | tailed one-a biographical sketch, in fact. It cral Translation. By II. T. Wharton, M.A. Chicago: Jan- sen, McClurg & Co. I may be regretted that the necessity of sifting 88 [August, THE DIAL true from false and of weighing various au book is undoubtedly to be found in the perfect thorities make the memoir of Sappho seem good-taste and triumphant self-restraint of the diffuse and ill arranged. After this has been prose translations which he supplies for every said in criticism of the introduction, there re existing fragment of our poetess. With this mains little but praise for the way in which | book, a person wholly unacquainted with our editor presents all of the unfortunately Greek may certainly come very near to the scant remnants of poetry by the Sapphica thought in its original form, since the best puella musa doctior, or, as the Greek epi | poetical translations that have been made are grammatist chose to call her, “the tenth muse.” printed after the more scrupulously faithful Among great lyric poets belonging to that wild one in prose. Altogether, it is plain that our and restless era ushered in among the Greeks | editor has succeeded in making his “ Sappho" when the patriarchal peace of Homeric times so complete-a carefully compiled bibliogra- was fled from earth forever, only two can be phy is introduced at the end, -and so beauti- vividly present to our imaginations, only two ful—with the aid of the Chiswick press, and in can forcibly and in their own persons possess spite, be it said, of the medallion-like frontis- our fancy to-day; the two are Sappho and Arch piece,-that whoever catches sight of the book ilochus. We know that Alcæus wrote vigorous may well say in his heart: “I must not die till and graceful verse; we are swept away by the I have read the book.” At all events, Athe- storm of intense political feeling of which næus gives some countenance to this state of some of his political verses are full; but the mind when he tells how Solon, the lawgiver of man Alcæus we cannot know. How should Athens, on hearing one of Sappho's songs, ex- we make his acquaintance in the few scattered claimed: “I must not die till I have learned fragments that late writers have quoted? The the song." Louis DYER. same is true of Anacreon and of Tyrtæus. Not so with Sappho, nor yet with Archilochus. --------- - Archilochus will always be known to those who have read his fragmentary verses as the THE FREE STATE ON THE Congo. * master hater, the man whose words could bite. As a literary successor to Stanley's magnifi- It seems as if the perfect womanliness of Sap- cent work “Through the Dark Continent," the pho would stand revealed to us in any single | history of the founding of his Free State on line. Take the line (fr. 33)— the Congo flags in interest. But is it a free onpaual mew eyw gébev, "Attu, nádcu mora, State? The opening clause in every treaty fulfilled with the gentleness and sweet fervor entered into between European nations and of matchless womanhood; Swinburne has de the alleged Free State binds it irrevocably luged her perfect brevity with multiplied met never to raise a revenue in the mode in which rical trills and quavers, but has brought to its such European State raises its own revenue, meaning nothing new, in his “Songs of the viz., by duties on the importation, the exporta- Springtide.” Our editor does well, however, to tion, or the transit of goods. Every European quote him as follows: State binds it to a degree of so-called “Free “I loved thee.-hark, one tenderer note than all- Trade,” i, e., of paralysis of the power of tax- Atthis, of old time, once-one low long fall, ation and of obtaining revenue, in the interest Sighing-one long low lovely loveless call, of foreign traders, to which no European or Atthis, long since in old time overpast- Asiatic nation would submit voluntarily, and One soft first pause and last. submission to which would be regarded as the One,-then the old rage of rapture's fieriest rain acceptance of irretrievable subjugation. Eng. Storms all the music maddened night again." land, which levies $100,000,000 of revenue Perhaps the last two lines, which none but from duties on imports, binds the so-called a barbarian should admire, could be ampu- “ Free State on the Congo” to levy no duties tated. It certainly does not seem probable that whatever on imports. If the new State is to Sappho, who was young whenever she spoke be a State it must have courts of justice, an in verse, no matter if she does in one place ad- army, and hence a revenue. If it is to have mit that she is rather old, would have found any use for Swinburne's “old rage of rapture's any power whatever to suppress the trade in slaves, which is a normal feature of African fieriest rain,” and it is reasonably certain that life, it must have courts, an army, and a reve- “ burning Sappho loved and sung” without nue. Whence is it to obtain the means for ever storming anything like the music-mad- supporting a State establishment? Mr. Stan- dened night. Barring these last two lines, ley's book indicates that heretofore the means Swinburne in the generosity of his plentiful for running his African enterprises have been periphrases has marvellously interpreted the ex- quisite and incommunicable charm of what obtained by “passing around the hat” in Bel- Dio Chrysostom calls the “perfect beauty" of * THE CONGO AND THE FOUNDING OF ITS FREE STATE. Sappho's diction. A Story of work and Exploration. By Henry M. Stanley. The most original feature in Mr. Wharton's Harper & Brother's, Dying one pause in song so flamelike fast- In two volumes, with Maps and Ilustrations. New York: 1885.] 89 THE DIAL - - - gium. This will do for an exploring expedi | Congo Land is a country as large as China tion, but hardly as a permanent reliance for a proper, or as the Mississippi Valley from the Free State. Mr. Stanley figures out a very Rockies to the Alleghanies. There is a live large trade and large profits for those who American in charge of it. Hence it must trade with the 46,000,000 supposed people of “pan out” something, or the world will be Congo. If the country is to be run by a pri carefully though gratuitously made acquainted vate trading company, that company must have with the reason why. a monopoly of trade, in order to justify the There are some thrilling passages descriptive expenditures involved in maintaining order and of the slave trade in “The Congo,” and not a keeping trade open. This monopoly is ren few vivid portraitures of African scenery. dered as impossible as a revenue is by the Stanley lacks the art to bring African life and clauses of the several treaties guaranteeing individuality before us on its simple pathetic the perpetual, unlimited, and untaxed naviga or home side. His Africans all steal and lie, tion of the Congo to the vessels of all nations. but they do not vividly live and love, in his Without a vestige of monopoly or of property pictures. The great Henry M. is the only in the trade it creates, and without a revenue, man in his book that is permitted to be a man. Stanley's Free State goes into business in a Even the King of the Belgians and Bismarck truly apostolic way, with no scrip in its purse become involuntary instruments of Stanley's and no possibility that it ever can have except as superior genius. So his Africans are all man- it gets it by passing around the hat in Europe. ikins, whom he moves this way and that in a It may be safely asserted that Stanley's sort of Punch-and-Judy show. We miss the Free State is therefore not a free State at all, touching song of the African woman to Mungo but a handicapped and bound State, which Park, bathing the lone traveller in its flood of must early burst its bonds in order to be a womanly sympathy and pity because he had State. At such time somebody must be disap- “ No wife to bring him milk, pointed. What Stanley has organized, there- No wife to grind his corn." fore, is not a State, but a quarrel ; for that is all that a federation of traders without a No one ever weeps over touching acts of kind- monopoly of their trade and of colonists with- ness or affection performed by the simple out a means of revenue can amount to. Stan- sterling African in Stanley's story. No crowd ley could probably, however, get more out of of sympathizing villagers form in an open a quarrel than he could out of a constitution. square to welcome home to his aged and blind It must not be inferred that there will be no grandmother the returning child of her heart State on the Congo because the present elab- and hopes, who has been long absent from her orate and beautifully printed and superbly embrace in search of the little share of silver bound volumes supply no other of the mate- | that shall make her old age happy. Such in- rials for a State than a territory filled with stances cited from other African travellers bv naked savages and an arbitrary and coura- Spencer, Janet, and other moralists, in proof of geous hero willing to be their Emperor. the unity of the essential elements of human pas- The only right Andrew Jackson had to compel sion everywhere, are absent in Stanley's harder his Tennessee militia to go with him to New narrative. In him the deep abyss between the Orleans arose from the fact that he was An- grandeur of the white Casar whose mission it drew Jackson. Most of Henry M. Stanley's is to rob and rule, and the suspicious, gullible rights in moulding the new Free State will | horde of black brutes in whom the human is arise by the same charter. He has the art only beginning to emerge, is never crossed. which is preservative of all arts in matters of Whenever Stanley appears upon the scene it is government and intrigue, the art of exceeding always as a bright light which the darkness his adversaries in effective force at every point could but feebly comprehend. We are often of collision. So long as he continues master of reminded of the fable in which the artist paints this art, the paper treaties which may stand in himself with his foot upon the lion's mane. his way at one time can be rescinded at another. | “How do you like the picture?” he inquired When he fails, he meets the fate of Gordon. | as he exhibited it to the lion whose portrait was Mr. Stanley's present aim is to get settlers upon the canvas. “ It is such a picture as a into his country. Isothermal lines all forbid man would paint,” replied the lion. “Ilad I it. But any considerable discoveries of the | painted it, my foot would have been upon your precious metals will certainly overcome the neck.” So long as the picture of the contact isothermal argument. A few fortunes made of the white race with the African is painted in trade may do so. Treaties with European by whites only, it is always a picture of light powers for the delivery to him of their con dispelling darkness. Mr. Stanley has at least vict and pauper population might supply him the ardor in his work which comes from de- with a formidable quota of valuable colonists | vout belief that this is the only view of the -more valuable than persons of finer ethical subject which is possible. culture and ästhetic tastes would be. VAN BUREN DENSLOW. 90 [August, THE DIAL MARIUS THE EPICUREAN.* philosophies and the undercurrents of antique It is difficult to write of this charming life, and his portraitures of the many subjects that come under review have a natural co- treatise without seeming to overrate its excel- lence. While it is entirely free from anything herence and unity that make the general panorama exceedingly satisfying and effective. like a sensational element, it is replete with Only one familiar with the profound influences matter that will never cease to appeal to that shape and color human life, and who at serious and cultivated minds. As a piece of the same time is furnished with the lore and composition, it has the grace of style, the saturated with the spirit of antiquity, could clear-cut precision, the high-bred tone, the produce a picture so vital and faithful and in- exquisite favor and solidity, that make litera- structive as this. We are constantly coming ture enduring. It is the work of a scholar, upon themes that will never lose their interest but of a scholar breathing our modern air to those who are conscious of the workings of while charged with the free spirit of antiq- their own natures in contact with the visible uity; of clear vision and profound experience, world, and which are so associated with human and the gift of delineating with fascinating art history and development as to have a perpetual both the inner life and the outward world. freshness and charm. No technical statement And this two-fold portraiture is done with a of the Epicurean philosophy could convey to rare fidelity and power. “Marius the Epi- curean, Iris Sensations and Ideas," is the | one the impressions that are derived from what is said of the effect of a story of Aris- presentation of two series of pictures, equally tippus of Cyrene on the mind of Marius. How vivid and delightful; one, the experiences of a different from the popular view of Epicureanism fine, poetic, noble nature, as it develops from is the doctrine that he came to entertain: the simple Pagan faith in which it is born, through its acceptance of a philosophic system, “Not pleasure, but fulness of life, and “insight' to its contact with Christianity in its best ex- -as conducting to that fulness--energy, choice, pression of the period (that of the great and variety of experience, including noble pain and sorrow even, loves such as those in the exquisite Emperor Marcus Aurelius); and the other, old story of Apuleius ; such sincere and strenuous delineations of the old Roman world—the forms of moral life as Seneca and Epictetus-what- country, the city, manners, worship, customs, ever form of human life, in short, was impassioned whatever most significantly marked the times. and ideal ; it was from these that the new Cyrenai- Marius, the hero of the chronicle, is reared cism of Marius took its criterion of values. It was where the religion of Numa yet lingers in a a theory, indeed, which might be rightfully regarded as in a great degree coincident with the main picturesque pastoral region, and his career is principles of the Stoics themselves, and a version of iraced to its tragic end. The situations very the precept, 'whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do briefly are: Marius as a youth participating in with all thy might'-a doctrine so widely accepta- the simple rites of the old faith in his ancestral ble among the nobler spirits of that time ; and as home; his visit to the great temple of Æscu with that, its mistaken tendency would lie in the lapius, beyond the valley of Arnus, where direction of a kind of idolatry of mere life, or nat- Galen ministered; the death of his widowed ural gift, or strength,-l'idolatrie des talents." mother; his entrance into the school at Pisa; The determination of Marius to take a defi- his intimacy with Flavius, a poetic and am- | nite course for himself is put in this wise : bitious youth, their studies, and the effect of "All that would involve a life of industry, of the Metamorphoses of Apuleius upon them; industrious study, only possible through healthy Flavius' death, and its influence on Marius; rule, keeping the eye of the body and spirit clear. his speculations and reception of Epicurean It was the male element, the remorselessly logical doctrine; his visit to Rome to enter the consciousness, asserting itself with opening man- hood-asserting itself even in his literary style by a service of the Emperor; acquaintance with the certain firmness of outline, that touch of the worker knight Cornelius, a Christian; introduction to in metal amid its richness." the imperial household; contact with the public As Marius, at the age of twenty, journeys and private life of Rome; the death of Verus; on from Pisa toward Rome, whither he goes admission as a visitor to the house of Cecilia, a at the bidding of the Emperor, we have this Christian; a pilgrimage to the burial place of glimpse of his experience in sight of the ob- his ancestors; the triumph of Aurelius; the jects on his way: death of Marius among Christians. With “With what a fresh and primitive poetry was these situations, and others of peculiar interest, daily life here impressed-all the details of the the details of “the sensations and ideas” of threshing-floor and the vineyard—the common farm- Marius are evolved, and scenes of the most life vein, -the great baker's fires gleaming out on the fascinating interest described. The author road in the evening. In the presence of all that has penetrated the sense of the old myths and Marius was for the moment like those of old, early unconscious poets who made the famous * MARIUS THE EPICUREAN. Dis SENSATIONS AND Greek myths of Dionysius and the Great Mother out of the imagery of the wine-press and the plough- & Co. * It seemed just then as if IDEAS. By Walter Pater, M.A., Fellow of Busenose College, Oxford. In two volumes. London: Macmillan share. 1885.] THE DIAL 91 - - - - - - --- -- the desire of the artist in him—that old longing to an illustration of the baldness of Chinese produce-might be satisfied by the exact and just writing in this, as well as in other instances, expression merely of what was there passing around a part of the account is here given, the small him, in simple prose, arresting the desirable moment capitals rendering the Chinese symbols strung as it passed and prolonging its life a little." together by the explanatory words in other Nothing can be more graceful and charming type: than the way the story of Cupid and Psyche is told, and the use that is made of it in trac- "FU-SANG. FU-SANG COUNTRY REGARDING. In the ing the influences that wrought upon the plas- reign of the Tsì dynasty, in the year called EVER- LASTING FOUNDATION, in the FIRST YEAR, THAT COUN- tic life of young Marius. A chapter that TRY HAD A SHAMAN named II wuI SHAN WHO CAME TO shows the fine dialectic power of the author is KING-CHEU and told the following STORY; FU-SANG a dialogue between the sceptical poet Lucian IS SITUATED from the GREAT HAN COUNTRY to the and a gifted youth who had accepted the EAST TWICE TEN THOUSAND or MORE LI [Chinese Stoical Philosophy as the true doctrine. Stoi- miles). That PLACE IS SITUATED at the MIDDLE cism itself has beautiful interpretation in the COUNTRY'S EAST. THAT REGION has MANY FU-SANG portraiture of Marcus Aurelius and his reli- TREES, and it is BECAUSE OF THESE trees that they GIVE the country its NAME. The FU-SANG'S LEAVES RESEM- gious status. “ The Minor Peace of the BLE (TUNG ?) and the FIRST SPROUTS are LIKE BAMBOO Church” is an admirable sketch of the devel- SHOOTS. The COUNTRY'S PEOPLE EAT THEM and the opment of Christianity in Rome, its influence (or a) FRUIT which is LIKE a PEAR, but REDDISH, in purifying and ennobling domestic life, in They SPIN THREAD from THEIR BARK, from which the evolution of devotional music and appro they MAKE CLOTH, OF WHICH they MAKE CLOTHING, priate liturgic forms. The description of the and OF WHICH they MAKE A FINER MATERIAL. They house of Cecilia, and the Christian worship as MAKE with PLANKS OF THE KIND USED FOR BUILDING ADOBE WALLS their HOUSES. They are DESTITUTE OF conducted there, is a glimpse of what was CITADELS and WALLED CITIES. They HAVE LITERARY most gracious and consoling in all that met CHARACTERS. They Use the FU-SANG BARK TO MAKE the gaze of the inquisitive and receptive PAPER. They ARE DESTITUTE OF MILITARY WEAPONS Marius in the city of the Cæsars. Nothing can and ARMOR, and they do NOT WAGE WAR in TIIAT be finer or tenderer than the account of his last KINGDOM." days in relation to the new faith, as its benig- This record was brought to the knowledge of nant aspects were more and more apprehended. occidental scholars in 1761 by M. de Guignes, The broad sympathy, the spiritual insight, who thought he recognized in Fu-sang a part the intellectual power, the various knowledge, of North America. The subject has been dis- the delicate and profound feeling, and the cussed with varied ability, and to varied con- masterly delineations of the workings of the clusions, by Von Humboldt, Klaproth, Paravey, mind on the most interesting and momentous Neumann, Leland, H. II. Bancroft, Williams, subjects of life, which this work evinces, and many others. Mr. Vining has first given cannot be too warmly commended. It can at length the conflicting views of these writers, never have a very wide circle of readers, but and then has presented his own discussion of those who do enjoy it will feel that they have the subject, in which he has woven together, a treasure, and will thank the author for pleas- with great patience and acumen, a vast amount ures of a very noble kind. of evidence, geographic, ethnographic and HIOratio N. Powers. philologic, to prove, first, that this Buddhist priest visited America more than thirteen cen- turies ago; and, second, that he was that Quet- A REDISCOVERED DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.* zalcoatl whose traditions the Spaniards found so abundant in Mexico when they robbed the In the Chinese annals it is recorded that in the year 458 A.D. a Buddhist missionary, royal Montezuma of his treasure, his empire, and his life. He has with great skill con- Hwui Shan, with five companions, took a jour- structed a mosaic, very consistent in its details, ney to a far country. After more than forty years Hwui Shan returned to China and re- in which the meanings of the things said are lated what distant lands he had visited and delightfully supplemented and shaded with other things that the traveller perhaps meant strange things he had seen and heard in a coun- to say or at least ought to have said. The try called Fu-sang. His story was committed facts and assumptions and conjectures are so to writing by a courtier named Yu-kie, and adjusted that the reader arises from the book about two centuries later was recorded in a volume of Chinese history by one Li-you-shan quite willing to concede that on the first point, at least, a very plausible case has been or Li-you. The account is brief, being told made out. Whether such a visit to a remote in 746 Chinese characters, and when fully land, described in terms so obscure as to be translated in about 1,800 English words. As intelligible only under the illumination of so * AN INGLORIOUS COLUMBUS; or, Evidence that IIwui much painstaking study, is to be counted a discovery, is quite another matter. It is com- Discovered America in the Fifth Century, A.D. By Ed. ward P. Vining. New York: D. Appleton & Company. | monly reported that, after an eventful voyage, Shan and a Party of Buddhist Monks from Afghanistan 92 [August, THE DIAL Noah and his sons discovered Mount Ararat; It has been supposed that the name Mexico but this discovery is now usually admitted to belonged first to the city, so called, and then be obsolete. was given to the land of which the city The distances traversed in this journey of was the capital. But it appears that in the Hwui Shan are reported—it will be observed time of the conquest the city was not called always in large and round numbers—as fol Mexico, but Tenuchtitlan, and only gradually lows: From a Chinese province northeast of acquired the name by which it is now known. Pekin, 12,000 li, to Japan; thence northward The word Me-xi-co, pronounced Me-shi-co, con- 7,000 li, to Wen-shin, or the country of Marked tains three roots. The first, me, in its varied Bodies; thence eastward 5,000 li, to Ta-han, forms, mex, met, or metl, signifies the maguey, or the Great lan country; thence eastward or agave, or American aloe. The second, xi or 20,000 li, to Fu-sang; thence eastward 1,000 li, shi, reduced in compounding from xitl, which to the Country of Women. That the length is also a reduced form of cihuitl, siguifies of the li should be inconveniently uncertain, plant. The third, co, in composition means is a difficulty no worse than is found in regard / place or country. Together we have Me-xi-co, to all ancient measures—the cubit, for example. maguey-plant-country, the land of the maguey. That it may have had more than one value is Knowing what we do of the maguey as the also quite possible, as is now found in the Eng- | most remarkable product of this land, both as lish, German, and Swedish miles. The evidence a prominent feature of otherwise treeless be- collated leads to the belief that the li in ques cause arid regions, and as furnishing to the tion was equal to about one-third of an Eng natives of that country abundant supplies of lish mile. It is also reasonable to suppose food and drink, shelter, clothing, and minor that the directions are not to be construed too conveniences, we may well understand how the literally, as an inspection of the maps which land deserved to be called the Land of the have descended from the days of the Genoese Maguey. We have now to suppose this name Columbus will illustrate. It appears, then, transplanted into Chinese and written in the that Hwui Shan, after leaving Japan, went characters of that language, under all the well- northeastwardly about 2,300 miles to the land known difficulties that hinder such a transfer, of Marked Bodies; thence eastwardly about If we suppose the labial me to be aspirated 1,600 miles to the Great Han country ; thence into ve or fu; the syllable xi, called shi, be rep- eastwardly to the land of Fu-sang, which was resented by the character which was also used also eastward from China; thence eastwardly for sang and even for some others; and the about 300 miles to the Country of Women. final co be reproduced by the Chinese quoh, How may these bearings and distances be which, like it, means land or country; we have interpreted without locating any of them in in the whole Fu-sang-quoh, or simply Fu- the deep waters of the Pacific Ocean ? sang, the Chinese transliteration of Me-xi-co, At the Land of Marked Bodies the people the Land of the Maguey, named for the were said to be marked with three lines upon trees which grew there. At once we are the chin, the length of the lines varying with reminded of the salient points of its descrip- the social standing of the person ; they were tion: that the edible shoots of the maguey are habitually merry, hospitable to strangers, with not unlike those of the bamboo; that the out fortifications, but dwelling in houses orna greenish gray of its leaves is like that of cor- mented with objects of beauty and value ac roded copper; that from its bark or skin a cording to their wealth. This land may easily very tough paper is made; that from its be identified in the Aleutian Islands, where to fibres the natives make two kinds of cloth, one day the Haidah Indians retain the peculiarities coarse, one fine, both being used for garments. noted by the Chinese traveller. The next The Fu-sang tree, or maguey, bears no fruit point may as easily be found in Alaska, which which may be likened to a pear, but in the the islanders of the Aleutian archipelago same land the cactus opuntiu bears abundantly might well call the Great Country or the Con- , a fruit, pear-shaped, red, delicious, and easily tinent. The Alaskans and the Alients would preserved in its own juice, or dried. While appear to have been then, as now, very similar the prickly pear and the maguey are notably in their description. different, they are yet familiarly, though not Fu-sang was placed about 7,000 miles east botanically, classed together as being of the ward of the Great Han country, and also east cactus family, and a traveller miglit easily have of China itself. The two directions and the confounded them. distance will be satisfied by identifying Fu llwui Shan reported that the people of Fu- sang with Mexico. Can this be the land named sang country made koumiss from milk, and the from the trees which grow there, whose shoots, connection would suggest that the milk re- sprouting like the bamboo, are edible, from ferred to was the milk of animals. But Mr. whose bark paper was made, whose leaves re Vining very properly reminds us of another semble copper, and from whose fibres two kinds product of the maguey. The Mexican cuts out of cloth, one coarser, one finer, were made ? I the heart of the maguey which is about to 1885.] 93 THE DIAL flower; the cavity fills with a thick white fluid cerning marriage and the birth of children, that quickly ferments and is very intoxicating. peculiarities of food, clothing, books, and What more natural than to call this thick games, were identical in the two countries. white fluid milk, using the term which even These facts make it seem quite possible that at the scientific botanist applies to the white sap some time the tenets of Buddha were brought of the euphorbiaciæ, or of the asclepias, always to Mexico, and not unlikely that they came familiarly known as “milk-weed"? We call with Hwui Shan and his five companions. the villainous stuff that the Japanese brews There was also a tradition of one Wixi- from rice, rice whiskey. What more natural pecocha, which, spoken Wi-shi-pecocha, may than that an Asiatic should call the fermented have been the Mexican transliteration of milk of the maguey a kind of koumiss? Hwui-shi-bhikshu. Mr. Vining suggests that These and many other coincidences between the word bhikshu is a Sanskrit word which the things described by Hwui Shan in the was used as a title of the wandering Buddhist country of Fu-sang and those found in Mexico monks, so that the full name and title would when conquered by the Spaniards, and to a be “Hwui Shan bhikshu.” We have already great extent still existing, can hardly be par- noted the possible substitution of shi for shan alleled elsewhere. Others require something in the passage from one language to the other. of conjecture as to the meaning of the Chinese The Mexicans had no b or bh, and p would be writer to make them effective. That there their most natural substitute, while the two may have been room for such emendations, consonants k and s would not be permitted to appears possible when it is remembered that stand without a separating vowel. This iden- Hwui Shan did not himself commit his story tification seems quite plausible. But the effort to writing, but told it to another for transcrip- to connect Wixipicocha with Quetzalcoatl is by tion, and that it did not find its place in the per no means so satisfactory. manent historical writings for about two cen Quetzalcoatl, the “ Plumed Serpent,” is said turies. It might well be that Yu-kie reported | to have been a man who came from the east, what he supposed the narrator said for what | fair and ruddy, with a long beard, the leader he really did say. of a considerable suite of men of great Beyond the country Fu-sang, a thousand li, knowledge in many departments, skilful in Hwui Shan found the Country of Women. many kinds of fine work, in metals, in en- Of this, the stories seem so absurd as to be | graving, in sculpture, and in agriculture. He themselves incredible, and even to cast dis never married, but held himself aloof from all credit upon all the other statements. Cortez women. He introduced cruel penances with tells a similar story in a letter to the Emperor thorns of the agave; he forbade war and vio- of Spain, wherein he mentions a land in the lence, and the use of pulque or maguey wine, southern part of Mexico, called a country of considering intoxication to be the cause of women. The southern parts of Mexico and many crimes, and therefore to be the worst of Guatemala are the homes of many species of all crimes. He is said to have introduced the monkeys, and these animals may easily have symbol of the cross into Mexico, where the lent a foundation for the accounts given, ex Spaniards at the conquest found it in frequent travagant as they would seem if applied to use. An important circumstance in the story human beings. of Quetzalcoatl, whether myth or history, is The surmise that Hwui Shan is the person the belief of the Aztecs that he came from to whom the myth of Quetzalcoatl relates, the east, disappeared in that direction, and comes from the attempt to fortify the account would sometime come again, following the of the visit of the Buddhist monk by refer movement of the sun. IIwui Shan could have ences to Mexican history or tradition. The made no such mistake, or misstatement, as to most important of these are such as relate to tell his Mexican disciples that he came from the existence in Mexico of a body of religious the east, since, if we are to credit this story at teachers, whose tenets, customs, and rites re all, he told the Chinese on his return that he sembled, in many particulars, those of the had travelled more than forty thousand li, or Buddhists of Central Asia. Among the coin thirteen thousand miles, toward the east. Nor cidences may be noted the following: There could he have continued to speak of the land were orders of priests, who lived in monas whence he came as the Orient, in spite of the teries, upon alms, took vows of continence, contrary evidence of his own travels. The were the educators of children, and were idea of the rotundity of the earth does not known by the title of Tlama, corresponding to appear to have been developed at all as a re- that of Lama, used by the Buddhist priests of sult of these explorations. The discovered Asia. They worshipped upon truncated countries did not in his thoughts, as in those earthen pyramids, covered with stone or brick, of the Genoese, connect themselves in full and coated with stucco. They used the sitting circuit with those of the old and familiar con- cross-legged figure similar to the statues of tinent. It is only in the later centuries, since Buddha found in Asia. Ceremonies con- | the days of Magellan and of Cook, that the 94 [August, THE DIAL Orient and the Occident have come to mean There is no attempt at literary effort. Here places, not directions, distinct portions of the he chats about the Mahdi, his turkey cocks earth, either of which might be reached by and hens, the Arabs, the British government, travel eastward or westward, if sufficiently the Bible, the world, himself and his purposes. prolonged. Sometimes he storms, at others he is humorous, In any demonstration by evidence purely ironical, or tender. He is conscious of his circumstantial, it is held to be not enough to weaknesses, and by no means spares himself. show that the event in question could have It is easy, with the aid of these journals, to happened in the way described; it must also imagine oneself at headquarters in Kartoum, appear that this event can be explained satis listening to the conversation of Gordon. factorily in no other way. Mr. Vining's first His disappointment and anger at the action conclusion, that IIwui Shan's country Fu-sang —or inaction-of the British government find may be found in Mexico and can be found frequent expression. nowhere else, seems fairly established. His “When one thinks of the enormous loss of life second conclusion, that Hwui Shan and Quet which has taken place in the Soudan since 1880, zalcoatl were the same person, lacks the same and the general upset of all government, one cannot degree of confirmation. help feeling vicious against Sr Auckland Colvin, Selim H. PEABODY. Sir Edward Malet and Sir Charles Dilke, for it is on account of those three men, whose advice was taken by her majesty's government, that all these sorrows are due. They went in for the bondhold- ers, and treated as chimerical any who thought GORDON'S JOURNALS AT KARTOUM.* differently from them. * * * We are an honest General Gordon is undoubtedly one of the nation, but our diplomatists are conies, and not notable men of this generation. The events officially honest. I declare solemnly, that if it were not for the honor's sake of our nation, I would let of his romantic career have been detailed too these people slide; they are of the very feeblest often to need recapitulation, and the public is nature, and the Arabs are ten times better; but be- well prepared for the perusal of his story as cause they are weak, there is so much more the rea- detailed in the journals kept by him for the son to try and help them; for I think it was because members of his family. The chapters already we were such worthless creatures that our Lord published, giving his life at Kartoum, cover but come to deliver us.” à few months of his active and remarkable | His own position and views are thus point- career; and we are glad to know that they will edly set forth: be followed by the journals of his life in “I altogether decline the imputation that the pro- China. jected expedition has come to relieve me. It has It was the writer's good fortune to have a come to save our national honor in extricating the gar- limited acqaintance with General Gordon, and risons, etc., from a position our action in Egypt has this has given additional zest to the perusal of placed these garrisons. I was relief erpedition No. 1. They are relief expedition No. 2. As for myself, I his journals. They are so truly the character- could make good my retreat at any moment if I istic expression of the man, that one who wished. Now realize what would happen if this knows him fancies he can hear Gordon saying first relief capedition was to bolt and the steamers just what he writes, and just as he writes it. fell into the hands of the Mahdi: this second reliet There is the same bluntness of expression, expedition (for the honor of England engaged in ex- honest and fearless criticism, keenness of per tricating garrisons) would be somewhat hampered. ception and remark, undiplomatic assertion, We the first and second expeditions are equally en- frolicsome humor, fondness for Scriptural gaged for the honor of England. This is fair logic. I came up to extricate the garrisons and failed. Earle quotations and peculiar interpretations of comes up to extricate garrisons and (I hope) succeeds. them, love for God and man, steadfast relig- Eurle does not come to ertricate me. The extrication ious faith, stern sense of duty, impatience of the garrisons was supposed to affect our national with wrong, hatred of conventionality, weari honor.' If Earle succeeds, the national honor' ness of life, disregard of titles or distinctions thanks him and I hope rewards him, but it is alto- or honors, devotion to his principles and will- gether independent of me, who for failing incurs its ingness to maintain them at any cost, that have blame. I am not the rescued lamb, and I will not be. As for her majesty's government keeping the always been prominent in his public and pri- Soudan itself, it is out of the question, for you could vate career. By the help of the excellent not get men to serve here except under great salaries portrait that faces the title-page, we may get and supported with large forces; and as for giving it the best possible conception of the man. It back to Egypt, in a couple of years we would have seems perfectly natural that the man with that another Mahdi; therefore, our choice lies between face should have lived the life manifested in Zubair and the Turks. Now, the time has gone by these journals. when Zubair, almost alone, would suffice; he would now need aid in men, while the Turks would need * THE JOURNALS OF MAJOR-GEN. C. G. GORDON, C.B., at no aid from us in men. Therefore, give the country KARTOUM. Introduction and Notes by A. Egmont Hake. to the Turks." With two maps and thirty illustrations, after sketches by | General Gordon. Boston: Houghton, Mitllin & Co. The difficulties and vexations, little and 1885.] 95 THE DIAL great, that beset Gordon at Kartoum may be out to dinner every night in London. I hope, if any inferred from the following: English general comes to Kartoum, he will not ask “I have done what I can, and one can do no more me to dinner.” than trust now. What has been the painful posi Often he breaks into a religious strain, of tion for me is that there is not one person on whom which the following is a good illustration : I can rely; also, there is not one person who consid- " There was an old belief among Christians that ers that he ought to do anything except his routine every event which happens on earth is caused by duty. We have now been months blockaded, and some action being taken in heaven; the action in things are critical; yet not one of my subordinates, heaven being the cause of the event on earth, vide except the chief clerk and his subordinate, appears Revelations, when at the opening of seals the today. I had to send for them and wait till they trumpet sounds, etc., etc., all events exercised in came, perhaps an hour. ' It is Friday, and it is un- heaven are followed by events on earth. This being reasonable to expect us at the office,' is what they the case, how futile are our efforts to turn things say. My patience is almost exhausted with this out of their course. Vials are poured out on earth continuous apparently never-ending trial; there is whence events happen. To me it seems little what not one department which I have not to superintend those events may be, but that the great object of our as closely as if I was its direct head. * * I may lives is how we bear those events in our individual- truly say I am weary of my life; day and night, ity. If we trust in the flesh, thus saith the Lord, we night and day, it is one continual worry. If these are cursed; if we trust in him we are blessed. I Arabs (one's servants) are not eating, they are saying cannot think that there are any promises for answers their prayers ; if not saying their prayers, they are to prayer made for temporal things; the promises sleeping; if not sleeping, they are sick. One snatches are to hear prayer, and to give strength to bear with at them at intervals. Now figure to yourself the quiet what may be the will of God. A vial is poured position; you cannot do anything with them while on earth; events happen; one is furious with the in these fortresses eating, sying prayers, sleeping, or British government for these events, but if we were sick, and they know it. You would be a brute if logical we should be furious with the pourer out of you did (which I fear I often am). You want to the vial, and that we shrink from being, for he is send an immediate order, and there is your servant the Almighty who pours out the vial.” bobbing up and down, and you cannot disturb him. It is a beautiful country for trying experiments with The book is so full of tempting passages, your patience. It is very curious, but if I am in a one knows not when to stop quoting. While bad temper, which I fear is often the case, my serv some portions can be understood only by those ants will be always at their prayers, and thus relig- who are familiar with England's relations to ious practises follow the scale of my temper; they Egypt and the Soudan, everything is so are pagans if all goes well.”. strongly impressed with the remarkable per- In an ironical vein he writes : sonality of the author that the majority of "I am sure I should like that fellow Egerton. readers cannot fail to be deeply interested There is a light-hearted jocularity about his commu- in the work. The editor's part is done fairly nications, and I should think the cares of life sat easily on him. Notice the slip in margin. He well, considering its haste. The contributions wishes to know cractly day, hour and minute' that of Sir Henry W. Gordon are invaluable. The he (Gordon) expects to be in difficulties as to pro- cartoons are amusing, and the maps helpful. visions and ammunition.'.... Now I really think ROBERT NOURSE. if Egerton was to turn over the archives' (a deli- cious word) of his office, he would see we have been in difficulties for provisions for some months. It is MARTINEAU'S ETHICAL THEORIES. * as if a man on the bank, having seen his friend in the river already bobbed down two or three times, Dr. James Martineau, by common consent hails: 'I say, old fellow, let us know when we are regarded as the most eminent Unitarian to throw you the life buoy. I know you have thinker in England, celebrates the beginning bobbed down two or three times, but it is a pity to of his eightieth year by resigning his post throw you the life buoy until you really are in ex- as Principal of Manchester New College, in tremis, and I want to know exactly, for I am a man brought up in a school of exactitude, though I did London, and publishing two weighty volumes, forget (?) to date my June telegram about that Bed- the fruit of fifty years of consecutive thinking ouin escort contract, Egerton is a statistician; he on the theory of ethics. It is not extrava- evidently is collecting material for some great work. gant to say that no book recently pub- What earthly use is it to us for Egerton to know lished in the English language (not excepting exactly our want of provisions when he is 1500 Herbert Spencer's “Data of Ethics") shows miles a way!” at once such adequate scholarship and such And again : power of original thought. It is the work of “I must say I hate our diplomatists. I dwell a man whose remarkable native faculty has on the joy of never seeing Great Britain again, with been trained, toughened, and refined, until it its horrid, wearisome dinner parties and miseries. How we can put up with those things passes my works with beautiful precision. imagination! It is a perfect bondage. At those Everything relating to the theory of ethics dinner parties we are all in masks, saving what we needed by the amateur philosopher is here, do not believe, eating and drinking things we do not *TYPES OF ETHICAL THEORY. By James Martinean, want, and then abusing one another. I would D.D., LL.D., Principal of Manchester New College, Lon. sooner live like a Dervish with the Mahdi, than gol don. In two volumes. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 96 [August, THE DIAL and for him who would understand the ethical scientific doctrine he does not deal, as being controversies of the time no better prepara outside of his province. The main theory he tion can be imagined than will be furnished by seems content to accept so far as it is a state- the reading of these volumes. The course of ment of observed facts and their relations. thought from Plato to Herbert Spencer is But when the attempt is made to account for accurately laid down on a map made with such all the facts of the moral world by the methods nice triangulation that the reader soon per- of physical science, he stands, with his vast ceives the main lines of thought, and, as he learning and amazing skill in dialectics, ready moves along the track of any great thinker, to challenge every statement and test its va- knows where he is and whither he is going, lidity. He admits that all our ideas of Right and, without spending his life in the pursuit, are acquisitions, and are all evolved one by may discover what theory of morals is likely to one; but, he insists that they are also original, engage his interest and invite him to investi sui generis, and not to be resolved into any of gation. their predecessors. He believes that “in the In his first volume, Dr. Martineau treats of birth of consciousness” and “in the birth of the Unpsychological theories of ethics, i. C., duty” we note events which are not to be those of which the data are found not within accounted for by any imagined potentiality of but without the mind. These types are differ- | matter. He says: “I am deeply persuaded that entiated as Physical when the data are dis no monistic scheme, whether its starting-point cerned through the senses, and Metaphysicalbe Self, or Nature, or God, can ever interpret, when supplied by the reason. “For this, be without distorting or expunging, the facts it observed, is the proper meaning of these on which our nature and life are built." The two words: physics, the doctrine of things so nature and cause of his antagonism to “the far as they enter and quit our field of percep spurious conception of evolution” which he tion; metaphysics, the doctrine of things so attributes to the advocates of the new ethics, far as they are permanent entities, and, with-may be shown by a brief quotation: holding themselves from Sense, are objects of “The hedonists accordingly show a certain im- Reason alone.” This definition agrees with patience of distinctly ethical language; the more that of Aristotle, and makes a distinction plain-spoken and unflinching, like Bentham, treating much too often ignored in these scientific days. it with derision, as a relic of superstition, and pro- Metaphysical types Dr. Martineau divides into posing to strike such words as ought from the two branches: the Transcendental, of which vocabulary: the more considerate and sympathetic Plato is the chief exponent; and the Immu- preferring to translate the phraseology of morals into terms of sentient and social well-being; as mental, of which the examples are the works of when Mr. Herbert Spencer construes · Obligation' Descartes, Malebranche, and Spinoza. Physi- into the initispensableness of using the means if we cal ethics has Comte for sole representative. woulil get the end. That is, to strip bare the moral In the second volume, Psychological theories type of thought till you have the naked natural are treated in two classes: the Idio-pyscholog- animal, and to say "There; that is the real live ical, in which the data are obtained by inter truth when you get the clothes off.'” (Vol. II., rogation of the conscience itself; and the p. 356.) Hetero-psychological, in which the attempt is Dr. Martineau's controversy with Spencer is made to derive the data of ethics from various thorough-going and fundamental. He will not other un-moral faculties of the mind. In the for a moment allow that pleasure, in any form first class, Dr. Martineau offers himself as an or degree, can be the accurate measure of original expositor, omitting any detailed ac duty, or can ever open a highway from egoism count of Kant, because, being in essential to altruism. He denies that pleasure, though accordance with him, he has brought the prin- | interpreted as the guide to “high organiza- ciples common to them both into the form tion, preservation of species, survival of the required by the advance of modern thonght. fittest, health of the social tissue,' development Hetero-psychological theories he divides into of thought,” or “altruistic self-absorption,” three branches: (1) the IIedonist, represented can ever account for the hierarchy of virtues by Utilitaria lledonism as expounded by which he finds in human character or in the Hobbes, Helvetius, Bentham, Bain, and the two least explain “the order of right” which all Mills; and lledonism with Evolution, under moralists are compelled to accept and account which come Darwin, Spencer, Stephen, et al.; (2) Dianotic, as seen in the systems of Cud | The objections to Spencer's system of ethics worth, Clarke, and Price; (3) Esthetic, with are many and cogent. The last word has not the theories of Shaftesbury and Hutcheson. I been spoken yet. The doctrine of evolution For the majority of readers, the more inter has come to stay, and will assist as much esting chapters of this work will be those in toward the explanation of the moral as it has which, after expounding his own theory, Dr. of the physical nature of man. Dr. Martineau Martineau measures his strength with the grudgingly admits services rendered by Dar- giants of the doctrine of evolution. With the l win and others, which deserve the heartiest for. 1885.] THE DIAL 97 ----------- -- - - - - - - ---- - - --------- --- - - -------- - praise. The spiritual theory of ethics can be, and the fact is recalled that some of their most bar- and some day will be, expounded in perfect i barous deeds were equalled in atrocity by trans- harmony with the doctrine of human develop- actions taking place in their day in the most civilized nations of the world. The first half of ment which has revolutionized all modern M. Rambaud's work, covering the history of Russia science in every department of knowledge. until the accession of the third Romanoff in the In his early days, Dr. Martineau was wholly latter part of the seventeenth century, is executed occupied with the postulates of physical with especial ability. The obscure and complicated knowledge, and says: “In skimming over my events embraced in the early life of the nation are notes of work in those distant years, I seem to set in orderly array, with the clearest light thrown be communing with some tight-swathed logical upon them which the most authentic writers have produced. Facts have been skilfully extricated prig, in whose jerky confidence and angular from legends and myths, and a lucid and connected mimicry of life I am humbled to recognize the and trustworthy story evolved. In the second por- image of myself.” The impression given by tion of the work the lives of Peter the Great and of this frank confession is that this self-flagellation Catherine II. receive due prominence; yet the is submitted to the more willingly because the necessity for condensation has restricted the narrative rod he wields may make the backs of his op of these and other modern reigns within narrower ponents tingle even more than his own. bounds than could have been wished. Mr. Dole, Dr. Martineau's theory of ethics seems to me the editor of the work in its present form, has sup- plied nearly the whole of the third and last volume, more nearly in accord with the facts of expe- which includes a history of the Crimean war and of rience than Herbert Spencer's; but it belongs the reign of Alexander II. His contribution harmo- within, and not without, the doctrine of evo- nizes in style with the work of M. Rambaud, and forms lution, and therefore requires a sympathetic a valuable supplement. Peter the Great created the treatment of that doctrine to furnish it with Russian alphabet properly so called, established the its appropriate setting. first public newspaper, and introduced the learning GEORGE BATCHELOR. and arts of Western Europe into his empire. After his time the progress of culture among the Russians is carefully noted by the historian in much the same manner as that adopted by Green in his History of BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. the English People. The work is sufficiently ex- tended to satisfy the ordinary reader; and where THE American publishers (Estes & Lauriat) of 6 The History of Russia," by Alfred Rambaud, have there is a desire to carry the subject farther, it is the book to be first taken in hand. The volumes are issued a new edition, which, revised and enlarged handsomely published, with large type, and each by Nathan Haskell Dole, brings down the narrative to the year 1882. It is the latest and best complete with a fine portrait of the most potent sovereign of work on Russia accessible to English readers. Its the epoch it treats. author, although a comparatively young man, has long been known as a thorough student of Russian HENRY 0. FORBES's narrative of “A Naturalist's history and literature, conversant with the language, Wanderings in the Eastern Achipelago" (Ilarper's) and familiar by personal acquaintance with the offers a feast to the lovers and students of nature, of country and the people. His merit has been ac- a similar character to that presented by Wallace's knowledged by such authorities as Mr. Ralston, of Malay Archipelago" or D'Alberti's “New Guinea.” England, and will be recognized by any competent It is a spirited record of the author's explorations critic who peruses his pages. He writes with and discoveries during a scientific tour among the singular calmness considering his nationality. He is islands of the northern Indian ocean, which extended engrossed in his subject, yet never carried away by through a term of five years. The regions visited enthusiasm. The quietude with which he investi by Mr. Forbes are most attractive to the naturalist, gates it, even in the most exciting eras, gives an lying as they do in a tropical climate, isolated by impression almost of tameness and monotony. It is surrounding waters, and yet united by curious the scientific method maintained rigidly. The affinities among the abundant and varied forms of evidence on every point, gathered from all trust animal and plant life with which they teem. It was worthy sources, is sifted and weighed with pains the dream of many years which Mr. Forbes realized and caution, and, as a rule, without prejudice or when he left England, in October, 1878, for a pro- partiality. The history begins at the earliest period tracted expedition in the Eastern Archipelago. in which the Slavs came to the knowledge of Eminent and enthusiastic naturalists had prosecuted European nations, and follows their growth and de long and successful researches in the same rich velopment step by step. By the author's habit of fields whither he was travelling, yet there were vast comparing the great men among them with the spaces still unvisited, offering unlimited opportuni- leaders of France, and the conditions of their ties for interesting and fruitful observation. Ar- times with those existing in Western Europe at the riving at Batavia, Java, in November, Mr. Forbes same epoch, the reader is greatly helped to a just proceeded to the Cocos-Keeling Islands, a group of understanding of their character and actions and of atolls in the Java Sea, which since 1825 have been their relations with contemporaneous history. It is occupied by a flourishing colony founded by a easier to give Saints Vladimir and Iaroslaf the Scotchman named Ross, and since sustained by his Great their proper place in our estimation when descendants. On these bits of land moored in mid- we regard them as the Clovis and Charlemagne ocean, Mr. Forbes found material for a study of of the Russians, and to do justice to Ivan the weeks in the busy coral-builders which had created Great and Ivan the Terrible when their like the rocky bases of the little islets, in the vegetation nesses to Charles IV. and Louis XI, are pointed out I which had been gradually introduced, in the animals 98 [August, THE DIAL which had there found suitable conditions for ex- | "Aurora Leigh," and its leading proposition de- istence, and, finally, in the colonists themselves, clares that agnosticism is incompatible with the who, like the inhabitants of Pitcairn Island, in the spirit of true poetry. George Eliot was an agnostic; Pacific Ocean, were pursuing an ideal life of profit- hence, despite the exalted “ external qualities” of able industry and contented happiness in circum her metrical writings Miss Cleveland cannot allow stances of almost complete separation from the rest her verse to be poetry.” The essays on “Reci- of their kind. On leaving the Keeling atolls, Mr. procity" and "Altruistic Faith" contain some Forbes spent a number of months in northwestern sensible ideas—but, taking the author at her own Java. In November, 1880, he passed into southern word, none which are original, for she asserts with Sumatra, in whose wilds another year of diligent extreme emphasis: “There are no original people exploration was expended. Returning to Java, Mr. * * Adam was the last original thinker." How- Forbes was joined in the spring of 1881 by the ever, she should be given credit for a certain future companion of his travels, a courageous and freshness in her way of enunciating her thoughts. faithful helpmate, with whom, immediately after Five of the nine papers in the collection treat his- their marriage, he set sail for Timor-Laut, Buru, torical themes taken from the period of the Middle Timor, and other islands east of the Sunda group. Ages. Their titles are: “old Rome and New Two years more glided by in these enchanted lands, France," " Charlemagne," "The Monastery," where the naturalist made valuable additions to his “Chivalry,” and “Joan of Arc.” collections, but where malarial fever so afflicted himself and his wife that they were compelled to The volume containing “ The Life and Letters of interrupt their explorations in the summer of 1883, Emory Upton” (Appleton) is a reminder of how and return to Europe. Mr. Forbes's account of his much better it is to have no biographer than to have wanderings in the Eastern Archipalago is a mosaic an indiscreet one. General Upton was an efficient and of the usual traveller's notes and the scientist's de respected officer of the Union army, colonel of the scription of novel and curious objects in nature. 4th regiment of artillery, and author of a system of It is always animated and interesting, and crowded infantry tactics that was adopted for the army and with information of a popular kind. Nothing militia of the United States. He seems also to escapes the eye of an observer who has been have been a man of pure life and noble charac- trained to the pursuits of a naturalist, and is eager ter, and his sad death in 1881 caused a wide-spread to espy every form included in the fauna and flora sympathy for the unfortunate victim of so tragic a of a new country. Mr. Forbes was interested in fate. The events of his career are well worth re- various branches of natural history, making special counting in print, in recognition of his patriotic collections of birds, quadrupeds, insects, and plants. services and as an example to youth. But his rep- He reaped rich harvests from the several fields ex- utation can gain nothing from intemperate lauda- plored by him, bringing many new species to the tion, such as is contained in the introduction written knowledge of science, and making large contribu- by General J. H. Wilson. According to this zealous tions to the stores of previous collectors in the east. friend, General Upton was “as good an artillery His book is liberally supplied with maps and illus- officer as could be found in any country," "the trations, and with appendices containing descriptions equal of any cavalry commander of his day," and of new species, lists of objects collected, vocabularies "the best commander of a division of infantry in of native races, etc. It is the bright side of an ex- either the Union or rebel army." He was “incon- plorer's experience which it exhibits, despite its testably the best tactician in either army," and record of mishaps, perils, and hardships, and in- * could scarcely have failed as a corps or an army cites in the inhabitant of temperate zones a longing commander." Nothing is regarded as more certain to view at first hand the splendors of nature in than that, had the war continued, “ he would have cquatorial lands. been in due time put at the head of an army.” He had “a real genius for war, together with all the theoretical and practical knowledge which anyone Miss Rose ELIZABETH CLEVELAND's essays, “ George Eliot's Poetry and Other Studies” (Funk could acquire in regard to it. He was the equal, if & Wagnalls, New York), readily compel respect for not the superior, of Hoche, Desaix, or Skobeleff." “He was, all things considered, the most accom- the earnestness and high purpose of their author. plished soldier in our service." His character, Her observations and reflections have led her to according to this eulogist, was not less exalted than many wise and profitable conclusions; have his abilities. “His life was pure and upright, his strengthened her mind and her will, and have bearing chivalric and commanding, his conduct deepened her religious faith and her love for hu- modest and unassuming, and his character absolutely manity. Her convictions are uttered with the contidence of one willing to stand by them in the without blemish." The editor of the “Life and face of criticism or opposition. The work proves Letters," Professor Michie of the U. S. Military Academy, has performed his task in much better her a woman of independence as well as of indi- viduality. Her command of language is limited; taste than has the writer of the Introduction, t'p- and hence she labors to express herself, and in the ton's correspondence is voluminous, and tells the story of his life in an interesting way. Still, the effort employs too many words, and words often used in a strained and pedantic manner. She effect suffers somewhat from the prolixity, which resorts to the Latin and French tongues with con- might better have been restrained by the judicious editorial hand. Reduced to half its present bulk, spicuous frequency, and shows a marked fondness for similitudes and metaphors. The result is a the volume would have been more interesting and valuable. prolix and cumbrous style, which renders her essays veritable “studies” to the reader. The initial Two volumes have recently been added to the essay, on “ George Eliot's Poetry," has not as much series of guide-books and sketches of travel which substance as some which follow it. Its basis is a have occupied so much of the attention of Mr. Au- comparison between the “ Spanish Gypsy” and l gustus J. C. Hare, and which all tourists who have 1885.] THE DIAL 99 - -- -_ - - _-..------- used them have found to be of so great value, oc Darwinianism and evolution. Whatever good uses cupying as they do a place which is not exactly the book may serve in the aid of elementary reli- filled by the Bædeker or the Murray. One of these, gious instruction in India, the object of its republi- the “ Wanderings in Spain” (Routledge), does not cation in America is made only too plain by the pretend to be anything more than a series of notes with which Dr. Coues has seen fit to furnish it. sketches, very useful as a companion to the traveller, The book is not intended to aid serious students in but lacking in that definite practical information disinterested study of a remote creed; nor will it which it is the special purpose of the guide-book to serve for moral edification, like the current transla- furnish. Nor is it strictly a new book, but a repub tions of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. It is meant to lication of a work already a number of years old, feed the constantly growing appetite for mysticism and based upon the author's experiences as far back and theurgy--the appetite which psychic research, as 1871. The “Studies in Russia ” (Routledge) is ghostly romances, and the various forms of neo-Pla- a much larger work and is now for the first time tonism and neo-Hegelianism current from Concord to published. It is also more strictly a guide-book, St. Louis, are doing so much to stimulate. Dr. Coues's although not quite as much so as the author's works notes are copious on “adepts," "psychic aura," upon Italy. It covers but a small portion of the “phenomenal effects vulgarly called miracles," the ground, but the portion covered is all with which distinctions between soul and spirit, and between ninety-nine out of a hundred travelers who visit Rus personality and individuality. We do not need to sia become familiar, so that few who wish to make be told what conclusions we are expected to draw practical use of it will be likely to find fault with from these premises. the book on that score. It takes the reader to St. Petersburg, Moscow, Novgorod, Kieff, and the The memory of a saintly life is perpetuated in a monasteries about Moscow, and gives him glimpses little volume containing a collection of the poems of of Finland and of Poland. Russia has little of the Charles T. Brooks (Roberts), with a memoir by artistic interest possessed by the other countries Charles W. Wendte. Mr. Brooks, styled by his which Mr. Hare has written about and which it is biographer "the gentle poet-preacher," was the pas- the special aim of his books to illustrate, and he is tor of the Unitarian church at Newport, R. I., thirty- forced to make up for this deficiency by directing seven years. It was his first and only pastorate, to the attention of his readers to Russian history. The which he was ordained in 1837, before he had com- historical matter which he introduces is not always pleted his twenty-fourth year, and which he resigned very relevant, and much of it might well have been in consequence of infirm health six years before his spared, but it was evidently the author's intention death. The guileless and child-like nature of the to produce a work of a certain size upon the basis man, his fine talents perfected by culture, and his of a very slender itinerary. His book consequently devout piety, won the hearts of all who knew him. shows evidence of padding; and then, Mr. Hare He was a voluminous writer, but it was by his trans- does not write upon history as well as he does upon lations from the German that he achieved most dis- art. The same spirit which would make his com tinction. Gifted as a linguist, he made a special ments upon free and united Italy offensive were they | study of the German, and his admirable rendering not ludicrous, prompts him to become the apologist of some of its masterpieces secured the applause of of Russian despotism in general. But the book is scholarly readers. A letter he received from Car- certainly a very timely one, and is the best of the lyle, approving his translation of Richter's " Titan," sort which has yet been written in English. If we and an account of a later interview with Carlyle, are ever get a Russian Bædeker, Mr. Hare's book may among the most interesting parts of his memoir. be shelved; but until then we may be thankful for it. Mr. Brooks passed away in June, 1883, a few days before he had completed his seventieth year. Verse “A Buddhist CATECHISM,” by Henry S. Olcott, was a favorite form of composition with him, and President of the Theosophical Society, appears as the poems occupying about half the volume under the third number of the “ Biogen Series,” edited notice show that it flowed fluently and gracefully by Dr. Elliott Coues. The little work, we are told, from his pen. has been endorsed as a presentation of the orthodox Southern Buddhism by the High Priest of the Sri A SERIES of a dozen “Marblehead Sketches," by pada and Galle; has been translated into German, Anne Ashby Agge and Mary Mason Brooks, have Siamese, Japanese, and Tamil, and in its Sinhalese been reproduced in the exquisite style characteristic version has reached its seventeenth edition. It ap of the rolumes de lure issued by Houghton, Mifflin & pears to be a fairly accurate statement of the ele Co. They are printed on heavy paper, folio size, mentary points of Buddhist doctrine as understood in a style closely imitating drawings in India ink, and at present in Anglo-Indian circles. Any higher are fixed in neat board covers. The sketches evince claim put forward in its behalf must be rejected. a good deal of true art feeling and of skill in the It has neither the scientific value of a treatise based use of the pencil. They bear study, growing in on original investigation nor the emotional value of favor as they are dwelt upon. The sketch on the a poetic presentation of the noble ethics of Bud-1 cover is one of the best of the series, that and the dhism. The author avows ignorance of Pali and third one following giving a faithful idea of the Sinhalese, and claims only to have revised, with the quaint and rugged old fishing town, straggling over aid of the reverend priests, a compilation prepared the rocks at the most picturesque point on the coast from the writings of well-known English authori- of Massachusetts Bay. Some others in the series ties. The influence of the modern spirit can be are less peculiarly representative of rough Marble- plainly traced in his covert satire on Christian cate-1 head; still, all are interesting. Number nine is par- chisms, in the use of Schopenhauer's “ Will to ticularly effective, with the graceful accessories com- Live" as a translation of the technical term tanhui, I posing its setting. The sea-view in number seven and most of all, perhaps, in the somewhat nauseat is quite a gem in itself, but the designs enframing it ing efforts to prove Buddhism in conformity with detract from, rather than enhance, its beauty. The 100 [August, THE DIAL criticism most applicable to the sketches is that which are of manuals and text-books in French, there are too few of them. They do not show the Spanish, and Italian. The edition of the hand- queer and distinctive features of Marblehead from as book is limited by its author and publisher, (W. E. many points of view as one familiar with the place Benjamin, New York,) to 250 copies, each of which would enjoy having set before him. Fragments ap is numbered and bears his signature. The book has propriately chosen from American authors accompany its audience, “fit though few," and is adapted in the drawings, and are printed in varied and orna all respects to please a critical taste. mental forms of letter-press. JULIANA HORATIA Ewing's “Story of a Short THERE are numerous admirable handbooks and Life" (E. & J. B. Young & Co.) is a sweet and guides of various sorts for the use of the stranger touching narrative, or memoir, of a high-spirited sojourning in the great metropolis of England, young boy, the heir of a noble house, who was fired which give him the history of the London of other with a lofty ambition to sustain the repute of his days, point out the famous sites and structures ancestors on the field of battle. A terrible injury worth inspection, the walks round about the city i to the spine suddenly destroyed his hopes and ren- most replete with interest, and direct him in the dered him an acute sufferer during the few years he thousand matters wherein the traveller needs the survived. The bravery with which he bore his help of intelligent advice. But with them all there fate, striving with all his boyish might to exemplify was a demand for one more, and that just the ser- the legend of his family, Latus sorte mea, stirs the viceable road-book which Mr. Charles Eyre Pascoe heart with profound sympathy and admiration. has provided in his “London of To-Day" (Roberts Mrs. Ewing is a talented writer, and in none of her Brothers). It is prepared expressly for the holiday books has she shown more power than in this brief visitor, the pleasure seeker, whose quest in London | sketch, which, intended primarily for the young, is the same as it would be in any other great town-- will deeply affect every reader. for its newest sites, its most popular resorts, its every-day life, in short, where this is liveliest, gayest, and most characteristic. The book tells this LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS. class of tourists where are the best hotels and lodg- ings and restaurants suited to different requirements GENERAL GRANT's paper on Vicksburg will appear and means, what and where are the most enjoyable in the September “ Century." entertainments, the favorite drives and lounging- ARCHIBALD FORBES is, says the "Athenaeum, ' places, the most fashionable shops in every line of | engaged in preparing for immediate publication a merchandise, with a mass of other similar informa- tion likely to be convenient and useful. The manner biography of the German Emperor. in which the writer makes his communications is so Among the calendars announced for next year are agreeable one follows him through page after page a Lowell Calendar and a Mrs. Whitney Calendar, with an interest as absolute as in a first-rate novel. | both to be published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. To heighten the attractiveness of the text, a great / HUGHES's “Dictionary of Islam," a cyclopædia many good engravings are scattered through it. of the Mohammedan religion, in the tabular style of Smith's well-known dictionaries, is announced by The little book belonging to “Harper's Young Charles Scribner's Sons, who will publish an Ameri- People's Series,” which is filled with “Chapters on can edition of the work. Plant Life," by Sophie Bledsoe Herrick, is of un ARCHIBALD FORBES's volume of “Souvenirs " will even merit. In some passages the writer is highly contain, among the new papers, “Some Society successful in her attempt to simplify a scientific sub Aspects in America," "A Poet Waif," " Macgahan, ject and make it inviting to young readers; and in the American War Correspondent,” and “Skobeleff. others she fails signally by bringing in new ideas so The volume is to be published by Macmillan & Co. fast and unmethodically that they become confusing A NEw volume by Sir Henry Maine is announced, even to one familiar with the topic under treatment. under the title of “Popular Government." It con- In teaching children, a single line of thought must sists of four essays— *The Progress of Popular be dwelt upon until it is clearly comprehended, and Government," "" The Nature of Democracy," " The then the thought next in succession should follow Age of Progress," and " The Constitution of the in its course and be equally mastered. A neglect of United States." this system has been Mrs. Herrick's stumbling- block. She is, however, often clever, in the use of LIPPINCOTT will publish this fall a three-volume illustrations to make her meaning understood. edition of Van Laun's translation of “The Advent- With some older person to explain the obscure parts, ures of Gil Blas,” with twenty-six etchings by the book could be rendered serviceable in interesting Lalauze. Besides the regular edition, there will be young folks in the structure and habits of some of one on large paper, with India proofs of the etch- our common plants. Its pages are beautified with ings, limited to 125 copies. a host of admirable wood-cuts. THE Rev. Dr. Samuel Irenæus Prime, who died recently in his seventy-third year, was the author of The bibliomaniac who is intent on gathering into over forty volumes, which he had found time to his library a set of the first editions of a favorite write in addition to his active work on the “ Ob- American poet will find in "The Longfellow Col server " for nearly half a century. For twelve lector's Hand-book" a work quite to his mind. It years he had charge of the “Editor's Drawer” in is a booklet of unique character externally, to match “Harper's Magazine.” the peculiar type of its contents, which consists of a The well-known parliamentary reporter, Mr. complete and concise descriptive list of the first | Henry Lucy, has prepared for the press “A Diary editions of Longfellow's poetical and prose works. of Two Parliaments," to be published in two vol- Forty-four editions in all are enumerated, seven of | umes, by Cassell & Company. The work is not only 1885.] 101 THE DIAL - -- - - - a diary of events, but is also a gallery of portraits and "Stories for Kindergarten and Primary sketched from life during the premiership of Dis Schools,” by Sarah E. Wiltse. raeli and of Gladstone. MR. MATTHEW ARNOLD's “Discourses in Amer- THE publishers of “Shakespeariana” (Leonardica ” are issued by Macmillan & Co., in a volume Scott Company, Philadelphia), announce a reissue uniform with the excellent edition of his works pub- of the first volume, bound in cloth, at $3.00 a copy; , lished by that house. The discourses are three: the edition being limited to two hundred copies. “ Numbers, or the Majority and the Remnant," Shakespearian scholars who have not the complete “ Literature and Science,” and “Emerson." A new numbers of this valuable periodical will be glad of edition of Mr. Arnold's poems, in three volumes, this opportunity to obtain them in permanent form. containing (1) “Early Poems, Narrative Poems and THE wasting of the public domain by injudicious Sonnets;” (2) “ Lyric and Elegiac Poems;" and (3) grants is the subject of a carefully-considered paper “ Dramatic and Later Poems," will be issued im- in the August - North American," written by the mediately by Macmillan & Co. In this edition Hon. George W. Julian, who has had occasion offi- “Merope: a Tragedy,” will, for the first time, appear cially to inform himself of the details of legislation in Mr. Arnold's collected works. disposing of public lands, and presents a startling That excellent publication, “Science,” in its issue array of facts calculated to call public attention to dated July 10, presents a series of valuable and the evils set forth. timely sanitary papers, by experts of high standing, THE series of “English Dramatists,” edited by dealing chiefly with the relations of water and soil Mr. A. H. Bullen of the British Museum and pub- to contagious diseases. One of the articles gives a lished in this country by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., comprehensive history of the water-supply and the has for its second subject Thomas Middleton, whose sewer-system of Chicago, and discusses their bearing works comprise eight volumes of the series. The first upon the city's health. Sanitary questions receive installment comprises the works of Marlowe, in three also marked attention in the “North American" for volumes, reviewed in THE DIAL for December last August, which has articles by five leading medical by Mr. R. H. Stoddard, who will review the Mid specialists, giving information as to the steps that dleton in our September number. should be taken by national, state and city authori- MR. SANBORN's long-expected “Life and Letters ties to prevent a visit from the cholera. of John Brown” is nearly ready for publication by THREE seasonable books are announced by Charles Roberts Brothers. The same publishers announce an Scribner's Sons. “The America's Cup: How it was entirely new translation of Balzac's Novels; “Na won by the Yacht America in 1851, and How it Has ture's Teachings,” by J. G. Wood; a new novel, Since Been Defended,” by Captain R. F. Coffin, will "Andromeda," by George Fleming, Author of “Kis contain a history of all the races for the possession met," etc.; the - Memoirs of Karoline Bauer," the of the trophy, the emblem of the yachting suprem- celebrated Berlin actress; and "A Short History of acy of the world--commonly called the Queen's Cup Philadelphia," by Susan Coolidge. - with an account of the English yachts, Genesta The first two volumes of the publications of the and Galatea, which are entered for the great race in New York Shakespeare Society will appear in Sep- September, as well as the other famous boats to take tember. No. 1 is Mr. Guernsey's “Ecclesiastical part in the contest. The illustrations are by Mr. Law in Hamlet," and No. 2 is a study in Warwick- Frederick S. Cozzens. “Lawn Tennis as a Game shire Dialect, by Appleton Morgan. The Society's of Skill ” is a practical handbook of this popular publications are bound in black and gold (the colors sport, by Lieut. S. C. F. Piele. “A Canterbury of the Shakespeare arms), and bear the seal of the Pilgrimage, Ridden, Written and Illustrated by Society, which is an exact copy of the rough pen- Joseph and Elizabeth Robbins Pennell," is the story cilling made by the heralds of the first John Shake- of a ride through the picturesque part of England speare Grant. lying between London and Canterbury. The Illinois Industrial University, at Champaign, The new Boston publishing house with the hon- is hereafter to be known as the University of Illi ored name of Ticknor & Co., successors to J. R. nois; this judicious change, which the growing Osgood & Co., begins its career with the best importance of the University demanded, having wishes of the trade and of the literary world in recently been made by the State legislature. Dr. general. Its list of authors, inherited from the S. H. Peabody remains as President. Prof. C. K. old house, numbers such notables as Howells, Adams, of the University of Michigan, has accepted James, Julian Hawthorne, Mrs. Burnett, Miss the presidency of Cornell University. Dr. W. M. Howard, “Uncle Remus," Howe, Freeman Clark Blackburn, lately of the Presbyterian Theological and others, whose popularity would seem to be Seminary in Chicago, becomes the President of the a sufficient guarantee of prosperity to the house. new Pierre University in Dakota. All these gentle Its list of autumn publications include Howells's men are known to the readers of THE DIAL as con “Rise of Silas Lapham," James's “Bostonians," tributors. Fawcett's “Social Silhouettes,” Blanche How- An unusually important list of educational works ard's new novel of “Aubrey Towers,” “Life and is furnished by Ginn & Co. for fall publication: Letters of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow" edited “Elements of Coördinate Geometry,” by Prof. W. by Rev. Samuel Longfellow, Edmund Quincey's B. 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DOWNES & CO., Manufacturers, 62 AND 64 DUANE ST., NEW YORK, NEW YORK, 1885.] 107 THE DIAL - - - - - ----- - - - - - - - VALUABLE EDUCATIONAL WORKS. LIPPINCOTT'S POPULAR SERIES OF READERS. (Complete in Six Books.) LIPPINCOTT'S POPULAR SPELLING-BOOK. This Spelling-Book is intended for Oral and written Spelling, and contains such words as are oftenest misspelled. Many test words are also given and numerous selected GEMS FROM ENGLISH POETRY AND PROSE. LIPPINCOTT'S NEW SCIENCE SERIES. FOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. THE LATEST AND BEST TEXT-BOOKS ON Astronomy, Chemistry, Physiology, and Natural Philosophy. RECOMMENDED AND ENDORSED BY THE BEST EDUCATORS AND AUTHORITIES. THE SERIES CONSISTS OF Sharpless â Philips's Natural Philosophy, Sharpless & Philips's Astronomy, Cutter's Comprehensive Physiology, Greene's Chemistry. THESE ARE NEW BOOKS, NOT REVISIONS. CUTTER'S LESSONS IN HYGIENE. 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Fully Illustrated with 24 Portraits. 12mo, Price, $1.50. SHORT BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF George Peabody, Michael Faraday, Samuel Johnson, Admiral Farragut, Horace Greeley, William Lloyd Garrison, Garibaldi, and other noted persons, who from humble circumstances have risen to fame and distinc- tion, and left behind an imperishable record. By HIARRIET BEECHER STOWE. An entirely New Edition, from new electrotype plates. With an Introduction by Mrs. Stowe, stating the cir- cumstances under which the story was written and the unprecedented welcome it received in England. With a picture of Uncle Tom. 12mo, $1.00. This popular edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin is brought out to meet the demand for a cheap but good edition of a story which is one of the wonders of literature, havin: such a record for popularity and for beneficent effect as no other story can boast. It has been read with equal interest in palace and in cottage, and wherever read it has kindled indignation against slavery and all injustice, and enthusiasm for humanity and its rights. Though the immediate occasion of the story is removed by the overthrow of Slavery, the intense interest of the story and the irresistible spirit of justice and love which in. spired it still attract the world's regard more than almost any other book except the Bible. In this chea) edition it is sure of a very large sale. THOS. Y. CROWELL & CO., 13 Astor Place, NEW YORK. THE SCARLET LETTER. Princes, Authors and Statesmen OF OUR TIME. By NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. New Popular Edition, 12mo, $1.00. This is an exceedingly good and attractive popular edition of one of the inost famous novels in the English language. In this inexpensive edition it can hardly fail to win universal circulation. HOUSEHOLD ALDRICH BY JAMES T. FIELDS, EDWIN P. WHIPPLE, Canon The Poetical Works of THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH. FARRAR, ARCHIBALD FORBES, LOUISE New Household Edition, carefully revised and CHANDLER MOULTON, MAMIE re-arranged, with Poems not included in previ- ous editions of Mr. ALDRICH's Poetical Writings. DICKENS, and others. With a fine Portrait of the Author. Uniform with the Household Edition of the Poems of EDITED BY JAMES PARTON. Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, Lowell, etc. The Full Gilt Edition has a Portrait and Eleven Royal 8vo, with over 60 Illustrations. $2.75. Illustrations. 12mo, $2.00; full gilt, $2.50; half calf, $4.00; morocco, or tree calf, $5.00. [EXTRACT FROM PREFACE.] The rare excellence and the wide reputation of Mr. Aldrich's poems entitle them to a place in the Household “Few volumes have ever been published contain Edition, which includes the poetry of the most illustri. ing so many interesting names, whether as subjects ous and popular American poets. or as authors; and I believe there is nothing in any of them which violates the reasonable privacy of DUE SOUTH; OR, CUBA PAST public individuals. “If I may judge from my own pleasure in read- AND PRESENT. ing these sketches, the reader will find most of them to possess unusual interest. He will have the pleas- By M. M. BALLOU, author of “Due West," “A ure of seeing Charles Dickens in his most engaging Treasury of Thought," "Notable Thoughts about hours, delineated by his daughter; and Dean Stan- Women," etc. 12mo, $1.50. ley of Westminster Abbey, described by Canon During the winter of 1884-85 Mr. Ballou made an ex tended visit to Cuba, and observed carefully its indus. Farrar, his associate and colleague. He will see trial, political, and social condition, and also studied its Thackeray, sitting on a trunk, chatting with a history. The results of his studies and observations are chance acquaintance; and the illustrious Victor included in this volume, as well as a chapter of equal value and attractiveness on the Bahama Islands, The Hugo, as he appeared day by day, to his secretary book is an excellent companion volume to Mr. Ballou's and amanuensis. Emerson, Longfellow, Prescott, “Due West,” which has won emphatic praise from critics Willis, Whittier, Beaconsfield, Gladstone, Macaulay, of wide celebrity. Choate, and many others, are described for us here by those who have seen and known them well." *** For sale by all booksellers. Sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price by the publishers, THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., 13 Astor Place, NEW YORK'. BOSTON AND NEW YORK. Tue and attraccompanion volungise from crit THE DIAL -- - - -- -- - - Vol. VI. SEPTEMBER, 1885. No. 65. abandon. Why go farther to find the secret of her fascination ? Helen Hunt—as it will always seem most CONTENTS. natural to call her—was born in Amherst, Mass., October 18, 1831. Her father was the HELEN HUNT JACKSON. Sara A. Hubbard .... 109 late Prof. Nathan W. Fiske of Amherst Col- lege, a man distinguished as a scholar and an MCMASTER'S HISTORY. W. F. Poole .. .... author. From childhood the girl was noted THOMAS MIDDLETON. R. 1. Stoddard .... for her ardent and somewhat adventurous ten- NATURAL LAW IN THE SPIRITUAL WORLD. dencies. Her education was gained chiefly at Helen A. F. Cochrane .. .... ... .. . the Ipswich (Mass.) Female Seminary and the FRANCIS BACON. Melville B. Anderson ....... private school of the Rev. J. S. C. Abbott in New York. At the age of twenty-four she RECENT FICTION. Wm. Morton Payne ...... was married to Captain Edward B. Hunt, BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . 124 U.S.A., a brother of Governor Washington The Salon of Madame Necker.-- Mrs. Birney's Bi. Hunt of New York. Two children were the ography of Sarah and Angelina Grimké.-Buch fruit of this union, one of whom died in in- heim's Materials for German Prose Composition. fancy. During the war Captain Hunt was -- Rawle's The Case of the Educated Unemployed. promoted to the rank of Major, but his career ---Bartholdi's The Statue of Liberty Enlightening was suddenly cut short, at Fortress Monroe in the World.--Schwat ka's Nimrod in the North.--- 1863, by the explosion of a submarine battery Six Lectures upon School Hygiene.-Mrs. Bolton's of his own invention. Mrs. Hunt had left to Lives of Poor Boys Who Became Famous.-Won. her still a lovely and promising boy, on whom der Stories of Science. she centred all her widowed affection; but in LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS . . . . . . . . 127 1864 he too was taken, after a short illness, TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS FOR SEP. and the bereaved wife and mother bent before TEMBER ................ 128 the blow broken-hearted. It was months be- BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 129 fore she recovered; but then she stood up again, strong, cheerful, and self-possessed as in her happiest days. A grand epoch in her HELEN HUNT JACKSON. life had closed. It had brought the richest and dearest experiences that enter into the life The personality of Helen Hunt Jackson so | of a woman. She had drained the last drop permeated her writings that her death is felt of joy and blessing from them, and now turned as that of an associate or friend. Her life with a brave face to meet what fate had yet in blood coursed through the lines of her prose store for her. and verse as though they had been veins. They Five years passed with little outward vicis- throbbed and beat with the warm impetuous | situde, and then, at the age of thirty-eight, she emotions which pulsed in her own breast. began a new life in the sphere of literature. Whatever she did or said was charged with the Her first utterances were in poetical phrase, magnetic force of an affluent and impassioned the form often chosen by those essaying un- nature. Her genius was a secondary power. tried powers of speech. The “Nation” and “In- Her femininity surpassed it in overmastering dependent” offered the desired facilities for charm. Had her purely intellectual qualities, testing her earliest efforts, and then she ven- strong and brilliant though they were, been tured to seek the publicity of the “Atlantic encased in a man's brain and shaped and toned Monthly," where her poem entitled “Corona- by masculine moods and feelings, they would tion” appeared in February 1869, and her never have secured the distinction they gave prose sketch of “A German Landlady" in Oc- her. It was her sweet and gracious woman tober 1870. In this latter year her collected hood, her capacity for love and friendship, poems were published in a little booklet bear- her deep sympathy and her immense tender | ing the simple title, “Verses, by H. H.” ness, which made her a captivating figure Fields, Osgood & Co. put their imprint on the everywhere. She was in literature what she volume, but would risk no loss in the publication, was in society: a potent personage, with a and the author bore the entire expense. Her faculty for expression equal to the intensity of courage was vindicated, for thenceforth the her emotion. Perception and execution were writings of Helen Hunt were in demand by one with her. She thought and moved and publishers and greedily read by the multitude. spoke by a single spontaneous impulse, with a Her pen was now actively employed, and poet's and a woman's self-forgetfulness and the “Verses” were followed by “Bits of 110 THE DIAL (Sept., --- - - - - - - Travel” in 1872, by “Bits of Talk About tion of these books. The cause was sacred for Home Matters” in 1873, “ Bits of Talk for which she labored, and she hoped, as never by Young Folks” in 1876, “Bits of Travel at any other of her works, for the effects at Home” in 1878, and the poetical version of which they aimed. But the very enthusiasm “ The Story of Boone” in 1879. These were of the writer neutralized her efforts. A judi- the acknowledged productions of her fertile cial matter-of-fact mind is needed to deal brain; but meantime two novels in the “No fairly and effectively with the subject of our Name Series” published by Roberts Brothers relations with the Indians. Helen Hunt's exu- -“Mercy Philbrick's Choice" (1876) and berant fancy and passionate feeling were of “Hetty's Strange History” (1877)-exhibited splendid service in the realms of poesy and unmistakably the idiosyncracies of her genius. | fiction, but proved the worst hindrances when Two other volumes, containing a series of she tried to work in the domain of fact. stories originally printed in “Scribner's The news of the fatal illness of Mrs. Jack- , Monthly," had appeared within this term of son was a painful surprise to the public, and years (they were dated 1873 and 1878 respect preceded the announcement of her death by a ively), hiding their parentage under the pseu very few days. Her decline began more than a donym of “Saxe Holm.” The astute critic year ago, when tripping on the upper step of instantly pronounced them the work of Helen a flight of stairs she fell and sustained a com- Hunt. They bore in every feature the pound fracture of the leg. One untoward ill- strongest likeness to her previous essays in ness followed another, until nerve-exhaustion fiction, and they resembled the writings of no supervened, and she passed away August 12. other known author. The mystery enveloping Her friends will be comforted to know that their origin has not yet been dissolved. Even she departed willingly, in the hope of a joy- the friends of Helen IIunt have allowed their ous immortality. “I feel that my work is penetration to be foiled by her persistent re- | done,” she wrote in a private letter dated fusal to be identified with “Saxe Holm.” So July 27, “and I am heartily, honestly and Scott denied the authorship of the Waverley cheerfully ready to go. In fact, I am glad to novels. It was the only way of repelling im | go.” She had not completed her fifty-fourth pertinent curiosity, and was equivalent to year. There was a long period yet to be saying merely “That is my business.” But measured ere she would reach the full term Scott did write the Waverley novels, and until allotted to man on earth, and in it much good it be proved that another may claim the "Saxe | work might have been expected from her Holmstories they must be ascribed to Helen ripened powers. But who shall repine when Hunt. She could afford to renounce the honor she was content, or gainsay her word that her accruing from them, for she had derived mission was ended, her life fulfilled. abundant renown from the voluminous writings SARA A. HUBBARD. bearing her name. But what woman-it was surely a woman-solicitous for fame as all children of genius are, would forego the dis- MCMASTER'S HISTORY. * tinction due the author of the “Saxe Holm" The second volume of Mr. McMaster's stories, if she had not already a surfeit of homage from other sources ? “History of the People of the United States” For the sake of the beneficial effects of the confirms the impressions of the work which were expressed in a notice of the first volume climate, Mrs. Hunt established her residence in The Dial for April 1883 (Vol. III., p. 270). in Colorado in 1875, and soon after became The new volume covers the period from 1790 the wife of William S. Jackson, a prosperous to 1802. It treats the customs of the people banker at Colorado Springs. Her removal to as well as political events during the adminis- the far West opened her vision to a world of trations of Washington and Adams, and the fresh and enticing themes, among which the first year of Mr. Jefferson's. Its style, like foremost in asserting its importance was the that of its predecessor, is sprightly and enter- treatment which the nation has meted to its taining; and its pages, abounding in lively helpless wards, the aborigines now confined to incidents and telling anecdotes, are easy read- trans-Mississippi reservations. Her sympathies ing. The writer does not trouble himself were touched and her imagination fired by the with the philosophy of history and broad gen- lonely yet lordly figure of the dethroned In- eralizations; but is content to state what he dian. She invested it with all the romance regards as facts, and leaves the reader to con- tincturing her character, and in a historical struct his own philosophy and make his own work styed “A Century of Dishonor,” pub- estimate of political characters and events. lished in 1881, and in the story of “Ramona,” Mr. McMaster's method, in theory, is to dis- published in 1884, she made a twofold appeal card the old stock histories of the period, for justice to the red man who has been dis- * A History of the People of the United States from the placed and degraded by his Saxon brother. Revolution to the Civil War. By John Bach McMaster, In five volumes. Vol. II. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1885.] 111 THE DIAL which are made up largely of what has passed work containing so many lapses and inaccura- down from one writer to another, and, when cies as the volume before us, cannot, in its analyzed, are found to be padded with anti- present form, take rank as a standard history quated fable, fiction, and political partizanship. of the United States. Its attractive style and His purpose is to draw his materials from many excellences will not save it. It must be original sources---from public documents, the scholarly and accurate in its literary and his- pamphlets and newspapers of the day, diaries, torical details. The lapses are the more letters, travellers' accounts, and even from annoying because they are so unnecessary. almanacs and play-bills. To this end he has fre If committed by the author, they ought to quented garrets and studied the ephemera pre have been corrected by the proof-reader. served in the great Eastern libraries and in the How such Latin as “ O tempores!” (p. 376) pigeon-holes of persistent collectors of histori- | could get into type in a well-regulated print- cal odds and ends. Out of this method and ing-house is a mystery. “O mora!” ought this wide sweep of research, which cannot be to have kept it company. The name of the too highly commended in a historian, has | printer of this volume does not appear. The come, in consequence of the haste with which University Press and the Riverside Press of the volume has been written, its most notice Cambridge, the Chiswick of London, and the able fault. He has inserted much of his mate Clarendon of Oxford, put their names in the rial in a crude and undigested form which at books they print, and they employ scholarly times suggests the suspicion that he has given proof-readers who protect authors against out to the printer, as copy, his note-books such casualties. instead of the sheets he intended for his his On the first page is the statement that tory. So much detail, and such prolixity in James Oglethorpe “is mentioned by Samuel stating the pro and con of some old contro Rogers in the most readable of all diaries." versy in the abusive language of the contest Samuel Rogers wrote no diary, or, at least, ants, become tedious, and detract from the none has ever been printed. The mention of literary merit of the work. It is evident, Oglethorpe is in the “Recollections of the from portions of the text which have been | Table Talk of Samuel Rogers," written by elaborated with care, that the fault here indi- Alex. Dyce (p. 10). The substance of the cated is not characteristic of the writer's best incident mentioned by Rogers is, that when and ideal style. He has evidently been under a boy he met Oglethorpe at the sale of Dr. the whip and spur of his publishers and print Johnson's books. The Georgia pioneer was ers, and when weary has been writing against then a very old man, and the flesh on his face time. Having worked so faithfully in collect looked like parchment. He talked with the ing his materials, and in writing so bulky a youngsters about the changes which had taken volume, he should, for his own reputation and place in London, and said that he had shot snipes the permanent success of the work, have taken in Conduit street. If the authority of so com- another year-Horace recommended nine years monplace an allusion is worth giving at all, it —for recasting and revising the text, veri is worth giving correctly. Mr. McMaster's esti- fying his statements, and playing with his man mate of the book, although not a diary, is also uscript; for play, said Dr. Bushnell, is the high questionable. The “Edinburgh Review” says est development of mental as well as physical of it: “To demonstrate all the demerits of action. “We work,” he said, “in order that this book would be to re-write half of it at we may play.” “No,” said a friend of one least.” C. R. Leslie, in his “Autobiograph- of the most successful American writers who ical Recollections," says of it: “Every anec- had submitted to this friend, for his critical | dote that I have heard Rogers relate is more judgment, a manuscript just completed, “No, or less spoiled by the editor.” It would be this is not in your best style; it shows little unjust to Mr. McMaster to infer that he had else than the work you have put into it, and a liking for "spoiled anecdotes”; as he is you are capable of something better. You probably not acquainted with the book. Lord are tired ; lay it aside; go away on a vaca Macaulay, whose style Mr. McMaster adopts, tion, and let your publishers wait. When and some of whose felicities of composition you are rested, come back, take it up and play he reproduces, was careful not to characterize with it, and when you are ready, go to press.” a book with which he was not acquainted. If No author likes such advice as this, and the our author had taken time to revise his manu- instance mentioned was not an exception to script, he would have struck out the allusion the general rule; but the advice was taken in a to Rogers; and he could, if he had wished to friendly spirit, and followed. The result was fill the gap, have said that Thomson, in his a classic in American literature instead of a “Winter" (359-388), gave thirty lines in passable and toilsome production. Mr. Mc- eulogy to the character of Oglethorpe, which Master and his publishers will find, before the is quite as much to the veteran's credit as the completion of the five volumes, that more time remark that “Pope gave him a couplet” and must be taken in their production; and that a 1 “Walpole called him a bully.” 112 [Sept., THE DIAL On page twenty-first is a brief statement ben, in 1777, settled in Philadelphia, and had (which ought to have been fuller) of the much influence in its literary, scientific and development, during the last two decades of political circles,—is given many times as the century, of anti-slavery sentiment in all « Peter St. Duponceau.” The Philadelphia parts of the country, and of the formation of antiquaries will read the name of “ Saint Du- anti-slavery societies in the South. During ponceau” with a smile. M. Du Ponceau was a this period “One State became free,” says Mr. good man, and a very accomplished gentleman; McMaster, and in a note informs us that this but he was no Saint. His name was “ Peter one State was New Hampshire. Mr. McMas- Stephen Du Ponceau.” ter in this instance writes at random, and Concerning Washington's election to the has not taken time to look up the subject. presidency for the second time, Mr. McMaster The United States census of 1790 would have says: “Everybody knew that when the first informed him that there were then slaves in Wednesday in December (1792) came, each of New Hampshire and in every other State in the 132 electors would write down on his ballot the Union, except Massachusetts, where, in the name of George Washington. There unan- consequence of a decision of its Supreme imity would of necessity stop, for the Con- Court, in 1783, it was then as well understood stitution forbids that both President and Vice- that there was no slavery in the State as it is President shall be citizens of the same State." to-day. The decision was based on the first Macaulay's mode of treating such a statement article of the Declaration of Rights in the was like this: “Every schoolboy knows that Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, which the Constitution (which is studied in the says: “All men are born free and equal." | American free schools) forbids nothing of the On this point Chief Justice Shaw (18 Picker- | kind; and if a bright boy be called up, he ing, 209) said: “How, or by what act par- | would quote Article II., Section 1, as follows: ticularly, slavery was abolished in Massachu- | The electors shall meet in their respective setts, whether by the adoption of the opinion States and vote by ballot for two persons in Somerset's case ... or by the Declaration [changed in Article XII. of the Amendments to of Independence, or by the Constitution of President and Vice-President), of whom one 1780, it is now not very easy to determine ; it at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same is rather a matter of curiosity than utility, it State with themselves.'” This provision would being agreed on all hands that, if not abolished prevent the Virginia electors from voting for before, it was by the Declaration of Rights Washington and Jefferson; but it would not [of 1780).” In the census of 1800, eight prevent every other State from voting for slaves were reported in New Hampshire, none them, in which case they would have been in Massachusetts, none in Vermont, 951 in elected. Kentucky at that same election Connecticut, 380 in Rhode Island, 20,613 in actually cast its four votes for Washington New York, and a greater or less number in and Jefferson, which were received and every other State in the Union. counted without challenge. New Hampshire, in 1784, adopted a Consti In a biographical notice of William Duane, tution in which was this declaration: “All editor of the Philadelphia “Aurora" (the men are created equally free and independ organ of Jefferson, and the foul calumniator ent.” But it did not have the same construc of Washington while Jefferson was in Wash- tion by the courts as in Massachusetts. It was ington's Cabinet), Mr. McMaster (p. 440) says construed to mean that all persons born after that, in London, Duane was a “parliamentary 1784 were equally free and independent. In reporter, and then editor of the General Ad- other words, it brought about gradual emanci- vertiser,' a newspaper which still exists, and is pation. now known all over the English-speaking In 1795 Judge Tucker of Virginia wrote world as the ‘London Times.”” With regard to to Dr. Belknap, the historian of New Hamp this sort of information, Macaulay was wont shire, to inquire how it came about “that to say: “A more absurd statement was never slavery has been wholly exterminated in the penned.” There was, at the time, no such Massachusetts.” He ought to have inquired newspaper as the “General Advertiser” in ex- about New Hampshire, if that had been the istence. The “London Times” started in 1785 one State which had become free. Dr. Bel- | under the title of “Daily Universal Register”, knap replied at length, and gave much valuable and January 1, 1788, made its first appearance information as to slavery in New England. | as the “Times.” There was then a “Daily The correspondence is printed in vol. iv. | Advertiser,” and also a “Morning Adver- Massachusetts Historical Society's Collections, tiser," which is still published. There had p. 191, and Mr. McMaster will find it profita- | been a “Public Advertiser," made famous by ble reading. its publication of the Junius Letters; but none The name of the eminent French scholar of these Advertisers were connected with, or and writer on jurisprudence and philology- merged in, “The Times,” Mr. McMaster took who came to this country as aid to Baron Steu-l his errors, without giving his authority, from 1885.] 113 THE DIAL ---- -- - -- - - - - - - - - - an anonymous pamphlet issued in Philadelphia advent of Thomas Jefferson and the Republi- in 1868, entitled “Memoir of William J. cans to power, with majorities in both houses Duane,” who was the son of the editor of of Congress. One of the last measures of “The Aurora.” The encyclopædias would John Adams's administration was the act of have saved Mr. McMaster from his error with February 13, 1801, reorganizing the judiciary, regard to the “London Times” if he had not creating sixteen new circuit judges, and filling been too hurried to consult them. these positions, except in one instance, with “Under our form of government,” he says Federalists. The last of the nominations were (p. 450), “there is not, most happily and confirmed by the Senate near midnight of wisely, any place for so worthless a piece of March 3; and hence they were called by the political machinery as a Cabinet; the President Republicans “the midnight judges.” Jeffer- has no constitutional advisers, no men whose son and his party were greatly incensed by advice he is, under any circumstances, required this action; and one of the early measures car- to ask and take, save the senators of the ried through by the new administration was United States.” This morsel of political the repeal of the judiciary act of Feb. 13. As sagacity we shall probably not see in the next a consequence, sixteen judges were turned out and revised edition, and it can well be spared. of office, who had supposed that they were If the President has no constitutional advisers secure in life positions under the clause of except senators, our form of government the Constitution which provides that “The ought to be so amended as to provide them. judges, both of the Supreme and inferior What is the meaning of this passage in Article courts, shall hold their offices during good II., Section 2, of the Constitution? “He (the behavior.” President) may require the opinion in writing | The protracted discussion attending the pas- of the principal officer in each of the executive sage and repeal of the judiciary act is one of departments, upon any subject relating to the the most memorable debates which took place duties of their respective offices.” The princi | during the early years of our government, as it pal officers in each of the executive depart covered the meaning and construction of the ments constitute the Cabinet. They are to Constitution. It was the first senatorial de- give him advice when he asks for it, and he bate which was fully reported, and it may be may take as much or little of it as he chooses. I read in the “Annals of Congress " for 1801-2. They are simply his constitutional advisers, The main facts in the controversy have been and not his dictators. This sneer at a wise strangely muddled by historical writers. A and most useful feature in our national admin- few instances only can be given. Hildreth istrative system, which has existed and escaped (V., 401), says: “The effect of this act was to criticism from the first administration of create twenty-three new judicial offices." Washington to our day-by calling it “a Charles Francis Adams, in the “Life of John worthless piece of political machinery”-is in Adams” (I., 596), says: “ The new act in- bad taste, and indicates haste in writing. The creased the district courts to twenty-three”- .functions and powers of the American Cabinet which is an error. The districts were increased are indeed petty and mean compared with to twenty-two; but the number of the dis- those of the English Cabinet, which, with Par- | trict courts and district judges remained at liament, is the government; but the functions seventeen, as before. John C. Hamilton, in of the American Cabinet are not “worthless” his “History of the Republic” (VII., 549), in our system, where the President, with Con says: “The number of districts were in- gress, is the government. Mr. McMaster will | creased from fifteen to twenty-two, with a find the frequent reading of the Constitution judge for each as before, creating twenty- of the United States an entertaining and | three additional judges.” Henry Adams, in healthful exercise. his “Life of Randolph” (p. 62), says: The effect An opportunity, which he has missed, pre of the act was “increasing the district courts sented itself to Mr. McMaster in treating the to twenty-three, thus creating as many new subject of “the midnight judges," to correct judges.” James Parton, in his “Life of Burr” the conventional errors which nearly all histo- (p. 309), makes the number of new judges rians have fallen into by copying from one twenty-three, and in his “Life of Jefferson” another. His method of discarding the stock (P. 609), twenty-four. The “United States histories and going for his facts to original Statutes at Large” (II., 89), gives the official and contemporaneous documents, would have text of the judiciary act of Feb. 13, 1801; and led him directly to the truth, if it had been it will there be seen, by those who will take applied in this instance; but alas, he has the trouble to read it—which Mr. McMaster stumbled like his predecessors by taking the evidently did not do—that sixteen circuit shorter road and copying what he found ready | judges, and no district judges, were created to his hand. by the act, and hence only sixteen judges The Presidential election of 1800 resulted were turned out of office by the repeal of the in the overthrow of the Federal party and the act. Mr. McMaster, following his leaders 114 THE DIAL [Sept., - - - - --- - --- - (II., 533), says: “Had the appointment of resolutions in which the sentence first ap- these officers been left to Mr. Jefferson, the Re- peared; but in his “Life of Washington” publicans would undoubtedly have found little (V., 766), says, in a note, that the resolutions fault with the law. Twenty-three well-paid were prepared by Col. Henry Lee, who was places would thus have been added to the list not in his place to read them. Col. Lee, a of offices within the President's gift.” With week later, in his Oration on Washington de- out reading the official act, he could have livered before Congresy, again used the sen- found the fact as to the number of judges | tence as his own. correctly stated in Story's “Commentaries on The haste with which the volume has been the Constitution” (II., 427), and also in prepared appears in the happy-go-lucky man- Cocke's “Constitutional History” (I., 197). ner in which subjects drop into their places in For the circuit judges, Mr. Adams nominated the text. The arrangement is neither chrono- five of the district judges, and to fill the logical nor topical. The chapter-subdivisions vacancies nominated five other persons to be and their headings have no meaning. A district judges; but this action was not taken sketch of the beginning and growth of the under the judiciary act which was repealed. Patent Office appears in the chapter on “The The historians have not had a monopoly of Struggle for Neutrality;" and interesting de- the blunders concerning the terms of the noted scriptions of New York City in 1794, and the judiciary act of 1801. There was quite as ravages of the yellow fever, appear in the much ignorance on the subject in Congress chapter on “The British Treaty.” The table when the repeal was under discussion. Aaron of contents and a fair index help the reader, in Burr, who, as Vice-President, presided in the this maze of distrilution, to find what he is Senate when the debate was going on, wrote looking for. The chapters, should be broken thus to Alston, his son-in-law: “Of the con up, and the whole text rearranged on some stitutionality of repealing the law I have no principle of sequence. doubt; but the equity and expediency of de In beginning this notice the intention was priving twenty-six judges of office and pay, is to speak more of merits than of defects; for the not quite so obvious.” Gouveneur Morris, work has merits which deserve, and have re- who earnestly opposed the repeal, in his first ceived, high commendation from the public. speech fell into the error of supposing that | It is so good a historical and literary effort, the tenure of office of twenty judges was at that it ought to have been better. It is the stake; but he corrected the error in his second most entertaining popular summary we have of speech. Mr. Bayard, of Delaware, the Fed that period of United States history. Many eral champion in the House, in view of the persons will read it because of its attractive many misconceptions of the act which had style, and will be instructed. The lapses men- appeared in the debate said: “Are there six tioned in this notice, and a hundred others gentlemen in this House who can say what which might be mentioned, will not trouble that law is? Is there one who can tell me them, an